NBSIR 74-568

FY 75 Project Plans

Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

September 1974

Final

Prepared for National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U. S. Department of Justice

Washington, D. C. 20530

NBSIR 74-568

FY 75 PROJECT PLANS

LAW ENFORCEMENT STANDARDS LABORATORY

Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Wastiington, D. C. 20234

September 1974

Final

Prepared for National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U. S. Department of Justice

Washington, D. C. 20530

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Richard W. Roberts. Director

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The project plans v;ere prepared by the Law Enforcement

Standards Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards

under the direction of Jacob J. Diamond, Chief of LESL.

The plans were prepared by the follov/inq LESL Program

Managers: Marshall J. Treado, Communications Systems;

Lawrence K. Eliason, Security Systems; Robert Mills,

Investigative Aids; and Ronald C. Dobbyn, Protective Equinment. This program is sponsored by the NILECJ Office of

Research Programs, Geoffrey M. Alprin, Director; Advanced

Technology Division, Joseph T. Kochanski, Director;

Lester D. Shubin, Program Manager for Standards.

ii
tabll: of contfmts

Security Systems

Physical Security of Door^ and Vvindovs 1

Alarm Systems 4

Catalog of Security Equipment and Directory of

Security Resources 7

Communications Systems

Base Station and Transceiver Fquipmont 10

Transceiver Subsystems and Interfaces 14

Ilobile Digital Communications 17

Investigative Aids "

•

Trace Vapor Generators 20

Gunshot Residue Detection ... 23

Glass Characterization 2G

Guideline for Iletal Detectors 29

Automotive Paint Colors 32

Criminalistics Laboratory Proficiency Testing ... 35

Compliance Testing and Laboratory Accreditation . . 38

Protective Equipment

Police Body Armor Guide 42

Police Helmet Guideline 45

Guidelines for Police Firing Ranges 48

Court Lquipment 51

iii
FOREWORD

Follov/ing a Congressional mandate* to develop new and

improved techniques, systems, and equipment to strenathen

law enforcement and criminal justice, the National Institute

of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ) has established

the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) at the National

Bureau of Standards. LESL's function is to conduct research

that will assist law enforcement and criminal justice agencies

in the selection and procurement of quality equipment.

In response to priorities established by NILECJ, LESL

is (1) subjecting existing equipment to laboratory testing

and evaluation and (2) conductina research leading to the

development of several series of documents, including national

voluntary equipment standards, user guidelines, state-of-the-art

surveys and other reports.

A list of the documents already completed under the Lav7

Enforcement Standards Program will be found at the end of

this document.

The 1975 Project Plans of the Lav; Enforcement Standards

Laboratory outline the approved research objectives and plans

for the fiscal year starting July 1, 1974. The program of

testing and evaluation described in the Project Plans has

significant value for lav/ enforcement and criminal justice

agencies in the selection and procurement of quality equipment.

This document is intended to present detailed information

concerning this program so that all concerned may be av/are

of the ongoing research.

Comments and suggestions concerning these plans and

future efforts in this area are invited from all interested

parties. They sliould be addressed to the Program Manager

for Standards, National Institute of Lav/ Enforcem.cnt and

Criminal Justice, Lav/ Enforcement Assistance Administration,

U.S. Department of Justice, Washinrrton, D.C. 20 5 30 .

Section 402 (b) of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets

Act of 1968, as amended.

v

Lawrence K. Eliason, Program Manager

Security Systems

Project Plan for

The Physical Security of Doors and Windows

SCOPK

The purpose of this project is to develop standards for

the physical security of doors and windov/s for residences

and small businesses. This project also involves work v/ith

various States and trade associations, the National Conference of States on Building Codes, the Department of

Housing and Urban Development and others to implement the

standards and to incorporate them into building codes and

security ordinances.

BACKGROUND

The magnitude of the problem of burglary prompted NILECJ

to fund the development of standards for the physical

security of doors and windows. The methods of attack used

by burglars were studied by LESL in detail, and levels of

performance were established for doors resistant to four

burglar skill levels. Specific test methods were developed

and a draft standard v/as prepared for single, swinging,

entry doors. The effort to establish performance levels

and a standard for windows is now in progress.

It is essential that the standard for the physical security

of v/indows be completed, and that the standard for the

physical security of doors be expanded to include other

types of doors used in residences and small businesses,

such as double doors and garage doors.

Similarly, guidelines for physical security are needed by

the general public. It is also incumbent upon LFSL to

press for the implementation of these standards through their

incorporation into building codes and regulations: TTational,

State and local.

PROJECT PLAN

The review and revision of the preliminary draft of the

standard for the physical security of doors will be completed

and the document published. The laV)oratory work for the

1
evaluation of window security x^rill be completer! and a standard prepared. Laboratorv work on additional types

of doors and add-on security devices for doors and windows

will continue, and guidelines will be developed.

In addition, personnel will assist other Government Agencies

such as HUD and RCHA in the implementation of these standards.

This will include both participation in community crime

prevention programs and action to achieve incorporation

of the standards into building codes and security ordinances.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this project are listed below, and the

project schedule is shown on the milestone chart which

follows

.

1. Standard for the Physical Security of Doors

2. Standard for the Physical Security of Windov/s

3. Guideline for Residential Security

4. Guideline for Security of Small Businesses

5. Implementation Tasks

LEVEL OF EFFORT

1. Standards and Guidelines $50K

2. Implementation Tasks $50K

Total $100K
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Lawrence K. Eliason, Proqran Manager

Security Systems

Project Plan for

Alarm Systems

SCOPE

The purpose of this project is to complete the development

of standards for capacitance proximity sensors and photoelectric devices and initiate the development of a standard

for burglar alarm system control boxes.

BACKGROUND

The projects to develop standards for proximity sensors and

photoelectric devices were started during FY-74. The completion of standards for these and the other sensors

included in the alarm systems project will provide the law

enforcement community with performance standards for the

majority of the commonly used burglar alarm system sensors.

The use of these standards will help eliminate false alarms

from the detector portion of burglar alarm systems.

The burglar alarm system control box provides for the human

interface required for on/off control, testing, and maintenance of the system. More than fifty percent of alarm

system false alarms can be attributed directly to operator

mistakes, which are to a large extent alarm control procedural errors. This is a consequence of the fact that

many of the control boxes currently being marketed lack adequate fail-safe features. The functional design features

of control boxes must be studied as they relate to control

mechanisms which allow accidental alarms to be caused by

turning the system on with protected windovrs or doors

open, entering the protected premises without turning the

alarm system off, and similar inadvertent operator violations

of procedure. A standard for control boxes which requires

functional features that minimize the possibility of operator

mistakes will greatly enhance the effectiveness of alarm

systems. A decrease in false alarms will improve the

probability of apprehension through improved police response

and will result in an appreciable saving of money and effort.

