R d ti idRodenticides:P t I id t A l iRodenticides:P t I id t A l iPetIncidentAnalysisPresentation to the SAPNovember 29, 2011Sarah WinfieldHealth Effects Division1Presentation Outline•Introduction•Lines of Evidence•Hazard•Exposure•Risk Characterization•Incident Analysis•Literature Review•Conclusions2Pet Behaviors/VulnerabilitiesH d t ti l•Hazardpotential•Rodenticides are acute poisonsExposure potential•Exposurepotential•Placement of baits allows them to beaccessed•Size and shape of baits are easilyconsumed•Canine feeding behavior3Risk Characterization•Mammalian wildlife deterministic,dosebased risk assessment-basedriskassessmentreflecting primary exposure•Acute concern identified across allrodenticides•Rodenticides can kill mammals:1 k (2 2 lb) i l•1kg(2.2lb)generic mammal•4-16 g of bait is a lethal dose•1.8 kg4 lb)chihuahua( )•6-24 g of bait is a lethal dose•29.5 kg (65 lb) labrador45196 g of bait is a lethal dose•-196gofbaitisalethaldose4Risk Characterization: Conclusion•Given comparable exposure riskGivencomparableexposure,riskcomparable between wildlife andlpet mammas5Incident Analysis•Data Sources•OPP Incident Data System (IDS)•National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC)•National Animal Poison Control Center (APCC)NationalAnimalPoisonControlCenter(APCC)•Pet Poison Helpline•Types of incidents•Primarily involved dogs•Primarily involved direct exposure to bait•Uncertainties•Market share•Reporting bias•Under-reporting6Incident Analysis: IDS•IDS pet exposures involvingrodenticides1999-2009IDSpetexposuresinvolvingrodenticides,RodenticideDeathMajorTotal ExposureCountBrodifacoum 516 194 3,229Bromethalin 175 117 2,460Diphacinone anddiphacinone, sodium salt 172 90 1,192Warfarin and warfarin,sodium salt 29 4 151Difhi l109144etaoneChlorophacinone 3 3 29Grand Total 905 417 7,2057Incident Analysis: IDS•IDS pet exposures involvingrodenticides1999-2009RodenticidePercentage of Deathand Major out of TotalTotalExposureIDSpetexposuresinvolvingrodenticides,19992009jExposure CountpCountBrodifacoum 22% 3,229Diphacinone and diphacinone, sodium salt 22% 1,192pWarfarin and warfarin, sodium salt 22% 151Chlorophacinone 21% 29Difethialone13%144Bromethalin 12% 2,460Grand Total - 7,2058Incident Analysis: NPIC•NPIC pet exposures involving rodenticides, 1999-2010RodenticideTotal ExposureCountDiphacinone521Bromethalin 254Brodifacoum 125Chlorophacinone 123Warfarin 84Difethialone 56Grand Total 1,1639Incident Analysis: APCC•APCCpet exposures involvingrodenticides2008-2010Rodenticide200820092010Total (’08-’10)Bromethalin 2,220 1,590 1,249 5,059APCCpetexposuresinvolvingrodenticides,20082010,,,,Brodifacoum 1,415 1,429 1,426 4,270Difethialone 379 502 695 1,576Diphacinone 239 210 201 650Warfarin 71 45 54 170Chlorophacinone 60 55 45 160Grand Total 4,384 3,831 3,67011,885•In 2010, rodenticides were the 3rdmost frequent toxini l di t,,,,involvedin petexposures10Incident Analysis: Pet Poison HelplineIn 2009rodenticideswere identified as•In2009,rodenticideswereidentifiedas•the 3rdmost common toxin involved in dogpoisoningsg•the 4thmost common toxin involved in catpoisonings11Incident Analysis: Conclusions•Across data sources:Acrossdatasources:•Rodenticides are likely to beassociated with reported petexposures, many of which result insevere outcomes•Pets are ingestingtoxic and lethalgdoses of rodenticides12Literature Review•Case studies and series supportCasestudiesandseriessupportfindings from the risk characterizationand incident dataandincidentdata•Exposure and hazard potentialS t i t t ith d f ti•Symptoms consistentwithmode ofaction•Severe outcomes13Literature Review•Meadows &Gwaltney-Brant 2006Meadows&GwaltneyBrant,2006•Using APCC data from 2001 to 2005id tifi dd ti idth 4thtidentifiedrodenticides asthe4thmostcommon substance involved in dogi iposonngs14Literature Review•Cope et al 2006Copeet.al,2006•Rodenticides most commonsubstance involved in dog poisoningssubstanceinvolvedindogpoisonings•Costly outcomes•Long exposure to treatment intervals15Literature Review: Conclusions•Exposure to rodenticides have the potential tolt i t (i l di d th)resultin severe outcomes(includingdeath)and necessitate veterinary careS t t d i th lit t•Symptoms reportedintheliterature areconsistent with toxicological mode of actions•Rodenticidesare common substancesarecommonsubstancesinvolved in pet poisonings16SummaryA lti l li f id•Across multiplelines ofevidence•Pets are gaining access and beingexposed to rodenticides•Petsexposedtorodenticidesmays e posed oc desexperience severe adverse symptomsand death17Risk Mitigation•Risk MitigationRiskMitigation•EPA is requiring that all rodenticide productsavailable for sale to residential consumers besold only in bait stationssoldonlyinbaitstations•Loose rodenticide bait such as pellets will beprohibited•Bait Station Requirements•Tier 1 and Tier 2 bait stations are tamperresistant for dogs; tested according to EPAresistantfordogs;testedaccordingtoEPAprotocols18Conclusions•Current label directions intended toCurrentlabeldirectionsintendedtokeep bait away from pets are not fullyeffective at preventing exposures topets.•EPA expects that RMD conformingrodenticide products (i.e., those intamperresistant bait stations) will-resistantbaitstations)willmitigate pet incidents.19