'J)i/.S3o

NBSIR 80-2030 K

ni£C0PY

JO NOT REMDf

\ 9 1980

Technical Activities 1 979

Center for Radiation Research

Chris E. Kuyatt and Wayne A. Cassatt, Editors

Center for Radiation Research

National Measurement Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, DC 20234

March 1980

Issued April 1980

Prepared for: National Bureau of Standards

Department of Commerce

Washington, DC 20234

NBSIR 80-2030

TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES 1979

CENTER FOR RADIATION RESEARCH

Chris E. Kuyatt and Wayne A. Cassatt, Editors

Center for Radiation Research

National Measurement Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, DC 20234

March 1980

Issued April 1 980

Prepared for; National Bureau of Standards

Department of Commerce

Washington, DC 20234

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Philip M. Klutznick, Secretary

Luther H. Hodges, Jr., Deputy Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Productivity. Technology, and Innovation

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director
'if oeos^cdfiiaat')

."r

WGT 23mviTOA JAOIMM03T

HoriA3e3« i/ioiTAtnAR mn RBTviga

t :^r

S'4

,'«»3i*o > '<nnv#it^w^,,twwX''3 fwtOi ' ' - ’ sir'' li

’ .j' *'3

*'

•'", Hi

rr '” 3

ll:-*., .

ffc)i <>ol«*rtmW u>^ minajj

'

f.-

,. , )miq^

' «to‘tdC»f\»re 'fe

NTSOl XJ /H>iaa^4»f.W

iM&f <t»oA

, 'jr

T

#•

te>^ b«Yaqsi<) ! St ,

•

, -' !0i,u«rfl^tu8 Jenol^ei^

nen90

' JO *noron1 <i«eW ‘ J

'" ill''

'

:Wi' "' •'% — ^'1

'** ' T -i^-iii'.-'r :- '-ii— rn-f-.-'-T ^ 'j--jnwiiini ni-w- — - -riTt'-fT- - - .a n m m wo«i m l

1 f ! I <MplWi<tWi[|^^^

4 ^ >N#ilrLa>! m joaa^rMOO ^'m3MT«A33W3 .a u

;?VM*fiA Wn3 ,«ORAOi/»AT;i ^6 MWOITAW
CENTER FOR RADIATION RESEARCH

The Center for Radiation Research has a unique mission. It provides high accuracy radiation measurement techniques and quantitative

data about atomic and nuclear radiation processes. These outputs are required for the safe and effective use of radiation in key technologies. Center activities cover the electromagnetic spectrum starting

at the infrared, through the visible, the ultraviolet, and vacuum ultraviolet, to x-ray and nuclear gamma rays. Particle radiations include electrons, positrons, protons, deuterons and neutrons below 140

million electron volts. Our facilities include a 140 MeV electron

linear acceleraor, a 240 MeV electron storage ring for synchrotron

light, many lower energy accelerators, a polarized electron source,

plasma devices and many sophisticated spectrometers with computer

assisted data acquisition.

During the past year, CRR has directed special attention to

several areas of growing national concern. One of these areas, ionizing radiation health and safety, has attracted a large amount of

public and institutional concern. At the request of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, the Center is cooperating with the Conference of State Radiation Control Program Directors.

Together, we are reviewing the need for an intermediate level of

calibration services such as regional facilities to better couple NBS

laboratories with state and industrial needs. This review will con- tribute to an updated long-range plan and budget initiative for

ionizing radiation measurements.

CRR is working with the State of Illinois to set up a pilot

regional calibration laboratory, with Florida to set up a calibration

facility for low-level survey instruments, and with the University of

Michigan on the testing of personnel dosimetry performance. Special

measurements were made on dosimeters used near the Three-Mile Island

nuclear power plant. Natural matrix radioactivity standards, such as human lung and liver, are being prepared for environmental monitoring.

We are working on dosimetry measurements and standards for radiation

sterilization, a process which replaces the use of carcinogenic

ethylene oxide. Measurements of the response of x-ray screens are part of our work on the technology for reducing patient exposure.

Because of the need for increased cooperation between the various

agencies concerned with ionizing radiation, the Center is represented

on two recently- formed interagency committees on ionizing radiation.

CRR is working to improve the state-of-the-art in optical radiation measurements. Better measurements are needed, for example, in

solar and atmospheric monitoring and by the electro-optics and lighting industries. To make available to the lighting industry the new radiometric scale, which will eventually replace the current scale

based on the candela, 175 lamps are being calibrated on both scales

1
for simultaneous distribution. Progress toward the 0.1 percent radiometry needed in solar monitoring is being made through quantum-based

calibrations of silicon photodiodes, by improved characterization of

black-body sources, and through intercomparisons of NBS radiometry

standards. Improved measurements of UVB radiation are made possible

by new source standards and by accurate measurements of spectroradiometer response. Provision of characterized detector packages on a rental basis enables users to measure the spectral response of their

measurement systems. New measurement assurance programs are being developed for diffuse reflectance and for retroreflectance.

Several of our activities contribute to the nation's energy programs. Measurement and calculation of the spectra of highly-ionized

heavy ions are essential to the diagnostics of fusion-plasma devices,

lon-ization rate measurements now in progress will provide benchmark

data for analyzing heavy ion impurities in Tokamak fusion devices.

Vacuum ultraviolet radiometric calibrations and portable transfer

source standards provide the measurement base for accurate measurements of radiation from fusion plasmas. Radiation phenomena, such as plasma line broadening and di electronic recombination, are being

investigated as possible new plasma diagnostic techniques. Resonance

neutron radiography is being developed as a non-destructive method for

obtaining accurate values for the total mass of fissionable isotopes.

This method is expected to be useful in calibrating measurement devices for nuclear fuel reprocessing plants. Accurate measurements of

neutron cross sections are being made for both fission and fusion

reactions. Integral and differential neutron fields continue to be

developed for the calibration of neutron detectors used in fusion re- search, nuclear reactors, and personnel dosimetry.

The Center has a dedicated synchrotron radiation facility, SURF-II.

This device produces electromagnetic radiation in a narrow, intense,

highly-polarized beam with a continuous and accurately known spectrum

from the infrared through the visible and into the extreme ultraviolet.

This tunable, intense radiation is being applied to several new scientific and technical opportunities. Many of these activities involve

collaboration with other Centers of NBS or with laboratories outside

of NBS. Ultraviolet photodiode detectors are now being calibrated for

photon energies up to 250 eV. This capability was used in a Collaborative program with Los Alamos to measure photoemission yields of several

promising cathode materials. Several calibrations were carried out on spectrometers for space experiments and fusion plasma diagnostics. A new spectrometer calibration facility, under construction with NASA

funding, will give more accurate and convenient calibrations. During

the past year our new high-flux normal-incidence monochromator came

into full operation, and has been used to measure the angular distribution of photoemitted electrons from individual vibrational levels of

highly excited molecules. This monochromator also has been used to

study Stark mixing in high Rydberg autoionizing states of atoms and

molecules. Further studies on excited state dynamics will utilize

2
fluorescence measurements to investigate ion deexcitation processes.

Using another monochromator, we have observed high pressure helium

microbubbles in thin aluminum films by measuring the pressurebroadened helium resonance in absorption. Scientists from the Naval

Research Laboratory are studying insulators by using reflection,

photoemission and fluorescence. Scientists from Brookhaven National

Laboratory are installing a circular dichroism apparatus for measurements of biomolecules. Apparatus is being built in collaboration with

the Surface Science Division to study the photodesorption of ions from

absorbates at surfaces. We do not have space to describe all of the

activities of SURF-II, but these examples illustrate the wide range of

activities being carried out with synchrotron radiation.

High energy photons and electrons are excellent probes of nuclear

structure. The coupling of photons and electrons to charge, current,

and magnetic moments of nuclear constituents is well known from

quantum electrodynamics, and the flexibility of electron scattering

allows energy and momentum transfer to the nuclear system to be varied

independently. Using a high-current 140 MeV linear electron

accelerator, CRR scientists have investigated nuclear structure using

electron scattering, photon scattering, and electrodisintegration.

Recent elastic photon scattering measurements from showed a surprisingly large electric quadrupole component. Similar

measurements on will be of even greater theoretical interest.

Elastic electron scattering has yielded an improved value for the

nuclear radius which has become a world standard. Similar

measurements on “^He will provide a critical test of quantum

electrodynamics.

In electron scattering, the cross section is measured as a function of energy and momentum transfer. In electrodisintegration,

however, outgoing particles or induced radioactivities are integrated

over all of the final states of the scattered electron. An entirely

new type of experiment has recently been pioneered by CRR scientists

in which the yield of particles is measured as a function of the

incident energy. From analysis of such measurements it is possible to

locate and measure the strength of the El and E2 giant resonances that

result in proton and a particle emission. Results on ^®Ni , ®°Ni and

®^Ni show important E2 components in the a channel.

The ultimate experiment would detect both the scattered electron

and outgoing particle in coincidence. Such experiments would require

a 100 percent duty cycle (CW) electron accelerator and would be crucial

in going beyond the classical description of nuclear structure and re- actions in terms of elementary neutrons and protons, that is, in determining the effects of many-body correlations, virtual pions, and excited

nuclear states on nuclear structure. These opportunities are important

enough that we have begun, with DOE funding, the development of a prototype 185 MeV room- temperature CW electron accelerator. In addition to

3
demonstrating the feasibility of building a 1 to 2 GeV machine using

the same technology, the prototype accelerator will be a powerful tool

in its own right for nuclear physics.

In the following pages the technical activities of the five

divisions within the center for Radiation Research are described in more

detai 1

.

4
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

530, Office of Radiation Measurement

The Office of Radiation Measurement promotes the dissemination to

federal, state, and local regulatory bodies, and to the medical,

industrial, and defense communities, of the measurement standards and

technology required for reliable measurement of all types of radiation

that may be biologically hazardous. The Office assists the technical

organizational components of NBS in monitoring the radiation measurement

needs of these national user groups, and in activities undertaken to

meet national needs. It maintains liaison with other organizations

concerned with related environmental, energy, health, or safety programs.

Examples are the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Bureau of Radiological

Health, Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Safety and Health

Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, and the

Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors.

In response to increasing concern about public exposure to hazards

presented by ionizing radiation, NBS is making progress in providing new

services essential for assuring the adequacy of measurements which are relied upon to protect workers and the general public from radiation

hazards. Because the states have the primary responsibility for making

measurements that ensure public safety, the efforts of the Office of

Radiation Measurement are concentrated on services for state radiation

control programs. The primary interaction mechanism is the Conference

of Radiation Control Program Directors, specifically its Task Force on Radiation Measurements. This task force is sponsored by the Office,

and performs collaborative efforts of interest to state programs.

During 1978, the task force conducted an extensive study of accuracy

requirements for the large variety of measurements made routinely by state

personnel. The resulting report will be published soon by NBS. It

references the regulatory motivation for the measurements, indicates the

range of radiation parameters encountered, states the required accuracy,

and outlines important instrument considerations.

Another collaborative effort with state programs is the development

of a pilot regional calibration facility in the State of Illinois. It

will test the concept of having an individual state program serve as a regional source of instrument calibrations for x-ray measurements up to

150 keV. The State is providing laboratory space and operating staff,

while NBS will provide an x-ray machine and standard instruments on a loan basis, along with technical support. Essentially all of the instrumentation has been obtained and tested, the laboratory has been designed.

5
530, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

and construction will occur in the fall of 1979. As of July 1, 1979,

the state legislature provide operating funds and an operator.

The Office coordinated an interagency and mul ti-organizational

project with broad national participation to develop a reconmended

national method for the reporting of environmental radiation data.

Initiated in 1977 at the request of the Conference of Radiation Control

Program Directors, the project is now nearing completion. A detailed

Guide and Recommendations for Reporting of Environmental Radiation

Measurements Data has been completed^ and distributed to a wide audience

for review and comment. The Guide will be published as an NBS Special

Publication in late 1979, and a condensed version will be published by

the Health Physics Society.

During the past few years, potential health hazards associated with

radiation exposure due to radon in buildings have received increasing

attention. Many studies have indicated that indoor concentrations of

radon and its radioactive-daughter products are frequently higher than

outdoor concentrations. At the same time, there is an increasing interest

in energy conservation in buildings. Conservation strategies such as reducing ventilation and infiltration rates may result in elevated

radiation levels. It is becoming clear that radiation protection and

building technology are in some cases interdependent. As a result of

these concerns, a Roundtable Discussion of Radon in Buildings was jointly

organized by the Office of Radiation Measurement and the Center for

Building Technology, and held June 15, 1979, at NBS. Participants included

individuals with programmatic as well as scientific and technical expertise

in radiation protection, radiation measurement and building technology

areas. They represented a wide range of private and government institutions

with diverse radiation and building technology interests. The objective

of the meeting was to bring together these participants to exchange

information and to draw attention to some of the problems and research

needs, and provide a forum for a general discussion of radon in buildings.

At the same time, the meeting provided a focus for NBS to better understand

its role in providing measurement support services for this serious problem

in environmental radiation protection.

In the course of investigating the feasibility and efficacy of

developing a distributed (large area) calibration source for instruments

used to measure ambient environmental radiation levels, it became apparent

that a much broader view of the measurement requirements is needed. To

this end, the Office has initiated an expanded effort to examine the

specific measurement needs and necessary measurement support services.

This includes evaluation of the suitability of available field instruments

to measure environmental gamma-radiation exposure rates, the characteristics

and minimum performance criteria of the instruments, and development of

appropriate measurement and calibration procedures.

6
530, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

In April 1979 the Office co-sponsored with the FDA Bureau of Radiological Health a Conference on Neutrons from Electron Medical Accelerators.

The purpose of this conference was to acquaint members of the scientific,

radiotherapy, regulatory, and accelerator manufacturing communities with

the latest state-of-the-art information concerning neutron production

during operation of medical accelerators. In spite of the highly specific

topic of the conference there were 208 registrants with 22 participants

from eight foreign countries. The proceedings of this conference were published in September 1979 as NBS Special Publication 554.

As a result of the Three Mile Island reactor accident, NBS was asked

to calibrate and determine specific response characteristics of survey

instruments used at the site. The Office coordinated four series of tests

and calibrations for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the Department of

Energy, and the Environmental Protection Agency, using xenon-133 as the

radiation source. This work has led to proposals for additional studies

and development of improved capability at NBS. It is expected that support

will be provided by the NRC and EPA in FY 1980 for the necessary additional

work.

During the past year a report was completed by the Committee on Radiation Calibration Needs in Therapy, of the American Association of

Physicists in Medicine, on the subject of needs for additional regional

calibration laboratories. The review was conducted under a two-year

contract from the Office of Radiation Measurement. As indicated in the

report, the cormiittee concluded that one additional regional calibration

laboratory is needed, located in the far west of the continental United

States. A number of related highlights and recommendations are included

in the report.

The Office provides the chairmanship and secretariat of the American

National Standards Committee on equipment for non-medical radiation

applications. During the past year a revised standard for design and

operation of particle accelerators was published as NBS Handbook 107.

Publication of Handbook 129, on radiation gauges, is scheduled for October

1979.

Other accomplishments during the past year include: collaborative

efforts with the NRC that resulted in publication of a regulatory guide

with a revised statement regarding traceability to NBS; cooperation with

the CRCPD. task force in conducting a survey that will document the

availability of calibration services in the U.S.; and preparation of a draft report in response to a congressional committee request.

7
PUBLICATIONS

530, Center for Radiation Research

Cassatt, W. A., Atmospheric Particulate Measurement Development at the

NBS, Proceedings of 25th Annual Technical Meeting, Institute of

Environment Sciences, Seattle, Washington, April 30, 1979.

Colle, R., Treatment and Reporting of Uncertainties for Environmental

Radiation Measurements, Proceedings of 23rd Conference on Analytical

Chemistry in Energy Technology, to be published by Oak Ridge National

) aboratory.

Colle, R., The Physics and Interaction Properties of Radon and Its

Progeny, in Radon in Buildings, NBS Special Publication, to be published.

Colle, R. and Silberstein, S., (eds.). Radon in Buildings: A report on the Roundtable Discussion of Radon in Buildings held NBS-Gaithersburg

,

June 15, 1979, NBS Special Publication, to be published.

Heaton, H. T., II and Jacobs, R., editors. Proceedings of a Conference

on Neutrons from Electron Medical Accelerators , NBS Special Publication

554, September 1979.

Kuyatt, C. E., Pierce, D. T. and Celotta, R. J., Spin and Energy Analyzed

Photoemission: A feasibility analysis. Rev. Sci. Instr., (in press).

Kuyatt, C. E., Biondi, M. A., Herzenberg, A., Resonances in Atoms and

Molecules, Physics Today, Vol . 32, ]^, p. 44, October 1979.

8
INVITED TALKS

530, Center for Radiation Research

Cassatt, W. A., "Atmospheric Particulate Measurement Development at the

NBS," sponsored by Institute of Enviornment Sciences - 25th Annual

Technical Meeting held at Seattle, Washington, April 30, 1979.

Colle, R., "Reporting of Environmental Radiation Measurements Data,"

Special Session on Upgrading Environmental Radiation Data, 24th Annual

Meeting of the Health Physics Society, Philadelphia, PA. July 12, 1979.

Colle, R., "The Physics and Interaction Properties of Radon and Its

Progeny," review paper at A Roundtable Discussion of Radon in Buildings,

NBS, Gaithersburg, MD. June 15, 1979.

Colle, R. , "Practical Considerations of A Priori Detection Limits for

Environmental Radioactivity," Virginia Chapter of the Health Physics

Society, Richmond, VA. May 12, 1979.

Colle, R., "Reporting of Enviornmental Radiation Measurements Data,"

11th Annual National Conference on Radiation Control, Oklahoma City, OK.

May 10, 1979.

Colle, R., Measurement of Environmental Gamma -Radi at ion Exposure Rates,

Florida Chapter of the Health Physics Society, St. Petersburg, FL.

October 13, 1978.

Kuyatt, C. E., "Polarized Electron Sources," Joint Meeting, Electron

Microscopy Society of America/Microbeam Analysis Society, San Antonio,

Texas, August 13-17, 1979.

9
SPONSORED CONFERENCES

530, Center for Radiation Research

Roundtable Discussion of Radon in Buildings, held June 15, 1979, at

NBS-Gaithersburg. Cosponsored by the Office of Radiation Measurement

(530) and the Center for Building Technology (740).

Conference on Neutrons from Electron Medical Accelerators, held April

9-10, 1979, at NBS-Gaithersburg. Cosponsored by NBS and the FDA,

Bureau of Radiological Health, with cooperation from the American

Association of Physicists in Medicine.

Fifth Conference on Application of Small Accelerators, held November

6-8, 1978 at North Texas State University. Cosponsored by NBS, USDOE,

NSF, IEEE, BRH, ANS, and the host.

10
JOURNAL EDITORSHIP

530, Center for Radiation Research

Chris E. Kuyatt, Editorial Board. The Review of Scientific Instruments.
ATOMIC AND PLASMA RADIATION DIVISION (531)

TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES DURING FY 79

The Atomic and Plasma Radiation Division, which consists currently

of 20 professional physicists (17 Ph. D.s), carries out research in the

fields of atomic and plasma spectroscopy with the principal objectives

to advance our knowledge of the atomic radiation and collision processes

in plasmas, to broaden and refine the relevant atomic data base, to

utilize radiation processes, to advance plasma measurement science, and

to provide plasma radiometric standards.

The division thus provides, through experimental and theoretical

research as well as through critical data compilations, a significant

part of the new atomic and plasma radiation data, such as wavelengths

and relative intensities for spectral lines; atomic energy levels;

ionization potentials; atomic transition probabilities; Stark broadening

parameters; collision strengths and collisional rate coefficients; and

dielectronic recombination rate coefficients. The division also carries

out fundamental studies to explore the potential of radiation phenomena

encountered in the plasma environment, such as plasma line broadening,

for new plasma diagnostic techniques, and it develops well-defined

steady state plasmas, such as the wal 1 -stabil ized hydrogen arc, as radiometric standards for the vacuum ultraviolet.

The main scientific and technological needs currently addressed by

the division lie in the fields of thermonuclear fusion research (where

radiation processes enter critically into the heavy ion impurity problem

and plasma diagnostics); vacuum ultraviolet laser development; nuclear

weapons simulation; fast high current switching and a variety of industrial applications of low temperature plasmas.

The principal facilities of the division are a 50 kJ 6-pinch

device; a powerful Nd/glass laser (about 10 joules in 4 ns) for the

generation of highly ionized spectra; two 10.7 m vacuum uv spectrographs

in the normal and grazing incidence region, and 100 kW steady-state

stabilized arc sources, and a pulsed high current arc.

12
/

Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

The division is organized into three technical groups, v;hose principal work during the last year is highlighted in the three following

sections.

I . Atomic Spectroscopy Group

(a) Vacuum UV Spectra of Atomic Ions —This work is focussed on

i soel ectronic sequences that include spectra of heavy ions occurring in or that are of interest to fusion-plasma devices (mainly Ti, V, Fe, Ni

,

Cu, Mo, Ta, W,). Analysis of spectra we obtained using a powerful

Nd/glass laser at Los Alamos to generate plasmas has given wavelengths

and levels up to 44- and 45-times ionized tungsten. The sequences

involved are the longest known, and the ionization stages the highest

observed with grating spectrographs. Our measurements and analysis of

Y XI, Zr XII, Nb XIII, Mo XIV, and Zr V and La IV were completed; the

results were published or are in press. The power of the NBS laser has

been increased to produce the spectrum Fe XX. We expect to obtain

accurate measurements of several lines important for tokamak diagnostics

which could not previously be generated at NBS.

A new interpretation of strong tungsten radiation generated in the

ORMAK and PLT tokamaks has resulted from our observations and identifications in the Pd I and Ag I isoelectronic sequences. The spectra have

been obtained through Dy XXI and Ho XXI with a high voltage triggered

spark discharge observed on the 10.7m grazing incidence spectrograph

.

Further experiments are planned to carry the observations through to

tungsten (W XXVIII, XXIX) by means of laser-produced high temperature

plasmas and thereby to confirm our new interpretation of the tokamak

spectra

.

(b) Resonant Laser-vapor Interactions --We have completed the

experimental apparatus for generating absorption spectra of Ca I and Ca

II by dye-laser pumping of a heat pipe vapor of calcium. The method

includes the novel use of a small toroidal mirror near the spectrograph

slit for collecting the continuum radiation. The apparatus consists of

a triggered spark for generating the continuum, its vacuum connection

through a capillary array to a heat pipe, followed by a housing con- taining the toroidal mirror and input window for the dye-laser radiation,

which is reflected off the edge of the toroidal mirror back through the

pipe. This housing is interfaced with the 10.7m grazing incidence

spectrograph. We intend to study inner-shell absorption to auto-ionizing

states of the neutral and singly-ionized atom, as well as photoionization

cross-sections.

In studies intended to fully understand the ionization mechanism, a two-metal heat pipe is being designed, in which transfer of energy to a non-resonant metal through the col 1 i sional ly heated electrons is expected.

This will be built to conveniently replace the calcium heat pipe in the

above arrangement.

13
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

(c) Atomic Energy Levels Data Center— In continuation of the

program on new critical compilations of energy levels for atoms and ions

of the first 30 elements, we completed work on magnesium (12 spectra),

potassium (19 spectra), and scandium (21 spectra). This gives a total

of 209 spectra in this region of the periodic table for which we have

made available critically evaluated data on energy levels and their

quantum properties. Work on the sodium and nickel atoms and ions is in

progress.

A Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra covering the

period July 1975 through June 1979 is almost ready to be submitted for

publication. This includes some 1300 references covering the entire

periodic table, with the references classified by spectrum and according

to 14 different types of data.

II . Atomic Radiation Data Group

(a) Theoretical Studies of Atomic Processes— Our theoretical

effort is predominantly directed towards obtaining data which are, in some way, pertinent to the fusion program. In addition to data production itself, a considerable effort is devoted to developing and

exploring new theoretical methods. The basic atomic processes under

study are: dielectronic recombination, emission and absorption of

radiation, and collisional excitation and ionization. We also try to

maintain some theoretical work on Stark line broadening.

During the past year calculations were begun on the dielectronic

recombination rates of sodium-like ions (iron and molybdenum), and this

work is still in progress. The emphasis of our dielectronic recombination studies, however, has shifted towards a more detailed study of

satellite intensities rather than total rates, and towards a more

fundamental study of the basic approximations used in formulating a description of such processes. In particular, we are developing a method for including the effects of the plasma environment on the

recombination process. This involves separating the plasma Hamiltonian

and the plasma-ion interaction into long-range field-like terms represented by collective coordinates and short range particle-like terms

using ordinary spatial coordinates.

Our work on electron impact excitation of atomic ions has, until

now, concentrated on systematic studies of the An = 0 transitions of

highly stripped ions in the alkali and alkaline earth isoel ectronic

sequences, which are especially important for the impurity problem in

fusion plasmas. Collision strengths were calculated in the Born,

Coulomb-Born and distorted wave approximations, with and without ex- change. In the case of the alkaline-earth-like ions, target state

correlation was included in an approximate fashion and was found to

affect the collision strength in a way very similar to the optical line

strength. These excitation cross-section programs are now being rewritten

14
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

in the distorted wave approximation, so as to include accurately the

effects of target state correlation. We have also embarked on a study

of the electron impact ionization problem, and preliminary exploratory

calculations are now under way.

Calculations of the electron structure and oscillator strengths of

the argon isoel ectronic sequence have been completed. These calculations

include both ground and excited state correlation and relativistic

effects at the level of an ad hoc Pauli intermediate coupling approximation. A considerable effort has already been invested in a complete

revamping of the atomic structure codes in order to take full advantage

of the computing power of modern computers as well as recent developments

in the methodology of calculating atomic structure. In the latter case,

perturbation methods and Bethe-Goldstone techniques are being incorporated

into large scale superposition of configurations programs. The possibility

of including higher order Pauli approximation relativistic effects is

also under study, and to this end the assistance of Dr. John Detrich, a visiting scientist last summer, has been most helpful.

We have also continued our beam-foil lifetime simulation studies,

extending our theoretical simulation to zinc-like ions. An earlier

study of copper-like ions elucidated the important role of cascades in

extracting reliable f-value data from beam-foil decay curves, and the

present study of the more complex zinc-like ions confirms the importance

of the cascade problem, indicating that measured data are systematically

off by about a factor of two. In this work we were ably assisted by

Dr. Emile Knystautas, an expert in beam-foil spectroscopy who has been a visiting scientist this past year.

(b) Critical Compilation Work- In the Data Center on Atomic Transition

Probabilities and Line Shapes and Shifts, we have completed a critical

evaluation of f-value data for all ions of Fe, Co and Ni and a compilation,

including about 3900 transitions, is in press. This compilation is as large as our earlier published Volume I. Work is also nearing completion

on a revision and updating of previously published data on the ions

scandium through manganese. When this is completed a comprehensive

compilation of all the iron group elements. Sc through Ni , will be

published as Vol . 3 of the NSRDS series on Atomic Transition Probabilities . A third supplement to the Bibliography on Atomic Line Shapes and Shifts,

covering the literature 1975-1978, was also issued. Finally, the data

center continues to co-edit the bimonthly newsletter "Atomic Data for

Fusion", in collaboration with Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

(c) Atomic Lifetime Experiment— Much of the work in the lifetime

laboratory has been temporarily suspended, due to a shift in personnel

to assist with the UV radiometry effort. Some preliminary design

studies have been made for upgrading the lifetime experiment to include

an electron beam-tunable laser combination for exciting atomic states.

15
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Ill . Plasma Radiation Group

(a) Collisional Rate Coefficient Studies with the 9-pinch —The

major part of the group's current work is in support of the thermonuclear

fusion research program, especially in providing benchmark atomic data

for analyzing heavy ion impurities in Tokamak fusion devices. Data

characterizing the atomic radiation and collision processes that heavy

ion impurities undergo in fusion-type plasma are obtained experimentally

using the NBS 50 kJ theta pinch. Work is now in progress on ionization

rate measurements of heavier ions. A special plasma gun has been con- structed and tested to reproducibly introduce titanium iron and nickel

into the 6-pinch plasma. Time-histories of Ti III through Ti XII ions

have been observed which together with the temporal and spacial distribution of electron density and temperature will yield ionization rates

of '“lected titanium ions. Also on the 6-pinch facility, additional

investigations of dielectronic recombination satellites of Li-like

oxygen have been undertaken to study this important radiation loss

mechanism in fusion-type plasmas. All this experimental work is supported by the Department of Energy.

(b) Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiometry with Plasmas --0ur efforts to

provide vacuum ultraviolet radiometric calibrations and portable transfer

source standards have been a direct outgrowth of earlier vacuum ultraviolet plasma spectroscopy experiments. Our program involves calibrations

of deuterium lamps and argon plasma arcs for both radiance and irradiance

in the wavelength range from 350 nm to 110 nm. These sources are calibrated against a previously developed stabilized hydrogen arc primary

source. The emphasis has recently turned to the further development of

reliable, portable transfer sources and detailed investigations of

convenient transfer sources that are compatible with space flight conditions. Newly developed deuterium and R-F discharge eximer lamps are

being tested for stability, reliability, and space flight compatibility

for in-situ calibrations aboard two Space Shuttle experiments. This

represents the first in-situ calibration effort in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region aboard a spacecraft. Various spectral irradiance

calibration techniques at wavelengths shorter than 200 nm are currently

being investigated and the uncertainty limits evaluated. In addition,

an international intercomparison of spectral radiance and irradiance

scales in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region is being undertaken in

cooperation with the National Physical Laboratory in England.

(c) Stark Broadening of Hydrogenic Ions— H.ydrogenic species, by

virtue of their high sensitivity, provide the most important spectral

lines for plasma diagnostics. However, because of the required very

high plasma temperatures, they have to be studied in pulsed sources,

which are difficult to control in an accurate and reproducible manner. Therefore, we concentrated our efforts and refinements of the instrumentation and the acquition and analysis of data from the plasma source

16
Division 531, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

has been automated. This has facilitated more accurate data for the

plasma polarization shifts, and we have been able to measure the shift

of the He II P , and P lines, which show a pronounced quantum level

dependence of the shift. A theoretical formalism for the polarization

shift has been developed. To provide benchmark line broadening measurements

of these lines, highly accurate determinations of electron density are required. A heterodyning laser-interferometry system has been built up.

The present 10% accuracy is limited by a boundary layer in the plasma

source. For this and other reasons a new source, essentially free of

boundary layers, is presently being designed.

(d ) Field-Induced

metastable ionization levels should

tool for local fields in a plasma,

most readily performed

built up an atomic beam device and designed

Autoionization^--Field induced autoionization of

provide a sensitive new diagnostic

Initial studies of this effect are

in an atomic beam. In the past year we have

and built two high-resolution

pulsed dye lasers, pumped by

has recently been completed,

of excited states in neutral

a Nd: YAG laser. The ion

and we have detected ions

calcium.

detection system

by photoionization

17
PUBLICATIONS

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation

Ruhr, J. R., Miller, B. J., and Martin, G. A., Bibliography on Atomic Line Shapes and ShiHs (Jun 75 thru Jun 78), NBS Spec. Publ

366, Supple. 3, 1-76, Dec. 1978.

Klose, J. Z., Measurement of Mean Lives in Atomic Uranium, NBS

Spec. Publ. 536, 45-48 (1978), The Proceedings of the 12th Informal

Conference on Photochemistry.

Wiese, W. L. and Younger, S. M., Theoretical Simulation of Beam

Foil Decay Curves for Resonance Transitions of Heavy Ions, Journal

de Physique, Supple. 2, Cl-146-148, Feb. 1979.

Klose, J. Z., Mean life of the 4s ^Sw2 resonance level in A1 I,

Phys. Rev. A 19, 2, 678-681, Feb. 1979.

Wiese, W. L., Atomic Transition Probabilities and Lifetimes, in

Progress in Atomic Spectroscopy , Part B, ed. by W. Hanle and H.

K1 ei npoppen , P1 enum Publ. Corp., 1979, Chapter 25, 1101-1105.

Wiese, W. L., Atomic Processes for Magnetic Fusion Research and

Their Data Status, in The Physics of Ionized Gases , edited by R. K. Janev, Institute of Physics, Beograd, Yugoslavia, 1978, pp. 661-

696.

Wiese, W. L., Report on Structure of Atomic Spectra, Commission XIV

of the International Astronomical Union, Trans. I.A.U. XVIIA,

Part 1, 38-43 (1979).

Corliss, C. and Sugar, J., Energy Levels of Titanium, Ti I through

Ti XXII, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 8 (1), 1-62 (1979).

Kaufman, V. and Sugar, J., Analysis of the Spectrum of Four-Timeslonized Lutetium (Lu V), J. Opt. Soc. Am.

^

(11), 1529-1541 (1978).

Martin, W. C., Report on Structure of Atomic Spectra, Commission

XIV of the International Astronomical Union, Trans. I.A.U. XVIIA,

Part 1, 56-60 (1979).

Reader, J. and Corliss, C., Line Spectra of the Elements, in CRC

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , Ed, R. C. Weast, 60th edition,

TCRCTress, Tnc. , Cleveland , Ohio, 1979).

Reader, J., Luther, G., and Acquista, N., Spectrum and Energy

Levels of Thirteen-Times Ionized Molybdenum (Mo XIV), J. Opt. Soc.

Am. ^

(1 ), 144-149 (1979).

18
Division 531, Publications (cont'd)

Reader, J. and Acquista, N., Spectrum and Energy Levels of FourTimes Ionized Zirconium (Zr V), J. Opt. Soc. Am.

^

(2), 239-253

(1 979).

Sugar, J. and Kaufman, V., Identification of 5g and 6g Terms and

Revised Ionization Energies in the Yb II 4f^**nJl Isoel ectronic

Sequence, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 6£ (1), 141-143 (1979).

Corliss, C. and Sugar, J., Energy Levels of Potassium, K I through

K XIX, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data (in press).

Epstein, G. L. and Reader, J., Spectrum and Energy Levels of Triply

Ionized Lanthanum (La IV), J. Opt. Soc. Am. ^

(4), 511-520 (1979).

Kaufman, V. and Hagan, L., Spectrum and Energy Levels of Singly

Ionized Aluminum (A1 II), J. Opt. Soc. Am. §9_ (2), 232-239 (1979).

Martin, W. C. and Zalubas, R., Energy Levels of Aluminum, A1 I through A1 XIII, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data (in press).