PROPOSED PLAN

The laboratory evaluation of capacitance proximity devices

will be completed, test methods and minimum levels of

performance will be established and the standard for these

4
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devices will be drafted. The literature study of photoelectric sensors v/ill be completed, laboratory testinci

of coninercial sensors performed, test methods and

minimum levels of performance established, and a standard

for these sensors will be drafted.

Manufacturer information concerning control boxes will be

examined in detail to fully classify the functions and utility

of units currently being marketed. Representative samples

will be obtained and subjected to laboratory evaluation.

Test methods will be developed for all initial performance

parameters. In addition, the control and display functions

will be studied in depth as they relate to the ability of

the operator to accidentally cause a false alarm. Minimum

requirements will be established for fail-safe capability

and included in the standard together with other performance

requirements and method of test.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this project are listed below, and a milestone chart presented on the page which follov/s.

1. Standard for Capacitance Proximity Devices

2. Standard for Photoelectric Devices

3. Standard for Alarm. System Control Boxes

LEVEL OF EFFORT

1. Standard for Capacitance Proximity Devices $20K

2. Standard for Photoelectric Devices .... $20K

3. Standard for Alarm System. Control Boxes $ 4 5K

Total $8 5K
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Lawrence K. Eliason, Program Manager

Security Systems

Project Plan for

Catalog of Security Equipment and Directory of Security Resources

SCOPE

The purpose of this project is to complete the development

of the catalog of security equipment and directory of

security resources, which were started during the preceding

year, and to continue to expand and refine the documents

for revision and republication early in 1976. A primary

objective of the effort is to coordinate with the NCJRS

staff to develop methods of integrating the data system

directly into the NCJRS program for response to citizen

requests for specific information.

BACKGROUND

The availability of consumer information is essential to

the selection and use of security equipment and is important

to community crime prevention program development. No

single source of manufacturer information exists which

includes all types of security equipment with explanations

of their uses. Similarly, no directory of resources is

available. The intelligent selection of security equipment

by the general public requires that they first understand,

at least in general terms, what certain equipment or devices

are used for. From this, one can gain a general idea of

what can be done to improve security, particularly if a range of cost is presented and sources of supply are identified.

Discussions with police departments, the National Crime

Prevention Institute, and NCJRS served not only to substantiate the need for the catalog and directory in published

form, but also established the usefulness of a response

service which would allow individual specific inquiries to

be answered on demand. Since the data base for this effort

is computerized, it is well suited to such an application.

The response received during the initial compilation of data

was more limited than anticipated, and it is desirable to

expand the data base to include additional services and

products, while pursuing the evaluation of the first publications in terms of their usefulness to the general

public

.

7
PROPOSED PLAN

Review of the draft copies of the catalog of security

equipment and directory of security resources will be completed and the documents will be published. A parallel

effort will be initiated immediately to collect additional

manufacturer and consultant information for incorporation

into updated documents to be published in 1976. Direct

liaison will be established with NCJ^S to determine what

modifications to the computer program are needed to allow

the data base and response service to be incorporated

directly into the tlCJRf. system.

Similarly, direct contact will be established with police

departments, manufacturers, consumers, and installers to

evaluate the effectiveness of the first volumes and to

identify modifications of text and format which might

improve the utility of the documents. This will serve

as the basis for preparation of revised documents for

publication in 1976.

When the revised draft documents have been prepared, the

computered data and programs, together with all manufacturer

catalog material, will be provided to NCJRS for continued

use after the completion of this effort as a LESL program.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this project are listed below, and the

project schedule is shown on the milestone chart which

follows

1. Security Equipment Catalog

2. Directory of Security Resources

3. Revised Security Equipment Catalog

4. Revised Directory of Security Resources

LEVEL OF EFFORT

All objectives $35K

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Marshall J. Treado, Program Manager

Coinmunications Systems

Project Plan for

Base Station and Transceiver Equipment

SCOPE

The items of equipment involved in this project are the

transmitters, receivers, antennas and associated equipment

which are components of base station and transceiver systems.

Standards and guidelines are being developed to assist law

enforcement agencies in their selection and procurement of

this type of equipment.

BACKGROUND

Recent technological advances in electronics have brought

about many improvements in the communications equipment used

for law enforcement. Better performance, longer operating

life, lighter weight, smaller size, greater capability, better

packaging and increased reliability are products of these improvements in technology. The law enforcement community has

asked for more information regarding this sophisticated communications equipment and has created a demand for equipment

performance standards to describe the needed operational capability. To meet this demand, law enforcement communications

equipment standards have been developed for base station

transmitters and receivers; mobile transmitters, receivers and

antennas; and personal/portable transmitters and receivers.

Additionally, standards are being developed for base station

antennas and for personal transceivers. These standards are

designed to assist the user of law enforcement communications

equipment by establishing minimum levels of performance and

the test methods to evaluate equipment performance. Guidelines

which will discuss this equipment from the users' point of view

are needed to complement the standards. To date, guidelines

have not been developed for this purpose.

PROPOSED PLAN

Based on the data obtained during the development of performance

requirements and test methods for the standards mentioned above,

guidelines will be developed to assist the user in the selection

and utilization of these items of equipment. The guidelines

10
will provide the technical rationale for the selection and

operational use of basic communications equipment to meet the

particular needs of individual law enforcement agencies.

Topics discussed will include the relationship between pov/er

and range, the importance of improved performance in areas such

as the attenuation of spurious emissions and intermodulation

interference, the relationship between the transceiver and its

antenna, and the degradation of performance due to terrain

conditions, proximity of objects and personnel, weather, and rf

interference. Some additional laboratory and field testing

will be done. The effects of the components (antennas, microphones, etc.) on the capability of the overall system will be

discussed, as well as the limitations of each item of equipment.

A variety of equipment has been tested, and such testing will

continue. Tests thus far have primarily been conducted on

equipment loaned by manufacturers and have been limited to nondestructive tests. The estimated costs of this project do not

include the purchase of major items of equipment to be tested.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this project will be to complete the development of those standards initiated in previous years and to

develop the four guidelines as indicated on the attached milestone schedule.

