Chapter 4: Consultation, Distribution, List of Preparers, References, and Glossary 

Ashland Travel Management Final EIS – Chapter 4 Page 4-1 

Chapter 4: Consultation, Distribution, List of 

Preparers, References, and Glossary 

4.1 OVERVIEW OF CHANGES FROM DRAFT TO FINAL EIS 

 Public participation summary was updated to include Draft EIS notification and comment 

period. 

 Climate Change, Wildlife and Fisheries references were updated. 

4.2 CONSULTATION 

4.2.1 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION SUMMARY 

Chapter 2 details the public participation to date. The initial scoping document (Project Record) was 

sent on November 26, 2007 to approximately 237 individuals, government agencies, tribal 

governments, news media, businesses, and organizations that have shown interest in similar projects 

on the Custer National Forest. The public comment period ended on January 25, 2008. A news 

release inviting comments was placed in the Billings Gazette (Billings, MT) on November 27, 2008, 

summarizing the information provided in the document. News releases were sent to local newspapers. 

Public meetings were held in Ashland, Miles City, Billings, and Broadus, Montana in December, 

2007. 

In response to these efforts, 64 letters, personal comments, or phone calls were received. 

Collaborative group session information was documented and reviewed. The analysis of electronic, 

written and verbal comments preliminarily identified several potential issues. Some of these issues 

were identified as significant issues and were used to formulate the alternatives. 

The Draft EIS was published in the Federal Register October 3, 2008 which began a 45 day comment 

period. The comment period was extended an addition 15 days for a total of 60 days, which ended 

December 2, 2008. Also, a news release was provided to local news media at the beginning of the 

comment period. The Draft EIS was made available to interested parties identified in the updated EIS 

mailing list. In response to the comment period, 44 letters, personal comments, or phone calls were 

received. A content analysis of the comments was conducted and response to comments is found in 

Chapter 5. 

4.2.2 CONSULTATION WITH OTHERS 

The following agencies were consulted during preparation of the EIS: 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks 

Bureau of Land Management 

Coordination with the affected Tribes has been ongoing in the form of the original project scoping 

letter, public meetings, agency meetings, letter correspondences and proposed/scheduled field trips 

which outlined the proposed project specifics and requested any concerns that they may have 
Chapter 4: Consultation, Distribution, List of Preparers, References, and Glossary 

Page 4-2 Ashland Travel Management Final EIS – Chapter 4 

regarding cultural resources or traditional cultural properties. This coordination effort is intended to 

insure that any tribal concerns or comments are addressed throughout the NEPA process in regards to 

ARPA, AIRFA, NAGPRA and/or Bulletin 38 issues. 

4.3 DISTRIBUTION 

This document has been distributed in hardcopy or electronic format to individuals that have 

expressed an interest in the project and receiving this document, and to the officials, agencies, firms, 

and organizations listed below. 

U.S. Federal Officials 

Honorable Denny Rehberg – Congressman 

Honorable John Tester – Senator 

Honorable Max Baucus – Senator 

U.S. Federal Agencies 

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation 

USDA APHIS PPD/EAD 

Natural Resources Conservation Service 

USDA National Agricultural Library 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Northwestern Division 

Environmental Protection Agency 

U.S. Department of Interior, Office of Environmental 

Policy and Compliance 

Northwest Power Planning Council 

Federal Aviation Administration 

Federal Highway Administrator 

U.S. Department of Energy 

Bureau of Land Management 

Native American Tribes 

Crow Tribe 

Northern Cheyenne Tribe 

Local Officials 

Powder River County Commissioner 

Rosebud County Commissioner 

Organizations and Firms 

Wilderness Society 

Wild West Institute 

Colstrip Rod and Gun Club 

Rosebud Audubon Society 

Alliance for the Wild Rockies 

Montana Wilderness Association 

Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks 

Rocky Mtn. Elk Foundation 

Back County Horseman, Yellowstone 

Rimrock 4x4 

Magic City 4x4 Inc. 

National off-Highway Vehicle Conservation Council 

Montana River Action 

Yellowstone Valley Audubon Society 

Greater Yellowstone Coalition

4.4 LIST OF PREPARERS 

The following people prepared the EIS in an interdisciplinary manner. 

Babete Anderson, Public Affairs Specialist/Executive Assistant, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Human Environment 

Education: Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, Montana State University-Billings 

Experience: 22 years in public information with the USDA, Forest Service. 

