### Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations Regarding Potential Bird Hazards

to Aviation from the Proposed North Shore Marine Transfer Station, Queens, New

York.

Submitted by: Russell P. DeFusco, PhD, USAF (ret)

Vice Presi dent BASH Incorporated 5010 Lanagan Street Colorado Springs, CO 80919 (719) 264

- 8420

BirdmanRuss@aol.com

Date: May 1 4 , 2010

## Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations Regarding Potenti al

Bird Hazards to Aviation from the Proposed North Shore Marine

Transfer Station, Queens, New York.

I. Background:

I have reviewed numerous documents related to the Proposed North Shore Marine

Transfer Station at College Point, Queens, New York. These include the Final Engineering Report for the proposed facility, the Supplemental Report to the NY State Department of Environmental Conservation regarding the station, and the e ngineering diagrams of the structure. Additionally, I have reviewed some of t he independent evaluations of the facility including that prepared by Dr. Steven Garber and others. I also conducted a preliminary literature review including current FAA Advisory Circulars that address the subject and the recent FAA nation

- wide study of Trash Transfer Stations as potential attractants to bird s pecies hazardous to aircraft operations

. I also visited the site and surrounding areas in May 2010. The comments provided herein are primarily directed to the public comment request regarding the report entitled “Evaluation of the north shore marine transfer station and its compatibility with respect to bird strikes and safe air operations at LaGuardia Airport (draft)” prepared by the US Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration and US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Inspection Service Wildlife Services in a Report for the Associate Administrator for Airports Office of Airport Safety and Standards Airport Safety and Certification Division Washington, DC

, dated April 201 0 (draft FAA/USDA report)

.

II. Initial Finding:

Based on numerous factors including a brief on

- site survey on May 10, 2010 , the location of the proposed transfer facility approximately 2000 feet on centerline f rom LaGuardia Airport Runway 31, the FAA A dvisory Circulars regarding incompatible land uses on or near airports, the FAA nation

- wide study of trash transfer facilities, input from other qualified airport wildlife biologists, and the local environment, I recommend this facility

not be constructed or operated at the proposed location. It is my opinion that the facility will at least on occasion attract birds that would pose an unacceptable hazard to safe flying operations at the nearby LaGuardia Airport. Although mitigation measures could potentia lly limit these hazards, I do not believe such hazards can be completely eliminated. Additionally, I do not believe facilities should be constructed and then mitigated, when the hazards can be avoided altogether by not creating the hazard in the first pla ce. Should political, economic, or other considerations determine that the facility will be constructed despite th ese recommendation s , then it is imperative that all the mitigation measures outlined in the draft FAA/USDA report on the facility be adapted with some additional safeguards as outlined below. Of particular note, there is no

mention of independent monitoring or enforcement of compliance by the regulatory agency to ensure mitigation measures are maintained in perpetuity for the life of the

facil ity. A brief justification of reasoning behind these recommendations and summary of the pertinent documents and regulatory requirements are provided below.

### III. Review of Relevant Documentation and Recommendations:

1. FAA Advisory Circular Requirement s: FAA Advisory Circular 150/5200

- 33B “Hazardous Wildlife On or Near Airports” states that fully enclosed waste handling facilities are considered incompatible with safe airport operations if they are located on airport property or within the Runway Prote ction Zone (RPZ). In

any case, such facilities should be evaluated through a Wildlife Hazard Assessment (WHA) if they are located within 5 statu t e miles of an airport and cause birds to enter operational airspace and are generally considered incompatible within the standard separation criteria of 10,000 feet from active

surfaces or cause birds to enter the approach, departure, or circling airspace for airports serving jet aircraft if certain criteria are not met . The proposed facility lies nearly on cente rline with LaGuardia Airport Runway 31 , possibly with in the

RPZ (the draft FAA/USDA report states otherwise, but Garber disagreed) , and well within the standard separation distances and thus should be considered incompatible by these criteria . The draft F AA/USDA study was a truncated version of a standard WHA and may not have fully captured the seasonal variation on potential bird hazards necessary to characterize the potential risk nor all aspects of the proposed operation with regards to potential attrac tants

. Dr. Steve Garber’s analysis covers these considerations in much greater detail and need not be fully reiterated here, but I substantively agree with his findings.

2. Cumulative Effects: The proposed trash transfer operation also cannot be treated as an entirely separate entity

, as the cumulative and/or synergistic effects of other

land uses and natural features in the surrounding area contribute to the overall risk of bird strikes and the potential attractiveness of the facility. The adjacent

mai ntenance facilities where trash hauling vehicles are maintained exhibited several factors that can attract hazardous birds near the proposed facility. Open bays where birds such as Rock Pigeons and European Starlings were nesting and roosting were noted i n a May site visit. Gulls were observed perched on the

roofs. Open compartments on the vehicles themselves allowed birds access to
residual , exposed trash. The nearby inactive Flushing Meadows Airport provides a wildlife sanctuary near the facility that will attract a variety of birds that will interact with the trash transfer operation. Other industrial buildings in the area provide roosting and nesting sites near the facility. The natural habitat on and

around the waterfront and marine traffic north of the facility attracts gulls and other potentially hazardous species near the facility and airport. Each of these contribute to a background level of activity that will necessarily interact and perhaps be enhanced by the trash transfer facility and must be more fully evaluated, yet were not adequately addressed in the draft FAA/USDA report.

3. FAA Trash Transfer Facility Study: The FAA report entitled “Evaluation of

trash

- transfer facilities as bird attractants” DOT/FAA/AR

- 09/62 (Washburn 2010)

comp ile d information from numerous trash transfer facilities from regions across

the US and found that all facilities regardless of design (open, three

- sided open,

### three

- sided with bay doors, semi

- enclosed, and fully enclosed facilities) attracted

some birds cons idered hazardous to aircraft. The report concluded that use of trash transfer stations, particularly by bird species potentially hazardous to aircraft, can be significant. It recommends that all such facilities located near airports be individually evalu ated due to differences in building design, season, geographic location, and on

- site management practices. Variability between facilities was considerable even in the same regions and therefore comparisons

with other local facilities

, such as on Staten Is land or in Harlem, may not be valid.

As attractiveness to birds cannot be fully evaluated unless and until the North

Shore facility is constructed and operating, it is best not to risk flight safety by building at this location and then dealing with poten tial consequences after the

fact

.

4. Draft FAA/USDA Study of the North Shore Trash Transfer Facility Site: The draft FAA/USDA report was very well prepared in many areas and I agree with all the mitigation recommendations as stated , but there were a few shortcoming s I believe must be addressed.

a. Overall Assessment: I agree with virtually all the findings and recommendations of the study with the exception of the conclusion that the site could be compatible with safe flight operations with mitigati ng

measure s in place. The very fact that significant mitigating measures must be employed for the group to reach this conclusion is an admission that the facility will in fact attract hazardous species to the site. It is best not to

risk the attraction i n the first place and seek a more suitable alternate site for the facility than to build it and then have to deal with the consequences for the life of the facility. Should the facility be constructed over the legitimate concerns for flight safety, then i t is absolutely imperative that all the mitigation measures described and implied be fully employed with

some additional considerations as listed below.

b. Building Design: The original design drawings I reviewed showed the facility as fully enclosed including the ga ntry /crane for transferring containers under a roof to the marine barges. A later design modification

, as shown in the report, depict s the crane/ga ntry as not covered and could provide perching and nesting sites for birds on the exposed s tructures. The removal of the roof from the design is likely due to obstruction clearance requirements and could compromise the ability to deter birds from this portion of the structure. Anti

- perching devices may not be able

to be installed in some areas (eg. safety rails, etc) as maintenance crews would need to access these areas. Design and materials for these exposed structures must account for potential attractiveness to hazardous bird species. Other aspects of the building design are detailed in th e report and I concur with their findings.

