pennsylvania 

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 

SECRETARY 

April 22, 2014 

Mr. Shawn M. Garvin 

Regional Administrator 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region III 

1650 Arch Street, (Mail Code: 3RAOO) 

Philadelphia, PA 19103-2029 

Dear Mr. Garvin: 

I am pleased to submit to you a request to redesignate the York 1997 armual fine particulate 

matter (PM2.

5) nonattainment area to attainment, and a revision to the State Implementation Plan 

(SIP) including a Maintenance Plan demonstrating that the area can maintain the 1997 PM25 

National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for at least ten years after redesignation, as 

required under Section 175A(b) of the Clean Air Act (CAA). The SIP submittal also includes 

the comprehensive emissions inventory required under Section 172( c )(3) of the CAA. 

The Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) opened a 30-day public comment period on 

January 25,2014, on the proposed redesignation request, maintenance plan and comprehensive 

emissions inventory for the area and received written comments from one person. The public 

hearing scheduled for February 26,2014, was cancelled because no one expressed interest in 

presenting testimony or attending the hearing. 

The following documents are enclosed for your approval: 

1. Request for Redesignation to attainment; 

2. Maintenance Plan State Implementation Plan revision, which includes the 

comprehensive emissions inventory and a Motor Vehicle Emissions Budget for 

the purposes of transportation conformity; 

3. Certification of public participation activities; and 

4. Comment and Response Document. 

A paper copy of the documents and a disc containing an electronic copy of the documents for the 

area are enclosed. I certify that the electronic files are exact duplicates of the hard copies. 

The Commonwealth followed all of the applicable procedural requirements of the State's laws 

and constitution in conducting and completing the issuance of the SIP revision. 

Rachel Carson State Office Building 1 P.O. Box 2063 1 Harrisburg, PA 17105-2063 

717.787.2814 (JC'!. Printed on Recycled Paper \67f) www .depweb.state.pa.us 
Mr. Shawn M. Garvin - 2- April 22, 2014 

Thank you in advance for the expeditious processing of the redesignation request and SIP 

revision. Should you have any questions or need additional information, please contact 

Joyce E. Epps, Director, Bureau of Air Quality, by e-mail atjeepps@pa.gov or by telephone at 

717.787.9702. 

Sincerely, 

( 

E. Christopher Abruzzo 

Secretary 

Enclosures 
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REVISION: 

MAINTENANCE PLAN AND 

COMPREHENSIVE INVENTORY 

YORK NONATTAINMENT AREA

1997 FINE PARTICULATE MATTER

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS

APRIL 2014

Bureau of Air Quality

Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

P.O. Box 8468

Harrisburg, PA 17105-8468

717-787-9495

www.dep.state.pa.us
[This page intentionally left blank.]
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Table of Contents

I. Introduction and Overview ..................................................................................................1

A. Health and Environmental Effects of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)....................1

B. Sources of PM2.5 and Precursor Pollutants of Concern ...........................................2

C. Purpose and Structure of this SIP Revision .............................................................4

D. Public Participation..................................................................................................8

II. Emission Inventories............................................................................................................8

A. Baseline Year (2005) Emissions..............................................................................9

B. Attainment Year (2007) Emissions........................................................................10

C. Growth Projection Methodologies for 2017 and 2025 ..........................................13

D. Interim Year (2017) Emissions..............................................................................16

E. Maintenance Year (2025) Emissions.....................................................................17

F. Maintenance Plan Emissions Test .........................................................................17

III. Permanent and Enforceable Control Measures..................................................................19

A. Permanent and Enforceable Control Measures......................................................19

1. Stationary Point Sources............................................................................21

2. Highway Vehicle Sources..........................................................................26

3. Nonroad Sources........................................................................................29

4. Stationary Area Sources.............................................................................30

B. Motor Vehicle Emission Budgets for Transportation Conformity ........................31

IV. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network........................................................................34

V. Verification of Continued Attainment ...............................................................................34

VI. Contingency Measures.......................................................................................................35

Table of Tables

Table II-1: York Area 2005 Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)................................................. 10

Table II-2: York Area 2007 Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)................................................. 13

Table II-3: York Area VMT (Miles) and Vehicle Emissions (Tons per Year) ........................... 16

Table II-4: York Area Projected 2017 Emissions (Tons per Year) ............................................. 17

Table II-5: York Area Projected 2025 Emissions (Tons per Year) ............................................. 17

Table II-6: York Area Maintenance Emissions Test ................................................................... 18

Table III-1: Summary of Emission Reductions (Tons) from 2007 to 2025 from Control 

Measures................................................................................................................... 20

Table III-2: Motor Vehicle Emission Budgets (Tons per Year).................................................. 32

Table III-3: Comparison of Safety Margin to Total Anticipated Emission Reductions in 

2017 and 2025 .......................................................................................................... 32

Table III-4: Comparison of 2025 On-Road Mobile VOC, NH3, and SO2 Emissions to the 

Total Projected 2025 Inventory ................................................................................ 33
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APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: STATIONARY POINT SOURCES 

A-1 Methodology – Preparation of Pennsylvania Point Source Inventories and 

Instructions for Completing the Annual Emissions Reporting Forms

A-2 2005 NEI Tier 1 Summary

A-3 Facility Annual Emissions – 2007, 2017, 2025

A-4 Banked Emissions Reduction Credits

APPENDIX B: STATIONARY AREA SOURCES

B-1 Pennsylvania 2007 Area Source Criteria Air Pollutant Emission 

Estimation Methods (Dec. 2009) 

B-2 Area Source Annual Emissions – 2007, 2017, 2025

APPENDIX C: REGIONAL EMISSIONS INVENTORY AND PROJECTION

METHODOLOGY

C-1 Technical Support Document for the Development of the 2007Emission 

Inventories for Regional Air Quality Modeling in the Northeast/MidAtlantic Region Version 3.3 (AMEC Environment & Infrastructure and 

SRA International, Inc. for MARAMA, January 2012)

C-2 Technical Support Document for the Development of the 2017/2020 

Emission Inventories for Regional Air Quality Modeling in the 

Northeast/Mid-Atlantic Region Version 3.3 (AMEC Environment & 

Infrastructure and SRA International, Inc. for MARAMA, January 2012)

C-3 Technical Support Document for the Development of the 2025 Emission 

Inventory for PM Nonattainment Counties in the MANE-VU Region 

Version 3.3 Rev. 1 (AMEC Environment & Infrastructure and SRA 

International, Inc. for MARAMA, January 2012)

C-4 Technical Memo Emission Factors for Condensable PM

APPENDIX D: HIGHWAY VEHICLE SOURCES INVENTORY INFORMATION

D-1 Mobile Source Highway Emissions Inventory – An Explanation of 

Methodology

D-2 Highway Emissions Estimates –2007, 2017, 2025

D-3 MOVES Input Parameter Summary

D-4 MOVES Input and Output Files

APPENDIX E: NONROAD SOURCES 

E-1 Nonroad Source Emissions – 2007, 2017, 2025
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I. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

A. Health and Environmental Effects of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

Particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of microscopic solids and liquid droplets

suspended in air that include: acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic 

chemicals, metals, soil or dust particles and allergens (such as fragments of pollen 

or mold spores). Fine particle pollution or PM2.5 describes particulate matter that 

is less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers (μm) in diameter, approximately 1/30th 

the diameter of a human hair. Because of their small size, fine particles can 

penetrate deeply into the lungs.

Health studies have shown a significant association between exposure to fine 

particles and premature death from heart or lung disease. Fine particles can 

aggravate heart and lung diseases and have been linked to effects such as 

cardiovascular symptoms, cardiac arrhythmias, heart attacks, respiratory 

symptoms, asthma attacks, and bronchitis. These effects can result in increased 

hospital admissions, emergency room visits, absences from school or work, and 

restricted activity days. Individuals that may be particularly sensitive to fine 

particle exposure include people with heart or lung disease, older adults, and 

children. The article, “Fine-Particulate Air Pollution and Life Expectancy in the 

United States” by C. Arden Pope, III, et al. published January 22, 2009, in the 

New England Journal of Medicine evaluated the role PM2.5 reductions occurring

in the 1980s and 1990s had on the increased life expectancy observed over that 

period. The study found that a reduction of 10 micrograms per cubic meter

(μg/m3) of PM2.5 was associated with an average increase in life expectancy of 

7.3 months.

PM2.5 has significant environmental impacts, including acid rain and stream 

eutrophication. PM2.5 also affects visibility (regional haze) through the scattering 

and absorption of light. Fine particles, similar in size to the wavelength of light, 

are most efficient, per unit of mass, at reducing visibility. Soiling and materials 

damage can also be caused by PM2.5 in the air.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated PM2.5

national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) in 1997 after evaluating 

hundreds of health studies and conducting an extensive peer review process. The 

EPA established an annual primary (health-based) and secondary (welfare-based) 

standard of 15.0 μg/m3, based on the 3-year average of annual mean PM2.5

concentrations. The EPA also established a primary and secondary 24-hour 

standard of 65 μg/m3determined by the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 

24-hour concentrations.

On December 17, 2004, the EPA promulgated air quality designations for the 

PM2.5 standard based on air quality monitoring data from 2001-2003. The final 

designations were published in the Federal Register on January 5, 2005 
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(70 FR 944). The designations became effective on April 5, 2005. The EPA 

designated eight areas comprised of all or portions of 21 counties in Pennsylvania 

as PM2.5 nonattainment areas. On April 5, 2005, the EPA published a 

supplemental notice changing the designation of certain areas from nonattainment 

to attainment based on newly available PM2.5 quality-assured, and certified air 

quality data from 2002-2004. The EPA supplemental notice was published in the 

Federal Register on April 14, 2005 (70 FR 19844). Mercer County was the only 

county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Commonwealth or Pennsylvania) 

for which EPA changed the designation for the area from nonattainment to 

attainment based on the 2002-2004 air quality data.

The York Area, consisting of York County, was one of eight areas in

Pennsylvania designated by the EPA as nonattainment for the 1997 PM2.5

NAAQS. The York Area was designated nonattainment because the area violated 

the 1997 annual PM2.5 standard of 15.0 μg/m3 based on 2001-2003 monitoring 

data. The York Area did not violate the 1997 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS of 

65 μg/m3.

B. Sources of PM2.5 and Precursor Pollutants of Concern

Fine particle pollution can be emitted directly or formed secondarily in the 

atmosphere. PM2.5 emitted directly into the air in a stable solid or liquid chemical 

form (including PM2.5 that is formed near its source by condensation) is referred 

to as “primary” PM2.5. PM2.5 is formed by chemical reactions of gases in the 

atmosphere is considered to be “secondary” PM2.5. The chemical composition of

PM2.5 in an area depends on the mix of emissions, location, time of year, and 

weather. The chemical composition of PM2.5 can include sulfate, nitrate, 

ammonium, particle-bound water, black (elemental) carbon, a great variety of 

organic compounds, and miscellaneous inorganic material, such as dust and 

metals.

Primary PM2.5 includes soot from diesel engines, condensed organic material 

from incomplete combustion and compounds from condensation during 

combustion or smelting.

The atmospheric chemistry of PM2.5 formation is complex. Formation of 

secondary PM2.5 depends on numerous factors, including the relative 

concentration of precursors, atmospheric conditions and the interactions of 

precursors with each other and with other particles, clouds or fog. The 

contribution of different precursors will vary by location.

The principal forms of secondary PM2.5 include:

 Sulfates, formed from emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) from power 

plants and industrial facilities;
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 Nitrates, formed from emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOX) from power 

plants, vehicles, and other combustion sources;

 Ammonium, formed primarily from emissions of ammonia (NH3) from 

animal operations; and

 Secondary organic aerosol, formed from emissions of volatile organic 

compounds (VOCs) from incomplete combustion and evaporation from a 

wide diversity of sources.

Because of the complexity and variability of the process of particulate matter 

formation, the EPA recognizes that effective control measures for PM2.5 will vary 

among nonattainment areas. In the EPA’s “Clean Air Fine Particle 

Implementation Rule” (72 FR 20586; April 25, 2007) (the Implementation Rule),

the EPA established general presumptive policies for assessing which PM2.5

precursors should be evaluated for possible controls.

1

In the implementation rule, 

the EPA required states to evaluate control measures for SO2 and primary PM2.5

in all locations. The EPA required states to evaluate control measures for NOX

unless a technical demonstration is made to show that NOX emissions from 

sources in the state do not significantly contribute to PM2.5 concentrations in the 

nonattainment area. The EPA required states to evaluate measures for VOC and 

NH3 only if a technical demonstration is made to show VOC or NH3 emissions 

significantly contribute to PM2.5 in the nonattainment area.

The Department recognizes the January 4, 2013, decision of the Court of Appeals 

for the D.C. Circuit, in Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA, No. 08-1250, 

706 F.3d 428 (DC Cir. 2013). In its decision, the court granted petitions for 

review that challenged EPA’s implementation rule. After considering the 

petitions and EPA’s response to them, the court remanded the case to EPA to repromulgate the rule pursuant to Subpart 4 of Part D of the Clean Air Act, rather 

than implementing it under Subpart 1, as EPA had done (706 F.3d at 437). 

Because the Court remanded rather than vacated the implementation rule, the 

implementation rule remains in effect unless and until EPA rescinds it or 

promulgates a replacement. In any event, this maintenance plan demonstrates 

maintenance of the standard consistent with the court’s ruling.

In general, the court’s decision could affect an area’s nonattainment classification, 

certain deadlines, and the impacts of failing to attain timely, and could impose a 

deadline for implementation of reasonably available and best available control 

measures (706 F.3d at 436, n. 6). Since the York Area is already attaining the 

NAAQS, however, those considerations are not relevant for this maintenance 

plan. The court noted that PM2.5 precursors, including ammonia and VOCs, are 

presumptively regulated in PM2.5 nonattainment areas under Subpart 4, pointing 

specifically to section 189(e), which applies to control of major stationary sources 

 

1 The EPA’s definition of “PM2.5 attainment plan precursor” can be found in 40 CFR Section 51.1000, which reads: 

“PM2.5 attainment plan precursor means S02 and those other PM2.5 precursors emitted by sources in the State which 

the State must evaluate for emission reduction measures to be included in its PM2.5 nonattainment area or 

maintenance area plan.”
- 4 -

of PM10 [the court stated that PM10 includes PM2.5 throughout Subpart 4]

(706 F.3d at 436, n. 7, and at 437, n. 10). According to CAA Section 189(e), 

control requirements applicable for major stationary sources of PM10 also apply to 

major stationary sources of PM10 precursors, except where the Administrator 

determines that major stationary sources do not contribute significantly to PM10

levels that exceed the standard in the area; Section 189(e) also requires EPA to 

issue guidelines regarding the application of Subsection (e). Pennsylvania 

assessed emissions of PM2.5, SO2, NOX, VOC and NH3 for the maintenance 

demonstration.

This State Implementation Plan (SIP) revision provides emissions information for 

all pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, VOC and NH3), as required by EPA’s 

guidance entitled, “Emissions Inventory Guidance for Implementation of Ozone 

and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and 

Regional Haze Regulations.”

2

C. Purpose and Structure of this SIP Revision

In December 2004, after consultation with states and receipt of public input, the 

EPA designated eight areas in Pennsylvania, comprising all or parts of 

21 Pennsylvania counties, as PM2.5 nonattainment areas based on air quality 

monitoring data from 2001-2003. Under Section 110 of the Clean Air Act 

(CAA), Pennsylvania is required to develop a revision to the SIP to demonstrate 

how the York Area will attain the standard by April 2010, meet emission 

reduction requirements in the CAA and ensure that in the event of a future 

violation or failure to meet emission reduction milestones, the area is brought 

back to attainment as quickly as possible.

However, on September 25, 2009, the EPA determined that the York Area had 

attained the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS based on quality assured, quality controlled and 

certified ambient air monitoring data that show the area had monitored attainment 

based on 2006-2008 data (“Clean Data Determination”) (74 FR 48863). This 

final action suspended the requirements for this area to submit an attainment 

demonstration and associated reasonably available control measures, reasonable 

further progress plans, contingency measures and other planning SIP revisions 

related to the attainment of the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS for so long as the area 

continues to attain the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS3.

EPA’s determination of attainment and the Clean Data Determination did not 

“redesignate” the area as “attainment.” The York Area remains a designated 

nonattainment area for the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS until the Commonwealth submits,

 

2 Emissions Inventory Guidance for Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations – EPA-454/R-05-001, August, 2005, updated November, 2005.

3 The EPA followed this action on July 29, 2011 (76 FR 45424) with a statutorily required determination under 

Section 179(c) of the CAA, that the York Area attained the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS by the applicable attainment date of 

April 5, 2010. EPA based this determination on complete, quality assured, and certified ambient air monitoring data 

that show the area monitored attainment for the 2007-2009 monitoring period.
- 5 -

and EPA approves, a Request for Redesignation and a Maintenance Plan showing 

the area can maintain the standard for at least 10 years. Nonattainment new 

source review continues to apply until EPA redesignates the area as attainment

(72 FR 20603). Transportation conformity and general conformity also apply; 

they will continue to apply to the area even after redesignation by EPA as 

attainment. The Clean Data Determination does not suspend the CAA 

Section 172(c)(3) requirement to establish a comprehensive inventory for all 

pollutants considered potential precursors to PM2.5 and for direct emissions of

PM2.5.

This SIP revision includes the Maintenance Plan for the York Area and the 2007

comprehensive inventory required under Section 172(c)(3) of the CAA for point, 

area, highway and nonroad sources of direct PM2.5, PM10 (particles less than 

10 microns in diameter), SO2, NOX, VOC and NH3. The 2007 comprehensive 

inventory also serves as the attainment year inventory representing the emissions 

present during a period the York Area was attaining the PM2.5 NAAQS.

To demonstrate maintenance of the PM2.5 NAAQS for this area, Pennsylvania is

showing that the future emissions of PM2.5 and its precursors will remain at levels 

that will provide for maintenance of the PM2.5 NAAQS for at least 10 years, 

taking economic, population and travel growth into account (See, EPA, 

“Procedures for Processing Requests to Redesignate Areas to Attainment,” John 

Calcagni (September 4, 1992) (1992 Calcagni Memo)). This Maintenance Plan

contains an attainment year inventory for 2007 and demonstrates that emissions 

will not be greater in 2017 and 2025 than the attainment year, with the exception 

of NH3. The small projected increase in NH3 emissions does not present a 

concern for maintaining the NAAQS because the NH3 emissions overall are small 

compared with the SO2, NOX and VOC emissions, which are all projected to 

continue to decline in the York Area. The plan describes emission reduction 

measures that have been previously adopted; it neither changes existing measures 

nor adopts additional measures. The plan indicates how Maintenance Plan 

progress will be tracked and identifies measures that would be available to 

promptly correct any NAAQS violation.

Section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA requires that a Maintenance Plan be fully 

approved by the EPA before an area can be redesignated as attainment. The 

Maintenance Plan is considered a SIP revision under Section 110 of the CAA. A 

state may submit the Request for Redesignation and the Maintenance Plan at the 

same time and federal rulemaking on both may proceed on a parallel track.

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA, the Request for 

Redesignation submitted concurrently with this Maintenance Plan indicates that 

the York Area has attained the NAAQS and that attainment was due to permanent 

and enforceable control measures. The Request for Redesignation also 

demonstrates that the Commonwealth has met all of the regulatory and planning 
- 6 -

requirements under the CAA for the York Area that were due before the date of 

the Request for Redesignation.

In Section 5 of the 1992 Calcagni Memo, EPA recommends the following to 

ensure maintenance of the NAAQS:

 The state should continue to operate an appropriate air quality monitoring 

network in order to verify the area’s attainment status (addressed in 

Section IV of this Plan);

 The state should develop an emissions inventory to identify the level of 

emissions sufficient to attain the NAAQS. This “attainment year 

inventory” was developed for 2007, the mid-year of the three-year 

monitoring period on which the September 25, 2009, Clean Data 

Determination was based showing that the NAAQS was met (addressed in 

Section II of this Plan and in the Request for Redesignation);

 The state may demonstrate maintenance by showing that the future 

emissions of a pollutant or its precursors will not exceed the level of the 

attainment inventory over at least 10 years following redesignation, taking 

economic growth into account. The Pennsylvania Department of 

Environmental Protection (DEP or Department) has developed emission 

inventories for 2025 and for 2017, an interim year between the attainment 

year and the maintenance year (addressed in Section II of this Plan);

 The Commonwealth should ensure that it has the legal authority to 

implement and enforce all measures necessary to attain and maintain the 

NAAQS, and indicate how maintenance plan progress will be tracked 

(addressed in Sections III and V of this Plan and the Request for 

Redesignation); and

 The Commonwealth should identify measures that would be available to 

promptly correct any NAAQS violation (addressed in Section VI of this 

Plan).

This document describes how the Commonwealth will meet those criteria.

This Maintenance Plan demonstrates that the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS will be 

maintained for at least 10 years after redesignation of the York Area to attainment 

of the standard. The Maintenance Plan shows that emission levels of PM2.5 and its 

precursors over the 10 years following redesignation remain at levels that will 

provide for maintenance of the PM2.5 NAAQS, even considering growth in 

population and vehicle miles traveled.
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This Maintenance Plan also shows that the following state and federal programs 

will ensure the continuing decline of PM2.5, SO2, NOX and VOC emissions:

 The Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR);

 Emission limits for large industrial boilers;

 State regulation of cement kilns, large stationary internal combustion 

engines, and smaller sources of NOX;

 State regulations incorporating by reference the federal Prevention of 

Significant Deterioration (PSD) regulations; 

 State requirements for Best Available Technology (BAT);

 State regulation of the sulfur content of fuel oil;

 State regulation of VOC emissions from adhesives, sealants, primers and 

solvents;

 The Pennsylvania and federal new motor vehicle emission control 

programs for passenger and light-duty trucks;

 The Pennsylvania and federal heavy-duty diesel emission control 

programs;

 Federal fuel programs for highway vehicles and nonroad mobile 

equipment; and

 Federal regulation of offroad diesel and gasoline-powered vehicles and 

equipment.

Emission reductions from Pennsylvania’s Diesel-Powered Motor Vehicle Idling 

Act, Act 124 of 2008 (Idling Act), were not included in the 2017 and 2025

emission inventories, and, thus, were not relied upon for the demonstration of 

maintenance. The Idling Act was approved by EPA as a SIP revision on 

August 1, 2011 (76 FR 45705). Similarly, NOX and VOC emission reductions 

from Pennsylvania’s Outdoor Wood-Fired Boilers regulation were not included in 

the 2017 and 2025 emission inventories, and, thus, were not relied upon for the 

demonstration of maintenance. The Outdoor Wood-Fired Boiler regulation was 

published in the Pennsylvania Bulletin on October 2, 2010 (40 Pa.B. 5571), and 

approved by EPA as a SIP revision on September 20, 2011 (76 FR 58114). 

Emission reductions from these measures may nonetheless assist the York Area in 

maintaining the PM2.5 NAAQS.

In this Maintenance Plan, the Department provides assurances that it will continue 

to operate the ambient air quality monitoring network in order to track 

maintenance of the standard and to evaluate emissions inventories periodically 

compared to the projections provided in the plan. The Department also provides a 

list of potential contingency measures that it would consider to correct any 

violation of the NAAQS that occurs after redesignation of the area.

Eight years following redesignation, the Commonwealth will submit a revised 

plan that ensures attainment of the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS through 2035.
- 8 -

D. Public Participation

Requirements for a public comment process are set forth in Section 110(a)(2) of 

the CAA, 40 CFR Section 51.102(d) and Section 7.5 of the Pennsylvania Air 

Pollution Control Act, 35 P.S. Section 4007.5(b). On January 25, 2014, the 

Department provided notice of a public comment period and the opportunity for a 

hearing on the York Area Maintenance Plan for the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS, 2007 

comprehensive inventory required by Section 172(c)(3) of the CAA, and the 

Request to Redesignate the York Area to attainment for the 1997 PM2.5 standard. 

The public comment period closed February 28, 2014. The Department 

scheduled the public hearing to occur on February 26, 2014, but no persons 

expressed interest in presenting testimony or attending. Therefore, the 

Department cancelled the hearing. The Department received comments from one 

commentator, which have been addressed in a Comment and Response document.

II. EMISSION INVENTORIES

To demonstrate maintenance of the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS for the York Area, Pennsylvania 

is showing that the future emissions of PM2.5 and its precursors will remain at levels that 

will provide for maintenance of the PM2.5 NAAQS for at least 10 years, taking economic, 

population and travel growth into account. EPA’s Clean Data Determination for the 

York Area was based on 2006-2008 monitoring data. This Maintenance Plan contains an 

attainment year inventory for 2007 and demonstrates that emissions will not be greater 

than the attainment year in 2017 and 2025, with the exception of NH3, but the small 

projected increase in NH3 emissions does not present a concern for maintaining the 

NAAQS because the NH3 emissions overall are small compared with the SO2, NOX and 

VOC emissions, which are all projected to continue to decline in the York Area. This 

Maintenance Plan also contains a 2005 baseline inventory that represents the emissions 

present when the York Area did not meet the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS. In addition, this SIP 

revision fulfills the requirement for a comprehensive inventory for the York Area under

40 CFR Section 51.1008 to meet the requirements of Section 172(c)(3) of the CAA. As 

specified by the EPA, the pollutants inventoried by Pennsylvania include direct PM2.5, 

PM10, SO2, NOX, VOC, and NH3. Information on the manmade sources of these 

pollutants was compiled for:

 “Stationary point sources” (or “point” sources), which are sources for which the 

Department collects individual emissions-related information. Generally, they 

represent major stationary sources but may be smaller.

 “Stationary area sources,” which are industrial, commercial, and residential 

sources too small or too numerous to be handled individually. These include but 

are not limited to commercial and residential open burning, architectural and 

industrial maintenance coatings application and clean-up, consumer product use, 

and vehicle refueling at service stations. Where there is overlap between 

stationary point sources and stationary area sources, the area source values are 

adjusted to remove any double counting.
- 9 -

 “Highway vehicles,” which include passenger cars and light-duty trucks, other

trucks, buses and motorcycles.

 “Nonroad sources,” which encompass a diverse collection of engines, including

but not limited to outdoor power equipment, recreational vehicles, farm and 

construction machinery, lawn and garden equipment, industrial equipment, 

recreational marine vessels, commercial marine vessels, locomotives, ships, and 

aircraft.