Brian Anderson, Fuels Module Leader, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Content Analysis, Alternative Development 

Education: B.S., Forestry 

Experience: 4 years of timber sale preparation experience; 4 years of silvicultural experience; 6 years 

of experience in fire and fuels management – all with the USDA Forest Service 
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Ashland Travel Management Final EIS – Chapter 4 Page 4-3 

Mike W. Bergstrom, Zone Archaeologist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Cultural Resources; Archeological Resources 

Education: B.S., Sociology - Anthropology Option 

Experience: 23 years as an archaeologist, 13 years with the USDA Forest Service 

Brenda Christensen, Civil Engineer, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Public Safety; Maintenance and Administration of Roads and Trails; Editing 

Education: B.S., Civil Engineering 

Experience: 20 years as a Civil Engineer with USDA Forest Service; Registered Professional 

Engineer since 1994 in the state of Oregon. 

Megan Dawson, Rangeland Management Specialist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Content Analysis, Alternative Development 

Education: B.S., Rangeland Science; A.S., Rangeland Management 

Experience: 4 years of land management experience with the USDA Forest Service 

Doug Epperly, Recreation Program Manager, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Project Leader; Chapters 1 and 2; Recreation; Editing 

Education: B.S., Forestry 

Experience: 20 years of land management and NEPA experience with the USDA Forest Service; 5 

years of land management and NEPA coordination with the US Bureau of Reclamation 

Kim Frasier, Resource Assistant, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Content Analysis, Alternative Development 

Education: Business and administrative management 

Experience: 6 years of administrative management experience with the USDA Forest Service 

Nathan Gassman, Natural Resource Specialist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Content Analysis, Alternative Development 

Education: B.S., Forestry 

Experience: 5 years of land management and NEPA experience with the USDA Forest Service 

Mary Gonzales, GIS Specialist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Mapping 

Education: B.S., Renewable Natural Resources 

Experience: 5 years as a GIS Specialist and 15 years as a Culturist with USDA Forest Service 

Halcyon LaPoint, Archeologist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Cultural Resources; Traditional Cultural Properties 

Education: M.A., Anthropology 

Experience: 21 years as an Archeologist with USDA Forest Service 

John R. Lane, Soil Scientist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Soils 

Education: B.S. Forest Resource Management; M.S. Soils. 

Experience: 21 years as a Soil Scientist with USDA Forest Service, USDA Natural Resource 

Conservation Service (Soil Conservation Service), USDI National Park Service, and Private Industry
Chapter 4: Consultation, Distribution, List of Preparers, References, and Glossary 

Page 4-4 Ashland Travel Management Final EIS – Chapter 4 

Ryan Melin, Rangeland Management Specialist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Content Analysis, Alternative Development 

Education: B.S., Rangeland Science 

Experience: 3 years of rangeland management experience with the USDA Forest Service 

Marty Mitzkus, District Fire Management Officer, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Content Analysis, Alternative Development 

Education: A.S., Agricultural Business 

Experience: 11 years of fire management experience with the USDI Bureau of Land Management; 9 

years of fire management experience with the USDA Forest Service 

Mark Nienow, Forest Hydrologist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Water Quality 

Education: B.S., Water Resources 

Experience: 20 years as a Hydrologist with USDA Forest Service 

Kim Reid, Range Management Specialist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Vegetation Ecology; Weeds; Sensitive Plants; Editing 

Education: B.S., Range Management 

Experience: 29 years in Range Management, Field Ecology, and Botany with USDA Forest Service 

Keith Stockmann, Economist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Economics Review 

Education: B.A., Economics, M.S., Environmental Studies and Ph.D., Forestry 

Experience: 7 years as an Economist with USDA Forest Service 

Scott Studiner, Rangeland Management Specialist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Content Analysis, Alternative Development 

Education: B.S., Rangeland Science and Agricultural Economics 

Experience: 20 years in range, fire, and land management with USDA Forest Service 

Darin A. Watschke, Fisheries Biologist, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Fisheries and Aquatics 

Education: B.S., Fish and Wildlife Management; M.S., Fisheries Ecology 

Experience: 10 years in Fisheries with USDA Forest Service; Fisheries Biologist since 2004. 

Tom Whitford, Wildlife and Fisheries Program Manager, USDA Forest Service 

Contribution: Wildlife 

Education: B.S., M.S., Wildlife Biology 

Experience: 22 years of land management and NEPA experience with the USDA Forest Service 
Chapter 4: Consultation, Distribution, List of Preparers, References, and Glossary 

Ashland Travel Management Final EIS – Chapter 4 Page 4-5 

4.5 REFERENCES 

4.5.1 CHAPTER 1: PURPOSE AND NEED, AND PROPOSED ACTION 

USDA Forest Service 1987. USDA, Forest Service, Record of Decision for Land and Resource 

Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement for the Custer National Forest and 

National Grasslands. 1987. 