### c. Container Design: It is not entirely clear from the report that the containers will be designed in a manner to completely exclude birds from accessing trash that may be exposed if the lids are not tight ly sealed. Also not clear is whether fluids can be fully contained to ensure no leakage occurs on site after trash is compacted for loading , though the report states that they will be leak

- proof . It is not possible to fully contain odors emanating from c ontainers once they leave the enclosed portion of the building. There is also no contingency plan noted for possible storage of containers on site should barges not run due to volume, maintenance, or weather delays. While it is acknowledged that the cont ainers are to be cleaned prior to leaving the facility , there is no description of the cleaning

process. Cleaning of incoming containers is not mentioned. Where will

this occur? Off

- site or on

- site? Within the structure or outside? These questions mus t be addressed to ensure that birds are not attracted to the facility while containers are being prepared for use.

d. Odor control. It is mentioned in the report that negative air pressure in the building and odor elimination will be employed to limit o dors escaping the facility. Of course, most of this is to reduce complaints from people at the facility and in surrounding area s , but odor control is also imp ortant to deter some birds from being attracted to the facility. Most b i rds have a very poorly d eveloped sense of smell, with one notable exception; the Turkey Vulture. Turkey Vultures were not mentioned in the draft FAA/USDA report, perhaps because the surveys were conducted at a time of year when these birds are generally absent from the region an d there are

no records of strikes with these birds at LaGuardia Airport. However, vultures are commonly observed in the region, particularly in summer. As these birds find their food sources primarily by smell, they may be expected at the site if odors a re present. Odor elimination by chemical or biological means is essential as outlined. Odor masking is completely ineffective against these birds. Negative air pressure to contain odors in the building is also valuable. Despite the negative air pressur e, some odors will escape when access doors are opened. Also, t here is no means of dealing with odors emanating from trash hauling trucks approaching the facility, nor on barges leaving the facility and these might attract

hazardous birds to the area.

e. Incoming Traffic: While it is acknowledged that it is a regulatory requirement that trash hauling vehicles be covered when transporting trash from the point of pick

- up to deliver to the station, it is my experience that these vehicles frequently have e xposed trash that is partially exposed at the containment seals or adhering to external structures such as tires

, chassis, lifts, and others. Such exposed trash will attract birds to the vehicles and parking areas outside the building. Additionally, ther e is no contingency plan outlined should volume of traffic, vehicle maintenance problems, or other issues with the facility delay access to the building. No

### mitigation/contingency plans are mentioned to deal with hazardous birds that may be present during these times.

f. Risk Assessment Model: The risk assessment model in Figure 3

- 9 of the draft FAA/USDA report is not correct. It is an adaptation of a standard Operational Risk Management (ORM) model that should show the frequency of occurrence of a h azard on one scale and the severity of the consequences of encountering that hazard on the opposing scale. As depicted in the report, the risk of Alternative 1 (no facility) and Alternative 2 (facility as proposed with no mitigation measures) are shown

as equal, despite the fact that the text did not come to the same conclusions. In my opinion the risk level would rise from lowest to highest from Alternative 1 (no facility) to Alternative 3 (facility with mitigation) to Alternative 2 (facility as proposed ). This model must be re

accomplished in the final report to reflect the appropriate use of ORM

models.

g. Mitigation Measures: All the mitigation measures described in the draft report are appropriate and must be implemented should this facility be

dev eloped. The design features, anti

- perching devices, no feeding policy, landscaping recommendations, monitoring of incoming and outgoing vehicles/barges/containers, development of an integrated wildlife hazard management program, and provision of a full

- ti me dedicated wildlife control professional are all necessary elements of proper mitigation measures to reduce potential hazards to nearby aircraft. However, there are other provisions that are not detailed in the draft report. For example,

i t recommend s monitoring bird activity attracted to barges and mitigating accordingly. Who will be monitoring this activity? What are the mitigation measures to adapt accordingly? Mitigation measures, such as the use of pyrotechnics and other standard harassment tech niques are not detailed. Are there provisions to temporarily or permanently halt operations while mitigating techniques are applied should unacceptable flight safety risks be noted ? These details must be specifically spelled out in the report and in the wildlife hazard management plan or there is no way to monitor and ensure compliance.

h. Compliance. Last, and without doubt most important, is the issue of compliance and enforcement of requirements. There is no mention in the draft FAA/USDA report o f compliance issues. Neither the FAA nor the USDA, or for that matter the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey nor LaGuardia Airport have the regulatory authority to ensure that any provisions in the recommendations contained in the report are adapte d, monitored, or enforced. Only the regulatory agency has this authority. Should this facility be permitted despite objections to the contrary , it is imperative that the State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) make all provisions outlined in the draft FAA/USDA report

, and

### those outlined above

, conditions of the operating permit. Only in that manner can they be inspected, monitored, and enforced. Monitoring data can be obtained from PANYNJ personnel, remotely sensed dedicated bird radars, ar ea wildlife biologists, or other entities. It is highly recommended that an independent entity be retained as part of the conditions of the operating permit to periodically monitor compliance with regard to wildlife hazards to aviation. That entity could be appointed by the FAA, the PANYNJ, the USDA, or the State DEC and mutually agreed upon by the proponent . Alternately, a private consultant who is an FAA Qualified Airport Wildlife Biologist as per FAA AC 150/5200

- 36 could be retained as the independent monitor . This independent entity would report findings to the operator of the facility for correction of any shortcomings but also to the DEC whereby notices of violation (NOVs) could be determined, fines could be levied, temporary suspension of the oper ating permit could be considered, or if severe hazards were noted, a revocation of the operating permit imposed. Without these provisions, there is no mechanism to ensure hazards to aviation are monitored and mitigation measures implemented for the life o f the facility in the event of changes in management, ownership, economic pressures, or other factors.

IV. Conclusion:

After reviewing the location and circumstances of the proposed North Shore Marine Transfer Station and its proximity to the L aGuardia Airport with respect to bird hazards to flight operations

, I cannot support the construction of this facility as proposed. In my opinion, the potential increased risks are unacceptable. The facility should not be developed and then mitigated whe n the risk can be avoided altogether. However, it is acknowledged that there are po ssible overriding factors that may lead to the development of this facility. If that is the case, then it is imperative that all the recommended mitigation measures detail ed in the draft FAA/USDA report plus those outlined in this report be addressed and adapted. Most importantly, the DEC must include these mitigation measures as conditions of the operating permit with assurance of monitoring and enforcement of compliance.