LEVEL OF EFFORT

The work on this project will be performed by the Electromagnetics Division at NBS Boulder, Colorado. Funds totaling

$250,000 are budgeted as follows:

Completion of previously started standards $60,000

Guideline for personal radios $50,000

Guideline for mobile radios $45,000

Guideline for fixed and base station

equipment $45,000

Guideline for mobile repeater communications

equipment $50,000

11
REMARKS

This project has been the nucleus of the LESL Conmiunications

Program since its initiation in FY 1971, when $85,000 was

committed. During FY 1972, this was a $165,000 effort, and

$150,000 were provided from FY 1973 funds. $60,000 of FY 1974

funding was earmarked for this project. Eleven standards and

three reports have been developed under this project.
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Marshall J. Treado, Program Manager

Communications Systems

Project Plan for

Transceiver Subsystems and Interfaces

SCOPE

This project involves the development of standards which

will provide compatibility and interchangeability amono

various communications subsystems. The items of equipment

involved during FY 1975 are components of base stations and

transceivers such as cables, control heads, m.icrophones and

connectors

BACKGROUND . . /

Lack of standardization was cited as a deficiency in the law

enforcement communication equipment selection and procurement

process by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and

Administration of Justice. The Commission stated that "gross

standardization of size, mounting brackets, receptacles and

control heads can be accomplished immediately, and should go

far toward making it possible to use the products of different

manufacturers interchangeably." An initial review of the

accessory communications equipment being marketed today substantiated this claim. One manufacturer's equipment will not

ordinarily interface v/ith another's from either the physical

or electrical point of viev;. This situation often forces the

law enforcement agency to purchase nev; accessory equipment each

time a new transceiver is bought. Occasionally, components

made by the same company during different model years will

not physically mate with each other.

This project was established to reviev/ and categorize

the accessory equipment presently available, to determine which

equipment needed to be standardized, which equipm.ent it seemed

feasible to standardize, and to initiate a standardization program. A standard entitled RF Coaxial Cable Assemblies for

Mobile Transceivers has been developed and is being reviewed

prior to publication.

14
PROPOSED PLAN

It is proposed to continue this effort by developing two

additional standards. One v;ill he concerned with the control

heads used with mobile transceivers, while the other will

address microphone cables and connectors. Equipment being

marketed will be examined and tested. Particular attention

will be paid to the number and tvpes of functions performed by

the control head, the location and function of control head

knobs and switches, the cable asseroJ^ly and connectors leading

to the transceiver and the cable assembly and connectors between the microphone and the control head. The advantages

and disadvantages of specifying each of the above as a design

requirement v/ill be determined through equipment operation

and testina plus discussions with knov/ledgeable users and

manufacturers of these components. If feasible, the functions

of the control head and the location and rotation of control

head knobs and switches will be specified. The various cable

assemblies and connectors will also be specified if the

advantages to be gained warrant it. Additionally, minimum

performance requirements and techniques for measuring these

requirements v/ill be determined for these components.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives for FY 1975 are to develop two standards for

mobile transceiver interface and subsystem equipment. The

milestones for this effort are shown on the attached schedule.

LEVEL OF EFFORT

The work on this project will be performed by the NBS

Electromagnetic Division in Boulder, Colorado. Funding for

FY 19 75 is $120,000, divided equallv between the tv;o tasks.

REMARKS

This project was initiated in FY 1973, and $35,000 was spend

in the development of the standard for RF coaxial cable

assemblies

.

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Marshall J. Treado, Program Manager

Communications Systems

Project Plan for

Mobile Digital Communications

SCOPE

This project is concerned with mobile digital terminals used in

police cars and the corresponding equipment at police headquarters. The effort for this fiscal year is directed at

mobile facsimile equipment used by the law enforcement community.

BACKGROUND

The present congestion of the frequency spectrum used by FM

two way police radios mandates that means for better utilization

of this spectrum be found. One of the ways of accomplishing

this has been to adapt and use digital techniques to send

messages previously transmitted by voice. Accordingly, the

development of digital equipment for this purpose and its purchase and installation has been given a high priority by many

law enforcement agencies. Use of digital techniques has improved

the speed of transmission, made more effective use of available

spectrum and provided additional security to transmissions. The

use of voice on these channels has not been eliminated completely,

primarily because emergency calls must be sent by voice, but

digital techniques are being used to handle a large majority

of the message traffic; i.e., that of a status and inquiry nature.

The use of digital equipment also lends itself to the provision

of a permanent record, and it further provides a data transfer

capability directly to and from state and national data banks.

Two reports have been produced as part of this project. One

was a report on digital communications equipment for law

enforcement use. The second report included the results of

digital data transmission testing in Allegheny County,

Pennsylvania. The data in these two reports are being used

as baseline information in the development of a performance

standard for mobile digital terminals for law enforcement

use, an on-going task under this project.

Law enforcement agencies have asked for accurate, inexpensive

facsimile equipment for their vehicles as digital techniques

have made this capability available. Several models are now

being marketed.

17
PROPOSED PLAN

The approach to this task will consist of several steps. The

first will be a determination of the amount and type of

facsimile transmission needed by law enforcement agencies.

Next will be a compilation of the types of facsimile equipment

being offered to police by the manufacturers. The resulting

information will be compared with the digital message format,

digital transmission rates, transceiver interface requirements,

power requirements and the other performance characteristics

being defined as a necessary part of the mobile digital terminal standard. These data, plus any obtained from viev/ing

the facsimile equipment in operation and observing laboratory

tests, will be used to develop a guideline for the

selection and use of such equipment by law enforcement

agencies

OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of this task is to develop a guideline

for the selection and use of facsimile equipment in police

vehicles. The guideline will be developed as indicated on

the attached schedule.

LEVEL OF EFFORT

The funding provided for this effort is $45,000.

REMARKS

The mobile digital communications project was initiated in

FY-1972. Two technical reports have been developed and one

performance standard is being written. This effort has

been allocated $128K for the three year period.

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Robert flills, Program Manager

Investigative Aids

Project Plan for

Trace Vapor Generators

SCOPE

This project involves the development of a trace vapor generator

to check the sensitivity of explosive vapor detectors.

BACKGROUND

Trace vapor detectors are devices designed to indicate the

presence of minute concentrations of explosive vapors. They

can be used to check unopened packages or luggage, or to

detect traces on the hands or clothing of persons who have

recently handled explosives. In some cases, they can provide

information about the type of explosive used, after an explosion

has occurred.

A variety of trace vapor detectors are beina developed or are

available commercially. One examole is a portable gas

chromatograph with a special sampling and concentrating

valve which will detect explosive vapors in the presence of

large concentrations of other material. Another device

monitors the luminescence of light-emitting (bioluminescent)

organisms which are sensitive to trace quantities of

explosives in the surrounding atmosphere. The plasma

chromatrograph is another portable ionization-type detector

for which preliminarv studies indicate an extremely high

sensitivity to explosives and various contraband materials.

Explosives can be detected v/ith high selectivity and

sensitivity by measuring ion mobilities in a drift tube

following ion-molecule reactions at atmospheric pressure.

Other instruments becoming available include enrichment

devices and separators coupled to mass spectrometers and

electron capture detectors.

One of the most important attributes of a trace vapor

detector is its sensitivity. Yet the sensitivities of

explosive vapor detectors have not been accurately determined

due to the difficulty of measuring the minute concentrations

of vapor to which the detectors respond. Sensitivities

20
claimed by the manufactures of detectors have been

based, at best, on theoretical considerations. A trace

vapor generator which produces known concentrations of

appropriate explosive vapors will be extremely valuable in the

intercomparison of the lower detection limits of available

trace vapor detectors.