Pennsylvania and other Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic states participated in a regional 

effort to refine the emissions inventory and to compile a regional emissions inventory. 

The Mid-Atlantic Regional Air Management Association (MARAMA) coordinated that 

regional effort, which allowed states to pool their resources to compile a regional 

emissions inventory for the purpose of conducting the regional modeling analysis used in 

Pennsylvania’s air quality management planning efforts to attain the 8-hour ozone 

NAAQS and the PM2.5 NAAQS, and to prepare the regional haze plan.

A. Baseline Year (2005) Emissions

An emission inventory is an estimate of the emissions from sources in a particular 

area. The 2005 baseline year emissions inventory represents the emissions 

present during a time period when the York Area did not meet the 1997 PM2.5 

NAAQS. The Department considered using 2002 as the baseline year; however, 

emissions from PPL’s Brunner Island facility were uncharacteristically low in 

2002, so the Department opted to use 2005 as the baseline year. The 2005 

National Emissions Inventory (NEI) was the next available periodic emission 

inventory developed by EPA. 

The 2005 NEI is a composite of emission estimates reported by state and local 

agencies and industry, as well as estimates generated by EPA. The 2005 NEI was 

based in part on information submitted by the Department under the Consolidated 

Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR), which was published in the Federal Register 

on Monday, June 10, 2002 (67 FR 39602). The CERR required States to prepare 

and submit a comprehensive statewide inventory every three years.

The 2005 emissions inventory data was obtained from the EPA’s website for the 

2005 NEI. The data can be accessed at: 

http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/net/2005inventory.html. Appendix A-2 contains 

Tier 1 summary data of the 2005 NEI.

The 2005 baseline year inventory includes the pollutants PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, 

VOC, and NH3. The inventory consists of sources in four sectors: electric 

generating units (EGUs), non-EGU point and stationary area sources, highway 

vehicle sources and nonroad sources. The 2005 inventory is not directly 

comparable to the 2007, 2017 and 2025 inventories because of changes in 
- 10 -

inventory methodology. Highway vehicle emissions in the 2005 NEI were 

generated using the MOBILE6 model. For the same VMT and other parameters, 

the MOBILE6 model predicts significantly lower NOx emissions than the current 

model, MOVES2010. In addition, MARAMA adjusted PM emissions to account 

for condensable PM emissions from EGUs in the 2007, 2017 and 2025 emission 

inventories. This results in higher PM emissions in the 2007 inventory than were 

reported by facilities to the Department in 2007. Table II-1 summarizes the 

emissions for 2005.

Table II-1: York Area 2005 Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

York 2005 PM2.5 PM1 0 SO2 NOx VOC N H3

EGU 4,804 6,255 104,616 14,054 2 1 

Non-EGU + Stationary Area 3,254 18,450 13,937 9,618 11,148 3,583 

Highway Vehicles 131 191 170 7,073 4,849 335 

Non-Road 221 231 272 2,953 1,975 2 

Totals 8,409 25,127 118,995 33,697 17,974 3,921 

B. Attainment Year (2007) Emissions

Stationary Point Sources. The 2007 stationary point source inventory was based 

on emissions reported to the Department by facilities. The Department requires 

owners and operators of larger facilities to submit annual production figures and 

emission calculations each year. Throughput data are multiplied by emission 

factors from Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System and the EPA’s 

publication series AP-42 and are based on Source Classification Code (SCC). 

Each process has at least one SCC assigned to it. If the owners and operators of 

facilities provide more accurate emission data based upon other factors, these 

emission estimates supersede those calculated using SCC codes. Appendix A-1

includes information on stationary point source emission methodology, and 

Appendix A-3 includes the data set for facility 2007 annual emissions, as well as

projected facility emissions for 2017 and 2025. Appendix A-4 is a table 

documenting the banked emissions reduction credits for the York Area in the 

2017 and 2025 emission projections.

Condensable PM is a vapor or gas at stack temperature that condenses to a liquid 

or solid at stack exit. Condensable emissions from EGUs were not reported

uniformly by all facilities. Because of the need to consider the effect of 

condensable emissions from EGUs on regional haze and fine particles, the 2007 

inventory data was augmented, utilizing the condensable emission factors for 

EGUs developed for MARAMA in 2008 to calculate condensable PM emissions 

where that data was missing. Appendix C-4 contains the technical memorandum 

describing how the emission factors were developed. The general process is to 

use the emission factors and heat input to calculate the condensable PM

(PM-CON) emissions, and then to perform the gap filling for compounds missing 

from the facility-reported emissions.
- 11 -

Stationary Area Sources. Stationary area source emissions are generally 

estimated by multiplying an emission factor by some known indicator or 

collective activity for each area source category at the county level. Pennsylvania 

estimates emissions from stationary area sources using emission factors and SCC 

codes in a method similar to that used for stationary point sources. Emission 

factors may also be derived from research and guidance documents if those 

documents are more accurate than FIRE and AP-42 factors. Throughput 

estimates are derived from county-level activity data, by apportioning national or 

statewide activity data to counties, from census numbers, and from county 

employee numbers. County employee numbers are based upon North American 

Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes to establish that those numbers are

specific to the industry covered.

EPA emissions inventories and emission estimation tools were used to create the 

2007 area source inventory. For many area source categories, the most recent 

EPA data was used. These categories included ammonia emissions from 

livestock and fertilizers which came from a recent application of the Carnegie 

Mellon University (CMU) ammonia model to produce 2007 emissions; output 

from a version of the Residential Wood Combustion (RWC) model developed by 

EPA and run with updated 2007 data to produce emission estimates for that 

source category; and EPA data on wildfire emissions developed as part of EPA’s 

SMARTFIRE system. The EPA develops area source emission estimation 

methodologies and estimates for the NEI on a three-year cycle. Where 2008 NEI 

data were used to fill missing categories in the 2007 inventory, no growth 

adjustment was made to the emissions with the assumption that activity in 2008 

and 2007 was similar.

For fugitive dust area sources, the 2007 inventory was adjusted to apply the EPA 

PM “transport factors” to fugitive dust sources.

Appendix B-1 contains the methodology for the 2007 Pennsylvania area source 

inventory. Additional methodology information is available in the technical 

support document for the 2007 regional inventory which is contained in 

Appendix C-1. Appendix B-2 contains the stationary area source emissions data

for 2007, 2017 and 2025 for the York Area.

Highway Vehicle Sources. EPA’s MOVES2010 (Motor Vehicle Emission 

Simulator) is the official model for estimating air pollution emissions from onroad 

mobile sources including buses, cars, trucks and motorcycles. MOVES2010 

replaces MOBILE6.2, the previous mobile source model. Therefore, the 

Department employed MOVES2010 to estimate the onroad emissions inventory 

for 2007, 2017 and 2025.

Additional information on highway emission methodology is available in 

Appendix D. Appendix D-1 summarizes the methodology and data inputs used to 
- 12 -

produce the mobile emissions inventory. Appendix D-2 provides the 2007 

attainment year and 2017 and 2025 projections of mobile (highway) vehicle miles 

travelled (VMT) and annual PM2.5 direct and precursor emissions. Appendix D-3

describes the model inputs used to generate emission factors for a specific area. 

Some examples of the inputs described in Appendix D-3 are the type and 

frequency of vehicle emission testing, the fuel types required in the area, 

temperatures by month, and fleet age. The summary in Appendix D-3 indicates 

when default information contained in the model is used rather than specific area 

information. 

Nonroad Sources. The 2007 inventory for the majority of nonroad categories 

was generated using NMIM2008 of which the NONROAD model is a part. The 

NONROAD model estimates emissions for diesel, gasoline, liquefied petroleum 

gas, and compressed natural gas-fueled nonroad equipment types and includes 

growth factors. For nonroad vehicle the NMIM does not estimate emissions from 

aircraft, locomotives or commercial marine vessels. Emissions from aircraft, 

locomotives, and commercial marine vessels were estimated using EPA guidance 

and best available information. If specific local operational data was available, 

that data was used to estimate emissions. State and national data was used if local 

data was unavailable. NMIM includes emissions from airport ground support 

equipment. However, emissions for airport ground support equipment calculated 

by NMIM were removed because EPA considers the emissions calculated by the 

EDMS to be better estimates of the emissions from airport ground support 

equipment. Growth estimates for source categories modeled by NMIM are 

included in the model. The EPA default values were used for most categories.

Aircraft. For airport emissions, Pennsylvania used the database developed by 

EPA to support the 2008 NEI, as described in the technical support document for 

the development of the 2007 inventory in Appendix C-1.

Railroad Emissions. The Department used the emissions inventory developed by 

the Eastern Regional Technical Advisory Committee (ERTAC). Emissions from 

2007 and 2008 were considered to be identical. ERTAC completed a nationwide 

inventory with the assistance of the railroad associations and submitted the 

inventory to the EPA. The ERTAC inventory was the accepted inventory for the 

2008 NEI and was loaded into the EPA’s Emission Inventory System (EIS). The 

Department made slight modifications in cooperation with ERTAC that resulted 

in changes in emissions of smaller Class III railroads operating in Pennsylvania 

which included locomotive yard operations. The Department had developed its 

own inventory using information received from a statewide survey of railroad 

operational data. The Department determined that ERTAC’s methodology and 

inventory were similar to the Department’s method except in the cases of some 

smaller railroads mentioned above.

ERTAC developed an emissions inventory for Class I, II, and III line haul activity 

based on fuel use, tonnage carried by the railroad using each individual rail link, 
- 13 -

current in-use locomotive emission standards, and rail link use. Track grade and 

locomotive power settings were not considered. ERTAC based their yard 

locomotive emissions on (1) name and location of rail yards, (2) number of 

switchers operating per yard, (3) the tier/year of switchers, (4) annual fuel use 

(gallons/year) for switchers per yard, (5) approximate duty cycle or just percent of 

time in idle for operating switchers, and (6) temporal characteristics of the 

switcher’s use.

Summary of 2007 Emissions Inventory. An emissions inventory of 2007 

emissions of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, VOC, and NH3 for the York Area identifies 

PM and PM precursor emissions during the period when the York Area

demonstrated it attained the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS. Table II-2 summarizes the 

emissions for 2007. Inventory methodology differences exist between the 2005 

and 2007 emission inventories. Highway vehicle emissions in the 2005 NEI were 

generated using the MOBILE6 model. For the same VMT and other parameters, 

the MOBILE6 model predicts significantly lower NOx emissions than the current 

model, MOVES2010. In addition, MARAMA adjusted PM emissions to account 

for condensable PM emissions from EGUs in the 2007, 2017 and 2025 emission 

inventories. This results in higher PM emissions in the 2007 inventory than were 

reported by facilities to the Department in 2007. While the 2005 emissions 

inventory is not directly comparable to the 2007, 2017 and 2025 inventories, 

PM2.5, SO2, VOC, and NH3 emissions decreased by 36 percent, 1 percent, 

23 percent and 9 percent, respectively, from 2005 to 2007. Emissions of NOx in 

2007 were 3,492 tons (10 percent) more than in the 2005 NEI. Further 

assessment shows that the increase is in the highway vehicle sector and is due to 

the fact that MOBILE6 was used to generate the 2005 NEI highway vehicle 

emission estimates while MOVES2010 was used to generate the 2007 NEI 

highway vehicle emission estimates. Therefore, the difference between 2005 and 

2007 NOx emissions is the result of a methodology difference rather than a “real”

emissions increase. 

Table II-2: York Area 2007 Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

York 2007 PM2.5 PM1 0 SO2 NOx VOC N H3

Stationary Point Sources 2,462 3,556 115,901 22,164 1,320 80 

Area Sources 2,394 8,093 1,684 1,680 5,956 3,316 

Highway Vehicle Sources 358 430 78 10,684 4,810 161 

Non-Road Sources 202 214 135 2,660 1,833 2 

Totals 5,417 12,292 117,798 37,189 13,920 3,559 

C. Growth Projection Methodologies for 2017 and 2025

This section describes the data, methods, and assumptions utilized in developing 

estimates of emissions changes between 2007 and interim year 2017 and 

maintenance year 2025. Appendix C-2 contains the technical support document 

for the development of the 2017 emissions inventory. Appendix C-3 contains the 
- 14 -

technical support document for the development of the 2025 emissions inventory. 

The documents provide details on the specific factors, control assumptions, and 

implementation schedules used in the emission projection calculations for each 

source category. MARAMA coordinated development of the projection 

inventories for the regional inventory, consisting of the states in the 

Mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility Union and Virginia (MANE-VU+VA).

Significant infrastructure development to extract natural gas from the Marcellus 

Shale formation in some Pennsylvania counties has occurred. Point and area 

source emissions result from the placement of drilling equipment, gathering lines 

and compressor stations. The York Area has not experienced any Marcellus 

Shale development and is not expected to experience any of this development in 

the future.

EGUs. Annual 2007 EGU point emissions were “grown” to 2017 and 2025 using 

growth factors based on AEO2011 Table 96 - Electricity Generation by 

Electricity Market Module Region and Fuel Source. The appropriate AEO2011 

growth factor was applied to the 2007 emissions to calculate a “growth only”

emission value for 2025. Post-2007 controls or shut downs were applied on a 

unit-by-unit basis. The control factors were applied to the grown emissions to 

calculate a “growth and control” emission value for 2025. A more detailed 

description of the methodology used to project emissions from EGUs is located in 

the technical support document for the development of the 2025 emissions 

inventory in Appendix C-3.

Non-EGU Point Sources and Stationary Area Sources. For non-EGU point 

sources and stationary area sources, the emission projections for the 2017 and 

2025 were based on Version 3.3 of the 2007 MANE-VU+VA inventory, which 

was adjusted to apply the EPA PM “transport factors” to fugitive dust area

sources.

The methodology for projecting emissions to 2017 and 2025 is documented in the 

technical support documents for the development of the 2017 and 2025 emissions 

inventories contained in Appendix C-2 and Appendix C-3, respectively. These 

documents were prepared for MARAMA as part of an effort to assist states in 

developing maintenance plans for fine particles. The documents describe the data 

sources, methods, and results for emission forecasts.

NonEGU point source and stationary area source growth factors were developed 

using:

 Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) fuel consumption forecasts;

 State-level employment projections by NAICS code; and

 Other state-specific emission projection data. 
- 15 -

Generally, AEO projection factors were used for fuel consumption sources and 

employment data for other source categories. The U.S. Energy Information 

Administration (EIA) publishes the AEO annually. The AEO contains long-term 

projections of energy supply, demand and prices. AEO2010 fuel-use forecasts 

were available during inventory development. After AEO2011 was published, 

MARAMA compared the AEO2010 and AEO2011 projections. Minor 

differences were found for most categories. Based on this analysis, the AEO2010 

fuel-use forecasts were used for all residential, commercial and industrial sector 

fuel use, except for industrial natural gas usage, where AEO2011 projections were 

used.

Predicted declines in fuel use and employment resulted in negative growth factors 

for some non-EGU point source and stationary area source categories. 

Consequently, for some categories, emissions are lower for the projected future 

years than for the base year, even before the application of control assumptions. 

Because of the possibility that facilities could apply for and sell Emission 

Reduction Credits (ERCs) at the level of the base year inventory, Pennsylvania 

opted for the conservative approach of assuming no growth (growth factor=1) for 

non-EGU point source categories with negative AEO or employment growth 

factors.

Highway Vehicle Sources. The EPA’s approved highway vehicle emission 

model, MOVES2010, projects highway vehicle average fleet emission factors. 

State specific information was used where available and appropriate. Traffic 

forecasts were compiled using information from the Pennsylvania Department 

of Transportation’s (PennDOT) Traffic Information System and 

socioeconomic data. The Pennsylvania methodology for estimating highway 

vehicle emissions is consistent with the April 2010 guidance published by the 

EPA’s Office of Transportation and Air Quality (OTAQ) entitled, Technical 

Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for Emissions Inventory Preparation in 

State Implementation Plans and Transportation Conformity. Appendices D-1 

through D-3 of this Maintenance Plan include specific information on the

highway emissions inventory methodology, data files of emissions estimates

and MOVES input parameters.

As shown in Table II-3, VMT for the future analysis year increases 37 percent

from 3.30 billion VMT in 2007 to 4.51 billion VMT in 2025 within the 

nonattainment area. Despite the growth in VMT, emissions of the most 

significant vehicle-related precursor, NOX, are significantly lower in the future 

analysis year. The emissions shown in Table II-3 do not include a transportation 

conformity safety margin, which will be discussed later in this document. See,

Section III-B relating to motor vehicle emission budgets for transportation 

conformity.
- 16 -

Table II-3: York Area VMT (Miles) and Vehicle Emissions (Tons per Year)

Year VMT PM2.5 PM1 0 SO2 NOx VOC NH3

2007 3,304,129,694 358 430 78 10,684 4,810 161

2017 3,867,333,536 167 242 28 4,900 2,631 115

2025 4,513,574,408 125 214 30 3,089 1,645 111

Nonroad Sources.

Nonroad Sources in NMIM. Projected emissions for the majority of nonroad 

emission source categories and pollutants were estimated using the NMIM, which 

contains default assumptions for projected years. The NMIM estimates emissions 

for diesel, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas, and compressed natural gas-fueled 

nonroad equipment types and includes growth factors. Control measures due to 

finalized emission standards for nonroad vehicles and engines are also accounted 

for in NMIM. Baseline emissions are multiplied by growth and control factors to 

obtain projected emissions.

Aircraft Emissions Growth. Aircraft operations were projected to future years by 

applying activity growth using data on itinerant (ITN) operations at airports as 

reported in the FAA’s Terminal Area Forecast (TAF) System for 2009-2030 

(FAA 2010). The ITN operations are defined as aircraft take-offs or landings. 

This information is available for approximately 3300 individual airports. Actual 

LTOs are reported for 2007 and projected LTOs are provided for all years up to 

2030. New aircraft emission controls that will be used in the future were also 

taken into account.

Railroad Emissions Growth. MANE VU+VA inventory development relied on 

AEO2010 growth projections published in May 2010. There are separate 

projections for passenger rail and freight rail energy use. Passenger rail data from 

AEO2010 Table A-7 was used to calculate the growth factor for 2007-2017 and

2007-2025. These growth factors were applied to inter-city passenger train 

locomotives and independent commuter rail systems. For freight rail, the data 

from AEO2010 Table A-7 was used to calculate the growth factor for 2007-2017 

and 2007-2025. Freight rail annual growth factors for Class I line haul, 

Class II/III line haul, and yard switch locomotives were used.

Additional information about nonroad emission projection methodologies can also 

be found in Appendices C-2 and C-3, the technical support documents for the 

development of the 2017 and 2025 inventories, respectively. The table of 

nonroad emissions data sorted by source category is available as Appendix E-3.

D. Interim Year (2017) Emissions

Table II-4 summarizes the emissions expected in 2017. These emissions take 

activity and emissions growth and/or controls from 2007 into account. 
- 17 -

Appendix C, relating to the regional emissions inventory and projection 

methodology, contains the technical support documents that describe the 

methodologies used to project the 2007 emissions to 2017.

Table II-4: York Area Projected 2017 Emissions (Tons per Year)

York 2017 PM2.5 PM1 0 SO2 NOx VOC N H3

Stationary Point Sources 2,236 3,179 14,501 20,464 1,361 80

Area Sources 2,364 8,261 1,480 1,649 5,833 3,466

Highway Vehicle Sources* 192 242 28 5,390 2,631 115

Non-Road Sources 122 130 3 1,355 1,056 3

Emission Reduction Credits 428 7

Totals 4,915 11,812 16,441 28,859 10,886 3,663

*A portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year emissions of PM2.5 and NOX has 

been set aside as a transportation conformity safety margin to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway 

vehicles. The highway vehicle emissions in Table II-4 reflect inclusion of that safety margin.

E. Maintenance Year (2025) Emissions

Table II-5 summarizes the emissions expected in 2025. These emissions take 

activity and emissions growth and/or controls from 2007 into account. 

Appendix C, relating to the regional emissions inventory and projection 

methodology, contains the technical support documents that describe the 

methodologies used to project the 2007 emissions to 2025.

Table II-5: York Area Projected 2025 Emissions (Tons per Year)

York 2025 PM2.5 PM1 0 SO2 NOx VOC N H3

Stationary Point Sources 2,391 3,390 14,886 21,657 1,386 80

Area Sources 2,325 8,421 1,059 1,678 5,820 3,580

Highway Vehicle Sources* 144 214 30 3,398 1,645 111

Non-Road Sources 84 90 4 940 965 3

Emission Reduction Credits 428 7

Totals 4,944 12,115 16,406 27,673 9,822 3,774

*A portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year emissions of PM2.5 and NOX has 

been set aside as a transportation conformity safety margin to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway 

vehicles. The highway vehicle emissions in Table II-5 reflect inclusion of that safety margin.

F. Maintenance Plan Emissions Test

To demonstrate maintenance of the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS for this area, 

Pennsylvania must show that the future emissions of PM2.5 and its precursors will

remain at levels that provide for maintenance of the PM2.5 NAAQS for at least 

10 years, taking economic, population and travel growth into account.

While EPA established presumptions related to PM2.5 precursors in the PM2.5

Implementation Rule, Pennsylvania recognizes the court decision in Natural 
- 18 -

Resources Defense Council v. EPA, No. 08-1250, 706 F.3d 428 (DC Cir. 2013). 

The court noted that PM2.5 precursors, including ammonia and VOCs, are 

presumptively regulated in PM2.5 nonattainment areas under Subpart 4, pointing 

specifically to section 189(e), which applies to control of major stationary sources 

of PM10 [the court stated that PM10 includes PM2.5 throughout Subpart 4]

(706 F.3d at 436, n. 7, and at 437, n. 10). According to CAA Section 189(e), 

control requirements applicable for major stationary sources of PM10 also apply to 

major stationary sources of PM10 precursors, except where the Administrator 

determines that major stationary sources do not contribute significantly to PM10

levels that exceed the standard in the area; section 189(e) also requires EPA to 

issue guidelines regarding the application of subsection (e). Pennsylvania 

assessed emissions of PM2.5, SO2, NOX,VOC and NH3 for the maintenance 

demonstration. 

This Maintenance Plan contains an attainment year inventory for 2007 and 

demonstrates that emissions of PM2.5, SO2, NOX and VOC, including emissions in 

the transportation conformity safety margin for PM2.5 and NOX, will not be 

greater in 2017 and 2025 than in the attainment year, as shown in Table II-6. The 

small projected increase in NH3 emissions does not present a concern for 

maintaining the NAAQS because the NH3 emissions overall are small compared 

with the SO2, NOX and VOC emissions, which are all projected to decline in the 

York Area.

Emissions of SO2 are projected to decrease from 2007 to 2025 by an estimated 

101,391 tons (86 percent). Emissions of PM2.5, NOX and VOC also decrease from 

2007 to 2025 by approximately 473 tons (9 percent), 9,515 tons (26 percent), and 

4,097 tons (29 percent), respectively. Over the same time period, emissions of 

NH3 are projected to increase 215 tons (6 percent). The increase in NH3

emissions is due to anticipated growth reflected by activity factors (such as 

population and employment, for instance) in the absence of any anticipated 

control requirements to reduce NH3 emissions. The increase in NH3 emissions 

from 2007 to 2025 does not present a concern for maintaining the 1997 PM2.5 

NAAQS in the York Area because the NH3 emissions overall are small compared 

with the SO2, NOX and VOC emissions, which are all projected to decline in the 

area. In addition, the York Area currently has an annual design value based on 

2010-2012 monitoring data of 11.7 μg/m3, which is significantly lower than the 

1997 NAAQS of 15 μg/m3.

Table II-6: York Area Maintenance Emissions Test

York PM2.5 SO2 NOx VOC NH3

2007 5,417 117,798 37,189 13,920 3,559

2017* 4,915 16,441 28,859 10,886 3,663

2025* 4,944 16,406 27,673 9,822 3,774

*A portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year emissions of PM2.5 and NOX has 

been set aside as a transportation conformity safety margin to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway 

vehicles. The emissions in Table II-6 reflect inclusion of that safety margin.
- 19 -

III. PERMANENT AND ENFORCEABLE CONTROL MEASURES

A. Permanent and Enforceable Control Measures

Because of the complexity and variability of the process of particulate matter 

formation, the EPA recognizes that effective control measures for PM2.5 will vary 

among nonattainment areas. In the EPA’s PM2.5 Implementation Rule, the EPA 

established general presumptive policies for assessing which PM2.5 precursors 

should be evaluated for possible controls. In the Implementation Rule, the EPA 

required states to evaluate control measures for SO2 and primary PM2.5 in all 

locations. The EPA required states to evaluate control measures for NOX unless a 

technical demonstration is made to show that NOX emissions from sources in the 

state do not significantly contribute to PM2.5 concentrations in the nonattainment 

area. The EPA required states to evaluate measures for VOC and NH3 only if a 

technical demonstration is made to show VOC or NH3 emissions significantly 

contribute to PM2.5 in the nonattainment area.

The Department recognizes the January 4, 2013, decision of the Court of Appeals 

for the D.C. Circuit, in Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA, No. 08-1250, 

706 F.3d 428 (DC Cir. 2013). In its decision, the court granted petitions for 

review that challenged EPA’s Implementation Rule. After considering the 

petitions and EPA’s response to them, the court remanded the case to EPA to 

re-promulgate the rule pursuant to Subpart 4 of Part D of the Clean Air Act, rather 

than implementing it under Subpart 1, as EPA had done (706 F.3d at 437). 

Because the Court remanded rather than vacated the implementation rule, the 

implementation rule remains in effect unless and until EPA rescinds it or 

promulgates a replacement. In any event, this maintenance plan demonstrates 

maintenance of the standard consistent with the court’s ruling.

In general, the Court’s decision could affect an area’s nonattainment 

classification, certain deadlines, and the impacts of failing to attain timely, and 

could impose a deadline for implementation of reasonably available and best 

available control measures (706 F.3d at 436, n. 6). Since the York Area is already 

attaining the NAAQS, however, those considerations are not relevant for this 

maintenance plan. The court noted that PM2.5 precursors are presumptively 

regulated in PM2.5 nonattainment areas under Subpart 4, pointing specifically to 

section 189(e), which applies to control of major stationary sources of PM10 [the 

court stated that PM10 includes PM2.5 throughout Subpart 4] (706 F.3d at 436, 

n. 7, and at 437, n. 10).