Martin, W. C. and Zalubas, R., Energy Levels of Magnesium, Mg I through Mg XII, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data (in press).

Reader, J. and Acquista, N., Spectrum and Energy Levels of TenTimes Ionized Yttrium (Y XI), J. Opt. Soc. Am. (in press).

Reader, J. and Acquista, M., Spectrum and Energy Levels of Eleven

Times Ionized Zirconium (Zr XII), J. Opt. Soc. Am, (in press).

Sugar, J. and Corliss, C., Energy Levels of Calcium, Ca I through

Ca XX, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data (in press).

Sugar, J. and Corliss, C., Energy Levels of Scandium, Sc I through

Sc XXI, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data (in press).

Sugar, J., Lucatorto, T. B., Mcllrath, T. J., and Weiss, A. W,,

Even-Parity Autoionizing States in Neutral Sodium (350-400 A),

Opt. Lett. 4, 109-111 (1979)

Younger, S. M. and Wiese, W. L., An Assessment of the Effective

Gaunt Factor Approximation, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer

2, 161-170, Aug, 1979.

Younger, S. M., Collision Strengths and Gaunt Factors for Highly

Ionized Atoms of the Copper Isoelectronic Sequence, J. Quant.

Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer (in press).

Younger, S. M., Diagrammatic many-body perturbation theory applied

to highly ionized atoms of the copper isoelectronic sequence, Phys.

Rev. A, 2, 155-159, Aug. 1979,

19
Division 531, Publications (cont'd)

Roszman, L. J., Dielectronic recombination rate of Mo XXXIII, Phys.

Rev. A (in press)

.

Kelleher, D. E., Konjevic, N., Wiese, W. L., Test for ion dynamic

dependence of plasma red shifts in neutral hydrogen, Phys. Rev. A

(in press).

Knystautas, E. J., Sugar, J., and Roberts, J. R., New Line Classifications and Energy Levels in the Triplet System of Xe VII, J. of

the Opt. Soc. of Am. Letters (in press).

Lucatorto, T. B., Mcllrath, T. J., and Roberts, J. R., Capillary

array: a new type of window for the vacuum ultraviolet, Appl . Opt.

18. J4, 2505-2509, Jul . 1979.

Rowan, W. L. and Roberts, J. R., Electron-impact ionization-rate

coefficients for lithiumlike nitrogen and oxygen, Phys. Rev. A 1_9,

1 , 90-98, Jan. 1979.

Mahon, Rita, Mcllrath, Tom, Tomkins, Frank, and Kelleher, Dan,

"Four-wave sum mixing in beryllium around hydrogen Lya," Optics

Letters (in press).

Ehrich, H. and Kelleher, Dan E., "Experimental investigation of plasmabroadened hydrogen Balmer lines at low electron densities," being

published in Phys. Rev. A, 5, 1979.

20
Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation

Martin, W. C., "Atomic Spectroscopic Data of Astrophysical

Interest,", University of Montreal, Canada, August 15, 1979.

Reader, J., "Recent Progress In Spectra of Highly Charged Ions

for Fusion Research," Second Topical Conference on Atomic Processes

In High Temperature Plasmas, American Physical Society, Boulder,

Colorado, January 18, 1979.

Roberts, J. R., "Diagnostic Techniques on NBS Plasma Experiments,"

9th European Conference on Controlled Fusion and Plasma Physics,

Oxford, United Kingdom, September 17-21, 1979.

Sugar, Jack, "Recent Work In the Pd I and Ag I Isoelectronic Sequences

Connection with Tungsten Radiation from Tokamaks," Symposium on Atomic Spectroscopy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona,

September 12, 1979.

Weiss, Andrew W., "Review of Recent Progress at NBS on Atomic Data

Pertinent to the Fusion Program," DOE meeting on High Energy Atomic

Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, April 5, 1979.

Wiese, W. L., "Radiation Data Needs for Highly Ionized Atoms,"

Institute of Applied Physics, Belgrade, Yugoslavia, September 28,

1979.

Wiese, W. L., "Spectroscopy Research for Magnetic Fusion Energy,"

Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Tokyo, Japan, May 15,

1979.

Wiese, W. L., "Radiation Data for Highly Ionized Atoms--Status and

Needs," U.S. -Japan Seminar on Plasma Spectroscopy, Kyoto University,

Kyoto, Japan, May 8, 1979.

21
MAJOR CONSULTING AND ADVISORY SERVICES

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation

1. During FY 79 the following VUV radiometric calibrations have

been performed:

A. Seven calibrations of argon mini-arcs:

(1) Ball Brothers Aerospace Corporation (Space

Astronomy)

(2) Institut fur Physikal ische Wei traumforschung in

Freiburg (Space Sciences)

(3) California Institute of Technology (Atomic Physics)

(4) European Space Research and Technology CenterESTEC (Space Sciences)

(5) Dr. Arnold Bass, 542.00 (Molecular Spectroscopy)

(6) Dr. Victor Kaufman, 531.00 (Atomic Spectroscopy)

(7) Robert Saunders, 534.00 (Radiometry)

B. About 20 calibrations of low pressure discharge lamps.

These have been done in connection with service contracts with the Naval

Research Laboratories and with the Goddard Space Flight Center and are representative of continuous consulting services extended throughout the

year to these two agencies.

2. The Data Centers on Atomic Energy Levels and Transition Probabilities routinely fill requests for atomic data or literature information

submitted by scientists in a wide range of research areas. The requests ^ average about 15 per week. On occasion, special reports are prepared for

particular user groups. Thus, W. C. Martin and W. L. Wiese wrote detailed

reports on recent results of astrophysical interest, which have been published in the Transactions of the International Astronomical Union.

3. Dr. Joseph Reader, as Chairman of the NAS-NRC National Committee

on Line Spectra of the Elements, organized the preparation by that group

of extensive new tables of atomic spectral lines, which include wavelengths and transition probabilities. These much needed tables will

probably be the most widely used atomic line lists. A revised version

has been published in the newest edition of the Handbook of Physics and

Chemistry of the Chemical Rubber Co. (60th Edition, 1979).
Division 531, Consulting & Advisory Services (cont'd.)

4. Dr. William Ott, as Treasurer on the National Committee for

the organization of the 6th International Conference on Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation Physics, has prepared and submitted proposals to national

agencies for financial support of the conference, has prepared a budget,

and is overseeing the financial aspects of the Conference organization.

5. Dr. W. L. Wiese served on a Department of Energy advisory

committee to review and establish priority needs on atomic data for the

national fusion program for the next five years. The advisory panel met

at the Office for Magnetic Fusion Energy, DOE, Germantown, Maryland, and

a draft report listing the high priority data needs is in preparation.

23
JOURNAL EDITORSHIP

Division 531, Atomic and Plasma Radiation

J. Reader, Editorial Advisory Panel, Optics Letters.

W. C. Martin, Associate Editor, Journal of the Optical Society of

America

.

W. C. Martin, Editorial Board, Journal of Physical and Chemical

Reference Data.

W. L. Wiese, Associate Editor, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy

and Radiative Transfer.

W. L. Wiese, Co-Editor of newsletter, "Atomic Data for Fusion".

24
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

The Nuclear Radiation Division encomoasses a broad range of

activities including both fundamental and applied research. It

includes five groups designated as Nuclear Theory, Nuclear Research,

Differential Neutron Standards, Neutron Field Standards, and

Radioactivity. Of these the first two are mostly basic nuclear

research, and the last three are mostly applied research. In addition

a Safeguards Studies project is attached to the Division Office. The

Photonuclear Data Center is located in the Nuclear Research group.

Activities of the Division support important national areas of

concern: medicine (e.g. radioactivity standards for nuclear medicine),

fission and fusion nuclear power (neutron cross sections, fission rate

measurements in power reactors, environmental radioactivity standards,

nuclear materials safeguards), environment (environmental radioactivity

in natural matrices), occupational safety (neutron personnel monitoring),

and science (nuclear structure and dynamics through electromagnetic

interactions).

We have undertaken several efforts at improvement of our scientific

communications: a series of informal "chalk talks" in which all

scientific staf-P members take part; and a renewed effort to bring in

vigorous colleagues to work with us for short or long periods of time,

which has already borne fruit. These include Brian Patrick, AERE

Harwell, U.K.; James Kellie, University of Glascow, Scotland; Elisa

Wolynec, University of Sao Paulo, Brasil; Raymond Moreh, Ben Gurion

University of the Negev, Israel; Heinz Gimm and Rolf Leicht, Max

Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany; Max Huber, University

of Erlangen, Germany.

Nuclear Materials Safeguards Studies (attached to the Division

OfficeT! The Nuclear Materials Safeguards Studies project supports

the safeguards program of the DOE Office of Safeguards and Security

(DOE/SS). Systems analysis studies are performed leading to a more

effective utilization of data and information from all sources for

achieving safeguards goals. Inputs are made to a sound technical

basis for design, development and operation of plant programs that

will be effective in protection against covert diversion of special

nuclear material by persons authorized access to the material.

A conceptual framework for an overall Safeguards Information

System (SIS) has been revised to reflect recent organizational changes

in the DOE Office of Safeguards and Security. The draft document

describing the SIS has been extensively revised to reflect these

25
Division 532, Technical activities (Cont'd.)

changes and nears completion. While procedures for an initial implementation test of the SIS have been formulated, development of additional

guidelines for plant SIS implementation has been delayed pending

issuance of the draft document and the field test.

One component of SIS, developed for implementation before the

framework was completed, is termed Diversion Path Analysis (DPA).

This is a systematic procedure for directing a detailed examination of

all conceivable possibilities for an insider to covertly divert material

from nuclear plants. Potential weak points in the olant material

control and material accounting (I1C&MA) subsystems are identified as well as suggestions for remedial actions. Mechanisms for including

additional aspects of the physical protection subsystem in the DPA

methodology have been investigated. Analyses performed by personnel

at two contractor facilities have been reviewed and a third awaits

review. The two computer programs, written to assist in assembling

analysis results, have been revised. These revisions were necessitated

by special cases appearing in the results of contractor performed

DPA's that were not anticipated when the original hypothetical test

data were developed. A new DPA Handbook has been issued which includes

the computer programs. This Handbook replaces the original edition

issued in 1976 and reflects all revisions, based on contractor implementation experience, to the methodology. Implementation assistance

to contractor personnel will continue as requested.

A member of the project staff served as the official DOE observer

of the Diversion Path Survey, performed by NRC staff at the GE Vallecitos

(California) plant, and as an expert member of the DOE assessment team

during review of selected facilities under cognizance of the Richland

(Washington) Operation Office. Diversion Path Survey is an evaluation

technique developed by NRC that is based, in part, on DPA methodology.

Nuclear Theory . This group works on high energy theory, nuclear

theory. Coulomb interactions, neutron standards theory, and theoretical

neutron dosimetry, relating particularly to the experimental nuclear

research and neutron standards research programs in the Division.

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), our present theory of the strong

interactions, describes hadrons as being composed of colored quarks

and antiquarks. The strong force between quarks and between quarks

and antiquarks is mediated by the exchange of massless colored gluons,

just as the electrical force between electrons and between electrons

and positrons is mediated by the exchange of massless photons. Convincing

manifestations of the existence of the gluon have been displayed in

recent e+e- annihilation experiments at 27 and 31.6 GeV. QCD implies

that glueballs (gluonia) should exist. These are mesons which are composed entirely of gluons; they contain no ^quarks and have no color.

26
Division 532, Technical activities (Cont'd.)

A current activity of the NBS Elementary Particle Program is the study

of gluonium, i.e. to set criteria for its existence, and to try to

understand how to distinguish gluonic states from the usual quark

states experimentally. Understanding the formation, structure, and

decay of gluonic systems requires a full knowledge of the spectroscopy

of "quarkful" mesons, i.e., those described in the usual way as quarks

and antiquarks moving with a relative orbital angular momentum L. Fortunately, the latter is a major component of high energy activity

of NBS as manifested by work on charmonium and other "onium" spectroscopy.

The charmonium quark structure work by N.P. Sami os of BNL and

S. Meshkov of NBS, has continued with emphasis on the existence and

masses of the pseudoscalar jc state (n^.) and its radial excitation

t] q

'

.

A reanalysis of the e^e" annihilation data from DASP which had

led DASP to claim the existence of the at 2.83 GeV led to the

conclusion that the claimed state was at most a 2-3 standard deviation

effect. Recent experimental searches at SPEAR have found no state at

2.83 GeV, but strong indications of a state at 2.98 GeV which may well

be the Meshkov is working on the properties of the and ri(~' and

is involved in proposing methods for their detection.

The next most important constituent of the nucleus beyond the

nucleons is the baryon resonance. The strength of the interaction

of this particle with the nucleus is a largely unknown quantity even though it is the key to the understanding of a large part of medium

energy phenomena in nuclear physics. Theoretical estimations of the

quantity are very uncertain and do not even predict whether this

interaction is attractive or repulsive. An analysis was performed to

extract the quantity from experimental data using the pion-nucleus

scattering data as input. It was determined that the A-nucleus

interactions can be represented by an attractive potential well of

150 MeV depth.

Neutron dosimetry of the kind required for biomedical uses is

usually carried out using ionization chambers. To interpret the

results in terms of energy deposited or dose, it is necessary to

improve our knowledge of the average ionization per unit energy loss

as a function of neutron energy. The latest data have been used to

calculate secondary charged particle spectra. These spectra are combined with evaluated ionization yields for these secondary charged

particles in order to calculate the average ionization for neutrons

from 100 keV to 20 MeV. These values can now be used to average over

any given neutron spectrum to give an improved value for W^, the

average energy per ion pair for neutrons.

27
Division 532, Technical activities (Cont'd.)

The secondary charged particle spectra have also been used to

calculate energy loss spectra in small spherical volumes. The calculational code has been modified so that one can also work with

inhomogeneous chambers and compare with previous results from homogenous chambers. Also included in the calculations are the effects of

biological saturation or overkill. The moments of these energy loss

spectra with and without overkill have been used to specify the quality

of various neutron fields and the effects of changes in the quality on the biological effectiveness of neutrons.

It is useful to understand the spatial distribution of energy

from a beam of electrons for biomedical applications. An analytic

expression has been developed which accounts for the main properties

of the energy deposition with depth and radial distance for a narrow

beam of electrons. The model applies to particles for which a large

number of small-angle scatters is the predominant transport mechanism.

Correction factors which vary slowly with position, source energy, and

atomic number can be generated by tabulating numerical results of

rigorous calculations in terms of the analytic model.

Detailed treatment of the currently used expressions for the

positron bremsstrahlung background in photoneutron and photonuclear

experiments using approximately monoenergetic y rays from positron

annihilation has been made, and a detailed analysis of the numerical

uncertainties in the currently available theoretical expressions has

been developed. In addition, improved and more accurate expressions

for radiative tails for elastic and inelastic scattering have been

derived, which are at the same time more simple and more useful to the

experimentalist. A recent collaboration has been with the group doing

total photon absorption measurements at Mainz. These measurements go

from about 10 MeV to 30 MeV and include light as well as heavy nuclei.

Detailed analyses have been made of all the atomic processes which must

be corrected for, in order to extract the photonuclear cross-section.

Photonuclear Research . The study of the interactions of high

energy photons and electrons with nuclei can lead to a basic understanding of nuclear physics. On the experimental side we are, and

expect to be, involved in three main activities: 1) Photon Scattering

using the positron annihilation beam and a large NaI(T2,) spectrometer,

2) Electron Scattering using the beam from the NBS Linac and the

Electron Scattering Spectrometer with its dispersion matching system,

and 3) Electrodisintegration Experiments in which (e,p), (e,a), etc. cross sections are measured and interpreted by means of the virtual

photon theory.

Real photons in the energy range 10-30 MeV are traditionally used

to study the electric dipole giant resonance, and, in fact, this

labortory has contributed greatly to the development of this field of

28
Division 532, Technical activities (Cont'd.)

nuclear physics. A beam of quasimonochromatic photons, generated by

the in-flight annihilation positrons, has recently been produced in

the linear accelerator complex. These photons are being used to

measure elastic photon scattering cross sections. We have just

completed a measurement of the elastic scattering cross section of

in the energy range 20-40 MeV in which we have found a surprisingly

large electric quadrupole component. We have just begun a similar

study of the nucleus ^^0 which is of even greater theoretical interest.

During FY-79 the electron scattering group submitted two experimental papers for publication in Physical Review, one - already

published - covering a study of the giant resonance, and the

other - presently under consideration by Physical Review Letters - giving our new determination of the charge distribution. Two new in-house experiments were begun, one to investigate the structure of

isospins forbidden magnetic transitions, the other a precise measurement

of the “^He charge radius which will provide a critical test of quantum

electrodynamics. We have maintained continued outside user interest,

performing collaborative study of magnetic transitions in ‘^^Ca and

with the intermediate energy physics group at Catholic University, and

providing detector calibration for high energy physics groups at

William and Mary College and at NASA. This was done using the electron

scattering beam line and monitoring equipment. We are involved in

collaborative efforts with (i) the University of Massachusetts intermediate energy nuclear physics group to study the high spins magnetic

excitations in medium-A atomic nuclei, and (ii) with electron scattering

groups at the French and Dutch Centers for Nuclear Studies in a study

of the nuclear charge distribution and structure of isotopes of chromium.

In addition to this we did trace analysis development work, and performed

a trace analysis of samples of semiconductor grade silican doped with

boron using an electron scattering recoil difference method. This

work was done in collaboration with the members of the Electronic

Devices Section at NBS to establish the relation between actural

dopent concentration, resistivity measurements, and Hall effect concentration measurements. Finally, an extensive orbit calculation code was developed and used in the design of new magnets to expand the

electron scattering capability to include 130° scattering. Based on this work a proposal was made to the DOE for funding to construct and

operate a 18Cf electron scattering user facility.

In electron scattering the scattered electron is detected and the cross section mapped out as a function of the electron's momentum

transfer. In the electrodisintegration experiments, on the other

hand, outgoing particles or induced radioactivities are detected; here

the experiment integrates over all the final states of the electron.

A whole new type of experiment has recently been initiated at NBS in

which the yield of particles is measured as a function of incident

29
Division 532, Technical activities (Cont'd.)

electron energy. These excitation functions are then analyzed using

the El and E2 virtual photon spectra. In this way we have been able

to locate and measure the strength of the El and E2 giant resonances

that result in proton and a particle emission. This important new work was begun using targets of ^®Ni, ^°Ni, and ^^Ni. We have also

begun a study of ^^Fe, ^^Co, and ®‘^Zn. All six nuclei have important

E2 components in the a channel.

The ultimate experiment, which finally unites the electron

scattering and electrodisintegration experiments, is, of course, the

coincidence experiment in which both electron and outgoing particle

are detected. For this we await a C. W. Accelerator. At present, we

need to perform experiments from which we can learn which are the most

instructive coincidence experiments.

It would be unfair to overlook the importance of the Photonuclear

Data Center to all of these, to say nothing of the outside world.

This data center abstracts the world's literature on photonuclear

reactions and maintains a file of digital cross section data. The

data center's library is available for the use of this laboratory and

provides a quick and ready access to relevant data and for background

information in the preparation of experiments. Outside users have

only to request this Center for raw data or for an evaluation that can help in the selection of the best data available for a specific purpose.

In this way these files have provided information to further not only

basic science but also medical physics, radiation shielding, environmental pollution control, nondestructive testing, and cosmology.

Differential Neutron Standards . The differential neutron standards

programV whicli emphasizes th¥ critTcal dependence of neutron interactions

on neutron energy, has had a productive year. Significant progress has

been made in differential nuclear data standards throughout the nearly

ten decades of energy with direct impact on efficient fuel usage for

commercial power reactors, the safeguarding of nuclear fuel in the fuel

cycle, breeding ratio for fast breeder reactors, design of fusion reactor

shielding and breeding blankets, fundamental cross sections for fusion

reactors, neutron personnel protection, and nuclear weapons and effects.

A larger portion of our effort this year has been focused on our Other

Agency programs with significant progress in differential measurement methods

for safeguarding nuclear material, for neutron dosimetry for testing

30
Division 532, Technical activities (Cont'd.)

the integrity of material, for fusion reactor construction, and for

improvements in personnel neutron monitors. The wide recognition of

NBS neutron measurement expertise is evidenced by major consulting and

advisory services performed for the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory,

the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Battel le Northwest Laboratories,

Hanford Engineering Development Labs, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory,

Babcock and Wilcox Corporation, and the Bureau of Radiological Health.

In FY-79 the group has given ten invited papers in the U.S. and abroad,

is represented on six technical and professional committees, and has

17 publications to its credit.

New developments in differential nuclear data standards include a remeasurement of the fission cross section standard in the 200 - 1500 keV range and new efforts in understanding the standards ^°B(n,a),

^Li(n,a), and ^He(n,a) used for eV neutron flux measurement. For this

low energy region the most important contribution was the recognition

that molecular binding in the ^^BFg molecule could have a significant

effect on the cross section, and confirmation of the effect in experiments at NBS. This is a totally new phenomenon arising from our neutron standards work which is generally present in nuclear reactions

involving molecular targets. The impact of this work is being assessed

for other nuclear-based technology and measurement systems. Our

standard cross sections measurements also are having a direct impact

on the DOE program for enhancement of the U.S. light water reactor

energy programs. For example. Dr. John Deutch, Undersecretary,

Department of Energy, has stated the highest priorities for this

program to be (1) "generic safety, (2) reduction of occupational

radiation exposure , (3) improvement of plant reliability, and (4) the

efficiency of uranium burnup in existing plants ." The Differential

Neutron Standard Group's work is directly related to items (2) and (4).

A greater emphasis was placed on Other Agency programs this year.

Our largest effort has gone into the development of resonance neutron

radiography. This method permits radiography of thick samples with

both chemical and isotopic discrimination for elements as light as sodium. The objective is to measure not only the spatial distribution

of material, but also to obtain accurate ^%) values for the total mass of constituent isotopes of the sample. The method was first

demonstrated in locating imperfections in a silver-solder joint containing

about .001" of silver within half-inch thick plates of copper and

stainless steel. To improve the quality of our radiographs, neutron

position-sensitive detectors have been developed with 1 mm resolution - a factor of five better than previous technology. These improved

detectors have been used to measure atom fractions for radiography of

a fresh -^uel pellet giving isotopic fractions of ^^^U, and 238y

31
Division 532, Technical activities (Cont'd.)

to an accuracy of 1%, which meets our accuracy goal. The method is

being extended now to spent nuclear fuel analysis, to non-uniform

samples such as nuclear waste and scrap, and to non-nuclear applications

of this new radiographic method.

The accurately calibrated neutron beams required for the differential cross section standards work continue to be used extensively in

improving measurements relating to personnel safety. This work, carried out in collaboration with the Neutron Field Standards Group, has

been directed toward improved calibration of personnel dosimeter

systems and to more accurate portable neutron field monitors.

The immediate future of the Differential Neutron Standards Group

looks promising because of the new recently developed competences of

the Group. The progress in resonance neutron radiography offers

several attractive opportunities for interesting work with outside

support. Our present accuracy achievement of ^% is well within the

needs for most programs. Already spinoff from the primary direction

for the program has been recognized in the application of positionsensitive neutron detectors for imaging the Fusion Materials

Irradiation Test Facility neutron source. We have received many other

inquiries on resonance neutron radiography which should be helpful in

maintaining a steady flow of O.A. funding. Our established neutron

beams and h’elds will be supplemented by the 14-MeV beam during the

coming year. As the problems with existing neutron measurement method

for personnel protection are more clearly recognized through these

calibrations, the need for better systems will develop with a larger

NBS role perhaps in both the development and testing of these sytems.

The NBS is now providing world leadership in the understanding of

neutron interactions with matter at the nuclear physics-atomic physics

interface. Recent papers have appeared from NBS on the effects of

phonons in solids on fission cross sections, the effect of vibrations

of gas molecules and molecular disassociation on reaction cross

section, and molecular binding effects on fusion cross section

measurements. The present base and extension of this work might lead

to improved understanding of neutron damage mechanisms on structural

materials and life systems. It also opens the possibility of changing

or controlling nuclear cross sections with all the possibilities which

might follow. The work might lead to improved methods for understanding the physical properties of materials and for radiation

therapy.

32
Division 532, Technical activities (cont’d)

Neutron Field Standards. Diversity of effort and outside interactions continue to be the clear programmatic characteristics of this

group. Neutron field calibrations and related measurements were

carried out to help solve standardization problems in reactor physics,

materials integrity under radiation stress, personnel neutron dosimetry,

new detector development, nuclear safeguards, and depth profiling of

tritium in metals. Project personnel performed or directed neutron

benchmark field measurements at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and

Arkansas Power and Light Co. for reactor pressure vessel irradiation

fuels testing. Computation and evaluation efforts which complement

these activities focused on detector response characterization and

correction, documentation of benchmark referencing methods, and

completion of the primary calculational program for the Intermediate

Energy Standard Neutron Field (ISNF).

Facility and capability development moved forward in spite of the

heavy measurement responsibilities: (1) the cavity fission

source irradiation facility with fission neutron fluxes of 2 x 10^° n/cm^sec,

was brought to near-routine operation and a first set of twenty-five

neutron fluence standards was prepared and distributed internationally;

(2) in a complex experiment, the vintage neutron source-strength

value for NBS-I, the National Standard Radium-Beryllium Photoneutron

Source, was checked against modern experimental values of the number

of neutrons per spontaneous fission of californium, (agreement is

better than 0.5%); (3) a reference fissionable deposit of ^^°Pu was

mass assayed and became the fifth isotopic species in the NBS set of

standard and working fissionable deposits; (4) fissionable

deposits were intercompared and sent to the Analytical Chemistry

Division for destructive analysis by isotope-dilution mass spectrometry;

and (5) the ^^^Cf-driven Intermediate-Energy Neutron Field (ISNF/Cf) was designed and fabrication of graphite pieces was completed.

The measurement highlight this year, and long anticipated, was a determination of the capture to fission cross section ratio

in the NBS Intermediate-Energy Standard Neutron Field (ISNF). Carried

out in collaboration with Argonne National Laboratory, the result will

contribute to the difficult evaluation of the energy dependent capture

cross section for A notable facet of these measurements was a careful experimental verification of proper boron-10 shell closure to

epithermal neutrons in the ISNF. Equally important this year, though

less dramatic, was a difficult and seemingly interminable series of

fission chamber measurements in PCA, the reactor pressure vessel

benchmark at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

33
Division 532, Technical activities (Cont'd.)

Documentation preparation and committee work formed a larger than

usual share of our activities this year. For the Third ASTM-EURATOM

Symposium on Reactor Dosimetry, we provided an organizing secretary and

a workshop chairman. For the ASTM Subcommittee El 0.05 on Neutron

Dosimetry, a general secretary and a subtask chairman. For the Nuclear

Regulatory Commission, our participation was three-fold: (a) a chairman for the steering conmittee on ASTM Standards Development,

(b) organization help for a "blind test" of neutron transport calculations for reactor pressure vessel irradiation surveillance,

(c) liaison for the Seventh Annual Light-Water Reactor Safety Information

Meeting. The documentation highlight this year was the distribution of

the first two sections of a "Compendium of Benchmark Neutron Fields for

Pressure Vessel Irradiation Surveillance," and the preparation of an exploratory report applying the measurement principles and information

given in the Compendium. The latter report, entitled "Neutron Flux

Measurements in the Pressure Vessel Cavity of an Operating U. S. Power

Reactor," is a first attempt to provide elementary methods for benchmark

neutron field referencing of neutron dosimetry, including appropriate

error assessment and propagation.

Last year's annual report may be consulted for an extended outline

of interactions with other Divisions inside of NBS and with outside

agencies, institutions, and laboratories. The level and extent of those

interactions were essentially unchanged in FY-79.

Plans for FY-80 will be influenced largely by responsibilities

surrounding the U. S. Fast-Test-Reactor start-up measurements at

Hanford, Washington, and the growing need for neutron fluence standards

for surveillance of reactor pressure vessel steel embrittlement.

Radioactivity . Approximately 1500 radioactivity standards and

calibrated sources were issued to the public and government, in

connection with various quality control or traceability programs. In

such programs a calibrated source of one or more radionuclides, of

undisclosed value, is sent to each participating laboratory which

receives the calibration value, in order to revise the calibration of

its measuring systems if necessary, after the laboratory has submitted

its results of measurement.

Included in the above figure are sources issued in connection with

traceability programs supervised and administered by NBS for the Atomic

Industrial Forum, the Food and Drug Administration, the Environmental

Protection Agency, the Nuclear Regulatory Conmission, and the College of

American Pathologists. In addition, under the scheduled testing and

special services programs, 100 alpha-particle, beta-particle and gamma-ray

emitting sources submitted to NBS by outside laboratories were calibrated.

34
Division 532 , Technical activities (Cont'd.)

New standards issued this year using recent calibrations were

iiijn^ i33gQ^ ^^^Au, ^°^T1, ^“^^Pu and fly ash certified for

22 ^Ra and 2 ^®Ra. Numerous other sources using calibrations obtained on

a high pressure ionization chamber were also issued. A considerable

amount of progress has been made toward the homogenization of human lung

and liver samples using techniques borrowed from powder mixing technology.

A new anticoincidence system was used with a pressurized proportional counter and Nal(Tl) detectors to remeasure ^‘^Mn and and

develop an activity calibration for ^^^Cs. A similar system using a liquid scintillation detector was used to calibrate ^^^Eu.

A blender facility has been constructed that can handle 10 cubic

feet of natural matrix standard material at one time.

Soil from Rocky Flats has been successfully processed and the final

blend shown to be homogeneous by gamma-ray counting.

International activities designed to check and improve our activity

calibrations included participation in International Bureau of Weights

and Measures (BIPM) intercomparisons of ^^Fe, ^^‘+Cs and In

addition, ampoules of 9 radionuclides were sent to BIPM and the

International Atomic Energy Agency for comparison in their ionization

chambers with calibrations of other national and international laboratories. We contributed to the following International Committe for

Radionuclide Metrology (ICRM) exercises designed to improve the

measurements of photon emission rates: an intercomparison of ^^^Ba;

a test of dead-time and pile-up corrections; studies of the reliability

and sensitivity of impurity searches using Ge(Li) detectors and a study

of detector response stability. Nuclear data used in the development of

emission-rate or radioactivity standards were compiled at NBS.

A seminar, cosponsored by ICRM, NBS and PTB, was held at Braunschweig,

West Germany, to determine needs in quality assurance and traceability

in low-level radioactivity measurements. Part of the discussions

centered on regulatory requirements for traceability and the possibility

that traceability could be instituted internationally through the Office

of International Legal Metrology.

Computer-based procedures have been developed for calculating

coincidence summing effects in semiconductor detectors as a function of

nuclear decay-scheme parameters and detector efficiencies. These

calculations will allow standards of multiple-gamma-ray emitting

radionuclides, such as ^2333 improved

efficiency calibration of gamma-ray spectrometry systems. A mixture of

i 25 sb, 1543^1 and -,-5 being tested as a long-lived standard for

routine calibration of such systems.

35
Division 532, Technical activities (Cont'd.)

Commercially prepared mixed-gamma- ray standards, which are a copy

of previous NBS standards, are routinely checked against NBS calibrations in order to ensure traceability of the mixture.

36
PUBLICATIONS

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

A Manual of Radioactivity Measurements Procedures, NCRP Report 58,

extensively contributed to by member of the Radioactivity laboratory

(532). (Supersedes NCRP Report 28/NBS Handbook 80) Dec. 1978.

Behrens, J.W., Schrack, R.A., Bowman, C.D., Resonance Neutron Radiography Using a Position-Sensitive Proportional Counter, Transactions of

American Nuclear Society, 32, 207, 308 (1979) ( Am. Nuc lear Society

Annual meeting, June 3-7, 1979.

Bowman, C.D., Efficient Neutron Production Using Low Energy Electron

Beams. Submitted to Nuc. Sci. and Eng.

Bowman, C.D., Molecular Binding Effects on Fusion Cross Section Measurements,

Proceedings of the Int. Conf. on Nuclear Cross Sections for Technology , Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN., Oct. 22-26, 1979.

Bowman, C.D., Proceedings of the Fifth Conf. Research Applications of a High Power Induction Linac. Conf. on the Applications of Small Accelerators in Research and Industry, Texas State Univ. Denton, TX, Nov. 6-8,

1978. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-26, No. 1, Part 2

of 2 parts, pp. 1426-1431 (Feb. 1979).

Bowman, C.D. (NBS), Behrens, J.W. (NBS), Gwin, R. (ORNL), Todd, J.H.

(ORNL), The Ratio of the ^°BF

3

and ^He(n,a) Cross Sections Between

0.025 eV and 25,000 eV, Proceedings of the Int. Conf. on Nuclear Cross

Sections for Technology, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN., Oct. 22-26,

1979.

Bowman, C.D. and Schrack, R.A., The Influence of Vibrations of Gas

Molecules on Neutron Reaction Cross Sections, submitted to Phys. Rev.

(1979).

Bowman, C.D. and Schrack, R.A., The Influence of Vibrations of Gas

Molecules on Neutron Reaction Cross Sections, Proceedings of an Int.

Conf. on Neutron Physics and Nuclear Data for Reactors and Other Applied

Purposes held at Harwell, United Kingdom, pp. 736-741 (1979) Sept. 25-

29, 1978.

Brugger, R. (Univ. of Md.), Graham, K. (Westinghouse) , Guinn, V. (Univ.

of Calif.), Hocker, Y.D. (E.G.&G-Idaho) and McGarry, E.D. (NBS), Review

Committee Report on Energy Deposition in Fuel Rods During Power Burse

Facility RIA Testing, E.G.&GIdaho Report No. RE-P-79-054 (June 25,

1979).

37
Division 532, Publications (Cont'd.)

Carlson, A.D. and Patrick, B.H., Measurements of the Fission Cross

Section in the MeV Energy Region. Int. Conf. on Neutron Physics and

Nuclear Data for Reactors and Other Applied Purposes held at Harwell,

United Kingdom, Sept. 25-29, 1978, Proceedings published by the OECD

Nuclear Energy Agency, pp. 880-886 (1979).

Caswell, R.S. and Coyne, J.J., Energy Deposition Spectra for Neutrons

Based on Recent Cross Section Evaluations, Sixth Symposium on Microdosimetry, Brussels, Harwood Academic Publishers, London (1978),

pp. 1159-1172.

