Transverse Compression Response 

of a Multi-Ply Kevlar Vest 

by Martin N. Raftenberg, Michael J. Scheidler, and Paul Moy 

ARL-TR-3343 September 2004 

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Army Research Laboratory 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5066 

ARL-TR-3343 September 2004 

Transverse Compression Response 

of a Multi-Ply Kevlar Vest 

Martin N. Raftenberg, Michael J. Scheidler, and Paul Moy 

Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, ARL 

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 
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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 

Transverse Compression Response of a Multi-Ply Kevlar Vest 

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 

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1L162618AH80 

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6. AUTHOR(S) 

Martin N. Raftenberg, Michael J. Scheidler, and Paul Moy 

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U.S. Army Research Laboratory 

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Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5066 

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13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

14. ABSTRACT 

Each of the two 38 × 38-cm square panels, consisting of 28 plies of plain-woven 600-denier Kevlar KM2 and a Cordura case, 

was loaded in quasistatic, transverse compression by means of an Instron machine. Constitutive assumptions were introduced 

to allow for calculation of Green-St. Venant strain, second Piola-Kirchhoff stress, and Cauchy stress. A least squares fit in the 

form of a rational function was obtained for each second Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs. Green-St. Venant strain curve. 

15. SUBJECT TERMS

Kevlar KM2, body armor, personal protection, constitutive model, Instron test 

16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 

19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON

Martin N. Raftenberg 

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410-306-0949 

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iii

Contents 

List of Figures iv

List of Tables iv

1. Introduction 1

2. Methods 1

3. Results and Discussion 2

3.1 Force and Displacement ..................................................................................................2 

3.2 Stresses and Strain...........................................................................................................3 

4. Summary 13

5. References 14

List of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 15

Distribution List 16 
iv

List of Figures 

Figure 1. Compressive force-crosshead displacement data for the vest under quasistatic, 

transverse compression. .............................................................................................................2 

Figure 2. The vest in its undeformed configuration, with the coordinate system indicated...........3 

Figure 3. Sketch of the plain-weave construction of the vest.........................................................4 

Figure 4. Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs. Green-St. Venant strain for the vest under 

quasistatic, transverse compression in tests 1 and 2. .................................................................8 

Figure 5. Cauchy stress vs. Green-St. Venant strain for the vest under quasistatic, transverse 

compression in tests 1 and 2. .....................................................................................................8 

Figure 6. Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs. Green-St. Venant strain for the vest under 

quasistatic, transverse compression in test 1..............................................................................9 

Figure 7. Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs. Green-St. Venant strain for the vest under 

quasistatic, transverse compression in test 1............................................................................10 

Figure 8. Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs. Green-St. Venant strain for the vest under 

quasistatic, transverse compression for the small-strain range in test 1. .................................10 

Figure 9. Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs. Green-St. Venant strain for the vest under 

quasistatic, transverse compression in test 2............................................................................11 

Figure 10. Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs. Green-St. Venant strain for the vest under 

quasistatic, transverse compression in test 2............................................................................11 

Figure 11. Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs. Green-St. Venant strain for the vest under 

quasistatic, transverse compression for the small strain range in test 2...................................12 

Figure 12. Elastic modulus based on second Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs. Green-St. Venant 

strain for the vest under quasistatic, transverse compression. .................................................12 

List of Tables 

Table 1. Least squares fit parameters..............................................................................................9 
1

1. Introduction 

A “soft” body-armor vest is typically composed of multiple plies of plain-woven Kevlar* fabric. 

When a bullet strikes, the vest undergoes out-of-plane displacement, during which its warp and 

fill yarns are placed in tension. In this sense, the vest behaves structurally, at least in part, as an 

anisotropic membrane. In addition to in-plane tension of the yarns, those yarns in the region of 

impact also undergo transverse compression. The processes of yarn axial tension and transverse 

compression both contribute to the spatial and temporal spreading of the load transmitted to the 

torso backing the vest, as well as to energy extraction from the bullet. The transverse 

compression contribution has been generally neglected by fabric modelers, but its relative 

importance has apparently not been studied to date. The relative importance of transverse 

compression is likely to grow when the armor is backed by the human torso or some surrogate 

thereof as opposed to unbacked, since such backings impede out-of-plane motion. 

In the present study, quasistatic, transverse compression tests were performed on a square 

specimen composed of 28 plies of plain-woven Kevlar KM2 enclosed in a Cordura*

 case. The 

tests are described in section 2. Force-deflection data are presented in section 3.1 and converted 

to stress and strain in section 3.2. This conversion required constitutive assumptions for the 

fabric material. Section 3.2 also presents least squares fits to stress-strain curves in the form of a 

rational function. The resulting analytical representations are intended to inform constitutive 

modeling of the vest as an orthotropic material. Section 4 contains a brief summary.

2. Methods 

Square panels with a 38 cm edge length were purchased from Point Blank Corporation. The 

panels consisted of 28 plies of 600-denier Kevlar KM2 enclosed in a Cordura case. The 28 plies 

were stitched together at each of the four corners of the panel. The stitching crossed the corner 

diagonally and was offset about 2 cm from the corner. The initial thickness of the specimen was 

measured to be 6.35 mm. 

An Instron 4505 testing machine† was used with a load cell rated at 100 kN. A portion of the 

vest was sandwiched between two platens, one with a 51-mm diameter and the other with a 

152-mm diameter. The platens were smooth and no lubrication was applied. A constant 

crosshead displacement rate of 0.0212 mm/s was imposed.