USDA Forest Service 1992. USDA, Forest Service, Custer National Forest, Forest Supervisor, Curtis 

W. Bates. Ashland Ranger District Travel Management Plan 

USDA Forest Service 2001. USDA, Forest Service, Northern Region, Regional Forester Dale N. 

Bosworth. Off-Highway Vehicle Record of Decision and Plan Amendment for Montana, North 

Dakota and Portions of South Dakota. 

USDA Forest Service 2003. USDA, Forest Service, Custer National Forest, Forest Supervisor, Nancy 

T. Curriden. Forest Scale Roads Analysis, Version 1.0. 

USDA Forest Service 2005. USDA, Forest Service, Engineering Staff, EM 7700-30. December 

2005. Guidelines for Engineering Analysis of Motorized Mixed Use on National Forest 

System Roads. 

USDA Forest Service 2006. USDA, Forest Service, Region One, Regional Forester Abigail R. 

Kimbell. Travel Management, Schedule for Implementation. 

USDA Forest Service 2007. USDA, Forest Service, http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/programs/ohv

Travel Management Schedule. 

4.5.2 CHAPTER 2: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION, ISSUES AND ALTERNATIVES 

4.5.2.1 Air Quality 

MT DEQ. 2008. Montana Dept. of Environmental Quality, Helena, MT. Online data: 

http://www.deq.mt.gov/airquality/aqinfo.asp 

4.5.2.2 Hiking and Riding Areas (Management Area J) 

USDA Forest Service 1987. USDA, Forest Service, Record of Decision for Land and Resource 

Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement for the Custer National Forest and 

National Grasslands. 1987. 

4.5.2.3 Alternatives Considered in Detail 

USDA Forest Service 2009. USDA, Forest Service. Climate Change Considerations in Project Level 

NEPA Analysis, January 13, 2009. 

USDA Forest Service 2005. USDA, Forest Service, National OHV Implementation Team. Motor 

Vehicle Route and Area Designation Guide v. 111705. 

USDA Forest Service 2005. USDA, Forest Service, National OHV Training Cadre. Travel 

Management: Designated Routes and Areas for Motor Vehicle Use. 
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Page 4-6 Ashland Travel Management Final EIS – Chapter 4 

4.5.3 CHAPTER 3: AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL 

CONSEQUENCES 

4.5.3.4 Recreation 

Cordell, H. K., Carter J. Betz, J. M. Bowker, Donald B. K. English, Shela H. Mou, John C. Bergstrom, 

R. Jeff Teasley, Michael A. Tarrant, and John Loomis. 1999. Outdoor Recreation in American 

Life: A National Assessment of Demand and Supply Trends. Champaign, Illinois: Sagamore 

Publications. 

English, Donald B.K, Susan M. Kocis, Stanley J. Zarnach, and J. Ross Arnold. 2002. Forest Service 

National Visitor Use Monitoring Process: Research Method Documentation. USDA Forest 

Service. General Technical Report SRS-57, Asheville, NC. 

Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, 2000. Montana State Trail Plan. Found at: 

http://fwp.mt.gov/parks/admin/trails.html 

Montana Fish Wildlife, and Parks, 2008a. Personal communications between Scott Hemmer, 

Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks and Doug Epperly, USDA Forest Service, September 2008. 

Montana Fish Wildlife, and Parks, 2008b. Personal communications between Bill Dawson, Montana 

Fish, Wildlife, and Parks and Doug Epperly, USDA Forest Service, September 2008. 

Roper. 2003. Outdoor Recreation in America 2003: Recreation’s Benefits to Society Challenged by, 

Trends. Report prepared for the Recreation Roundtable by RoperASW, Inc. 

USDA. 2001. USDA, Forest Service, Northern Region, Regional Forester Dale N. Bosworth. OffHighway Vehicle Record of Decision and Plan Amendment for Montana, North Dakota and 

Portions of South Dakota 2001. Missoula, Montana. 

USDA. 2003. National Recreational Opportunity Spectrum Inventory Mapping Protocol. 

Washington, DC. 