Cavallo, L., Ehrlich, M., and Hutchinson, J.M.R., Traceability in

Ionizing Radiation Measurements Systems, Proceedings of the IAEA

International Symposium on National and International Standardization of

Radiation Dosimetry, Atlanta, Georgia, Dec. 59, 1977, Vol . I, 65, IAEA,

Vienna, 1978.

Cavallo, L.M., Golas, D.B. and Mann, W.B., The Traceability Program for

Radiopharmaceuticals at the United States National Bureau of Standards,

Newsletter of Nuclear Medicine, Australian Atomic Energy Commission,

(A.N.Z. Nuclear Medicine Newsletter--! 5)

.

Cookson, J.A., Fowler, J.L., Hussain, M., Schwartz, R.B. and Uttley,

C.A., The Angular Distribution of Neutron Scattering from Hydrogen at

27.3 MeV. Nucl Phy. (North Holland Publishing Co.) Publication costs to

be paid by Harwell. A299, 365 (1978).

Coyne, J.J. and Goodman, L.J., Q, Computed from Recent Nuclear Data and

W Measurements, Sixth Symposium on Microdosimetry, Brussels, Harwood

Academic Publishers, London (1978), pp. 699-706.

Danos, M., Quartet Effect in Masses and in Charge Transfer Reactions,

International Symposium on Future Directions in Studies of Nuclei Far

from Stability, Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, Tenn., Sept. 10-14, 1979

(to be published in Proceedings).

Danos, M. and Gillet, V., Relativistic Field Theory of Nuclei. Mesons

in Nuclei , Vol. II, eds. D. Wilkinson and M. Rho, North Holland Pub.

Co., Amsterdam', 1979.

Danos, M. and Rafelski, J., Physical and Spurious Effects of the

Singularities in Quantum Field Theory, II Nuovo Cimento 49A , 326 (1979).

Dodge, W.R., Hayward, E., Moscati, G., and Wolynec, E., Electrodisintegration of ^^®U, Physical Review C, Vol. 18, No. 5, Nov. 1978.

38
Division 532, Publications (Cont'd.)

Duvall, K.C., Meier, M.M., Wasson, O.A. and Huynh, V.D., Neutron Flux

Intercomparison at NBS, NBS Journal of Research, Vol . 83, No. 6,

pp. 555-561, Dec. (1978).

Eisenhauer, C., Model for Diffusion of a Pencil Beam of Electrons:

Angular Distribution, Trans. ANS, Vol. 32, 649, June 1979.

Eisenhauer, C., Model for Diffusion of a Pencil Beam of Electrons,

Trans. ANS, Vol. 28, 647, June 1978.

Fishbane, P.M., Horn, D., and Meshkov, S., Spin Forces in Charmonium

Spectroscopy, Phy. Rev. D 1_9, #1, 288 (Jan. 1979).

Grundl , J.A., Gilliam, D.M., McGarry, E.D., Schroder, I.G., Spiegel, V.,

Dallatore, R.S., Slater, W.E., Compendium of Benchmark and Test Region

Neutron Fields for Pressure Vessel Irradiation Surveillance, Standard

Neutron Field Entry, Fission Neutron Spectra, Parts I and II.

Hayward, E., Elastic Scattering of Photons from Carbon in the Energy

Range Twenty to Forty MeV, to be published in the Proceedings of the

International School of Intermediate Energy, Nuclear Physics, Ariccia,

Italy.

Hayward, E., The Elctrodisintegration of ^®Ni, Proceedings of Seminar on Electromagnetic Interactions - 1977, Moscow, USSR.

Hayward, E., Nuclear Elastic Scattering of Photons, Proceedings of

Seminar on Electromagnetic Interactions of Nuclei at Low and Medium

Energies, Moscow, USSR.

Hayward, E., Study of the Giant Resonances with Virtual and Real Photons,

to be published in Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear

Physics with Electromagnetic Interactions, Mainz, Germany.

Hayward, E., Dodge, W.R. and Patrick, B.H., Some Experiences Using a Annihilation Beam, Nuclear Instrument and Methods, 1 59, 289, 1979.

Lamaze, G.P., Schrack, R.A., and Wasson, O.A., A New Measurement of the

^Li(n,a)T Cross Section, Nucl. Sci. Eng. 68, No. 2, 183-188, (Nov.

1978). ~

Lucas, L.L., Noyce, J.R. and Coursey, B.M., The Half-Life of Plutonium239, Int. J. Appl. Rad. Isotopes, 501 (1978).

Mann, W.B., The Radioactivity Standards Program of the National Bureau

of Standards, Proceedings of the IAEA International Symposium on National

and International Standardization of Radiation Dosimetry, Atlanta,

Georgia, Dec. 5-9, 1977, Vol. II, 147, IAEA, Vienna, 1978.

39
Division 532, Publications (Cont'd.)

Mann, W.B. and Lucas, L.L., The Half-Life of Plutonium-239, Editors,

Special Issue, Int. J. Appl . Rad. Isotopes, No. 8 (1978).

Maruyama, X.K., Kline, F.J., Lightbody, J.W. Jr., Penner, S., Briscoe,

W.J., Lunnon, M. and Crannell, H., Electroexcitation of Below

E =8.6 MeV, Physical Review Cl 9, No. 5, May 1979.

X Maximon, L.C. and Olsen, H.A., Effect of Resonance Scattering in the

High Frequency Limit of Bremsstrahl ung, Phys. Letts. 69A, #2, 90 (Nov.

1978).

Maximon, L.C. and Olsen, H.A., High Frequency Limit of Bremsstrahl ung

Phys. Rev. #6, 2517 (Jan. 1979).

McElroy, W.N. (HEDL), Grundl , J.A. (NBS), Kan, F. (ORNL), Fabry, A.

(CEN/SCK), Impact of Cooperative Research Program on Neutron Spectrum

Measurements and Calculations On Reactor Pressure Vessel Damage Correlation, Proc. Sixth Annual Water Reactor Safety Information Meeting

(Nov. 1978).

McGarry, E.D. and Grundl, J.A., Dosimetry and Metallurgical Tests Near

the Pressure Vessel of the Garigliano Reactor, NUREG/CR0285, LWR

Pressure Vessel Irradiation Surveillance Dosimetry, Quarterly Progress

Report to U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (Sept. 1978).

Meshkov, S., Quark Flavors (Introductory Remarks), Orbis Scientiae, New

Frontiers in High Energy Physics , Vol. 14, Studies in Natural Sciences

eds. Arnold Perlmutter and Linda Scott, p. 221-223, Plenum Press, New

York (1978).

Schrack, R.A. and Bowman, C.D., Calculation and Measurement of Fission

and Delayed Neutron Yields in U^Og and UO

2

. Submitted to Nuc. Sci. and

Eng.

Schrack, R.A. and Bowman, C.D., Chemical and Temperature Effects on Thermal Fission, Proceedings of an International Conf. on Neutron

Physics and Nuclear Data for Reactors and Other Applied Purpose held at

Harwel 1 , United Kingdom, Sept. 25-29, 1978, pp. 742-745 (1979).

Schrack, R.A. and Bowman, C.D., Chemical Dependence of Uranium Fission,

Proceedings of the Int. Conf. on Nuclear Cross Sections for Technology,

Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN., Oct. 22-26, 1979.

Schrack, R.A., Lamaze, G.P., and Wasson, O.A., A Measurement of the

^°B(n,ay)’^Li Cross Section in the keV Energy Region, Nucl . Sci. Eng.

No. 2, 189-196 (Nov. 1978).

40
Division 532, Publications (Cont'd.)

Schwartz, R.B. and Grundl , J.A., NBS Standard Reference Neutron Fields

for Personnel Dosimetry Calibration, Proceedings of IAEA International

Symposium on National and International Standadization of Radiation

Dosimetry held Dec. 5-9, 1977, Atlanta, Ga.

Soran, P.D., LaBauve, R.J., Eisenhauer, C.M., and George, D.C., Neutronic

Analysis of the NBS Intermediate-Energy Standard Neutron Field (ISNF),

Trans. ANS, Vol. 32, 777, June 1979.

Soran, P.D., LaBauve, R.J., George, D.C., and Eisenhauer, C.M., Neutronic

Analysis of the NBS Intermediate-Energy Standard Neutron Field (ISNF),

Trans. Am. Nucl . Soc. (June 1979).

Wagschal, J.J., Maerlser, R.E. (ORNL), and Gilliam D.M., Detailed Error

Analysis of Average Fission Cross Section Measurements in NBS Standard

Neutron Fields, Am. Nucl. Soc. Winter Meeting, Nov., 1979.

Wasson, O.A., Schrack, R.A., and Lamaze, G.P., Neutron Flux Monitoring

and Data Analysis for Neutron Standard Reaction Cross Sections, Nucl.

Sci. Eng. 6Q, No. 2, 170-182 (Nov. 1978).

Wolynec, E., Dodge, W.R., and Hayward, E., Decay Modes of Giant Resonances

in ^®Ni, ^°Ni, and ^^Ni, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 42, No. 1, Jan.

1979.

41
INVITED TALKS

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

Behrens, J.W., "Fission Cross Section Ratio Measurements for the

Actinides" at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee,

April 11, 1979.

Bowman, C.D., "Research Applications of a High Power Induction Linac"

at the 1978 Conference on the Applications of Small Accelerators in

Research and Industry, North Texas State University, Denton, Texas,

Nov. 6-8, 1978.

Bowman, C.D., "Evidence for a Molecular Building Effect in the ^°BF

3

(n,a)

Reaction" at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee,

March 13, 1979.

Bowman, C.D., "Neutron Dosimetry Needs for the FMIT Facility" at Hanford

Engineering Development Laboratory, Richland, Washington, April 18, 1979.

Carlson, A.D., "Measurement of the pission Cross Section in the MeV

Region" at Centre d'Etudes des Bruyere-le-Chatel , October 11, 1978.

Coyne, J.J., "Kerma Values by Particle Type", International Workshop

on Ion Chambers for Neutron Dosimetry, Radiobiological Institute TNO,

Rijswijk, The Netherlands, Sept. 18, 1979.

Danos, M., "The Nucleus - Gas, Liquid, or Solid?", Physics Colloquia,

Physics Dept., Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa., Sept. 6, 1979.

Eisenhauer, C., "Model for Diffusion of a Pencil Beam of Electrons:

Angular Distribution", American Nuclear Society Annual Meeting, Atlanta,

Georgia, June 5, 1979.

Grundl , J., "Interfaces Between Neutron Dosimetry and Metallurgical

Properties in Nuclear Pressure Vessel Surveillance", ASTM Mini symposium,

Bal Harbor, Florida, Dec. 1978.

Grundl, J., "Review of Papers Associated with the PCA Pressure Vessel

Benchmark", Third ASTM-EURATOM Symposium on Reactor Dosimetry, Ispra,

Italy, Oct. 1978.

Hayward, E., "Elastic Scattering of Photons from Carbon in the Energy

Range Twenty to Forty MeV", International School of Intermediate Energy

Arriccia, Taly, June 20, 1979.

Hayward, E., "The Study of Giant Resonance with Virtual and Real Photons",

Institute J. Stefan, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, June 11, 1979.

42
Division 532, Invited talks (Cont'd.)

Hayward, E., "Elastic Scattering of Photons from Carbon in the Energy

Range Twenty to Forty MeV" , Institute J. Stefan, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia,

June 12, 1979.

Hayward, E., "The Study of Giant Resonance with Virtual and Real Photons",

International Conference on Nuclear Physics with Electromagnetic

Interactions, Mainz, Germany, June 8, 1979.

Hayward, E., "The Study of Giant Resonance with Virtual and Real Photons",

Institut fur Kernphysik Onderzook, Amsterdam, Netherlands, July 3, 1979.

Lightbody, J.W. Jr., "Comparison of Electron Scattering and Muonic X-ray

Probes of the Charge Distribution of ^°Cr, ^^Cr, ^^Cr", Department of

Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, Sept. 28, 1979.

Mann, W.B., "Radioactivity Standardization for and by Liquid Scintillation

Counting", University of California (San Francisco) and Donner Laboratory,

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, San Francisco, California, Aug. 22, 1979.

Mann, W.B., "Preparation and Calibration of the 1978 National Bureau of

Standards Tritiated Water Standards", International Atomic Energy Agency,

Vienna, Austria, Consultants Group Meeting on Low-Level Tritium Measurements, Sept. 24-28, 1979.

Maruyama, X.K., "High Resolution Electron Scattering: Applications in

Trace Analysis and Nuclear Structure Studies", Department of Physics and

Chemistry, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, Jan. 12, 1979.

Maruyama, X.K., "High Resolution Electron Scattering for Nuclear

Structure Studies and Trace Analysis", Department of Physics, the

Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., Feb. 1, 1979.

Maximon, L., "The Coulomb Field--A New Look at an Old Problem", Dept, of

Physics, La. State Univ., Baton Rouge, La., Feb. 22, 1979.

Meshkov, S., "The ric Charmonium", Johns Hopkins High Energy Seminar,

Dept, of Physics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., April 18, 1979.

Meshkov, S., "The Hr and Charmonium Spectroscopy", Elementary Particles

Seminar, Dept, of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Md.,

May 14, 1979.

Meshkov, S., "ric and Charmonium Spectroscopy", High Energy Physics

Seminar, Dept, of Physics, University of California, Irvine, Calif.,

June 7, 1979.

43
Division 532, Invited talks (Cont'd.)

Schrack, R.A., "The Influence of Vibrations of Gas Molecules on Neutron

Reaction Cross Sections" and "Calculation and Measurement of Fission and

Delayed Neutron Yields in UoO^ and UOo" at Centre d' Etudes de Bruyerele-Chatel, Oct. 3, 1979.

Schwartz, R.B., "NBS Reference Neutron Field for Personnel Neutron Dosimetry

Calibration", at the Seventh DOE Workshop Personnel Neutron Dosimetry,

London, England, Oct. 23, 1979; Centre d'Etudes des Bruyere-1 e-Chatel

,

Bruyere-le-Chatel , France, Sept. 22, 1979.

Wasson, O.A., "Absolute Neutrons Induced Fission Cross Section",

Physical isch Technische Bundesanstal t, Braunschweig, Germany, Sept.

10, 1979; VNIIM, Leningrad, USSR, Sept. 14, 1979; VNIIFTRI, Moscow,

USSR, Sept. 18, 1979.

Wolynec, E., "Decay Modes of Nuclear Giant Resonances", Department of

Physics, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., Feb. 1, 1979.

f

44
SPONSORED CONFERENCES

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

Sixth Annual Light-Water Reactor Safety Information Meeting, NBS,

Gaithersburg, Maryland. Liaison with Nuclear Regulatory Commission,

James A. Grundl , November, 1978.

Quality Control and Traceability in Low-Level Radioactivity Measurements,

Physikal ischTechnische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, West Germany.

Chairman-J.M.R. Hutchinson. Co-sponsored by International Copiittee for

Radionuclide Metrology, Physikal isch-Technische Bundesanstalt and NBS.

July 18-22, 1979.

Third ASTM-EURATOM Symposium on Reactor Dosimetry, Ispra, Italy.

Organizing Secretary- Edward D. McGarry, Benchmark Workshop ChairmanJames A. Grundl, September 30-0ctober 4 , 1979.

International Conference on Nuclear Cross Sections for Technology,

University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, October 22-26, 1979.

Conference Proceedings Editor, C.D. Bowman. Co-sponsored with the

Department of Energy, the International Union of Pure and Applied

Physics, the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Electric Power

Research Institute.

45
MAJOR CONSULTING AND ADVISORY SERVICES

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

Babcock and Wilcox. Measures for safeguarding nuclear fuel.

Roald A. Schrack.

Battel le Northwest Laboratory. Development of a ^He neutron spectrometer. Robert B. Schwartz.

E.G.&G. -Idaho, Loss of Coolant Accident Tests - Power Burst Facility.

Evaluation of Uncertainties in determining burst energy desposition.

Edward D. McGa rry.

Hanford Engineering Develofxnent Laboratory. Fusion Materials Irradiation

Test Facility (FMIT), review of neutron dosimetry methods and recommendations. Charles D. Bowman.

Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory, FTR Operations. Development

of accurate power level monitoring scheme for reactor physics measurements during FTR start-up. David M. Gilliam.

IAEA and U.S. Department of State, International Safeguards Program

Office. Development of tamper-proof power rector level monitor.

Ivan G. Schroder.

Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Experimental Physics Division. Photonuclear and neutron physics, accelerator development, and y-ray lasers.

Charles D. Bowman.

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Fission foil preparation for fission

physics studies. James W. Behrens.

Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Measurement problems related to the

Three Mile Island accident. Frank J. Schima, Michael Unterweger, and

Robin Hutchinson (members of the Radioactivity laboratory).

Nuclear Regulatory Conmission, Division of Operating Reactors Office

of Standards Development and Division of Regulatory Research. Task

Action Plans for Unresolved Safety Issues. Edward D. McGarry and

James A. Grundl

.

Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Standards Development.

Performance testing of personnel dosimetry services. Val Spiegel and

Charles M. Eisenhauer.

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Neutron flux measurement methods and

the consequences of chemical binding. Charles D. Bowman.

46
Division 532, Major consulting and advisory services (Cont'd.)

President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island. Task

Group on Health Physics and Dosimetry, May 1979-October 1979.

Charles Eisenhauer.

Sandia Corporation, Applied Physics Division. Investigation of

possible depth-profiling techniques for tritium in metals.

Ivan G. Schroder.

47
STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

The radioactivity group supplied standard reference materials (SRM's)

of the following radionuclides: ^^Cr, ^‘^Mn, ^^Fe, "^^Se,

85Kr, 99^0, 99mjc, 1251^ 127xg, 133Ba, 203pb.

48
JOURNAL EDITORSHIPS

Division 532, Nuclear Radiaton

Bowman, C.D., Editor of the Proceedings of the International Conference

on Nuclear Cross Sections for Technology. University of Tennessee,

Knoxville, Tennessee, Oct. 22-26, 1979

Caswell, R.S., Associate Editor, Radiation Research

Coursey, B.M., Editor International Journal of Applied Radiation and

Isotopes

Hayward, E.V., Editor of Physical Review C

Mann, W.B., Editor, Environmental International

Mann, W.B., Editor, International Journal of Nuclear Medicine and

Biology

Mann, W.B., Editor-in-Chief for North America, International Journal of

Applied Radiation and Isotopes

49
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

Division 533, Radiation Physics

Introduction

The Radiation Physics Division consists of five groups, two from

the previous Optical Physics Division ( Electron Physics and Far UV

Physics ) , and three from the previous CRR organization ( Dosimetry , X-Ray

Physics , and the non-nuclear part of Radiation Theory .) The functional

organization effective for most of FY 79 is listed after the summaries

of technical activities for the five groups. The functional statement

for the Division is as follows:

"Provides the central national basis for the system of measurements

of electron and photon radiation; develops advanced electron- and photonbased measurement standards and techniques; studies and measures the

fundamental mechanisms by which electrons, photons, and other ionizing

radiations transfer energy to gaseous and solid materials, and are transported in them; develops, operates, and maintains well-characterized

sources of electrons and photons; establishes, verifies, and disseminates

ultraviolet, x-ray and electron standards, calibrations and services for

medical, industrial, and government users for applications in fields

such as radiography, radiation protection and therapy, and fusion plasma

diagnostics; maintains and acquires new competence, such as the development of new sources of positrons and polarized electrons for the investigation and measurement of the electronic structure of atoms, molecules,

and solids."

This Division combines three groups concerned with photon and

electron energies above about 10 keV, with two groups concerned largely

with energies below about .25 keV. It is important not only that there

develop suitable activities from .25 to 10 keV, but that there be activities

somewhat independent of energy region, in which different groups have

joint concerns and interest.

A major step towards activities with relevance to all groups was

the decision to fund (with $300 K per year for five years) a Competence

Proposal on Physical and Chemical Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Matter. Leader of this project is to be Dr. Pierre J. Ausloos, of CTMS.

The group itself will be about evenly divided between CTMS and CRR

personnel. Much of the experimentation will take place in Bldg. 245,

where some of the main radiation sources to be used are located: the

SURF II, the 4 MeV Van de Graaf, and the Febetron 705. The studies will

be largely directed to radiation effects in selected materials in liquid

or solid state. More details on the goals of this project are given in

the descriptive statement on New Competence.

50
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd)

We are also pleased to report a $200 K base increase in the funding

of SURF II. Part of this increase will be used to augment the support

staff for the facility, while another part will be used to encourage new

users, particularly within NBS. Dr. Ausloos' new group plans to be

among the new users of the facility, hopefully beginning sometime in

FY 80.

Some unusual recognitions this year for exceptional work performed

by scientists in this Division have occurred; and we would like to call

attention to the awards and honors given to R. J. Celotta, S. R. Domen,

R. P. Madden, W. L. McLaughlin, and S. M. Seltzer, as recorded later in

this report.

Radiation Theory

Work by the Radiation Theory Group has included two principal

components: a) the critical evaluation and compilation of photon and

charged particle cross sections; and b) the use of these cross sections

to determine the penetration, diffusion, and degradation of radiation in

bulk matter, with emphasis on medical, national defense, space, and

industrial applications.

The X-ray and Ionizing Radiation Data Center has published tabulations

of relativistic Hartree-Fock atomic form factors for all elements from

Z = 1 through Z = 100, based largely on the work of 0verb0, Doyle and

Turner, and Cromer and Waber. These form factor data are in turn being

used to develop improved and extended mass absorption coefficients and

energy-absorption coefficients for materials of general interest as well

as materials of special biomedical interest. The data on energy-absorption

coefficients are required by two ICRU task groups concerned with radiation

dosimetry in biological applications.

Tables of electron stopping power and range have been prepared

covering the energy region 0.1 to 1000 MeV, and more than 50 materials

of dosimetric interest. Up-to-date values were used of the mean excitation

energy, derived from the analysis of heavy-particle stopping power and

range data, and from the analysis of oscillator strength distributions.

The density effect correction to the collision stopping power was evaluated

according to the formulation by Sternheimer and Peierls. The radiation

stopping power was thoroughly revised to take account of fundamental

advances in bremsstrahl ung cross section theory by Tseng and Pratt, and

by Haug. Screening factors for the bremsstrahl ung cross section have

been reevaluated using form factors and incoherent scattering functions

recently developed by Hubbell at NBS.

51
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd)

Turning to radiation transport studies: exploratory track-structure

calculations have been carried out for electrons, x-rays, and Co-60

gamma rays in water. Although the ionization yield (per unit absorbed

dose) is the same for all three types of radiations, there are significant

differences in the spatial pattern of the ionization events.

This provides a physical basis for explaining observed differences in

biological effectiveness between low-energy x-rays and Co-60 gamma rays.

Ionization yield calculations for molecule hydrogen have been

completed on the basis of a set of cross sections due to Gerhart, and

also a modified set of cross sections agreeing equally well in regards

to fundamental integrals over the oscillator strength but in better

agreement with experimental data on low-energy excitations. It turned

out that Gerhart's cross sections gave ionization yields in much better

agreement with experiments . A theory of the ionization yield was also

developed which gave results in close agreement with the numerical

studies.

Transport studies for specific applications include the development

of electron, bremsstrahlung, and proton depth dose data for spaceshielding requirements. The longer-lasting duration of present and

planned satellite missions, and the increasing use of radiation sensitive

metal -oxide semi-conductor devices, make it important to have accurate

estimates of radiation dose levels inside spacecraft. A set of depthdose distributions has accordingly been developed for omni-directional

electron and proton fluxes incident on aluminum shields. The main

feature of this work is the accurate Monte Carlo treatment of the electronproduced bremsstrahlung component. In addition to the absorbed dose at

different depths, the dose to thin tissue-equivalent detectors was also

obtained.

Studies of shielding against nuclear radiations, primarily resulting

from detonation of nuclear weapons, has continued. Various transport

calculations and critical data evaluations pertinent to shielding against

the initial gamma rays and neutrons from nuclear detonations have been

carried out, partly in-house and partly through subcontracts. A short

paper has been completed which describes methods for estimating initial

gamma ray penetration into structures, and comparisons with analogous

Monte Carlo studies. Extended studies include both gamma rays and

neutrons incident on walls and roofs, and gamma rays generated by neutrons

in structures, with procedures to take account of complexities resulting

from windows and internal walls and floors. In addition to these developments, a book on shielding against fallout gamma rays has been revised

to include recent data on fission spectra. This definitive treatise,

which sums up many years of research by NBS and many other laboratories,

is undergoing final editorial revisions.

52
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd)

An unusual byproduct of S. Seltzer's transport computations occurred

this past year: a hand-held readily portable x-ray fluoroscopic system

has been developed in a collaborative effort by L. Yin and J. Trombka of

NASA, and S. Seltzer of NBS. Called the Lixiscope, the system has an x-ray image intensifier tube roughly the size and shape of a hand-held

magnifying glass and powered by a 3 volt battery. The sensitivity of

this intensifier makes possible real-time x-ray examinations using lowintensity, commercially available radioisotopes in lieu of an x-ray

machine. Given much publicity, the device has been selected by the

Industrial Research/Development magazine as one of the 100 most significant

"new technology" advances of 1979.

Dosimetry

The program of the Dosimetry Group is to provide a reliable basis

for radiation dosimetry, principally in medicine and radiation protection.

This program involves establishment and maintenance of the NBS dosimetry

standards, dissemination of the units established by those standards by

means of calibration services and development of necessary measurement

technology, and measurement assurance activities to test whether measurements

by radiation users are in adequate agreement with NBS standards.

The NBS ionometric standards of exposure are periodically checked

for constancy, but no other development or test of these standards has

been carried out in FY 79. The NBS calorimetric standards of absorbed

dose have been tested by comparison with the NRC in Canada, showing

agreement within 0.3%, and with VNIIFTRI in the USSR, showing agreement

within about 2%. The latter incomparison, considered unsatisfactory, is now being repeated due to differences in the laboratory conditions at

the time of measurement. The use of a graphite calorimeter as a standard

of absorbed dose to water presents a special problem. It has been

studied for a cobalt-60 y-ray beam by ionization measurements in water

and in graphite phantoms over a range of distances, depths, and field

sizes that allow comparison with a theory based on the predominance of

Compton interactions. The theory, with certain corrections, has been

verified and will serve to provide a flexible and reliable basis for

relating absorbed-dose calibration in water to the NBS graphite calorimeter.

Because the pi meson beam used for radiation therapy at LAMPF

contains a variety of ionizing particles in addition to pi mesons, and

because pi mesons react with matter in a complex manner, the radiation

dosimetry cannot be simply based on a standard of absorbed dose. The

NBS graphite calorimeter was taken to Los Alamos for measurement in a pi

meson beam, at the same time that measurements were made with a calorimeter

made of "tissue-equivalent" plastic, various ionization chambers, and

other radiation detectors. The necessary dosimetry information is

obtained by comparing the response of these different detectors. In

53
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd)

order to improve the accuracy of this work, a new calorimeter is under

construction made of A-150 tissue-equivalent plastic, at the Memorial

Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. A member of the Dosimetry Group took

part in the design studies for this calorimeter, carrying out heat-flow

calculations and measurements of thermal diffusivity and conductivity of

the A-150 plastic, these measurements leading to a publication that is now in press. That calorimeter is nearing completion, and will be

compared with the NBS calorimeter both in the NBS cobalt-60 beam and at

the LAMPF pi meson beam.

The NBS graphite calorimeter is believed to be at least the equal

of any other graphite calorimeter designed for absorbed-dose determination,

but because of certain essential construction details, and because the I information wanted is absorbed dose to water, the existing graphite

standard is not, in principle, an ideal standard. Work is now underway

on a water calorimeter that should in principle be very close to an ideal absorbed-dose standard. Preliminary tests have been satisfactory

and design and construction are proceeding on an instrument that, it is

hoped, will serve as a new NBS standard of absorbed dose in water, and

will also be useful for measurement in the field in a variety of practical

situations.

With regard to calibration services, the regular services provided

by the Dosimetry Group have continued during FY 79. About 40 instruments

have been calibrated in terms of exposure, involving about 300 calibration

points. Approximately 30 irradiations of passive dosimeters were carried

out, involving 560 separate dosimeters. Programming for on-line data

processing using the mini-computer is now complete for all x-and gammaray sources. A calibration service for small sealed sources of iridium192 is now routinely available, and sources have been calibrated for

both manufacturers of the sources and for a number of medical physics

laboratories. It is expected that the number of iridium-192 sources submitted for calibration will grow during the current year. In response I

to a rapidly growing use in cancer therapy, it is planned to establish a I

routine calibration service for sealed sources of iodine-125, though the I

low energy and short half-life present special problems. I

The measurement assurance activities of the Dosimetry Group take a I

variety of forms. Work was completed on the technical aspects of preparations!

for a survey of the dosimetry of high-energy x-ray beams used in radiation I

therapy. Thermoluminescence dosimeters were calibrated in a selected I

irradiation geometry with low-energy x-rays, with cobalt-60 gamma radiation, I

and with x-rays generated at 4, 6, and 10 MV. These irradiations were I

tied to the NBS calorimetric absorbed-dose standard where possible, and i

also to the NBS exposure standards. The pilot study will be carried out I

by the Bureau of Radiological Health during FY 80. Approximately 60 I

measurements were made for the dosimetry of high-energy electron therapy I

54
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd)

beams, employing Fricke ferrous sulfate chemical dosimeters. Initial

steps were taken to investigate the feasibility of producing a Fricke

dosimeter of sufficient stability to function as a standard reference

material. Assistance and advice were continued to the University of

Michigan School of Public Health in connection with the pilot study of

personnel -dosimetry performance. Tests were carried out to ensure traceability to NBS of the irradiation of dosimeters performed by the University

of Michigan for the processors participating in the pilot study. The

three regional calibration laboratories accredited by the American

Association of Physicists in Medicine have been again tested by circulating

calibrated dosimeters, and their traceability to NBS standards continues

to be excellent.

X-Ray Physics

The x-ray physics program involves three main areas, including

radiology for medical, industrial, and defense applications, high radiation

dose measurements for industrial and defense applications, and plasma x- ray measurement systems for the development of nuclear fusion energy

sources.

In the area of radiology, the program is directed toward the evaluation

and improvement of the components of the x-ray imaging system such that

with a given x-ray exposure, the available image information content is

increased. In this program, we have developed an experimental method to

evaluate the propagation of noise in the fluorescent x-ray screen which

is the x-ray sensitive component in medical imaging systems. Based on this method, which employs sophisticated light photon counting techniques,

we have formulated a "Figure of Merit" which for the first time will

permit a quantitative comparison of the information transfer properties

of different commercial x-ray screens. We have introduced this method

to the University of Arizona medical physics group who are now extending

the measurements for evaluating the noise propagation properties of x-ray

image intensifiers. Also, these screen measurements provide basic data

on the number conversion factor from x rays to light photons, which is an important parameter related to screen speed. In anticipation of the

development of new types of digital and computerized x-ray imaging

system, we have determined the image information storage requirements

for any given x-ray exposure, spatial resolution, and image size. For

the evaluation of high energy industrial radiographic systems, we have

initiated a program to develop standard x-ray beams with quasi -monoenergetic

energies in the region from approximately 0.1 to 1.0 MeV with accurately

determined flux densities, fluences, and spatial uniformity of the beam

intensity over a given area. We have played a major role in developing

an official ASTM radiographic standard for measuring image quality

response of industrial x-ray film. We are developing an ANSI standard

55
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd)

for medical x-ray screens related to spectral radiometry and to the new

ANSI film sensitometry standard. We have evaluated an industrial image

quality indicator for the purpose of developing a standard for the

measurement of radiographic definition (unsharpness).

In cooperation with the fracture mechanics and ultrasonics groups

at NBS and the radiographic groups at Rockwell International (Rocky

Flats) and Southwest Research Institute, we are providing consulting

services for pipeline inspection to the Department of Transportation, in

which we (a) provide radiographic data needed for considering waiver

requests for questionable welds, (b) compare the diagnostic accuracy of

the available nondestructive evaluation techniques, and (c) recommend

improvements in pipeline radiographic inspection procedures. At the

request of the Department of Defense, we have accepted a program to assess the qualifications of laboratories assigned to carry out the

radiographic and real-time inspection of strategic missiles. Finally, we provide radiographic inspection services for NBS and outside users,

for many types of objects such as handcuff locks for the Law Enforcement

Assistance Agency, or rodent and pest repel 1 ant devices for the Consumer

Affairs Agency.

In the area of high-dose measurement technology, calibration service

to industrial laboratories and national programs has expanded to more

than 50 participants during the past year. In the use of ionizing

radiation for sterilizing products, the successful use of dosimetry for

sterility assurance and product release by the manufacturers (under the

endorsement of the FDA) is largely due to the efforts of the NBS-CRR

standardization program. The many hospital and medical supply industries now widely using gamma rays and electron beams to sterilize goods safely

depend on the NBS calibration service to standardize their radiation

fields and measurement .devices. The use of electron beams for this

purpose is expanding. For example. Radiation Dynamics, Inc., IRT Corp.,

Johnson & Johnson, Electronized Chemicals, Inc., Columbia Research,

Inc., and Energy Sciences, Inc. are am.ong the companies employing highintensity electron beams for industrial sterilization. All these industries

use NBS assistance for dosimetry problems that are generally more difficult

than those encountered in gamma-ray sterilization. Dosimetry methods

have been established for detailed and accurate determination of absorbed

dose distributions in heterogeneous products irradiated with electrons

of 0.4 to 4 MeV from accelerators available at the CRR. Traceability to

NBS standards is essential for measurement assurance, which is the chief

factor in the release of safe products to the public. NBS continues to

participate in the International Atomic Energy Agency Dose Intercomparison

Study for Radiation Processing (at dose levels of 10^ - 10^ Gy). The

study is being expanded in 1979-80 to include lower dose levels for

applications in the areas of agriculture, public health, and medicine

(dose levels of 10 to 10^ Gy). In a national dosimetry intercomparison

56
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd)

program to be completed in 1980, NBS-CRR is the central standard reference

laboratory in the round-robin study conducted by a consortium of U.S.

and Canadian companies engaged in radiation sterilization of hospital

and health care goods (Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation). Also initiated this year v/as the project monitoring for

several collaborative international programs between NBS and Poland,

Egypt, and Yugoslavia dealing in general with industrial radiation

processing.