 *

Kevlar and Cordura are registered trademarks of DuPont. 

†

Further reading can be found in: Instron Corporation. The Series 4500 Floor Model Load Frame, Operators Guide. Manual 

no. M10-4500-5, Issue B, Canton, MA: Instron, June 1988. 
2

Two compression tests were performed on fabric specimens. In both tests, a crosshead velocity 

of 0.0212 mm/s was maintained until the 100-kN load-cell capacity was reached. In test 1, the 

panel was loaded at its center. In test 2, the load was applied at a location about 10 cm from the 

center and 12 and 13 cm from the two nearest edges of the panel. In order to quantify the 

machine compliance contribution to the total crosshead displacements in tests 1 and 2, a third 

compression test was performed without a fabric specimen present. 

3. Results and Discussion 

3.1 Force and Displacement 

Measurements of the load cell force, F, as a function of the imposed crosshead displacement, ∆, 

are presented from three tests in figure 1. Tests 1 and 2 included a fabric specimen, and the third 

test did not. In figure 1, for each force F, the crosshead displacement in the third test has been 

subtracted from the results for tests 1 and 2. The positive curvature ( 2 2 dFd∆ > 0) exhibited by 

the two data curves in figure 1 corresponds to an increasing stiffness with increasing load. A 

contribution to this stiffness increase is the progressive squeezing out of air. 

Figure 1. Compressive force-crosshead displacement data for the vest under quasistatic, 

transverse compression. 
3

3.2 Stresses and Strain 

In order to relate load cell force and crosshead displacement to stress and strain, we introduce 

constitutive and kinematics assumptions. We adopt the notation in Malvern (1969). 

The entire 28-ply vest is modeled as a homogeneous, orthotropic continuum. Cartesian material 

coordinates X1, X2, and X3 are defined in figure 2. The plane X3 = 0 coincides with one free 

surface of the vest. The vest has initial thickness L0, so the plane X3 = L0 coincides with the 

opposite free surface. In the case of our specimen, L0 is 6.35 mm. As shown in figure 3, the 

X1 and X2 axes are aligned with the warp and fill yarns, respectively (neglecting the yarns’ initial 

crimp). X1, x2, and x3 are the corresponding coordinates of the deformed material; thus they 

coincide with X1, X2, and X3 coordinates in the undeformed state. 

Figure 2. The vest in its undeformed configuration, with the coordinate system indicated. 

The deformation gradient tensor, F, is given by 

X

x F

∂

∂ = , (1) 

x1, X1

x3, X3

x2, X2

X3 = 0 

X3 = L0

WARP

FILL 

TRANSVERSE 
4

Figure 3. Sketch of the plain-weave construction of the vest. 

Where X = (X1, X2, X3) and x = (x1, x2, x3). The Green-St. Venant strain tensor, E, defined by 

E = (F ⋅F − I) T

2

1 , (2) 

has six independent components. E11, E22, and E33 represent the normal strains along the 

coordinate axes. E12 is the in-plane shear between warp and fill yarns, and E23 and E31 are the 

transverse shear strains. 

Let T, T0

, and S denote the Cauchy, first Piola-Kirchoff, and second Piola-Kirchoff stress 

tensors, respectively. They are interrelated by 

−T S = T ⋅F 0 (3) 

and

X1

X2

Warp 

Yarn

Fill 

Yarn
5

J

T F S F T ⋅ ⋅ = , (4) 

where 

J = det F . (5) 

The six components of the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress, resolved along the coordinate axes, are 

S11, S22, S33, S12, S23, and S31. 

We assume that the entire vest (all 28 plies) can be represented as a homogeneous, orthotropic, 

hyperelastic continuum. In terms of the X1, X2, and X3 coordinates, we further assume 

constitutive decoupling of the form 

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

11 11 11

22 22 22

33 33 33

12 12 12

23 23 23

S E

S E

S E

S E

S E

φ

φ

φ

φ

φ

=

=

=

=

=

S E 31 31 31 = φ ( ) , (6a) 

where 

φ11 () () 0 = φ 22 0 = φ33 (0) = φ12 (0) = φ 23 (0) = φ 31 (0) = 0 . (6b) 

That is, the vest’s warp, fill, and transverse normal responses and its three shear responses are all 

mutually decoupled. This decoupling assumption is motivated by the plain-weave construction 

of each ply of the vest, which is sketched in figure 3. In-plane tensile loading of the warp (fill) 

yarns produces relatively little deformation of the orthogonal family of fill (warp) yarns. The 

amount of coupling under quasistatic, biaxial, in-plane tension has been measured and found to 

be small in fabrics other than Kevlar (e.g., Kageyama et al. [1988]) for plain-woven wool. No 

such biaxial study has been documented for Kevlar. Similarly (and more relevant to this report), 

the presence of the initial gaps between yarns motivates the assumption that compressive normal 

loading in the transverse direction produces relatively little elongation of the warp and fill yarns. 

(Admittedly, figure 3 greatly exaggerates the size of these gaps in the case of our vest.) 

The elasticity assumption has been adopted by most constitutive modelers of Kevlar (e.g., 

Johnson et al. [1999] and Walker [1999]). To our knowledge, all published constitutive data for 

woven Kevlar fabric have been quasistatic. Hence, there are no available data on which to 

directly base an inelastic model for Kevlar.
6

The constitutive decoupling assumptions of equation 6 ensure that conditions of uniaxial stress 

and uniaxial strain occur simultaneously, i.e., that uniaxial stress implies uniaxial strain, and vice 

versa. For a general specimen material, the smooth platens would make the uniaxial stress 

condition plausible for the early stage of a transverse compression test. Friction between 

specimen and platens would increase continuously throughout the test, eventually leading to an 

approximation of uniaxial strain. For our decoupled material of equation 6, the conditions of 

uniaxial stress and strain would both apply early in the test as well as late in the test. We further 

assume that both conditions applied throughout the transverse compression tests on fabric. 