PROPOSED PLAN

A trace vapor crenerator, usina a column packed with a mixture

of explosive and inert materials, has been built. The explosive

vapor concentration is changed by varying the flovr rate of a carrier gas through the packed column and by diluting the

effluent with additional carrier gas in a mixing chamber.

The project v;ill be completed with the careful calibration

of the generator, using proven laboratory techniques, and

the preparation of a report describing the trace vapor

generator.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this project is the development and

calibration of the trace vapor generator and the preparation of

a report describing its design and operation. The attached

chart gives the projected milestones for FY-75.

LEVEL OF EFFORT

A total of $70,000 has been spent since this project was

initiated in FY-73. An additional $25,000 has been

budgeted in FY-7 5 to complete the project.

21
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Robert riills, Program Manager

Investigative Aids

Project Plan for

Gunshot Residue Detection

SCOPE

This project is for the development of a method for the

detection of gunshot residues using neutron activation

analysis, together with data on its reliability under a

variety of circumstances.

BACKGROUND

Modern cartridge primers contain barium (Ba) and antimony

(Sb) salts. When a weapon is fired, traces of these

elements are deposited on the shooter's hand.

Two techniques are currently used to remove the Ba and Sb

residues from the suspect's hand for chemical analysis. One

technique involves the application to the hand of melted

paraffin in layers reinforced with gauze. The second technique

involves the use of cotton swabs moistened with dilute

nitric acid (HNO3) . A third technique, not now in general

use, involves v/iping with a dry cotton ball after first

moistening the hand with a spray of dilute HNO3.

Neutron activation analysis has proven to be a valuable

method for measuring the amount of gunshot residue. Any Ba

and Sb removed from the shooter's hand is made radioactive

through the use of neutrons from a nuclear reactor. The

gamma radiation emitted by the radioactive Ba and Sb

is then detennined by comparing it with the radiation from

Ba and Sb standards. Concentrations of Ba and Sb

significantly above background levels provide evidence that

the suspect has fired a weapon in the recent past.

There are limits to the circumstances under v/hich the

collection and analysis of gunshot residues can be expected

to give reliable results. For example, the amount

of residue v/hich remains on a suspect's hands is reduced if

he showers, washes his hands or just sleeps in a bed. There

have been cases where gunshot residue tests have been made

even though it was knov/n that the suspect had v/ashed his

hands several times after being fingerprinted. The resultina

questionable results have cast undeserved discredit on the

entire technique. There is a need for a recommended

23
procedure giving detailed instructions for gunshot residue

collection and analysis which will give results of known

reliability. There is also a need to carefully investigate

the reliability of tests conducted under less than

optimum circumstances.

PROPOSED PLAN

This is an ongoing project. To date, the following tasks

have been completed: (a) optimization of the procedure for

neutron irradiation of the sample, (b) perfection of tlie

cotton ball technique for residue collection, (c) comparison

of the relative efficiency and convenience of the three

residue collection techniques being compared, (d) measurement

of the stability of residues on hands as a function of time

after firing and (e) measurement of barium and antimony background levels on the hands of the general population. The

final task, to be completed in FY-7 5, is to measure barium and

antimony levels on the hands of a statistically significant

group of people who have fired various types of handguns in a

variety of circumstances. These data, together with the

background level data, will then be used to establish the

reliability of this gunshot residue detection technique.

OBJECTIVES

The outputs of this project are (a) a recommended procedure

for the analysis of gunshot residues using neutron activation

analysis, (b) a recommended procedure for the collection of

gunshot residues for analysis by neutron activation analysis,

and (c) a report discussing the reliabilities of the recommended

procedures. The attached table shows the projected milestones.

LEVEL OF EFFORT

A total of $95,000 has been spent in FY 1973 and FY 1974. The

$30,000 budgeted for FY 1975 will complete this project.

24
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Robert Mills, Program Manager

Investigative Aids

Project Plan for

Glass Characterization

SCOPE

This is a project to develop (a) information concerning the

reliability of glass characterization by means of refractive

index measurement and by trace element analysis, (b) standard

reference materials for refractive index measurements made

in forensic science laboratories, and (c) recommended methods

for characterizing automobile headlight glass for

forensic purposes.

BACKGROUND

Forensic scientists characterize evidence in one of two ways.

"Classification" is the process by which they identify the

evidence as belonging to a particular subclass (e.g., a glass

fragment as being auto headlight glass, or better, an auto

headlight made by G.E.). "Individualization", on the other

hand, is accomplished when the unique identity of evidential

material is established (e.g., a glass fragment as coming

from the right headlight of a specific car)

Data are needed to establish the specific subclasses into which

glasses can usefully be classified, the cases for which

individualization can be demonstrated, and the reliability with

which these classifications and individualizations can be

made. Data taken to obtain this information are referred to

as "population statistics."

Measurements for either classifications or individualizations • must be made by precise and accurate methods to insure that

any observed variations are due to the characteristics of the

material and not to the measurement process. Standard

reference materials are needed by forensic laboratories for

the calibration of their instruments, for the validation

of their procedures, or for the confirmation of a classification by a direct comparison with the evidence.

In FY-7 3, LESL conducted a survey of the state-of-the-art

of standard reference collections of forensic materials. The

report of the survey findings constitutes an important part

of the groundwork on which this project is based.

26
PROPOSED PLAN

This is a continuing project. In Fy-74, new and used auto

headlights were obtained and cut into samples for refractive

index (RI) measurements and trace element analysis using

neutron activation analysis (NAA) . Results to data confirm

that RI measurements can be used to distinguish auto headlight

glass from other types of glasses. It has been found that

older glass made by one of the tv/o glass manufacturers can

be differentiated from newer glass made by the same manufacturer. Tentative results also indicate that RI measurements

are improved if the glass samples are first annealed.

Trace element analysis, on the other hand, shows greater promise for making individualizations. A NAA technique has

been perfected which can be non-destructive and which

measures 3 trace elements.

Additional data v/ill be obtained in FY-75 on the precision

and accuracy of both RI measurements and NAA. Attention v/ill

be directed to the characterization of window plate glass

as soon as the work on auto headlight glass has been completed.

The first glass refractive index standard reference material

(SRM) will be ready for distribution early in FY-75. These

SRM's are certified for RI values commonly encountered in

forensic applications, at several wavelengths and over an

appropriate temperature range. Development of liquid SPJl's

began late in FY-74 and is now in progress.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this project are 1) glass and liquid RI

standard reference materials, 2) a report on the population

statistics of auto headlight glasses characterized by their

refractive indexes and their trace element contents, 3) a similar report on the population statistics of windov/ plate

glasses, and 4) recommended procedures for making the refractive index and trace element profile measurements.