In addition to the national and international standards for the

processing industries, dosimetry measurement standards have been developed

for users in NASA, DOD, and national laboratories sponsored by DOE

concerned with radiation damage effects in electronic semiconductor

devices and systems. Three standards addressing the dosimetry of photons

and electrons have been published (by ASTM) this year and three others

addressing the measurement of neutron spectra are in the final steps of

the approval process. These standards are particularly important to

industrial radiation- hardness testing facilities that are concerned with

supplying electronic systems used in tactical and strategic weapons

systems as well as in deep-space probes. These standards should improve

the reliability, reproducibility, and uniformity of the dosimetry employed

by such facilities. In addition to these standards, a new isotope

source calibration service will be made available to the hardnesstesting facilities based on the existing industrial-processing calibration

service but tailored to the needs of electronic semiconductor radiation

hardness testing. A new program, in collaboration with the Naval Research

Laboratory, will be initiated next year to develop dosimetry techniques

for measurements on low-energy flash x-ray machines used in electronic

device hardness testing.

NBS-CRR has been enlisted, partly by industry and partly by DOD, to

develop practical dosimetry for emergency use by military and civilian

personnel. This will be supported in part by a new NBS Research Associate

Program in which two research scientists for Bicron Corp. will spend a year at NBS-CRR to assist in the development program. The dosimetry

system will be designed to demonstrate several practical features:

tissue equivalence, stability, small size, ruggedness, simple visual

readout of dose between 0.3 and 10 Gy, and large batch uniformity.

In the area of plasma diagnostics, one of the most important tools

for the determination of plasma temperature and other parameters is a measurement of the x-ray spectra emitted by the plasma. Recent advances

in this technology indicate the need for the calibration of the x-ray

detectors used in the energy region from 0.1 to 5 keV. In addition, the

intensity levels must be sufficiently high to permit these calibrations

to be performed on detectors which have very small single photon response

and high background levels. To facilitate this task, NBS is continually

57
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd)

improving and expanding the monoenergetic x-ray sources in this region.

In the past year, the absolute spectra of monoenergetic K lines generated

by the bombardment of carbon, aluminum, iron, and copper targets have

been measured. When added to the previously available sources from

beryllium and titanium targets, NBS can now provide approximately 6

calibration energies in the region from 100 eV to 6 keV. These sources

are now being used to calibrate solid state x-ray detectors used in the

PLT and TFTR inertial confinement experiments at Princeton and the ISX

facility at Oak Ridge. In addition, NBS has been engaged in a round

robin detector calibration program which includes seven government and

university laboratories. This program is aimed at providing a consistent

detector calibration program among those laboratories engaged in laser

fusion experiments and requires that NBS calibrate the round robin

detectors and coordinate the calibration by the other laboratories. At

the present time, the detectors have been circulated and data compilation

and comparison have begun. These data will provide essential measurement

assurance for the intercomparison of x-ray diagnostic data reported by

the participating laboratories.

Far Ultraviolet Physics

Experiments utilizing our new high-flux normal -incidence monochromator

at SURF were initiated in the fall of 1978. This instrument delivers up

to 2 X 10" photons/sec-A of monochromatic flux to the experimental

sample, higher than that reported by any other synchrotron radiation

laboratory. Therefore SURF staff and collaborators have been able to

initiate several new and innovative experiments. A photoelectron spectrometer

capable of 100 meV resolution and also allowing the angular distribution

of electrons to be measured is currently installed on this monochromator

and is being successfully used to study small molecules. It is the first

such experimental system to be put into operation with a continuum

source and having such angular and resolution capabilities. Initial

photoionization studies on N 2 and CO have yielded new and significant

results on the effects of shape resonances upon vibrational transition

intensity distributions and upon angular asymmetry parameters. Studies

also include the effect of autoionization upon photoionization partial cross sections and angular asymmetry parameters. These experiments are being done as a collaboration between SURF staff, the first SURF Fellow,

Argonne National Laboratory, and the University of Alabama.

A preliminary experiment on the high flux instrument was carried

out by SURF staff to prove the feasibility of studying fluorescence in

atomic metal vapors (Ba). This work will be continued when a new fluorescence

monochromator is obtained in late 1979. Still another experiment on this new instrument has been the study of Stark mixing in high Rydberg

autoionizing states of atoms and molecules. First results of this

pioneering work have been obtained for selected rare gases and molecular

58
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd)

nitrogen. Concurrent theoretical development seeks to explain the

effects in terms of Stark mixing of the optically forbidden absorption

channels with the optically allowed channel. These Stark experiments

have also been performed on our 3-meter high resolution monochromator.

Here the trade-off is to accept lower counting rates for higher resolution

in selected cases where the resolution is required. This effort is a collaboration between SURF staff and CAPQ in the person of John Cooper.

Overall, our work on the high flux instrument this year has resulted in

six talks, three manuscripts submitted for publication (one Phys. Rev.

Lett, in print), and four manuscripts in preparation.

In other activities at SURF, Jack Rife, using our 2.2 m grazingincidence monochromator, has succeeded in detecting helium microbubbles

in thin aluminum films by measuring the pressure-broadened helium resonance

line in absorption. Preliminary results show that for heavily bombarded

films (2.7 atomic percent helium and 100 A mean bubble diameter) the

helium resonance line broadens to ^ 30 A FWHM and is blue shifted as theoretically expected. Direct comparison of the broadening with that

observed in the reflectance from liquid helium (12 A FWHM) suggests that

the helium density in the microbubbles is very high indeed, and that

shifts due to a distribution of bubble diameters and isolated atoms

trapped interstitially may contribute to the broadening. Annealing

effects will be studied in the near future to shed light on these phenomena.

This has been the first successful absorption measurement on helium

microbubbles and was performed in collaboration with the University of

Notre Dame de La Paix in Belgium.

Our guest workers from the Naval Research Laboratory have had a very productive program running at SURF on our beam line #8 torroidal

monochromator. They have been studying mainly insulator materials in

reflection, photoemission and fluorescence, have a paper in publication,

two others in progress and have given several talks on their work. They

have just installed a Nd-Yag laser to attempt two photon absorption (one

laser photon, one SURF photon) in wide band gap insulators. Guests from

Oak Ridge National Laboratory visited once again to continue the work on soft x-ray absorption and emission edges in metals, and we had visitors

from Goddard Space Flight Center, Johns Hopkins University and the Naval

Research Laboratory at SURF to use the spectrometer calibration beam

line for space experiments and fusion plasma diagnostics. Components of

the large calibration chamber for spectroscopic instruments, funded by

NASA are now arriving daily. We expect this facility to be functioning

by the end of 1979. Guests from the University of Virginia have made

several visits to SURF to test a Redicon detector in the soft x-ray

region. The latest configuration using a phosphor overcoating has proved

quite successful. Our collaborative program with Los Alamos on the

measurement of photoemission yields in the soft x-ray region has continued

to produce new results.

59
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd)

Laboratory activities off-SURF include the completion of the first

stage of the program to develop a technique of trace impurity analysis.

This stage consisted of reliably detecting small numbers of atoms of a selected species by resonant laser-ionization in a proportional counter.

Sodium was chosen to demonstrate the technique: less than 50 Na atoms

cm" 3 were injected into the proportional counter and irradiated by two

col linear lasers, one tuned to the 3s-3p transition at 5896 A and the

other to the 3p-4d transition at 5686 A. From the 4d state, a photon

absorbed from either laser will produce ionization. Pulses proportional

to the number of laser-produced electron- ion pairs were obtained only

when the two lasers were tuned close to the atomic resonances. The next

stage will involve the introduction of a solid sample in the proportional

counter, the controlled ablation of part of the sample, and the elemental

analysis by resonant laser ionization of the material in the ablation

cloud. This work is a collaboration involving T. B. Lucatorto of the

Radiation Physics Division and S. Mayo of the National Engineering

Laboratory.

In another effort the technique of resonant laser excitationionization of dense vapors, discovered here several years ago, has been

applied to Ba in an experiment designed to extend the technique to

produce doubly- ionized atoms^ We have now successfully produced and

studied a dense column of Ba ions as the first step in th^ two-stage

experiment. The next step will involve irradiating the Ba_^ column with

intense laser radiation tuned to the 6s-6p resonance of Ba (at X = 4935 A).

Initially it is expected that the laser will produce a large excited

state population of Ba"^ (6p); subsequently, through the transfer of this

excitation energy to the free electrons in the plasma by the process of

superelastic collisions, it is expected that the absorbed laser energy

will ionize the Ba’’" into Ba'’"’". This phenomenon will provide a unique

opportunity both to study the laser excitation- ionization mechanism

itself and to study the energy levels and photoionization of Ba'*"^. This project is a collaboration between Far UV Physics Staff and the

Atomic and Plasma Radiation Division.

An important aspect of our VUV radiometric activity is the calibraticii

and supply of transfer standard photodiodes. Much of this activity is

off-SURF at present. We have recently overhauled our calibration facilities,

interfacing the experimental apparatus with microcomputers and developing

software to operate switching functions and the acquisition and reduction

of data. This year we completed 46 outgoing far UV detector calibrations,

the largest output since the program was initiated in 1971. These

transfer standards were deployed to a broad constituency including solar

physics. MFE, astrophysics/astronomy, aeronomy, standards laboratories,

space simulation facilities and plasma and solid state physics. We also

co-organized a workshop on the VUV Radiometric Calibration of Space

Experiments in March 1979 and hosted and organized a National Conference

on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation which met in June 1979.

60
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd)

Electron Physics

The Electron Physics Group has ongoing research efforts in high

resolution electron scattering, uv photoemission, electron optics and

instrumentation, electron interaction theory, and electron polarization

phenomena. It is the interaction of electrons with matter and the

common instrumentation which unites this group, rather than a focus on a specific problem.

Our work on the study of electron polarization phenomena continues

to explore new areas of research. We have made a leap in the technology

of producing polarized electron beams that enables us to perform many

desirable experiments for the first time. Two classes of such experiments

are the scattering of a spin polarized electron beam from heavy atoms to

observe the effect of the spin orbit interaction, and the scattering

from an oriented spin system to observe effects due to the exchange

interaction. This year we were able to do both types of scattering

experiments for the first time with a polarized electron gun. Our

targets were clean, single crystal metal surfaces, tungsten for the

spin-orbit scattering and nickel for the exchange interaction. In the

tungsten work, we have demonstrated a symmetry principle and obtained a set of polarization data that is extremely sensitive to the exact diffraction

conditions. This should enable theorists to provide better, more reliable

determination of surface structure through a comparison of our data with

polarization calculations based upon assumed structural models. Further

work on different crystals and studies of electronic surface resonance

scattering and of surface reconstruction are planned.

Our most recent measurements have demonstrated that the exchange

interaction may be used to observe the surface magnetization of a nickel

single crystal. This opens the door to studies of surface magnetism and

how it differs from bulk magnetic phenomena. A parallel can be drawn to

neutron scattering which has been very successful in understanding bulk

magnetism. Whereas neutrons are weakly interacting and probe the bulk,

electrons are strongly interacting and probe only the first few angstroms

of a material. This permits us to study the temperature and magnetic

field dependence of the surface magnetization.

This measurement technique is, in effect, a very sensitive surface

magnetometer. With it, we plan to measure surface critical phenomena,

to determine whether or not the surface layers are magnetically active

or "dead", and to investigate the role of the magnetic d electrons in

chemisorption and catalysis.

Our expertise in the use of electron beams with very narrow energy

distributions has been focused recently on the interaction of monochromatic

beams with single metal crystals and adsorbed molecular layers. A

61
Division 533, Technical Activities (cont'd)

technique that is now finding wide application in surface chemistry is

the observation of vibrational excitation of a substrate-adatom normal

mode by monitoring the exciting electron's energy loss. While this

technique is usually used as a "fingerprint" technique, we are interested

in understanding the physics of the excitation process. We are studying

the probability of electron energy loss as a function of the incident

electron energy. There are a number of possible mechanisms that would

provide a resonant enhancement of the vibrational excitation at specific

incident energies. Our apparatus has been modified to observe and to

discriminate among the possible effects. We have obtained ultrahigh

vacuum, high angular and energy resolution, and clean single crystal

surfaces and are about to begin the first measurements.

In our photoemission work a study of the metallic glasses has been

performed from both the experimental and theoretical point of view. In

a collaborative effort with the Allied Chemical Company, we have used

uv-photoemission to determine the electronic structure of this new class

of materials. The photoelectron spectra of 5 different palladiumsilicon alloys taken both below and above the glass transition temperature

have been analyzed and will soon be submitted for publication.

A previously developed theory of the satellite that has been observed

in Ni valence band photoemission experiments has been extended to include

the resonant behavior of the satellite which exhibits a maximum at a photon energy of 67 eV. Satellites have also been observed in the core

level spectrum of Ni as well as several other transition metals and we

have developed a theory to account for them. The physical mechanism is

different from that causing the Ni valence band satellite. The theory

has been used to calculate the Ni 3p spectrum and represents the first

such calculation. Agreement between theory and experiment is very good.

The electron optical design program has progressed in two directions

over the last year. Detailed transport calculations were made for high

current, heavy-ion beams where space charge is an important consideration.

For this purpose codes were developed for the Texas Instrument ASC com- puter, a very high speed, vector machine located at the Naval Research

Laboratory. Also, progress was made in augmenting our computer system

for the design of low energy electron optics and monochromators. The

quick access and graphical display now available aid significantly in

the development and use of new, state-of-the-art electron optical devices.

62
PUBLICATIONS

Division 533, Radiation Physiccs

Berger, M. J. and Seltzer, S. M. , The Influence of Scattering Foils on Absorbed Dose Distributions from Electron Beams, NBSIR 78-1552, Nov. 1978.

Callcott, T. A., Arakawa, E. T. and Ederer, D. L., The L 23 Soft X-ray

Emission and Absorption Spectra of Na, Phys. Rev. B 1£, 6622 (1978).

Callcott, T. A., Arakawa, E. T. and Ederer, D. L., The Soft X-ray

Emission and Absorption Spectra of Simple Metals, Proc. of Int. Conf. on X-Ray and XUV Spectroscopy, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 17^, 149

(1978).

Celotta, R. J., Pierce, D. T. , Wang, G.-C., Bader, S. D. and Felcher,

G. P., Surface Magnetization of Ferromagnetic Ni(llO): A Polarized LowEnergy Electron Diffraction Experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 728 (1979).

Cole, B. E., Cooper, J. W. , Ederer, D. L., Mehlman, G. and Saloman,

E. B., Stark Effect on Autoionizing Resonances in the Rare Gases, accepted

for publication in Journal of Physics B.

Dick, C. E. and Motz, J. W. , New Method for the Experimental Evaluation

of X-Ray Grids, Med. Phys. 5, 133 (1978).

Dick, C. E., Soares, C. E. and Motz', J. W. , X-Ray Scatter Data for

Diagnostic Radiology, Phys. Med. Biol. 1076 (1978).

Domen, S. R., Thermal Diffusivity, Specific Heat, and Thermal Conductivity

of A-150 Plastic, accepted for publication in Phys. Med. Biol.

Ebner, S. C. and Madden, R. P., A Large Spectrometer Calibration Chamber

for SURF II, Proceedings of the National Conference on Synchrotron

Radiation Instrumentation, to be published as a volume of Nuclear

Instrumentation and Methods.

Ederer, D. L. and Cole, B., A High Throughput 2-M Normal Incidence

Monochromator for SURF II, Proceedings of the National Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation to be published as a volume of

Nuclear Instrumentation and Methods.

Ederer, D. L. , Saloman, E. B. , Cooper, J. W. , and Mehlman, G. , Absolute

Photoabsorption Cross Section of Core Excited Electrons in Lithium

Vapor, Proc. of Int. Conf. on X-Ray and XUV Spectroscopy, Japanese

Journal of Applied Physics l^* 167 (1978).

63
Division 533, Publications (cont'd)

Ederer, D. L., Lucatorto, T. B. and Mehlman, G. , Photoabsorption spectrum

of Mg I in the range 226-170 A (54-70 eV), J. Opt. Soc. Am. 520

(1979).

Ehrlich, M., Criteria for Testing Personnel Dosimetry Performance, to be

published in Transactions, American Nuclear Society.

Ehrlich, M. and Soares, C. G. , Measurement Assurance Studies of HighEnergy Electron and Photon Dosimetry in Radiation-Therapy Applications,

to be published in the proceedings of the IAEA Advisory Group meeting on High-Energy Photon and Electron Dosimetry.

Ehrlich, M. , Soares, C. G. , Jackson, B. , and Lanoue, P. , Influence of

Source Configuration on Spectral Composition of Gamma-Ray Beams from

^°C0 Teletherapy Units, Int. J. Appl . Radiat. Isot. , 741 (1978).

Gimm, H., and Hubbell, J. H. , Total Photon Cross Section Measurements,

Theoretical Analysis and Evaluations for Energies Above 10 Mev, NBS

Tech. Note 968, June 1978.

Hamilton, J. C., Prediction of Surface Segregation in Binary Alloys

Using Bulk Alloy Variables, Phys. Rev. Lett. 989 (1979).

Hubbell, J. H. and 0verb0, I., Relativistic Atomic Form Factors and

Photon Coherent Scattering Cross Sections, NBS J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data

8, 69-105 (1979).

Humphreys, J. C. and Chappell, S. E., Standard Procedure for Use of

Thermoluminescence Dosimetry in Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronic

Devices, NBS Report NBSIR 79-1723 (1979).

Jacobsen, A. F. , Dick, C. E., and Motz, J. W. , Effectiveness of AntiScatter Grids for Low Energy X-Ray Beams, Med. Phys. 333 (1978).

Levine, H., McLaughlin, W. L. and Miller, A., Temperature and Humidity

Effects on the Gamma- Ray Response and Stability of Plastic and Dyed

Plastic Dosimeters, Rad. Phys. Chem., Trans. 2nd Intern. Meeting on Radiation Processing, Miami, Oct. 1978, Editor: J. Silverman, 1979, (in

press)

.

Loftus, T. P., Standardization of Iridium-192 Gamma-ray Sources in Terms

of Exposure, accepted for publication in NBS Journal of Research.

Lu, T.-M. Wang, G.-C. and Lagally, M. G. , Island Formation and Condensation of a Chemisorbed Overlayer, has been accepted for publication in

Surface Science.

64
Division 533, Publications (cont'd)

Lucatorto, T. B., Mcllrath, T. J. and Robert, J. R., Capillary Array: A

New Type of Window for the Vacuum Ultraviolet, Appl . Optics 18, 2502

(1979).

Lucatorto, T. B., Well rath, T. J. and Mehlman, G., Time-resolved Measurements of the Far UV Output of a BRV Source, Appl. Optics 18, 2916 (1979).

Madden, R. P., "A Status Report on the SURF II Synchrotron Radiation

Facility at NBS," National Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, NBS, Gaithersburg, June 1979.

McLaughlin, W. L., Miller, A., Pejterson, K. and Pedersen, W. B., Distribution of Energy Deposited in Plastic Tubing and Copper-Wire Insulation

by Electron Beam Irradiation, Rad. Phys. Chem. H, 39-52 (1978).

McLaughlin, W. L., Dosimetry Standards for Industrial Radiation Processing,

National and International Standardization of Radiation Dosimetry , Vol

.

1, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 89-106 (1978)

.

McLaughlin, W. L., Kosanid, M. M., Markovic, V. M., Menadovic, M. T.,

Sehested, K. and Holcman, J., The Kinetics of Dye Formation by Pulse

Radiolysis of Pararosanil ine Cyanide in Aqueous or Organic Solution,

Rad. Phys. Chem., 1979, (in press).

McLaughlin, W. L., Humphreys, J. C., Radak, B. B., Miller, A. and

Olejnik, T. A., The Response of Plastic Dosimeters to Gamma Rays and

Electrons at High Absorbed Dose Rates, Rad. Phys. Chem., Trans. 2nd

Intern. Meeting on Radiation Processing, Miami, Oct. 1978, Editor: J.

Silverman, 1979, (in press).

McLaughlin, W. L., Jarrett, R. D. and Olejnik, T. A., Dosimetry, Chapter 7 in Preservation of Food by Ionizing Radiation . Editors: E. S. Josephson

and M. S. Peterson, CRC Press, 1979, (in press)

.

McLaughlin, W. L., A National Standardization Programme for High-Dose

Measurements, International Standardization of High-Dose Radiation

Measurements, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 1979,

(in press)

.

McLaughlin, W. L., The Measurement of Absorbed Dose and Dose Gradients,

Radiation Sterilization of Plastic Medical Devices , (Proc. Seminar,

University of Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, 1979); Rad. Phys. Chem.,

1979, (in press).

McLaughlin, W. L., Lucas, A. C., Kapsar, B. M. and Miller, A., Electron

and Gamma-Ray Dosimetry using Radiation-Induced Color Centers in LiF,

Rad. Phys. Chem., Trans. 2nd Intern. Meeting on Radiation Processing,

Miami, October 1978, Editor: J. Silverman, 1979, (in press).

65
Division 533, Publications (cont'd)

Mehlman, G., Ederer, D. L.^and Saloman, E. B., The Photoabsorption Cross

Section of 62 from 55-350 A, J. Chem. Phys. 69(4), 15 Feb. 1978.

Mehlman, G., Ederer, D. L., Saloman, E. B. and Cooper, J. W., The K-edge

Photoabsorption Cross Section of Lithium Vapour, J. Phys. B: Atom.

Molec. Phys., IJ^, 22 (1978).

Miller, A. and McLaughlin, W. L., Absorbed Dose Distribution in Irradiated

Plastic Tubing and Wire Insulation, Rad. Phys. Chem., Trans. 2nd Intern.

Meeting on Radiation Processing, Miami, October 1978, Editor: J. Silverman,

1979, (in press).

Miller, A., Pederson, W. B. and McLaughlin, W. L., Absorbed Dose Distributions

in Small Copper Wire Insulation Due to Multiple-sided Irradiations by

0.4 MeV Electrons, Rad. Phys. Chem., 1979, (in press).

Motz, J. W. and Danos, M., Information Storage Requirements in Radiology,

Proc. of SPIE's 23rd Annual Tech. Sympos., San Diego, California, Aug.

27-30, 1979.

Parr, A. C., Stockbauer, R., Cole, B. E., Ederer, D. L., Dehmer, J. L.,

and West, J. B., An Angle Resolved Photoelectron Spectrometer for Atoms

and Molecules, Proceedings of the National Conference on Synchrotron

Radiation Instrumentation, to be published as a volume of Nuclear Instrumentation and Methods.

Penn, D. R., Panel Discussion: Polarization of Electrons Emitted from

Ferromagnets, Transition Metals 1977, Conf. Series No. 276-286

(1978).

Penn, D. R., Effect of Bound Hole Pairs on the d-Band Photoemission

Spectrum of Ni, Phys. Rev. Lett. 921 (1979).

Pierce, D. T., Celotta, R. J., Wang, G.-C., Felcher, G. P., Bader, S.

D., and Miyano, K., A Polarized LEED Study of Surface Magnetism, Proceedings

of 1979 Inst. Conf. on Magnetism, to be published in J. of Mag. & Mag.

Materials.

Pierce, D. T., Kuyatt, C. E., and Celotta, R. J., Spin and Energy Analyzed

Photoemission: A Feasibility Analysis, has been accepted by Rev. Sci.

Inst.

Pierce, D. T., Wang, G.-C. and Celotta, R.J., Face Dependence of the

Spin Polarization of Photoelectrons from NEA GaAs (100) and (110), Appl

.

Phys. Lett. 220 (1979).

66
Division 533, Publications (cont'd)

Radak, B. B., Markovid, V. M. and McLaughlin, W. L., Dosimetry for the

Commissioning of a Versatile Irradiation Plant, Rad. Phys. Chem., Trans.

2nd Intern. Meeting on Radiation Processing, Miami, Oct. 1978, Editor:

J. Silverman, 1979, (in press).

Rife, J. and Osantowski, J., Mirror Reflectivities Between 50-150 eV,

Proceedings of the National Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, to be published as a volume of Nuclear Instrumentation and

Methods.

Roehrig, H., Lum, B., Nudelman, S., Capp, M. P. and Dick, C. E., Measurement of the X-Ray Induced Light Photons Emitted from Radiographic CaW0«

Intensifying Screens, Applications of Optical Instrumentation in Medicine

VII, SPIE, Vol. 173, Meeting held in Toronto, Canada, March 25-27, 1979.

Seltzer, S. M., Electron, Electron-Bremsstrahlung and Proton Depth-Dose

Data for Space-Shielding Applications, IEEE Trans. /Nucl. Science (in

press)

.

Seltzer, S. M., Some Remarks on X-Ray Source Characteristics and on Detection Efficiencies of Prototype Lixi scopes, Li xi scope Conference,

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, July 1978 (to be

published in proceedings).

Seltzer, S. M. and Berger, M. J., Monte Carlo Studies of Electron and

Photon Transport of Energies up to 1000 eV, NBSIR 78-1534, July 1978.

Seltzer, S. M., Hubbell, J. H. and Berger, M. J., Some Theoretical

Aspects of Electron and Photon Dosimetry, Proceedings of IAEA Symposium

on National and International Standardization of Radiation Dosimetry,

Atlanta, Georgia, Dec. 5-7, 1977 (IAEA-SM/222-95, Vol. II, 1978).

Soares, C. G. and Ehrlich, M., Letter to the Editor Concerning Li2B^0y

Thermoluminescence Dosimeters, Medical Phys. 312 July/August 1979.'

Spencer, L. V. and Pal, R., Numerical Solution of the Electron SlowingDown Equation for Molecular Hydrogen, NBSIR 78-1523, Sept. 1978.

Spencer, L. V., Chilton, A. B., and Eisenhauer, C. M., Structure Shielding

Against Fallout Gamma Rays for Nuclear Detonation , 936 p., NBS Special

Publication (to be publ ished)

.

Stockbauer, R., Cole, B. E., Ederer, D. L., West, J. B., Parr, A. C. and

Dehmer, J. L., Effects of Shape Resonances on Vibrational Intensity

Distributions in Molecular Photoionization, Phys. Rev. Letters 757

(1979).

67
Division 533, Publications (cont'd)

Sugar, J., Lucatorto, T. B., Mcllrath, T. J. and Weiss, A. W., EvenParity Autoionizing States in Neutral Sodium (350-400 A), Optics Letters

4, 109 (1979).

Wang, G.-C,, Dunlap, B. I., Celotta, R. J., and Pierce, D. T., Symmetry

in Low-Energy-Polarized-Electron Diffraction, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1349,

1979.

Yin, Lo I, Trombka, J. I., Seltzer, S. M., Weber, R. L., Farr, M. R. and

Rennie, J., The Low Intensity X-Ray Imaging Scope (Lixiscope), Soc.

Photo-optical Instr. Engr. 142 , 106 (1978).

Yin, Lo I., Trombka, J. I. and Seltzer, S. M., A Portable X-Ray Imaging

System for Small-Format Applications, Nucl . Instr. & Meth. 158, 175

(1979).

Yin, Lo I., Trombka, J. I., and Seltzer, S. M., A Low-Energy Gamma-Ray

Imaging Detector, Space Science Instrumentation 4, 321 (1979).

Yin, Lo I., Trobmka, J. I., and Seltzer, S. M., Possible Use of the

Lixiscope in a Low-Energy Gamma-Ray Telescope, Trans. ANS (in press).

68
INVITED TALKS

Division 533, Radiation Physics

Celotta, R. J., "Low Energy Electron Scattering Experiments at NBS,"

Atomic Physics Seminar, New York University, 12/11/78.

Celotta, R. J., "Low Energy Electron Diffraction with Polarized Electrons,"

Greater Washington Surface Science Seminar, NBS, 11/8/78.

Celotta, R. J., "A Polarized Electron Gun: Its Application in Surface

Physics," RCA David Sarnoff Laboratories, Princeton, New Jersey, 4/5/79.

Celotta, R. J., "Recent Experiments with Spin Polarized Electrons,"

Physics Department Colloquium, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois,

6/7/79.

Celotta, R. J. "Scattering Experiments with Polarized Electrons at NBS,"

Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat, Mainz, West Germany, 9/11/79.

Celotta, R. J., "Magnetic Scattering of Polarized Electrons," University

of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, West Germany, 9/12/79.

Celotta, R. J., "Polarized Low Energy Electron Diffraction: The Magnetic

and Non-Magnetic Cases," IFF der KFA, Julich, West Germany, 9/14/79.

Dick, C. E. and Motz, J. W., "Number Distribution of Photons Emitted

from X-ray Screens, 21st Annual Meeting of American Association of

Physicists in Medicine at Atlanta Hilton Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia,

July 29 - August 2, 1979.

Domen, S. R., "The NBS Standard Absorbed-Dose Graphite Calorimeter,"

Ontario Cancer Institute, Ontario, Canada, March 1979.

Ederer, D. L., "Use of Synchrotron Radiation in Atomic and Molecular

Physics," Baltimore-Washington Colloquium on Atomic and Molecular Physics,

May 1979.

Ehrlich, M., "Criteria for Testing Personnel Dosimetry Performance,"

American Nuclear Society, Atlanta, Georgia, June 1979.

Hubbell, J. H., "A New Extended-Range NBS/NSRDS Evaluation and Compilation

of X-Ray Cross Sections and Mass Attenuation Coefficients for Z = 1 to

100." 5th European Crystallographic Meeting, International Union for

Crystal lography (lUCr), Special Session on X-Ray Attenuation Coefficient

Project, 0rsted Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, 8/17/79.

69
Division 533, Invited Talks (cont'd)

Hubbell, J. H., "Radiation Physics Programs at the National Bureau of

Standards," Lebedev Physical Institute, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences,

Moscow, U.S.S.R., 8/22/79; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna,

U.S.S.R., 8/28/79; and Leningrad Institute of Nuclear Physics, U.S.S.R.

Academy of Sciences, Gatchina, U.S.S.R., 9/12/79.

Loevinger, R., "International, National, and Regional Dosimetry Standardization Programs," American Association of Physicists in Medicine, San

Francisco, California, August 1978.

Loevinger, R., "NBS Program in Electron Beam Dosimetry," Symposium on Electron Beam Dosimetry, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New

York, September 1979.

Loevinger, R., "The Role of the Standards Laboratory in Brachytherapy ,"

Workshops in Advances in Brachytherapy, American Association of Physicists

in Medicine, Sturbridge, Massachusetts, October 1979.

Lu, T.-M., "Lattice Gas Models and Surface Phase Transitions," Solid

State-Surface Physics Joint Seminar, Physics Department, University of

Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 3/14/79.

Lu, T.-M, "Ising Model for Surface Structure Transformations, Physics

Colloquium, Catholic University, Washington, D.C. 3/2/79.

Madden, R. P., "New Radiometric Calibration Facility for SURF II," Vth

International Workshop of the VUV Calibration of Space Experiments,

NCAR, Boulder, Colorado, March 1979.

Madden, R. P., "A Status Report on the SURF II Synchrotron Radiation

Facility at NBS," National Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, NBS, Gaithersburg, June 1979.

Mcllrath, T. J., "Spectroscopy of Laser Driven Plasmas," Colloquium at

University of Virginia, April 1979.

McLaughlin, W. L., "Dosimetry for Industrial Applications," 6th Conference

of Nordic Society for Radiation Research and Radiation Technology,

Hirtshals, Denmark, August 1978.

McLaughlin, W. L., "Radiation Chemistry of Dye Dosimeters," 6th Conference

of Nordic Society of Radiation Technology, Hirtshals, Denmark, August

1978.

McLaughlin, W. L., "A National Standardization Programme for High-Dose

Radiation Measurement," International Atomic Energy Agency, Advisory

Group Meeting on High-Dose, Intercomparison and Standardization, Vienna,

Austria, September 1978.

70
Division 533, Invited Talks (cont'd)

McLaughlin, W. L., "Standardization of Dosimetry for Radiation Processing,

IAEA, Advisory Group Meeting on High-Dose Intercomparison and Standardization, Vienna, Austria, September 1978.

McLaughlin, W. L., "Dose Distributions in Irradiated Wire Insulation,

6th Conference of Nordic Society for Radiation Research and Radiation

Technology, Hirtshals, Denmark, August 1978.

McLaughlin, W. L., "The Response of Plastic-Dosimeters to Gamma and

Electrons at High Absorbed Dose Rates," 2nd International Meeting on Radiation Processing, Miami, Florida, October 1978.

McLaughlin, W. L., "Electron and Gamma-Ray Dosimetry Using RadiationInduced Color Centers in LiF," 2nd International Meeting on Radiation

Processing, Miami, Florida, October 1978.

McLaughlin, W. L., "International Activities in Radiation Processing,"

2nd International Meeting on Radiation Processing," Miami, Florida,

October 1978.

McLaughlin, W. L., "Temperature and Humidity Effects on the Gamma Ray

Response of Plastic and Dyed Plastic Dosimeters," 2nd International

Meeting of Radiation Processing, Miami, Florida, October 1978.

McLaughlin, W. L., "Commissioning Dosimetry in a Versatile Irradiation

Plant," 2nd International Meeting of Radiation Processing, Miami, Florida,

October 1978.

McLaughlin, W. L., "The Measurement of Absorbed Dose and Dose Gradients,"

at University of Lowell Seminar on Radiation Sterilization of Plastic

Medical Devices, Lowell, Massachusetts, March 1979.

McLaughlin, W. L., "New Standard Methods for Radiation Industries,"

Department of Industry Seminar, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington,

England, 9/19/79.

McLaughlin, W. L., "Tissue-equivalent Dosimetry in Radiation Theory,"

Seminar at Mt. Vernon Hospital, Northwood, England, October 1979.

McLaughlin, W. L., "International Dosimetry Intercomparison Studies at

High Radiation Dose Levels," Radiation Chemistry Symposium of Polish

Institute of Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland, October 1979.

McLaughlin, W. L., "Radiochromic Imaging Systems for Medical Diagnostics,

Colloquium of Ris0 National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, October 1979.

McLaughlin, W. L., "Radiation Dosimetry at Interfaces of Different

Materials, Advisory Group Meeting International Atomic Energy Agency,

Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary, November 1979.

71
Division 533, Invited Talks (cont'd)

McLaughlin, W. L., "A National Calibration Service for Radiation Processing

Industries, talk to Dosimetry Section, International Atomic Energy

Agency, Vienna, Austria, November 1979.

McLaughlin, W. L., "Muscle- and Bone-Equivalent Radiation Dosimeters for

Radiation Therapy Studies," Seminar of Department of Clinical Physics,

University of Glasgow, Scotland, September 1979.