According to Section 189(e) of the CAA, control requirements applicable for 

major stationary sources of PM10 also apply to major stationary sources of PM10

precursors, except where the Administrator determines that major stationary 

sources do not contribute significantly to PM10 levels that exceed the standard in 

the area. Section 189(e) also requires EPA to issue guidelines regarding the 
- 20 -

application of Subsection (e). Pennsylvania assessed emissions of PM2.5, SO2, 

NOX, VOC and NH3 for the maintenance demonstration. 

This section describes the federal and state measures that will provide direct 

PM2.5, SO2, NOX, and VOC emission reductions ensuring maintenance of the 

standard.

A summary of the quantity of emission reductions expected from 2007 to 2025 is 

included in Table III-1 (Negative values indicate emission reductions.). The 

emission reduction estimates account for any anticipated growth in the activity of 

sources regulated by the strategy and include emissions in the transportation 

conformity safety margin. Direct PM2.5, SO2, NOX and VOC emissions in 2025 

in the York Area are anticipated to be lower than they were in 2007. This means 

that the projected growth in emissions is smaller than anticipated emission 

reductions from control measures for all pollutants in the nonattainment area. 

Each control measure is explained in greater detail in the following sections. 

Ammonia emissions, as discussed in Section II-G relating to the maintenance 

emissions test, are anticipated to increase from 2007 to 2025, but the increase 

does not present a concern for maintaining the NAAQS in the York Area because 

the NH3 emissions overall are small compared with the SO2, NOX and VOC 

emissions, which are all projected to decline in the area.

Table III-1: Summary of Emission Reductions (Tons) from 2007 to 2025

from Control Measures

2007 to 2025 Difference PM2.5 SO2 NOX VOC NH3

Stationary Point Sources -71 -100,587 -507 72 1

Area Sources -39 -625 -2 -136 264

Highway Vehicle Sources* -214 -48 -7,286 -3,166 -50

Nonroad Sources -119 -131 -1,720 -868 1

TOTAL -443 -101,819 -9,824 -4,083 215

*A portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year emissions of PM2.5 and NOX has 

been set aside as a transportation conformity safety margin to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway 

vehicles. The highway vehicle emissions in Table III-1 reflect inclusion of that safety margin.

Pursuant to 40 CFR Part 51, Subpart K (relating to source surveillance), the SIP 

revision is required to provide for monitoring of the status of compliance with any 

rules and regulations that set forth any portion of the control strategy. These 

include provisions, as applicable, for:

 Emissions reports and recordkeeping for stationary sources;

 Periodic testing and inspection of stationary sources;

 Enforcement and complaint investigation of visible emission limitations;

 Enforceable test methods for emission limits; and

 Continuous emission monitoring for stationary sources.
- 21 -

Subpart K also requires monitoring of the implementation of transportation 

control measures (TCMs). There are no TCMs in this SIP revision.

The rules and regulations for stationary sources, which are part of the control 

strategy for attaining and maintaining the PM2.5 standard, as well as the 

Department’s comprehensive permitting program requirements in 25 Pa. Code

Chapter 127 and the Commonwealth’s SIP in 40 CFR 52.2020, meet the 

requirements of Subpart K. EPA has approved the Department’s permitting 

program as part of the State Implementation Plan.

There are many examples in the Pa. Code of provisions for monitoring the status 

of compliance with the Department’s rules and regulations. For example, 

§127.12(a) (relating to the content of applications) contain requirements for 

reporting and recordkeeping for plan approval applications. Similar requirements 

are found in §127.411(a) (relating to content of applications) for permit 

applications. Sections 145.145 and 145.146 contain the compliance 

demonstration, reporting and recordkeeping requirements for cement kilns that 

enable the Department to monitor the status of compliance with the regulations in 

Chapter 145 Subpart C. The Department also monitors the status of compliance 

by conducting complaint investigations. The Department does visible emission 

inspections at regulated facilities and reports the results to the EPA AFS system 

as required under the Department’s grant. The Department conducts inspections 

of air contamination sources in accordance with the Compliance Monitoring 

Schedule which is approved by EPA.

1. Stationary Point Sources

Background for Pennsylvania’s Stationary Source Permitting 

Programs. An owner or operator of all proposed new air contamination 

sources in the Commonwealth are required to receive a plan approval (preconstruction permit) from the Department prior to the construction, 

assembly, installation of new sources, modification of any existing 

stationary air contamination sources, or the installation of air pollution 

control equipment or devices. Following the construction of the new 

facility or air contamination source, the owner or operator must obtain an 

operating permit from the Department. The type of operating permit will 

depend on the quantity of regulated pollutants emitted from the air 

contamination sources. DEP will issue a “State-only Operating Permit”

for minor air contamination stationary sources that are below the 

applicability thresholds for Title V facilities. A Title V operating permit is 

required for major facilities that have the potential to emit air 

contaminants exceeding the Title V thresholds. The Title V Permit, which 

is issued for a term of five years, incorporates all applicable requirements 

for the facility in a single federally enforceable operating permit.
- 22 -

The requirements contained in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 127 (relating to the 

construction, modification, reactivation and operation of sources), and 

associated definitions in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 121.1, are a suite of 

programs regulating air contamination sources to improve and maintain air 

quality. Chapter 127 establishes requirements for the submission, review 

and approval of pre-construction and operating permits for both major and 

non-major air contamination sources. The provisions of Chapter 127 have 

been codified in the SIP at 40 CFR §52.2020(c)(1) at various times since 

May 31, 1972 and most recently on October 5, 2012, and are therefore all 

federally enforceable. Several aspects of Chapter 127 are highlighted 

below as being particularly important for the maintenance of the PM2.5

standard.

Title V Permitting Program. The Title V Permitting Program, adopted 

pursuant to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, is applicable to major 

stationary sources as defined in 25 Pa. Code Section 121.1. The purpose 

of the Title V program is to detail a facility’s air quality requirements in a 

single permit document so that industry, the regulatory agency, and the 

public know exactly what regulations and requirements apply and how the 

facility’s owner or operator will monitor and demonstrate compliance with 

all applicable requirements. The Title V permit includes all sources at a 

site including all air pollution control devices as well as activities that 

were determined to be insignificant sources of emissions. Each source is

described in detail within a section of the Title V permit. The 

requirements include general conditions applicable to all Title V facilities, 

emission restrictions, detailed monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting 

requirements to assure compliance with the facility’s applicable federal 

and state requirements.

Nonattainment New Source Review and Prevention of Significant 

Deterioration. Major facilities proposed in Pennsylvania will also be 

subject to New Source Review (NSR) requirements in nonattainment areas 

and Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements in areas of 

the Commonwealth designated attainment for National Ambient Air 

Quality Standards including carbon monoxide, particulate matter (PM), 

lead, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Generally, 

NSR permit requirements are applicable to a facility located in a 

nonattainment area for a particular pollutant with a potential to emit 

50 tons or more per year (tpy) of volatile organic compounds or 100 tpy or 

more of NOx, SO2, PM or carbon monoxide. It should be noted that the 

entire Commonwealth, included in the Ozone Transport Region by 

operation of law, is treated as a “moderate” ozone nonattainment area, 

irrespective of the area’s attainment status. Because NOX and VOC are 

precursors of PM2.5, NOX and VOC emission reductions required 

statewide under the nonattainment NSR program for ozone also allow 

Pennsylvania to make substantial progress in attaining and maintaining the 
- 23 -

PM2.5 NAAQS. Any major stationary source or major modification 

subject to the NSR requirements must receive a plan approval. To receive 

approval from the Department, a person must show that the proposed 

source will, among other things, offset its potential to emit air 

contaminants including NOX, PM and VOCs by securing emission 

reductions credits at the specified offset ratio, will employ the “lowest 

achievable emission rate” (LAER) for each regulated pollutant and 

conduct an alternative analysis. The nonattainment NSR requirements are 

codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 127, Subchapter E and approved as a SIP 

revision on December 9, 1997 (62 FR 64722).

The PSD program is a pre-construction review and permitting program 

applicable to new or modified major stationary sources subject to Title I, 

Parts C and D of the federal CAA. The PSD requirements are applicable 

to major sources in areas attaining the NAAQS. The federal PSD 

regulations codified in 40 CFR Part 52 are incorporated by reference in 

their entirety in 25 Pa. Code §127.83 (relating to adoption by reference). 

The Department’s PSD regulations, codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 127, 

Subchapter D, were approved by the EPA on August 21, 1984 and 

codified at 40 CFR §52.2058 (49 FR 33128). PSD permit requirements 

may apply to a facility located in an attainment area for a standard with the 

potential to emit 100 tpy or 250 tpy of the six criteria pollutants including

carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter and 

sulfur dioxide depending on the source category. Any major stationary 

source or major modification subject to the PSD requirements must 

conduct an analysis to establish the best available control technology 

(BACT). In addition, the owner or operator of a facility needs to conduct 

an ambient air quality analysis, analyze the impacts to soils, vegetation 

and visibility and make sure that the project will not adversely impact 

mandatory federal Class I areas including national parks greater than 

6,000 acres and national wilderness areas and national memorial parks 

greater than 5,000 acres. 

Best Available Technology Program. The Department’s Best Available 

Technology (BAT) Program ensures that new stationary sources will 

prevent, reduce or control emissions of air contaminants to the maximum 

degree possible. The Department determines BAT requirements on a 

case-by-case basis for both major and minor stationary sources taking into 

account energy, environmental and costs. Pursuant to 25 Pa. Code

§127.1, the emission of air pollutants from new sources in Pennsylvania 

must be controlled to the maximum extent, consistent with the best 

available technology as determined by the Department as of the date of 

issuance of the plan approval for the new source. Under 25 Pa. Code

§127.12(a)(5), an application for a plan approval must show that the 

emissions from a new source will be the minimum attainable through the 

use of the best available technology. Pennsylvania regulations define 
- 24 -

“best available technology” in 25 Pa. Code §121.1 as, “Equipment, 

devices, methods or techniques as determined by the Department which 

will prevent, reduce or control emissions of air contaminants to the 

maximum degree possible and which are available or may be made 

available.” The Department’s BAT regulations, codified in 25 Pa. Code

§§127.1 and 127.12(a)(5), were approved by EPA on July 30, 1996, and 

codified in the SIP at 40 CFR §52.2020(c)(1).

NOX and SO2 Control Programs. In 1998, EPA promulgated the NOX

SIP Call as the EPA’s principal effort to reduce interstate transport of air 

pollution (63 FR 57356; October 27, 1998). In response to the federal 

NOX SIP call rule, Pennsylvania adopted the NOX Budget Trading 

Program regulations for EGUs and large industrial boilers, with emission 

reductions to commence May 1, 2003. The regulations were approved by 

EPA as a revision to the Commonwealth’s SIP on August 21, 2001 

(66 FR 43795). Additionally, in response to the NOX SIP Call, 

Pennsylvania adopted additional NOX control regulations covering cement 

plants and internal combustion engines, with emission reductions to 

commence May 1, 2005. These regulations were approved by EPA as a 

SIP revision on September 29, 2006 (71 FR 57428).

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR). In 2005, EPA adopted CAIR 

(70 FR 25162; May 12, 2005, as amended) to address interstate transport 

of NOX and SO2. CAIR is now being implemented in Pennsylvania

through the Department’s CAIR regulation, codified in 25 Pa. Code

Chapter 145, Subchapter D, with related amendments in Chapters 121, 

129 and 145. EPA approved Pennsylvania’s CAIR SIP revision on 

December 10, 2009, codified at 40 CFR §52.2020(c)(1) (74 FR 65446). In 

the CAIR SIP revision, Pennsylvania terminated the NOX Budget Trading 

Program and transitioned to the federal CAIR for large electric generating 

units (EGU).

The market-based CAIR is designed to reduce EGU emissions of NOX and 

SO2 below 2002 levels throughout the eastern United States. 

Pennsylvania and the other CAIR states were required to adopt a 

regulation implementing the requirements of the CAIR or an equivalent 

program. The large EGUs in Pennsylvania were initially regulated under

CAIR FIPs promulgated by EPA, but have been regulated under the SIP 

since EPA approved Pennsylvania’s CAIR SIP revision. Under the SIP 

revision, Pennsylvania participates in the EPA-administered cap-and-trade 

programs for NOX annual, NOX ozone season, and SO2 annual emissions.

EPA’s CAIR was remanded to EPA for revisions by the United States 

Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia on December 23, 2008 (See, 

North Carolina v. EPA, 531 F.3d 896, modified, 550 F.3d 1176 

(D.C. Cir. 2008)). Following remand, EPA replaced CAIR with the 
- 25 -

Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR), but in a separate legal challenge 

the court vacated CSAPR. In that ruling, the court ordered EPA to 

continue administering CAIR pending the promulgation of a valid 

replacement (See, EME Homer City Generation L.P. v. EPA, 696 F.3d 7 

(D.C. Cir. 2012, rehearing denied, 2013 U.S. App. LEXIS 1623 and 1624 

(D.C. Cir. Jan. 24, 2013)). On June 24, 2013, the Supreme Court of the 

United States accepted review of the case. Following the Circuit Court’s 

direction, CAIR remains in place pending the Supreme Court’s review.

NOX Budget Trading Program limits on non-EGUs. The CAIR SIP 

revision also established emission limits for the non-EGUs and other units 

that were subject to the Commonwealth’s NOX Budget Trading Program 

but are not subject to the CAIR NOX Ozone Season Trading Program.

These units must continue monitoring NOX emissions and must meet an 

emissions cap. Each unit has an allowable emission rate, calculated by 

January 31 of each year, based on the previous ozone season’s heat input. 

If the combined NOX ozone season emissions from all of these units 

exceed the statewide ozone season emission cap of 3,438 tons, each unit 

that exceeds its individual allowable emissions limit for that ozone season 

must surrender to the Department one CAIR NOX ozone season allowance 

and one CAIR NOX annual allowance for each ton of emissions over its 

allowable limit. In addition, the Commonwealth has set aside 181 tons of 

NOX, including tons that will be retired each year to compensate for 

sources that were exempted under the “twenty-five ton exemption” in 

section 145.4(b) 3. The balance of tons remaining in the set aside is 

available to the Department annually for accounting corrections. The 

Commonwealth retires any unused amount from this set aside each year.

It is unlikely that the 3,438-ton statewide NOX ozone season emission 

limitation will be exceeded. Pennsylvania’s non-EGU sources’ total 

emissions during each of the years they were trading under the NOX

Budget Trading Program never exceeded the statewide cap of 3,438 tons.

The Department’s regulation, codified in 25 Pa. Code §145.8(d), was 

approved by EPA as a SIP revision on December 10, 2009, and codified at 

40 CFR §52.2020(c)(1).

Cement kilns and large stationary internal combustion engines. The 

CAIR SIP revision also included regulations updating the cement 

manufacturing and large stationary internal combustion engine regulations

that were adopted pursuant to the NOX SIP Call. Until 2009, cement kilns 

and large stationary internal combustion engines that were subject to the 

NOX SIP Call were required to surrender NOX SIP Call allowances if they 

exceeded their NOX emission limits set forth in Department regulations. 

Because the Department discontinued the NOX Budget Trading Program 

beginning 2009, at which point NOX SIP Call allowances were replaced 
- 26 -

by CAIR NOX ozone season allowances, the Department modified the 

regulations to require surrender of CAIR NOX ozone season and CAIR 

NOX annual allowances for emission limit exceedances.

The Department’s regulations for large stationary internal combustion 

engines and cement kilns, codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 145, 

Subchapters B and C, respectively, were approved by EPA as a SIP 

revision on December 10, 2009, and codified at 40 CFR §51.2020(c)(1). 

An amendment to the Department’s regulation for cement kilns to reduce 

NOX emissions effective April 15, 2011, codified in 25 Pa. Code

Chapter 145, Subchapter C, was subsequently approved by EPA as a SIP 

revision on July 19, 2011, and codified at 40 CFR §51.2020(c)(1).

PPL Brunner Island Emission Controls. PPL installed SO2 controls 

including scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators at the PPL Brunner 

Island power plant in 2009, resulting in much lower SO2 emissions from 

that facility. The Title V permit (67-05005) for the PPL Brunner Island 

facility is federally enforceable and contains conditions for Units 1, 2 

and 3 related to the flue gas desulfurization system and emission limits for 

PM, SO2 and NOX.

Federal Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants. Federal standards to 

control hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) require Maximum Achievable 

Control Technology (MACT) at units located at major sources of HAPs. 

The EPA has promulgated a series of MACT regulations that are 

applicable to sources in Pennsylvania. These MACT standards are 

adopted and incorporated by reference in Section 6.6 of Pennsylvania’s 

Air Pollution Control Act and implementing regulations in 25 Pa. Code

§127.35 (relating to maximum achievable control technology standards for 

hazardous air pollutants). The standards are also included in federally 

enforceable plan approvals and operating permits issued by the 

Department for affected sources.

2. Highway Vehicle Sources

Even with increases in VMT that occur from 2007 through 2025, highway 

vehicle emissions will continue to decrease. As more vehicles subject to 

cleaner new car standards replace older vehicles subject to less stringent 

new vehicle standards, the fleet as a whole emits fewer emissions, 

compensating for the increase in vehicle miles traveled. These decreases

can be attributed to the programs described below.

Federal Motor Vehicle Control Programs (FMVCP) and 

Pennsylvania Clean Vehicle Program for passenger vehicles and lightduty trucks and cleaner gasoline. Tier 1 tailpipe standards established 

by the CAA Amendments of 1990 include NOX and VOC limits for light-
- 27 -

duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) and light-duty gasoline trucks (LDGTs). 

The phase in of these standards began in 1994. Evaporative VOC 

emissions were reduced in gasoline-powered cars starting with Model 

Year (MY) 1998.

In 1998, under the authority of section 177 of the CAA, the Department 

adopted the Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles Program (28 Pa.B. 5973, Dec. 5,

1998). The Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles Program incorporates by 

reference certain California Low Emission Vehicle (CA LEV) emission 

standards for passenger cars and light-duty trucks. As required under 

Section 177 of the CAA, these provisions are identical to the low emission 

standards adopted by California. The regulation does not incorporate by 

reference the California zero emissions vehicle (ZEV) or emissions 

control warranty systems statement provisions.

In the same rulemaking, the Department adopted the National Low 

Emission Vehicle (NLEV) program as a compliance alternative to the 

Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles Program. The NLEV program became 

effective in the Ozone Transport Region (OTR) in 1999. Pennsylvania’s 

New Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Program regulations in 25 Pa. 

Code Sections 126.401-126.441, in addition to including the Clean 

Vehicles Program, allowed automobile manufacturers to comply with 

NLEV instead of the CA LEV program through MY 2005. These 

regulations affected vehicles 6,000 pounds and less.

In 1999, the EPA promulgated regulations more stringent than NLEV 

(Tier 2), starting with MY 2004 (65 FR 6698; Feb. 10, 2000). The NLEV 

program was replaced for MY 2004 and later by the more stringent Tier 2 

regulations, and vehicle manufacturers operating under the NLEV 

program became subject to the Tier 2 requirements.

Pennsylvania amended the former New Motor Vehicle Emissions Control 

Program in 2006. The Clean Vehicles Program continues to incorporate 

the California Low Emission Vehicle Program by reference. As amended, 

the program affects MY 2008 and newer passenger cars and light-duty 

trucks vehicles (36 Pa.B. 7424; Dec. 9, 2006), corrected 

37 Pa.B. 209 (Jan. 12, 2007, eff. Dec. 9, 2006). EPA approved 

Pennsylvania’s Clean Vehicle Program as a revision to the 

Commonwealth’s SIP on January 24, 2012 (77 FR 3386).

Heavy-Duty Diesel Control Programs. The EPA promulgated more 

stringent national regulations for heavy-duty engines and vehicles (over 

14,000 pounds) starting with MY 2004. In addition, federal consent 

decrees with seven of the largest heavy-duty engine manufacturers 

required, among other terms, that diesel engines made by these companies 
- 28 -

comply with these 2004 standards two model years early, in MY 2002. 

The emission reductions from these programs are reflected in the future 

year emission inventories, as provided in the MOVES model.

In 2002, the Department adopted the Heavy-Duty Diesel Emissions 

Control Program for model years starting after May 2004. The program 

incorporates California standards by reference and requires MY 2005 and 

subsequent new heavy-duty diesel highway engines to be those certified 

by California. California standards were more stringent than federal 

standards for the two model years between expiration of the consent 

decrees discussed above (MYs 2005 and 2006) and the implementation of 

more stringent federal standards affecting MY 2007 and beyond. 

However, EPA’s MOVES model already assumed that the engines would 

comply with consent decree standards, even without an enforcement 

mechanism. The Department has used MOVES defaults to calculate 

emissions from MY 2005 and 2006 highway engines.

The EPA adopted new emission standards for heavy-duty engines and 

vehicles for MY 2007 and subsequent. For diesel engines, the standards 

were phased in from 2007 to 2010 for NOX and VOCs. For gasoline 

engines, the standards were phased in during MY 2008 and 2009. Federal 

and California standards were virtually identical for MY 2007. For 

MY 2008, California adopted requirements for idling restriction engine 

programming and an optional “clean NOX idle” standard. However, there 

is no EPA-approved methodology to estimate emission reductions from 

this requirement. Therefore, the emission estimates use assumptions of

the federal rule for MY 2007 through 2010.

Because the new engine standards are adversely affected by sulfur in fuel, 

the EPA also required most highway diesel fuel to contain no more than 

15 parts per million (ppm) of sulfur, beginning in the fall of 2006. There 

was a temporary compliance option allowing refiners to continue to 

produce up to 20 percent of their highway diesel fuel at 500 ppm fuel until 

2010. The Department used MOVES defaults to estimate the effects of 

the phase-in provision.

Vehicle Emission Inspection/Maintenance Program. In early 2004, 

Pennsylvania expanded its Vehicle Emission Inspection/Maintenance 

(I/M) Program into the York Area. The program applies to gasolinepowered vehicles 9,000 pounds and under, model years 1975 and newer. 

For vehicles 1996 and newer, the program consists of an annual on-board 

diagnostics test and a gas cap pressure test. For subject vehicles 1995 and 

older, the program consists of an annual visual inspection of pollution 

control devices to ensure they are present, connected and the proper type 

for the vehicle and a gas cap pressure test. These regulations can be found 

in 67 Pa. Code Chapter 177. The Department submitted the expanded 
- 29 -

emissions program as a SIP revision on December 1, 2003. EPA approved 

the SIP revision on October 6, 2005 (70 FR 58313).

Low Sulfur Gasoline. Sulfur is a natural component in crude oil that 

ends up in gasoline and diesel unless removed. Sulfur in gasoline impairs 

the effectiveness of emission control systems and contributes to air 

pollution. By removing most sulfur from gasoline, new advanced 

emission controls will work longer and more efficiently, and air pollution 

will be reduced.

The 1999 federal Tier 2 regulations (65 FR 6698; Feb. 10, 2000) reduced

the sulfur content of gasoline by up to 90 percent, enabling the use of new 

emission control technologies in cars and trucks that reduce harmful air 

pollution. The emission inventory analysis in this Maintenance Plan uses 

the default assumptions provided in MOVES2010 to account for the 

implementation of the federal standards for low sulfur gasoline. 

Requirements for use of low-sulfur gasoline enabled use of advanced 

emission control systems in light-duty vehicles beginning in model year 

2004. Vehicles meeting Tier 2 emission standards are 77 to 95 percent

cleaner than earlier models.

On May 21, 2013, EPA proposed a rulemaking reducing sulfur content in 

gasoline further with a Tier 3 Low Sulfur Gasoline program and 

establishing tailpipe and evaporative emission standards for motor 

vehicles including passenger cars, light-duty trucks, medium-duty 

passenger vehicles, and certain heavy-duty vehicles (78 FR 29816). The 

pre-publication version of the final rule was signed by the EPA 

Administrator on March 3, 2014. These federal standards will take effect 

60 days after the final rule is published in the Federal Register. The 

Tier 3 program requires the annual average content of sulfur in gasoline to

be reduced to 10 parts per million, starting January 1, 2017. By 2018, 

EPA estimates that SO2 emissions will be reduced by 56 percent. When 

fully implemented, this program, by 2030, will increase the effectiveness 

of vehicle emission controls even further and reduce onroad emissions of 

NOX by 25 percent, direct particulate matter by 10 percent and VOCs by 

16 percent. The rule will also significantly reduce emissions of carbon 

monoxide and hazardous air pollutants including acrolein, benzene, 

formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. 

3. Nonroad Sources

The EPA has adopted a series of regulations affecting new diesel-powered 

(“compression ignition”) and gasoline-powered (“spark ignition”) nonroad 

engines of various sizes (horsepower) and applications. Information on 

these federal rules, including their implementation dates, can be found at 

www.epa.gov/nonroad. The Department used the assumptions built into 
- 30 -

the nonroad model (NONROAD2005) and NMIM to estimate emissions 

for all milestone years.

While the EPA has published a notice of proposed rulemaking for more 

stringent standards for locomotives and large commercial marine diesel 

engines, the agency has not finalized any new standards.

On June 29, 2004, EPA adopted a rule establishing a comprehensive 

national program to reduce emissions from nonroad diesel engines 

(69 FR 38958). The rule phased in requirements for reducing the sulfur 

content of diesel used in nonroad diesel engines. The reduction in fuel 

sulfur content prevents damage to the more advanced emission control 

systems needed to meet the engine standards; it will also reduce fine 

particulate emissions from diesel engines. In 2007, fuel sulfur levels were 

limited to 500 ppm for nonroad applications other than ocean-going 

marine vessels. In 2010, fuel sulfur levels were reduced to the same sulfur 

concentration as in highway fuel, 15 ppm; this requirement began 

applying in 2012 to locomotive and marine diesel fuel. EPA adopted 

technical amendments to the program in rules published in the Federal 

Register on November 22, 2005 (70 FR 70498) and May 1, 2006 

(71 FR 25706). On April 30, 2010 (75 FR 22896), EPA adopted changes 

to the nonroad diesel fuel program to allow for the production and sale of 

diesel fuel with up to 1,000 ppm sulfur for use in Category 3 marine 

vessels. This requirement does not impact the York Area because the 

York Area does not have emissions from commercial marine vessels.