The condition of uniaxial stress implies that the first Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor, T0

, in the 

region between the platens was given by 

⎥

⎥

⎥

⎦

⎤

⎢

⎢

⎢

⎣

⎡

= −

0 0 1

0 0 0

0 0 0

A0

0 F T . (7) 

Here, A0 is the initial area of the smaller platen and F is again the load cell force taken positive in 

compression. Uniaxial strain implies that deformation within the vest throughout the transverse 

compression test can be described by 

1 1

2 2

x X

x X

=

=

 x X 3 3 = (1−δ ). (8) 

Here, δ is the nominal strain in the transverse direction, taken to be positive in compression. It is 

measured by the crosshead displacement scaled by the vest’s initial thickness, or 

L0

∆ δ = . (9) 

Note that δ → 1 as ∆ → L0. Substitution of equations 8 and 9 into equations 1–5 yields the 

following evaluations for F, E, S, and T: 

⎥

⎥

⎥

⎦

⎤

⎢

⎢

⎢

⎣

⎡

−

=

0 0 1 δ

0 1 0

1 0 0

F , (10) 

⎥

⎥

⎥

⎦

⎤

⎢

⎢

⎢

⎣

⎡

⎟

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎜

⎝

⎛ = − +

0 0 1

0 0 0

0 0 0

2

2 δ E δ , (11)
7

( ) ⎥

⎥

⎥

⎦

⎤

⎢

⎢

⎢

⎣

⎡

− = −

0 0 1

0 0 0

0 0 0

1 A0 δ

F S , (12) 

and 

0 T = T

⎥

⎥

⎥

⎦

⎤

⎢

⎢

⎢

⎣

⎡

= −

0 0 1

0 0 0

0 0 0

A0

F . (13) 

In particular, the transverse normal components of the Green-St. Venant strain, the second 

Piola-Kirchhoff stress, and the Cauchy stress are 

2

2

33

δ E = −δ + , (14) 

( ) δ −δ = − = − 1 1

33

0

33

T

A

F S , (15) 

and 

0

33 A

F T = − . (16) 

Note from equation 9 that δ → 1 as ∆ → L0. This limit corresponds to the vest compressed to 

zero thickness and hence constitutes an unreachable upper bound on δ. In a compression test δ is 

therefore restricted to the range 0 < δ < 1. Further note from equation 14 that E33 → –1/2 as 

δ → 1 , so that –1/2 constitutes a lower bound on E33. Since 0 < δ < 1 in compression, we have 

from equations 15 and 16 that –S33 > –T33 in these tests (recall that stress is positive in tension). 

S33 and T33 are plotted as functions of E33 in figures 4 and 5, respectively. 

The curves for tests 1 and 2 in figure 4 can be closely approximated by a function of the form 

(1 2 ) (1 )

2

33 33

2

33

4

33

3

33

2

33 33

33 E eE f E

aE bE cE d E S

+ + +

+ + + = . (17) 

Note that this functional form, with its singularity at E33 = –1/2, insures the required condition of 

unbounded stress as E33 → –1/2. We used Mathematica (Wolfram, 1999) to evaluate the six 

coefficients, a, b, c, d, e, and f, by applying a nonlinear least squares procedure to the global 

error. The resulting coefficient values for the two tests are given in table 1. The resulting fits are 

plotted along with the data in figures 6–8 for test 1 and figures 9–11 for test 2. In figures 6 and 

9, the stress is plotted on a log scale; note that the S33 fit does indeed become unbounded as 

E33 → –1/2. 
8

Figure 4. Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs. Green-St. Venant strain for the vest under 

quasistatic, transverse compression in tests 1 and 2. 

Figure 5. Cauchy stress vs. Green-St. Venant strain for the vest under quasistatic, 

transverse compression in tests 1 and 2. 
9

Table 1. Least squares fit parameters. 

Coefficient Test 1 Test 2 

 a (MPa) 1.25770 0.550219 

 b (MPa) –7.68533 –13.3413 

 c (MPa) –71.1591 –86.6872 

 d (MPa) –135.116 –146.099 

 e 4.74248 4.65902 

 f 6.00453 5.78536 

Figure 6. Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs. Green-St. Venant strain for the vest under 

quasistatic, transverse compression in test 1. 

The quantity dS33/dE33 provides a measure of the fabric’s transverse stiffness and constitutes a 

nonlinear elastic modulus. From equation 17, 

3

1 2

33

33

F

F F

dE

dS − = , (18a) 

where 

(1 2 ) (1 ) ( 2 3 4 )

3

33

2

33 33

2

33 33

2 F1 = + E33 + eE + f E a + bE + cE + d E , (18b) 

(1 2 ) ( )[4 2(3 ) 8 ]

2

33 33

4

33

3

33

2

33 33

2 F2 = + E33 aE + bE + cE + d E + e + e + f E + f E , (18c) 

and 

2 2

33 33

4

3 33 F = (1+ 2E ) (1+ eE + f E ) . (18d) 
10

Figure 7. Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs. Green-St. Venant strain for the vest under 

quasistatic, transverse compression in test 1. 