Penn, D. R., "Panel Discussion: Polarization of Electrons Emitted from

Ferromagnets, " Transition Metals 1977, Conference Series No. 39, 1978.

Pierce, D. T., "Spin Polarized Low Energy Electron Scattering from

Surfaces," Physics Colloquium, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 5/11/79.

Pierce, D. T., "A Polarized LEED Study of Surface Magnetism," 1979

International Magnetism Conference, Munich, West Germany, 9/6/79.

Pierce, D. T., "Polarized LEED (PLEED): A New Tool for the Measurement

of Surface Magnetism," E.T.H. Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland, 9/10/79.

Pierce, D. T., "Polarized Electron Scattering Studies of W(IOO) and

Ferro-magnetic Ni(llO) Surfaces," Physikal isches Institut der Universitat

Munster, Munster, West Germany, 9/13/79.

Pierce, D. T., "Surface Physics Studies with Spin Polarized Electrons,"

Stanford University Solid State Seminar, 11/27/78.

Pierce, D. T., "Spin Polarized Low Energy Electron Scattering from

Surfaces, "Bell Labs. Surface Science Seminar, Murray Hill, New Jersey,

3/16/79.

Pierce, D. T., "Spin Polarized Low Energy Electron Diffraction, University

of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 5/2/79.

Placious, R. C., "Sizing Pipeline Girth Weld Flaws from Field Radiographs,"

ASNT Spring Conference, San Diego, California, April 1979.

Placious, R. C., "The Development of Industrial Radiographic Film Standards,

ASNT Topical Conference, Asheville, North Carolina, August 1979.

Placious, R. C., "Evaluation of X-Ray Variables Using the ASTM Image

Quality Indicator," ASNT Topical Conference, Asheville, North Carolina,

August 1979.

Saloman, E. B., "Study of Practical Extreme Ultraviolet Photocathode

Materials," Vth International Workshop in the VUV Calibration of Space

Experiments, NCAR, Boulder, Colorado, March 1979.

72
Division 533, Invited Talks (cont'd)

Seltzer, S. B., "Electron, Electron-Bremsstrahlung and Proton Depth-Dose

Data for Space Shielding Applications," IEEE (Institute of Electrical

and Electronics Engineers) Annual Conference on Nuclear Space and Radiation

Effects, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 7/17/79.

Wang, G.-C., "Quantitative Island Size Determination and Phase Transition

in an Overlayer Oxygen on W(llO)," Solid State Physics Seminar, University

of Maryland, 1/31/79.

Wang, G.-C., "LEED-A Probe to Study Defects, Islands and Phase Transitions

on Surfaces," Metallurgical and Material Sciences Seminar, Brookhaven

National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 8/9/79.

West, J. B., "Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Molecules using Synchrotron

Radiation," Colloquium given at University of Virginia, March 1979.

73
SPONSORED CONFERENCES

Division 533, Radiation Physics

Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, NBS June 4-7, 1979.

Vth International Conference on VUV Radiation, University of Virginia,

Charlottesville, VA, June 1980.

Fifth Workshop on the VUV Radiometric Calibration of Space Experiments,

NCAR, Boulder, CO, March 1979.

SURF User Meeting, NBS, Gaithersburg, December 1978.

74
CONSULTING AND ADVISORY SERVICES

Division 533, Radiation Phyics

1. C. E. Dick consulted with R. Deslattes and E. Kessler on use of

the 4 MeV Van de Graaff as a radiation source for various experiments

utilizing a high precision gamma ray spectrometer. These experiments

are now underway with the following goals in mind: 1) Measurements

of the K absorption edge of medium to high Z nucleii, 2) Precise

determination of the negative kaon mass.

2. S. R. Domen has provided consultation and technical advice on construction and operation of absorbed-dose calorimeters to individuals

at several national standards laboratories (including Holland,

Belgium, U.K., USSR), as well as to the Memorial Sloan-Kettering

Cancer Center on construction of a calorimeter suitable for measurement of pi mesons.

3. J. C. Humphreys began participation in joint NBS-Egypt Special

Foreign Currency project, "Development of Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry

Systems and Standards for Application in Industrial Radiation

Processing," in collaboration with Egyptian National Center for

Radiation Research and Technology, Cairo, Egypt.

4. J. C. Humphreys performed 3 MeV electron beam irradiations and

related dosimetry measurements on prototype polyethylene ion chamber

caps for RADEF Instrumentation Test Facility, Washington Navy Yard,

Washington, D.C.

5. J. C. Humphreys assisted in planning of dosimetry for collaborative

project with Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, New Mexico, for upcoming

underground nuclear tests.

6. J. C. Humphreys advised on dosimetry techniques for calibration of

30 MeV electron beam at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico.

7. J. C. Humphreys participated in dosimetry intercomparison study for

U.S. Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation,

Arlington, Virginia, in connection with their program to improve

and standardize radiation sterilization procedures.

8. J. C. Humphreys advised Converters, Inc. (American Hospital

Supply Corp.), El Paso, Texas, on their dosimetry procedures and

calibration needs.

75
Division 533, Consulting and Advisory Services (cont'd)

9. W. L. McLaughlin assisted in commissioning of a UN-sponsored radiation

facility at the Boris Kidric Institute of Nuclear Science in Yugoslavia

for sterilization of medical supplies. NBS-CRR contributed technical

assistance and dosimetry planning to the Yugoslavia scientists.

10. W. L. McLaughlin consulted and advised on dosimetry measurements

and calibration of White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, 30 MeV

electron beam accelerator.

11. W. L. McLaughlin consulted on radiation dosimetry program for the

Burn Treatment Center, Armour Foundation, Phoenix, Arizona.

12. W. L. McLaughlin consulted on the measurement of large radiation

dose for Battelle NW Labs., Seattle, Washington.

13. W. L. McLaughlin consulted on radiation dosimetry for radiation

preservation of food for U.S. Army Natick R & D Command, Natick, Maine.

14. W. L. McLaughlin consulted on design of new personnel dosimeters

for U.S. Army Electronics Cormiand and Defense Civil Preparedness

Agency.

15. W. L. McLaughlin provided advise to the following organizations in

their plans to use radiation for industrial applications: ENCO

Corp. , Asheville, North Carolina, Miami-Dade Sewer and Water Authority,

Miami, Florida, Baxter Travenol , Chicago, Illinois, Johnson &

Johnson, Lamont, Illinois, Radiation Dynamics, Inc., Melville, New

York, IRT Corp., San Diego, California, International Nutronics,

Palo Alto, California, Converters (American Hospital Supply Corp.),

El Paso, Texas, Atomic Energy Agencyof Canada, Ltd., Ottawa,

Canada, Ris0 National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, Ray Chem

Corp., Menlo Park, California, Radiation Sterilizers, Inc., Los

Angeles, California, and Innovative Chemicals, Inc., Baton Rouge,

Louisiana.

16. R. Loevinger has continued to served as a member of the Advisory

Group of the lAEA/WHO Network of Secondary Standard Dosimetry

Laboratories, Vienna, Austria. In this capacity he has provided

editorial assistance and has helped plan the training of individuals

who will take charge of the Secondary Standard Laboratories.

17. R. C. Placious served as radiographic member of advisory team to

NASA Langley, Virginia, on the safety inspection of a cryogenic

wind tunnel prior to recommissioning.

76
Division 533, Consulting and Advisory Services (cont'd)

18. D. T. Pierce, C. E. Kuyatt and R. 0. Celotta consultated with

groups from Bell Labs, IFF of the KFA (Germany) and ETH (Zurich) on the practicality of and best approach for spin polarized photoemission experiments.

19. D. T. Pierce and R. J. Celotta consulted on the design, construction, and operation of GaAs polarized electron sources with a number of universities and laboratories both in the U.S. and Europe.

77
JOURNAL EDITORSHIPS

Division 533, Radiation Physics

Martin J. Berger, Editor, Journal of Radiation Research (Japan).

W. L. McLaughlin, Editor, International Journal of Applied Radiation

and Isotopes.

78
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

Division 534, Radiometric Physics

INTRODUCTION

The major program directions of the Division are spectroradiometry

and optical pyrometry, spectrophotometry, electro-optical (detector-based)

radiometry, and photometric-radiometric calibrations. The Division is

organizationally subdivided into four Groups, with one corresponding to

each of these program directions. Research and services in all these

areas is restricted to the wavelength range above 200 nm. The Division

coordinates very closely with other Divisions in CRR having some radiometric programs in the vacuum ultraviolet portion of the spectrum below

200 nm. This coordination within the Center has been particularly

strong recently in connection with planning for the potential role of

CRR in providing measurement support for the National Climate Program.

The Division has several broad objectives:

(1) Provides the National Measurement Laboratory with resources of

talent and expertise on general problems involving the measurement of optical radiation.

(2) Conducts research to improve the accuracy and extend the range

of optical radiation measurements.

(3) Develops methods and standards for both detector and source

based radiometry and provides technical resources in this area

for the solution of problems in other government agencies,

industry, and the public sector.

(4) Develops calibration procedures, standards of reflectance and

transmittance, and highly accurate reference instrumentation

for spectrophotometry.

(5) Conducts research in electro-optical technology and the associated radiometric measurement problems.

(6) Characterizes quantum detectors and slitless spectroradiometers

by use of tunable lasers and electrically calibrated pyroelectric detectors.

In the last ten years, the economic and social impact of radiometric

and photometric measurements has increased significantly. Optical

radiation measurements are required in many manufacturing processes

(e.g. lamps, automated cameras, copying machines, color TV). Our energy
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

US.

problems are creating new measurement needs. Twenty-five percent of the electrical power is used for lighting, and developing higher effi- more ciency lamps requires the best photometry available. The development of efficient solar collectors and solar cells will be affected^bv the

accuracy Of the radiometry employed. Optical radiation measjrementr

si^vefrinlhe^treatml^t nf*^

^'’°‘'°therapy is used almost excluborn infanfsi 1

^ diseases (e.g. jaundice in prematurely

thi hi the

^ ^5®9u'3tory agencies in the government are concerned with hazardous effects of UV on the eyes and skin (skin cancer) Cons iderwith these^problems ^’’%he®ei

I'?'‘iometry and photometry associated

of lout ?5 hil i!^h„iI

9'«9tro-optical industry now has annual sales

mated lat alut zl ^ n-^' mated

instrument manufacturer has esti- that about 200 million dollars are spent each year in calibratina radiometric systems or resolving discrepancies in thLe measurement^

®

effectiveness of the Division's program in improvinq radiometric nd photometric measurements in the NMS is estimated from various labaction

oratory intercomparisons, feedback from calibration custlers and inter- with the Council for Optical Radiation Measurement (CORM) thfumo

HaHo:rnationarIl'^?nt governlLl llo^ator^l

ASTm! ANS?! ?El;°a"nd ^c"cA.

committees such as those Of the CIE,’

SPECTRORADIOMETRY AND OPTICAL PYROMETRY

This program in the Division focuses on providing the standards and

techniques required for improving the accuracy of routine as well as state-of-the-art measurements in spectroradiometry and optical pyrometry.

Optimizing the accuracy of these measurements also requires a thorough

understanding and characterization of instruments and the radiation field

itself. Therefore, there are activities in this program under all four

of these categories: Instruments , Standards , Techniques , and the Radiation

Field . These activities are listed in Table I and positioned horizontally

so as to indicate the portion of FY 1979 and/or FY 1980 for which they

have been or are intended to be pursued. For example, the first item in

the table, "New laboratory for coherence and polarization studies", was completed in FY 1979 while the last activity listed under Standards,

"Development of an improved IPTS", will be initiated about the middle of

FY 1980. The four categories and the activities associated with them

that are listed in Table I will be discussed approximately in the order

in which they appear.

Instruments

There are two types of instruments which we usually investigate and

characterize in great detail. One type constitutes instruments that we ourselves have developed in order to realize a particular scale or perform a particular calibration. The second type consists of instruments that we are asked to evaluate for other government laboratories.

A new facility in the Division for coherence and polarization

studies has been set up because we expect in the next few years to be
4) i/l 4J

f z 1— CL U

rO £ 00 3 to

•F- U ro h- to p OO P Z ro c l-H to UJ

“O 4) U £ 4J HH £

0) I— u 4) •a t/1 3 o 4J

4-> ro C P 4> U 4J O' s.

ro C ro 4) > O u 3

•r» O T- £ o P c c to U •f- -o o u 19 ro z u ro c P ro u z £ •r- u o o to

(/) fO u >3 £ o “O OJ P o 4J £ o (A z u a. •f* u ro P o u

c: lO l-H z 1. >1 u u o T3 z c u U p p 1 3 00 z u O) C •— •r— ro o •r~ O T- o s- i •• 0) 0) ro ro U c to p CO 4J ^i- U P P o C ro S 4^ U

a: ro 00 P 00 O £ ro O 4J 00 p £ 4) O. 1 £ U z u U •r- C OO z o P o UJ o U) Z 4J c P P P P »r- w CD •r* 4) w u o. QJ c o u Zr- •I— o £ >3

Cl, 0) >> Z 4) OO P 4> •r» 1— (0 (O lO £ J-> a. c z to £ c Z U E ro 1. s. o >* 9i ro PF-^ o> z o to U O 3 p ro z U £ r“ T3 c o •r* to f- C o c Z r- O 03 o ro c c 3 r— P f~ 4J P ro o u

LU CO o •r- U 00 CU ro H- 4> O ro a s >3 c ro S. 0\ s. •o h- 4) 1— > c •r- 4J p QJ o o c. 4J o. 5 cn -o 3 u T3 t- >3 4J u •r* CO

a: u Q. l-H p c 4J 4- p OJ 3 "O •r* c P >- >- 0> o O OJ UJ N to r— P 3 s. 4) ro c

Q. u* u u z^ •r* O) QJ •r- U P ro s- o o c 4J C/> OJ r“ C u ro ro to > 4) “O

ro U CO t/> >> •r* P Z 1 Z ro < u Q) z ro 4) U Z u 4) z CJ 4^ P ro o S- z O 3 CL U <J O ro 4) P p o -a f— u 00 1 H i/) 00 “O 00 C P P P O 4- ro 00

1— o i/I 0) a; ro ua P U 1 T5 0300 O p '—' to a. o <£ o> 4-> QJ u u ro ro C C o to 4) o o c ro U 4) O O £ ro •»“ 1 to ro I-* r—

4J • p— £ 3 P z o o> O c C u p ro ro o C c O 4-> P ro p 1 to C T- to •r- u 4j 3 U z c •M ro •r- J u p o O £ u P 4J £ C CO < >> g ro 3 U -o 4) •r» U CSJ •1- C 4i to P •r“

4-> Qi u < 0) P r— O CO P 4) P •r* P P S 4J >- •p» U 00 cc ca. 4) ro 4) </) p ro P QJ S. 4) s. 3 Q. •> £ > O Q T3 f— 4) £ 4J P >3 3

h“ •f“ i/I cc UJ 4-> OJ f— «r- 4> p C •r- -a o P 4J o “O P UJ u <0 l-H U f- O (/) Z u ro Z T- L> Z 3 ro s: 0) ro i/) >> P ro E U *0 ro P P P s. o 4- Z 0> 1 fmm 4) Z 1 O 0 0(0 U c to 4J t—

(

(/) >> 4) <o C3C O. O) 4) CO OPS- ro P 4) 1 Z

o a c z u c Z CM Z o 4- £ c •r* o *r* •r* +J •r» c P u I— (U q: -o •r- Qi (/) 1 -P c o 1 C c ro 4) P o 3 4-> U •r» 4- O •r* •r» P 4) c o 4} OO

Of -M ro fO > U O ro £ P O 4) o *r^ U •0

H— t/) U M- ro 1 S. £ 4> ro 1 5 •r* P P c

LJ U > U. 0) Cu 4) 03*1- O 4> P P ro •r- C

UJ C r» a •fj P U U P P <U ro C TD o

o. o r— •u) C ro r— 4) ro ro ro Z N •r* Q) t- »F- oo •r* #0 c o o 4J <0 o i/I 1— > P P •r* £ r**“ QJ P 4J U •r" c 00 c P u to to S- C •r“ P ro UJ ro ro o U 0> P 4) 4> p ro 4J ro Z*r- z N >> U ro 3r •f» o •r“ ro Z Z c r— P P ro “O

f- •r» a Q) N (U p p P Z P CO 4) 4J o a

4J U o 4U 0) *r* z ro C P 4> Z £ z O 5S

z ro 3 4-> U C 4J 4) O U

H4

O. 0) u 3 •r* D3P O u E 4*i 4) O’ U C z o. O U P •r- C/3 to 1- (U p UJ o o ro C c P P 3 »—

1

T3 L. U l-H 4J z P c ro "O

h- C u ro ro U u C CJ U

l-H rO (Q OJ N Z 4- C 4i ro £ P c >3 > 0) +J ro o O ro P r— c to 4> P 1 0> U 0) Z •r* z o C P •r“ to U m £ s- 4) T3 O P > u O 03 c o > OJ U ro 03 u •r" E O •r“ 41 < r— Q) *r* z 4-> C U c o > <u t/l P U O) o ro U p c: -o Oi C '>- <u u m 4- £ C •r“ 4) u o £

« U- fO u O o 4) C 03 r— ro Z ro o r— o P -o ro <U “O CU 03 U u u c T3 C C c cy O >3 4) ro UJ •4-) o ro •r» ro P •f— o i- U Z u 03 o •r" U (9 O r— 1—

E P

§

o OJ 0) +-> o 4J 4) o 4) P c o D. ro u U> c T3 u ro E c o

l/> 3 4^ -a c o •r* p O QJ >» r— p— CJ e ro •r— 3 c P T* £ p u o <v ro 0) <o •r- P C73 O O -O 3 ro o • > o. “O ro u ro (- o UJ oo c ro N (J P t. P *o

<0 o U *r~ *r* c C to ro u 4J •r» U U •r* 4) C c U

o -a u P 4; P E *r- 0) o ro ro p Q) 03 Z to > o. N U u E C C t/3 4J 3

o •r- P ro O •r- 1— U Z O

u u u •r* C[) o P

2 Q. (C 0) ro -o U > u

O’ s 4) CL Z ro o 4J U P ro z l-H QC (/) P Z 2 O 4J o >

SiNBMDlLLSNI sayvoNVis S3nQINH33i 03313

NOIiVIOVy

81
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

concerned with uncertainties of 0.1% in spectroradiometric measurements

and standards. As a result, we will have to make a more accurate cor- rection for polarization effects than was necessary in the past. This

laboratory will provide the tools required to do this. The principles

utilized for such corrections were developed in Chapter 6 of our SelfStudy Manual on Optical Radiation Measurements* that was published about

two years ago. Coherence is a radiation parameter than has been given

little attention in radiometry. We do not expect the effect of coherence

to be significant with other than laser sources except when the optical

beam is confined to a very small solid angle or cross-sectional area. Nevertheless, we need to address this question more quantitatively as we move towards requirements for smaller and smaller uncertainties in

spectroradiometric measurements. In addition, we are beginning to use lasers in characterizing the responsivity function of spectroradiometers

and must demonstrate that the resulting function may be used with high

accuracy when performing measurements of highly incoherent sources.

The large-area blackbody calibration facility was developed to

calibrate blackbodies at temperatures between about 225 K and 350 K with

an uncertainty of 0.2°. These blackbodies have been used for calibrating

radiometers used in remote sensing. The Navy now needs a one-inch-square

blackbody calibrated as a FLIR radiance standard with a relative accuracy

approaching 0.01°. We have improved the above-mentioned facility sufficiently for this requirement and began the required calibration in

September, 1979.

The portable spectroradiometer/computer interface refers to developing

a computer-controlled, portable spectroradiometer for use in an NBS Measurement Assurance Program, in a program with the Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) that will be discussed below, and for the DoD primary standards

laboratories. The effort involves modifying commercially available mono- chromators, photometers, and microcomputers and developing the necessary

interface and computer programs to operate these together as an easy-touse, versatile, and automated spectroradiometer. Though entire systems

of this type are now becoming commercially available, they are still very

expensive and not sufficiently versatile for our needs. Our first system

is now complete and is being used in a variety of experiments. This

experience will be used in developing the computer controlled spectroradiometer required for the EPA work to be described below.

The UV Hazard Meter is an instrument designed by the Bureau of

Radiological Health (BRH) and built commercially for the purpose of

*For those not familiar with this publication it is a comprehensive

treatise on radiometry which is detailed enough for self-instruction and

is being published one or a few chapters at a time as an NBS Technical

Note in the 910 series.

82
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

measuring the biologically weighted irradiance of a variety of sources

for safety and regulatory purposes. We have determined the accuracy of

the instrument when viewing a number of common sources having different

spectral distributions in the UV and have also characterized the relative

responsivity function and linearity of the instrument. We also expect

to characterize the UV-Visible-IR Scanning Spectroradiometer when it is

delivered to BRH by the manufacturer. In general, we are continuing to

provide BRH with radiometric consultation and instrument evaluation

required by them in order to insure a sound spectroradiometric measurement base for their regulatory responsibilities.

We are in the process of setting up a laboratory for characterizing

the responsivity function of UV spectroradiometers designed to measure

the solar terrestrial spectral irradiance between 280 and 320 nm. The

heart of this facility is a frequency-doubled dye laser with an output

power of a few milliwatts in this spectral range. The ERA is supporting

this effort because such measurements provide a method of determining

the atmospheric concentration of ozone. This will be discussed in more

detail below.

A new state-of-the-art automated NBS optical pyrometer is being

designed for realizing the International Practical Temperature Scale

(IPTS) between 200 K and 2600 K with an accuracy in terms of spectral

radiance of about 0.1%. Determining the temperature of blackbodies in

this temperature range is one of the major limitations in the uncertainty

currently associated with spectral radiometric standards. This instrument is intended to be the first step in reducing the uncertainty of these

standards by a factor of about 3 (from 1% and 3% in the visible and UV

respectively to about 0.3% and 1%).

Standards

The Spectroradiometry/Optical Pyrometry Program is responsible for

performing the basic experiments for realizing the standards associated

with the IPTS above the melting point of gold and spectral radiance and

irradiance standards from 200 nm to 1.6 pm. These standards are then

used in the Division's extensive program of calibration services.

During an informal spectral irradiance intercomparison between 200

and 250 nm carried out with the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in

England, a 10% difference at 200 nm has been observed. Our standard in

this region is based on a wall -stabilized hydrogen arc maintained by

the Atomic and Plasma Radiation Division while NPL's standard is based

on synchrotron radiation. An effort will be made in FY 80 to resolve

this difference.

Spectroradiometric and pyrometric scales are usually maintained on tungsten lamps. Instability in these lamps has been the second major

limitation in the uncertainty of these standards (temperature being the
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

first). We have performed some preliminary research a few years ago in

utilizing silicon detectors for monitoring these lamps and correcting

for any instabilities -- typically a long-term drift or a change on relighting the lamp. Though the results were very promising, the lack

of staff and the urgency of other problems prevented this research from

being pursued to completion. If we are to be successful in improving

spectroradiometric source standards by a factor of three, more stable

lamps are required. We plan to develop a simple radiometer utilizing

a silicon detector to monitor tungsten lamp standards in order to correct

them for any observed instabilities. This will be tried first with

tungsten ribbon filament lamps used as transfer standards in optical

pyrometry.

Current techniques for realizing the IPTS at 2500 K are limited to

about 1 kelvin. We plan to try to improve this by a factor of three

(resulting in a 0.1% effect in terms of spectral radiance) by using the

new automated NBS pyrometer now being developed and an automated beam

conjoiner developed in this Program a few years ago. The new Spectroradiometer Characterization Facility referred to under Instruments is

also vital for this effort in order to accurately determine the relative

spectral responsivity function of the new pyrometer. It will be possible

to perform a new IPTS realization utilizing the above instruments in a short enough time (15-30 minutes) so that whenever optimum accuracy is

required a new scale may be realized just before a temperature measurement is performed. In this way, the effects due to lamp and other

component changes will be reduced.

Techniques

"Precise Instruments and Accurate Standards do not Insure Accurate

Measurements" is the title of a paper published in "Optical Radiation

News" during the past year. This paper emphasizes that special techniques in handling the data and sometimes additional experiments are necessary because the radiation field being measured and that of the

standard are frequently quite different, and the responsivity function

of the measuring instrument is usually sensitive to these differences.

Radiation fields may differ relative to flux level and to the so-called

radiation parameters. These are position and direction at the receiving

aperture of the radiometer, wavelength, time and the polarization and

coherence character of the flux. The activities listed in the Techniques

category of Table I are associated with ways of dealing with these

differences.

These differences and resulting errors if they are not taken into

account was the central theme in a paper delivered by our Division to

plant scientists working in controlled environments at a conference held

this past year at the University of Wisconsin. The Division is helping

organize and will participate in a radiometric round-robin involving

major laboratories in this discipline to assist them in documenting

their measurement differences and uncertainties.

84
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

The slit-scattering function of a monochromator, from which the

spectral responsivity function may be obtained, has traditionally been

determined by spectrally scanning an isolated spectral line. Research

performed in the Division during the past year has demonstrated that the

accuracy of such a determination is very poor except for approximately

one spectral slit width on either side of the peak of the function. In

addition, we have extended the traditional technique by using several

spectral lines which significantly improves the accuracy some distance

from the peak. This work was reported at the 1979 Annual Meeting of

the Optical Society of America and will be particularly useful in obtaining an accurate relative spectral responsivity function for monochromators

used in improving the state of the art for solar terrestrial measurements

in the 290 nm region.

Accurate solar terrestrial spectral irradiance measurements between

280 and 320 nm are needed because the UV in this region is detrimental

to most living things. We estimate that the current uncertainty of

measurements below 295 nm is 50% or more. ERA would like to determine

any changes in the solar terrestrial irradiance in this region much more

accurately than this. Spectral measurements in this region can also be

used to determine the amount of atmospheric ozone between the sun and

the point of observation. We have been conducting an extensive developmental program for the ERA aimed at producing a new state of the art for

spectral irradiance measurements in this region (uncertainties of about

5%). The effort involves utilizing a newly developed double monochromator

with significantly higher wavelength accuracy, accurately determining the

spectral responsivity function of this instrument, making field measurements to test the instrument, deconvoluting the resulting data to correct

for spectral scattering and spectral curvature, and finally, preparing

a detailed monograph describing the instruments and procedures used so that they may be set up and used routinely at UV monitoring stations

throughout the U. S.

The final activity listed under Techniques in Table I is determining

the departure from linearity for radiometers. This is a well-known source

of error in radiometry. It is a particular case of responsivity variance

where the flux responsivity varies with the magnitude of flux incident

on the radiometer. In most modern day instruments this is only a problem

when trying to limit errors to about one percent or less. It will be of

prime importance in trying to develop an improved IRTS. With financial

support from DoD, where non-linearity problems are frequently encountered,

we are preparing, in FY 80, a chapter in the Self-Study Manual on techniques for’ determining the amount of linearity in radiometers.

Radiation Field

Since for reliable radiometry the differences between the radiation

field being measured and that of the standard must be known when the

responsivity function is not invariant with respect to all radiation
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

parameters, a detailed characterization of these fields is required.

Table I lists the work associated with this activity that has been con- ducted in FY 79 and that is planned for FY 80.

The report on polarization characteristics of light sources has been

prepared for the Commission Internationale de 1' Eel ai rage (CIE). If this

organization does not publish it in its entirety, we will probably

include it as a chapter in the Self-Study Manual.

We have been performing a comprehensive study of the principles

of and recent experimental developments in the subject of coherence.

During FY 1980 we plan to determine whether or not coherence effects will

be significant in our effort to reduce the uncertainty of spectroradiometric standards by a factor of three and begin to develop techniques

for correcting for these effects.

Characterizing a radiation field relative to the radiation parameter

"time", indicated next in Table I, will enable us to generalize the

Measurement Equation introduced in Chapter 5 of the SSM to include time.

This is essential in any definitive measurements involving rapidly varying

radiation fields. For example it will be of great importance when

developing standards and measurement techniques for pulsed radiometry

which we are considering starting in FY 1981, subject to funding and

staff availability.

Finally, relative to the activities under Radiation Field, a chapter in the Self-Study Manual on blackbody radiation and temperature

scales, supported by DoD, is planned for FY 1980. This will be one of

the few recent chapters of the SSM that is almost completely tutorial.

Chapters 5 through 8 developed new ideas and approaches that are important for developing a new state of the art in spectroradiometry. The

material in this new proposed chapter, particularly that on temperature

scales, has been lacking in the background of many radiometrists, and,

to the best of our knowledge, is just not available in the published

literature.

Before ending this presentation of the Spectroradiometry/Optical

Pyrometry program, we would like to make a few brief comments about the

direction the program will probably take in FY 81 and beyond. By the

end of FY 81 we expect to have completed a new improved IPTS, a method

of handling coherence effects in radiometry and a complete analytic

treatment of time as a radiation parameter. We expect to have initiated

experimental studies on measuring and improving the quality of our high

temperature blackbody and on extending the conceot of detector stabilized

lamps from pyrometer lamps to radiome\.ric lamp scandards that are used over a much broader spectral range. By FY 82 it should be possible to use the results of all the activities described in this review of the

Spectroradiometry/Optical Pyrometry program to obtain spectroradiometric

standards and techniques with uncertainties significantly less than 1%

86
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

and to begin to apply these to high-accuracy, long-term measurements

required in the U.S. Climate program.

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY, MAP & RESOURCE RECOVERY

Establishing, improving and disseminating the spectrophotometric

scales in the National Measurement Systems are the main objectives of

the spectrophotometry program. The program is being pursued through:

(1) Development of new measurement capabilities and techniques;

(2) Development of Measurement Assurance Programs (MAP's) and

Standard Reference Materials (SRM's); and

(3) General consultation and services to the spectrophotometric

measurement community.

Current and planned activities in the above three areas will be discussed

below.

In the area of new measurement capabilities, the spectral range of

the NBS reference spectrophotometer has been extended from the ultraviolet and visible regions out to 2500 nm during FY79. Evaluations

were performed for stray light, linearity and wavelength accuracy.

A specular ref lactometer has been constructed and tested for calibrating the reflectance of mirror standards over the spectral range

250 nm to 2500 nm with an uncertainty of about ±0.2%. This instrument

is a measurement accessory to the reference spectrophotometer, which is

also used for measurements of diffuse hemispherical spectral reflectance

and 45°/0° spectral reflectance. The specular ref lactometer is designed

to measure mirror reflectances at angles of incidence between 5° and 80°

using a beam tracking system with a stationary detector. An NBS Technical

Note documenting the instrument is in the process of editorial review.

This new NBS capability generated considerable interest when a technical

paper on it was presented at the recent annual meeting of the Optical

Society of America.

The newly developed hazemeter has been evaluated to have an uncer- tainty of ±0.2%. A description of the development and testing of the

instrument was published in Applied Optics this year.

The reference retroreflectometer has also been improved in electronics, source and detector optics. The instrument has been completely

characterized for source and detector spectral distributions, angular

setting, linearity and over-all performance. The uncertainty for luminous

retroreflectance measurement is about 1 to 2%. The technical paper

describing the instrument and its performance is in the process of

editorial review and will be submitted for journal publication.
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

In the area of MAP/SRM, a five-year plan for new MAP development

has been completed and approved by the NBS Office of Measurement Services.

The objectives of the five-year plan are to make the following MAP

Services routinely available:

(1) Coefficient of luminous intensity (CIL) and chromaticity

for retroreflectance, and

(2) The 6°/hemispherical , 45/0, and translucency for diffuse

reflectance.

The CIL and chromaticity MAP development is planned for testing laboratories

manufacturers of retroreflecting materials, big buyers, and state highway

departments as a means of ensuring equity in domestic and international

trade and of ensuring accuracy for retroreflectance measurements. This

MAP service is intended to replace the special calibration service for

CIL. The 6°/hemispherical and 45/0 diffuse reflectance MAP service is

planned for testing laboratories, instrument manufacturers, and central

laboratories of multi companies as a way of diagnosing their measurement

problems, and to ensure accuracy and equity in trade. This MAP service

is intended to replace the currently available calibration services for

these types of diffuse reflectances. The translucency MAP development

is planned in anticipation of growing measurement problems on translucent

materials.

Effort has been started and will be devoted in FY80 to investigate

parameters influencing measurements on candidate MAP materials. These

parameters include temperature, pressure, incidence angle, observation

angle, cleaning, stability, humidity, etc. A Diffuse Reflectance MAP

package is planned to be completed at the end of FY80 and a Retroreflectance

MAP package is planned to be completed at the end of the first quarter

of FY81.

Wavelength standards have been produced as SRM 2009, 2010, 2013,

and 2014. Wavelengths of minimum transmittance and inflection points

in the transmittance curve of didymium glass filters provide a convenient

basis for calibrating the passband centroid of spectrophotometers with

bandwidths between 1.5 and 10.5 nm. The publication, describing the

calibration, uncertainty, and use of didymium as wavelength standards

is in press and will be published as NBS SP260-66.

Efforts were initiated in FY79 and will continue into FY80 to

select and produce SRM's for the solar energy community. Reflectance and

transmittance are two of the key optical properties identified for performance tests for materials commonly used in solar heating and cooling

systems such as glass and plastics for cover plates, absorptive coatings,

and reflective and anti -reflective coatings. For a mirror solar concen- trator system, one of the key optical properties is specular reflectance.

We have started the solar energy SRM project on diffuse reflectance. The

88
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

SRM's consist of one white and one black diffuse reflector calibrated

in the solar wavelength range and at several angles of incidence. The

solar energy SRM's on specular reflectance will be started in FY80 for

both first-surface and second-surface mirrors.

A NSF/AU High-Ability Suimer Program student, Mr. Richard W. Watkins,

joined us in July and August this year. Mr. Watkins assisted us in the

solar energy SRM project with computer programming and measurements.

Reflectance standards are used to establish accurate photometric

measurements of diffuse reflectance. Such materials as white opal glass,

procelain enamel, or ceramic tiles are useful because they possess the

required reflectivity and durability characteristics needed for everyday

use as working standards. Unfortunately these materials do not work well

as ultraviolet reflectance standards. By nature most materials absorb

strongly at these shorter wavelengths. The few materials that do possess

a high reflectivity in the ultraviolet are powders such as barium sulfate

which are inconvenient for use as every day working standards. Such

materials are easily contaminated, and fresh specimens cannot always be

prepared with reproducible results.