BACKGROUND AND QUALIFICATIONS OF AUTHOR:

See Attached Bio Sheet and Resume/CV

### Updated: 17 April 2010



## RUSSELL P. DEFUSCO

Vice President, BASH Incorporated 5010 Lanagan Street, Colorado Springs CO 80919 (719) 264

- 84 20 BirdmanRuss@aol.com

Dr. Russell P. DeFusco, Lt Col, USAF (retired) is Vice President of BASH Incorporated. He and his wife Donna own and operate the company and specialize in minimizing Bird Aircraft Strike Hazards (BASH) to civil and military aviation. BASH Inc also provides consulting services in wildlife management and environmental sciences. He is a senior member of the Steering Committee for the Bird Strike

Committee USA/Canada. Dr. DeFusco is former Chief of the USAF

Bird Aircraft Stri ke Hazard (BASH) Team. Dr. DeFusco has been the principle investigator on the United States Bird Avoidance Model (BAM) and has been involved in development of bird detection and forecasting systems using Geographic Information Systems, satellite imagery, radars, and other technologies. He has worked with US and Canadian civil and military agencies to develop the Strategic Plan for the North American Bird Strike Advisory System. Dr. DeFusco has developed numerous operational BASH Plans for USAF, Air Natio nal Guard, and Air Force Reserve units, as well as other federal agencies including the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, NASA, and foreign governments. He has also worked with the FAA in developing wildlife hazard assessments and management plans for active and proposed new airports. He provides bird and other wildlife management plans for private agencies requiring mitigation or control efforts. He has provided expert testimony in land use and development cases regarding potential wildlife conflicts to aviatio n and other interests. BASH Inc provides consulting services to overseas agencies and those in North America.

Dr. DeFusco was born in Elizabeth, NJ and after several moves, his family settled in Fountain Valley, CA where he graduated from high school in 1977. He is a 19 81 graduate of the United States Air Force Academy with a Bachelor’s Degree in Biology. He earned a Master’s of Science Degree in Wildlife Biology from Colorado State University in 1983 and a PhD in Environmental, Population, and Organ ismic Biology from the University of Colorado, Boulder in 1994. He is a Distinguished Graduate from the USAF Squadron Officer’s School at Maxwell Air Force Base, and Air Command and Staff College by seminar.

Dr. DeFusco was commissioned through the USA F Academy in 19 81. He was awarded an Air Force Institute of Technology scholarship to Colorado State University for his Master’s Degree. He returned to the Air Force Academy where he was an instructor in the Department of Athletics and taught Physical

Ed ucation courses, coached the Varsity Cross Country Team, and was Director of the Stone Human Performance Laboratory. He attended Pilot Training at Reese Air Force Base, TX. He then became the Ecologist on the USAF Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard Team at Tynd all AFB, FL. He was promoted to Chief of the USAF BASH Team on the Air Staff at Bolling AFB, DC. He became an Instructor, then Assistant Professor of Biology at the USAF Academy, then went on for an Air Force sponsored doctoral program at the University of Colorado. Dr. DeFusco returned to the USAF Academy as an Associate Professor of Biology. He retired as a Lieutenant Colonel after 20 years of service and opened BASH Inc in 2001.

### RUSSELL P. DEFUSCO, Ph.D., Lt Col USAF (ret.) BASH Incorporated

5010 L anagan Street Colorado Springs CO 80919 (719) 264

- 8420

BirdmanRuss@aol.com

EDUCATION:

BS in Biology, United States Air Force Academy

MS in Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University PhD in Environmental, P opulation and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado

EXPERIENCE:

Current Vice President and Consultant, BASH Incorporated. Providing environmental

consulting services, specializing in bird hazards, wildlife management, and

environmental assessment s for civil and government clients worldwide. Industry Representative on the Steering Committee, Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada. Qualified FAA Airport Wildlife Biologist. Providing expert testimony at local, county, state, and federal levels regarding Bird Aircraft Strike Hazards (BASH) and community planning issues. On national response team for potential Avian Influenza issues. Developed and teaches course for FAA Qualified Airport Wildlife Biologists and airport operators. Develops environmental and operational management plans and consulting services in regulatory and compliance issues regarding BASH, environmental health and safety, conservation of resources, de

- conflicting human and wildlife issues, compatible land use planning, construction activities, mishap investigations, bird avoidance modeling, ecological modeling, and mitigation planning.

1998

- 2001 Deputy for Academic Development and Associate Professor of Biology, Department

of Biology, USAF Academy. Taught a wide variety of course s such as Principles of Ecology, Vertebrate Zoology, and Senior Seminar in Biology. Served as the Director of Biological Research and Academic Development. National Collegiate Athletic Association representative for Air Force Rifle Team. Directed the $2 million USAF Bird Avoidance Model project. Won the Air Force Research and Development Award.

1994

- 1998 Deputy for Research and Assistant Professor of Biology, Department of Biology,

USAF Academy. Taught courses such as Introduction to Biology, Applied Ecology, and Ethology. Supervised four directorates and several cadet programs. Officer in Charge of Cadet SCUBA club. Performed as adjunct to USAF Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard (BASH) Team for worldwide programs and research.

1991

- 1994 Air Force Inst itute of Technology Doctoral Program, University of Colorado,

Boulder CO. Research and dissertation centered on modeling bird hazards to aircraft that provided the prototype United States Bird Avoidance Model (BAM).

1989

- 1991 Instructor of Biology, Department of Biology, USAF Academy. Taught courses such

as General Biology, Independent Study in Biology, and Field Ecology. Provided technical support for USAF BASH Team. Served as Academic Advisor

- in

- Charge for 28 faculty members and 1,000 cadets.1986

- 1989 Chief, Bird Aircr aft Strike Hazard Team, HQ USAF/LEEV Environmental Division, Directorate of Engineering and Services, Bolling AFB, Washington D.C. Led BASH Team officers and provided expert assistance to organizations in every aspect of reducing bird hazards and improving flight safety. Reviewed engineering designs of aircraft components to better withstand strikes. Controlled birds on airfields and surrounding areas through sound land management practices, and managed dispersal of problem birds. Designed flight operati ons and modeled bird populations to minimize exposure to hazardous birds while in flight. Served on Air Force Mishap Investigation Boards involving bird strike incidents that resulted in major damage, loss of aircraft, and loss of life. Expert BASH consu ltant to foreign governments throughout North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Wrote and reviewed Environmental Assessments and Environmental Impact Statements for construction projects and land uses, especially as related to DOD and public transportation safety.

1984

- 1986 Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard Team Ecologist, AF Engineering and Services Center,

Tyndall AFB FL. Provided onsite assistance as a recognized expert in BASH to nearly every operating U. S. Air Force Base in the world, in ad dition to numerous Army, Navy, Marine, NASA, FAA, and foreign installations. Evaluated land uses such as sanitary landfills, agriculture, sewage ponds, parks, and industrial areas for compatibility with nearby aircraft operations. Provided management str ategies and expert testimony for potential landfill conflicts with flight safety. Wrote the model BASH Plan for the USAF used at all Air Force bases worldwide as a standard for managing, documenting, and implementing BASH programs. Wrote and evaluated Na tional Environmental Policy Act

documents.