Figure 8. Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs. Green-St. Venant strain for the vest under 

quasistatic, transverse compression for the small-strain range in test 1.
11

Figure 9. Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs. Green-St. Venant strain for the vest under 

quasistatic, transverse compression in test 2. 

Figure 10. Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs. Green-St. Venant strain for the vest under 

quasistatic, transverse compression in test 2. 
12

Figure 11. Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs. Green-St. Venant strain for the vest 

under quasistatic, transverse compression for the small strain range in 

test 2. 

The quantity dS33/dE33 is evaluated from the fits to tests 1 and 2. The results are presented in 

figure 12. 

Figure 12. Elastic modulus based on second Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs. Green-St. 

Venant strain for the vest under quasistatic, transverse compression. 
13

4. Summary 

The 38 × 38-cm square test panels consisted of 28 plies of plain-woven, 600-denier Kevlar KM2 

enclosed in a Cordura case. Each of the two panels was loaded in quasistatic, transverse 

compression by means of an Instron machine. 

Force-displacement data are presented in figure 1. Constitutive assumptions were introduced to 

allow for calculation of Green-St. Venant strain, second Piola-Kirchhoff stress, and Cauchy 

stress. A least squares fit in the form of a rational function was obtained to each second 

Piola-Kirchhoff stress-Green-St. Venant strain curve. These fits are described in equation 17 and 

in table 1. The fits are differentiated to obtain a measure of transverse stiffness. 
14

5. References 

Johnson, G. R.; Beissel, S. E.; Cunniff, P. M. A Computational Model for Fabrics Subjected to 

Ballistic Impact. 18th International Symposium on Ballistics; Vol. 2, Reinecke, W. G., Ed.; 

Technomic Publishing: Lancaster, PA, 1999; pp 962–969. 

Kageyama, M.; Kawabata, S.; Niwa, M. The Validity of a Linearizing Method for Predicting the 

Biaxial-Extension Properties of Fabrics. Journal of the Textile Institute 1988, 79, 543–567. 

Malvern, L. E. Introduction to the Mechanics of a Continuous Medium; Prentice-Hall: 

Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1969. 

Walker, J. D. Constitutive Model for Fabrics With Explicit Static Solution and Ballistic Limit. 

Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Ballistics; Vol. 2, Reinecke, W. G., 

Ed.; Technomic Publishing: Lancaster, PA, 1999; pp 1231–1238. 

Wolfram, S. The Mathematica Book; 4th ed.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 

1999. 
15

List of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 

A0 initial cross-sectional area of the smaller platen 

E Green-St. Venant (Lagrangian) strain tensor 

Eij component ij of E

E33 transverse normal component of the Green-St. Venant strain 

F deformation gradient tensor 

F compressive force applied to the fabric specimen 

I identity tensor 

L0 fabric specimen (vest) initial thickness 

T Cauchy stress tensor 

T33 transverse normal component of the Cauchy stress 

S second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor 

Sij component ij of S

S33 transverse normal component of the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress 

T0

 first Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor 

X1, X2, X3 material coordinates 

a, b, c, d, e, f coefficients in a fit to S33 vs. E33

x1, x2, x3 deformed coordinates 

∆ crosshead displacement 

δ crosshead displacement scaled by the vest’s initial thickness 

φij constitutive function relating Sij to Eij
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 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 1 COMMANDER 

 US ARMY ARDEC 

 AMSTA AR TD 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 1 COMMANDER 

 US ARMY ARDEC 

 AMSTA AR CCH P 

 J LUTZ 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 1 COMMANDER 

 US ARMY ARDEC 

 AMSTA AR FSF T 

 C LIVECCHIA 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 1 COMMANDER 

 US ARMY ARDEC 

 AMSTA ASF 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 13 COMMANDER 

 US ARMY ARDEC 

 AMSTA AR CCH A 

 F ALTAMURA 

 M NICOLICH 

 M PALATHINGUL 

 D VO 

 R HOWELL 

 A VELLA 

 M YOUNG 

 L MANOLE 

 S MUSALLI 

 R CARR 

 M LUCIANO 

 E LOGSDEN 

 T LOUZEIRO 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 1 COMMANDER 

 US ARMY ARDEC 

 AMSTA AR QAC T C 

 J PAGE 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 1 COMMANDER 

 US ARMY ARDEC 

 AMSTA AR M 

 D DEMELLA 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 3 COMMANDER 

 US ARMY ARDEC 

 AMSTA AR FSA 

 A WARNASH 

 B MACHAK 

 M CHIEFA 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 2 COMMANDER 

 US ARMY ARDEC 

 AMSTA AR FSP G 

 M SCHIKSNIS 

 D CARLUCCI 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 
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 2 COMMANDER 