4. Stationary Area Sources

Low Sulfur Fuel Oil. The Environmental Quality Board has adopted a 

rule to reduce the sulfur content of fuel oil in Pennsylvania. This final 

rule, published in the Pennsylvania Bulletin February 9, 2013 

(43 Pa.B. 806), corrected April 20, 2013 (43 Pa.B. 2140), will limit the 

sulfur content of No. 2 fuel oil to 500 ppm, No. 4 fuel oil to 2,500 ppm 

and Nos. 5 and 6 fuel oils to 5,000 ppm. Compliance with the lower sulfur 

content limits will be required beginning July 1, 2016. The Department 

estimates statewide SO2 emission reductions of approximately 25,000 tons 

per year from this rule. These emission reductions will allow the 

Commonwealth to attain and maintain the PM2.5 standards and improve 

visibility. The final-form regulation was submitted to EPA for approval as 

a SIP revision on February 26, 2013 and determined by EPA on March 28, 

2013 to be administratively complete. On February 20, 2014, EPA 

proposed approval, as a revision to SIP, Pennsylvania’s regulation for the 

“Control of Commercial Fuel Oil Sulfur Limits for Combustion Units”

(79 FR 9701). Action on the final SIP revision is expected this summer. 
- 31 -

Consumer Products. This regulation applies statewide to any person 

who sells, supplies, offers for sale, or manufactures certain consumer 

products on or after January 1, 2005, for use in the Commonwealth. The 

program is contained in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 130, Subchapter B. It was 

submitted to the EPA as a SIP revision on March 26, 2003, and approved 

on December 8, 2004 (69 FR 70895). Amendments to the Consumer 

Products regulations were adopted on October 11, 2008, submitted to the 

EPA for approval as a SIP revision on March 11, 2009, and approved by 

EPA as a SIP revision on October 18, 2010 (75 FR 63717).

Adhesives, Sealants, Primers and Solvents. Pennsylvania adopted a 

regulation in 2010 to control VOC emissions from Adhesives, Sealants, 

Primers and Solvents. This regulation was published in the Pennsylvania 

Bulletin on December 25, 2010 (40 Pa.B. 7340) and approved by EPA as a 

SIP revision on September 26, 2012 (77 FR 59090).

B. Motor Vehicle Emission Budgets for Transportation Conformity

Section 176 of the CAA provides a mechanism by which federally funded or 

approved highway and transit plans, programs, and projects are determined not to 

produce new air quality violations, worsen existing violations, or delay timely 

attainment of the NAAQS. EPA regulations issued to implement transportation 

conformity provide that motor vehicle emission “budgets” establish caps of these 

emissions that cannot be exceeded by the predicted transportation system 

emissions in the future. Transportation agencies in Pennsylvania are responsible 

for making timely transportation conformity determinations. The responsible 

agency in the York Area is the York Area Metropolitan Planning Organization, 

the designated Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) under federal 

transportation planning requirements.

In this Maintenance Plan, Pennsylvania establishes budgets for highway 

emissions for direct PM2.5 and NOX in order to ensure that transportation 

emissions do not impede clean air goals in the next decade and beyond. The 

highway emission budgets include a safety margin, which was created by setting 

aside a portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year 

emissions of PM2.5 and NOX to accommodate unanticipated growth in highway 

vehicles.

Amendments to the 40 CFR part 93 transportation conformity regulations to 

address the 1997 PM2.5 standard were published in the Federal Register on May 6, 

2005 (70 FR 24280), to account for PM2.5 and its precursors.4 The 

Implementation Rule did not amend these regulations. Section 93.102 requires 

 

4 The Federal transportation conformity regulations were again amended on March 14, 2012 (77 FR 14979) to 

restructure several sections so that they apply to any new or revised NAAQS and make several clarifications to 

improve implementation. 
- 32 -

conformity determinations to be applicable to direct emissions of PM2.5 and NOX

(unless a determination is made that transportation-related emissions are not 

significant contributors to PM2.5), but to emissions of SO2, VOC, and NH3 only if 

a finding is made that transportation-related emissions of these pollutants are 

significant contributors to PM2.5. EPA approved Pennsylvania’s SIP revision 

establishing transportation conformity requirements in the Commonwealth on 

April 29, 2009 (74 FR 19451). 

This SIP revision establishes motor vehicle emission budgets for PM2.5 and NOX.

The information in Table III-2, once the EPA approves it for purposes of 

conformity, will establish transportation conformity budgets for the York Area. 

Table III-2: Motor Vehicle Emission Budgets (Tons per Year)

York PM2.5 NOX

2007 358 10,684

2017 Predicted 167 4,900

Safety Margin 25 490

2017 Budget 192 5,390

2025 Predicted 125 3,089

Safety Margin 19 309

2025 Budget 144 3,398

The highway emission budgets include a safety margin to accommodate 

unanticipated growth in highway vehicles. The safety margins were created by 

setting aside a portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance 

year emissions of PM2.5 and NOX. Table III-3 shows that the amount of emission 

reductions anticipated between 2007 and 2017 and between 2007 and 2025 easily 

accommodates the safety margins granted. 

Table III-3: Comparison of Safety Margin to Total Anticipated

Emission Reductions in 2017 and 2025

York PM2.5 NOX

2007 5,417 37,189

2017 4,890 28,369

2025 4,925 27,364

2007 - 2017 527 8,819

Margin Granted 25 490

2007 - 2025 492 9,824

Margin Granted 19 309
- 33 -

For informational purposes, DEP analyzed the projected 2025 inventory and 

found that highway emissions of VOC, NH3, and SO2 account for 16.75 percent, 

2.95 percent, and 0.18 percent of the total projected 2025 inventory, respectively, 

as shown in Table III-4.

Table III-4: Comparison of 2025 On-Road Mobile VOC, NH3, and

SO2 Emissions to the Total Projected 2025 Inventory

York SO2 VOC NH3

On-Road Mobile Source Projected Inventory (Tons) 30 1,645 111 

Total Projected 2025 Inventory (Tons) 16,406 9,822 3,774 

Percent of Total Projected 2025 Inventory (%) 0.18 16.75 2.95

The motor vehicle emission budgets include PM from vehicle exhaust, brake 

wear, and tire wear, which are estimated by the MOVES model. The Department 

has included direct PM2.5 re-entrained road dust emissions from paved and 

unpaved roads in the area source inventory, not in the motor vehicle emission 

budgets. Appendix B-2, relating to area source annual emissions, contains

estimates of the PM2.5 emissions attributable to paved and unpaved roads.

The York monitoring site includes a monitor that measures PM2.5 mass and a 

speciation monitor that collects data on the chemical constituents of PM2.5 in the 

York Area. Transportation construction-related fugitive dust emissions are not a 

significant contributor to the PM2.5 concentrations observed at the York monitor. 

At the York monitor, the crustal component was found to be small compared to 

other components of PM2.5 (See, Figure 1). Given that construction-related 

fugitive dust is one of many source categories contributing to the crustal material 

observed at the monitor, and transportation construction is a small subset of all 

construction, it is reasonable to conclude that transportation construction-related 

fugitive emissions are insignificant.
- 34 -

Figure 1. Pie Chart of 2007 York Speciation Data

IV. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK

The Commonwealth will continue to operate the air monitoring network in accordance 

with 40 CFR Part 58 to verify the attainment status of the York Area for the 1997 PM2.5 

NAAQS, with no reductions in the number of sites from those in the existing network 

unless pre-approved by EPA. The Commonwealth has concurrently submitted to EPA a 

request for redesignation of the York Area that contains analysis of ambient air quality 

data and related factors.

V. VERIFICATION OF CONTINUED ATTAINMENT

The Commonwealth will track the attainment status of the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS in the

York Area by reviewing air quality and emissions data during the maintenance period. 

The Commonwealth will perform an annual evaluation of two key factors, VMT data and 

emissions reported from stationary sources, and compare them to the assumptions about 

these factors used in this plan. The Commonwealth will also evaluate the periodic (every 

three years) emission inventories prepared under EPA’s Air Emission Reporting 

Requirements (40 CFR 51, Subpart A) to see if they exceed the attainment year inventory 

(2007) by more than 10 percent. Based on these evaluations, the Commonwealth will 

consider whether any further emission control measures should be implemented. 

York

Percentage of Total Mass

Year 2007

Nitrate

15%

Sulfate

26%

Ammonium

14%

Organic carbon

24%

Elemental carbon

6%

Crustal component

4%

Other

11%
- 35 -

VI. CONTINGENCY MEASURES

The Commonwealth will adopt and expeditiously implement corrective actions, as 

necessary and appropriate, in the following circumstances:

A first level response will be prompted if the annual mean PM2.5 concentration exceeds 

15.5 μg/m3in a single calendar year within the maintenance area or if the periodic 

emissions inventory for the York Area exceeds the attainment year inventory (2007) by 

more than 10 percent. The first level response will consist of a study to determine 

whether the PM2.5 value indicates a trend toward higher PM2.5 values and whether 

emissions appear to be increasing. If there appears to be an increasing trend, the study 

will evaluate whether the trend is likely to continue and, if so, the necessary and 

appropriate control measures to reverse the trend. Implementation of necessary and 

appropriate controls would take place as expeditiously as possible.

A second level response will be prompted if the 2-year average of the annual mean PM2.5

concentrations exceeds 15.0 μg/m3 within the maintenance area. If this trigger point 

occurs, the Commonwealth will evaluate whether additional emission control measures 

should be implemented in order to prevent a violation of the air quality standard. The 

Department will analyze the conditions leading to the PM2.5 levels and evaluate what 

measures might be most effective in correcting the PM2.5 levels. The Department will 

also analyze the potential emissions effect of federal, state and local measures that have 

been adopted but not yet implemented at the time the second level response is triggered. 

The Department will then begin the process of adopting any selected measures that are 

necessary and appropriate so that in the event of a violation, the measures can be 

implemented as expeditiously as practicable.

If a violation of the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS occurs, the Commonwealth will propose and

adopt additional emission reduction measures, as necessary and appropriate, as 

expeditiously as practicable in accordance with the implementation schedule in this 

section, the CAA, the Pennsylvania Air Pollution Control Act, other Pennsylvania 

statutory requirements, and the Department’s Policy for Development, Approval and 

Availability of Regulations in order to return the area to attainment with the standard.

Additional emission reduction measures to be considered for adoption if a violation of the 

NAAQS occurs in the York Area would be based on criteria including the following:

 air quality analysis indicating nature of violation [cause, location, source];

 emission reduction potential, including extent to which emission generating 

sources occur in the nonattainment area;

 timeliness of implementation in terms of the potential to return the area to 

attainment as expeditiously as practicable; and

 costs, equity and cost-effectiveness.
- 36 -

Additional emission reduction measures the Department would consider pursuing for 

promulgation if a violation of the NAAQS occurs in the York Area include the following:

Regulatory measures:

 A regulation based on the OTC Model Rule to update requirements for consumer 

products;

 A regulation based on the Control Techniques Guidelines (CTG) for industrial 

cleaning solvents; and

 Other regulatory measures identified based on the above-listed criteria.

Non-regulatory measures:

 Voluntary diesel projects:

o Diesel retrofit (including replacement, repowering or alternative fuel use) 

for public or private local onroad or offroad fleets;

o Idling reduction technology for Class 2 yard locomotives; and

o Idling reduction technologies or strategies for truck stops, warehouses and 

other freight-handling facilities.

 Promotion of accelerated turnover of lawn and garden equipment, especially 

commercial equipment.

 Additional promotion of alternative fuels for fleets, home heating and agricultural 

use.

Once the Department’s Bureau of Air Quality has obtained an approved request to initiate 

a rulemaking, the rulemaking may proceed as follows:

Within 2 months: Review by Air Quality Technical Advisory Committee 

(AQTAC), Citizens Advisory Council and other advisory committees,

5

as 

appropriate.

Within 5 months: Environmental Quality Board (EQB) meeting/action.

Within 7 months: Publication in the Pennsylvania Bulletin for comment as 

proposed rulemaking.

Within 9 months: Public hearing takes place and comment period on proposed 

rule closes.

Within 10 months: Independent Regulatory Review Commission (IRRC) 

comment on proposed rule.

Within 12 months: AQTAC, Citizens Advisory Council and other advisory 

committees, as appropriate, review responses to comments and draft final 

rulemaking.

Within 15 months: EQB meeting/action.

Within 16 months: IRRC action on final rulemaking.

Within 17 months: Attorney General review/action.

Within 18 months: Publication in the Pennsylvania Bulletin as final rulemaking 

and submission to the EPA as a SIP revision. The regulation would 

become effective upon publication in the Pennsylvania Bulletin.

 

5 Other committees could include the Small Business Compliance Advisory Committee and Agriculture Advisory 

Committee.
- 37 -

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AEO Annual Energy Outlook

AQTAC Air Quality Technical Advisory Committee

BACT Best Available Control Technology

BAT Best Available Technology

CAA Clean Air Act

CAIR Clean Air Interstate Rule

CA LEV California Low Emission Vehicle (program)

CF Control Factor

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CMU Carnegie Mellon University

CMV Commercial Marine Vessel

DEP Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

EDMS Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System

EGAS Economic Growth Analysis System

EGU Electric Generating Unit

EIA Energy Information Administration

EIS Emission Inventory System

EPA The United States Environmental Protection Agency

EQB Environmental Quality Board

ERC Emission Reduction Credit

ERTAC Eastern Regional Technical Advisory Committee

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FIP Federal Implementation Plan

FIRE Factor Information Retrieval 

FMVCP Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program

FR Federal Register

FRM Federal Reference Method

HAP Hazardous Air Pollutant

I/M Inspection and Maintenance

IRRC Independent Regulatory Review Commission

ITN Itinerant

LDGV Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles

LDGT Light Duty Gasoline Trucks

MACT Maximum Achievable Control Technology

MANE-VU Mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility Union

MARAMA Mid-Atlantic Regional Air Management Association

MOVES Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator

MPO Metropolitan Planning Organization

MY Model Year

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standard

NAICS North American Industry Classification System

NEI National Emissions Inventory

NH3 Ammonia

NLEV National Low Emission Vehicle (program)
- 38 -

NMIM National Mobile Inventory Model

NOX Oxides of Nitrogen

NSR New Source Review

OTAQ Office of Transportation and Air Quality

OTC Ozone Transport Commission

OTR Ozone Transport Region

OWB Outdoor Wood-fired Boiler

PennDOT Pennsylvania Department of Transportation

PM Particulate Matter

PM2.5 Particulate Matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter or Fine Particulates 

PM10 Particulate Matter less than 10 microns in diameter

PSD Prevention of Significant Deterioration

RWC Residential Wood Combustion

SCC Source Classification Code

SIP State Implementation Plan

SO2 Sulfur Dioxide

TAF Terminal Area Forecast

TCM Transportation Control Measures

TSD Technical Support Document 

μg/m3 Microgram per cubic meter

μm Micrometer

VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled

VOC Volatile Organic Compound

WOE Weight of Evidence

ZEV Zero Emissions Vehicle
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

REQUEST FOR REDESIGNATION 

AS ATTAINMENT

YORK NONATTAINMENT AREA

1997 FINE PARTICULATE MATTER

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY 

STANDARDS

APRIL 2014

Bureau of Air Quality

Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

P.O. Box 8468

Harrisburg, PA 17105-8468

717-787-9495

www.dep.state.pa.us
[This page intentionally left blank.]
i

Table of Contents

I. Demonstration of Attainment and Air Quality Trends Analysis.........................................3

A. Design Value Determination................................................................................... 4

B. Air Quality Trends Analysis................................................................................... 4

C. Climate Trends Analysis......................................................................................... 7

1. Temperature Trends.................................................................................... 8

2. Precipitation Trends.................................................................................... 9

D. Additional Trends ................................................................................................. 11

1. Population Trends..................................................................................... 11

2. Economic Trends...................................................................................... 11

E. Modeling Analyses ............................................................................................... 13

II. SIP Approvals and Applicable Requirements....................................................................14

A. Section 110(a)(2) of the CAA............................................................................... 15

B. Part D - Plan Requirements for Nonattainment Areas.......................................... 16

1. Section 172(c) of the CAA ....................................................................... 16

2. Section 173 of the CAA............................................................................ 16

3. Section 176 of the CAA............................................................................ 17

4. Section 189(e) of the CAA ....................................................................... 17

C. Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 18

III. Demonstration of Permanent and Enforceable Improvement............................................18

A. Baseline (2005) Emissions Inventory ................................................................... 19

B. Attainment Year (2007) Emissions Inventory ...................................................... 20

C. Control Measures.................................................................................................. 22

1. Stationary Point Sources........................................................................... 23

2. Highway Vehicle Sources......................................................................... 28

3. Nonroad Sources....................................................................................... 31

4. Stationary Area Sources............................................................................ 32

IV. Maintenance Plan...............................................................................................................33
ii

Table of Tables

Table I-1: York Area Annual PM2.5 Concentrations...................................................................... 5

Table I-2: York Area 98th % of 24-Hour PM2.5 Concentrations................................................... 5

Table I-3: York Area Annual PM2.5 Design Values ...................................................................... 6

Table I-4: York Area 24-Hour PM2.5 Design Values..................................................................... 7

Table I-5: York Area Monthly Mean Temperature (°F)................................................................ 8

Table I-6: York Area Precipitation (inches) ................................................................................ 10

Table I-7: EPA’s Transport Rule Modeling Results for the PM2.5 Standard for 

Pennsylvania Sites..................................................................................................... 14

Table III-1: York Area 2005 Annual Emissions (Tons per Year) ............................................... 20

Table III-2: York Area 2007 Annual Emissions (Tons per Year) ............................................... 21

Table III-3: Change in York Area Annual Emissions (Tons per Year) from 2005 to 2007........ 23

Table III-4: Summary of Emission Totals (Tons) in 2007, 2017 and 2025................................. 23

Table of Figures

Figure I-1: Pennsylvania’s 1997 PM2.5 Nonattainment Areas....................................................... 3

Figure I-2: PM2.5 Annual Concentration Trend ............................................................................. 5

Figure I-3: PM2.5 98th Percentile Concentration Trend................................................................. 6

Figure I-4. Pie Chart of 2007 York Speciation Data ..................................................................... 7

Figure I-5. York Area Monthly Mean Temperature (°F)............................................................... 9

Figure I-6: York Area Annual Precipitation (inches) .................................................................. 10

Figure I-7: York Area Population Trend ..................................................................................... 11

Figure I-8: York Area Population and Labor Force Trends ........................................................ 12

Figure I-9: Pennsylvania and National Coincident Indexes from the Philadelphia Reserve 

Bank........................................................................................................................... 13
- 1 -

INTRODUCTION

Particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of microscopic solids and liquid droplets suspended in air 

that include: acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, soil or dust particles 

and allergens (such as fragments of pollen or mold spores). Fine particle pollution or PM2.5

describes particulate matter that is less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers (μm) in diameter, 

approximately 1/30th the diameter of a human hair. Because of their small size, fine particles 

can penetrate deeply into the lungs.

Health studies have shown a significant association between exposure to fine particles and 

premature death from heart or lung disease. Fine particles can aggravate heart and lung diseases 

and have been linked to effects such as cardiovascular symptoms, cardiac arrhythmias, heart 

attacks, respiratory symptoms, asthma attacks, and bronchitis. These effects can result in 

increased hospital admissions, emergency room visits, absences from school or work, and 

restricted activity days. Individuals that may be particularly sensitive to fine particle exposure 

include people with heart or lung disease, older adults, and children. The article, “FineParticulate Air Pollution and Life Expectancy in the United States” by C. Arden Pope, III, et al. 

published January 22, 2009 in the New England Journal of Medicine evaluated the role PM2.5 

reductions occurring in the 1980s and 1990s had on the increased life expectancy observed over 

that period. The study found that a reduction of 10 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3) of PM2.5 

was associated with an average increase in life expectancy of 7.3 months.

PM2.5 has significant environmental impacts, including acid rain and stream eutrophication. 

PM2.5 also affects visibility (regional haze) through the scattering and absorption of light. Fine 

particles, similar in size to the wavelength of light, are most efficient, per unit of mass, at 

reducing visibility. Soiling and materials damage can also be caused by PM2.5 in the air.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued PM2.5 national ambient air 

quality standards (NAAQS) in 1997 after evaluating hundreds of health studies and conducting 

an extensive peer review process. The EPA established an annual primary (health-based) and 

secondary (welfare-based) standard of 15.0 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3), based on the 

3-year average of annual mean PM2.5 concentrations. The EPA also established a primary and 

secondary 24-hour standard of 65 μg/m3determined by the 3-year average of the 98th percentile 

of 24-hour concentrations.

On December 17, 2004, the EPA issued air quality designations for the PM2.5 standard based on 

air quality monitoring data from 2001-2003. The final designations were published in the 

Federal Register on January 5, 2005 (70 FR 944). The designations became effective on April 5, 

2005. On April 5, 2005, the EPA issued a supplemental notice changing the designation of 

certain areas from nonattainment to attainment based on newly available air quality data 

(70 FR 19844; April 14, 2005). The April 5, 2005, supplemental notice only affected Mercer 

County in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

The York Area was one of eight areas in Pennsylvania, comprising all or parts of 

21 Pennsylvania counties, designated by the EPA as nonattainment for the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS. 

The York Area, consisting of York County in Pennsylvania, was designated by EPA as 
- 2 -

nonattainment because it violated the 1997 annual standard of 15.0 μg/m3based on 2001-03 

monitoring data. The York Area did not violate the 1997 24-hour standard of 65 μg/m3.

The subsequent analyses described in this Request for Redesignation clearly demonstrate that the 

ambient air quality in the York Area now meets the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS and that the emission 

reductions responsible for the air quality improvement are both permanent and enforceable.

These analyses and the maintenance plan submitted concurrently demonstrate that the York Area

has completed all criteria set forth in Section 107(d)(3)(E) of the Clean Air Act (CAA) and 

should be officially redesignated as attainment.

Section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA states that an area may be redesignated to attainment if the 

following conditions are met:

 The NAAQS has been attained (discussed in Section I);

 The applicable implementation plan has been fully approved under Section 110(k) of the 

CAA and the state has met all applicable requirements for the area under Section 110 

and Part D (discussed in Section II);

 The improvement in air quality is due to permanent and enforceable reductions in 

emissions (discussed in Section I and Section III); and

 A Maintenance Plan with contingency measures has been fully approved under 

Section 175A (discussed in Section IV).

This Request for Redesignation describes how the York Area satisfies each of the CAA’s 

Section 107(d)(3)(E) criteria for redesignation to attainment.

Requirements for a public comment process are set forth in Section 110(a)(2) of the CAA, 

40 CFR Section 51.102(d) and Section 7.5 of the Pennsylvania Air Pollution Control Act. 

35 P.S. Section 4007.5(b). On January 25, 2014, the Department provided notice of a public 

comment period and the opportunity for a hearing on the Maintenance Plan, 2007 comprehensive 

inventory required by Section 172(c)(3) of the CAA, and this Request for Redesignation. The 

public comment period closed February 28, 2014. The Department scheduled the public hearing 

to occur on February 26, 2014, but no persons expressed interest in presenting testimony or 

attending. Therefore, the Department cancelled the hearing. Comments were received from one 

commentator and have been addressed in a Comment and Response document.
- 3 -

I. DEMONSTRATION OF ATTAINMENT AND AIR QUALITY TRENDS

ANALYSIS

On December 17, 2004, the EPA issued air quality designations for the 1997 PM2.5

standard based on air quality monitoring data from 2001-2003. The final designations 

were published in the Federal Register on January 5, 2005 (70 FR 944). The 

designations became effective on April 5, 2005. On April 5, 2005, the EPA issued a 

supplemental notice changing the designation of certain areas from nonattainment to 

attainment based on newly available air quality data (70 FR 19844; April 14, 2005). The 

April 5, 2005 supplemental notice only affected Mercer County in the Commonwealth of 

Pennsylvania (Commonwealth or Pennsylvania).

The York Area was one of eight areas in Pennsylvania, comprising all or parts of 

21 Pennsylvania counties, designated by the EPA as nonattainment for the 1997 PM2.5 

NAAQS. The York Area, consisting of York County in Pennsylvania, was designated as 

nonattainment because it violated the 1997 annual standard of 15.0 μg/m3based on 

2001-03 monitoring data. The York Area did not violate the 1997 24-hour standard of 

65 μg/m3.

Figure I-1: Pennsylvania’s 1997 PM2.5 Nonattainment Areas

Air quality in the York Area has improved since the EPA’s original designations. The 

York Area’s annual PM2.5 design value has decreased over the 2001 to 2012 time frame. 

The York Area’s design value for 2003 (based on data from 2001 through 2003) was 

17.0 μg/m3. The York Area’s 2012 design value (based on data from 2010 through 

2012) was 11.7 μg/m3. Following EPA criteria, a PM2.5 design value below 15.0 μg/m3 
- 4 -

is considered to be attainment. Concentrations are expected to remain lower than

15 μg/m3 over the next decade.

On September 25, 2009, the EPA determined that the York Area had attained the 1997 

PM2.5 NAAQS (“Clean Data Determination”) (74 FR 48863). EPA’s Clean Data 

Determination was based on quality-assured, quality-controlled and certified ambient air 

monitoring data that show the area has monitored attainment based on 2006 through 2008 

data. This final action suspended the requirements for this area to submit attainment 

demonstrations and associated reasonably available control measures, reasonable further 

progress plans, contingency measures and other planning State Implementation Plan 

(SIP) revisions related to the attainment of the NAAQS for so long as the area continues 

to attain the NAAQS.

The determination of attainment did not “redesignate” the area as “attainment.” The 

York Area remains nonattainment for the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS until the Commonwealth 

submits, and EPA approves, a Request for Redesignation and a Maintenance Plan 

showing the area can maintain the standard for at least 10 years.

A. Design Value Determination

The ambient air quality analysis is based on PM2.5 data measured at the York 

County monitoring site. The ambient air quality data analysis for PM2.5 was 

completed using the appropriate regulations and guidance documents. Monitoring 

procedures were determined in accordance with 40 CFR Part 58. The PM2.5

design values were calculated in accordance with 40 CFR Part 50, Appendix N, 

“Interpretation of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate 

Matter.”