1984 Undergraduate Pilot Training, 64 th Student Squadron, Reese AFB TX. Trained for

flying in the T

- 37 and T

- 38 jet aircraft. Experienced my first bird strike on my first solo

T

- 37 flight.

1983

- 1984 Director, Human Performa nce Laboratory, Physical Education Instructor, and

Varsity Cross Country Coach, Department of Athletics, USAF Academy. Taught a variety of physical education courses in the Athletic Department. Coached the Varsity Cross Country team. Managed the athleti c rehabilitation program and performed as Director of the Stone Human Performance Laboratory. Conducted research in various physiological performance and body composition studies.

1981

- 1983 Air Force Institute of Technology Masters' Program, Colorado St ate University,

Fort Collins, CO. Research and thesis concentrated on characterizing frightening

devices for airfield bird control to reduce bird hazards to aircraft.

RESEARCH:

BAM Primary research interests since 1985 have been the development of a Bi rd Avoidance

Models (BAM) for reducing bird hazards to aircraft operating in off

- airfield areas. (Please see www.usahas.com for the most current BAM product). Principal investigator and developer of the model for severa l years including management of over $2 million in research funds. The model takes bird distribution and abundance data for many years and from numerous sources, to project four daily periods and bi

- weekly hazard ratings for every square kilometer of the continental Unites States, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. This risk surface is presented in an Internet

- based Geographic Information System format and can be overlaid on any of hundreds of environmental and human land uses data sets. Flight crews can c hoose the safest times and locations with this information. Partnered with the Dutch civil and military authorities to develop Netherlands BAM. Working to expand system globally.NEXRAD Other research projects include the investigation of radars (specif ically NEXRAD) for detecting airborne birds and determining hazard probabilities. This involved $1.5 million in Air Force sponsored funding. Basic research led to currently operating web

- based Avian Hazard Advisory System (AHAS).

Wildlife Completed exte nsive research and practical application of bird dispersal techniques.

Conducted numerous studies on global bird population and distribution patterns. Researched and published studies on mammal, reptile, amphibian, and fish distributions.

Published resea rch on disease organisms present as normal flora in captive iguanas. Published several articles on hunting and wildlife management techniques.

Medical Conducted medical research on exercise and hypothermia induced pulmonary edema in

elite athletes. Re searched and developed medical standards for human body composition.

REFERENCES: Furnished upon request.

See Curriculum Vitae for further details and publication list.

### CURRICULUM VITAE

RUSSELL P. DEFUSCO, Ph.D.

L IEUTENANT COLONEL, USAF (ret.)

ADDRESS

BASH Incorporated 5010 Lanagan Street Colorado Springs CO 80919 Phone and FAX: (719) 264

- 8420

E

- Mail: BirdmanRuss@aol.com

SUMMARY OF MILITARY CAREER

Commissioning Source: USAF Academy 1981

Military Assignmen ts:

1981

- 1983 Air Force Institute of Technology Master’s Program, Colorado State University,

Fort Collins CO

1983

- 1984 Director, Human Performance Laboratory, Physical Education Instructor, and

Varsity Cross Country Coach, Department of Athle tics, USAF Academy CO

1984 Undergraduate Pilot Training , 64th Student Squadron, Reese AFB TX

1985

- 1986 Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard Team Ecologist, AF Engineering and Services

Center, Tyndall AFB FL

1986

- 1989 Chief, Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard Team, HQ USAF/LEEV Environmental

Division, Directorate of Engineering and Services, Bolling AFB DC

1989

- 1991 Instructor of Biology, Department of Biology, USAF Academy CO

1991

- 1994 Air Force Institute of Technology Doctoral Program, Un iversity of Colorado,

Boulder CO

1994

- 1998 Deputy for Research and Assistant Professor of Biology, Department of

Biology, USAF Academy CO

1998

- 2001 Deputy for Academic Development and Associate Professor of Biology,

Department of Biology, USAF Academy CO

Professional Military Education:

1987 Squadron Officer School in residence (Distinguished Graduate)

1996 Air Command and Staff CollegeFORMAL EDUCATION

1981 BS Biology USAF Academy

1983 MS Wildlife Biology Col orado State University

1994 PhD Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology University of Colorado

ACADEMIC EXPERIENCE

Academic Rank: Associate Professor of Biology, USAF Academy

Biology Courses Taught: Introduction to Biology

Vertebrat e Zoology Principles of Ecology Applied Ecology Independent Study in Biology Ethology Senior Seminar in Biology Zoology

Physical Education Courses Taught: Physical Fitness Methods

SCUBA I

SCUBA II

Pistol

Basic Swimmin g Swimming

Water Survival Weight Training Volleyball

ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP

Coach, USAF Academy NCAA Varsity Cross Country Team

Officer

- in

- Charge, Cadet SCUBA Club

Assistant Officer

- in

- Charge, Cadet Mountaineering Club

Assistant O fficer

- in

- Charge, Cadet Hunting Club Officer Representative, NCAA Cadet Rifle Team

Bird Control Committee of International Bird Strike Committee Military Operations Committee of International Bird Strike Committee

PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS

Bird Str ike Committee USA/Canada Bird Strike Committee Europe

International Bird Strike Committee American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

National Association of Underwater Instructors Military Fish and Wildlife Association

Southern Colo rado Biological Council Beta Beta Beta Biological Honor Society Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation FAA Qualified Airport Wildlife BiologistSTAFF ASSISTANCE VISITS AND REPORTS TO UNITED STATES MILITARY

INSTALLATIONS

1984

- 2001 Andrews Air Force Base, MD

A von Park Air Force Range, FL Bangor Air National Guard Base, ME Barksdale Air Force Base, LA Beale Air Force Base, CA Bergstrom Air Force Base, TX Charleston Air Force Base, SC Chennault Field, LA Clovis Air Force Base, NM

Columbus Air Force Base, MS Dare County Air Force/Navy Range, NC

Davis

- Monthan Air Force Base, AZ Dyess Air Force Base, TX Edwards Air Force Base, CA Eglin Air Force Base, FL Eielson Air Force Base, AK Ellsworth Air Force Base, SD Elmendorf Air Force Base, A K England Air Force Base, LA Fairchild Air Force Base, WA George Air Force Base, CA Hickam Air Force Base, HI Hill Air Force Base, UT Homestead Air Force Base, FL Keesler Air Force Base, MS Kelly Air Force Base, TX Kirtland Air Force Base, NM King Salmon Air National Guard Base, AK La Junta Air Force Range Complex, CO Langley Air Force Base, VA Laughlin Air Force Base, TX Little Rock Air Force Base, AR Loring Air Force Base, ME Luke Air Force Base, AZ MacDill Air Force Base, FL March Air Force Base, CA

Ma rine Corps Air Station, Camp Pendleton, CA Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, NC McChord Air Force Base, WA Minot Air Force Base, ND Moody Air Force Base and Air Force Range, GA NASA Complex and Shuttle Launch Facility, Merritt Island, FL