The spectrophotometry group has developed an experimental permanent

working standard of diffuse reflectance for the ultraviolet spectral

range. The standard combines the use of a high purity polytetrafluoroethylene powder and an ultraviolet transmitting quartz cell. This white

powder has a higher reflectivity in the ultraviolet than any other known

material. The all -quartz cell has a cavity into which the powder is

pressed. An ultraviolet transmitting window on the cell is designed to

allow the cell to be fitted to the reflectometer integrating sphere so that the total reflectance of the powder in the cell and the window

reflectance are included in the measurement. The ultraviolet reflectivity of this experimental working standard is being studied in order

to determine its stability. The absolute reflectance techniques required

to check the stability, will have to be repeated over a period of at

least two years in order to establish these results. The fabrication of

the quartz cell was funded by NASA. The calibrations of certain ultraviolet instrumentation being used on orbiting satellites are traceable

to absolute reflectance measurements at NBS. Due to increasing requests,

a comprehensive study has been started on the reflective properties of

the high purity polytetrafluoroethylene powder in the wavelength region

250 nm to 2500 nm. The study includes absolute scale of di recti onalhemispherical reflectance with several angles of incidence, goniodistribution, and influence of density and method of preparation on reflectance.

Optical transmittance density SRM's are produced for photographic

and related industries: x-ray film step tablets (non-destructive testing);

microcopy resolution test charts; and photographic step tablets. Two new SRM's are planned to start in FY80: reflectance step tablets and reflectance density card SRM's.
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

In the area of consultation and services, the expertise of the

Spectrophotometry group staff is called on regularly, and last year more

than one hundred calls and letters for consultation have been answered

and over forty special spectrophotometric tests and calibrations have

been carried out. These consultations are with individuals in the

measurement community who have specific questions or who are developing

new measurements. Special measurements are performed for industrial

laboratories and other government agencies, such as USDA, ERA, and CPSC,

when these measurements are not available commercially. Staff members

have been actively involved in committees in the CIE, ASTM, ISCC, and

VESC sun screening committee. Measurements have also been provided for

a Collaborative Reference Program jointly sponsored by NBS/NEL and MCCA.

ELECTRO-OPTICAL RADIOMETRY

The Electro-Optics Group is responsible for 1) providing a more

fundamental basis for photoprocess characterization in the National

Measurement System, Z) developing new electro-optical technology for

radiometric applications, and 3) developing a new conceptual basis for

radiometric calibration. The group currently consists of three physicists,

an electronics engineer, and a mechanical engineering technician. This

size is below critical mass to fulfill the responsibilities described

above due to the large number of new needs and ne./ opportunities that

have grown up over the past few years as a direct result of the electrooptics revolution. Despite this fact, the group has been highly productive since its creation in 1975 and extremely significant developments in

radiometry have come from this group over the last five years. Before

reviewing last year's achievements, we will give an overview of the E-0

group programs.

The group's efforts on behalf of photo-physical, -chemical and

-biological process characterization fall within four program elements,

1) the Detector Response Transfer and Intercomparison program, 2) a recalibration of the potassium ferri oxalate chemical acti nometer in

collaboration with R. Velapoldi of the NBS Center for Analytical Chemistry

and J. Demas of the University of Virginia, Chemistry Department,

3) development of a characterization capability to assure the accuracy

of NASA and. NOAA solar constant monitoring programs to within an uncer- tainty of ±0.1% over periods long compared to a solar cycle, and 4) the

calibration of solar cells for other government agencies to use as standards in their solar energy conversion programs.

The group's efforts in introducing new technology into radiometry

include: 1) the development and application of electro-optical modulators

in feedback loops for amplitude stabilization of lasers, and the demonstration that amplitude stabilized, cw lasers are virtually ideal radiometric characterization tools, 2) the refinement and application of

AC- DC flux superposition techniques to a wide variety of linearity and

90
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

additivity studies, 3) fundamental studies of laser induced opto-gal vanic

effects in hollow cathode lamps for application to dye laser wavelength

calibration, and 4) the development of more accurate, convenient, and/or

versatile absolute radiometric components such as the electrically calibrated pyroelectric radiometer. The latter was developed in collaboration

with R. Phelan, C. Hamilton, and G. Day of NBS, Boulder, B. McIntosh of

Laser Precision, Inc. and W. Blevin, of Australia's National Measurement

Laboratory. This work received an IR 100 award for 1975.

The introduction of lasers into radiometry allows a considerable

simplification of the conceptual basis for radiometric calibrations.

For most radiometric applications, laser radiation can be considered a Dirac delta function distribution with respect to the radiation parameters, wavelengths, position, direction and polarization. Therefore, it

is possible to conceive of various radiometric calibrations based on lasers in terms of direct measurements of radiant power, rather than

comparisons of various radiant power concentrations, such as radiance,

irradiance, and intensity, but there are a number of aspects of this

approach that require a more detailed investigation. The coherence of

the radiation field is a problem only in those cases where diffraction

introduces a serious source of error. All radiation fields are, in

fact, partially coherent and judicious experimental design is required

to eliminate or account for such errors even if the source is not a

1 aser.

Having covered the general framework of the E-0 group programs, we now turn to a review of specific achievements in various of these program

areas during FY 1979.

Measurements and Standards for Photoprocess Characterization

During the last fiscal year, twenty-two laboratories participated

in the Detector Response Transfer and Intercomparison Program: a novel

and wel 1 -received calibration program developed by the E-0 group. The

initial problems encountered in 1978 have been eliminated from both the

instrumentation and the procedures.

The structure of this detector calibration program was designed to

achieve three principal objectives: (1) to maximize the accuracy of the

transfer of spectral response calibrations from the NBS radiant power

measurement base, (2) to assess the calibration transfer capabilities of

the participating laboratories, and (3) to provide these calibrations to

the greatest number of laboratories in the shortest possible time and at

reasonable cost.

To satisfy the first objective the radiometer was designed and the

detector selected to fulfill specific radiometric requirements. A

rather detailed study was then made of various critical electronic and

91
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

radiometric properties. The third objective was satisfied by limiting

the number of radiometers that were built and characterized. Because of

the limited number of well characterized radiometers available they

could not be sold as is the case with standard lamps. Instead, the

radiometers are leased to each participating laboratory for a period of

a few weeks. The leasing arrangement has several obvious advantages:

The rental cost to each user is much lower than would be the purchase

price of the calibrated radiometer. The radiometers are returned to NBS

so that they can be remeasured and their stability checked. And a "fresh" calibration can be obtained as often as deemed necessary by the

individual laboratory.

The second program objective, that of assessing the overall state

of the art of detector spectral response calibrations, was achieved by

requesting feedback information from each participating laboratory.

Several diagnostic and intercomparison experiments were designed to assess the magnitude of suspected problems in detector spectral comparison measurements. The E-0 group is currently working with the Dissemination Group of the Division to transfer the responsibility for this

calibration to them.

Due to staff limitations, we were unable to provide continuous

calibrations on the DRIPs throughout the entire silicon spectral range.

At present the calibrations are limited to the region between 390 nm and

860 nm. Isolated calibration points are provided at a few wavelengths

outside of this region, but an interpolation scheme has yet been developed.

The extension of this service down to 200 nm and up to 1600 nm utilizing

similar systems based on germanium photodiodes, for the long wavelengths,

will require considerable future effort.

During this same period, we assisted in verifying the 0.4% change

in solar luminosity measured by Dr, R. C. Willson of the Jet Propulsion

Laboratory (JPL) on soun^ling rocket flights in June 1976 and November

1978. We independently analyzed the pre- and post-flight intercomparison

data, and provided consultation in studies of the radiometric parameters

of his instrument. We also acquired an electrically calibrated solar

pyrhel iometer from the Physical isch-Meteorologisches Observatorium in

Davos (PMOD) for use by NBS in monitoring pre- and post-flight intercomparisons. This instrument was provided in recognition of our past

assistance to PMOD's solar meteorology and climatology programs. As

discussed in the next section, we also developed a new reflectometer for

measuring cavity reflectance.

Research, Development and Application of New E-Q Technology

Silicon photodiodes are the detectors most widely used for optical

radiation measurements in the visible region of the electromagnetic

spectrum. When employed in this capacity, their calibration is based on electrical substitution radiometers or on thermal physics of blackbodies.

92
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

The possibility of basing these calibrations directly on the quantum

physics of the internal photoelectric effect in silicon has been suggested

frequently. As a result, the E-0 group has undertaken a program in this

area as an outgrowth of the characterizations of silicon photovoltaic

diodes for the detector response transfer program.

Considerable progress in understanding the details of the photovoltaic effect in real silicon photodiodes was achieved during the last

year. A new model of the front region collection efficiency has been

derived. It is appropriate to devices in which a pronounced maximum

doping concentration occurs between the front surface of the device and

the junction. Devices based on boron diffusion followed by thermal

oxidation as well as ion implanted devices can have this type of doping

distribution. In conjunction with this work, we have demonstrated the

feasibility of basing a scale of spectral radiant power on the quantum

physics of commercially available silicon photodiodes. The ultimate

goal of this program is the development of self-calibrating silicon

photodiodes employing test pattern structures which allow non-radiometric

measurement of the parameters that determine the device's radiometric

properties.

During this same period, we have also developed a new reflectometer

for measuring the reflectance of cavity receivers for electrically calibrated radiometers. This work was carried out in collaboration with

Y. M. Liu of the NBS Electron Devices Division. With this device cavity

reflectances were measured in the 100 to 200 ppm range with an accuracy

of 20 ppm and precision of 2 ppm. The cavities under investigation had

been provided by Willson of JPL to test various ways of improving cavity

absorptance, based partially on previous collaboration with our group.

As a result of this collaboration, cavity reflectance should no longer

be a problem for solar constant monitoring programs.

The radiometric properties of an acoustically tuned optical filter

were studied in collaboration with members of our group by a guest

worker from INTI (Argentina) during the last year. The results show

that significant problems associated with field of view and temperature

coefficient must be solved before these devices can be used in general

radiometric work. However, in special applications such as solar radiometry they show more promise. An ideal application is as an extra-cavity

filter element to decrease the effect of dye fluorescence in applications of dye lasers that demand extreme spectral purity. The measurement of the absorption coefficient of silicon is a good example of a future application to which we expect to apply the device.

New Conceptual Basis for Radiometric Calibrations

The routine issuance of the detector response transfer radiometers

has started the process of transferring the conceptual basis of spectral

response calibrations to a more fundamental basis. In the past, these

93
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

calibrations were viewed as a two-step process involving a determination

of relative spectral response, and an absolute calibration in pA/CpW/cm^)

derived from a lamp calibrated for spectral irradiance, and a filter of

measured spectral transmittance. Now the calibration is a one step

process providing absolute spectral response data directly in terms of

current out per power in (A/VI). This unit can be realized more accurately

than any of the units involving concentrations, and the latter can be

easily derived from the former by the use of apertures of measured area

or filters of measured spectral transmittance, with an increased uncertainty

determined by the accuracy of the measurement of the area or transmittance.

Intercomparisons form a very important method by which we verify

our new approaches to radiometry and by which the new conceptual basis

is propagated.

During the past year, work was initiated on a Director's Reserve

sponsored project to measure the synchrotron radiation from the NBS

SURF II storage ring using a well characterized silicon radiometer. The

results of this measurement can be compared with the synchrotron flux

predicted from a knowledge of the ring parameters and the number of

electrons in the beam current.

The radiometer consists of a silicon photodiode coupled with two

filters to restrict the spectral response to a finite and convenient

spectral region for the measurement. The response of this radiometer is

to be calibrated at many wavelengths through its bandpass using a tunable

cw dye laser. The facility necessary for characterizing the radiometer

at accurately known wavelengths has been constructed, and the necessary

filters and silicon photodiodes are being procured.

Work in determining the number of electrons in the storage ring beam

using analog techniques has progressed to the point that approximately

1000 electrons can be counted. Work is progressing to apply digital

techniques, which should result in at least another order of magnitude of

counting ability. This corresponds to a flux level well within the

linearity scaling requirements of our silicon photodiodes.

Preparations for another intercomparison

were also partially completed during the last

of considerable importance

year. A 1 iquid-hel ium94
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

temperature, electrically calibrated radiometer originally developed at

NPL, Teddington, England, for temperature scale studies will be used to

measure the radiant power in the 675 nm wavelength radiation from a krypton ion laser, also to be measured with one of our high accuracy

silicon photodiodes. The largest source of error in the measurement by

the NPL radiometer will be the reflection and scattering from a Brewster's

angle window especially designed to admit radiation to the radiometer for

this experiment. During the last year we have been working on techniques

to measure the transmittance of this window with an uncertainty of between

10 and 100 ppm.

In conclusion, we point out that we expect the focus of our program

in the 1980s to be the replacement of thermal physics by quantum physics

as the basis of radiometric measurements in the U.S.

PHOTOMETRIC-RADIOMETRIC CALIBRATIONS AND MAP

The objectives of this group are: a) to maintain the U.S. photometric and radiometric scales, and provide, improve and extend the NBS

calibration services for the basic photometric and radiometric quantities

of radiance temperature, spectral radiance, spectral irradiance, luminous

intensity, luminous flux and color temperature; and b) to engage in

activities such as intercomparisons, measurement assurance programs, con- sultations and ad hoc experiments, that will insure that measurements

made in laboratories outside NBS are being made at acceptable levels of

accuracy. It is a major objective of this group to provide a firm mea- surement base in support of the nation's $15 billion optical radiation

industry (lighting, photography, aerospace, etc.).

In the past year more than $100,000 of calibrations were issued.

The facilities used for these calibrations took about 30 staff-years of

senior personnel to develop and incorporate an investment of about

$200,000 in capital equipment. It requires about $30K per year to

reestablish the scales and maintain the various standards, and it would

require considerably more if highly trained, experienced staff were not

available. A major extension of the routinely available calibrations

services was begun this year. The silicon cell Detector Response Intercomparison Program has been until this year an activity of the ElectroOptical Radiometry group. The enthusiastic response of the U.S. and

international radiometric communities to the program has exceeded expectations. To satisfy the need for this program, therefore, it was decided

to transfer the activity to the group under discussion here and to set

up a dedicated facility for carrying out the program. A monochromatorbased transfer instrument has been designed and equipment procurement

begun to establish this facility. It is envisioned that the next year

will see this service available on a fully routine basis.

95
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

Considerable effort this year has been devoted to preparing for the

redefinition of the photometric units, which was adopted by the 16th

General Conference on Weights and Measures in October, 1979. It has

been agreed internationally to replace the current platinum point definition of the photometric units with an agreed value for K , the coupling

constant between photometric and radiometric units, and With a redefinition of the candela in terms of the watt. At NBS the photometric and

radiometric scales have been derived and maintained independent of each

other. In order to implement the redefinition, it was necessary to make

a high-accuracy determination of the practical K 's relating the present

NBS scales to each other. A new, highly automated gonio-spectroradiometer

was designed and constructed. The NBS scales of luminous intensity and

luminous flux were compared with the high accuracy spectral irradiance

scale. This work is complete and a paper describing it is in preparation.

In order to facilitate the transition to the new scale, all the major

lamp companies and commercial calibration laboratories have been contacted

and are submitting lamp standards of luminous flux for calibrations.

Approximately 200 such lamps will be calibrated early in FY80 and results

will be reported on both the old and new scale. Thus the U.S. will be

in an excellent position to implement the international redefinition on

a timely basis.

The Division participated in two international intercomparisons

during this year. Such work is undertaken to insure international

acceptance of measurements made at NBS and to assist in the development

of new, more stable transfer standards. The first intercomparison is

sponsored by the National Physical Laboratory (Great Britain) and involves

the calibration for luminous intensity of three lamps of a new design.

It is hoped that the intercomparison will show these Tamps to be sturdier

than lamps used in previous intercomparisons and thus provide a more

accurate transfer vehicle for photometric scales. The second intercomparison is sponsored by the Comite Consul tatif de Photometrie et Radiometrie and coordinated by Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstal t (Federal

Republic of Germany). It involves the calibration for luminous intensity

of three lamps and, simultaneously, the calibration for luminous responsivity of three photopically corrected silicon cells. This intercomparison is the beginning of an NBS effort to assess the possibilities for

supplementing or replacing the present photometric lamp standards with

photopically corrected silicon cells. NBS measurements for both intercomparisons are complete and results will be available early in 1980.

This past year saw a continuation of the five year program to provide the Bureau of Radiological Health with a legally defensible measure- ment capability in the optical radiation area. This program is nicely

on schedule, having just completed its fourth year. Intercomparisons of

spectral irradiance measurements made at NBS and BRH showed a significant

reduction in the 5-10% discrepancies seen in previous years. At present,

NBS and BRH measurements are in agreement, except in the 200-250 nm region, to within the NBS uncertainties (1-2%). As part of the program

96
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

with BRH, NBS agreed to undertake special tests on objects of immediate

regulatory concern in areas where BRH has not yet demonstrated an adequate measurement capability. During FY79, NBS made uv spectral irradi- ance measurements on 10 commercially marketed sun lamps. With the NBS

measurements for backup, BRH has published in the Federal Register,

draft regulations governing the manufacture of all sun- lamps marketed in

the U.S.

Every year, this Group undertakes a limited number of calibrations

to support research activities in other divisions of NBS and/or to

resolve discrepancies in the optical radiation community. During the

past year calibrations were performed for the Atomic and Plasma Radiation

Division (D 2 lamp work), the Radiation Physics Division (SURF II work)

and the Nuclear Radiation Division (detector efficiency for x-ray intensifying screens). In addition, a special test was undertaken to resolve

a 10% discrepancy in luminance measurements between Newark Air Force

Base and Gamma Scientific, Incorporated.

PSYCHOPHYSICAL PHOTOMETRY

A program in psychophysical photometry, conducted in cooperation

with the Optics Section of the National Research Council of Canada, was completed in 1979. In this program, photometric luminance and perceived

brightness were compared in experiments using observers in order to

investigate the adequacy of the present photometric system. Results of

the initial work at both NBS and NRC have been published and demonstrate

that there can be substantial differences between photometric luminance

based on the V(A.) function and brightness as perceived visually.

In the most recent phase of this work at NBS, the differences

between photometric luminance and perceived brightness were investigated

with nine observers in a brightness matching experiment at suprathreshold

levels using 20 chromatic stimuli covering a large portion of the chromaticity diagram, including the non-spectral purple region, and were

also investigated as a function of source size using four of the stimuli.

Deficiencies in the present photometric system were studied through the

use of the so-called bri ghtness- to- 1 umi nance (B/L) ratio where B is the

luminance of the adjustable white stimulus used by the observer in

obtaining a brightness match and L is the fixed luminance of the chromatic

stimulus. B/L ratios were obtained with the chromatic stimuli at a luminance of 100 cd/m^ while subtending angles of 1°, 20' and 6‘. The

amount of white light required to make a brightness match increased as saturation increased and decreased as stimuli size decreased. A more complete description of this investigation is contained in an article

submitted to the Journal of the Optical Society of America.

97
Division 534, Technical Activities (cont'd.)

OPTICAL RADIATION NEWS

In order to rapidly disseminate information on new NBS standards

and calibrations, progress reports on the Division's research activities,

and other information of general interest in the field of optical radiation measurements, the Division is continuing to prepare and send out

gratis a quarterly newsletter to about 1,200 subscribers.

98
PUBLICATIONS

Division 534. Radiometric Physics

Fowler, J.B., Lind, M.A., and Zalewski, E.F., A Servo Controlled ElectroOptic Modulator for cw Laser Power Stabilization and Control, NBS Tech.

Note 987, (April 1979).

Geist, J. , The Quantum Efficiency of the p-n Junction in Silicon as an Absolute Radiometric Standard, Appl . Opt. 1^, 760 (March 1979).

Geist, J., and Zalewski, E.F., The Quantum Yield of Silicon in the Visible,

Appl. Phys. Lett. 503 (October 1979) .

Geist, J. , "Absolute Radiometric Standard Based on the Quantum Efficiency

of a Silicon Photodiode", Proceedings of the SPIE 23rd Annual International

Technical Symposium, August 27-30, 1979, San Diego, CA.

Kostkowski , H.J. (With Guildner, L.A. and Evans, J.P), Appraisal of

Interpolation Instruments for the Practical Temperature Scale from 630.74

to 1064.43 °C, Metrologia 15, 1 (1979).

Kostkowski, H.J., "Precision and Replication: Critique I", Proceedings

Controlled Environments Working Conference, University of Wisconsin,

Madison, Wisconsin, March 12-14, 1979.

Kostkowski, H.J., Self-Study Manual on Optical Radiation Measurements,

Part I Concepts, Chapter 7, The Relative Spectral Responsivity and Slit

Function of a Spectroradiometer, NBS Tech. Note 910-4 (June 1979).

Nicodemus, F.E., Self-Study Manual on Optical Radiation Measurements,

Part I Concepts, Chapter 9, Physically Defining Measurement-Beam Geometry

by Using Opaque Barriers, NBS Tech. Note 910-4 (June 1979).

Nyyssonen, D. , LINEWIDTH MEASUREMENT: From Fine Art to Science, Proceedings

of the International Electron Devices Meeting, Washington, D.C., December

4-6, 1978, p. 437-440.

Schaefer, A. R., and Geist, J., Spatial Uniformity of Quantum Efficiency

of a Silicon Photovoltaic Detector, Appl. Opt. 1^, 1933 (July 1979).

Schaefer, A.R., Reflectance and External Quantum Efficiency Change of a Silicon Photodiode after Surface Cleaning, Appl. Opt. Lett. 1^, 2531

(August 1979).

Schaefer, A.R., "Measurement of Synchrotron Radiation from the NBS SURF

II Using a Silicon Radiometer", Proceedings of the International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, June 4-6, 1979, NBS,

Gaithersburg, MD.

99
Division 534, Publications (cont'd)

Schaefer, A.R., "Measurement of Synchrotron Radiation from the NBS SURF

II Using a Silicon Radiometer", Proceedings of the SPIE 23rd Annual

International Technical Symposium, August 27-30, 1979, San Diego, CA.

(Paper 196-12).

Shumaker, J.B. , The Self-Study Manual on Optical Radiation Measurements,

Part I Concepts, Chapter 8, Deconvolution, NBS Tech. Note 910-4 (June

1979).

Shumaker, J.B., "Polarization in Sources and Detectors", (to be incorporated

into a report being prepared by the Subcommittee on Polarization of the

CIE Technical Committee on Materials, TC-2.3).

Tech, J.L., (Editor) Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical

Instrumentation Engineers, Volume 144 - Meeting the Federal Performance

Standard for Laser Products (Solving Design and Hardware Problems),

March 30-31, 1978, Washington, DC and August 30-31, 1978, San Diego, CA

(Co-sponsored by Bureau of Radiological Health, Copyright 1979.)

Venable, W.H., Jr., and Eckerle, K.L., Didymium Glass Filters for Calibrating the Wavelength Scale of Spectrophotometers - SRM 2009, 2010,

2013, and 2014, NBS Special Publication 260-66 (October 1979).

Weidner, V.R. and Hsia, J.J., NBS Reference Hazemeter: Its Development and

Testing, Appl. Opt. 1^, 1619 (June 1979).

Zalewski, E.F., Keller, R.A., Engleman, R., Jr., Laser Induced Impedance

Changes in a Neon Hollow Cathode Discharge, J. Chem. Phys. 70 (2), 1015

(1979 - January).

Zalewski, E.F., (with R.A. Keller, and R. Engleman), Opto-Gal vanic

Spectroscopy in a Uranium Hollow Cathode Discharge, J. Opt. Soc. Am.

738 (May 1979).

Zalewski, E.F., Geist, J., and Willson, R.C., "Cavity Radiometer Reflectance", Proceedings of the SPIE 23rd Annual International Technical

Symposium, August 27-30, 1979, San Diego, CA. (Paper 196-23).

Zalewski, E.F., and Geist, J., Solar Cell Spectral Response Characterization, Appl. Opt. 28, (will appear in December, 1979).

100
INVITED TALKS

Division 534. Radiometric Physics

J. Geist, "Cavity Pyrhel iometer Reflectance Measurements for Solar

Constant Monitoring", Project Integration Meeting on Solar Monitoring,

sponsored by NOAA & NBS, NBS Gaithersburg, MD, June 4, 1979.

J. Geist, "Quantum Physics of Silicon as an Absolute Radiometric Standard",

Central Research Laboratory Seminar, Landis and Gyr, Zug. Switzerland,

June 25, 1978.

J. Geist, "The Quantum Physics of Silicon as an Absolute Radiometric

Standard", Society of Photographic Scientists and Engineers, Washington,

D.C. Chapter, September 27, 1979.

H. J. Kostkowski , "Precision and Replication: Critique I", Controlled

Environments Working Conference, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin,

March 13, 1979.

H. J. Kostkowski, "Status of Radiation Standards, Present and Future",

Project Integration Meeting on Solar Monitoring, sponsored by NOAA & NBS,

NBS Gaithersburg, MD, June 4, 1979.

H. J. Kostkowski, "Precise Instruments and Accurate Standards Do Not

Insure Accurate Measurements", Council for Optical Radiation Measurement

(CORM) Annual Meeting, NBS Gaithersburg, MD, June 20, 1979.

101
SPONSORED CONFERENCES

Division 534. Radiometric Physics

Meetings of the Lamp Testing Engineers' Conference (LTEC), NBS, Gaithersburg,

MD, November 29, 1978 and June 11, 1979.

Annual Meeting of the Council on Optical Radiation Measurements (CORM),

NBS Gaithersburg, MD. Cosponsored by CORM, June 20, 1979.

Conference on the Department of Defense Calibration Coordination Group

(CCG), NBS, Gaithersburg, MD, May 1, 1979.

102
MAJOR CONSULTING AND ADVISORY SERVICES

Division 534. Radiometric Physics

1. J. Geist, Flight Technology Improvement Workshop, invitation

to participate in this three day workshop sponsored by NASA and

NOAA for identifying required radiometric improvements for future

flights associated with the Climate Program, July 31, August 1 and

August 2, 1979.

2. J. Geist, Invitation to serve on a NOAA sponsored committee to set

up a general climate monitoring program, Boulder, CO, September 19,

1979. CONTACT: Dr. John DeLuisi.

3. J. J. Hsia, Invitation to provide advice on spectrophotometric

concepts and measurement techniques on vehicle sun screening

devices for the Vehicle Equipment Safety Commission (VESC) Sun

Screening Committee in Phoenix, Arizona on April 9 and 10, 1979

and in Baltimore, Maryland on June 7, 1979. CONTACT: Dairl Bragg,

Executive Director, VESC, Washington, DC.

4. J. J. Hsia, Consultation with Professor William C. Cutis of the

Chemistry Department, University of District of Columbia on reflectance measurement techniques and calibration of instrument.

These measurements are for monitoring oil films on water surface.

(June 8 and 9, 1979)

.

5. H. J. Kostkowski , consulting and advisory services on radiometric

system for calibration of missile seekers, March 16, 1979. CONTACT:

E. J. Bevan, Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, CA.

6. H. J. Kostkowski, Flight Technology Improvement Workshop, invitation

to participate in this three day workshop sponsored by NASA and

NOAA for identifying required radiometric improvements for future

flights associated with the Climate Program, July 31, August 1 and

August 2, 1979.

7. D. A. McSparron, consultation and collaboration with Dr. Tibbits,

University of Wisconsin. An intercomparison program was established

to insure measurement uniformity of spectral irradiance measurements

in plant growth chambers at 10 institutions throughout the country.

8. F. E. Nicodemus, Division technical representative and technical

consultant to NBS Library.

9. C. H. Popenoe, Member of Microprocessor Subcommittee of the NBS

Electronics Storeroom Committee.

103
Division 534. Major Consulting and Advisory Services (cont'd)

10. R. D. Saunders consulted with K. Mohan of BRH on spectral data

taken in Arizona.

11. R. D. Saunders consulted with Robert James of BRH on modification

of MIDAS controller to run with Data General terminal.

12. J. L. Tech, continued consulting with the U.S. State Department and

other government agencies on scientific and technological interactions with the U.S.S.R.

13. C. R. Yokley, consultation at various times throughout FY 1979 on special state-of-the-art cryogenic blackbody standard with

Mr. Fred G. Sherrell, ARO, Inc., Arnold AFS, Tennessee.

14. E. F. Zalewski, consultation with Dr. Richard A. Keller of the

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory on laser amplitude stabilization

techniques and applications to laser analytical chemistry; also

collaboration on the study of laser radiation effects on minority

species in hollow cathode discharges. September 1-7, 1979 at

Los Alamos, NM.

104
STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS

Division 534. Radiometric Physics

1. SRM 1001, X-Ray Film Step Tablet

Used in the calibration of optical densitometers and similar equipment used in the photographic, graphic arts, and x-ray fields.

Certified for optical densities from 0 to 4.

2. SRM 1008 and 1009, Photographic Step Tablets

Used in the calibration of optical densitometers and similar equipment used in the photographic and graphic arts fields. SRM 1008 is

certified for optical densities from 0 to 4 and SRM 1009 from 0 to

3.

3. SRM 1010a, Microcopy Resolution Test Charts

Used for determining the resolving power of microcopy systems.

4. SRM 2009, 2010, 2013, and 2014, Didymium Glass Filters

Used as reference filters for calibrating the wavelength scale in

the visible wavelength range of scanning spectrophotometers. These

four SRM's differ only in physical size and in the accuracy of the

associated table of spectral transmittance. SRM 2009 and 2010 are individually measured, whereas only a representative filter of the

melt from which SRM 2013 and 2013 are produced is measured, and all

others from the melt are assumed to have the same characteristics.

105
LINAC OPERATIONS

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

The NBS Electron Linac was designed (in 1950) with maximum flexibility in order to support a wide variety of program activities of

interest to MBS. Major users of the linac in FY 1979 included programs

in neutron cross section standards, radiography, high energy electron

scattering, photonuclear research and activation analysis. (The last

is an activity of the Center for Analytical Chemistry, the others are activities of the Nuclear Radiation Division.) Other, occasional users

of the linac include groups from the College of William and Mary, NASA,

and our own Division. This is in addition to a large number of outside

collaborators and guest workers who participate in the programs mentioned

above

.

The Linac Operations staff consisted of three engineers, seven technicians, an an upward mobility trainee. The staff operates and

maintains the facility as well as designs, constructs, and installs new equipment to improve operations and extend the capability of the Linac

and the beam handling system. The mechanical instrumentation group

within the Division provides help by maintaining the integrity of the vacuum and cooling systems of the beam handling systems as well as designing, constructing, and installing mechanical components for both

the Linac and beam handling system. Table I shows the distribution of

the total Linac operations staffing time in the operation of the

facility for FY 1979 (through August). For the first three-quarters of

the fiscal year, maintenance was alternately two and one-half shifts

one week followed by one shift the next week. Setup for experiments

normally began at 11:30 a.m. on the Tuesday following a long maintenance

and at 3:30 p.m. on the Monday following a short maintenance. The

facility runs for experiments until 7:30 a.m. Saturday. For the last

quarter of the fiscal year, maintenance was scheduled for one week out

of every four. The facility was shutdown for part of the month of

November and all of the month of December for its yearly general maintenance as well as inventorying spare components as recommended by DOC.

During the months of March and April, several gun changes were made in

order to improve beam quality.

Experiment time on the facility was requested by and allocated to

the users at scheduling meetings, which were held every four weeks.

Table II shows the distribution of time by experiment for the fiscal

year.

The unscheduled maintenance of 733.0 hours is broken down and

summarized by system in Table III. This large amount of unscheduled

maintenance is due in the main to two factors: 1) the facility is old.

106
Division 535, Linac Operations (cont'd.)

having begun operation for experiments in 1965, and 2) the lack of

resources, both financial and personnel, which were starting to be

rectified during the later part of the fiscal year.

Plans for upgrading the Linac include:

1. Complete installation of the new R.F. Drive System to improve

beam stability and reduce maintenance.

2. Complete installation of components to improve front-end beam

optics. This modification is expected to substantially increase the

currents available in short pulse mode (for neutron production) and in

positron operation.

3. Complete beam transmission optimization study of the Linac to

improve beam quantity and quality for all experiments.

4. Complete study and analysis of the Model 12 Electron Gun to

improve its performance and obtain a source of reliable guns. Benefits

the neutron cross section program.

5. Rework of MG Sets to improve regulation - benefits all experimenters .

6. Continue switch tube rebuild program - anticipated initial cost

savings approximately $70,000.

7. Install new air compressor system for vacuum valves. Benefit

to all experimenters due to marginal operation and downtime.

107
Division 535, Linac Operations (cont'd.)

LINAC OPERATIONS

FY 1979 (through August)

Scheduled Actual

Hrs. Hrs

.

Maintenance 1069.5 1069.5

Unscheduled Maintenance -- 733.0

Beam Time 2927.5 2173.0

Set-Up* 197.0 213.0

Experimental Down-Time** -- 5.5

Installation 246.5 246.5

Total Hours*** 4440.5 4440.5

*Includes lock-up after scheduled maintenance.

**Linac available for operation, but experiment either not ready or breaks down during scheduled run. ***Total staffing hours.

Efficiency = 74.2^.

108
Linac

Operations

FY

1979

(through

August)

Distribution

of

Time

by

Experiment

>— 03 to in 00 LO cn

03 3 E • • • • • • 4J +J LT) ro CM O O OJ r— CO C\J —

l—

C CQ

CM

Oo

-a ^ OJ

03 3

+J E O (U 03 t— .E OJ O CQ

t/0

+jE QJ

OJ E to E •<- E

r- 4-> E E E o

OJ s

CL o X o

ni I— ^ CM ro

rO Lf) VD o n <;r I—

CO oo o

CM

LD

un **

*a oi

OJ

u

Z3 re 00 o LO LD LDOO c LD o E E

CU OJ Z5 CD CM to LD CM ID r— CO

.E +->

C CO LD LD CO CM CM

O E nr CM CM r—

COCO

szou

1/1 E o LD LO o LD o LD

O c +J E

(U

O CO CT> CM CM CT 1 CO CM CO

ID

m LD CM CM LD * CM *

i/) LD LD

O o LDO LDO o

re E E

re 3 CO CM cc O'. to

m cn

+j O)

O to to cc CM o CO 31 CO CM r—

CM

toEO

•I- T3 to

-I-' OJ Sro 1— 3 LD o O LD c o o LO LO E Z5 o

OJ "O n: 00 to CC to cc cc o CTi CL O) to CM c LO CO CM c .E E to o LD CM r— 1— o fC CO u CD cu

to CQ E

•r—1 E E

LO E O fO CO C71 re +-> s:

LO E OJ OJ E

•r* E o tn tn o2

C E E m

u o •r- *r- c o o (U E 3 E +-> to o E

•r- E +J

O E -M re >, E re

(/) 4J +-> E O

U > 1 u 4-> •r—

O re +J +J <U •1“ fO cC > OJ u 3 o Q. +-> E E 00 r— LD

•1— r— oo O) LD

O < •r- o •I— < LO Q. < _j C. 3 z: * *

109

*Machine

time

assigned

to

experiment,

includes

scheduled

setup

time

of

197.0

hours.