B. Air Quality Trends Analysis

This section provides a brief summary of PM2.5 monitoring concentrations in the 

York Area. 

Trends in PM2.5 design values were analyzed from 2001 through 2012. Table I-1 

displays annual PM2.5 concentrations monitored in the York Area. Table I-2 

contains the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations for each year. The 2001 

through 2012 trend lines for annual concentrations and 98th percentile of 24-hour 

concentrations are shown in Figures I-2 and I-3. As shown in Figures I-2 and I-3, 

the slope of the trend lines for the annual and 24-hour PM2.5 concentrations are 

both negative, indicating decreasing concentrations. The slopes of the annual 

mean and the 24-hour concentrations indicate declines of 0.62 and 1.93 μg/m3per 

year, respectively, over the 2001 through 2012 timeframe.
- 5 -

Table I-1: York Area Annual PM2.5 Concentrations

Annual Mean

Site 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Hill St 

42-133-0008 16.7 17.1 17.4 16.4 18.0 14.4 15.8 13.6 11.7 11.3 11.6 12.0

Table I-2: York Area 98th % of 24-Hour PM2.5 Concentrations

Annual 98% Concentration

Site 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Hill St

42-133-0008 41.3 52.8 47.0 35.9 39.4 35.1 37.0 32.3 26.6 29.7 28.0 28.4

Figure I-2: PM2.5 Annual Concentration Trend
- 6 -

Figure I-3: PM2.5 98th Percentile Concentration Trend

Tables I-3 and I-4 contain the York Area’s annual and 24-hour PM2.5 design 

values calculated from the 2001 through 2012 monitoring data.

Design values for the annual PM2.5 NAAQS show a steady declining trend. The 

York Area was designated as nonattainment based on the 2001 through 2003 

annual design value of 17.0 μg/m3. The 24-hour design value for that time period 

was 47 μg/m3. Compared with the 2001 through 2003 design values, the annual 

design value for 2010 through 2012 has decreased by 31 percent and the 24-hour 

design value by 38 percent. The annual and 24-hour PM2.5 design values for the 

York Area are shown below in Tables I-3 and I-4, respectively.

Table I-3: York Area Annual PM2.5 Design Values

1997 Annual PM2.5 NAAQS = 15 ug/m3

Design Value

Site

1999-

2001

2000-

2002

2001-

2003

2002-

2004

2003-

2005

2004-

2006

2005-

2007

2006-

2008

2007-

2009

2008-

2010

2009-

2011

2010-

2012

Hill St 

42-133-0008 16.3 16.8 17.0 16.9 17.3 16.3 16.0 14.6 13.7 12.2 11.5 11.7
- 7 -

Table I-4: York Area 24-Hour PM2.5 Design Values

1997 24-Hour PM2.5 NAAQS 3 year 98% = 65 ug/m3

Design Value

Site

1999-

2001

2000-

2002

2001-

2003

2002-

2004

2003-

2005

2004-

2006

2005-

2007

2006-

2008

2007-

2009

2008-

2010

2009-

2011

2010-

2012

Hill St

42-133-0008 39.0 45.0 47.0 45.0 41.0 37.0 37.0 35.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 29.0

C. Climate Trends Analysis

PM2.5 formation in the eastern United States is a complex process involving local 

and regional meteorology, topography, chemistry and transport. Sulfates and 

nitrates are formed primarily through atmospheric reactions of precursor 

emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and ammonia (NH3). 

Organic carbon is a combination of secondary organic particles formed from 

emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and the organic portion of 

primary PM2.5 that is directly emitted or condenses near its source. Currently, our 

understanding of sulfate and nitrate chemistry and its impacts on PM2.5

concentrations far exceeds our understanding of contributions from anthropogenic 

VOCs. This is important because sulfates, nitrates, ammonium and organic 

carbon are major contributors to the total PM2.5, making up approximately 

79 percent of the annual PM2.5 concentration observed in the York Area in 2007.

Figure I-4. Pie Chart of 2007 York Speciation Data

Attainment of the PM2.5 NAAQS involves the range of meteorological conditions 

throughout the year. PM2.5 chemistry favors sulfate formation during the warm 

summer months and nitrate formation during the colder winter months. In 

York

 Percentage of Total Mass

 Year 2007

Nitrate

15%

Sulfate

26%

Ammonium

14%

Organic carbon

24%

Elemental carbon

6%

Crustal component

4%

Other

11%
- 8 -

addition, local temperature inversions more common in the winter can concentrate 

emissions near the surface, leading to periods of elevated PM2.5 concentrations.

To assess whether it is likely that unusual meteorological patterns have 

contributed to the lower PM2.5 concentrations observed in the York Area, 

temperature and precipitation trends over the last 10 years were examined.

The data used in the trends analysis is from the Global Historical Climatology 

Network (GHCN) database for the Lancaster Airport, which was judged to be 

more representative meteorologically of the York Area overall than the York 

Airport site. The monthly summary data was obtained from the NOAA National 

Climatic Data Center at: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdoweb/search#t=secondTabLink 

1. Temperature Trends

Table I-5 presents monthly mean temperature data for the York Area for 

2001 through 2012. Figure I-5 graphically displays the data.

Table I-5: York Area Monthly Mean Temperature (°F)

Lancaster Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2001 27.9 33.6 37.6 50.9 61.0 71.1 71.1 75.2 64.0 54.9 48.0 39.4

2002 35.2 37.0 41.9 54.0 59.9 71.6 76.6 75.6 67.5 52.3 41.7 30.0

2003 24.6 25.9 40.3 49.5 57.6 67.6 73.9 74.7 65.8 51.6 47.5 33.8

2004 23.5 31.5 43.3 52.3 66.9 68.5 73.0 71.6 67.5 53.4 45.7 34.5

2005 29.1 32.9 36.7 53.1 56.8 72.9 75.6 75.7 70.0 55.9 45.9 30.7

2006 38.8 32.5 42.1 53.4 61.0 70.5 76.3 74.5 63.5 52.7 47.5 39.9

2007 35.1 25.0 40.3 48.0 63.3 71.8 72.9 73.0 67.5 60.8 42.3 34.2

2008 32.5 32.2 41.4 52.5 57.2 72.7 74.1 70.3 66.2 52.3 42.3 34.3

2009 25.0 33.1 40.5 51.4 61.7 69.3 71.1 74.1 64.2 52.7 48.0 32.7

2010 30.4 28.9 46.6 54.1 64.2 73.8 77.4 74.7 68.5 54.5 43.7 30.0

2011 25.9 32.7 40.5 54.0 64.8 72.3 78.6 73.2 67.5 53.6 47.3 39.0

2012 34.7 37.4 49.8 51.1 66.4 70.7 78.1 74.3 65.5 55.0 40.1 38.8
- 9 -

Figure I-5. York Area Monthly Mean Temperature (°F)

The York Area was designated nonattainment for the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS 

based on 2001 through 2003 data. The summer of 2001 appears to have 

been a slightly cooler than normal summer while the winter of 2002 was 

milder than normal. Neither of these conditions would be expected to 

cause higher PM2.5 concentrations as was experienced during that 

timeframe. The York Area’s Clean Data Determination was based on 

2006 through 2008 data, and the York Area has monitored attainment 

since that time. Examination of the temperature data from 2006 through 

2012 shows normal variation in seasonal temperatures but no evidence of 

unusual patterns that would be expected to repress PM2.5 formation.

2. Precipitation Trends

Table I-6 presents monthly and annual precipitation data for the York 

Area for 2001 through 2012. Figure I-6 graphically displays the annual 

precipitation data.
- 10 -

Table I-6: York Area Precipitation (inches)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Annual 

Total

2001 2.1 1.7 4.0 2.2 3.2 1.8 1.1 4.5 4.3 0.7 0.9 1.5 27.9

2002 2.5 0.3 3.6 3.4 5.6 3.5 1.1 3.5 3.1 7.8 3.8 4.3 42.4

2003 1.5 3.0 3.3 2.6 4.4 6.0 2.6 3.6 8.7 4.6 3.8 2.4 46.3

2004 1.7 2.8 1.7 5.9 3.2 5.7 7.2 5.6 5.8 2.0 3.6 3.1 48.1

2005 3.3 1.5 3.6 4.2 1.1 5.7 7.0 1.5 0.8 8.1 3.0 3.0 42.7

2006 3.9 1.6 0.9 4.1 2.5 13.1 3.6 1.2 6.0 3.4 6.0 2.2 48.3

2007 2.1 1.8 3.0 4.4 1.3 4.2 5.1 4.3 1.0 5.3 2.7 3.8 39.0

2008 0.9 4.7 3.1 1.0 3.7 2.7 6.6 1.3 4.9 2.2 1.5 3.4 36.0

2009 1.8 0.8 1.5 4.1 4.4 4.6 2.2 6.0 4.2 5.8 1.5 4.3 41.2

2010 1.4 1.8 3.1 1.9 3.9 1.4 6.1 1.5 7.9 3.6 2.1 2.0 36.5

2011 1.5 2.9 4.2 6.4 5.2 4.6 1.7 6.7 13.1 3.5 4.3 3.1 57.1

2012 2.1 2.1 1.1 1.8 3.8 4.1 3.7 1.4 6.1 7.2 1.1 3.2 37.8

Figure I-6: York Area Annual Precipitation (inches)

Examination of the 2001 through 2003 precipitation data indicates both 

drier and wetter than usual years within the timeframe. Examination of 

the precipitation data from 2006 through 2012 also shows variation in 

precipitation amounts. Throughout these years the York Area monitored 

attainment of the standard. There is no indication from the data that

unusual precipitation patterns contributed to the lower PM2.5

concentrations in recent years in which the York Area monitored 

attainment of the PM2.5 NAAQS.
- 11 -

D. Additional Trends

1. Population Trends

The York Area, which consists of York County, has had significant 

population growth over the last decade. York County’s population 

increased approximately 14 percent between the 2000 and 2010 Censuses. 

According to the Bureau of the Census, York County’s 2010 population 

was 434,972 people, ranking the county eighth largest in population in 

Pennsylvania.

Population increases correspond with increased emissions from some 

types of emission sources and, therefore, can result in increased pollution 

levels. While York County’s population has grown approximately 

14 percent over the last decade, this growth has not resulted in increased 

PM2.5 concentrations. In fact, the county’s PM2.5 concentrations have 

declined in spite of the increase in population.

Figure I-7: York Area Population Trend

2. Economic Trends

Economic trends could have impacts on emissions and consequently affect 

PM2.5 concentrations in the York Area. The two factors considered here 

include estimated labor force changes in York County and overall 

economic activity in Pennsylvania as measured by the Coincident Index. 

The labor force data was obtained from the U.S. Department of Labor, 

Bureau of Labor Statistics, Mid-Atlantic Information Office. The 

Coincident Index data was obtained from the Philadelphia Reserve Bank.
- 12 -

Figure I-8 shows York County’s population change and estimated labor 

force change since 1980. A larger labor force could lead to more driving 

and increased infrastructure demands. This in turn could lead to higher 

emissions. Increases in the county’s labor force also contribute to overall 

increases in economic activity (greater family income/spending). The 

Philadelphia Federal Reserve Bank has tracked economic activity in 

Pennsylvania over the last 25 years. Pennsylvania’s Economic Activity 

Index is graphically depicted in Figure I-9. In spite of these upward 

trends, air quality continues to improve in York County.

Figure I-8: York Area Population and Labor Force Trends

Data Source:

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Mid-Atlantic Information Office

The database containing “State and local industry employment and earnings - monthly” data was 

accessed from the following site: http://www.bls.gov/ro3/data.htm
- 13 -

Figure I-9: Pennsylvania and National Coincident Indexes

from the Philadelphia Reserve Bank

Data downloaded on 5/24/2012 from: The Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia at: 

http://www.philadelphiafed.org/research-and-data/regional-economy/indexes/coincident/

The Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia produces a monthly coincident 

index for each of the 50 states. The coincident indexes combine four 

state-level indicators to summarize current economic conditions in a single 

statistic. The four state-level variables in each coincident index are 

nonfarm payroll employment, average hours worked in manufacturing, the 

unemployment rate, and wage and salary disbursements deflated by the 

consumer price index (U.S. city average). The trend for each state’s index 

is set to the trend of its gross domestic product (GDP), so long-term 

growth in the state’s index matches long-term growth in its GDP.

E. Modeling Analyses

Modeling results for the EPA’s Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (76 FR 48207;

August 8, 2011)1(Transport Rule) were examined to determine if the model 

results support redesignating the York Area to attainment. EPA’s analysis 

indicates that the York Area would attain the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS, even in the 

absence of either the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) or the Transport Rule.

EPA used the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extension (CAMx) 

version 5.3. CAMx is a three-dimensional Eulerian grid-based photochemical 

model designed to simulate the formation, chemical transformation, transport, and 

removal of ozone, secondary and directly emitted PM2.5, and their precursor 

species on national, regional, and local scales for short-term episodes up to annual 

 

1 “Federal Implementation Plans: Interstate Transport of Fine Particulate Matter and Ozone and Correction of SIP 

Approvals.”
- 14 -

time periods. Using this model, EPA simulated the emissions from many 

different sources of pollution (such as electric generating units (EGU), and mobile 

sources). All of the Transport Rule CAMx simulations used meteorology for 

2005 derived from simulations of the Pennsylvania State University/National 

Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) version 3.7.4. The 

2005 emissions of SO2, NOX, VOC, NH3 and direct PM2.5 were modeled. The 

modeling was based on the annual PM2.5 design values for the 2003 through 2007 

base period.

EPA outlined the model results in the Air Quality Modeling Final Rule Technical 

Support Document for the Transport Rule. Air quality modeling was performed 

to simulate ozone and PM2.5 concentrations for the 2005 base year, a 2012 “no 

CAIR” base case, a 2014 “no CAIR” base case, and the 2014 remedy scenario. 

Table I-7 displays the results of EPA’s analysis for the York Area. EPA’s 

analysis indicates that the York Area would attain the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS, even 

in the absence of either CAIR or the Transport Rule. The results support

redesignating the York Area to attainment for the PM2.5 NAAQS.

Table I-7: EPA’s Transport Rule Modeling Results for the PM2.5 Standard for 

Pennsylvania Sites

PM2.5 Design Values (μg/m3)

Site ID County

Form of 

Standard

2003-2007 

Average 

Ambient 

Values

2003-2007 

Maximum 

Ambient 

Values

2012 Base 

Case 

Average 

Values

2012 Base 

Case 

Maximum 

Values

2014 Base 

Case 

Average 

Values

2014 Base 

Case 

Maximum 

Values

421330008 York Annual 16.52 17.25 14.01 14.63 13.64 14.24

421330008 York 24-Hour 38.2 40.7 33.3 36.0 32.6 35.3

Source: Air Quality Modeling Final Rule Technical Support Document for the Transport Rule 

(http://www.epa.gov/airtransport/pdfs/AQModeling.pdf)

II. SIP APPROVALS AND APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS

In order for EPA to redesignate a nonattainment area to attainment, the applicable SIP 

revision must be fully approved under Section 110(k) of the CAA. In addition, the state 

must have met all requirements applicable to the area under CAA Section 110 and 

Part D - Plan Requirements for Nonattainment Areas. The specific requirements 

applicable to the York Area can be found in sections 110(a)(2), and Part D 

sections 172(c) (relating to nonattainment plan provisions), 173 (relating to permit 

requirements) and, 176 (relating to limitations on certain federal assistance). A court has 

also recently held that EPA must implement the PM2.5 NAAQS pursuant to Subpart 4 of 

Part D - see section III below for more information.

These requirements have been fulfilled for the York Area.
- 15 -

A. Section 110(a)(2) of the CAA

Section 110(a) of the CAA contains the general requirements for a SIP. 

Pennsylvania concludes that, as EPA has stated in previous rulemaking in another 

state[1], only the Section 110 and Part D requirements that are linked with a 

particular area’s designation are the relevant measures to consider in evaluating a 

redesignation request. Further, Pennsylvania believes that the other section 110

elements that are not connected with nonattainment plan submissions and not 

linked with an area’s attainment status are also not applicable requirements for 

purposes of redesignation. A state remains subject to these requirements after an 

area is redesignated to attainment.

The requirements of CAA Section 110(a)(2) that are statewide requirements and 

that are not linked to the PM2.5 nonattainment status of the York Area are not 

applicable requirements for purposes of review of the Commonwealth’s PM2.5

redesignation request. However, EPA requires that the Commonwealth’s 

Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements be approved prior to 

redesignation, because PSD requirements will apply after redesignation.

Sections 110(a)(2)(C) and 110(a)(2)(J) of the CAA require state plans to meet the 

requirements of CAA, Subchapter I, Part C, which contains PSD requirements. In 

addition, Section 110(a)(2)(I) requires that a plan revision for an area designated 

as a nonattainment area meet the applicable requirements of CAA, Subchapter I, 

Part D (relating to nonattainment areas). Therefore, Pennsylvania has concluded 

that only the parts of Sections 110(a)(2)(C), 110(a)(2)(I) and 110(a)(2)(J) that 

relate to Part D applicable requirements or PSD are applicable for purposes of 

redesignation.

EPA has previously approved provisions of Pennsylvania’s SIP addressing 

section 110 requirements, including provisions addressing PM2.5. Pennsylvania’s 

SIP measures meeting section 110(a)(2)(C) and 110(a)(2)(J) requirements are 

fully approved under section 110(k) of the CAA. The Maintenance Plan 

associated with this Request for Redesignation for the York Area is a SIP revision 

for an area designated as a nonattainment area and meets the applicable 

requirements of Part D of Subchapter I of the CAA; therefore, the Maintenance 

Plan associated with this Request for Redesignation meets the requirements of 

Section 110(a)(2)(I). Please see the discussion below concerning Part D (plan 

requirements for nonattainment areas).

 

[1] See EPA’s proposed approval of Ohio’s redesignation request for the Ohio portion of the Huntington-Ashland 

nonattainment area for the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS (76 FR 79593). On December 31, 2012, EPA published final 

approval of Ohio’s redesignation request for the Ohio portion of the Huntington-Ashland nonattainment area for the 

1997 PM2.5 NAAQS (77 FR 76883).
- 16 -

B. Part D - Plan Requirements for Nonattainment Areas

1. Section 172(c) of the CAA

Section 172 of the CAA contains the general provisions required to be 

included in SIP revisions for nonattainment areas. These include 

attainment demonstrations, reasonably available control measures, 

reasonable further progress, inventory data, and permitting requirements.

As stated above, EPA determined on September 25, 2009 (74 FR 48863),

that the York Area had attained the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS. EPA based this

Clean Data Determination upon complete, quality-assured, qualitycontrolled, and certified ambient air monitoring data that showed that the 

area monitored attainment of the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS during the 2006 

through 2008 monitoring period. The Clean Data Determination 

suspended the requirements for this area to submit an attainment 

demonstration, associated reasonably available control measures, a 

reasonable further progress plan, contingency measures, and other 

planning SIP revisions related to attainment of the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS for 

so long as the area continues to meet the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS.

Submittal of a comprehensive inventory is required by 40 CFR 

Section 51.1008 to meet the requirements of section 172(c)(3) of the 

CAA. This requirement was not suspended by the Clean Data 

Determination. In fulfillment of this requirement, the 2007 inventory, 

which also serves as the attainment year inventory, is being submitted as 

part of the Maintenance Plan, submitted concurrently with this Request for 

Redesignation.

2. Section 173 of the CAA

Section 173 of the CAA outlines requirements related to permitting of air 

pollution sources in nonattainment areas.

Stationary air pollution sources are subject to the regulations of the 

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Code in Title 25 

Environmental Resources (25 Pa. Code Chapters 121-145). These 

regulations include:

 Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources 

promulgated by EPA under the Clean Air Act (25 Pa. Code

Chapter 122);

 Standards for Contaminants (25 Pa. Code Chapter 123);

 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (25 Pa. 

Code Chapter 124);
- 17 -

 Construction, Modification, Reactivation and Operation of 

Sources, including plan approval, prevention of significant 

deterioration, new source review, operating permit program 

(25 Pa. Code Chapter 127);

 Standards for Sources (25 Pa. Code Chapter 129); and

 Annual Emission Statements and required reporting to the 

Department, (25 Pa. Code Chapter 135).

These permitting, stationary source monitoring and reporting,

preconstruction review, offset ratios and enforceable emission limitations 

requirements were adopted to implement the federally mandated 

requirements in sections 110, 172, 173 and 182(a) of the CAA. EPA has 

approved all of these regulations as SIP revisions, as indicated in 

Section III of this document.

3. Section 176 of the CAA

Section 176(c) of the CAA contains the provision prohibiting federal 

financing of projects or activities that do not conform to an approved 

implementation plan.

The Commonwealth adopted and incorporated EPA’s General Conformity 

rule (40 CFR Part 93, Subpart B) by reference in its entirety in 25 Pa. 

Code Section 127.802. The General Conformity regulation describes 

procedures to determine if federally-financed, non-transportation projects 

are in conformity with air quality plans.

EPA and the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) have issued 

regulations regarding criteria and procedures for demonstrating and 

assuring conformity of transportation improvement programs (TIP or 

program), long range plans (LRP or plan), and individual transportation 

projects with the requirements of the CAA and the SIP for the specific 

nonattainment area. Affected transportation planning organizations are 

complying with all federal laws, regulations and guidance for 

transportation conformity.

4. Section 189(e) of the CAA

In light of a recent court decision, Natural Resources Defense Council v. 

EPA, No. 08-1250, 706 F.3d 428 (DC Cir. 2013) (see discussion in 

Section III), the Department considered Section 189(e) of the CAA. 

According to section 189(e) and the court decision, control requirements 

in nonattainment areas applicable for major stationary sources of PM also 

apply to major stationary sources of PM precursors. Pennsylvania 

assessed emissions of PM2.5, SO2, NOX, VOC and NH3 for the 

maintenance demonstration. Please see Section III-C-1 relating to control 
- 18 -

measures for stationary sources for a discussion of the stationary source 

control measures in place in the York Area.

C. Conclusion

The requirements of Section 110(a) and Subpart D of the CAA have been fulfilled

in the York Area.

III. DEMONSTRATION OF PERMANENT AND ENFORCEABLE IMPROVEMENT

This section provides an assessment of the PM2.5 and PM2.5 precursor emissions at a time 

the York Area was monitoring nonattainment of the PM2.5 NAAQS and at the time when 

this area attained the PM2.5 NAAQS. A 2005 (baseline) inventory of PM2.5 and PM2.5

precursor emissions is used to represent emissions during the PM2.5 nonattainment 

designation period. A 2007 inventory is used to identify PM2.5 and PM2.5 precursor 

emissions during the period when the York Area demonstrated that it attained the PM2.5

NAAQS. Detailed information is presented in the Maintenance Plan by sector.

Because of the complexity and variability of the process of particulate matter formation, 

the EPA recognizes that effective control measures for PM2.5 will vary among 

nonattainment areas. In the EPA’s Clean Air Fine Particle Implementation Rule 

(72 FR 20586; April 25, 2007) (the Implementation Rule), the EPA established general 

presumptive policies for assessing which PM2.5 precursors should be evaluated for 

possible controls. The EPA required states to evaluate control measures for SO2 and 

primary PM2.5 in all locations. The EPA required states to evaluate control measures for 

NOX unless a technical demonstration is made to show NOX does not significantly 

contribute to PM2.5. The EPA required states to evaluate measures for VOC and NH3

only if a technical demonstration is made to show they significantly contribute to PM2.5 in 

that area.

The Department recognizes the January 4, 2013, decision of the Court of Appeals for the 

D.C. Circuit, in Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA, No. 08-1250, 706 F.3d 428 

(DC Cir. 2013). In its decision, the Court granted petitions for review that challenged 

EPA’s Implementation Rule for the 1997 PM2.5 standard. After considering the petitions 

and EPA’s response to them, the Court remanded the case to EPA to re-promulgate the 

rule pursuant to Subpart 4 of Part D of the Clean Air Act, rather than implementing it 

under Subpart 1, as EPA had done (706 F.3d at 437). Because the Court remanded rather 

than vacated the Implementation Rule, the rule remains in effect unless and until EPA 

rescinds it or promulgates a replacement. In any event, the Maintenance Plan 

accompanying this Request for Redesignation demonstrates maintenance of the standard 

consistent with the Court’s ruling.

In general, the Court’s decision could affect an area’s nonattainment classification, 

certain deadlines, and the impacts of failing to attain timely, and could impose a deadline 

for implementation of reasonably available and best available control measures (706 F.3d 

at 436, n. 6). Since the York Area is already attaining the NAAQS, however, those 
- 19 -

considerations are not relevant for this Request for Redesignation and the Maintenance 

Plan. The court noted that PM2.5 precursors, including ammonia and VOCs, are 

presumptively regulated in PM2.5 nonattainment areas under Subpart 4, pointing 

specifically to Section 189(e), which applies to control of major stationary sources of 

PM10 [the court stated that PM10 includes PM2.5 throughout Subpart 4] (706 F.3d at 436, 

n. 7, and at 437, n. 10). According to Section 189(e) of the CAA, control requirements 

applicable for major stationary sources of PM10 also apply to major stationary sources of 

PM10 precursors, except where the Administrator determines that major stationary 

sources do not contribute significantly to PM10 levels that exceed the standard in the area; 

Section 189(e) also requires EPA to issue guidelines regarding the application of 

Subsection (e). Pennsylvania assessed emissions of PM2.5, SO2, NOX, VOC and NH3 for 

the maintenance demonstration. 

This Request for Redesignation provides emissions information for all pollutants (PM10, 

PM2.5, SO2, NOX, VOC and NH3), as required by EPA’s guidance entitled, “Emissions 

Inventory Guidance for Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National 

Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations.”

2

The section 

first describes the PM2.5 and PM2.5 precursor emission estimates for the York Area. The 

2005 National Emission Inventory (NEI) data was used for the 2005 baseline year 

inventory. The 2007 inventory was developed in accordance with EPA emission 

inventory preparation guidance. The section then presents information about the 

permanent and enforceable control measures that have been implemented in the York 

Area to produce the PM2.5 and PM2.5 precursor emission reductions that have occurred 

between these years and that will provide emission reductions ensuring maintenance of 

the standard.