Naval Air St ation Barber’s Point, HI Naval Air Station, Corpus Christi, TX Naval Air Station Key West, FL Nellis Air Force Base, NV Norton Air Force Base, CA Offut Air Force Base, NE Patrick Air Force Base, FL Peterson Air Force Base, CO Pope Air Force Base, NC

Randol ph Air Force Base, TXReese Air Force Base, TX

Reno Air National Guard Base, NV Scott Air Force Base, IL Seymore

- Johnson Air Force Base, NC Shaw Air Force Base, SC Shemya Air Force Base, AK Sheppard Air Force Base, TX Travis Air Force Base, CA Tyndall Air Force Base, FL United States Air Force Academy, CO Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA Westover Air Force Base, MA Wheeler Air Force Base, HI Whiteman Air Force Base, MO Williams Air Force Base, AZ Wright

- Patterson AFB, OH

STAFF ASSISTANCE VISITS AND REPOR TS TO UNITED STATES TERRITORIES, FOREIGN ALLIES’ AIR FORCE INSTALLATIONS, FOREIGN CIVIL AND MILITARY AGENCIES

1984

- 2001 Anderson Air Force Base, Guam Australian Civil Aviation Authority, Canberra, Australia Aviano Air Base, Italy Bangladesh Air Force Sta ff Bardenas Range, Spain Bitburg Air Base, Germany Cold Bay Air Force Station, Canada Clark Air Base, Philippines Decimomannu Air Base and NATO Range, Italy Hahn Air Base, Germany Howard Air Force Base, Panama Incirlik Air Base, Turkey

Indian Air Force and Staff, India Israeli Air Force Bases, Staff, and Civil Aviation, Tel Aviv, Israel Kadena Air Base, Okinawa Konya Range, Turkey Kunsan Air Base, South Korea Maniago Range, Italy Misawa Air Base, Japan Naval Air Station, Keflavik, Iceland Osan Air Base, S outh Korea Ramstein Air Base, Germany Rein Main Air Base, Germany Royal Air Force Alconbury, United Kingdom Royal Air Force Bentwaters, United Kingdom Royal Air Force Lakenheath, United Kingdom Royal Air Force Mildenhall, United Kingdom Royal Air Force Upp er Heyford, United Kingdom Royal Australian Air Force Base, Townsville, Australia Royal Dutch Air Force, Netherlands Singapore Air Force Staff Spagdahlem Air Base, Germany Suriname Embassy, South America Suwon Air Base, South Korea Teagu Air Base, South Ko reaTorrejon Air Base, Spain

Turkish Air Force Bases and Command Staff, Ankara, Turkey Yokota Air Base, Japan Zaragosa Air Base, Spain Zweibrucken Air Base, Germany

OPERATIONAL BASH ASSESSMENTS AND BASH PLAN DEVELOPMENT

1986

United States Air Force Mod el BASH Plan

2001 California Air National Guard, Fresno Yosemite International Airport, Fresno

2002 Colorado Air National Guard, Buckley Air Force Base, Denver Delaware Air National Guard, New Castle County Airport, New Castle Kentucky Air National Guar d, Louisville International Airport, Louisville Massachusetts Air National Guard, Otis Air National Guard Base, MA New York Air National Guard Stratton ANG Base, Schenectady County Airport, Scotia Oklahoma Air National Guard, Will Rogers World Airport, Okl ahoma City Ohio Air National Guard, Mansfield

- Lahm Regional Airport, Mansfield Ohio Air National Guard, Springfield Municipal Airport, Springfield Rhode Island Air National Guard, Quonset State Airport, North Kingstown Texas Air National Guard, Ellington Field, Houston United States Air Force Academy, CO, Colorado Springs

2003 Alaska Air National Guard, Kulis ANGB, Anchorage International Airport, Anchorage Georgia Air National Guard, Savannah

- Hilton Head International Airport, Savannah

Hawaii Air Nationa l Guard, Kalealoa Airport

– John Rogers Field, Kalealoa Michigan Air National Guard, Selfridge Air National Guard Base, MI

2004 Illinois Air National Guard, Peoria International Airport, Peoria Indiana Air National Guard, Terre Haute International Airport

– Hulman Field, Terre Haute New York Air National Guard, Stewart International Airport, Newburgh Maine Air National Guard, Bangor International Airport, Bangor Michigan Air National Guard, W.K. Kellogg Airport, Battle Creek Mississippi Air National Guard, Jackson International Airport (Allen C. Thompson Field), Jackson Missouri Air National Guard, Saint Louis International Airport, Saint Louis Missouri Air National Guard/Cannon Range, Fort Leonard Wood Montana Air National Guard, Great Falls International Airport, Great Falls North Dakota Air National Guard, Hector International Airport, Fargo Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Harrisburg International Airport, Harrisburg Utah Air National Guard, Salt Lake City International Airport, Salt Lake City

Wisconsin Air National Guard, Dane County Regional Airport

– Truax Field, Madison

2005 Arizona Air National Guard, Tucson International Airport, Tucson Connecticut Air National Guard, Bradley International Airport, Hartford Idaho Air National Guard, Boise Air Ter minal (Gowen Field), Boise Indiana Air National Guard, Fort Wayne International Airport, Fort Wayne Massachusetts Air National Guard, Barnes Municipal Airport, Westfield New Hampshire Air National Guard, Pease International Tradeport, Newington New Jersey Air National Guard, Atlantic City International Airport, Egg HarborNew York Air National Guard, Francis S. Gabreski Airport, Westhampton Beach

North Carolina Air National Guard, Stanly County Airport, Badin Ohio Air National Guard, Rickenbacker Internatio nal Airport, Columbus Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Pittsburgh International Airport, Pittsburgh South Carolina Air National Guard, McEntire Air National Guard Station, Columbia Tennessee Air National Guard, McGhee Tyson Airport, Knoxville West Virginia Air National Guard, Eastern West Virginia Regional Airport, Martinsburg Wisconsin Air National Guard, Volk Field Combat Readiness Training Center, Camp Douglas Wyoming Air National Guard, Cheyenne Regional Airport, Cheyenne

2006

Alabama Air National Guar d, Birmingham International Airport, Birmingham Alabama Air National Guard, Montgomery Regional Airport, Dannelly Field, Montgomery California Air National Guard, Moffett Federal Airfield, Mountain View Georgia Air National Guard/78 Air Base Wing, Robins A FB, Warner

- Robins Illinois Air National Guard/375 Airlift Wing, Scott Airlift Wing, Scott AFB, Saint Louis Iowa Air National Guard, Sioux Gateway Airport, Colonel Bud Day Field, Sioux City Maryland Air National Guard, Martin State Airport, Baltimore

Minne sota Air National Guard/Air Force Reserve, Minneapolis/St. Paul International Airport, Minneapolis Minnesota Air National Guard, Camp Ripley Army Airfield and Ranges, Camp Ripley Nebraska Air National Guard, Lincoln Municipal Airport, Lincoln

New Mexico Ai r National Guard/58 Special Ops Wing, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque International Sunport New York Air National Guard, Hancock International Airport, Syracuse New York Air National Guard, Wheeler