^Includes

lock-up

after

scheduled

maintenance.

*Linac

available

for

operation,

but

experiment

either

not

ready

or

breaks

down

during

scheduled

run.
Division 535, Linac Operations (cont'd.)

Table III

Linac Operations

(FY 1979 through August)

Summary by System of Unscheduled Maintenance

Linac: Total unscheduled maintenance 470.0 hours.

System:

Modulators 125.75 hours 26.8^

R. F. Drive 80.25 hours 1 7 . n. Vacuum 30.0 hours 6.4“?

Positron 44.0 hours 9.4“?

Injec tor 70.5 hours 15.0“?

Preampl i fi ers 19.5 hours 4.n

Trig. Gen. 26.0 hours 5.5%

View Screens 27.5 hours 5.9%

No other system or item over 3?.

BHS: Total unscheduled maintenance 224.0 hours.

System

:

Cool i ng .5 hours .2%

Vacuum 91 .0 hours 40.6%

Magnet Power Supplies 113.0 hours 50.5%

SI its 19.5 hours 8.7%

Balance of total unscheduled maintenance, 39.0 hours, due to air

conditioning, chilled water, and Pepco related.

no
SURF OPERATIONS

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

SURF-II is a dedicated synchrotron radiation facility, consisting

of a 240 MeV el ectron synchrotror/storage ring fed by a 10 MeV microtron.

It produces light in a narrow, intense, highly polarized beam with a continuous and accurately known spectrum from the infrared through the

visible and into the extreme ultraviolet. SURF-II is unique among

synchrotron light sources by virtue of its uniform and precisely known

electron orbit.

SURF-II serves principally the Radiation Physics Division (533) as well as other NBS divisions and outside users, in optical standards and

calibration work, optical physics research, spectroscopy and other areas involving ultraviolet radiation. It fills a growing demand for radiation in the ultraviolet and soft x-ray region of the electromagnetic

spectrum. The multiple ports at SURF can now support as many as seven simultaneous users, with two additional ports under development.

Operation for three or four users at a time is now routine. Since

different users may have conflicting beam requirements, a formal

scheduling system has now been set up, replacing the rather informal

arrangements of the past.

The program to upgrade SURF to 280 MeV in underway. New power

supplies, racks and cable trays are in place, AC power and output cables

are installed. Delivery of the new correction coils and auxiliary

windings has been delayed by protracted procurement procedures and by

long lead times in copper deliveries to the coil manufacturers.

Delivery is now expected around November 1979. Prototype current

regulator modules have been tested and most of the hardware for the

microprocessor-driven controller has been ordered. Shutdown for installation of coils will probably take place in early 1980.

Plans for FY 1980 include the design and installation of a combination bump coil and third harmonic RF cavity, to replace the present

bump coil. Its function, in addition to deflecting the injected beam

into a closed orbit at injection time, would be to deliver a harmonic

accelerating voltage to the beam, phased in such a way as to cause

elongation of the electron bunches. This bunch stretching in turn

would result in increased beam lifetime. The device will be water

cooled and will be driven by a frequency multiplier followed by a com- mercial UHF power amplifier.

Automatic RF cavity tuning, originally planned for FY 1979, will be

inplemented in FY 1980.

Ill
Division 535, SURF Operations (cont'd.)

The operational statistics show a dramatic increase in the number

of beam hours over FY-78, with a corresponding decrease in unscheduled

downtime, maintenance and studies. This increase in efficiency has been

mainly due to the fact that there were no major breakdowns and no lengthy

shutdowns this year. The repairs done on the corrections coils last year

have held us so far. Their life has been prolonged by restricting the

maximum operating energy of SURF to 243 MeV, thereby limiting the thermal

stress on the coils.

The increase in beam time was also due to a concerted effort on the

part of the operations staff to meet the increasing demand. Although

SURF has just one operator working one shift, it has been possible to

operate more than eight hours a day by (a) calling on two other qualified

staff members to stagger their work hours and to work occasional evenings

and Saturdays as substitute operators, and (b) by training several

experimenters to monitor the control console in the absence of a operator

and to shut the machine down at the end of the evening, or in an emergency. The latter mode of operation relies on good beam lifetime and

long-term stability of all subsystems of the electron storage ring. As

a result, actual beam hours exceeded 150 hours for each of the past six

months. The total for April 1979 was 178 hours of beam.

The SURF operations group still has only three people: an engineer,

an operator/technician and a user-interfacing specialist. In addition,

a physicist from the UV Physics group (Division 533) continues to serve

as vacuum specialist. An electronic technician has recently joined the

facility to install and operate the NASA-sponsored Optical Calibration

Chamber. He is formally assigned to Division 533. Tentative approval

has been received to hire a technician or junior engineer to be assigned

to the experimental facilities of SURF. This position is also in

Division 533. Both of these people could provide occasional assistance

on specific projects or emergencies, but they do not represent direct

relief to the personnel shortage in SURF operations.

SURF Operations Statistics

FY-78 FY-79 % Change

Beam to users 914 hours 1612 hours + 76%

Standby (beam available) 185 232 + 25%

Studies & Maintenance 540 252 - 53%

Unscheduled downtime 658 198 - 70%

Total hours 2297 hours 2294 hours ~ 0%

112
Division 535, SURF Operations (cont'd.)_

SURF Users During FY-79

533 Radiation Physics Division, Far UV Section (R.P. Madden,

D,L. Ederer, E. Saloman, J. Rife, B. Cole, L. R. Hughey)

520 Center for Absolute Physical Quantities (j. Cooper, R. LaVilla).

534 Radiometric Physics Division (R. Schaeffer).

541 Surface Sciences Division (J. Madey).

543 Chemical Thermodynamics Division (R. Stockbauer )

.

Naval Research Labs (D. Nagel, R. T. Williams, V. Bermudez).

NASA Goddard (B. Guenther, D. Williams).

Los Alamos (R. Day)

.

Argonne National Lab (J. Dehmer).

Brookhaven National Lab (j. Sutherland, P. Takacs).

Oak Ridge National Lab (E. Arakawa).

U. of Tennessee (T. Calcott).

U. of Virginia (S. Schnatterly, F. Zutavern, C. Frank, T. Aton,

E. Kaellne).

Johns Hopkins U. (W. Moos, W. Hodge, J. Castrecane).

Westinghouse Research Labs (J. Schreurs, M. Peckarar).

Guest Workers:

C. Mehlman, CNRS, France.

J. West (SURF Fellow), Daresbury Lab. England.

A. C. Parr, U. of Alabama.

K. Codling, U. of Reading, England.

113
INSTRUMENTATION SERVICES

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

Control Instrumentation

Numerous control instruments and systems have been designed and

constructed for various groups in the Center for Radiation Research.

Among these are a 20 ma loop interface for a PDP 11/03-HP Coupler-3TTY

setup used with an existing data acquisition system for dosimetry calibration, a bakeout controller to speed up vacuum pump-down, a triple

pulse delay module, multi-target controller for use with linac experiments,

and various modifications to DVMs

, 'gauges , and other instruments used in

control systems.

Data Acquisition System for the NBS Linear Accelerator (LINAC)

A computer system has been designed for accumulation of experimental

data from the NBS Linac. The system is designed around CAMAC modular

hardware. In this module concept a number of CAMAC modules constitute

the interface to the computer (CAMAC Branch Driver), while other CAMAC

modules drive specialized input and output devices. A branch driver for

interfacing the CAMAC system to a Harris Slash 5 computer has been com- pleted and the computer system reconfigured to accommodate new peripheral

devices. The system will be expanded in the near future to permit

operation in the three counting rooms, replacing the obsolete XDS-920

systems

.

Electronic Instrumentation Maintenance and Construction

Instruments serviced during FY 1979 numbered approximately 230 and

approximately 70 instruments were designed and constructed. The corresponding figures for FY 1978 were 200 serviced and 50 designed and

constructed. These services have regularly been provided for the Center

for Radiation Research. With the recent considerable increase in the

size of the Center as a result of the reorganization, the requests for

such services have increased accordingly.

Instrumentation Support for Various Physics and Chemistry Projects

Assistance and apparatus is being provided to surface electron

physics, plasma diagnostics and vacuum UV standards measurement programs.

Apparatus for low-level current measurements noise, and interference

suppression (using active circuits), high voltage isolation of low-level

signals and photon counting is being designed and integrated into

measurements systems. Consulting services are provided on projects

origianlly associated with and supported by the NBS Office of Environmental Measurement. Current projects include ozone photometric standards

relating to atmospheric and ambient ozone levels. Also, we are assisting

with the electronics for a gas-phase reaction quadrupole mass-spectrometer

measurement system associated with atmospheric pollution studies. A

114
Division 535, Instrumentation Services (cont'd.)

joint project was undertaken with the Center for Analytical Chemistry

on the transient measurement of flash plasmas. Work proceeded on this

project on development of flat uniform current microsecond pulses

through a triggered spark gap. Also, a staff member (J. Whittaker) is

supervising the work of a University of Maryland graduate student on developing a controller for an environmental particulate sampler to be

used to monitor pollution measurements.

Mechanical Instrumentation Services

Mechanical Instrumentation design, construction, and maintenance

services were provided for all of the particle accelerators of the

Center for Radiation Research and for the numerous experimental programs

of the center. This is a continuing function and involves cooperation

and coordination with the various experimental groups in the center.

We still have not replaced the people that were lost in the previous

year. This has made it necessary to work overtime to try to provide

services on a timely basis, however it is becoming more and more difficult to keep up with the heavy work load.

Radiation Instrumentation Standards

Standards work falls into three categories as follows:

(a) NIM Committee Standards - This involves development and maintenance of instrument standards, in cooperation with the National Laboratories, primarily for use in nuclear applications. NBS has the

management responsibil ity of this work, with the Section Chief, L.

Costrell, serving as Chairman of the NIM Committee. The Nuclear Instrumentation Module (NIM) system has been adopted nearly universally in the

U.S. and is the predominant system in nuclear laboratories throughout

the world. There is a continuous coordination requirement involving

contact with numerous laboratories and manufacturers. Similar management, direction and maintenance are provided in the U.S. with regard to

the international CAMAC (Computer Automated Measurement and Control)

system that is utilized in the National Laboratories and in a large

number of other laboratories and installations throughout the world. A

third system now being developed and for which the Section has similar

responsibil ity is the FASTBUS high speed modular data acquisition system

for high energy physics and other applications.

The preparation of reports for the above systems involves a number of individuals and 1 aboratories . Coordination and processing, as well as writing of some sections, is handled by the National Bureau of

Standards. The documents are usually issued initially as Reports of the

Department of Energy and then processed as Standards of the Institute of

Electrical and Electronics Engineers, (IEEE), the American National

115
Division 535, Instrumentation Services (cont'd.)

Standards Institute (ANSI), and the International Electrotechnical

Commission (lEC). Such reports issued (or on the verge of issuance)

in FY 1979 are:

ANSI/IEE Std. 675-1979, Multiple Controllers in a CAMAC Crate.

ANSI/IEE Std. 680-1978, Determination of Germanium Semiconductor

Detector Gamma-Ray Efficiency Using a Standard Marinelli (Reentrant)

Beaker Geometry.

ANSI N42. 13-1978, Calibration and Usage of "Dose Calibrator"

Ionization Chambers for the Assay of Radionuclides.

ANSI N42. 14-1 978, Calibration and Usage of Germanium Detector for

Measurement of Gamma-ray Emission of Radionuclides.

ANSI N322-1977, Inspection and Test Specifications for Direct

Reading Quartz Fiber Pocket Dosimeters.

ANSI N323-1978, Radiation Protection Instrumentation Test and

Cal i brat ion

.

ANSI N320-1979, Performance Specifications for Reactor Emergency

Radiological Monitoring Instrumentation.

ANSI N317-1979, Performance Criteria for Instrumentation Used for

Inplant Plutonium Monitoring.

Documents approved in FY 1979 but to be published in FY 1980 are:

lEC Standard, Multiple Controllers in a CAMAC Crate.

lEC Standard, Block Transfers in CAMAC Systems.

IEEE Std. 726-1979, Real-Time BASIC for CAMAC.

IEEE Std. 758-1979, Subroutines for CAMAC.

IEEE Std. 583A-1979, Supplement to CAMAC Standards and Reports.

(b) National Voluntary Standards - The Section plays an active role

in IEEE and ANSI standards activities with the Section Chief serving as Chairman of ANSI Committee N42 on Radiation Instruments and as Secretary

of the IEEE Nuclear Instruments and Detectors Committee. In these

capacities he has processed about six ANSI and IEEE standards in FY 1979.

J. Whittaker serves on ASTM Committee D-22 on Methods of Sampling and

Analysis of Atmospheres.

116
Division 535, Instrumentation Services (cont'd.)

(c) International Electrotechnical Commission - The Section Chief

serves as Technical Advisor to the U.S. National Committee of the lEC

for lEC Committee TC45 on Nuclear Instruments. He serves as Chief U.S.

Delegate to TC45, as Chairman of the Working Group on Detectors and as

a member of the working groups on Interchangeabil ity and on Terminology

Numerous lEC draft documents were prepared and reviewed resulting in a number that are to be published in early FY 1980.

117
ACCELERATOR RESEARCH

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

CW Microtron Project

The Division of Nuclear Physics of the Department of Energy has

approved a proposal entitled "Research in CW Electron Accelerators Using

Room Temperature RF Structures." This proposal was submitted to DOE

jointly by the Radiation Source and Instrumentation Division of CRR and

the Accelerator Technology Division of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL). The goal of this project is to determine the feasibility

of building a 1 to 2 GeV, 100% duty factor electron accelerator with a beam current in excess of 100 yA using beam recirculation and room temperature rf technology. An accelerator with these operating parameters has been identified as a major need of the national nuclear physics

community by several high level committees charged with determining

future needs and priorities of the national effort in nuclear physics.

An essential part of the program will be the design, construction

and operation of a demonstration accelerator of sufficient size to

provide a meaningful test of components and beam performance. The

demonstration accelerator will be built and operated at NBS. Its design

calls for a beam energy of 185 MeV, and a current of 550 yA. This

machine, in addition to demonstrating the feasibility of building a 1 to

2 GeV machine using the same technology, will be a powerful tool in its own right for nuclear physics research and several other NBS programs.

The total estimated cost of this project is $6.2 million for the

4-1/2 years needed to design, build, and demonstrate the operation of

the accelerator. The collaboration between NBS and LASL brings together

the unique expertise of LASL in the area of rf accelerator structures

and systems with the expertise at NBS in particle beam dynamics and

accelerator technology.

The project is now underway, under the direction of S. Renner. The

The NBS Director has approved six new slots for the project, and we are actively recruiting accelerator physicists and engineers for the project,

while beginning conceptual design work with existing staff. The demonstration microtron will be assembled in MR2 of the linac complex (the room presently occupied by E. Hayward's photon scattering setup), beginning in the first half of 1981. The first attempt to recirculate a beam

in the microtron is scheduled for January 1983.

Linac Improvements

It has become apparent that the beam current limitation of the

linac in short pulse operation for neutron production is due to the

118
Division 535, Accelerator Research (cont'd.)

focusing properties of the linac. The same properties result in poor

beam quality (large emittance) for other modes of operation when the

high current (Arco Model 12} electron gun needed for short pulse operation is in use. A computer study of possible improvements has been

undertaken, which should lead to a design and cost estimate for improved

focusing. Recent operational results clearly show that the linac beam

performance using the electron gun (Arco Model 10) for which the linac

was designed is very good. Using a Model 10 gun, recent operation for

electron scattering using the dispersion matching system and for activation analysis work is far superior to what was previously obtainable.

High Current Beam Transport

In several applications, it is necessary to transport charged

particle beams of extremely high current. An example is heavy ion beams

for inertial confinement fusion. Recent theoretical work at LBL has

predicted certain instabilities in the transport of space charge limited

beams. The theory is only capable of examining small perturbations and

a very restricted class of beam charge density distributions. We have,

therefore, developed a computer program which can simulate the transport

of space charge limited beams in the most general case. Due to the

importance and difficulty of this problem it is being done independently

at NBS and at NRL. In the cases studied to date, some of the predictions of the LBL theoretical work have been verified, and the agreement

between the NBS and NRL computer simulation work is excellent. Our

program has been developed with a large amount of flexibility so that it can be used to study a wide variety of beam transport problems. This

program has been used to study the design of a high current cesium ion

beam transport system being built at LBL for heavy ion fusion. First

results of this study were presented at the U.S. National Particle

Accelerator Conference in March 1979. Further studies including the

effects of quadrupole magnet fringing field are in progress.

Induction Accelerator Research and Intense Relativistic Electron Beam

Propagation Studies

A unique, long pulse induction linear accelerator built earlier as part of a DOD sponsored feasibility study is being used to generate high

current electron beams for propagation studies in low-pressure gas.

Over the past three years, problems of focusing and stability in different types of charge neutralizing background gases have been addressed.

Stable, well -focused electron beams of several hundred amperes have been

propagated over extended distances.

The results of the beam propagation studies and induction accelerator development are presently being applied to the question of the

technical feasibility of a recirculating induction linear accelerator.

119
Division 535, Accelerator Research (cont'd.)

If proven successful, such a technique would significantly reduce the

cost, size and weight of an induction accelerator by passing the beam

through the accelerating unit several times during the same voltage

pulse for multiple energy gain. The addition of a charge-neutralizing

gas reduces the complexity of high current beam transport during recirculation. Under DOD sponsorship, a small 2-pass recirculation induction

accelerator test module has been designed, constructed and installed at

the output of the Prototype NBS Induction Linac as a proof-of-princi pi

demonstration. This unit has added 25 keV per pass to the intense

750 keV electron beam. Problems due to the effects of reduced symmetry

on beam steering have been solved by shielding techniques. However,

considerable attenuation of the initial 500 A beam has been observed to occur during two passes through the recirculator. This beam loss has

been attributed to radial beam growth in the accelerating gaps. These

results have been reported at a classified workshop on Experimental Beam

Propagation held at the Naval Research Laboratory April 30, 1979. A

computer simulation of the beam envelope has been used to redesign the

accelerator gaps to considerably reduce radial beam growth. Beam tests

with the new gaps are due to begin by the middle of October. This same computer model is also being used to help design a larger recirculation

induction accelerator which will go much further toward establishing the

technical feasibility of accelerating intense electron beams by this

compact, efficient method.

Interest continues to be strong for research in induction accelerator technology. A test facility for a heavy ion fusion driver is being

constructed at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories, incorporating an induction linac to accelerate several amperes of Cesium ions to 25 MeV. A

high current induction linac is being built at Lawrence Livermore Laboratories to study intense beam propagation. Accelerator research

personnel at NBS are contributing expertise to both projects.

To keep NBS current on progress in fusion energy research, a member

of the accelerator research staff at NBS attended the Minicourse on Inertial Confinement Fusion held at the University of Montreal June 12-

14, 1979. A synopsis of the material presented at this minicourse was given at a CRR seminar on July 18, 1979.

Consulting and Advisory Services

The application of accelerators and accelerator technology is

growing at a tremendous rate, as evidenced by the fact that there is at

present a severe nationwide shortage of trained accelerator physicists

and engineers. Older applications of accelerators in fields such as cancer therapy, medical diagnostics, curing of paints and plastics,

nuclear and high energy physics research, and many others are well known.

Newer applications in such areas as fusion energy sources (both magnetic

120
Division 535, Accelerator Research (cont'd.)

and inertial confinement fusion schemes do or might employ particle

accelerators), weapons, weapon effects simulation, and materials

research demand new types of accelerators with performance characteristics far beyond what was thought possible a few years ago. NBS has an excellent reputation in the accelerator community, based largely on important contributions made in the past, and therefore we are constantly being called on to provide consulting and advisory services,

as well as specific research work. Requests for our services in this

area have come from many agencies including DOD, DOE, MSF, NASA, as well

as a number of universities and industrial organizations. As an example,

the 1981 U.S. National Particle Accelerator Conference will be to a large extent arranged by NBS personnel. S. Penner has been designated

Chairman of this conference.

121
PUBLICATIONS

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

Louis Costrell

Paper accepted for publication in Health Physics Journal Germanium

Semiconductor Detector Efficiency Determination Using a Standard

(Marinelli) Beaker Geometry, Louis Costrell (co-author with

D. E. Persyk, Searle Radiographic Inc., Colin Sanderson, Environmental Measurement Laboratory, DOE; G. Walford and F. J. Walter,

E. G. & G - ORTEC).

Samuel Penner

Transport Calculations for Very High Current Beams, Samuel Penner

and Annija Galejs, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol . NS-26,

No. 3, June 1979.

George Rakowsky

SURF'S Up at NBS: A Progress Report, George Rakowsky and

Lanny R. Hughey, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-26,

No. 3, June 1979.

122
INVITED TALKS

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

Loui s Costrel 1

.

"The Development and Implementation of Standardized Instrumentation

Systems for Nuclear Applications," January 29, 1979, Department of

Energy, 20 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, D.C. (before Scientific Delegation of Peoples Republic of China).

Samuel Penner

"High Duty-Cycle Accelerator and New Experimental Possibilities,"

International Conference on Nuclear Physics with Electromagnetic

Interactions, Mainz, Germany June 5-9, 1979.

"The NBS-LASL CW Microtron Project," CRR Seminar, September 6, 1979.

Mark A. Wilson

"Propagation Experiments with Microsecond Pulse - Length Relativistic Electron Beams in Low Pressure Gas," Naval Research Laboratory, Main Site, Washington, D.C., April 30, 1979.

"Inertial Confinement Fusion - An Alternate Energy Source?" CRR

Seminar, July 18, 1 979.

123
CONSULTING AND ADVISORY SERVICES

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

Samuel Penner

Consulting services provided to Austin Research Associates,

Austin, Texas in connection with program review of the AutoResonant Accelerator effort.

124
TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

530, Center for Radiation Research

Chris E. Kuyatt

NBS liaison. National Council on Radiation Protection and

Measurements

.

NBS representative. Interagency Committee on Federal Research

into the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation.

Member, Interagency Radiation Protection Task Force.

125
TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

530, Office of Radiation Measurement

Ronald Colle

Member, Committee for Upgrading Environmental Radiation Data,

Subcommittee on Reporting of Environmental Radiation Data

Elmer H. Eisenhower

Alternate Representative, ANSI N44, Equipment and Materials for

Medical Radiation Applications.

Chairman, ANSI N43, Equipment for Non-Medical Radiation Applications.

Member, ANSI Nuclear Technical Advisory Group.

Delegate, ISO TC85 Nuclear Energy, SC4 Radioactive Sources,

Chairman, Comnittee for Upgrading Environmental Radiation Data,

Subcommittee on Reporting of Environmental Radiation Data.

Member, Health Physics Society Committee for Upgrading Environmental

Radiation Data.

Member, Food and Drug Administration, Technical Electronic Product

Radiation Safety Standards Committee.

Chairman, Interagency Policy Committee on Personnel Dosimetry

Performance Testing.

H. Thompson Heaton, II

Secretary, ANSI N43, Equipment for Non -Medical Radiation Applications.

Member, ANSI N43-3.4, Subcommittee for Gamma Irradiators.

126
ATOMIC AND PLASMA RADIATION DIVISION (531)

TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

Charles H. Corliss

Member, Commission 14 of the International Astronomical Union.

Georgia A. Martin

Member, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council

Committee on Line Spectra of the Elements.

William C. Martin

Chairman, International Astronomical Union Working Group on Structure of Atomic Spectra, Commission 14.

Member, U.S. National Committee for the International Commission

for Optics.

Member, IAEA Network of Atomic Data Centers for Fusion.

Will iam R. Ott

Treasurer, National Committee for the VI International Conference

on VUV Radiation Physics (1980, U.S.A.).

Joseph Reader

Member, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council

Committee on Line Spectra of the Elements.

Member, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council

Committee on Atomic and Molecular Physics.

Wolfgang L. Wiese

North-American Coordinator, Program Committee for the series of

International Conferences on Spectral Line Shapes.

Member, International Astronomical Union Commission 14, Organizing

Committee.

Chairman, International Astronomical Union Commission 14, Working

Group on Atomic Transition Probabilities.

Member, Ad-hoc DOE Panel on Atomic and Molecular Data for Fusion

Research.

127
Division 531, Technical and Professional Comnittee (cont'd)

Member of Organizing Committee, 1979 Symposium on Atomic Spectroscopy.

Member, IAEA Network of Atomic Data Centers for Fusion.

Member of Organizing Committee, Conferences on Atomic Processes in

High Temperatures Plasmas (a topical conference of APS).

Alternate member. User's Committee of TEXT (Texas Experimental

Tokamak, a national plasma research facility).

128
TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

Division 532, Nuclear Radiation

Robert L. Ayres

Deputy Delegate, International Committee for Radionuclide Metrology

(ICRM) Life Sciences Working Group

James A. Behrens

Member, DOE Cross Section Evaluation Working Group (CSEWG), Standards

Subcommittee

Member, Safeguards Conmittee, Institute for Nuclear Materials

Management

Charles D. Bowman

Member, Program Committee, International Conference on Nuclear

Cross Sections for Technology

Technical Advisor, Department of Energy (DOE) Nuclear Data

Committee

Technical Advisor, DOE Cross Section Evaluation Working Group

(CSEWG), Standards Subcommittee

Allan D. Carlson

Menber, DOE Cross Section Evaluation Working Group (CSEWG),

Standards Subcommittee

Randall S. Caswell

Member, EURATOM Program Committee, Symposium on Neutron Dosimetry

in Biology and Medicine

Delegate, Conference G§n§rale des Poids et Mesures, Comity

Consul tatif pour les Etalons de Mesure des Rayonnements lonisants

(CCEMRI).

Chairman, Conference G^n§rale des Poids et Mesures, Section on Neutron Measurements (Section III), CCEMRI

Member, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

(NCRP)

129
Division 532, Committees (Cont'd.)

Randall S. Caswell (Cont'd.)

Member, NCRP Board of Directors

Chairman, NCRP Ad Hoc Committee on SI Units

Secretary, International Society of Radiology, International

Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU)

Member, Radiation Research Accelerator Facility (RARAF) Scientific

Advisory Conmittee, Brookhaven National Laboratory

Member, Radiation Research Society, Board of Editors, Radiation

Research

Alternate Delegate, Coimittee on Federal Guidance for Occupational

Exposure to Ionizing Radiation (chaired by EPA)

Member, Subcommittee on Federal Strategy for Research into the

Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation

Lucy M. Cavallo

Member, Atomic Industrial Forum (AIF) Conmittee on Radioisotopic

Production and Distribution, Standards Steering Subconmittee

Member, American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Committee on Nuclear Instruments and Detectors

Member, ANSI Subconmittee N42.2 on Procedural Standards for

Calibration of Detectors for Radioactive Measurements

Member, College of American Pathologists (CAP), Nuclear Medicine

Resource Conmittee

Bert M. Coursey

Deputy Delegate, International Committee for Radionuclide Metrology

(ICRM) Life Sciences Working Group

Alternate Representative, American Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM) Conmittee D-22 on Methods for Sampling and Analysis of

Atmospheres

Alternate Representative, ASTM Subconmittee D-22. 10 on Sampling

and Analysis of Atmospheres for Radioactivity

130
Division 532, Connittees (Cont'd.)

Bert M. Coursey (Cont'd.)

Member, American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Committee on Nuclear Instruments and Detectors

Member, ANSI Subcommittee N42.2 on Procedural Standards for

Calibration of Detectors for Radioactive Materials

Delegate, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM),

Consultative Committee for Standards of Ionizing Radiations Task

Group on the Feasibility of Liquid Scintillation Counting for the

Standardization of Radionuclides which Decay by Emitting Low-Energy

Radiations

J. Joseph Coyne

Vice-Chairman, National Nuclear Data Center (NNDC), Panel on Reference Nuclear Data

Member, International Coirmission on Radiation Units and Measurements

(ICRU) Committee on Microdosimetry

Charles M. Eisenhauer

Member, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

(NCRP) Task Group on Atomic Bomb Survisor Dosimetry

Member, President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island,

Dosimetry Task Group

Member, ASTM Subcommittee El 0.05 on Neutron Dosimetry

Everett G. Fuller

Member, Fachbeirat Kenphysik for the Max-Planck Institutes of

Nuclear Physics at Heidelberg and Chemistry (Otto Hahn Institute)

at Mainz

Member, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

(NCRP) Committee on Dosimetry of Leakage Neutrons from Medical

Accelerators

Member, Advisory Committee for the Giant Multi pole Resonance

Topical Conference, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Oct. 15-17, 1979

131
Division 532, Ccmnittees (Cont'd.)

James A. Grundl

Member, Organizing Comnittee for Third ASTM-EURATOM Symposium on Reactor Dosimetry, Ispra, Italy, Oct. 1-4, 1979

Co-chairman, Steering Committee for Developing ASTM Standards for

Reactor Pressure Vessel Irradiation Surveillance

Member, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Committee

ElO on Nuclear Technology and Applications

Member, ASTM Subcommittee El 0.05 on Neutron Dosimetry

Evans V. Hayward

Member, American Physical Society (APS) Program Committee of the

Division of Nuclear Physics

Member, APS Editorial Board of Physical Review C

Dale D. Hoppes

Member, International Committee for Radionuclide Metrology (ICRM)

Work Group on Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Group

J.M. Robin Hutchinson

Chairman, International Committee of Radionuclide Metrology (ICRM)

Subcommittee on Low-Level Techniques Group

Member, American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Committee on Nuclear Instruments and Detectors

Secretary, ANSI Subcommittee N42.2 on Procedural Standards for

Calibration of Detectors for Radioactive Measurements

Wilfrid B. Mann

President, International Committee for Radionuclide Metrology

Consultant, International Commission on Radiation Units and

Measurements (ICRU)

Member, Department of Energy (DOE) Half-Life Evaluation Committee

for Pu Isotopes Physical Constants

132
Division 532, Committees (Cont'd.)

Wilfrid B. Mann (Cont'd.)

Member, American National Standards Institute (ANSI)-Institute of

Nuclear Materials Management (INMM) Conmittee on Methods of Nuclear

Material Control

Member, ANSI-INMM Subcommittee N15.8 on Calibration Techniques for

Nuclear Materials Control

Member, ANSIINMM Work Group INMM8.04 on Calibration Techniques for

Calorimetric Assay of PI utoniumBearing Solids

Member, Atomic Industrial Forum CAIF)-NBS Standards Program

Committee, Standards Steering Subcommittee

Member, College of American Pathologists (CAP), Nuclear Medicine

Resource Committee

Delegate, International Committee of Weights and Measures (BIPM),

Consultative Committee on Standards for Measuring Ionizing Radiations,

Subcommittee Section II: Radionuclide Measurements

Chairman, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

(NCRP) Committee 18A on Standards and Measurement of Radioactivity

for Radiological Use

Emmert D. McGarry

Secretary, Organizing Coranittee for the Third ASTMEURATOM Symposium

on Reactor Dosimetry, Ispra, Italy, Oct. 1-4, 1979

Member, Steering Comnittee for Developing ASTM Standards for Reactor

Pressure Vessel Irradiation Surveillance

Member, Review Committee on Energy Deposition in Fuel Rods During

Power Facility RIA Testing

Member, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Committee

on Nuclear Applications and Measurement of Radiation Effects

Secretary, ASTM Subcommittee El 0.05 on Neutron Dosimetry

Sydney Meshkov

Trustee, Aspen Center for Physics

133
Division 532, Cofuni ttees (Cont'd.)

Janes R. Noyce

Member, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Committee

on Nuclear Applications and Measurement of Radiation Effects

^^€mber, ASTM Subcommittee ElO.Ol on Nuclear Fuel Burnup

Member, ASTM Subcommittee E10.05 on Radiation Dosimetry

Robert B. Schwartz

Member, International Standards Organization (ISO) Technical

Committee on Nuclear Energy (ISO/TC 85)

Member, ISO Subcomittee 2 on Radiation Protection

Member, ISO Work Group 3 on Neutron Reference Radiations

Val Spiegel

Member, ASTM Subconnittee El 0.05 on Neutron Dosimetry

Michael P. Unterweger

Mtenber, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Committee

D-22 on Methods for Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres

134
TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

Division 533, Radiation Physics

Martin J. Berger

Chairman, International Conmission on Radiation Units and Measurements

(ICRU), Conmittee on Stopping Power.

Technical Advisor, ICRU Conmittee on High Energy Electron Dosimetry.

Member, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

(NCRP) Conmittee on Dose Calculations.

Member, NCRP Conmittee on Experimental Verification of Internal

Dosimetry Calculations.

David L. Ederer

Chairman, Organization/Program Conmittee, National Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, June 1979.

Margarete Ehrlich

Chairman, Health Physics Society Standards Conmittee on Criteria

for Testing Personnel Dosimetry Performance.

Member, ISO/TC 85/SC2/WG2, Photographic Dosimeters and Reference

Radiation.

Executive Secretary, Interagency Policy Conmittee on Personal

Dosimetry Performance Testing.

John H. Hubbell

Secretary, Conmission on Crystallographic Apparatus, International

Union of Crystallography, Task Group on X-Ray Absorption Coefficients.

Member, Health Physics Society, Intersociety Liaison Conmittee

(Assigned to Society of Nuclear Medicine).

Technical Advisor, ICRU Task Group II.B.l. Radiation Dosimetry;

X-Rays from 5-150 keV.

Member, Cross Section Evaluation Working Group Subconmittee on Shielding.

135
Division 533, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd)

John H. Hubbell (cont'd)

Member, American Nuclear Society (ANS), Radiation Protection and

Shielding Division, Working Group ANS-6.1 on Shielding Cross Sections.

Chairman, ANS, Radiation Protection and Shielding Division ANS-6 M

hoc Committee on SI Units.

Member, ANS Isotopes and Radiation Division Committee on Radiography

and Gauging.