The projected milestones are shov/n in the attached chart.

LEVEL OF FUNDING

$184,500 was spent for this project in FY-74. $170,000 is

budgeted for FY-7 5.

27
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Robert Mills, Program Manager

Investigative Aids

Project Plan for

Guideline for Metal Detectors

SCOPE

This project concerns the development of a guideline to advise

users on the selection and use of both walk-through and

handheld metal detectors for weapons detection.

BACKGROUND

The use of weapons, particularly handguns, in connection with

such crimes as airplane hi- jacking, prison breaks, hostage

captures, etc., has created a widespread demand for means to

detect concealed weapons. Several devices have been developed

to meet this demand, including those known as metal weapon

detectors. The metal weapon detectors on the market are

designed for use at prisons, airports, computer facilities,

courtroom entrances, entraces to public buildings, etc.

However, many potential users need assistance in understanding

the performance which can be expected from these devices,

and in making a judicious selection from available models.

PROPOSED PLAN

The Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory has developed performance standards for v/alk-through (NILECJ-STD-06oi . 00 ) and

handheld (NILECJ-STD-0602 . 00) detectors. These standards, by

necessity, are technical documents intended for laboratory

use by technical personnel. This guideline will complement

the performance standards by discussing weapon detectors

in non-technical language. Subjects to be discussed will

include the relative advantages of active and passive detectors,

single and zone indication, performance to be expected at

different sensitivity settings for various applications, and

possible hazards to film, magnetic tape, and people using heart

pacemakers.

Maximum possible use will be made of experience obtained from

earlier work at NBS. However, it is likely that some limited

additional laboratory tests will be necessary.

29
OBJECTIVE

The output of this project will be a guideline for metal

detectors. The projected milestones are given on the

attached chart.

LEVEL OF EFFORT

$50,000 has been budgeted for this project.

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Robert ^lills, Progran l^lanaqer

Investigative Aids

Project Plan for

Automotive Paint Colors

SCOPE

This project involves the collection and distribution of

standard reference collections of automotive paint colors.

BACKGROUND

Paint transfer occurs in many crimes involvina vehicles.

Criminalists are often asked to examine auto paint taken at

the scone of a crime in order to make a classification or

individualization. A classification is most useful in the

early stages of an investigation and helps to determine the

make, model, and year of the vehicle involved. An individualization is a more specific characterization and serves to

establish that the paint came from a particular vehicle. The

simplest methods of paint characterization involve the microscopic examination of color, surface texture, surface markings

and layer structure, and the matching of broken edges.

In 1973, LESL conducted a study of standard reference collections

and their potential value to forensic laboratories. It

was found that the directors of many Federal, State and local

criminalistics laboratories v/anted a standard reference

collection of auto paint colors for use in their laboratories.

PROPOSED PLAN

A Standard Reference Collection of Automotive Paint Colors has

been developed with the cooperation of the auto manufacturers

and their paint suppliers. This first reference collection

consists of samples of 140 paint colors used on 1974 model

domestic passenger vehicles, plus information pertinent to

their use. The color samples are intended for use in making

color comparisons, and are not certified for chemical

composition

All the color samples V7ere prepared from actual production

paint batches. The original-finish paint suppliers applied

the paint to metal panels or, in some cases, to paper

substrates. Samples approximately 25 x 40 mm in size were

cut and each sample V7as place in a plastic hinged holder.

The samples can easily be removed from the hinged holders

as needed, for ease in visual or microscopic comparison.

32
The reference collection includes information on color

type, i.e., whether metallic or non-metallic; whether

the sample is a new color for model year 19 74 or a carry-over

color from prior model years; the name of the auto manufacturer using the color and the 1974 models on wliich the

color is used.

Arrangements have been made to distribute the 19 74 reference

collection gratis to approximately 200 qualified U.S. forensic

laboratories. The collection and distribution of automotive

paint color samples will be continued in Fy-75. The 1975

reference collection will include color samples of 1975

model domestic passenger vehicles, some imported passenger

vehicles, and some domestic non-passenqer vehicles (e.g.,

trucks, buses). These will be made available for a small

fee, rather that gratis.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this project is to produce and annually

update a reference collection of automotive paint color

samples together v/ith information pertinent to their use

by forensic science laboratories. The attached chart gives

the projected milestones for FY-75.

LEVEL OF EFFORT

A total of $35,000 was spent in FY-74 for this project. An

additional $20,000 has been budgeted for FY-75.

33
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Robert Mills, Program Manager

Investigative Aids

Project Plan for

Criminalistics Laboratory Proficiency Testing

SCOPE

This project relates to technical support to be provided

by LESL/NBS for a nationv/ide criminalistics laboratorv

proficiency testing program.

BACKGROUND

According to the American Academy of Forensic Sciences,

evidence has been mounting concerning the existence of wide

variations in the performance of criminalistics laboratories.

The analysis of some types of physical evidence is of

uniformly low quality, and in other cases the variations in

analytical results betv/een laboratories is high. This

situation is not restricted to criminalistic laboratories. The

same conditions have been found to exist, for example, in

clinical laboratories.

Proficiency testing is being used successfully as a quality

control and improvement device in several fields. For

example, the College of American Pathology and the

Center for Disease Control are conducting proficiency testinq

programs for hospitals and clinical laboratories. The

Department of Transportation has recently initiated a proficiency testing program for blood alcohol measurements.

However, there has been no nationv/ide proficiency testina

program for criminalistics laboratories, covering all types

of physical evidence.

The follov/ing are the specific goals of this program:

° Through the use of voluntary, anonymous proficiency testing,

assess the analytical accuracy of criminalistic laboratories

in the processing of selected physical evidence.

° Make statistical studies of the accuracy and precision

of the various analytical methods used.

° Establish the basis for the design of educational programs,

in the area of analytic methods, which will assist the criminalistics profession in the attainment of higher levels of

proficiency.

35
There is strong feeling v/ithin the profession that these goals

can best be met by a program administered by criminalists

working within an organization that is criminalistically

oriented. P'or this reason, NILECJ has assigned primary

responsibility for the implementation and administration of

this program to the Forensic Science Foundation, the education

and research arm of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences.

Procedural matters relating to specific tests will be studied

by a Project Advisory Committee composed of eight eminent

criminalists, each of whom has had extensive experience in

the management of criminalistic laboratories. Overall

evaluation of the proficiency testing concept v/ill be performed

by the participating laboratories under the aegis of the

Project Advisory Committee. Technical support will be

provided by the Lav; Enforcement Standards Laboratory of

the National Bureau of Standards.