- Sack Army Airfield and Ranges, Fort Drum

Ohio Air National Guar d, Toledo Express Airport, Swanton Oregon Air National Guard, Klamath Falls Airport, Kingsley Field, Klamath Falls Puerto Rico Air National Guard, Muniz ANGB, Luiz Munoz Marin International Airport, San Juan Tennessee Air National Guard, Nashville Internat ional Airport, Nashville

Texas Air National Guard/37 th Training Wing, Lackland AFB/Kelly Field, San Antonio Vermont Air National Guard, Burlington International Airport, Burlington Washington District of Columbia Air National Guard, Andrews Air Force Base, MD Wisconsin Air National Guard, General Mitchell International Airport, Milwaukee

2007 Arizona Air National Guard/City of Phoenix, Sky Harbor International Airport, Phoenix California Air National Guard, Channel Islands Air Guard Station, Naval Base Ven tura County, Pt Mugu Colorado Air National Guard/Peterson Air Force Base/Colorado Springs Airport, Colorado Springs Florida Air National Guard, Jacksonville International Airport, Jacksonville Illinois Air National Guard, Abraham Lincoln Capital Airport, S pringfield Kansas Air National Guard, Forbes Field, Topeka Louisiana Air National Guard/Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base, New Orleans Minnesota Air National Guard, Duluth International Airport, Duluth Mississippi Air National Guard, Gulfport Combat Rea diness Training Center, Gulfport

- Biloxi Intl Airport Mississippi Air National Guard, Camp Shelby Bombing Range and Assault Strip, Gulfport

Nevada Air National Guard/ Reno

- Tahoe Airport Authority, Reno

- Taho International Airport, Reno

North Dakota Air Natio nal Guard, Hector International Airport, Fargo Texas Air National Guard/Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base (Carswell Field), Fort Worth West Virginia Air National Guard, Yeager Airport, Charleston

2008 Arkansas Air National Guard, Fort Smith Regional Ai rport, Fort Smith Arkansas Air National Guard/19 Airlift Wing, Little Rock Air Force Base, Jacksonville California Air National Guard, Fresno Yosemite International Airport, Fresno Delaware Air National Guard, New Castle County Airport, New Castle

Iowa Ai r National Guard, Des Moines International Airport, Des MoinesMichigan Air National Guard, Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center, Alpena County Regional

Airport Michigan Air National Guard, Grayling Air Gunnery Range, Alpena Michigan Air National Guard, Selfridge Air National Guard Base, MI Mississippi Air National Guard, Meridian Regional Airport (Key Field), Meridian Missouri Air National Guard, Rosecrans Memorial Airport, Saint Joseph New Jersey Air National Guard/ McGuire Air Force Base/Lakehurst Nav al Air Engineering Station Oklahoma Air National Guard, Tulsa International Airport, Tulsa Oregon Air National Guard, Portland International Airport, Portland Pennsylvania Air National Guard/Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base, Willow Grove

South Carolin a Air National Guard, McEntire Air National Guard Station, Columbia South Dakota Air National Guard, Sioux Falls Regional Airport (Joe Foss Field), Sioux Falls Tennessee Air National Guard, Memphis International Airport, Memphis

2009

California Air Natio nal Guard, March Air Reserve Base/Southern California Logistics Airport, Victorville Georgia Air National Guard, Savannah

- Hilton Head International Airport, Savannah Georgia Air National Guard/Townsend Range, Townsend Indiana Air National Guard, Atterbury Range, Camp Atterbury Joint Maneuver Training Center, Edinburgh Indiana Air National Guard, Fort Wayne International Airport, Fort Wayne Indiana Air National Guard, Jefferson Range, Jefferson Proving Grounds, Madison Kansas Air National Guard, Smoky Hill Air National Guard Range, Salina Kentucky Air National Guard, Louisville International Airport, Louisville Kentucky Air National Guard, Godman Army Airfield, Fort Knox Maine Air National Guard, Bangor International Airport, Bangor

Minnesota Air National Gu ard/Air Force Reserve, Minneapolis/St. Paul International Airport, Minneapolis Minnesota Air National Guard, Miller Army Airfield, Camp Ripley Mississippi Air National Guard, Jackson

- Evers International Airport, Jackson Montana Air National Guard, Great Fa lls International Airport, Great Falls Nebraska Air National Guard, Lincoln Municipal Airport, Lincoln New York Air National Guard Stratton ANG Base, Schenectady County Airport, Scotia Ohio Air National Guard, Springfield

- Beckley Municipal Airport, Springf ield Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Harrisburg International Airport, Harrisburg Pennsylvania Air National Guard/Fort Indiantown Gap/Bollen Range, Lebanon Utah Air National Guard, Salt Lake City International Airport, Salt Lake City

2010

Arizona Air N ational Guard, Tucson International Airport, Tucson Idaho Air National Guard, Boise Air Terminal (Gowen Field), Boise New York Air National Guard, Stewart International Airport, Newburgh North Carolina Air National Guard, Charlotte

- Douglas International Ai rport, Charlotte Pennsylvania Air National Guard/Air Reserve Station, Pittsburgh International Airport, PittsburghWILDLIFE HAZARD ASSESSMENTS AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT PLANS

Pottstown Municipal Landfill, Waste Management of Pennsylvania, Pottstown

Outer Loop Landfill and Recycling Center, Waste Management of Kentucky, Louisville Alliance Landfill and Recycling Center, Waste Management of Pennsylvania, Taylor Proposed Waller County Airport, Waller, Texas Houston Southwest Airport, Houston, Texas Proposed C onway Municipal Airport, Conway, Arkansas Stillwater Community Development, Cedar Grove, Illinois Hendricks County Airport, Indianapolis Airport Authority, Danville, Indiana Proposed Akutan Airport, Akun/Akutan, Alaska Southwest Florida International Airpo rt, Fort Myers, Florida Kinross Gold Corporation Bird/Wildlife Management Plan, Miracunga Mine, Chile Thermal 551 Community Development/Jaqueline Cochran Regional Airport, Thermal, California Oasis Date Gardens Community Development/Jaqueline Cochran Regio nal Airport, Thermal, California Mojave

- Rosamond Sanitary Landfill/Mojave Air and Space Port, Kern County, California Six Points Road Developers, LLC/Indy Park Ride & Fly, Indianapolis, Indiana St. Petersburg

- Clearwater International Airport, Saint Petersb urg, Florida (in progress) EarthMark NJ Kane Wetland Mitigation Bank/Port Authority of NY & NJ, South Hackensack, NJ

John Murtha

- Johnstown Cambria County Airport, Johnstown, Pennsylvania (in progress) Independence Municipal Airport, Independence, Kansas ( Preliminary Assessment) Yeager Airport, Charleston, West Virginia (in progress) Arcata Airport, Arcata/Eureka, California (in progress) Navy Restoration Project/Hangar 1, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Federal Airfield, CA El Paso International Airport , Texas (in progress) Show Low Regional Airport, Arizona (in progress) Proposed North Shore Trash Transfer Station near LaGuardia Airport, Queens, New York (preliminary)

AIRPORT WILDLIFE HAZARD MANAGEMENT WORKSHOP

– Course Development and

Instructor.