USDA. 2005. Fish and Wildlife Recreation and Tourism. Report prepared Cindy Swanson, USDA 

Forest Service, for The Montana Challenge a cooperative effort sponsored by Montana Fish, 

Wildlife, and Parks and the USDA Forest Service. Missoula, Montana. 

US Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004. Fishing and Hunting 1991-2001: Avid, Casual, and 

Intermediate Participation Trends. Arlington, Virginia. 

4.5.3.5 Cultural Resources 

ASPPN (Archeological Sites Protection and Preservation Notebook) I-13 1989. A Study of Vandalism 

of Archeological Resources in Southwestern Colorado. Edited by Dr. Paul R. Nickens, 

September 1989, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. 

Beckes, Michael R. 1976. Preliminary Archaeological Survey of Custer National Forest, Southeastern 

Montana. University of Montana Contributions to Anthropology, No. 6, Missoula, Montana. 

Beckes, Michael R. and James D. Keyser 1983. The Prehistory of the Custer National Forest: An 

Overview. 

Brownell, Joan L. 2002. Civilian Conservation Corps, Beartooth Ranger District, Custer National 

Forest, Montana. Billings, Montana. 
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Ashland Travel Management Final EIS – Chapter 4 Page 4-7 

Brownell, Joan L. 2005. A Study of Locational Information Pertinent to Northern Cheyenne 

Homesteads on the East Side of the Tongue River, Billings, Montana. 

Deaver, Sherri and Ken Deaver 1988. Prehistoric Cultural Resource Overview of Southeast Montana, 

Volume I. Report prepared by Ethnoscience, Billings, Montana for the Bureau of Land 

Management, Miles City District, Miles City, Montana. 

Deaver, Sherri and Ann Kooistra-Manning 1995. Ethnographic Overview of the McKenzie, Medora, 

Sioux, Ashland and Beartooth Ranger Districts of the Custer National Forest. Prepared by 

Ethnoscience, Billings, Montana. 

Hagen, Harold N. and Pat Kallem nd. A Brief Archaeological Survey of the Otter Creek Drainage and 

Surrounding Area. 

Keyser, James D. 2006. Rock Art of the Ashland Ranger District, Custer National Forest. Manuscript 

on file at the Supervisor’s Office, Custer National Forest, Billings, Montana. 

Lyneis, Margaret M., David L. Weide and Elizabeth vonTill Warren 1980. Impacts: Damage to 

Cultural Resources in the California Desert. Bureau of Land Management, California. 

Manuscript on file at the Supervisor’s Office, Custer National Forest, Billings, Montana. 

McLean, Gary A. 1975. An Archaeological Survey of the Ashland District, Custer National Forest. 

University of Montana, Missoula. 

USDA Forest Service 1986. USDA, Forest Service, Custer National Forest and National Grasslands, 

Land and Resources Management Plan. 

USDA Forest Service 2001. USDA, Forest Service, Northern Region, Regional Forester Dale N. 

Bosworth. Off-Highway Vehicle Record of Decision and Plan Amendment for Montana, North 

Dakota and Portions of South Dakota. 

USDA Forest Service 2002. Managing Degraded Off-Highway Vehicles Trails in Wet, Unstable and 

Sensitive Environments. 

USDA Forest Service 2005. USDA Forest Service Policy for NHPA Compliance in Travel 

Management: Designated Routes for Motor Vehicles Use. Prepared by the Forest Service in 

Consultation with the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. 

Wettstaed, James R. 1989. Land Use Patterns in Southeastern Montana. Submitted to the Department 

of Anthropology and the Faculty of the Graduate School of the Wichita State University in 

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts. 

4.5.3.6 Wildlife 

Adams, Rick A. 2003. Bats of the Rocky Mountain West: Natural History, Ecology, and 

Conservation. U. Press of CO, Boulder, Colorado. 

Askins, R. A. 1994. Open Corridors in a Heavily Forested Landscape: Impact on Shrubland and 

Forest-Interior Birds. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22:339-347. 

Baker, W.L. and R.L. Knight. 2000. Cited in Gucinski, H., M.J. Furness, R.R. Ziemer, and M.H. 

Brookes. 2001. Forest Roads: A Synthesis of Scientific Information. General Technical Report 

PNW-GTR-509. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. 

103pp. 

Boyle, S.A, and F.B. Samson. 1985. Effects of Nonconsumptive Recreation on Wildlife: a Review. 

Wildlife Society Bulletin 13:110-116. 
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Bowles, A. E. 1995. Responses of Wildlife to Noise. In Pages 109-156 In Knight, R.L. and 

K.J.Gutzweiler. eds. Wildlife and Recreationists: Coexistence Through Management and 

Research. Island Press. Washington DC. 372 pp. Cited in USDA Forest Service. 2006. 