A. Baseline (2005) Emissions Inventory

An emission inventory is an estimate of the emissions from sources in a particular 

area. The 2005 baseline year emissions inventory represents the emissions 

present during a time period when the York Area did not meet the 1997 PM2.5 

NAAQS. The Department considered using 2002 as the baseline year; however, 

emissions from PPL’s Brunner Island facility were uncharacteristically low in 

2002, so the Department opted to use 2005 as the baseline year. The 2005 

National Emissions Inventory (NEI) was the next available periodic emission 

inventory developed by EPA. 

The 2005 NEI is a composite of emission estimates reported by state and local 

agencies and industry, as well as estimates generated by EPA. The 2005 NEI was 

based in part on information submitted by the Department under the Consolidated 

Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR), which was published in the Federal Register 

on Monday, June 10, 2002 (67 FR 39602). The CERR required States to prepare 

and submit a comprehensive statewide inventory every three years. 

 

2 Emissions Inventory Guidance for Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations – EPA-454/R-05-001, August, 2005, updated November, 2005.
- 20 -

The 2005 emissions inventory data was obtained from the EPA’s website for the 

2005 NEI. The data can be accessed at: 

http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/net/2005inventory.html 

Appendix A-2 contains Tier 1 summary data of the 2005 NEI.

The 2005 baseline year inventory includes the pollutants PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, 

VOC, and NH3. The inventory consists of sources in four sectors: electric 

generating units (EGUs), non-EGU point and stationary area sources, highway 

vehicle sources and nonroad sources. The 2005 inventory is not directly 

comparable to the 2007, 2017 and 2025 inventories because of changes in 

inventory methodology. Highway vehicle emissions in the 2005 NEI were 

generated using the MOBILE6 model. For the same VMT and other parameters, 

the MOBILE6 model predicts significantly lower NOx emissions than the current 

model, MOVES2010. In addition, MARAMA adjusted PM emissions to account 

for condensable PM emissions from EGUs in the 2007, 2017 and 2025 emission 

inventories. This results in higher PM emissions in the 2007 inventory than were 

reported by facilities to the Department in 2007. Table III-1 summarizes the 

emissions for 2005.

Table III-1: York Area 2005 Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

York 2005 PM2.5 PM1 0 SO2 NOx VOC N H3

EGU 4,804 6,255 104,616 14,054 2 1 

Non-EGU + Stationary Area 3,254 18,450 13,937 9,618 11,148 3,583 

Highway Vehicles 131 191 170 7,073 4,849 335 

Non-Road 221 231 272 2,953 1,975 2 

Totals 8,409 25,127 118,995 33,697 17,974 3,921 

B. Attainment Year (2007) Emissions Inventory

A 2007 inventory of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, VOC and NH3 emissions for the 

York Area is used to identify emissions during the period when attainment of the 

PM2.5 NAAQS was demonstrated for the York Area. Pennsylvania and other 

Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic states participated in a regional effort to refine the 

emissions inventory and to compile a regional emissions inventory. The MidAtlantic Regional Air Management Association (MARAMA) coordinated that 

regional effort, which allowed states to pool their resources to compile a regional 

emissions inventory for the purpose of conducting the regional modeling analysis 

used in Pennsylvania’s air quality management planning efforts to attain the 

8-hour ozone NAAQS and the PM2.5 NAAQS, and to prepare the Regional Haze 

SIP revision.
- 21 -

The inventory contains information for these sectors:

 “Stationary sources” (or “point” sources), which are sources for which the 

Department collects individual emissions-related information. Generally, 

they represent major stationary sources but may be smaller.

 “Area sources,” which are industrial, commercial, and residential sources 

too small or too numerous to be handled individually. These include but 

are not limited to commercial and residential open burning, architectural 

and industrial maintenance coatings application and clean-up, consumer 

product use, and vehicle refueling at service stations. Where there is 

overlap between stationary point sources and stationary area sources, the 

area source values are adjusted to remove any double counting.

 “Highway vehicles,” which include passenger cars and light-duty trucks, 

other trucks, buses and motorcycles. 

 “Nonroad sources,” which encompass a diverse collection of engines, 

including but not limited to outdoor power equipment, recreational 

vehicles, farm and construction machinery, lawn and garden equipment, 

industrial equipment, recreational marine vessels, commercial marine 

vessels, locomotives, ships, and aircraft.

A summary of the 2007 inventory is provided in Table III-2.

Table III-2: York Area 2007 Annual Emissions (Tons per Year)

York 2007 PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NOX VOC NH3

Stationary Point Sources 2,462 3,556 115,901 22,164 1,320 80

Area Sources 2,394 8,093 1,684 1,680 5,956 3,316

Highway Vehicle Sources 358 430 78 10,684 4,810 161

Non-Road Sources 202 214 135 2,660 1,833 2

Totals 5,417 12,292 117,798 37,189 13,920 3,559

Inventory methodology differences exist between the 2005 and 2007 emission 

inventories. Highway vehicle emissions in the 2005 NEI were generated using 

the MOBILE6 model. For the same VMT and other parameters, the MOBILE6 

model predicts significantly lower NOx emissions than the current model, 

MOVES2010. In addition, MARAMA adjusted PM emissions to account for 

condensable PM emissions from EGUs in the 2007, 2017 and 2025 emission 

inventories. This results in higher PM emissions in the 2007 inventory than were 

reported by facilities to the Department in 2007. While the 2005 emissions 

inventory is not directly comparable to the 2007, 2017 and 2025 inventories, 

PM2.5, SO2, VOC, and NH3 emissions decreased by 36 percent, 1 percent, 

23 percent and 9 percent, respectively, from 2005 to 2007. Emissions of NOX in 

2007 were 3,492 tons (10 percent) more than in the 2005 NEI. Further 
- 22 -

assessment shows that the increase is in the highway vehicle sector and is due to 

the fact that MOBILE6 was used to generate the 2005 NEI highway vehicle 

emission estimates while MOVES2010 was used to generate the 2007 NEI 

highway vehicle emission estimates. Therefore, the difference between 2005 and 

2007 NOX emissions is the result of a methodology difference rather than a “real”

emissions increase.

The Maintenance Plan describes how the 2007 inventory was compiled. The 

Technical Appendices to the Maintenance Plan contain more detailed information

for each sector.

C. Control Measures

Along with the analysis of ambient air quality and contributing factors in 

Section I of this Request for Redesignation, this section describes the permanent 

and enforceable federal and state measures that provided emission reductions 

from 2005 to 2007 to bring the York Area into attainment and measures that will 

assure maintenance of the standard. In the EPA’s Implementation Rule, the EPA 

established general presumptive policies for assessing which PM2.5 precursors 

should be evaluated for possible controls. However, the Department recognizes 

the January 4, 2013, decision of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, in 

Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA, No. 08-1250, 706 F.3d 428 

(DC Cir. 2013). The court noted that PM2.5 precursors are presumptively 

regulated in PM2.5 nonattainment areas under Subpart 4, pointing specifically to 

Section 189(e), which applies to control of major stationary sources of PM10 [the 

court stated that PM10 includes PM2.5 throughout Subpart 4]. (706 F.3d at 436, 

n. 7, and at 437, n. 10). According to CAA Section 189(e), control requirements 

applicable for major stationary sources of PM10 also apply to major stationary 

sources of PM10 precursors, except where the Administrator determines that major 

stationary sources do not contribute significantly to PM10 levels that exceed the 

standard in the area; Section 189(e) also requires EPA to issue guidelines 

regarding the application of Subsection (e). Pennsylvania assessed emissions of 

PM2.5, SO2, NOX, VOC and NH3 for the maintenance demonstration.

PM2.5, SO2, VOC and NH3 emissions in the York Area decreased by 36 percent, 

1 percent, 23 percent and 9 percent, respectively, from 2005 to 2007. Emissions 

of NOx in 2007 were 3,492 tons (10 percent) more than in the 2005 NEI. 

However, as discussed previously, this represents a methodology difference rather 

than a “real” emission increase. Permanent and enforceable reductions of direct 

PM2.5, SO2 and VOC emissions between 2005 and 2007, as described in more detail 

in Section III-C, led to the improvement in air quality observed in that time 

period. As noted above, the decrease in PM2.5 emissions may be a conservative 

estimate because the 2007 inventory was augmented to account for condensable 

PM. A summary of the quantity of emission reductions from 2005 to 2007 is 

included in Table III-3. (Negative values indicate emission reductions.)
- 23 -

Table III-3: Change in York Area Annual Emissions (Tons per Year) from 2005 to 2007

2007 - 2005 PM2.5 SO2 NOx VOC NH3

Point + Area Sources -3,201 -969 173 -3,873 -188

Highway Vehicle Sources 227 -91 3,612 -39 -174

Nonroad Sources -18 -137 -292 -142 0

TOTAL -2,992 -1,198 3,492 -4,054 -362

This section also describes the federal and state measures that will provide direct 

PM2.5, SO2, NOX and VOC emission reductions, ensuring maintenance of the 

standard.

A summary of the total emissions in 2007 and projected estimates for 2017 and 

2025 is included in Table III-4. The emission estimates account for any 

anticipated growth in the activity of sources and include a transportation 

conformity safety margin for PM2.5 and NOX. For all pollutants, except NH3, 

emissions in 2017 and 2025 in the York Area are anticipated to be lower than they 

were in 2007. This means that the projected growth in emissions is smaller than 

anticipated emission reductions from control measures for all pollutants, except 

NH3, in the nonattainment area. The small projected increase in NH3 emissions 

does not present a concern for maintaining the NAAQS because the NH3

emissions overall are small compared with the SO2, NOX and VOC emissions, 

which are all projected to decline. Each measure is explained in greater detail in 

the following sections.

Table III-4: Summary of Emission Totals (Tons) in 2007, 2017 and 2025

York PM2.5 SO2 NOX VOC NH3

2007 5,417 117,798 37,189 13,920 3,559

2017* 4,915 16,441 28,859 10,886 3,663

2025* 4,944 16,406 27,673 9,822 3,774

*A portion of the difference between attainment year and maintenance year emissions of PM2.5 and 

NOX has been set aside as a transportation conformity safety margin to accommodate unanticipated 

growth in highway vehicles. The emissions in Table III-4 reflect inclusion of that safety margin.

1. Stationary Point Sources

Background for Pennsylvania’s Stationary Source Permitting 

Programs. An owner or operator of all proposed new air contamination 

sources in the Commonwealth are required to receive a plan approval (preconstruction permit) from the Department prior to the construction, 

assembly, installation of new sources, modification of any existing 

stationary air contamination sources, or the installation of air pollution 

control equipment or devices. Following the construction of the new 

facility or air contamination source, the owner or operator must obtain an 

operating permit from the Department. The type of operating permit will 
- 24 -

depend on the quantity of regulated pollutants emitted from the air 

contamination sources. DEP will issue a “State-only Operating Permit”

for minor air contamination stationary sources that are below the 

applicability thresholds for Title V facilities. A Title V operating permit is 

required for major facilities that have the potential to emit air 

contaminants exceeding the Title V thresholds. The Title V Permit, which 

is issued for a term of five years, incorporates all applicable requirements 

for the facility in a single federally enforceable operating permit.

The requirements contained in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 127 (relating to the 

construction, modification, reactivation and operation of sources), and 

associated definitions in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 121.1, are a suite of 

programs regulating air contamination sources to improve and maintain air 

quality. Chapter 127 establishes requirements for the submission, review 

and approval of pre-construction and operating permits for both major and 

non-major air contamination sources. The provisions of Chapter 127 have

been codified in the SIP at 40 CFR §52.2020(c)(1) at various times since 

May 31, 1972 and most recently on October 5, 2012, and are therefore all 

federally enforceable. Several aspects of Chapter 127 are highlighted 

below.

Title V Permitting Program. The Title V Permitting Program, adopted 

pursuant to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, is applicable to major 

stationary sources as defined in 25 Pa. Code Section 121.1. The purpose 

of the Title V program is to detail a facility’s air quality requirements in a 

single permit document so that industry, the regulatory agency, and the 

public know exactly what regulations and requirements apply and how the 

facility’s owner or operator will monitor and demonstrate compliance with 

all applicable requirements. The Title V permit includes all sources at a 

site including all air pollution control devices as well as activities that 

were determined to be insignificant sources of emissions. Each source is 

described in detail within a section of the Title V permit. The 

requirements include general conditions applicable to all Title V facilities, 

emission restrictions, detailed monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting 

requirements to assure compliance with the facility’s applicable federal 

and state requirements.

Nonattainment New Source Review and Prevention of Significant 

Deterioration. Major facilities proposed in Pennsylvania will also be 

subject to New Source Review (NSR) requirements in nonattainment areas 

and Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements in areas of 

the Commonwealth designated attainment for National Ambient Air 

Quality Standards including carbon monoxide, particulate matter (PM), 

lead, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Generally, 

NSR permit requirements are applicable to a facility located in a 

nonattainment area for a particular pollutant with a potential to emit 

50 tons or more per year (tpy) of volatile organic compounds or 100 tpy or 
- 25 -

more of NOx, SO2, PM or carbon monoxide. It should be noted that the 

entire Commonwealth, included in the Ozone Transport Region by 

operation of law, is treated as a “moderate” ozone nonattainment area, 

irrespective of the area’s attainment status. Because NOx and VOC are 

precursors of PM2.5, NOx and VOC emission reductions required 

statewide under the nonattainment NSR program for ozone also allow 

Pennsylvania to make substantial progress in attaining and maintaining the 

PM2.5 NAAQS. Any major stationary source or major modification 

subject to the NSR requirements must receive a plan approval. To receive 

approval from the Department, a person must show that the proposed 

source will, among other things, offset its potential to emit air 

contaminants including NOx, PM and VOCs by securing emission 

reductions credits at the specified offset ratio, will employ the “lowest 

achievable emission rate” (LAER) for each regulated pollutant and 

conduct an alternative analysis. The nonattainment NSR requirements are 

codified in 25 Pa. Chapter 127, Subchapter E and approved as a SIP 

revision on December 9, 1997 (62 FR 64722).

The PSD program is a pre-construction review and permitting program 

applicable to new or modified major stationary sources subject to Title I, 

Parts C and D of the federal CAA. The PSD requirements are applicable 

to major sources in areas attaining the NAAQS. The federal PSD 

regulations codified in 40 CFR Part 52 are incorporated by reference in 

their entirety in 25 Pa. Code §127.83 (relating to adoption by reference). 

The Department’s PSD regulations, codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 127, 

Subchapter D, were approved by the EPA on August 21, 1984 and 

codified at 40 CFR §52.2058 (49 FR 33128).). PSD permit requirements 

may apply to a facility located in an attainment area for a standard with the 

potential to emit 100 tpy or 250 tpy of the six criteria pollutants including

carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter and 

sulfur dioxide depending on the source category. Any major stationary 

source or major modification subject to the PSD requirements must 

conduct an analysis to establish the best available control technology 

(BACT). In addition, the owner or operator of a facility needs to conduct 

an ambient air quality analysis, analyze the impacts to soils, vegetation 

and visibility and make sure that the project will not adversely impact 

mandatory federal Class I areas including national parks greater than 

6,000 acres and national wilderness areas and national memorial parks 

greater than 5,000 acres. 

Best Available Technology Program. The Department’s Best Available 

Technology (BAT) Program ensures that new stationary sources will 

prevent, reduce or control emissions of air contaminants to the maximum 

degree possible. The Department determines BAT requirements on a 

case-by-case basis for both major and minor stationary sources taking into 

account energy, environmental and costs. Pursuant to 25 Pa. Code
- 26 -

§127.1, the emission of air pollutants from new sources in Pennsylvania 

must be controlled to the maximum extent, consistent with the best 

available technology as determined by the Department as of the date of 

issuance of the plan approval for the new source. Under 25 Pa. Code

§127.12(a)(5), an application for a plan approval must show that the 

emissions from a new source will be the minimum attainable through the 

use of the best available technology. Pennsylvania regulations define 

“best available technology” in 25 Pa. Code §121.1 as, “Equipment, 

devices, methods or techniques as determined by the Department which 

will prevent, reduce or control emissions of air contaminants to the 

maximum degree possible and which are available or may be made 

available.” The Department’s BAT regulations, codified in 25 Pa. Code

§§127.1 and 127.12(a)(5), were approved by EPA on July 30, 1996, and 

codified in the SIP at 40 CFR §52.2020(c)(1).

NOx and SO2 Control Programs. In 1998, EPA promulgated the NOX

SIP Call as the EPA’s principal effort to reduce interstate transport of air 

pollution (63 FR 57356; October 27, 1998). In response to the federal 

NOX SIP call rule, Pennsylvania adopted the NOX Budget Trading 

Program regulations for EGUs and large industrial boilers, with emission 

reductions to commence May 1, 2003. The regulations were approved by 

EPA as a revision to the Commonwealth’s SIP on August 21, 2001 

(66 FR 43795). Additionally, in response to the NOX SIP Call, 

Pennsylvania adopted additional NOX control regulations covering cement 

plants and internal combustion engines, with emission reductions to 

commence May 1, 2005. These regulations were approved by EPA as a 

SIP revision on September 29, 2006 (71 FR 57428).

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR). In 2005, EPA adopted CAIR 

(70 FR 25162; May 12, 2005, as amended) to address interstate transport 

of NOX and SO2. CAIR is now being implemented in Pennsylvania 

through the Department’s CAIR regulation, codified in 25 Pa. Code

Chapter 145, Subchapter D, with related amendments in Chapters 121, 

129 and 145. EPA approved Pennsylvania’s CAIR SIP revision on 

December 10, 2009, codified at 40 CFR §52.2020(c)(1) (74 FR 65446). In 

the CAIR SIP revision, Pennsylvania terminated the NOX Budget Trading 

Program and transitioned to the federal CAIR for large electric generating 

units (EGU).

The market-based CAIR is designed to reduce EGU emissions of NOX and 

SO2 below 2002 levels throughout the eastern United States. 

Pennsylvania and the other CAIR states were required to adopt a 

regulation implementing the requirements of the CAIR or an equivalent 

program. The large EGUs in Pennsylvania were initially regulated under 

CAIR FIPs promulgated by EPA, but have been regulated under the SIP 

since EPA approved Pennsylvania’s CAIR SIP revision. Under the SIP 
- 27 -

revision, Pennsylvania participates in the EPA-administered cap-and-trade 

programs for NOX annual, NOX ozone season, and SO2 annual emissions.

EPA’s CAIR was remanded to EPA for revisions by the United States 

Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia on December 23, 2008 (See, 

North Carolina v. EPA, 531 F.3d 896, modified, 550 F.3d 1176 

(D.C. Cir. 2008)). Following remand, EPA replaced CAIR with the 

Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR), but in a separate legal challenge 

the court vacated CSAPR. In that ruling, the court ordered EPA to 

continue administering CAIR pending the promulgation of a valid 

replacement (See, EME Homer City Generation L.P. v. EPA, 696 F.3d 7 

(D.C. Cir. 2012, rehearing denied, 2013 U.S. App. LEXIS 1623 and 1624 

(D.C. Cir. Jan. 24, 2013)). On June 24, 2013, the Supreme Court of the 

United States accepted review of the case. Following the Circuit Court’s 

direction, CAIR remains in place pending the Supreme Court’s review.

NOX Budget Trading Program limits on non-EGUs. The CAIR SIP 

revision also established emission limits for the non-EGUs and other units 

that were subject to the Commonwealth’s NOX Budget Trading Program 

but are not subject to the CAIR NOX Ozone Season Trading Program.

These units must continue monitoring NOX emissions and must meet an 

emissions cap. Each unit has an allowable emission rate, calculated by 

January 31 of each year, based on the previous ozone season’s heat input. 

If the combined NOX ozone season emissions from all of these units 

exceed the statewide ozone season emission cap of 3,438 tons, each unit 

that exceeds its individual allowable emissions limit for that ozone season 

must surrender to the Department one CAIR NOX ozone season allowance 

and one CAIR NOX annual allowance for each ton of emissions over its 

allowable emission limit. In addition, the Commonwealth has set aside 

181 tons of NOX, including tons that will be retired each year to 

compensate for sources that were exempted under the “twenty-five ton 

exemption” in 25 Pa. Code §145.4(b) 3. The balance of tons remaining in 

the set aside is available to the Department annually for accounting 

corrections. The Commonwealth retires any unused amount from this set 

aside each year.

It is unlikely that the 3,438-ton statewide NOX ozone season emission 

limitation will be exceeded. Pennsylvania’s non-EGU sources’ total 

emissions during each of the years they were trading under the NOX

Budget Trading Program never exceeded the statewide cap of 3,438 tons.

The Department’s regulation, codified in 25 Pa. Code §145.8(d), was 

approved by EPA on December 10, 2009, and codified in the SIP at 

40 CFR §52.2020(c)(1).
- 28 -

Cement kilns and large stationary internal combustion engines. The 

CAIR SIP revision also included regulations updating the cement 

manufacturing and large stationary internal combustion engine regulations 

that were adopted pursuant to the NOX SIP Call. Until 2009, cement kilns 

and large stationary internal combustion engines that were subject to the 

NOX SIP Call were required to surrender NOX SIP Call allowances if they 

exceeded their NOX emission limits set forth in Department regulations. 

Because the Department discontinued the NOX Budget Trading Program 

beginning 2009, at which point NOX SIP Call allowances were replaced 

by CAIR NOX ozone season allowances, the Department modified the 

regulations to require surrender of CAIR NOX ozone season and CAIR 

NOX annual allowances for emission limit exceedances.

The Department’s regulations for large stationary internal combustion 

engines and cement kilns, codified in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 145, 

Subchapters B and C, respectively, were approved by EPA on 

December 10, 2009, and codified at 40 CFR §51.2020(c)(1). An 

amendment to the Department’s regulation for cement kilns to reduce 

NOX emissions effective April 15, 2011, codified in 25 Pa. Code

Chapter 145, Subchapter C, was approved by EPA on July 19, 2011 and 

codified at 40 CFR §51.2020(c)(1).

Federal Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants. Federal standards to 

control hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) require Maximum Achievable 

Control Technology (MACT) at units located at major sources of HAPs. 

The EPA has issued a series of regulations that are applicable to sources in 

Pennsylvania. These MACT standards are adopted and incorporated by 

reference in Section 6.6 of Pennsylvania’s Air Pollution Control Act and 

implementing regulations in 25 Pa. Code §127.35 (relating to maximum 

achievable control technology standards for hazardous air pollutants) and 

are also included in federally enforceable permits issued by the 

Department for affected sources.

2. Highway Vehicle Sources

Even with increases in vehicle miles travelled (VMT) that occurred 

between 2005 and 2007, and are anticipated to occur from 2007 through 

2025, highway vehicle emissions will continue to decrease. As more 

vehicles subject to cleaner new car standards replace older vehicles subject 

to less stringent new vehicle standards, the fleet as a whole emits fewer 

emissions, compensating for the increase in VMT. These decreases can be 

attributed to the programs described below.

Federal Motor Vehicle Control Programs (FMVCP) and 

Pennsylvania Clean Vehicle Program for passenger vehicles and lightduty trucks and cleaner gasoline. Tier 1 tailpipe standards established 
- 29 -

by the CAA Amendments of 1990 include NOX and VOC limits for lightduty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) and light-duty gasoline trucks (LDGTs). 

These standards began to be phased in 1994. Evaporative VOC emissions 

were reduced in gasoline-powered cars starting with Model Year (MY) 

1998.

In 1998, under the authority of Section 177 of the CAA, the Pennsylvania 

Environmental Quality Board (EQB) adopted the Pennsylvania Clean 

Vehicles Program (28 Pa.B. 5873; Dec. 5, 1998). The Pennsylvania Clean 

Vehicles Program incorporates by reference certain California Low 

Emission Vehicle (CA LEV) emission standards for passenger cars and 

light-duty trucks. As required under Section 177 of the CAA, these 

provisions are identical to the low emission standards adopted by 

California. The regulation does not incorporate by reference the 

California zero emissions vehicle (ZEV) or emissions control warranty 

systems statement provisions.

In the same rulemaking, the EQB adopted the National Low Emission 

Vehicle (NLEV) program as a compliance alternative to the Pennsylvania 

Clean Vehicles Program. The NLEV program became effective in the 

Ozone Transport Region (OTR) in 1999. Pennsylvania’s New Motor 

Vehicle Emissions Control Program regulations in 25 Pa. Code

§§126.401-126.441 allowed automobile manufacturers to comply with 

NLEV instead of the CA LEV program through MY 2005. These 

regulations affected vehicles 6,000 pounds and less.

In 1999, the EPA promulgated regulations more stringent than NLEV 

(Tier 2), starting with MY 2004. The NLEV program was replaced for 

MY 2004 and later by the more stringent Federal “Tier 2” vehicle 

emissions regulations (65 FR 6698; Feb. 10, 2000), and vehicle 

manufacturers operating under the NLEV program became subject to the 

Tier 2 requirements.

Pennsylvania amended the former New Motor Vehicle Control Program in 

2006. The Clean Vehicles Program continues to incorporate the 

California Low Emission Vehicle Program (CA LEV II) by reference. As 

amended, the program affects MY 2008 and newer passenger cars and 

light-duty trucks vehicles (36 Pa.B. 7424; Dec. 9, 2006, corrected 

37 Pa.B. 209; Jan. 12, 2007, eff. Dec. 9, 2006). EPA approved 

Pennsylvania’s Clean Vehicle Program as a revision to the 

Commonwealth’s SIP on January 24, 2012 (77 FR 3386).

Heavy-Duty Diesel Control Programs. The EPA promulgated more 

stringent national regulations for heavy-duty engines and vehicles (over 

14,000 pounds) starting with MY 2004. In addition, consent decrees with 

seven of the largest heavy-duty engine manufacturers required, among 
- 30 -

other terms, that diesel engines made by these companies comply with 

these 2004 standards two model years early, in MY 2002. The emission 

reductions from these programs are reflected in the future year emission 

inventories, as provided in the Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator

(MOVES) model.

In 2002, the EQB adopted the Heavy-Duty Diesel Emissions Control 

Program for model years starting after May 2004. The program 

incorporates California standards by reference and requires MY 2005 and 

subsequent new heavy-duty diesel highway engines to be those certified 

by California. California standards were more stringent than federal 

standards for the two model years between expiration of the consent 

decrees discussed above (MYs 2005 and 2006) and the implementation of 

more stringent federal standards affecting MY 2007 and beyond. 