 US ARMY ARDEC 

 AMSTA AR CCH C 

 H CHANIN 

 S CHICO 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 1 COMMANDER 

 US ARMY ARDEC 

 AMSTA AR QAC T 

 D RIGOGLIOSO 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 1 COMMANDER 

 US ARMY ARDEC 

 AMSTA AR WET 

 T SACHAR 

 BLDG 172 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 1 US ARMY ARDEC 

 INTELLIGENCE SPECIALIST 

 AMSTA AR WEL F 

 M GUERRIERE 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 10 COMMANDER 

 US ARMY ARDEC 

 AMSTA AR CCH B 

 P DONADIA 

 F DONLON 

 P VALENTI 

 C KNUTSON 

 G EUSTICE 

 K HENRY 

 J MCNABOC 

 G WAGNECZ 

 R SAYER 

 F CHANG 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 1 PM ARMS 

 SFAE GCSS ARMS 

 BLDG 171 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 6 COMMANDER 

 US ARMY ARDEC 

 AMSTA AR CCL 

 F PUZYCKI 

 R MCHUGH 

 D CONWAY 

 E JAROSZEWSKI 

 R SCHLENNER 

 M CLUNE 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 1 COMMANDER 

 US ARMY ARDEC 

 AMSTA AR WEA 

 J BRESCIA 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 1 PM MAS 

 SFAE AMO MAS 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 1 PM MAS 

 SFAE AMO MAS 

 CHIEF ENGINEER 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 1 PM MAS 

 SFAE AMO MAS PS 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 2 PM MAS 

 SFAE AMO MAS LC 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 2 PM MAS 

 SFAE AMO MAS MC 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 1 COMMANDER 

 US ARMY ARDEC 

 PRODUCTION BASE 

 MODERN ACTY 

 AMSMC PBM K 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 
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COPIES ORGANIZATION COPIES ORGANIZATION