PROPOSED PLAN

A detailed plan has been submitted to TIILECJ by the Forensic

Science Foundation. In brief, selected items of typical

physical evidence will be manufactured accordinq to exact

specifications and distributed, free of charge, to each

criminalistic laboratory in the United States and its possessions,

and to a group of laboratories in Canada. On a voluntary

basis, each laboratory will submit its analytical findings

concerning each item, and these findings v^ill then be

evaluated by NES. Individual reoorts will be treated in a confidential manner; the identity of participating laboratories

will be known only to the executive director of the Forensic

Science Foundation. However, the data derived therefrom

will be subjected to analysis for long-range study purposes.

OBJECTIVES

LESL is responsible for (a) providing technical support in

the preparation of specifications for the manufacturer of the

test samples, but not for writing the specifications nor

for awarding and administering the contracts for the preparation of the test samples; (b) establishing "target values''

for the test samples before their distribution to the

participating laboratories; (c) establishing the statistical

procedures to be used in the analysis of the proficiency test

results; and (d) performing the statistical analysis. "i^hese

responsibilities will be fulfilled primarily via informal

communications to the Forensic Science Foundation. Since LESL's

role is supportive in nature, milestones do not apply.

36
LEVEL OF EFFORT

$80,000 has been budgeted for Fy-75 LESL/NBS activities under

this program. Fundina for the Forensic Science Foundation

effort is being provided directly by NILFrj.

37
Robert Mills, Program Manager

Investigative Aids

Project

Compliance Testing and

Plan for

Laboratory Accreditation

SCOPE

This is a project to plan, and to the extent appropriate,

implement a system for testing law enforcement equipment for

compliance with NILRCJ standards, and for evaluating the

ability of testing laboratories to perform such compliance

testing

BACKGROUND

Criminal justice officials need assistance in the selection

and procurement of equipment. They need to know what the

product will and v;ill not do, how long it will last, and

whether it will })e safe for them, and the public. The

development of performance standards is an important first

step. However, the maximum benefits to the criminal

justice system, to the manufacturers and to the public cannot

be realized without a program to ascertain which items

available on the market do, in fact, meet the requirements

of the standards.

The testing of equipment to determine compliance v/ith a standard

is referred to as com.pliance testing. Two types of compliance

tests are of interest. Acceptance tests are those performed

to determine the acceptability of delivered items which

have been purchased under a contract requiring compliance

v/ith a particular standard. Oualif ication tests are tliose

performed in advance of and independent of any specific

procurement action, for the purpose of establishing a "complying

products list. ''

The large amount of qualification testinq and accentance

testing v/hich the v/idespread use of the NILECJ standards

will engender necessitates the invol^T-ement of private and

public testing laboratories other than NBS . MBS ' s role is

in the development of the standards and in the arbitration, if

needed, of any disputes which may arise concerninrr compliance

test results, but not in the compliance testing per se.

If uniformly high standards of performance in compliance

testing are to be maintained, laboratories must be selected

which are competent and which are not controlled by

the equipment manufacturers or distributors.

38
PROPOSED PLAN

A compliance testing and laboratory accreditation plan is

under preparation. In brief, the planned program will (a)

result in a body of qualification and acceptance test data,

(b) establish a list of testing laboratories accredited to

perform these qualification and acceptance tests, and

(c) set up a "compliance information system" for the

dissemination to officials in the criminal justice system

of information obtained via the qualification and

acceptance tests. The plan is described in greater detail

in a concept paper titled "A Compliance Testing System for

ESID/NILECJ. " Consultants hired by NILECJ from the Underwriters Laboratories, the American Council of Independent

Laboratories, the Los Angeles Police Department and the

Economics Department of MIT have studied the paper, and

have made comments and recommendations.

In FY-75, (1) the concept paper will be modified to incorporate

the suggestions made by the consultants, (2) the proposed

compliance testing system will be submitted to NILFCJ

management, (3) additional testing laboratories interested

in evaluating law enforcement equipment in accordance x^/ith

NILECJ standards will be identified, and (4) additional

criteria for evaluating the qualifications of testing

laboratories will be drafted.

During FY-74, 47 testing laboratories expressed an interest

in compliance testing various items of law enforcement equipment in response to announcements in the Commerce Business

Daily and three trade journals. In addition, criteria were

drafted for evaluatina laboratories for their ability to

test equipment in accordance with five NILECJ standards.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this project are (a) a concept paper giving

details of a proposed plan for establishing a NILECJ Compliance

Testing System, together with visual aids summarizing the

proposed plan, (b) a tabulation of testing laboratories

grouped by their stated interest in performing compliance tests

relating to various LESL program areas, and (c) v/ritten

criteria for evaluating test laboratories. The attached

table shows the projected milestones for the completion of

the concept paper, the first edition of the tabulation of

testing laboratories, and the first set of laboratory

39
evaluation criteria. The tabulation of testing laboratories

will be added to and revised as necessary, and additional

laboratory evaluation criteria which are appropriate for

each NILECJ standard will be written as standards are completed.

LEVEL OF EFFORT

$53,000 was obligated for this project in FY-74. $50,000

has been budgeted for FY-75.
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Ronald C. Dobnyn , Proqran Manager

Protective Equipnent

Project Plan for

Police Body Arnor Guide

SCOPE

This is a project for the development of a user guideline to

the selection and use of police body arnor. The guide will

address all conmGrcially available body armors.

BACKGROUND '

, Under the sponsorship of NILECJ, the Law Enforcement Standards

Laboratory has maintained a continuing program for the

evaluation of police body armor. This program has identified

performance characteristics, developed methods of test

and established performance requirements and standards for

these armors.

Yet, it is apparent from the many significant advances made

in this equipment area in recent years and. from the numerous

requests for additional information received from lav; enforcement agencies, that a source of sound guidance to the

selection and use of body armor is sorely needed - it is of

life and death importance to every lav; officer who confronts

an armed criminal.

PROPOSED PLAN

The proposed plan consists of two phases. In Phase I, all

technical information, user reauirements , performance

characteristics and test data v/ill be assembled. All

commercially available body armor v/ill be addressed. From

this information, an outline and technical text v/ill be

drafted. This phase will be supported by laboratory work

as required.

Phase II v/ill commence after reviev/ and acceptance of the

technical draft, and will consist of those efforts reqiiired

to produce the final camera-ready copy, includina final editing,

graphics, comprehensive layout, typography and color

separations

42
OBJECTIVES

A guide to the selection, maintenance, use and limitation of

police body armor will be prepared. Projected milestones

are qiven in the attached chart.

LEVEL OF EFFORT

The guideline is budgeted at $40K. Phase I will be performed

at NBS . Phase II will be contracted to a suitable graphics

specialist.

43
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Ronald C. Dobbyn, Program Manager

Protective Equipnent

Project Plan for

Police Helmet Guideline

SCOPE

This project involves the development of a guide to the

selection, maintenance, use and limitations of the various

protective helmets offered to lavr enforcement officers.

All commercially available helmets designated for police

use will be included.