Gallatin National Forest Travel Plan Final Environmental Impact Statement. December 2006. 

Bozeman, MT. 

Brody, A.J. and M.R. Pelton. 1989. Effects of roads on black bear movements in western North 

Carolina. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 17:5-10 

Bruns, E.H. 1977. Winter Behavior of pronghorns in relation to habitat. Journal of Wildlife 

Management 41:560-571. 

Canfield, J. E., L. J. Lyon, J. M. Hillis, and M. J. Thompson. 1999. Ungulates. Pages 6.1-6.25 in G. 

Joslin and H. Youmans, coordinators. Effects of Recreation on Rocky Mountain Wildlife: A 

Review for Montana. The Wildlife Society, Helena, Montana, USA. 

Christensen, A. G., L. J. Lyon, and J. W. Unsworth. 1993. Elk Management in the Northern Region: 

Considerations in Forest Plan Updates or Revisions. U.S. Forest Service General Technical 

Report INT-303. 

Coleman, J.S. and J.D. Frasier. 1989. Habitat use and home ranges of Black and Turkey Vultures. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 53:782-792. 

Earthlink. 2008. http://home.earthlink.net/∼dnitzer/4dHaasEaton/Decibel.html

Federal Interagency Committee on Noise. 1992. http://www.rcaanews.org/noiselev.htm

Federal Register, Volume 61, Number 55, March 20, 1996. 50 CFR Part 17, Endangered and 

Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Establishment of a Nonessential Experimental Population of 

Black-footed Ferrets in Aubrey Valley, Arizona. 

Federal Register, Volume 65, Number 218, November 9, 2000. 36 CFR Parts 217 and 219, National 

Forest System Land and Resource Management Planning. 

Finegold, L.S., S. Job, R. de Jong, B. Griefahn. 2004. The Effect of Noise on Public Health: 

International Congress Explores Impact on Sleep, Animals, and How Communities Respond. 

The ASHA Leader pp.15-16 (www.asha.org/about/publications/leaderonline/archives/2004/041005/) 

Forman, R.T. and L.E. Alexander. 1998. Roads and Their Major Ecological Effects. Annual Review of 

Ecology and Systematics. Nov. 1998. 29:207-231. 

Forman, et al. 2003. Cited in USDA Forest Service. 2006. Gallatin National Forest Travel Plan Final 

Environmental Impact Statement. December 2006. Bozeman, MT. 

Forrest, S.C., D.E. Biggins, L. Richardson, T.W Clark, T.M. Campbell III, K.A. Fagerstone, and E.T. 

Thorne. 1988. Population attributes for the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) at 

Meeteetse, Wyoming, 1981-1985. J. Mamm. 69(2):261-273. 

Frederick, G. P. 1991. Effects of Forest Roads on Grizzly Bears, Elk, and Gray Wolves: A Literature 

Review. Publication R1-91-73. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai National Forest. Libby, 

Montana. 

Gaines, W.L., P.H. Singleton, and R.C. Ross. 2003. Assessing the Cumulative Effects of Linear 

Recreation Routes on Wildlife Habitats on the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests. 

USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station General Technical Report PNWGTR-586. 79pp. 

Galen Carol. 2007. http://www.gcaudio.com/resources/howtos/loudness.html 
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Grover, K.E. and M.J. Thompson. 1986. Factors influencing spring feeding site selection by elk in the 

Elkhorn Mountains, Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:466-470. 

Harvey, M., J.S. Altenbach, and T. Best. 1999. Bats of the United States. Arkansas Game and Fish 

Commission and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 64pp. 

Hillis, J. M., M. J. Thompson, J. E. Canfield, L. J. Lyon, C. L. Marcum, P. M. Dolan, and D. W. 

McCleerey. 1991. Defining Elk Security: The Hillis Paradigm. Pages 38-54 in A. G. 

Christensen, L. J. Lyon, and T. N. Lonner, compilers. Proceedings of Elk Vulnerability – A 

Symposium. Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA. 

Hutto, R. L., S. J. Hejl, J. F. Kelly, and S. M. Pletschet. 1995. A Comparison of Bird Detection Rates 

Derived From On-Road Versus Off-Road Point Counts in Northern Montana. Pages 103-110 

in: U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-149. 