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 2 PM MAS 

 SFAE AMO MAS SMC 

 PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 

 07806-5000 

 1 COMMANDER 

 US ARMY TACOM 

 PM COMBAT SYSTEMS 

 SFAE GCS CS 

 6501 ELEVEN MILE RD 

 WARREN MI 48397-5000 

 1 COMMANDER 

 US ARMY TACOM 

 AMSTA SF 

 WARREN MI 48397-5000 

 3 NAVAL RSRCH LAB 

 MULTIFUNCTIONAL MAT BR 

 CODE 6350 

 R EVERETT 

 P MATIC 

 C SIMMONDS 

 WASHINGTON DC 20375 

 2 NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CTR 

 DAHLGREN DIV CODE G06 

 TECH LIBRARY CODE 323 

 17320 DAHLGREN RD 

 DAHLGREN VA 22448 

 1 NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CTR 

 CRANE DIVISION 

 M JOHNSON CODE 20H4 

 LOUISVILLE KY 40214-5245 

 2 NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CTR 

 U SORATHIA 

 C WILLIAMS CD 6551 

 9500 MACARTHUR BLVD 

 WEST BETHESDA MD 20817 

 2 COMMANDER 

 NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CTR 

 CARDEROCK DIVISION 

 R PETERSON CODE 2020 

 M CRITCHFIELD CODE 1730 

 BETHESDA MD 20084 

 1 NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CTR 

 CARDEROCK DIVISION 

 R CRANE CODE 2802 

 3A LEGGETT CIR 

 BETHESDA MD 20054-5000 

 8 NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CTR 

 J FRANCIS CODE G30 

 D WILSON CODE G32 

 R D COOPER CODE G32 

 J FRAYSSE CODE G33 

 E ROWE CODE G33 

 T DURAN CODE G33 

 L DE SIMONE CODE G33 

 R HUBBARD CODE G33 

 DAHLGREN VA 22448 

 1 AFRL MLSS 

 R THOMSON 

 2179 12TH ST RM 122 

 WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB OH 

 45433-7718 

 2 AFRL 

 F ABRAMS 

 J BROWN 

 BLDG 653 

 2977 P ST STE 6 

 WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB OH 

 45433-7739 

 1 NATIONAL INST OF JUSTICE 

 S NEWETT 

 810 SEVENTH ST NW 

 WASHINGTON DC 20531 

 4 UNIV OF VA 

 IMPACT BIOMECHANICS LAB 

 J CRANDALL 

 D BASS 

 R SALZAR 

 W PILKEY 

 1011 LINDEN AVE 

 CHARLOTTESVILLE VA 22902 

 1 ARMED FORCES INSTITUTE OF 

 PATHOLOGY 

 ORTHOPAEDICS 

 CAPT M DE MAIO 

 6825 16TH ST NW 

 WASHINGTON DC 20306-6000 

 1 USAARL 

 B J MCENTIRE 

 BLDG 6901 

 PO BOX 620577 

 FORT RUCKER AL 36362-0577 
NO. OF NO. OF 

COPIES ORGANIZATION COPIES ORGANIZATION

21

 3 ARMY HIGH PERFORMANCE 

 COMPUTING CENTER 

 T J HOLMQUIST 

 G R JOHNSON 

 S BEISSEL 

 1200 WASHINGTON AVE SOUTH 

 MINNEAPOLIS MN 55415 

 1 NATIONAL INST OF JUSTICE 

 OFFICE OF LAW ENFCMNT 

 K HIGGINS 

 BLDG 225 RM A323 

 GAITHERSBURG MD 20899 

 1 NIST 

 OLES 

 K D RICE 

 GAITHERSBURG MD 20899 

 2 HONEYWELL INTL 

 L WAGNER 

 A BHATNAGAR 

 15801 WOODS EDGE RD 

 COLONIAL HEIGHTS VA 23834 

 4 SIMULA 

 J COLTMAN 

 R HUYETT 

 J MEARS 

 R MONKS 

 10016 S 51ST ST 

 PHOENIX AZ 85044 

 4 WAYNE STATE UNIV 

 BIOENGINEERING CTR 

 A KING 

 K H YANG 

 M WILHELM 

 C BIR 

 818 W HANCOCK 

 DETROIT MI 48202 

 3 DARPA/DSO 

 S G WAX 

 S VANFOSSEN 

 L CHRISTODOULOU 

 3701 NORTH FAIRFAX DR 

 ARLINGTON VA 22203-1714 

 3 OFC OF NAVAL RSRCH 

 K PRUSACYK 

 D SIEGEL CODE 351 

 J KELLY 

 800 N QUINCY ST 

 ARLINGTON VA 22217-5660 

 1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST 

 IMPACT BIOMECHANICS LAB 

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 

 S M DUMA 

 BLACKSBURG VA 24061 

 1 UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA 

 ENGINEERING MECHANICS 

 S E JONES 

 PO BOX 870278 

 TUSCALOOSA AL 34587-0278 

 2 NORTHWESTERN UNIV 

 MECHANICAL ENGRNG 

 W K LIU 

 C BRINSON 

 EVANSTON IL 60208 

 1 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 

 CIVIL ENGRNG 

 T BELYTSCHKO 

 EVANSTON IL 60208 

 1 UNIV OF MISSOURI ROLLA 

 CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPT 

 W SCHONBERG 

 ROLLA MO 65409-0030 

 5 UNIV OF DELAWARE 

 CTR FOR COMPOSITE MTRLS 

 J GILLESPIE 

 B GAMA 

 M SANTARE 

 D HEIDER 

 N J WAGNER 

 201 SPENCER LABORATORY 

 NEWARK DE 19716 

 3 JHU 

 MECH ENG 

 K T RAMESH 

 J F MOLINARI 

 A DOUGLAS 

 LATROBE HALL 

 3400 N CHARLES ST 

 BALTIMORE MD 21218 
NO. OF NO. OF 

COPIES ORGANIZATION COPIES ORGANIZATION

22

 1 MIT 

 MTRLS SCI AND ENG DEPT 

 D ROYLANCE 

 CAMBRIDGE MA 02139 

 3 MIT 

 MECHANICAL ENG DEPT 

 M BOYCE 

 S SOCRATE 

 I HUNTER 

 CAMBRIDGE MA 02139 

 1 MIT 

 CHEMISTRY DEPT 

 T SWAGER 

 77 MASSACHUSSETTS AVE 

 CAMBRIDGE MA 02139-4307 

 3 SRI INTERNATIONAL 

 D A SHOCKEY 

 D C ERLICH 

 J W SIMONS 

 333 RAVENSWOOD AVE 

 MENLO PARK CA 94025-3493 

 2 UC SAN DIEGO 

 MECH AEROSPACE ENGRNG 

 S NEMAT NASSER 

 M A MEYERS 

 9500 GILMAN DR 

 LA JOLLA CA 92093 

 1 N C STATE UNIV 

 DEPT MECH AND AEROSPACE 

 ENGINEERING 

 M ZIKRY 

 BOX 7910 

 RALEIGH NC 27695-7910 

 1 UNIV OF CINCINNATI 

 COLLEGE OF ENGRNG 

 A TABIEI 