E mbry

- Riddle Aeronautical University (Center for Professional Education), Daytona Beach FL

– Oct 2006 Embry

- Riddle Aeronautical University (Center for Professional Education), Charlotte NC

– May 2007 Embry

- Riddle Aeronautical University (Center for Professi onal Education), Seattle WA

– Oct 2007 Embry

- Riddle Aeronautical University (Center for Professional Education), Dallas TX

– Mar 2008 Embry

- Riddle Aeronautical University (Center for Professional Education), Denver CO

– Jul 2008 Embry

- Riddle Aeronautical U niversity (Center for Professional Education), Dallas TX

– May 2009 Embry

- Riddle Aeronautical University (Center for Professional Education), Orlando FL

– January 2010

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT DOCUMENT REVIEW AND COMMENT

Cape Wind Project En vironmental Impact Statement, Nantucket, MA Navy Outlying Landing Field Environmental Impact Statement review for Congressman Walter Jones, NCSELECTED PUBLICATIONS

DeFusco, R. 2009. Hunting opportunities on military lands. Western Hunter 8 (2):33.

DeFu sco, R.P. 2009. Life and death wildlife management: BASH 101. Western Hunter 8 (1):28

- 33.

DeFusco, R.P. 2009. Op Ed. Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Aviation Wildlife Mitigation Newsletter. 3 (1):3, 6.

DeFusco, R. 2008. How close is too close? Eas tmans’ Hunting Journal 21 (110):14

- 19.

Shamoun

- Baranes, J., W. Bouten, L. Buurma, R. DeFusco, A. Dekker, H. Sierdsema, F. Sluiter, J. van Belle, H. van Gasteren, and E. van Loon. 2008. Avian information systems: Developing web

- based Bird

Avoidance M odels. Journal of Ecology and Society 13 (2):38.

DeFusco, R. 2008. Foul weather bucks. Eastmans’ Hunting Journal 21 (105):52

- 55.

DeFusco, R.P., K.M. Mieczkowski, and C.J. Quillen. 2007. A successful case study: the bird control program of Waste Manag ement Outer Loop Recycling and Disposal Facility, Louisville, Kentucky. Proc. Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada 9. Kingston, Ontario.

DeFusco, R. 2007. One year, two great hunts. Eastmans’ Hunting Journal Online Stories. http://www.eastmans.com/o nlinestory.php?requesteddate=70507.

DeFusco, R. 2006. Principles for pursuing pronghorns. Western Hunter 5 (3):12

- 19.

DeFusco, R. 2005. A whole lot of bull! Western Hunter 4 (3):20

- 23.

DeFusco, R.P., M.J. Hovan, J.T. Harper, and K.A. Heppard. 2005. Nort h American Bird Strike Advisory System: Strategic Plan. Proc. Bird Strike Committee Canada 5. Vancouver, British Columbia.

DeFusco, R.P., M.J. Hovan, J.T. Harper, and K.A. Heppard. 2005. North American Bird Strike Advisory System Strategic Plan. US Air Force Institute for Information Technology Applications. US Air Force Academy CO. 31pp.

DeFusco, R.P. and W. Ruhe. 2004. BAM comes to Alaska. Flying Safety Magazine 60(9):4

- 7.

DeFusco, R.P. 2003. Avoiding birds in the 21 st century. Flying Safet y Magazine 59(9):16.17.

Burnham, B.R., D.H. Atchley, R.P. DeFusco, J. Fowler, M.J. Darling and F.J. Angulo. 2002. The use of enrofloxacin to prevent shedding of Salmonella from green iguanas, Iguana iguana . Journal of Herpe Med Surg 12(2):10

- 13.

D eFusco, R.P. and A.A. Sandrock. 2001. A Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of the United States Air Force Academy.

Beermann, T, M. Bobo and R.P. DeFusco. 2001. Enhancements to the United States Bird Avoidance Model (US BAM). Proc. Bird Strike Com mittee USA/Canada 3. Calgary, Alberta Canada.

DeFusco, R.P. 2000. Current status of the USAF Bird Avoidance Model (BAM). Proc. International Bird Strike Committee Meetings 25 (WP

- 0S6):51

- 55.

DeFusco, R.P. 1999. The United States bird avoidance model ( BAM). Pp. 241

- 243 in: Y. Leshem, Y. Mandelik, J. Shamoun

- Baranes (eds.). International Seminar on Birds and Flight Safety in the Middle East. Tel Aviv, Israel.Burnham, B.R., D.H. Atchley, R.P. DeFusco, K.E. Ferris, J.C. Zicarelli, J.H. Lee and F. J. Angulo. 1998.

Prevalence of fecal shedding of Salmonella organisms among captive green iguanas and potential public health implications. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 213(1):48

- 50.

DeFusco, R.P. 1998. A bird avoidance model for the US Air Force. USAFA Discovery 98

- 03:1

- 2.

DeFusco, R.P. 1998. Introducing the new BAM. Flying Safety Magazine 54(3):4

- 5.

DeFusco, R.P. 1998. The U.S. Air Force bird avoidance model. Proc. Vertebrate Pest Conference 18:59

- 60.

Costa Mesa CA.

De Fusco, R.P. 1998. USAF Academy bird avoidance program. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 69(9):928.

DeFusco, R.P. and R.A. Turner. 1998. Dodging feathered bullets. The Combat Edge 6(11):19

- 20.

Finch, H.J., J.S. Kent and R.P. DeFusco. 1997. Po nderosa pine

- scrub oak forest. J. of Field Ornithology 67(4):

DeFusco, R.P. 1996. Using geographic information systems to model bird distributions and populations on a continental scale. Proc. International Bird Strike Committee Meetings 23 (WP52) :463

- 501.

Finch, H.J, J.S. Kent, R.P. DeFusco and J.W.Weissmann. 1996. Ponderosa pine

– scrub oak forest. J. of Field Ornithology 67(4):59.

DeFusco, R.P., H.S. Finch, and J.W. Weissmann. 1995. Ponderosa pine

– scrub oak forest. J. of Field

Ornithol ogy 67(4):15.

DeFusco, R.P. 1994. Environmental Factors Influencing Turkey Vulture Distribution and Abundance: A Geographic Information System Application Study. PhD Dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder.

DeFusco, R.P. 1994. Environmental fa ctors influencing Turkey Vulture distribution and abundance: a GIS application study. Proc. North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference/National Military Fish and Wildlife Association Meetings, Anchorage AK.

DeFusco, R.P., D. Chiszar an d H.M. Smith. 1994. Geographical distribution. Lyochlorophus vernalis

blanchardi (Smooth Green Snake). Herpetological Review 25:77.

Chiszar, D., H.M. Smith and R.P. DeFusco. 1993. Crotalus viridis viridis (Prairie Rattlesnake) diet. Herpetological Review 24:106.

DeFusco, R.P. 1993. Modeling bird hazards to aircraft: a geographic information system application study. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 59(10):1481

- 1487.