Joslin, G., and H. Youmans, coordinators. 1999. Effects of Recreation on Rocky Mountain Wildlife: 

A Review for Montana. Wildlife Society, Montana Chapter, USA. (www.montanatws.org). 

Kaseloo, Paul and Katherine O.Tyson. 2004. Synthesis of Noise Effects on Wildlife Populations. US 

Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Petersburg, Virginia. 

Knight, R.L. and D.N. Cole. 1995. Cited in Joslin, G., and H. Youmans 1999. Effects of Recreation on 

Rocky Mountain Wildlife: A Review for Montana. Committee on Effects of Recreation on 

Wildlife, Montana Chapter of the Wildlife Society. 307pp. 

Knight, R.L., and Cole, D.N. 1995a. Cited in USDA Forest Service. 2006. Gallatin National Forest 

Travel Plan Final Environmental Impact Statement. December 2006. Bozeman, MT. 

Knight, R.L. and K.J.Gutzweiler. eds. 1995. Cited in USDA Forest Service. 2006. Gallatin National 

Forest Travel Plan Final Environmental Impact Statement. December 2006. Bozeman, MT. 

Lyon, L.J. 1983. Road Density Models Describing Habitat Effectiveness for Elk. Journal of Forestry 

81(9):592-595. 

Lyon, L.J. 1985. Cited in Gucinski, H., M.J. Furness, R.R. Ziemer, and M.H. Brookes. 2001. Forest 

Roads: A Synthesis of Scientific Information. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-509. 

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon. 103pp. 

Lyon, L. J., and M. G. Burcham. 1998. Tracking Elk Hunters with the Global Positioning System. 

U.S. Forest Service Research Paper RMRS-RP-3. 

Lyon, L.J., and A. G. Christensen. 1992. A Partial Glossary of Elk Management Terms. U.S. Forest 

Service General Technical Report INT-288. 

Lyon, L.J., and A. G. Christensen. 2002. Elk and Land Management. Pages 557-581 in D. E. Toweill 

and J. W. Thomas, editors. North American Elk: Ecology and Management. Smithsonian 

Institution Press. Washington, D.C. 

McLellan B. N., and D. M. Shackleton. 1988. Grizzly Bears and Resource-Extraction Industries: 

Effects of Roads on Behavior, Habitat Use, and Demography. Journal of Applied Ecology 

25:451-460. 

Miller, B., R.P. Reading, and S. Forrest. 1996. Prairie Night. Smithsonian Institute Press. 

Washington D.C. 320 pp. Cited in Montana Field Guide. 

(http://fieldguide.mt.gov/detail_AMAJF02040.aspx) 

Millspaugh, J.J., G.C. Brundige, R.A. Gitzen, and K.J. Raedeke. 2000. Elk and hunter space use 

sharing in South Dakota. Journal of Wildlife Management 64(4):994-1003. 
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MTFWP. 2002. Conservation Plan for Black-tailed and White-tailed Prairie Dogs in Montana. 

Montana Prairie Dog Working Group. 51 pp. 

MTFWP. 2003. Annual rule regulating prairie shooting on public lands. December 12, 2003 

MTFWP. 2005. Montana: Final Elk Management Plan. MT Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Wildlife 

Division. Helena, MT. 397 pp. 

MTFWP. 2007. Montana's Species of Concern. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks website. 

(http://fwp.mt.gov/wildthings/concern/birds.html)

MTNHP. 2008. Species of Concern Report. Montana Natural Heritage Program website. 

(http://nhp.nris.state.mt.us/SpeciesOfConcern/Default.aspx) 

Rich, A. C., D. S. Dobkin, and L. J. Niles. 1994. Defining Forest Fragmentation by Corridor Width: 

The Influence of Narrow Forest-Dividing Corridors on Forest-Nesting Birds in Southern New 

Jersey. Conservation Biology 8(4):1109-1120. 

Ruediger, B. 1996. The relationship between rare carnivores and highways. Pages 24-38 In G. Evink, 

D. Ziegler, P. Garret, and J. Berry (eds). Transportation ans wildlife: reducing wildlife 

mortality/improving wildlife passageways across transportation corridors. Proc. 

Transportation-Related Wildlife Mortality Seminar, 30 April-2 May 1996, Orlando, FL. 

Florida Dept. Trans. / Fed. Highway Admin. 

Rumble, M.A., L. Benkobi, and R.S. Gamo. 2005. Elk responses to humans in a densely roaded area. 

Intermountain Journal of Sciences. Volume 11, No. 1-2:10-24. 