 787 RHODES HALL 

 PO BOX 210070 

 CINCINNATI OH 45221-0070 

 1 UNIV OF ARIZONA 

 MECHANICAL ENGRNG 

 W CHEN 

 PO BOX 210119 

 TUCSON AZ 85721 

 1 CALIFORNIA INST OF TECH 

 AERONAUTICS AND APPLIED 

 MECHANICS 

 M ORTIZ 

 PASADENA CA 91125 

 3 U C BERKELEY 

 MECHANICAL ENGR DEPT 

 D STEIGMANN 

 P PAPADOPOULOS 

 B NADLER 

 6133 ETCHVERRY 

 BERKELEY CA 94720 

 2 UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER 

 MECHANICAL ENGR DEPT 

 D J QUESNEL 

 A L LERNER 

 ROCHESTER NY 14627-0132 

 4 FOSTER-MILLER 

 K KASTURI 

 W KONG 

 M ROYLANCE 

 J TING 

 350 SECOND AVE 

 WALTHAM MA 02451 

 1 DYNA EAST CORP 

 W FLIS 

 3620 HORIZON DR 

 KING OF PRUSSIA PA 

 19406-2647 

 2 SOUTHWEST RSRCH INST 

 ENGR AND MAT SCI DIV 

 C E ANDERSON 

 J WALKER 

 6220 CULEBRA RD 

 PO DRAWER 28510 

 SAN ANTONIO TX 78228-0510 

 2 UNIV OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN 

 INSTITUTE FOR ADV TECH 

 S BLESS 

 S SATAPATHY 

 4030 2 W BRAKER LN 

 AUSTIN TX 78759 

 1 LIVERMORE SOFTWARE TECH 

 CORP 

 J O HALLQUIST 

 2876 WAVERLY WY 

 LIVERMORE CA 94550-1740
NO. OF NO. OF 

COPIES ORGANIZATION COPIES ORGANIZATION

23

 1 PURDUE UNIV 

 AERO & ASTRO 

 C T SUN 

 W LAFAYETTE IN 47907-1282 

 1 APPLIED RSRCH ASSOCIATES 

 L A BROWN 

 1848 LOCKHILL SELMA RD 

 SUITE 102 

 SAN ANTONIO TX 78213 

 1 JAYCOR CORP 

 J STUHMILLER 

 9775 TOWNE CENTRE DR 

 SAN DIEGO CA 92121 

 1 DOMINCA 

 N WINFREE 

 12111 RANCHITOS RD NE 

 ALBUQUERQUE NM 87122 

 1 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE 

 SCHL 

 MECH ENG 

 Y KWON 

 700 DYER RD BLDG 245 

 MONTEREY CA 93943-5146 

 1 APPLIED RSRCH ASSOCIATES 

 D E GRADY 

 SUITE A 220 

 4300 SAN MATEO BLVD NE 

 ALBUQUERQUE NM 87110 

 1 MINING SAFETY APPLIANCES CO 

 T J MOYNIHAN 

 P O BOX 439 

 PITTSBURGH PA 15230-0439 

 3 DUPONT SPRUANCE PLANT 

 H H YANG 

 5401 JEFFERSON DAVIS HWY 

 RICHMOND VA 23234 

 1 UNIV OF MASSACHUSETTS 

 TEXTILE SCIENCES 

 S B WARNER 

 NORTH DARTMOUTH MA 02747 

 1 CORNELL UNIV 

 THEORET APPLIED MECHANICS 

 S L PHOENIX 

 321 THURSTON HALL 

 ITHACA NY 14853 

 1 INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH ASSOC 

 D L ORPHAL 

 4450 BLACK AVE STE E 

 PLEASANTON CA 94566 

 3 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV 

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 

 W R YU 

 F POURBOGHRAT 

 M ZAMPALONI 

 EAST LANSING MI 48824 

 7 DIR LLNL 

 M J MURPHY 

 D LASSILLA 

 M FINGER 

 R CHRISTENSEN 

 S DETERESA 

 F MAGNESS 

 TECH LIB 

 PO BOX 808 

 LIVERMORE CA 94550 

 4 DIRECTOR 

 SANDIA NATIONAL LABS 

 M KIPP 

 E HERTEL 

 R BRANNON 

 TECH LIB 

 PO BOX 5800 

 ALBUQUERQUE NM 

 87185-5800 

 3 DIRECTOR 

 SANDIA NATIONAL LABS 

 APPLIED MECHANICS DEPT 

 MS 9042 

 J HANDROCK 

 Y R KAN 

 J LAUFFER 

 PO BOX 969 

 LIVERMORE CA 94551-0969 

 3 DIR LANL 

 D A MANDEL 

 G T GRAY 

 TECH LIB 

 PO BOX 166 

 LOS ALAMOS NM 87454 

 1 USA SPCL OPNS 

 SGM L K JELLSON 

 PO BOX 70660 

 FT BRAGG NC 28307-5000
NO. OF NO. OF 

COPIES ORGANIZATION COPIES ORGANIZATION

24

 1 US ARMY NGIC 

 T SHAVER 

 2055 BOULDERS RD 

 CHARLOTTESVILLE VA 

 22911-8318 

ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND

 1 US ARMY MATERIEL 

 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS ACTIVITY 

 P DIETZ 

 392 HOPKINS RD 

 AMXSY TD 

 APG MD 21005-5071 

 1 US ARMY ATC 

 W C FRAZER 

 CSTE DTC AT AC I 

 400 COLLERAN RD 

 APG MD 21005-5059 

 111 DIR USARL 

 AMSRD CI HC 

 AMSRD CS IO FI 

 M ADAMSON 

 AMSRD SL 

 R SAUCIER 

 D BELY 

 R HENRY 

 AMRSD SL BE 

 W BRUCHEY 

 E DAVIS 

 AMSRD WM 

 J MCCAULEY 

 J SMITH 

 M ZOLTOSKI 

 AMSRD WM B 

 A HORST 

 AMSRD WM BA 

 D LYON 

 AMSRD WM BC 

 J NEWILL 

 P PLOSTINS 

 A ZIELINSKI 

 AMSRD WM BF 

 S WILKERSON 

 AMSRD WM M 

 J BEATTY 

 B BURNS 

 T HADUCH 

 AMSRD WM MA 

 M BRATCHER 

 D DESCHEPPER 

 L GHIORSE 

 P MOY (10 CPS) 

 S MCKNIGHT 

 C PERGANTIS 

 E WETZEL 

 AMSRD WM MB 

 T BOGETTI 

 L BURTON 

 W DRYSDALE 

 B FINK 

 D HOPKINS 

 R LIEB 

 J TZENG 

 AMSRD WM MC 

 B F HART 

 E RIGAS 

 W SPURGEON 

 AMSRD WM MD 

 B CHEESEMAN 

 E CHIN 

 P DEHMER 

 R DOOLEY 

 G GAZONAS 

 J LASALVIA 

 J MONTGOMERY 

 W ROY 

 B SCOTT 

 D SPAGNUOLO 

 S WALSH 

 C F YEN 

 AMSRD WM TA 

 M BURKINS 

 N GNIAZDOWSKI 

 W GOOCH 

 T HAVEL 

 C HOPPEL 

 E HORWATH 

 T JONES 

 M NORMANDIA 

 B RICKTER 

 AMSRD WM TB 

 P BAKER 

 R BITTING 

 L LOTTERO 

 AMSRD WM TC 

 K KIMSEY 

 L MAGNESS 

 D SCHEFFLER 

 S SCHRAML 

 W WALTERS 

 R COATES 

 AMSRD WM TD 

 M N RAFTENBERG (20 CPS) 

 E RAPACKI
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 T WEERISOORIYA 

 S SCHOENFELD 

 S BILYK 

 M SCHEIDLER (5 CPS) 