BACKGROUND

In a continuing effort to develop performance standards and

guidelines for law enforcement equipment, LESL has maintained

an up-to-date awareness of state-of-the-art developments in

certain equipment areas; police helmets is one such area. As

a direct result of its standards development activities, LESL

has found that many of the helmets offered to police today

fail to meet minimum performance requirements. LESL has also

found that many police departments are buying helmets not

intended by their manufacturers to serve as either riot or

crash helmets, yet are often used in such situations. The

evident need for detailed information and guidance on police

helmets will be filled by the proposed guide.

PROPOSED PLAN

The proposed plan consists of tv/o phases. In Phase I, all

technical information including user requirements, performance

characteristics and test data will be assembled. All

commercially available helmets designated for lav/ enforcement

use will be addressed. From this information, an outline

and technical text will be drafted. This phase v/ill be

supported by laboratory v7ork as required. Phase II will

commence after review of the technical draft and will

consist of those efforts required to produce the final cameraready copy, includincT final editing, graphics, com.prehensive

layout, typography and color separations.

45
OBJECTIVES

A guide to the selection/ maintenance, use and 1 police helmets. Projected milestones are given

chart

LEVEL OF EFFORT

The entire project is budgeted at $40K. Phase I will be

performed at NBS ; Phase 11 will be contracted to a suitable

graphics specialist.

imitations of

in the attached

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46
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Ronald C. Dobbyn, Program Manager

Protective Equipment

Project Plan for

Guidelines for Police Firing Ranges

SCOPE

This is a project for the development of a guideline document

which will aid law enforcement agencies in planning, constructing

and/or retrofitting indoor and outdoor firing ranges for safe

and efficient operation.

BACKGROUND

At any given time, six to ten police firing ranges in the

United States are shut down for the correction of health or

safety hazards. Reports of lead poisoning and stray missile

accidents are frequent. The range is often located in an

area where its efficient use is impossible.

All of the problems can be traced to deficient or archaic

design specifications; modern and specialized construction

and ventilation techniques are sacrified for economy, yet

lost time and damage suits often make these the most

expensive ranges built.

PROPOSED PLAN

Much of the information required for the construction or

retrofitting of a firing range, which will be both safe and

efficient, already exists but is widely scattered. This

information will be assembled and evaluated. Data on the

sources and distribution of lead particulates and vapors,

and detailed information on improved air handling and

air cleaning equipment is also needed. Some laboratory

and field work addressing these topics is anticipated. Mr.

Ted Busch, a leading expert in firing range construction,

will be retained as a consultant to LESL for this project

and will assist the Program Manager in planning, evaluating

and reviewing the total effort.

The first phase of the project will be concluded vrith the

preparation, reviev; and acceptance of a draft guideline document.

The second phase will include those efforts necessary to

produce the final camera-ready copy, including text editing,

graphics, comprehensive layout, etc.

48
OBJECTIVE

A user guide to safe and efficient firing range facilities

will be prepared. The projected milestones are given in

the attached table.

LEVEL OF EFFORT

$50,000 is budgeted for this effort. The first phase of the

project will be performed at NBS; Phase II will be contracted

to a suitable graphics specialist.

49
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Lawrence K. Eliason, Proqran Manaqer

Project Plan for

Court Equipment

SCOPE

The purpose of this project is to develop a series of documents

directed toward the application of audio and video tape

recording systems to all aspects of. the judicial process. Included in this effort is a standard for audio recorder

system component interchangability , a standard for video tape

recording systems, a standard for video tape recordina svstem

component interchangability , and guidelines for video tape

recording in the courtroom and for the use of closed circuit

television

.

BACKGROUND

The use of audio and video equipment in the courtroom holds

the promise of assisting NILECJ to accomplish the major LEAA

goal of significantly improving the total judicial process.

Trials may he speeded up and the use of video taped depositions

may remove unnecessary burdens from witnesses. Audio tape

recording of court procedures is being used, primarily where

it is needed as a consequence of manpov/er limitations, and

video tape recording has been tried on an experimental

basis. While the merits of video taped depositions and of

trial procedures tape recorded for official record and

for use in appellate court actions are recognized by court

administrators, attorneys and judges, they remain reluctant

to apply these techniques to their own proceedings. There are

some legal considerations v/hich enter into this concern.

However, most of the resistance to those innovations stems

from the notion that the equipment is expensive, complex, and

perhaps unreliable. Use of the standards will remove much

of the technical burden from the purchaser and assure that

products of adequate quality are purchased.

This project is a continuation of a LESL project that

has resulted in the development of a draft auideline and

standard for audio tape recorders. In addition, a draft

guideline for video tape recording systems for courtroom

use is being revised and laboratory studies of video recorders

are in process, aimed at the development of standards for

this equipment. The FY-75 effort will complete the development of these documents, and initiate work on tv^o additional

standards; interchangability of audio tape recorder system

51
conponents and interchanqability of vi<iGO tape recordin'^

systen conponents. The first year efforts have served to

emphasize the need for standards to insure the conpatability

of equipment for courtroom use.

These prior efforts have establislied that recording systems

and closed circuit television systems should bo treated

separately. The current-year effort will involve the

detailed dovolopnent o^ closed circuit performance criteria,

and will result in the preparation of a guideline and a standard later in the project.

PROJECT PLAN

During the preceding year, the invest i';7ation of the use of

television recordinq systems in the courtroom resulted in

a first draft of a user guideline. This will he revised

to provi(ie a more concise discussion of the topic v;ith more

limited technical treatment. The ongoing laboratory/

evaluation of test methods for video tape recording (VTR)

systems \;ill be continued to estal^lish minimum levels of

performance for the camera, monitor, and recorier and a standard v^ill be prepared.

Throughout tlie laboratory evaluation of VTPv systems, attention

v;ill be directed toward probleTns of interchangabilitv , and

a parallel effort will be initiated to studv these problems

in detail. Existing standards for connectors, impedance, tape

format, etc will be studied in detail. A standard will be

developed to provide requirements for the interchanaa)-'ility of

VTR System. Components. This v;ill necessarilv include

consideration of the use of closed circuit television systems

as well, and preliminary studies will be im.nlemented to form

the basis for later development of a standard for closed circuit

television systems for courtroom, use. The information aained

will be used to develop a guideline for the use of closed

circuit television in the courtroom.

Similarly, the effort during the preceding year to develop

standards for audio tape recorders for courtroom, use has also

identified potential problems as a result of interchangabilitv

requirements. A task will he initiated to review existincf

standards for tape, microphone impedance, and connectors. A

standard for audio recorder component interchanqability v/ill

be developed.

52
OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this project are listed belov/, anr; the

project schedule is shown on the nilestone chart v;hic}\ follovs.