Schmidt, Dr. Cheryl A. 2003. Conservation Assessment for the Long-eared Myotis in the Black Hills 

National Forest South Dakota and Wyoming. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, 

Black Hills National Forest, Custer, SD. 

Skovlin, J. M., P. Zager, and B. K. Johnson. 2002. Elk Habitat Selection and Evaluation. Pages 531-

555 in D. E. Toweill and J. W. Thomas, editors. North American Elk: Ecology and 

Management. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., USA. 

Stubblefield, C.H., K.T. Vierling, and M.A. Rumble. 2006. Landscape-scale attributes of elk centers 

of activitity in the central Black Hills of South Dakota. Journal of Wildlife Management 

70(4):1060-1069. 

Toweill, D. E., and J. W. Thomas. 2002. The Future of Elk and Elk Management. Pages 793-841 in 

D. E. Toweill and J. W. Thomas, editors. North American Elk: Ecology and Management. 

Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., USA. 

Trombulak, S.C., and C.A. Frissell. 1999. Review of Ecological Effects of Roads on Terrestrial and 

Aquatic Communities. Conservation Biology Vol. 14, No. 1:18-30. 

Truax,. Barry. 1999. Handbook for Acoustic Ecology. Cambridge Street Publishing. Cambridge, 

MA. 

USDA Forest Service. 2005. Helena National Forest North Belts Travel Plan Wildlife Report. May 

2005. Helena, MT. 

USDA Forest Service. 2006. Gallatin National Forest Travel Plan Final Environmental Impact 

Statement. December 2006. Bozeman, MT. 

USFWS. 1988. Black-footed Ferret Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, CO. 154 

pp. 
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USFWS. 2008. Threatened, Endangered, and Candidate Species for the Custer National Forest 

3/5/08. Helena, Montana. 

Van Dyke, F.G., R.H. Brocke, and H.G. Shaw. 1986. Use of Road track counts as indices of mountain 

lion presence. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:102-109. 

Vore, J., and R. Desimone. 1991. Effects of an Innovative Hunting Regulation on Elk Populations 

and Hunter Attitudes. Pages 23-29 in A. G. Christensen, L. J. Lyon, and T. N. Lonner, 

compilers. Proceedings of Elk Vulnerability – a Symposium. Montana State University, 

Bozeman, Montana, USA. 

Wisdom, M., A. Ager, H. Preisler, N. Cimon, and B. Johnson. 2004. Cited in USDA Forest Service. 

2006. Gallatin National Forest Travel Plan Final Environmental Impact Statement. December 

2006. Bozeman, MT. 

4.5.3.7 Water Quality 

ARM, 2008. Administrative Rules of Montana – Surface Water Quality [Online]. Available: 

http://www.mtrules.org/gateway/Subchapterhome.asp?scn=17.30.6. 

Cole, D.N. 1991. Changes on trails in the Selway-Bitteroot Wilderness, Montana, 1978-1989. USDAForest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Research paper INT-450. 5 p. 

Deluca, T. H., W. A. Patterson IV, W. A. Freimund, and D. N. Cole. 1998. Influence of llamas, 

horses, and hikers on soil erosion from established recreation trails in western Montana, USA. 

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4.5.3.10 Vegetation 

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NatureServe. 2007. NatureServe Conservation Status Factors. http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. 

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Schmoller, David. 1995. Biological Evaluation of Astragalus barrii populations for 1995 Grazing 

Permit Reissuance, Ashland Ranger District. USDA Forest Service –

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Montana/Dakotas Special Status Plant Species Policy. 

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Chapter 4: Consultation, Distribution, List of Preparers, References, and Glossary 

Ashland Travel Management Final EIS – Chapter 4 Page 4-17 

4.6 GLOSSARY 

Area – A discrete, specifically delineated space that is smaller, and in most cases much smaller, than a 

Ranger District. 

Designated Road, Trail, or Area - A National Forest System road, a National Forest System trail, or 

an area on National Forest System lands that is designated for motor vehicle use pursuant to 36 CFR 

212.51 on a motor vehicle use map. (36 CFR 212.1)

Designation – Motor vehicle use on NFS roads and trails, and in areas on NFS lands shall be 

designated by vehicle class and, if appropriate, by time of year. 

Forest Road or Trail - A forest road or trail is a road or trail wholly or partly within, or adjacent to, 

and serving the National Forest System and which is necessary for the protection, administration, and 

utilization of the National Forest System and the use and development of its resources. (23 USC 101) 

Hiking and Riding Areas – Per the glossary in the 1986 Custer Forest Plan, this term applies to 

“Three specific areas identified in the Ashland Unit Plan in which special management requirements 

were developed in to preserve the area’s characteristics for recreation purposes.” 