However, EPA’s MOVES model already assumed that the engines would 

comply with consent decree standards, even without an enforcement 

mechanism. The Department has used MOVES defaults to calculate 

emissions from MY 2005 and 2006 highway engines.

The EPA adopted new emission standards for heavy-duty engines and 

vehicles for MY 2007 and subsequent. For diesel engines, the standards 

were phased in from 2007 to 2010 for NOX and VOCs. For gasoline 

engines, the standards were phased in during MY 2008 and 2009. Federal 

and California standards are virtually identical for MY 2007. For 

MY 2008, California adopted requirements for idling restriction engine 

programming and an optional “clean NOX idle” standard. However, there 

is no EPA-approved methodology to estimate emission reductions from 

this requirement. Therefore, the emission estimates use assumptions of 

the federal rule for MY 2007 through 2010.

Because the new engine standards are adversely affected by sulfur in fuel, 

the EPA also required most highway diesel fuel to contain no more than 

15 parts per million (ppm) of sulfur, beginning in the fall of 2006. There 

was a temporary compliance option allowing refiners to continue to 

produce up to 20 percent of their highway diesel fuel at 500 ppm fuel until 

2010. The Department used MOVES defaults to estimate the effects of 

the phase-in provision.

Vehicle Emission Inspection/Maintenance Program. In early 2004, 

Pennsylvania expanded its Vehicle Emission Inspection/Maintenance 

(I/M) Program into the York Area. The program applies to gasolinepowered vehicles 9,000 pounds and under, model years 1975 and newer. 

For vehicles 1996 and newer, the program consists of an annual on-board 

diagnostics test and a gas cap pressure test. For subject vehicles 1995 and 

older, the program consists of an annual visual inspection of pollution 

control devices to ensure they are present, connected and the proper type 
- 31 -

for the vehicle and a gas cap pressure test. These regulations can be found 

in 67 Pa. Code Chapter 177. The Department submitted the expanded 

emissions program as a SIP revision on December 1, 2003. EPA approved 

the SIP revision on October 6, 2005 (70 FR 58313).

Low sulfur gasoline. Sulfur is a natural component in crude oil that ends 

up in gasoline and diesel unless removed. Sulfur in gasoline impairs the 

effectiveness of emission control systems and contributes to air pollution. 

By removing most sulfur from gasoline, new advanced emission controls 

will work longer and more efficiently, and air pollution will be reduced.

The 1999 federal Tier 2 regulations (65 FR 6698; Feb. 10, 2000) reduced

the sulfur content of gasoline by up to 90 percent, enabling the use of new 

emission control technologies in cars and trucks that reduce harmful air 

pollution. The emission inventory analysis in the Maintenance Plan 

submitted concurrently with this Request for Redesignation uses the 

default assumptions provided in MOVES2010 to account for the 

implementation of the federal standards for low sulfur gasoline. 

Requirements for use of low-sulfur gasoline enabled use of advanced 

emission control systems in light-duty vehicles beginning in model year 

2004. Vehicles meeting Tier 2 emission standards are 77 to 95 percent 

cleaner than earlier models.

On May 21, 2013, EPA proposed a rulemaking reducing sulfur content in 

gasoline further with a Tier 3 Low Sulfur Gasoline program and 

establishing tailpipe and evaporative emission standards for motor 

vehicles including passenger cars, light-duty trucks, medium-duty 

passenger vehicles, and certain heavy-duty vehicles (78 FR 29816). The 

pre-publication version of the final rule was signed by the EPA 

Administrator on March 3, 2014. These federal standards will take effect 

60 days after the final rule is published in the Federal Register. The 

Tier 3 program requires the annual average content of sulfur in gasoline to 

be reduced to 10 parts per million, starting January 1, 2017. By 2018, 

EPA estimates that SO2 emissions will be reduced by 56 percent. When 

fully implemented, this program, by 2030, will increase the effectiveness 

of vehicle emission controls even further and reduce onroad emissions of 

NOx by 25 percent, direct particulate matter by 10 percent and VOCs by 

16 percent. The rule will also significantly reduce emissions of carbon 

monoxide and hazardous air pollutants including acrolein, benzene, 

formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.

3. Nonroad Sources

The EPA has adopted a series of regulations affecting new diesel-powered 

(“compression ignition”) and gasoline-powered (“spark ignition”) nonroad 

engines of various sizes (horsepower) and applications. Information on 
- 32 -

these federal rules, including their implementation dates, can be found at 

www.epa.gov/nonroad. The Department used the assumptions built into 

the nonroad model (NONROAD2005) and NMIM to estimate emissions 

for all milestone years.

While the EPA has published a notice of proposed rulemaking for more 

stringent standards for locomotives and large commercial marine diesel

engines, the agency has not finalized any new standards.

On June 29, 2004, EPA adopted a rule establishing a comprehensive 

national program to reduce emissions from nonroad diesel engines 

(69 FR 38958). The rule phased in requirements for reducing the sulfur 

content of diesel used in nonroad diesel engines. The reduction in fuel 

sulfur content prevents damage to the more advanced emission control 

systems needed to meet the engine standards; it will also reduce fine 

particulate emissions from diesel engines. In 2007, fuel sulfur levels were 

limited to 500 ppm for nonroad applications other than ocean-going 

marine vessels. In 2010, fuel sulfur levels were reduced to the same sulfur 

concentration as in highway fuel, 15 ppm; this requirement began 

applying in 2012 to locomotive and marine diesel fuel. EPA adopted 

technical amendments to the program in rules published in the Federal 

Register on November 22, 2005 (70 FR 70498), and May 1, 2006 

(71 FR 25706). On April 30, 2010 (75 FR 22896), EPA adopted changes 

to the nonroad diesel fuel program to allow for the production and sale of 

diesel fuel with up to 1,000 ppm sulfur for use in Category 3 marine 

vessels. This requirement does not impact the York Area because the 

York Area does not have emissions from commercial marine vessels.

4. Stationary Area Sources

Consumer Products. This regulation applies statewide to any person 

who sells, supplies, offers for sale, or manufactures certain consumer 

products on or after January 1, 2005, for use in the Commonwealth. The 

program is contained in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 130, Subchapter B. It was 

submitted to the EPA as a SIP revision on March 26, 2003, and approved 

on December 8, 2004 (69 FR 70895). Amendments to the Consumer 

Products regulations were adopted on October 11, 2008, submitted to the 

EPA as a SIP revision on March 11, 2009, and approved on October 18, 

2010 (75 F 63717).

Adhesives, Sealants, Primers and Solvents. The EQB adopted a 

regulation in 2010 to control VOC emissions from adhesives, sealants, 

primers and solvents. This regulation was published in the Pennsylvania 

Bulletin on December 25, 2010 (40 Pa.B. 7340) and approved by EPA as a 

SIP revision on September 26, 2012 (77 FR 59090).
- 33 -

IV. MAINTENANCE PLAN

The Maintenance Plan for the York Area is being submitted to EPA for approval as a SIP 

revision concurrently with this Request for Redesignation. The Maintenance Plan shows 

that the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS will be maintained for at least 10 years after redesignation. 

Eight years following redesignation, the Commonwealth will submit a revised plan that 

ensures attainment through 2035.

The Maintenance Plan shows that emission levels of PM2.5, SO2, NOX and VOC over the 

10 years following redesignation will remain below the emissions level in 2007, while 

allowing for growth in population and vehicle miles traveled. The small projected 

increase in NH3 emissions does not present a concern for maintaining the NAAQS 

because the NH3 emissions overall are small compared with the SO2, NOX and VOC 

emissions, which are all projected to decline. The following state and federal programs 

will ensure the continuing decline of SO2, NOX, direct PM2.5, and VOC emissions:

 CAIR;

 Emission limits for large industrial boilers;

 State regulation of cement kilns, large stationary internal combustion engines, and 

smaller sources of NOX;

 State regulations incorporating by reference the federal Prevention of Significant 

Deterioration (PSD) regulations; 

 State requirements for Best Available Technology (BAT);

 State regulation of the sulfur content of fuel oil;

 State regulation of VOC emissions from adhesives, sealants, primers and solvents;

 The Pennsylvania and federal new motor vehicle emission control programs for 

passenger and light-duty trucks;

 The Pennsylvania and federal heavy-duty diesel emission control programs;

 Federal fuel programs for highway vehicles and nonroad mobile equipment; and

 Federal regulation of off-road diesel and gasoline-powered vehicles and 

equipment.

Emission reductions from Pennsylvania’s Diesel-Powered Motor Vehicle Idling Act, 

Act 124 of 2008 (Idling Act) were not included in the 2017 and 2025 emission 

inventories, and, thus, were not relied upon for the demonstration of maintenance. The 

Idling Act was approved by EPA as a SIP revision on August 1, 2011 (76 FR 45705). 
- 34 -

Similarly, NOX and VOC emission reductions from Pennsylvania’s Outdoor Wood-Fired 

Boilers regulation were not included in the 2017 and 2025 emission inventories, and, 

were not relied upon for the demonstration of maintenance. The Outdoor Wood-Fired 

Boiler regulation was published in the Pennsylvania Bulletin on October 2, 2010 

(40 Pa.B. 5571) and approved by EPA as a SIP revision on September 20, 2011 

(76 FR 58114). However, emission reductions from these measures may nonetheless 

assist the York Area in maintaining air quality.

DEP has provided in the Maintenance Plan assurances that it will continue to operate the 

ambient air quality monitoring network in order to track maintenance of the standard and 

to evaluate emissions inventories periodically compared to the projections provided in the 

plan. DEP has also provided in the Maintenance Plan a list of contingency measures that 

it would consider to correct any violation of the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS that might occur 

after redesignation of the area.
- 35 -

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AEO Annual Energy Outlook

AQS EPA’s Air Quality System

AQTAC DEP’s Air Quality Technical Advisory Committee

BACT Best Available Control Technology

BAT Best Available Technology

CAA Clean Air Act

CAIR Clean Air Interstate Rule

CA LEV California Low Emission Vehicle (program)

CAMx Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extension

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CMV Commercial Marine Vessel

DEP Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

DOT U.S. Department of Transportation

EGU Electric Generating Unit

EIA Energy Information Administration

EIS Emission Inventory System

EPA The United States Environmental Protection Agency

EQB Environmental Quality Board

ERC Emission Reduction Credit

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FIP Federal Implementation Plan

FMVCP Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program

FR Federal Register

FRM Federal Reference Method

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GHCN Global Historical Climatology Network

HAP Hazardous Air Pollutant

I/M Inspection and Maintenance

IRRC Independent Regulatory Review Commission

LDGV Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles

LDGT Light Duty Gasoline Trucks

LRP Long Range Plan

MACT Maximum Achievable Control Technology

MARAMA Mid-Atlantic Regional Air Management Association

MM5 Mesoscale Model

MOVES Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator

MPO Metropolitan Planning Organization

MY Model Year

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standard

NAICS North American Industry Classification System

NEI National Emissions Inventory

NH3 Ammonia

NLEV National Low Emission Vehicle (program)

NMIM National Mobile Inventory Model
- 36 -

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NONROAD Nonroad Model

NOX Oxides of Nitrogen

NSR New Source Review

OTC Ozone Transport Commission

OTR Ozone Transport Region

OWB Outdoor Wood-fired Boiler

PennDOT Pennsylvania Department of Transportation

PM Particulate Matter

PM2.5 Particulate Matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter or Fine Particulates 

PM10 Particulate Matter less than 10 microns in diameter

ppm parts per million

PSD Prevention of Significant Deterioration

RWC Residential Wood Combustion

SCC Source Classification Code

SIP State Implementation Plan

SO2 Sulfur Dioxide

TAF Terminal Area Forecast

TCM Transportation Control Measures

TIP Transportation Improvement Program

TSD Technical Support Document 

μg/m3 Microgram per cubic meter

μm Micrometer

VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled

VOC Volatile Organic Compound

ZEV Zero Emissions Vehicle
Comment and Response Document 

York Nonattainment Area

1997 Fine Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Redesignation Request and Maintenance Plan

On January 25, 2014, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (“DEP”)

requested written comments and provided notice of the opportunity for a public hearing on the 

proposed Redesignation Request and Maintenance Plan for the 1997 Fine Particulate Matter 

National Ambient Air Quality Standards in the York Nonattainment Area. A public hearing was 

scheduled for February 26, 2014 on the proposed redesignation request and plan revision, but the 

hearing was cancelled since no person requested a hearing. The comment period closed on 

February 28, 2014. 

One commentator provided comments on the proposed SIP revision.

Diana Esher, Director

Air Protection Division

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

1650 Arch Street

Philadelphia, PA 19103-2029

COMMENTS AND RESPONSES

1. Comment: The discussion, in both the Redesignation Requests and the Maintenance Plans, 

of the permanent and enforceable reductions of direct PM2.5 and precursor emissions from the 

2005 baseline to the 2007 attainment year include details related to the sulfur dioxide (S02) 

controls installed on the Brunner Island power plant in 2009. These controls, while contributing 

to reductions for continued attainment in these areas, did not contribute to the improvement in air

quality that led to attainment between 2005 and 2007. It is recommended that this discussion be

removed from the pertinent sections and added to the discussion of measures that assure current

attainment and/or maintenance of the standard. In its place, please provide details or a list of the

permanent and enforceable reductions that led to attainment in 2007.

Response: DEP appreciates the comment. DEP originally included the discussion of controls 

installed on the Brunner Island power plant in 2009 in the section indicating measures 

contributing to attainment of the PM2.5 standard between 2005 and 2007, in order to emphasize 

the downward trend of emissions. To address the commentator’s concern, however, DEP 

removed the discussion from that section. DEP retained the discussion in the portion of the 

Maintenance Plan discussing measures that ensure maintenance of the NAAQS. The 

Redesignation Request already contains a description of the permanent and enforceable 

reductions that led to attainment of the standard in 2007.

2. Comment: Redesignation Request Section III.C.1 - It is recommended that the subsection 

entitled "Stationary Source Permitting Programs," with the exception of the paragraph related to 

federal standards for hazardous air pollutants, be moved to a separate section, since these are not 
- 2 -

specific permanent and enforceable control measures (the Title V permitting program in 

particular does not create new requirements).

Response: DEP appreciates the comment. Because a strong permitting program, particularly 

standards for Best Available Technology, underlies the basis for continued decreases in 

emissions of PM2.5 and its precursors from stationary sources, DEP has retained the description 

of Pennsylvania’s stationary source permitting programs. DEP moved the description of the 

permitting programs to a background section to address the commentator’s concerns.
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Harrisburg Patriot News Co. 

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discrimination, shall have the righttocanoel said contract. Return this copy at once jfyou will not accept this advertisement under the terms 

set forth. 

Pmof of advertishl!l i~ tlia foo·m of" tearslieet mOJJs~ ~e ii1lcln.ooled oU'I Parts ~, 2 & 3. Rsto.nm origir>~l ancl two copi~s (si!IJr>sd 

~11 the editor or p~.nff:llishar) to A!Jet~cy lis~ed lilbo:we. !'art~ mMst be notari2ed. l'srt 4 is yo:mrs. . 

Commonwealth to be billed only for actual number of printed lines published. 

---

ACCOUNT FUND """ APP YE:AI'l. LOG ORG COST FUNCTION ""' AMOUNT 

COD!:: it:::"""hlf'Ji 70.;1. fl1Xl3 ~00 no '\ I >~oc oc?lD ·-;;;;:r; "J::i: :;.77 190711 .t:1d • -z.. (j. :5~" no I . UNVOICE (To be comoletedby publisher): 

;.!.··- : .. ~ .. :~::t:~:j~~: :· ": ·:1.'."• l .. - .. ...... ~~i:; DATE OF INSERTlON ACTUAL NO. OF PRINTE;D 1-!NE:E COST PER LINE TOTALAMOUI'lT l:'. 

' _ .. ··./ 

; ' .. ·'h ~~-i( : ("/ 1st Ad . '. / 

2nd Ad '' . ,( l .·/ / /i ••-'c . .. 

3rdAd I ;, f 'i ( '/ 

·.·. ' 

GRAND TOTAl.'+ '' ' '' ' 

PASTE TEARSHEET HERE 

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania County of _____________ _ 

Before me, the subscriber, a Notary Public in and for said County, personally came 

who being duly sworn, doth depose and say that he is* ~----.,.·-----------------------

the · a general newspaper published at 

that the advertisement, of which tearsheet is attached·hereto, was published in the regular advertising columns of said newspaper, 

in the editions of said newspaper, in all respects as ordered and invoiced above; and that the Commonwealth is not charged 

therefor at a rate higher than is charged any ordinary commercial advertiser for a similar amount of matter occupying similar space 

and set in a similar manner, in said newspaper. 

*This affidavit must be made by the Own-er, Pubrisher, or the designated agent of the owner or publisher. 

.. ,_ .. ,,,, 
The Patriot-News Co. 

2020 Technology Pkwy 

Suite 300 

Mechanicsburg, PA 17050 

Inquiries- 717-255-8213 

[be patriot-News Now you know 

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 

RACHEL CARSON STATE OFFICE BUILDING 

400 MARKET STREET 

HARRISBURG PA 17105 

STATEMENT 

AD ORDER# DATE EDITION ADDTL INFO. 

233427 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL 0002283502 01/23/14 REGULAR 

233427 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL 0002288502 01/23/14 REGULAR 

Department of 

Environmental Protectiorr 

JAN 2 9 2014 

Air Resource Management 

Division 

ALL CHARGES ARE NET 

TYPE OF CHARGE AMOUNT 

BOLD TEXT CHARGE $4.00 

BASIC AD CHARGE $464.07 

AFFIDAVIT CHARGE $5.00 

TOTAL: $473.07 

This is not an invoice. Please do not remit payment from this Statement. 

An invoice will be generated at the end of the month. --Thank you. 

NOTE: This Statement replaces the Order Confirmation which we previously sent with Proofs of Publication 
The Patriot-News Co. 

2020 Technology Pkwy 

Suite 300 

Mechanicsburg, PA 17050 

Inquiries- 717-255-8213 

[be patriot .. Ncws 

Now you know 

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 

RACHEL CARSON STATE OFFICE BUILDING 

400 MARKE'T STREET 

PA 17105 

THE PATRIOT NEWS 

THE SUNDAY PATRIOT NEWS 

Proof of Publication 

Under Act No. 587, Approved May 16, 1929 

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, County of Dauphin} ss 

ing duly sworn according to law, deposes and says: 

'\ccountant of The Patriot News Co., a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the 

'ania, with its principal office and place of business at 2020 Technology Pkwy, Suite 300, in the 

1nty of Cumberland, State of Pennsylvania, owner and publisher of The Patriot-News and The Sunday 

f general circulation, printed and published at 1900 Patriot Drive, in the City, County and State 

Jews and The Sunday Patriot-News were established March 4th, 1854, and September 18th, 1949, 

~en continuously published ever since; 

ice or publication which is securely attached hereto is exactly as printed and published in their regular 

unity Weekly editions which appeared on the date(s) indicated below. That neither she nor said 

' subject matter of said printed notice or advertising, and that all of the allegations of this statement as 

der of publication are true; and 

nal knowledge of the facts aforesaid and is duly authorized and empowered to verify this statement on 

~o. aforesaid by virtue and pursuant to a resolution unanimously passed and adopted severally by the 

lirectors of the said Company and subsequently duly recorded in the office for the Recording of Deeds 

tuphin in Miscellaneous Book "M", Volume 14, Page 317. 

ran on the dates shown below: 

January 23, 2014 

ary, 2014 AD. 
The Patriot-News Co. 

2020 Technology Pkwy 

Suite 300 

Mechanicsburg, PA 17050 

Inquiries- 717-255-8213 

[bt patriot-News Now you know 

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 

RACHEL CARSON STATE OFFICE BUILDING 

400 MARKET STREET 

HARRISBURG PA 17105 

THE PATRIOT NEWS 

THE SUNDAY PATRIOT NEWS 

Proof of Publication 

Under Act No. 587, Approved May 16, 1929 

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, County of Dauphin} ss 

Marianne Miller, being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says: 

That she is a Staff Accountant of The Patriot News Co., a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the 

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, with its principal office and place of business at 2020 Technology Pkwy, Suite 300, in the 

Township of Hampden, County of Cumberland, State of Pennsylvania, owner and publisher of The Patriot-News and The Sunday 

Patriot-News newspapers of general circulation, printed and published at 1900 Patriot Drive, in the City, County and State 

aforesaid; that The Patriot-News and The Sunday Patriot-News were established March 4th, 1854, and September 18th, 1949, 

respectively, and all have been continuously published ever since; 

That the printed notice or publication which is securely attached hereto is exactly as printed and published in their regular 

daily and/or Sunday/ Community Weekly editions which appeared on the date(s) indicated below. That neither she nor said 

Company is interested in the subject matter of said printed notice or advertising, and that all of the allegations of this statement as 

to the time, place and character of publication are true; and 

That she has personal knowledge of the facts aforesaid and is duly authorized and empowered to verify this statement on 

behalf of The Patriot-News Co. aforesaid by virtue and pursuant to a resolution unanimously passed and adopted severally by the 

stockholders and board of directors of the said Company and subsequently duly recorded in the office for the Recording of Deeds 

in and for said County of Dauphin in Miscellaneous Book "M", Volume 14, Page 317. 

ran on the dates shown below: 

January 23, 2014 

and sub~cribed be~ll 23 day of Janrry, 2014 A.D. 

tary Public 
COMf:iiONWE.<\LTH OF ,cENNSYL\r~l\1~;\ 

STD-52"1 REV. -12-33 

4,']00445684 10/07 

! ! 

York Daily Record 

1891 toucks Road 

PO Box W-401 

York, PA 17404 

: 91-020905 Alex Haas 

PA DEP/BAQ 

400 Market Street 

Harrisburg, PA 17105 

You, as vendor, are authorized to publish this advertisement in your newspaper, subject to the terms of this order, as 

follows: Advertisement to be published in regular advertising co!umnsr no position specified; caption of two lines and signature 

to be in capitals and subject matter and title me officer. to be set_S~olid in type reguftarly used by: v..our newsRaQ:er for (.?ublic (!§gal} 

notice advertising: charge to be made at the rate charged to. and paid by commercial advertis~rs for matter simflarly set and 

occupying similar space; advertisement to be nm in the editions specified above. Vendor .agrees that, in the performance of any 

contract awarded to it hereunder, said vendor will not discrimina'i:e against any emplo)le or other persons on accoun·i: of race, color, 

sex, religious creed, ancestry, age or national origin and that the Commonwealth, upon receipt of satisfactory evidence of such 

discrimination, shal! havetherigh1l:tocanoe! said contract. Return this copy at once if you will not accept this advertisement uncfertheterms 

set forth. 

!Flmo~oifadlverUsing ~nthefoq-m !Cl~"ij=a'teatrsfraeetmlllls'i lbe indi!.Jldsd on pgrts ~, 2 & 3. ~etllllm origill!lSJ~ S'J:ndtwo copies ~si.gnedl 

by th" edito' or P"blishar) to Ago~cylisted "lbove. !'aO"I 1 .Ni1us1ll:;e ~ota,ized. l'art 4 is yo1ns. 

Commonwealth to be billed only for actual number of printed lines published. 

ACCOUNT 

CODE 

2nd Ad 

3rdAd 

FUND D~ 

Commonwealth cf Pennsylvania 

YEAR 

Countyof __ _e~~--------------------

COG ORG COST FUNCTION AMOUNT 

TOTAL AMOL;NT 

TOTAl_.. 

Before me, the subscriber, a Notary Public in and for said County, personally came _ 

whobe.ing duly sv:'ofn, dotp depos .. e ... a. nd ... say that he is' ~· __ l"-'"'""f¥'"""'-''""--~)'"--'.'i'l>'f'-."'""n.-·,'-;'-'-"'c'c.--: . .....,-. --------------------------- the '1.::::.::~-, ..;,:.z.:-?vii)2J,l::t-H'if4c\ _ . _ _ __ a general newSpaper published at f,-<V ·------~------------·--·----. _. 

that the adver~serrient of which tearsheet is attached· hereto, was published in the regular advertising columns of said newspaper, 

in the editions of said newspaper, in all respects. as ordered and invoiced above; and that the Commonweafth is not charged 

therefor at a rate higher than is char'ged any ordinary commercial advertiser for a similar amount of matter occupying similar space 

and set in a similar manner, in Said newspaper. 

My commission expires . .tl.»_r..c·..:.I __ ..Jic_,_=J-"o'-''-"'=--

*This affidavit must be made by the Owner, Pllb!isher, or the dealgmted -agent of the owner or publisher. 

TREASUfW 

SlGNATURE: OF' Af-'F!ANT ·-

Notary Public 

WEST MANCHESTER TWP. YORK COUNTY 

My Commission Expires r\p- 1, 2016 -~---___;,_:..;;,;_;__...J 
PROPOSED STATE 

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 

REVISIONS 

Redesignation Requests and Maintenance 

Plans for the Cumberland, Dauphin, Leba· 

non and York Counties Attaining the 1997 

Annual and 24-hour 2006 Fine Particulate 

Matter Standards: Public Hearing 

· Particulate matter (PM) includes both solid 

and llquid particles suspended in the air. Fine 

particle pollution describes particulate matter 

that Is less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers in 

'diameter {PM2.5). PM2.5 concentrations 

above the federal health-based standard pose a serious human health threat. With significant improvements in air quality in Cumberland, Dauphin, Lebanon and York counties, 

these nonattainment areas now meet the 1997 

and 2006 PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards (NAAQS). Therefore, the Department o1 Environmental Protection (OEP) intends to submit requests to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency {EPA) to 

redesignate these areas to attainment. 

The DEP Is seeking public comment on the 

three redesignation requests and proposed revisions to the State Implementation Plan (SIP) 

containing the 2007 comprehensive inventory : 

as required under Section 172(c)(3) of the federal Clean Air Act (CAA) and maintenance 

plans demonstrating that the areas can maintain the 1997 and 2006 PM2.5 health-based 

NAAQS for the next 10 years as required under section 175A(a) of the CAA (42 U.S.C.A. § 

7505a}. Upon EPA a.ppmval, the maintenance 

plans will also establish new motor vehicle 

' emission budgets for transportation conformity 

purposes. 

The requests to redesignate the are~s to attainment and the proposed SIP revisions are 

available on the Department's website at 

'www.dep.state.pa.us (choose "Air," choose 

1 "Bureau oi Air Quality," choose "Regs/Plans," 

choose "Clean Air Plans") or through the contact persons fisted below. 