Jimmy C. Humphreys

Member, ASTM F-1.11 Subcommittee on Quality and Hardness Assurance

of the F-1 Electronics Committee.

Vice Chairman, ASTM Committee E.IO Nuclear Technology and Applications,

El 0.07 Subcommittee on Radiation Effects on Electronic Materials

and Devices.

Robert Loevinger

Member, AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 21, High-Energy

Photon and Electron Dosimetry.

Member, International Organization for Legal Metrology (OIML),

SP.16-SR.1, Performance of Dosimeters.

Member, Society of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Internal Radiation

Dose Committee.

Member, American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM),

Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 3, Regional Calibration

Laboratories.

Member, AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 21, High-Energy

Photon and Electron Dosimetry.

Member, ANSI N44, Equipment and Materials for Medical Radiation

Appl i cations.

Member, ANSI N44/SC2, Therapeutic Radiology.

Member, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) Consultative

Conmittee for Standards for Measurement of Ionizing Radiation,

Section I, X and Gamma Rays and Electrons.

136
Division 533, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd)

Robert Loevinger (cont'd)

Member, IAEA-World Health Organization (WHO) Network of Secondary

Standard Dosimetry Laboratories, Advisory Council.

Member, ICRU Report Committee, Methods of Assessment of Dose in

Trace Investigation.

Member, NRCP Scientific Committee 26, High Energy X-Ray Dosimetry.

Member, lEC/TC 62/SC C/WG-3, Performance of Dosimeters.

Thomas P. Loftus

Member, ANSI N13, Radiation Protection.

Member, ANSI N42, Working Group on Inspection and Test Specifications

for Direct and Indirect Reading Quartz Fiber Pocket Dosimeters.

Member, ANSI N43/SC 1, X-Ray Diffraction and Fluorescence Analysis

Equipment.

Thomas Lucatorto

Member, Local Organizing Committee for VI International Conference

VUV Radiation Physics.

Robert P. Madden

Member, DEAP ad hoc Study Committee to Investigate the (National)

Advisory Structure for Atomic Physics.

Member, Advisory Committee for the Stoughton Storage Ring (Tantalus)

of the University of Wisconsin.

Member, Advisory Editorial Board of Optics Communications .

Member, International Committee for the International Conference on VUV Radiation Physics.

Chairman, National Committee for the VI International Conference on VUV Radiation Physics (1980, U.S.A.).

Member Optical Society of America Publications Conmittee.

Member, Optical Society of America Committee on William F. Meggars

Award.

137
Division 533, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd)

Thomas J. Mcllrath

Member, Local Organizing Conmittee for VI International Conference

VUV Radiation Physics (June 1980).

William L. McLaughlin

Chairman, American Nuclear Society (ANS) 9, Nuclear Terminology and

Units, Subcommittee 9.1, Health Physics and Dosimetry.

Member, ANS 6, Radiation Protection and Shielding, Subcommittee 6.5,

Units and Terminology.

Member, ASTM E10.07, Radiation Effects on Electronic Materials and

Devices.

Member, Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation

Subcommittee on Radiation Sterilization of Medical Devices, Task on Radiation Dosimetry.

Member, ANS 9.2 Subcommittee on Shielding of the Nuclear Terminology

and Units Committee.

Technical Advisor, ISO WG-1, Nuclear Energy Terminology Task on the

ISO TC/85 Committee on Nuclear Energy.

Technical Advisor, Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Work

Group on Aerospace Physiology and Medicine.

Technical Advisor, Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Work

Group on Space Biophysics.

Member, ANSI N12, General Administration and Standards for Nuclear

Energy.

Vice Chairman, Interdepartmental Committee on Radiation Preservatic"'.

of Foods.

Robert C. Placious

Member, ASTM E7.01, Non Destructive Testing Committee on Radiographic

Practice and Penetrameters.

Chairman, ASTM E7.01.08, Subconmittee on Industrial Radiographic Film

Classification.

138
Division 533, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd)

Robert C. Placious (cont'd)

Member, ASTM E10.07, Nuclear Technology and Applications Subcommittee

on Radiation Effects on Electronic Materials and Devices and Pulsed

Radiation Effects.

Member, ANSI PH 2.31, Committee on Photographic Sensitometry Subcommittee

on X-Ray Film Standards.

Lewis V. Spencer

Member, Federal Preparedness Agency (FPA) Interagency Working Group

on Federal Response Plan for Peacetime Nuclear Emergencies.

Consociate Member, National Council on Radiation Protection and

Measurements.

Member, American Nuclear Society (ANS) Standards Committee, Working

Group 6.5 on Shielding Glossary.

Member, ANS-6, Radiation Protection and Shielding Standards Subcommittee.

Member, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Interagency Committee

on Federal Guidance for Occupational Exposures to Ionizing Radiation.

139
TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

Division 534. Radiometric Physics

Robert L. Booker

Member and Secretary, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-1.6 on Fundamentals of

Visual Signalling.

Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-1.4 on Vision: Photopic, Mesopic, and

Scotopic

Member, U.S. National Committee of the CIE.

Jon C. Geist

U.S. representative to TC-2 - Photon Detectors Committee of the

International Measurement Confederation (IMEKO).

Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-2. 2 on Detector and Photometric

Instruments.

Consultant, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-1.2 on Photometry and Radiometry.

Jack J. Hsia

Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-2. 3 on Methods of Measuring Photometric

Characteristics of Materials.

Member, ASTM E-37 Committee on Thermal Measurements

Member, ASTM D-1.26 Committee on Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and

Related Products (Subcommittee on Optical Properties).

Member, ASTM E-12 Committee on Appearance of Materials; E-12.01

Editorial and Terminology, E-12. 02 Colorimetry and Spectrophotometry,

E-12. 03 Geometric Properties

Delegate from ASTM to ISCC

Henry J. Kostkowski

Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-1.2 on Photometry and Radiometry

Alternate representative/delegate, ANSI Committee Z311 on Photobiological Safety of Lamps

Member, lES Committee on Photobiology.

140
Division 534, Technical Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd)

D. A. McSparron

Member, ANSI Z311 on Photobiological Safety of Lamps

Member, Lamp Testing Engineers Conference

Member, Illuminating Engineering Society (lES) on Testing Procedures

F. E. Nicodemus

Consultant, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-1.2 on Photometry and Radiometry

Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-1.1 on Definitions and Vocabulary

Member, U.S. National Committee of the CIE

Technical Advisor, Countermeasures Subgroup of the Joint Technical

Coordination group on Aircraft Survivability (DoD).

D. Nyyssonen

Member, ANSI Task Force of Subcommittee PH3-2 on Optics, Printing

and Projection Equipment.

R. D. Saunders

Member, lES Committee on Photobiology

Member, Illuminating Engineering Research Institute (lERI)

Committee on Extra Visual Effects

A. R. Schaefer

Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-2.2 on Detectors and Photometric

Instruments

J. B. Shumaker

Member and U.S. Coordinator of U.S. Panel of CIE TC-2.3 on Polarization

J. L. Tech

Secretary, U.S. National Committee of the CIE

Member, CIE International Executive Committee

U.S. Member, Comite Consul tatif de Photometrie et Radiometrie

141
Division 534, Technical Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd)

J. L. Tech (cont'd)

Member, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-1.2 on Photometry and Radiometry

Member, International Astronomical Union Commission 14 (Fundamental

Spectroscopic Data) and Commission 19 (Stellar Spectra).

U.S. Member, International Action Committee of the CIE.

E. F. Zalewski

Chairman, U.S. Panel of CIE TC-2.2 on Detectors and Photometric

Instruments.
TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP

Division 535, Radiation Source and Instrumentation

Louis Costrell

Chairman, ANSI Technical Committee N42, Nuclear Instruments.

Member, ANSI Technical Committee N41 , Controls, Instrumentation,

and Electrical Systems for Nuclear Power Generating Stations.

Chief U.S. Delegate, International Electrotechnical Commission

(lEC), Technical committee on Nuclear Instruments (IEC/TC45).

Chairman, IEC/TC45 Working Group-9 on Radiation Detectors.

Member, IEC/TC45 Working Group-3 on Interchangeability.

Member, IEC/TC45 Working Group-1 on Classification and Terminology,

Technical Advisor, U.S. National Committee of lEC.

Secretary, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)/

NPSS Nuclear Instruments and Detectors Committee of IEEE Nuclear

and Plasma Sciences Society.

Chairman, U.S. Department of Energy National Instrumentation Methods

(NIM) Committee.

Member, IEEE Automated Instrumentation Technical Committee, Instrument/Computer Interface of the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurements

Society Subcommittee, and U.S. Advisory Group to IEC/TC66/WG3)

.

Member, Nuclear Standards Measurement Board, American National

Standards Institute.

Member, U.S. National Committee of International Electrotechnical

Commission (I EC).

Member, IEEE Technical Meeting Committee.

Chairman, Nominating Committee, IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences

Society.

Meetings Coordinator, IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society.

Chairman, NBS Microprocessor Standards Action Group.

143
Division 535, Technical and Professional Committee Participation and

Leadership (cont'd.i

Samuel Penner

Member, Program Committee for the 1979 Linear Accelerator Conference.

Chairman, 1981 Particle Accelerator Conference.

Julian K. Whittaker

Member, ASTM Committee D-22 on Methods of Sampling and Analysis of

Atmospheres

Member, U.S. Department of Commerce, Industry and Trade Administration. Electronic Instrumentation Technical Advisory Committee.

Chairman, Electronics Storeroom Committee, NBS.

Chairman, Electronics Storeroom Committee Microprocessor Subcommittee, NBS.
*Part time
+

M. Bassin

J. M. Bridges

D. E. Kelleher

E. Knystautas

+F. W. Lee

T. J. Nee

W. R. Ott

T. Pittman

T. E. Sellner

+J. Weiner

Guest Worker

WAE / Postdoctoral Fellow ii

146
A. D. Carlson (1/2)

R. A. Schrack (1/2)

R. B. Schwartz

R. G. Johnson (1/2)

G. P. Lamaze

Nuclear Materials Safeguards

J. W. Behrens

A. D. Carlson (1/2)

M. M. Meier

R. A. Schrack (1/2)

R. G. Johnson (1/2)

* Part time

** Research Associate

# Guest Worker

## Stay-in-School Program

+ WAE

/ Postdoctoral Fellow

Neutron Source Standards

V. Spiegel (1/2)

Neutron Standard Fields

R. A. Oallatore (1/2)

D. M. Gilliam

E. 0. McGarry

I. G. Schroder (1/2)

W. E. Slater

V. Spiegel (1/2)

Reactor Neutron Nuclear Physics

I. G. Schroder (1/2)

R. A. Dallatore (1/2)

147
Electron Scattering & Electron Physics Theory

Polarization *T. H. Lu

iC. .-iamilton D. Penn

'M. Kelley

S. Mielczarek

R. Rendell

D. Pierce (3/4) Electron Optics

4AE Part time

’G. C. Wang

N. Swanson

A. Galejs

ouest Worker

I PA 148
E. Zalewski (1/4)

Silicon Detector Radiometry

A. Crigler (1/4)

J. Fowler (1/4)

J. Geist (1/2)

A. R. Schaefer (1/4)

E. Zalewski (1/2)

Electro-Optical Applications

A. Crigler (1/4)

J. Fowler (1/2)

J. Geist (1/4)

?0. Nejamis

A. R, Schaefer (3/4)

E. Zalewski (1/4)

* Part time

# Guest Worker

a Temp. Assign, to DOE

Radiometric Calibrations

R. Brown (1/2)

W. Gladden (3/4)

J. Jackson (1/4)

J. Walker (1/2)

Photometric Calibrations

R. Brown (1/4)

J. Jackson (1/4)

E. Lewis (1/2)

MAP Development

R. Bruening (1/2)

D. McSparron (1/2)

Photometric -Radiometric Unit

System

R. Brown (1/4)

R. Bruening (1/2)

W. Gladden (1/4)

J. Jackson (1/2)

D. McSparron (1/2)

J. Walker (1/2)

149
535 RADIATION SOURCE AND INSTRUHEHTATrorPWISION

Sam Penner, Chief

ACCELERATOR PHYSICS SURF OPERATIONS

E. R. Lindstrom S. Ebner

M. A. Wilson A. Filipovich

+J. K. Wolford G. Rakowsky

L. Hughey (1/2) (533)

LINAC OPERATIONS ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION

J. E. Rose L. Costrell

L. M. Cline, Admin. Aide V. R. Lenhart, Admin. Aide

J. B. Broberg P. H. Beachley

W. J. Dobbie S. Careathers

C, G. Keys R. M. Graves

I. J. Livant 0. C. Green

A. S. Lopez A. B. Marella

W. H. Page A. A. Raptakes

S. P. Sirkis F. R. Saunders

S. C. Strumsky J. K. Whittaker

J. A. Winpigler R. C. Wilkinson

MECHANICAL INSTRUMENTATION

D. L. Mohr

C. D. Bostian

P. Jackson

H. Lantz

+ .WE
CENTER

FOR

RADIATION

RESEARCH

i/) . . . . . . . . 4- . . . O a O O O u <_3 u O U o u

03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 . 03 03 03 E E E E E E E E E E E E E

. 03 . •r* *r“ •r“ •r- •r“ • 1— • r— . •p— O 03 •r— •1

•r— lO _1 _l _J _J _J _J 1 4-3 _l •1- 4-3 1 _J 1 E O u (J 4-J 4-3 O (— E on on on CO CO on on 03 on •t- 03 CO CO CO

+-> 1 03 CQ CQ CQ CQ CQ CQ . CQ •t—) CQ CO s: CQ CQ CQ

fO CO O) 2: 2: 2! 2 2 2 p

. 2 O 2 o 2 2 2

O) CO o E Q- E

X! c • 03 cn 03 cn C73 03 03 •I— 03 0- 03 03 -p- C73 03 C7) (V •r— CO E E E E E E E 4-3 E E Q E E E

M .E O) -1

• r— •r“ • r— "1

-p- CO •r— E •p- CO •p- • r— • r—

*r— U •1

>5 10 CO CO CO CO CO 03 CO 03 CO >5 03 co CO CO C 03 +-> 03 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 03 3 CT3r— Z3 O 3

o s; E E UJ E E U

•1— OI O) 03 03 03 03 cn cn —

03 03 03 03 •>- cn 03 cn E Q. E E E E E E E E O E E 4-3 E E E

>1 o O 03 • r— • r— • r— • r— • 1— •I— 03 •I— p“ UJ E <1— •1— • r—

• r— E E E E E E E E E O) E 03 E E E

n3 CO Q- E 03 03 OI 03 03 03 •rTM 03 O 03 -O Q- 03 03 03

O) cn 13 O +-> +-> +-> -M -M +J E 4-3 E 4-3 E 4-3 4-3 4-3 S- •I— U_ U • I— 4J 4-> +-> +J +-> +-> 03 4-3 03 4-> 03 T3 4-3 4-3 4-3

• r— CO 03 03 03 03 03 03 +-> 03 •1— 03 03 03 03 03 E CO o U O U O (J C3 -M O CJ U E 03 U O CJ u H- O >^4- on CO on CO CO CO 03 CO on CO O E CO CO CO

• r— O 4- O •1- 03

«4- Q. u E E E E E E CO E E E 4-3 ^ E E E

•r* 03 co • 1— O O o O O O O • 1— O 03 C_) O O o

-M s_ +-> fO +-> E E E E E E E E E E E E E

E +-> O) E 03 -M +J +-> +-> +-> +-> O 4-3 E 4-3 4-3 4-3 4-3 4-3 4-3 CU o E CO E U U U U U U 4-3 U 03 CJ 03 CO O O O •1— O) cn 03 03 OJ 03 03 03 03 03 O 03 03 E 03 03 03 03 u Q. 03 (

03 1

r— 1I

t— r— O r— 03 U_ f— 1— r—

cyo Q- S UJ LU UJ LU UJ UJ C3_ UJ 2 UJ Q_ UJ UJ UJ

I •r“ E

-o •p— E 3 03 o

4-3 CO E CO •!- CO CO 4-3 03 4-3 4-3 4-3 CO 4-3 03 4-3 03 4-3 QC •1— 0) CO 03 -O 03 UJ E CO 03 CO E CO O E CO e< O E 3 3 >> 3 r> QC • 1— 03 •t— o 03 JE 3 >,.E O 4-3 2 o O E N o 4-3 o U 2 E O u. •p— a 4-3 2 O 03 •p- 03 03 03 • E . E 03 . 03 U 03 03 . CO 03 . E

CO E 2: E E E > •p- > O E > CO CO E CO • > E CO > o

t— E E p 03 03 03 • p- p— •p— E 03 •p— CO E E CO *1— •p— 03 CO •p- E

CO O O 03 E E E E r— E O C_) E 03 o 03 03 U E > 03 E O

UJ Cl 4- N| UJ UJ UJ 2 P-H 2 1— 2 u_ CJ3 S c>n 2 • p— S 2 t— 2 CO E E E

CJ3 1—

(

03 4_ 4_ 4_ U 4- U 4- O U 4- 03 p 4- I— O 2 4- U 4-

03 •p- O O O 1

O • 1— O 4-3 •p— o 2 4-3 O 03 p— O •p- o

T3 o E p— p—E p— U 4- E p— 2 p—

•1— E <u . . . o . o . O O . CO 05 • O o E . O . CO 4-> CQ.4-3 4-J 4-3 2 > > E .E > 4-3 > -p- 03 > JZ >

4-3 C X C3. Q. CL 4-3 -p- 4-J • p- O 4-3 •p— 3 (J -1- 4-3 4-3 s -1— 4-3 -p- 3 O) UJ d) 03 03 03 E 03 E h- 03 E 03 CO E 03 03 O E 03 E

o c_) Q Q Q C_3 2 C_3 2 C_) 2 Q 2 2 C_3 2 2 O 2

=C Q . 2 QC , , C3

• _j . 2 2 o . p . • QC r> r* . . 1— E D_ . p 1— 1— . •-D E p p E 2 QC

03 N re 03 Q. E p— 1 p 0) > E . o

E M 4-3 p 03 03 p rc 4-3 E O 03 QC CO p p

03 03 03 CO 03 p f= E 03 p M 2 • 1— E E 03 2 > p— 03 E 4-3 2 E JaC cn C O 2 2 E p 03 03 p—

p— E •1— O E E 03 03 cn <TD • 1— E CO CQ 1— 4-3 2 2 03 03 E 4-3 3 03 E E 03 f— 03 -1

03 — 03 03 O O

s: cn_ c/n CQ C_) CJI Q U- U_ 1 _l s; O Q_ D_ CD CD

E

O•(

CO

•1> t

f

p— 1

C\J CVJ CVJ CVJ CVJ C\J CVJ CVJ CVJ CVJ CVJ CVJ CVJ CVJ

• t— m cn CD on on on on CQ on CO CD CD on on on CD on on Q ID LD LD CD cn cn an on LD LO LD CD ID on ID LD on an

151

Toronto,

Canada

Stapor,

W.

Catholic

Univ.

Electron

Scattering

using

NBS

Linac.

Wolynec,

E.

Univ.

of

Sao,

Brazil

Electron

Scattering

using

NBS

Linac.
Center

for

Radiation

Research,

Guest

Workers

(cont'd.)

u_ to

to cc: o • E E) •1— CJ oa O t/1 to

fd +-> >1 to c to fd E -(-> sz E

•r- E O fd a. 0 • _l CU E •1

+J E +-> •1

-»-> E E <C CU • C/1 to o o fd • -M to CQ to cu •r“ CU E t<- to •0

to o f— -»-> 1 0 0 >, E

•r“ cu Z3

u • 1— t/1 fd CD cu E o Si E +-> fd 0 C +J fd 4-> •rTM E U E CD E •1

• r— E o E (d -M E fd to to >) SI 4-> E E U • f— +J 3 O o Q. CO •r— (U CU E C/l Q. •r- • +-> • Q. 0

CD E • E SL TD to >, E >, C/1 -M r— c o to O +-> E E •r— E •r— fd

•(

O E • r— CD >, CU +-> -M E E u

sO +-> E CD 1— cu CU CU 0 0 •f— fO (D <4- -1- fd CU E -CD E 0 E •r— • 2: fd -t-> O) -)-> O +-> -M 1 CU O -r- fd +J to CU E

s- 4->

U • r— OJ E E to C4- to Q. cu 1

E CU c 03 >, (d U • > CU CD. O E 0 E f“ fd cC u O E E X fd £E E Q 0 E -M fd o C/1 O CU cu H-

2 oSS CD to to 0 E 0

•r~ (U +-> 1 E E 1 E JD CU CU •f— E

M- c ^ E CDU. cu •1-

O E 0 eC r—

E Cf- fd

•1

o +J -I- c cc: ( fO E 0 •1

— 0 E .c

+J s- •n* ZD JD 1— CU +-> E M > 0 -(-> a. c +-> TD ^ >,00 fd 13 +J fd -4-> fd E) E E 0

cu o 1— fd -o • 1

CD+-> •!-

U •(

o •r- CU •r—

•P“ cu (U cu +D E c fd "CD CU -0 E E > •r— -o

(J ( •r- 2 fd fd 03 o fd r— fd fd fd E 0 fd

c/1 LlJ U- t/1 > c/1 Od UJ Od u. UJ UJ

t/1 (d;

1—

r< <c s: 1—

+-> C_D r— 0 fd t/1 • • cu rs t/1 E > zc to <c E • •r“ ct- cu E

Si E r— 0 +j zz 0

fd ZD fd • E 0 U- _i O c • oa -0 fd cd;

rs •1

— rc E •!- • r— -t-> E ZI cu o < 1

o 03 N CD r— O CD E to CU fd 0 E UJ fd

S- 4-> T3

M E fd +->0-0 E 0 1— to E fd t/1 E •f— o c <d (U •1— E Oil— <c 1—1 E >, cu fd t— UJ 0 E

CO o c > T3

O E O CU E -a E >> Od to -M c S- (d r— fd •1— •1— -1— CD 0 •r— fd Li- E E to o o C_3 fd CU +J -E -O E •1— CJ s: cu fd _l 0 E

Q. 1— cc fd to fd E 1 E C/) E es 2:

C Q. -0

C/1 o fd cdQ -0 M- •1CU 1—00 E C4- o • <4- TD 1 • 1— E 0 0 E i<- q; -H

cu o +J

O E cu

C4— o3 fd +-> > 0 1— CU T3 E • fd E cu 0 1 cu • fd CU t/1 -o

u • 1— • O cl • r— E CD -0 to > E r— • ZD •r- *1—

CO > S- > CD

O E . 0 •1

— 0 -1- 0 1— > CD to E +J •r- o • •r- E CD 0 E 0 E E E Si CU •1— 2d -M 0 E 1— E E UJ E CU E Li_ 0 2: ZD fd OD E \—

E +-> o ZD CZl E) <C CJ3 CQ (DD _i ZD 0 <c

Z) , > . • • • CJD E • D CD z; €% 0 • Q es • 0 •S -M CD

cu • CD es rs rv ^ -r- E CD cu E C/l •s E E E CU • > fd E E r> fd E •1

CU fd E 1— 0 E *f“ fd to 2d

«s 0 1

E E •>- Dd E 2L fd E E “O sz -C > •> E sz E (

CU fd 0 tu cu cu E fd cu fd 0

>- C-D

Q _l 1 _J 2: 2: D_ CJD E E 0 0

•1

to C/^ • 1> txi C\J CO cn cn cn cn cn ro in > CM • 1

CO ro cn cn cn cn cn cn cn ro •r* ro

Q un LO IS) IS) IS) tn IS) tn IS) in

Q in

152
INTERGOVERNMENTAL

PERSONNEL

ACT

o3

cn O) c S- c

•1— 03 •r~ • S- 1— . S- to

O) 3 i—t CU I—

+J

U t—(

•+J 03

4-> CU +-> 4-> <C 1— u. 03 CU O o oc O E

to E =) to

(/I <+- c •s £= O o CJ O) O

i~ . •I- c S- to -M fcO E •>— 4-> I— O 1— O to O 03

CU fO 4J :3 CU +-> r— +J 03 1— to

CL) CL) to CU >5

n3 E c E SCL) -o O CU -o o

S_ CU oa 4-> CU N to to N CU

•I- to 4-> >, •I— 1

o s- E c to S- C7) •f— fO o CU 03 C

M- 1— +J E CU 1 •!

•r—

O 03 CU

u o to

+-> a. i- 03 Q. C E 3 <+- E

(D c o to s- c o •1

•r- S- 03 :3 • 1- s_

O Q.M- CU to Q.4-

GO OO 2: tnC•1

03 to

%- E c o to 03 o

to 03 JD CJ c X 03 to o CU • 1— Q. 1

< 3:

t>0 M- 4- 4-

CUOOO o•r— • • • to > > >

+-> •1• 1— •r~ 13 s= C C O ZD ZD rj 2: =c C5

>>

CU Ct (U 1— S- cn E 1— S- c

03 CU 03 03 3 Q. 3 CO

•r“> CO

n CO

•I— ro CO ro Q un to tn

153
Functional Statement

CENTER FOR RADIATION RESEARCH: Develops and maintains the scientific competences and experimental facilities necessary to provide the

Nation with a central basis for uniform physical measurements, measurement methodology, and measurement services in the areas of optical radiation, ultraviolet radiation, and ionizing radiation (x-ray, gamma rays,

electrons, neutrons, radioactivity, etc.); provides government, industry,

and the private sector with essential calibrations for field radiation

measurements needed in such applied areas as nuclear power, health care,

radiation processing, advanced laser development, and radiation protection for public safety; carries out research in order to develop

improved radiation standards, new radiation measurement technology, and

improved understanding of atomic, molecular, and nuclear radiation processes; collects, compiles, critically evaluates, and supplements the

existing atomic, molecular, and nuclear data base in order to meet the

major demands of the Nation for such data; participates in collaborative

efforts with other NBS centers in the interdisciplinary applications of

radiation.

ATOMIC AND PLASMA RADIATION DIVISION; Provides a central coordination for the Nation's research into the spectroscopic and radiative

properties and characteristics of atoms and ions; provides an essential resource of competence for the solution of problems involving

the measurement, assignment, and detailed analysis of spectra and

atomic processes; carries out basic theoretical and experimental

research on the spectra and radiative and collisional rates of

atomic and ionic species; develops new measurement techniques and

methods for spectral analysis and for the measurements of plasma

properties; collects, compiles, critically evaluates, and supplements the existing spectroscopic data base in order to meet the

major demands of the Nation for such data; participates in the

interdisciplinary applications of atomic and plasma radiation to the

extent necessary to insure that the resources of the Division are most efficiently used to meet the needs of measurement and data

users in these areas.

NUCLEAR RADIATION DIVISION: Provides the central national basis for

the system of measurements of nuclear radiations, and coordinates

this system with the systems of other nations; develops national

standards, provides dissemination and measurement assurance serviceleading to accurate and uniform measurements of nuclear radiations

throughout the Nation for radiation user communities such as nuclear

energy and environmental protection, medicine, industry, and national defense; conducts research leading to improved methods of mea- surement, measurement standards, and highly accurate standard refer- ence data for nuclear radiations; develops increased understanding

of the properties of radiation fields and of nuclei, and determines

needed nuclear and radiation data.

154
RADIATION PHYSICS DIVISION: Provides the central national basis for

the system of measurements of electron and photon radiation; develops advanced electron- and photon-based measurement standards and

techniques; studies and measures the fundamental mechanisms by which

electrons, photons, and other ionizing radiations transfer energy to

gaseous and solid materials, and are transported in them; develops,

operates, and maintains wel 1 -characterized sources of electrons and

photons; establishes, verifies, and disseminates ultraviolet, x-ray,

and electron standards, calibrations, and services for medical,

industrial, and government users for applications in fields such as radiography, radiation protection and therapy, and fusion plasma

diagnostics; maintains and acquires new competence, such as the

development of new sources of positrons and polarized electrons for

the investigation and measurement of the electronic structure of

atoms, molecules, and solids.

RADIOMETRIC PHYSICS DIVISION: Provides the National Measurement

Laboratory with resource of talent and expertise on general problems

involving the measurement of optical radiation; conducts research to

improve the accuracy and extend the range of optical radiation

measurements; develops methods and standards for both detector and

source based radiometry, and provides technical resources in this

area for the solution of problems in other Government agencies,

industry, and the public sector; develops calibration procedures,

standards of reflectance and transmittance, and highly accurate

reference instrumentation for spectrophotometry; conducts research

in electro-optical technology and the associated radiometric mea- surement problems; characterizes quantum detectors and slitless

spectroradiometers by use of tunable lasers and electrically calibrated pyroelectric detectors.

RADIATION SOURCE AND INSTRUMENTATION DIVISION: Operates, maintains,

and improves major NBS radiation facilities including the electron

linear accelerator (LINAC) and synchrotron ultraviolet radiation

facility (SURF) in order to provide the radiations required by the users of these facilities, both inside and outside of NBS; develops,

designs, and builds electronic and mechanical instrumentation needed

for the operation of the radiation facilities, and for the programs

of the other divisions in the Center for Radiation Research; provides national leadership in standardizations of nuclear and radiation instrumentation; maintains and acquires new competence in the areas of accelerators and instrumentation in order to satisfy future

needs of the Center, of NBS, and of outside agencies for advanced

accelerators, radiation sources, and instrumentation.

155
r- 'If

i&ftK^- '4jKTlfipW|WJ^ ' AfliliiHol|Wp%ilj^ffci ’

' 'riE. ' f‘i)|!^»««Sbl!?i»«*?W. W«<(6#'‘.-Tj^' *^'''

rtw It HI ,

::.h4' :'-'l

m

m

j fi

'kdji

>’1 • V * fi Itli

auiT?i#Kfevyi^

to;

li

1 f<j ^oijf'a^laifi’sH f h(ipl2km3'Ai a«bly<l1^

^«a^N'dtytq lanangp

ba*t-;to^i»ii^5rt;K^'' iriil

'r .frf ;': ^ «alyb4':>olS(|iart#ll^^

fif i^i«ri,ji«*l»(ii»^ ,;«cfeWW

’^SJKffffltSSSSSr^ -«! [

s!,„".: af5i»®!»»§ •"’”*^*

ii

.-.^f

ft)

H'.:

tl

na;

leifef

t4 .srstiwssgs’af

f:j3

^1#

4-
HBS-lUA (REV. 9-78)

U.s. DEPT. OF COMM.

bibliographic data

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 80-2030

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Center for Radiation Research Technical Activities

5. Publication Date April 1980

7n^tKjK~’roJe3Tyi

Chri s E. Kuyatt, Wayne A. Cassatt

^ -

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, DC 20234

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS fsrreer. City, Stste, ZIP)

Center for Radiation Research

National Measurement Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

I I Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached. STaStract' (A 200-word or teaa factual aummary of moat aignificarxt information. If document includes a significant bibliography or

literature survey, mention it here.) The FY 79 technical activltics of the Center for Radiation

Research are described. New work in Division 531 has focused on development of plasma

diagnostic techniques, spectral identification in highly ionized isoelectronic atoms,

theoretical studies of atomic processes, and photoionization of excited atoms. Divisior

532 activities include investigations in quantum chromod3m.amics , positron bremsstrahlun

production, nuclear electric dipole giant resonances, nuclear charge distributions,

differential neutron cross-sections, resonance neutron radiography, international neutron

fluence standards and high pressure ionization chambers. Division 533 work is highlighted

by a new radiation effects program and studies of ion-track structure, water calorimetei

x-ray imaging, start mixing, surface magnetism, and electronic structure of metallic

glasses. In Division 534 a coherence and polarization laboratory, computer-controlled

spectroradiometer , specular reflactometer and large-area blackbody calibration facility

were completed. Instrument response functions for spectral line width, polarization,

coherence, etc., were determined. Division 535 operated NBS LINAC and SURF facilities,

designed computer data acquisition and research instruments, initiated a room temperatui

CW accelerator development project and demonstrated stable induction linac beam

recirculation. Office of Radiation Measurement activities include designing a pilot

regional calibration laboratory, coordinating an environmental radiation data reporting

method, organizing a "Radon in Buildings" roundtable discussion, and a medical accelerat

conference.

s,

or

D. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name,

separated by semicolons)

1*. AVAILABILITY | [ Unlimited

For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

CD Order From Sup. of Doc., U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

20402, SD Stock No. SN003-003- CH Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield,

_VA. 22161

19. SECURITY CLASS 21. NO. OF

(THIS REPORT) PRINTED PAGES

UNCLASSIFIED /Sf

20. SECURITY CLASS 22. Price (THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

USCOMM-DC
Hieaif

,

zsMfvU^ fT?Mo«T rbT>a«29^ *io% -yH

'*»• ', 1 ,

S«'Jr*A>T«(liS

> .'^:''-;'=^S jinriniirffrtft

IJ» si§!> .A f f ri/

"'» I N 1— ^limi M ,1 I w - !»< ay^ HC‘. t u

vUhaohat? ia ua?i«ua J-* -

.

Ili um lllll^|^i^^BA*»>»^^^^^'^ --- . I iy t «t »i.

' . «:ti<»

~<W i.^.

1^:' -vV'i tc*

2i>*tabrii^ia'to tiii^^rfinol

K|0C ^^<1

';'i

', *wi4Mt W,£«•’If>#.%(« sif'Jvw*'

: S

' we: w-:-- - ***7* », **^^*«rt “ 11b ^ 4k. I .k.. ^ ._A' . V ‘ ^ k_.iMKlr..kJ-A. . '&.'• .11 k '4435^3 aw4.

• f- • 0 F-*. MMk ..«n Jl M.w ' . “ • P^i 1^

4»ziol3'5i i^i^tcnka

14 *4 £Cjt ao mi3•ai:iK&^ fcidt

aai»3 4»rfaa A ACd^ toikwilf .if. ^i|j^B

Si aAoJtJ^(:(va' !><ii[wapv ifcjifop: q«o^ »3

amd pd^l tiyatfW

*4 S#aa^|OT^.nti|^to^^ A ^ ^ ...,,^

. (J'B.'J

'$ S^?S *4l Uwa

^'.'^imt'k^v , 'iJ •iT^ f''^-r

ji)-. ,

,' ‘©Wilt fW. li-' ^ i^^S’

' :^»p*W?< r*iH «0' ,O«1J09*»«'^tf%*5>>’»M> W%0D*

*?. *

'-1« ^

’ /

' < • »»-

. •>viJ-3>'.so2 mot^

wt:; ^?7‘JTf«i>i >^31^

'w. .iV'"^