 T BJERKE 

 Y HUANG 

 D CASEM 

 J CLAYTON 

 H MEYER 

 AMSRD CI HC 

 R NAMBURU 

 C ZOLTANI 

 
NO. OF NO. OF 

COPIES ORGANIZATION COPIES ORGANIZATION

26

 1 TNO TPD 

 K SMORENBURG 

 P O BOX 155 

 2600 AD DELFT 

 THE NETHERLANDS 

 2 P ROUVET 

 J DA CUNHA 

 DGA/ETBS/SDT/EXT 

 BOURGES 

 FRANCE 

 1 P CHANTERET 

 INSTITUT SAINT-LOUIS 

 MULHOUSE 

 FRANCE 

 1 RAFAEL BALLISTICS CTR 

 M MAYSELESS 

 PO BOX 2250 

 HAIFA 

 ISRAEL 

 2 DSTL BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 

 W TAM 

 G COOPER 

 PORTON DOWN 

 SALISBURY 

 WILTSHIRE SP4 0JQ 

 UNITED KINGDOM 

 2 UNIV OF WATERLOO 

 MECHANICAL ENGNRG 

 M J WORSWICK 

 D CRONIN 

 200 UNIVERSITY AVE 

 WEST WATERLOO 

 ONTARIO N2L3G1 

 CANADA 

 2 DLO R&P 

 P GOTTS 

 P M KELLY 

 SKIMMINGDISH LANE 

 CAVERSFIELD 

 BICESTER OXON 

 OX27 ATS 

 UNITED KINGDOM 

 1 TECHNION 

 MECHANICAL ENG DEPT 

 S BODNER 

 HAIFA 3200 

 ISRAEL 

 5 CRANFIELD UNIV 

 ENGINEERING SYSTEMS DEPT 

 I HORSFALL 

 M J IREMONGER 

 C A COULDRICK 

 E LEWIS 

 C WATSON 

 SHRIVENHAM SWINDON 

 SN6 8LA 

 UNITED KINGDOM 

 3 TNO PML 

 J VAN BREE 

 T VERHAGEN 

 H HUISJES 

 P O BOX 45 

 2280 AA RIJSWIJK 

 THE NETHERLANDS 

 3 DREV 

 D BOURGET 

 A DUPUIS 

 S OUELLET 

 2459 BOULEVARD PIEXI NORD 

 VAL BELAIR 

 QUEBEC QC G37 IX5 

 CANADA 

 1 DYNEEMA 

 M VAN ES 

 P O BOX 6510 

 6401 JH HEERLEN 

 THE NETHERLANDS 

 1 ARL ERO 

 S SAMPATH 

 AERO MECH ENG 

 223 MARYLEBONE RD 

 LONDON NW1 5TH 

 UNITED KINGDOM 

 1 UNIV OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 

 METALS AND MATERIALS ENG 

 R VAZIRI 

 FRANK FORWARD BLDG 

 309 6350 STORES RD 

 VANCOUVER BC V6T 124 

 CANADA 
NO. OF NO. OF 

COPIES ORGANIZATION COPIES ORGANIZATION

27

 6 NATIONAL UNIV SINGAPORE 

 V P W SHIM 

 C T LIM 

 K J FOO 

 S Y YONG 

 V B C TAN 

 T E TAY 

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 

 10 KENT RIDGE CRESCENT 

 SINGAPORE 119260 

 SINGAPORE 

 1 DUPONT UK LTD 

 S REBOUILLAT 

 MAYDOWN RESEARCH CENTER 

 LONDONDERRY BT 47 ITU 

 UNITED KINGDOM 

 1 INSTITUTE CHEMICAL PHYSICS 

 S BAZHENOV 

 KOSYGIN STREET 4 

 117 977 MOSCOW 

 RUSSIA 

 1 UNIV POLITECNICA MADRID 

 B PARGA-LANDA 

 ARQUITECTURA CONSTRUC 

 ETSI NAVALES 

 28040 MADRID 

 SPAIN 

 1 UNIV POLITECNICA MADRID 

 F HERNANDEZ-OLIVARES 

 CONSTRUC TEC ARQUITEC 

 ETS ARQUITECTURA 

 AV JUAN DE HERRERA 4 

 28040 MADRID 

 SPAIN 

 1 TNO DEFENSE RESEARCH 

 R IJSSELSTEIN 

 PO BOX 6006 

 2600 J A DELFT 

 THE NETHERLANDS 

 1 AMC SCI & TECH CTR 

 EUROPE 

 T J MULKERN 

 POSTFACH 81 

 55247 MAINZ KASTEL 

 GERMANY 

 1 LAB DE MECANIQUE PHYSIQUE 

 Q GRIMAL 

 LMP CNRS ESA 7052 

 UNIVERSITE DE PARIS 12 

 VAL DE MARNE 

 61 AVE DU GENERAL 

 DE GAULLE 

 94010 CRETEIL CEDEX 

 FRANCE 

 2 DSTO 

 WEAPONS SYSTEM DIVISION 

 J J WANG 

 N BURMAN 

 307 EPO 

 PO BOX 1500 

 SALISBURY SA 5108 

 AUSTRALIA 

 2 DSTO 

 AERONAUT MARINE RESEARCH 

 H H BILLON 

 D J ROBINSON 

 PO BOX 4331 

 MELBOURNE 3001 

 VICTORIA 

 AUSTRALIA 

 1 DSTL FORT HALSTEAD 

 P N JONES 

 SEVEN OAKS 

 KENT TN 147BP 

 UNITED KINGDOM 

 3 WILLIAM LEE INNOVATION CENTRE 

 UMIST 

 COLIN CORK 

 PO BOX 88 

 MANCHESTER 

 M60 10D 

 UNITED KINGDOM 

 1 UNIV OF WITWATERSRAND 

 B W SKEWS 

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 

 JOHANNESBURG 

 SOUTH AFRICA 
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