1. Guideline for Video Tape Recording Systems for tlie Courtroom

2. Standard for Video Tape Recording Systems for th.e Courtroom

3. Guidelines for Closed Circuit Television for the Courtroom

4. Interface Standard for Video Tape Recorders for the Courtroom.

5. Interface Standard for Audio Tape Recorders for the Courtroom

LEVEL OF EFFORT

1. Courtroom Use of 'T^elevision $50E

2. Interface Standards for Courtroom VTR ?45K

3. Interface Standards for Courtroom Audio Recorders . < 3SK

Total $130K

53
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54
PUBLICATIONS OF THE

LAW ENFORCEMENT STANDARDS PROGRAM

Standards

NILECJ-STD-mOl .00, March 1 972. Ballistic Resistance of Police

Body Armor (Stock No. 2700-0155; Price 25 cents)

NILECJ-STD-01 02 . 00 , ilarch 1973. Mearinq Protectors for Use on

Firing Ranges (Stock No. 2700-00182; Price 40 cents)

NILECJ-STD-0103.00, May 1974. Portable Ballistic Shields

(Stock No. 2700-00253; Price 55 cents)

NILECJ-STD-0205.00, May 1974. MObile Antennas (Stock No. 2700-

00250; Price approximately 60 cents)

NILECJ-STD-0301 . 00 , ^larch 1 974. Maanetic Sv/itches for Burglar

Alarm Systems (Stock No. 2700-00238; Price 65 cents)

NHTSA-STD-2001 .00, October 1973. Evidential Breath Testers for

Alcohol Content*

Reports

LESP-RPT-02ni .00, May 1 972. Batteries Used with Lav/

Enforcement Communications Eauioment: Comparison and

Performance Characteristics (Stock No. 2700-0156; Price 50

cents

)

LESP-RPT-0202 . 00 , June 1 973 . Batteries used with Lav/

Enforcement Communications Equipment: Charoers and

Charging Techniques (Stock No. 2700-00216; Price 80 cents)

LESP-RPT-0203.00, June 1973. Technical Terms and Definitions

used v/ith La\; Enforcement Communications Equipment (Radio

Antennas, Transmitters, and Receivers) (Stock No. 2700-

00214; Price $1 .55)

LESP-RPT-0301 . 00 , June 1 974 . Survey of Image Quality Criteria

for Passive Night Vision Devices (Stock No. 2700-00259,

Price 60 cents)

LESP-RPT-0501 . 00 , May 1972. Emergency Vehicle Warning

Devi ces-- I n terim Review of the Sta te-of-the-Art Relative to

Performance Standards

NBS Technical Note 752, June 1973. Directory of Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice Associations and Research

Centers

55
LESP-RPT-0002.00, May 1974. LEAA Police Equipnent Survey of

1972j Volume II: Communications Equipment and Supplies (in

pres s

)

LESP-RPT-0003 . 00 , June 1974. LEAA Police Equipment Survey of

1972, Volume III: Sirens and Emergency Uarninn Lights (in

press)

LESP-RPT-O0n4 . 00 , July 1974. LEAA Police Equipment Survey of

1972, Volume IV: Alarms, Security Eouinment, Surveillance

Equipment (in press)

LESP-RPT-0005 . 00 , LEAA Police Enuinment Survey of 1972, Volume

V: Handguns and Handgun Ammunition (in press)

LESP-RPT-Ono6 . 00 , June 1974. LEAA Polic? Enuioment Survey of

1 972 , Volume VI: Body Armor and Confiscated l/eanons (in

press)

LESP-RPT-0007 . 00 , April 1974. LEAA Police Enuipment Survey of

1972 Volume VII: Patrolcars (in press)

LESP-RPT-0201 . 00 , May 1972. Batteries Used with Law

Enforcement Communications EouiDment: Comoarison and

< Performance Characteristics (Stock 'lo. 2700-01 56 ; Price 50

cents)

' ' - . -

.

' 0

' LESP-RPT-0202 . 00 , June 1973. Batteries used with Lav

Enforcement Communications Eouinment: Chargers and

Charging Techniques (Stock No. 2700-00215; Price 80 cents)

LESP-RPT-0203 . 00 , June 1973. Technical Terms and Definitions

used with Law Enforcement Communications Enuipment (Radio

Antennas, Transmitters, and Receivers) (Stock. No. 270 0-

00214; Price SI .55)

LESP-RPT-0204 . 00 , March 1 974,. Voice Privacy Enuipment for La\;

Enforcement Communications Systems (in press)

LESP-RPT-0205. 00 , July 1974. Automatic Vehicle Location

Techniques for Law Enforcement Use (in press)

LESP-RPT-020G . 00 , June 1 974 . Reneaters for Law Enforcement

Communication Systems (in press)

LESP-RPT-0301 . 00 , June 1974. Survey of. Image Quality Criteria

for Passive Night Vision Devices (Stock No. 2700-00259,

Pri ce 60 cents

)

LESP-RPT-0302 . 00 , flay 1973. Test Procedures for Night Vision

Devices (in press)

LESP-RPT-0303. 00, March 1974. Image Quality Criterion for

Identification of Faces (in press)

56
Please order publications for which a price is indicated by

title and stock number, and enclose remittance payable to the

Superintendent of Documents, Government Printinq Office,

Washington, D. C. 20402.

Single copies may be obtained from the national Criminal

Justice Reference Service, Law Enforcement Assistance

Administration, U. S. Department of Justice, Washington, D. C.

20530.

Printed in the Federal Register, Vol. 38, Number 212, pp.

30459-30463 (November 5, 1973). Single conies may be obtained

from the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory, National Bureau

of Standards, Washington, D. C. 20234.

57
i'^3S>n4A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

SiBLIOGRAPHiC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO.

NBSIR 74-56S

2. Gov't Accession

No.

j 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

FY 75 Project Plans

Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

3. Recipient's Accession No.

5. Publication Date September 1974

6. Performing Organization Code

i 7. AUTHOR(S) 8. Performing Organ. Report No. NBSIR 74-568

I; 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

\ NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

I DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

I WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

1^2. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

\ Natl, Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

; Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

I U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C. 20530

13. Type of Report & Period

Covered

Final .

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

115. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

jl6. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or /ess factual summary of most significar)t information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

j Plans are presented for seventeen projects approved and funded for FY-75. They

! include plans for the preparation of performance standards, user guidelines and

reports on law enforcement equipment in the communications, security, protective

I equipment, investigative aid^ courtroom equipment and compliance testing areas.

^7. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons) cojmnnlcations equipment; forensic science; Law Enforcement

Standards Laboratory; LESL; performance standards; project plans, protective equipment;

I security equipment; standards

il8. AVAILABILITY [aT Unlimited 19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

21. NO. OF PAGES

1 For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

UNCL ASSIFIED

63

1

' Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office

; Washington. D.C, 20402. SD Cat. No. C13

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

22. Price ,

1 ! Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151 UNCLASSIFIED

USCOMM-DC 29042-P74