Maintenance Level 1 - These are roads that have been placed in storage between intermittent uses. 

The period of storage must exceed 1 year. Basic custodial maintenance is performed to prevent 

damage to adjacent resources and to perpetuate the road for future resource management needs. 

Emphasis is normally given to maintaining drainage facilities and runoff patterns. Planned road 

deterioration may occur at this level. Appropriate traffic management strategies are "prohibit" and 

"eliminate" all traffic. These roads are not shown on motor vehicle use maps. Roads receiving level 1 

maintenance may be of any type, class, or construction standard, and may be managed at any other 

maintenance level during the time they are open for traffic. However, while being maintained at level 

1, they are closed to vehicular traffic but may be available and suitable for nonmotorized uses. 

Maintenance Level 2 - Assigned to roads open for use by high clearance vehicles. Passenger car 

traffic, user comfort, and user convenience are not considerations. Warning signs and traffic control 

devices are not provided with the exception that some signing, such as W-18-1 “No Traffic Signs,” 

may be posted at intersections. Motorists should have no expectations of being alerted to potential 

hazards while driving these roads. Traffic is normally minor, usually consisting of one or a 

combination of administrative, permitted, dispersed recreation, or other specialized uses. Log haul 

may occur at this level. Appropriate traffic management strategies are either to: 

a. Discourage or prohibit passenger cars, or 

b. Accept or discourage high clearance vehicles. 

Maintenance Level 3 - Assigned to roads open and maintained for travel by a prudent driver in a 

standard passenger car. User comfort and convenience are not considered priorities. The Manual on 

Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) is applicable. Warning signs and traffic control devices 

are provided to alert motorists of situations that may violate expectations. Roads in this maintenance 

level are typically low speed with single lanes and turnouts. Appropriate traffic management 

strategies are either "encourage" or "accept." "Discourage" or "prohibit" strategies may be employed 

for certain classes of vehicles or users. 
Chapter 4: Consultation, Distribution, List of Preparers, References, and Glossary 

Page 4-18 Ashland Travel Management Final EIS – Chapter 4 

Maintenance Level 4 - Assigned to roads that provide a moderate degree of user comfort and 

convenience at moderate travel speeds. Most roads are double lane and aggregate surfaced. However, 

some roads may be single lane. Some roads may be paved and/or dust abated. Manual on Uniform 

Traffic Control Devices is applicable. The most appropriate traffic management strategy is 

"encourage." However, the "prohibit" strategy may apply to specific classes of vehicles or users at 

certain times. 

Maintenance Level 5 - Assigned to roads that provide a high degree of user comfort and 

convenience. These roads are normally double lane, paved facilities. Some may be aggregate 

surfaced and dust abated. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices is applicable. The appropriate 

traffic management strategy is "encourage." 

Motor Vehicle Use Map (MVUM) – - Map required by the 2005 Motorized Travel Rule that 

indicates designated roads, trails and areas. 

National Forest System Road (System Road) - A forest road other than a road which has been 

authorized by a legally documented right-of-way held by a State, county or other local public road 

authority. (36 CFR 212.1, 36 CFR 251.51, 36 CFR 261.2) 

National Forest System Trail (System Trail) - A forest trail other than a trail which has been 

authorized by a legally documented right-of-way held by a State, county or other local public road 

authority. (36 CFR 212.1) 

Off-highway Vehicle – Any motor vehicle designed for or capable of cross-country travel on or 

immediately over land, water, snow, ice, marsh, swampland or other natural terrain. 

Road – A motor vehicle route over 50 inches wide, unless identified and managed as a trail. 

Route Decommissioning – Activities that result in the stabilization and restoration of unneeded roads 

to a more natural state. 

Season of Use - The time of year that a system road is designated for use. 

Temporary road or trail – A road or trail necessary for emergency operations or authorized by 

contract, permit, lease, or other written authorization that is not a forest road or trail and that is not 

included in a forest transportation atlas. 

Trail – A route 50 inches or less in width or a route over 50 inches wide that is identified and 

managed as a trail. 

Unauthorized road (non-system road) – A road or trail that is not a forest road or trail. 

Other Relevant Info: State laws regarding operation of motor vehicles apply to system roads; state 

laws regarding operation of motor vehicles do not apply to system trails. (CFR’s defer to state laws 

on system roads.). 

 - End of Chapter 4 -