DeFusco, R.P., D. Chiszar and H.M. Smith. 1993. Geographical d istribution. Sceloporus undulatus erythrocheilus (Red

- lipped Plateau Lizard). Herpetological Review 24(4):155.

Coomber, P.K., J.S. Kent, R.P. DeFusco and J.W. Obringer. 1992. Ponderosa pine

- scrub oak forest. Journal of Field Ornithology 63(1):73.

DeFusco, R.P. 1992. Ponderosa pine

- scrub oak forest. Journal of Field Ornithology 63(1):17.

Hammershock, D.M. and R.P. DeFusco. 1992. Ultrasonics as a method of bird control. Proc. Bird Strike Committee Europe Meetings 21: Working Paper #39.Coomber , P.K. and R.P. DeFusco. 1991. Ponderosa pine

- scrub oak forest. Journal of Field Ornithology

62(1):56

- 57.

DeFusco, R.P., R.L. Dogan and R.L. Merritt. 1989. Bird strikes to U.S. Air Force aircraft 1987. Proc. Conference on Aerospace Transparent Mate rials and Enclosures. Wright Research and Development

Center WRDC

- TR

- 89

- 4044:834

- 844.

DeFusco, R.P. 1988. United States Air Force bird strike summary (1986

- 1987). Proc. Bird Strike Committee Europe Meetings 19:385

- 397.

DeFusco, R.P. and J.F. Cassell. 1988. Birds of the United States Air Force Academy. Department of Biology, USAF Academy, CO. 29pp.

DeFusco, R.P. and R.A. Turner. 1988. Dodging feathered bullets. Approach 33:50

- 52.

Ferraro, E.R. and R.P. DeFusco. 1987. The Bird Aircraft Strike Haz ard (BASH) program. Proc. Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference 3:20

- 21.

DeFusco, R.P., R.P. Larkin and D.B. Quine. 1986. Bird hazard warning using Next Generation Weather Radar. Proc. Bird Strike Committee Europe Meetings 18:135

- 148.

DeFusco, R .P. and R.A. Turner. 1986. Dodging feathered bullets. Combat Crew 36:11

- 12.

DeFusco, R.P. and R.A. Turner. 1986. Dodging feathered bullets. Air Force Flying Safety Magazine 42:24

- 25.

DeFusco, R.P. and R.A. Turner. 1986. Dodging feathered bullets. TAC Attack. 26:26

- 27.

Thompson, M.M., R.P. DeFusco and T.J. Will. 1986. U.S. Air Force Bird Strikes 1983

- 1985. Proc. Bird Strike Committee Europe Meetings 18:149

- 159.

Thompson, M.M., R.P. DeFusco and T.J. Will. 1986. 1985 Bird Strike Report. The Air Force Safety

Journal 4:2

- 6.

DeFusco, R.P. 1985. Feathered foes. TAC Attack 5:4

- 6.

DeFusco, R.P. and J.G. Nagy. 1983. Frightening Devices For Airfield Bird Control. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Project 904, Denver Wildlife Research Center. 78pp.

DeFusco , R.P. 1980. Birds of the United States Air Force Academy. Department of Biology, USAF Academy CO. 96pp.

PUBLISHED ABSTRACTS

Roberts, C.L., A.L. Smith, S. Brammel, R.P. DeFusco, and G. Feher. (accepted). Applying GIS and relative

hazard scores to produce a meaningful wildlife hazard assessment. Proc. Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada 12. Salt Lake City, UT.

DeFusco, R.P. 2009. Resurrecting the North American bird strike advisory system strategic plan. Proc.

Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada 1 1. Victoria, British Columbia.

Smith, A., R.P. DeFusco, Pople, B., Willet, K, and Myers, A. 2009. Applying GIS and relative hazard scores to produce a meaningful wildlife hazard assessment. Proc. Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada 11:6. Victoria, British Columbia.DeFusco, R.P., K.M. Mieczkowski, and C.J. Quillen. 2008. Comparison of non

- lethal versus lethal

control methods for red

- tailed hawks and other bird species at the Waste Management Outer Loop Recycling and Disposal Facility, Louis ville, Kentucky, USA. Proc. Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada 10:21. Orlando, FL.

DeFusco, R.P. and R.L. Dogan. 2006. The airport is not a wildlife refuge! Proc. Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada 8:18. Saint Louis, MO.

DeFusco, R.P. and R.L. Merr itt. 2006. Remote sensing technology and ground

- based observations for evaluating a proposed airport site in Conway, Arkansas. Proc. Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada 8:15. Saint Louis, MO.

DeFusco, R.P, J.T. Harper, and W Ruhe. 2005. Alaska Bird Avo idance Model (AK BAM) development and implementation. Proc. International Bird Strike Committee 27/WP I

- 4:6. Athens,

Greece.

DeFusco, R.P., M.J. Hovan, J.T. Harper, and K.A. Heppard. 2005. Integrated North American bird avoidance system: research and development strategic plan. Proc. International Bird Strike Committee

27/WP X

- 4:201. Athens, Greece.

DeFusco, R.P. 2004. United States Bird Avoidance Model (BAM) Development and Implementation. Proc. European Bird Avoidance Model/Bird Avoidance S ystem Symposium. University of Amsterdam,

Netherlands.

DeFusco, R.P. 2004. Toward an integrated North American Bird Avoidance System: Organizational and technology update. Proc. Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada 6:30. Baltimore MD.

DeFusco, R.P. and M . Alexander. 2003. Technology update: Bird Avoidance Model / Avian Hazard Advisory System. Proc. Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada 5. Toronto, Ontario.

Alexander, M., M. Bobo and R.P. DeFusco. 2002. Improving the United States Bird Avoidance Model (USB AM) predictive risk surface. Proc. Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada 4. Sacramento CA.

Bobo, M., T. Beermann, and R.P. DeFusco. United States Bird Avoidance Model (US BAM). Proc. ESRI

User Conference .

DeFusco, R.P. 2000. Current status of the USAF Bir d Avoidance Model (BAM). Proc. Bird Strike

Committee USA/Canada 2:20

- 21. Minneapolis MN.

DeFusco, R.P. 1999. The United States Bird Avoidance Model (BAM). Proc. International Seminar on Birds and Flight Safety in the Middle East: 34. Tel Aviv, Israel

.

DeFusco, R.P. 1998. United States Air Force bird avoidance model (BAM). Proc. International Ornithological Congress 22: Durban, South Africa.

DeFusco, R.P. 1997. Using GIS to model bird hazards to military aircraft on a continental scale. Proc.

A merican Congress on Surveying and Mapping/American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing/Resource Technology Conference, Seattle WA.

DeFusco, R.P. 1996. Modeling bird hazards to aircraft on a continental scale. Proc. The Wildlife Society

199 6 Annual Conference, Cincinnati OH.

DeFusco, R.P. 1996. Using geographic information systems to model bird distributions and populations on a continental scale. Proc. USAF Institute for National Security Studies Annual Research Results

Conference 4: 73, USAF Academy, Colorado Springs CO.DeFusco, R.P. 1994. Environmental factors influencing Turkey Vulture distribution and abundance: a

geographic information system application study. North American Ornithological Conference, Missoula

MT.