The Department will hold a public hearing to 

receive comments on the proposal on Wednesday, February 26, 2014, at 10:00 a.m., at 

the Rachel Carson State Office Building, 400 

Market Street, Room 105, Harrisburg, PA. 

Persons wishing to present testimony at the 

hearing should contact Alex Haas, P.O. Box 

846B, Harrisburg, PA 17105, (717) 787-9495 

or alehaas@pa.gov to reserve a time: Wit-: nesses should keep testimony to ten mmutes 

and should provide two written copies of their 

statement at the hearing. 

If by Monday, February 24, 2015, no person 

has expressed an interest in testifying at the 

hearing, the hearing wlll be cancelled. The ' 

Department will provide public not\ce on the 

Bureau of Air Quality webpage at the following 

link if the hearing is cancelled: 1 http://www.dep.state.pa,us/depldeputate/ai 1 rwastelaq/default.htm. Persons may also 

con1act the Department to find out if the hearing is cancelled by contacting Alex Haas at 

(717} 787-9495 or alehaas@pa.gov. 

Persons wlth a disability who wish to attend 

the hearing and requlre an auxiliary aid, service or other accommodation to participate in 

the proceeding should contact Alex Haas at 

(717) 787-9495 or alehaas@pa.gov. TDD users may contact the AT&T Relay Service at 

(BOO) 654-5984 to discuss how the Department can best accommodate their needs. The 

Department must receive comments no later 

than February 28, 2014. Written comments 

should be sent to the attention of Nancy Herb, 

Bureau of Air Ollality, P.O. Box 8468, Harrisburg, PA 17105-8468, or nherb@pa.gov. Use 

"Harrisburg/York PM2.5 Redesignatlon" as the 

subject line in written communication and 

specify whtch document you are commenting 

on. 

E. CHRISTOPHER ABRUZZO, Secretary 

Proof of Publication 

State ofPennsylvania 

Ad# 0001421985-01 

The York Dispatch/York Sunday News and York Daily Record is 

the name of the daily newspaper(s) of general circulation published continuously 

for more than six months at its principal place of business, 1891 Loucks Road, 

York, PA 17408. 

The printed copy of the advertisement hereto attached is a true copy, exactly as 

printed and published, of an advertisement printed in the regular issues of the said 

The York Dispatch/York Sunday News and York Daily Record published on the 

01/23/2014 

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 

COUNTY OF YORK 

Before me, a Notary Public, personally came Linda Smith who being duly sworn 

deposes and says that she is the Layout Supervisor of The York Dispatch'York 

Sunday News and York Daily Record and her personal knowledge of the publication 

of the advertisement mentioned in the foregoing statement as to the time, place 

and character of publications are true, and that the affiant is not interested in the 

subject matter of the above mentioned advertisement. 

Sworn and subscribed to before me, on 

this 23 day of January 2014 

} 

Notary Public 

The charge for the following publication of above mentioned advertisement and the 

expense of the affidavit. 

Advertisement Cost $566.20 

Affidavit Fee $5.00 

Total Cost $571.20 
Ad OrdQ.r Number 

0001421985 

Sales~...:. 

dswords 

Order Taker 

dswords 

T~HH Sheets 

0 

lnvolce Text 

Gross Amount 

$571.20 

Ad Number 

0001421 tl85-01 

Product Information 

YNC Dairy Record:: 

YNC Online:: 

WYSIWYG Contgnt 

2/14/2014 2:04:46PM 

MEDI RECEIVED 

MARKETPLACE 201~ FEB 14 PH 2= 06 

Order Confirmation IIEI'"BI1REAU £1F A-IR OU/\f.IJ'( 

Customer 

PA DEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PR 

Customer Account 

108739 

Customer Address 

RACHEL CARSON STATE OFFICE 

HARRISBURG PA 17105-8468 

USA 

Customer Phone 

717-787-9495 

Payor Customer 

PA DEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL 

Payor Account 

108739 

.E§Y.or Address 

RACHEL CARSON STATE OFFICE BU 

HARRISBURG PA 17105-8468 USA 

Payor Phone 

717-787-9495 

PO Number 

152078 

Ordered By 

Customer Fax 

Customer EMail 

Affidavits 

1 

!=Jiind Box 

Ad Type 

Legal Liner 

Ad Order Notgs 

Payment Method 

Ad Size 

:2.0X103Li 

PlacementJCiassification 

Public Notices 

Public Notices 

Production Method 

Ad Booker 

Payment Amount 

$0.00 

Production Notes 

Run Dates 

112312014 

1/2312014 

----------
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 

STD-521 REV. 06-2010 

PUBLICATIONS AUTHORIZATION AND INVOICE 

PUBLICATIONS AUTHORIZATION (To be completed by agency): 

INVOICE NO. 

TELEPHONE NO. 

717-787-9495 

TO: (NAME AND ADDRESS oF NEWSPAPER) !FEDERAL I. D. NO./SOC. SEC. NO. FROM: (NAME AND ADDRESS OF AGENCY) AGENCY i 

Harrisburg Patriot News Co. 23-1394402 Alex Haas i 

'·············································································· 2020 Technology Parkway PA DEP: Bureau of Air Quality 

Suite 300 400 Market Street 

Mechanicsbura. PA 17050 ~::uri<::hnrn PA 171(11 

HEREWITH IS ENCLOSED COPY FOR PUBLICATION OF ADVERTISEMENT FOR PROPOSALS TO TTYPE OF AD. 

D EMPLOY D PURCHASE D CONTRACT D SELL c CLASSIFIED ~ LEGAL NOTICE 

PUBLISH ADVERTISEMENT {NO. OF TIMES) 1 MAXIMUM NO. OF LINES DATE I ORDER NO. 

1x Only January 29,2014 

DATES OF INSERTION SIGNA~; FORAGE~. ) j /J7l /7 

On or Before February 1, 2014 J·j~ C:. . /A / YJ./ kh. ) 

You, as vendor, are authorized to publish this advertisement in your newspaper, subJect to the terms of th1s order, as follows: 

Advertisement to be published in regular advertising columns, no position specified; caption of two lines and signature to be in 

capitals and subject matter and title of officer to be set solid in type regularly used by your newspaper for public (legal) notice 

advertising; charge to be made at the rate charged to and paid by commercial advertisers for matter similarly set and occupying 

similar space; advertisement to be run in the editions specified above. Vendor agrees that, in the performance of any contract 

awarded to it hereunder, said vendor will not discriminate against any employee or other persons on account of race, color, sex, 

religious creed, ancestry, age or national origin and that the Commonwealth, upon receipt of satisfactory evidence of such discrimination, shall have the right to cancel said contract Return this copy at once if you will not accept this advertisement under 

the terms set forth. 

Return original and two copies (signed by the editor or publisher) to the agency listed above. Proof of advertising 

in the form of a tear sheet must be stapled to original and copies. Original must be notarized. 

Commonwealth to be billed only for actual number of printed lines published. 

SAP FUND COST CENTER GENERAL LEDGER ACCOUNT CODE % 

7027313000 3522710000 6343200 

1/0 V16414000000 

INVOICE (To be completed by publisher)· 

. DATE OF INSERTION ACTUAL NO. OF PRINTED LINES COST PER LINE TOTAL AMOUNT 

1st Ad 7 7 ' . 'c.. /j · .• ·· ('(' -') .... /:;' ~~ :f/<, 7t/ ' 

2nd Ad 

---::' . :(~~ l": \~ 3rd Ad /)/ L;. {. / 

·-

GRAND TOTAL-+ 1

1-:J I h:J ( 

' 

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 

County of --------------

Before me, the subscriber, a Notary Public in and for said County, personally came _______________ _ 

who being duly sworn, doth depose and say that he is* --------------------------

the a general newspaper published at 

that the advertisement, of which tearsheet is attached hereto, was published in the regular advertising columns of said newspap• 

in the editions of said newspaper, in all respects as ordered and invoiced above; and that the Commonwealth is not charg 

therefor at a rate higher than is charged any ordinary advertiser for a similar amount of matter occupying similar space and set ir 

similar matter, in said newspaper. 

COMMONWJ:ALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 

SWOJJl-<lnd subscribed before me this I at.\t 

,., ,, m ~~ 'i! (\ DeW.'~ OJ N R PUBLIC ~~ 

My commission expires V@ lt~ /1 U Notarial Sf::DI 

frlogy Lynn Warfe!, N;A0r')" Fut:!ic J 

\hi.:s!<i;·;;)-.Jn 1\r>,'p,, C:;;uphin Cctmty 

Ly ;1 • •·"; -~··<t' •r-" r. "'":v,·;<~p- {" "">0~ ~-~AI.u!S5JO, !:".; ..... ;.'"~::> ,Jec 1'2:, £,·) ... 6 *This affidavit must be made by the Owner, Publisher, or the designated agent of the owner or publisher. 

MEMGER ?ENN5VtV11Jil1A P.SSOG4TI0N OF NOTfl.R.lES 
The Patriot-News Co. 

2020 Technology Pkwy 

Suite 300 

Mechanicsburg, PA 17050 

Inquiries- 717-255-8213 

'<ibt patriot-News Now you know 

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 

RACHEL CARSON STATE OFFICE BUILDING 

400 MARKET STREET 

HARRISBURG PA 17105 

THE PATRIOT NEWS 

THE SUNDAY PATRIOT NEWS 

Proof of Publication 

Under Act No. 587, Approved May 16, 1929 

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, County of Dauphin} ss 

Marianne Miller, being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says: 

That she is a Staff Accountant of The Patriot News Co., a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the 

Commonwealth ;(If Pennsylvania, with its principal office and place of business at 2020 Technology Pkwy, Suite 300, in the 

Township of Hai'Tlpden, County of Cumberland, State of Pennsylvania, owner and publisher of The Patriot-News and The Sunday 

Patriot-News newspapers of general circulation, printed and published at 1900 Patriot Drive, in the City, County and State 

aforesaid; that The Patriot-News and The Sunday Patriot-News were established March 4th, 1854, and September 18th, 1949, 

respectively, and all have been continuously published ever since; 

That the printed notice or publication which is securely attached hereto is exactly as printed and published in their regular 

daily and/or Sunday/ Community Weekly editions which appeared on the date(s) indicated below. That neither she nor said 

Company is interested in the subject rnatter of said printed notice or advertising, and that all of the allegations of this statement as 

to the time, place and character of publication are true; and 

That she has personal knowledge of the facts aforesaid and is duly authorized and empowered to verify this statement on 

behalf of The Patriot-News Co. aforesaid by virtue and pursuant to a resolution unanimously passed and adopted severally by the 

stockholders and board of directors of the said Company and subsequently duly recorded in the office for the Recording of Deeds 

in and for said County of Dauphin in Miscellaneous Book "M", Volume 14, Page 317. 

373 ran on the dates shown below: 

February 02, 2014 
The Patriot-News Co. 

2020 Technology Pkwy 

Suite 300 

Mechanicsburg, PA 17050 

Inquiries- 717-255-8213 

[be patriot~Ncws Now you know 

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 

RACHEL CARSON STATE OFFICE BUILDING 

400 MARKET STREET 

HARRISBURG 

CORRECTlON 

Proposed state ffnPiemeniQfion Plan Revisions 

Public Heqring for Rede:si9'nafion 

Requests a:nd Mo:intenance Pkms. for 

Cumberlandr Dauphin, Lebanon and 

York Counties Attaining the 1997 Annual and 24-hour 2006 Fine Particulate Matte!" 

Stanltfards; Public He<~rfng 

The Department of Environmental Protection (Oeparfmenf} intends to submit requests to the U.S. 

Environmental Protecf(on Agency 

(EPA) toredeshmateCumbertand, 

Dauphin. Lebanon and York c:ounttes to attainment for the 1997 and 201M PM2.5 National Ambient Atr Quol{ty Standards 

CNAAQSL 

The Department rece~y published a notice of a Pub fie heorlrt ' o receive co.mments-Dn the three r designonon 

requests and proposed revisions to the 

State ltnPiemerttaffon Pran (SIP) 

containing the 2007 comprehensive tnvli!ntorv as required under Section 

tn(c)(3} of the federal Clean Air Act CCAA} anct maintenance ptans 

d:emcmstratfng tttat the areas can maintain the 1997 and 20:()"6 PM2.S health- base~ NAAQS ftw the rnaxt 10 years as re:qUtred under ~cffon 175A(a1 of the CAA (42 U,S.CA 7SIJSa}. 

. That notice contofnectatHirror, It 

mdlcated that If by Monday, February 

?4, 2Ul5, no Person had exPressed an mterest in testifYing at the hearing, tha 

hearing woo!d be cancel ted, The cO;'rect 

Information is that ihe hearing wm be cance!lett if by Monday, February 24, · 

21H4, no Person h<ts expressed an Interest In te.stifYfng at the hearing. 

As indicafed in that notice-, the heetrlns Is scheduled for Wednesday, February 

26,2014, at 10::0:0' a.m., of the Rachef 

Carson Stote OffiCe Ekr11dlm;, 400: Market 

Street, Room.l05$ Harr-Isburg, PA. 

Persons wlslltng tt;J present testimony at the hoorins shoUld confcrct Alex Haas P.O, Box 8468, Harrisburg, PA 171115 ' {7l7) 787-9495 or olehoas@pa,gov to ' reserve et time, W!fnesses sho:utd keep 

testimony to ten minutes and should 

provide two wrrtten copies: of their statement at the hearing. Persons witt} a dJsabllltv who wls:h to attend the hearfng and requrra an 

ouxitlary aid, service or other 

accommodotlon to participate in tt'ffi 

proceeding should contact Alex Haas at (717) 787·'?495 or alehoa:s@pQ,gov, roo user~ may contoct fheAT&T Relay 

Servtce at (80tf) 654-5984 to discuss how fhe.Depa.rtment can best accommodate fhetr needs. 

Afso, as indicated ·correctly In the 

previous nonce, the Department must n~t;eive comments no later than 

February 28, 21l14. Written .comments should be sent to the attention of Nanev HerD, Bureau at Atr Quantv, P-.o. sox 8468, Harrtsburs, PA,J7lOS-8468, or nherb@pa.gov. Use ''HarrlsburglYork ~M2,? Redesronatlon'' os the subiect line m wntten communication and specify which ®cument vou are commenting on. 

E. CHRfSTOPHER ABRUZZO, Secretary 

PA 17105 

THE PATRIOT NEWS 

THE SUNDAY PATRIOT NEWS 

Proof of Publication 

Under Act No. 587, Approved May 16, 1929 

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, County of Dauphin} ss 

J duly sworn according to law, deposes and says: 

:countant of The Patriot News Co., a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the 

1ia, with its principal office and place of business at 2020 Technology Pkwy, Suite 300, in the 

ty of Cumberland, State of Pennsylvania, owner and publisher of The Patriot-News and The Sunday 

Jenera I circulation, printed and published at 1900 Patriot Drive, in the City, County and State 

ws and The Sunday Patriot-News were established March 4th, 1854, and September 18th, 1949, 

·n continuously published ever since; 

e or publication which is securely attached hereto is exactly as printed and published in their regular 

nity Weekly editions which appeared on the date(s) indicated below. That neither she nor said 

subject matter of said printed notice or advertising, and that all of the allegations of this statement as 

ter of publication are true; and 

31 knowledge of the facts aforesaid and is duly authorized and empowered to verify this statement on 

o. aforesaid by virtue and pursuant to a resolution unanimously passed and adopted severally by the 

ectors of the said Company and subsequently duly recorded in the office for the Recording of Deeds 

1phin in Miscellaneous Book "M", Volume 14, Page 317. 

ran on the dates shown below: 

February 02, 2014 
The Patriot-News Co. 

2020 Technology Pkwy 

Suite 300 

Mechanicsburg, PA 17050 

Inquiries- 717-255-8213 

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 

RACHEL CARSON STATE OFFICE BUILDING 

400 MARKET STREET 

HARRISBURG PA 17105 

STATEMENT 

[be patriot~Ncws Now you know 

ALL CHARGES ARE NET 

AD ORDER# DATE EDITION ADDTL. INFO. TYPE OF CHARGE AMOUNT 

233427 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL 0002289373 02/02/14 REGULAR 

233427 DE~ARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL 0002289373 01/31/14 REGULAR 

233427 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL 0002289373 02/02/14 REGULAR 

BOLD TEXT CHARGE 

BASIC AD CHARGE 

BASIC AD CHARGE 

$4.00 

$2.50 

$415.74 

AFFIDAVIT CHARGE $5.00 

TOTAL: $427.24 

This is not an invoice. Please do not remit payment from this Statement. 

An invoice will be generated at the end of the month. --Thank you. 

NOTE: This Statement replaces the Order Confirmation which we previously sent with Proofs of Publication 
~--------------------------------- -- ------------------------, 

-------

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA lr-NOICE NO. STD-521 REV. 06-2010 

PUBLICATIONS AUTHORIZATION AND INVOICE 

PUBLICATIONS AUTHORIZATION (To be completed by agenc '): 

TO; (NAME AND AotlltESS Of J'IEWSPN'EJV f FEDERAL to. NOJSOC, SEC. NO. FROM: (NAME AND ADDRESS OF AnENa'f) AGENCY 1 TELEPHONE NO. 

York Daily Record ! 91-020905 Alex Haas 717-787-9495 '·-'"""'"'"''"'''' 1891 Loucks Road '"'""'"''""''"'"'"'"''~'""'"'"'""''''''' __ ,. ____ PA DEP: Bureau of Air Quality 

York, PA 17408 400 Market Street 

D H;;rrio::hnrn PA 111m D 

HEREWITH IS ENCLOSED COPY FOR PUBLICATION OF ADVERTISEMENT FOR PROPOSALS TO I TYPE OFAD 

D EMPLOY D PURCHASE D CONTRACT D SELL 0 CLASSIFIED IR! LEGAL NOTICE 

PUBLISH ADVERTISEMENT {NO. OF TIMES) I MAXIMUM NO. OF LINES DATE I ORDERNO. 

1x Only January 29,2014 i"!.~jCl\~ DATES OF INSERTION 

On or Before February 1, 2014 SIG"J};;o~pCILfl)j P-A 

' 

You, as vendor, are authonzed to publish th1s advertisement 1n your newspaper, subJect to the terms of th1s order, as follows: 

Advertisement to be published in regular advertising columns, no posilion specified; caption of two lines and signature to be in 

capitals and subject matter and title of officer to be set solid in type regularly used by your newspaper for public (legal) notice 

advertising; charge to be made at the rate charged to and paid by commercial advertisers for matter similarly set and occupying 

similar space; advertisemenl to be run in the editions specified above. Vendor agrees that, in the performance of any contract 

awarded io ii hereunder, said vendor will not discriminate against any employee or other persons on account of race, color, sex, 

religious creed, ancestry, age or national origin and that the Commonwealth, upon receipt of satisfactory evidence of such discrimination, shall have the right to cancel said contract Return this copy at once if you will not accept this advertisement under 

the terms set forth. 

Return original and two copies (signed by the editor or publisher) to the agency listed above. Proof of advertising 

in the form of a tear sheet must be stapled to original and copies. Original must be notarized. 

Commonwealth to be billed only for actual number of printed lines published. 

SAP FU~D COST CENTER GENERAL LEDGER ACCOUNT CODE 

7027313000 3522710000 6343200 

1/0 V16414000000 

INVOICE (To be completed by publisher): 

DATE OF INSERTION ACTUAl NO. OF PRINTED UNES COST PER LINE TOTAL AMOUNT 

1st Ad 

2nd Ad 

3rdAd 

:"""'-- GRAND TOTAL-+ ----------------------

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 

County of -----"""''-"'~---------

Before me, the subscriber, a Notary Public in and for said County, personally came _.::Lc=' "'-'"'"""\ .U..--""'-"'l.W.-IJ------

who being duly sworn, doth depo. se and say thai he is* ,...,\,~,&"'· -'il-. c,.'~·''-'-'-l--7'~\,_,v"tl-''-"'·'-'i--'V'-''-'-'-"''"-~'-----~-------- the '·h<\ I),- ~ '"'\' I \\ 3 ,k B,<jj general newspaper published al .- · 

that the adverMement, of whlch tearsheet is attached herelo, was published in the regular advertising columns of said newspap• 

in the editions of said newspaper, in all respects as ordered and invoiced above; and that the Commonwealth is not charg• 

lherefor at a rate higher than is charged any ordinary advertiser for a similar amount of matter occupying similar space and set ir 

similar matter, in said newspaper. 

Sworn and subscribed before me this ---:=---- daym __________________________ 20 ____ _ 

NOTARY PUBLIC 

My commission expires 

*This affidavit must be made by the Owner, Publisher, or the designated agent of the owner or publisher. 
CORRECTION 

I

, Proposed ~tate Implementation Plan Revisions 

Publle Hearing for Redesignation Requests 

and Maintenance Plans for Cumberland, 

Dauphin, Lebanon and Vork Counties Attaining 

the 1997 Annual and 24-hour 2006 Fine · Particulate Matter Standards; Public Hearing 

The Department of Environmental Protection 

(Department} intends to submit requests to the 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 

to redesignate Cumberland, Dauphin, Leba- · 

. non and York counties to attainment for the 

1997 and 2006 PM2.5 National Ambient Air 

Quality Standards {NAAQS). 

The Department recently published a notice of 

a public hearing to receive comments on the 

· three redesignation requests and proposed revisions to the State Implementation Plan (SIP) 

containing the 2007 comprehensive inventory as required under Section 172(c){3) of the federal Clean Air Act (CAA) and maintenance 

plans demonstrating that the areas can maintain the 1997 and 2006 PM2.5 health-based 

NAAQS tor the next 10 years as required under Section 175A(a) of the CAA (42 U.S.C.A. 

§ 7505a) . 

• That notice contained an error. It indicated 

·that if by Monday, February 24, 2015, no per- ' , son had expressed an interest in testifying at : the hearing, the hearing would be cance!fed. 

The correct Information is that the hearing will 

be cancelled if by Monday, February 24,2014, no person has expressed an interest in 

testifying at the hearing. 

As Indicated in that notice, the hearing is 

scheduled for Wednesday, February 26, 2014, at 10:00 a.m .. at the Rachel Carson State Office Building, 400 Market Street, Room 105, 

Harrisburg, PA. Persons wishing to present 

testimony at the hearing should contact Alex 

hlaas, P.O. Box 8468, Harrisburg, PA 17'105, 

(717) 787-9495 or alehaas@pa.gov to reserve a time. Witnesses should keep testimony to ten minutes and should provide two written 

copies of their statement at the hearing. 

Persons with a disabillty who wish to attend 

the hearing and require an auxiliary aid, serv- Ice or other accommodation to participate in 

the proceeding should contact Alex Haas al 

(717) 787-9495 or alehaas@pa.gov. TDD users may contact the AT&T Relay Service at (800) 654~5984 to discuss how the Depart- ment can best accommodate their needs. 

Also, as. indicated correctly in the previous no- tice, the Department must receive comments no later than February 28, 2014. Written com- ments should be sent to the ·attention of Nancy 

Herb, Bureau of Air Quality, P.O. Box 8468, 

Harrisburg, PA 17105-8468, or nherb@pa.~ov. Use "Harrisburg/York PM2.5 Redesignat1on~ as the subject line in written 

communication and specify which ·document 

you are commenting on. 

E. CHRISTOPHER ABRUZZO, , 

Secretary 

Proof of Publication 

State of Pennsylvania 

Ad# 0001423929-01 

The York DispatchNork Sunday News and York Daily Record is 

the name of the daily newspaper(s) of general circulation published continuously 

for more than six months at its principal place of business, 1891 Loucks Road, 

York, PA 17408. 

The printed copy of the advertisement hereto attached is a true copy, exactly as 

printed and published, of an advertisement printed in the regular issues of the said 

The York DispatchNork Sunday News and York Daily Record published on the 

01/31/2014 

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 

COUNTY OF YORK 

Before me, a Notary Public, personally came Linda Smith who being duly sworn 

deposes and says that she is the Layout Supervisor of The York Dispatctr'York 

Sunday News and York Daily Record and her personal knowledge of the publication 

of the advertisement mentioned in the foregoing statement as to the time, place 

and character of publications are true, and that the affiant is not interested in the 

subject matter of the above mentioned advertisement. 

Sworn and subscribed to before rne, on 

this 31 day of January 2014 

Notary Public 

The charge for the following publication of above mentioned advertisement and the 

expense of the affidavit. 

Advertisement Cost $444.40 

Affidavit Fee $5.00 

Total Cost $449.40 
Ad Order Number 

0001423929 

Sales Rep. 

rgodfrey 

Order Taker 

rgodfrey 

Tear Sheets 

0 

Invoke Text 

Gross Amount 

$449.40 

Ad Number 

0001423029-01 

Product Information 

YNC Daily Record:: 

YNC Online:: 

WYSIWYG Content 

2/"14120"1412:25:31 PM 

MEDI 

MARKETPLACE 

RECEIVED 

201~FEB14 PH f:fto 

Order Confirmation tJefi"BIIREAU OF AIR 0UA£1f'l' 

Customer 

PA DEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PR 

Customer Account 

108739 

Customer Address 

RACHEL CARSON STATE OFFICE 

HARRISBURG PA 17105-8468 

USA 

Customer phgng 

717-787-9495 

Payor Customer 

PA DEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL 

Payor Account 

108739 

Payor Address 

RACHEL CARSON STATE OFFICE BU 

HARRISBURG PA 17105-8468 USA 

Payor Phone 

717-.787-9495 

PO Number 

Ordered By 

Customer Fax 

Customer EMail 

Affidavits Blind Box 

Ad Type 

legal Liner 

Ad Order Notes 

Payment Method 

Ad Size 

: 2_0 X 81 Li 

Placement/Classification 

Public Notices 

Public Notices 

Production Method 

AdBooker 

Payment Amount 

$0_00 

Production Notes 

Run Dates 

1/31/2014 

"1/3112014 
PA Bulletin, Doc. No. 14-198 Page 1 of2 

NOTICES 

Proposed State Implementation Plan Revisions; Redesignation Requests and 

Maintenance Plans for Cumberland, Dauphin, Lebanon and York Counties 

Attaining the 1997 Annual and 24-Hour 2006 Fine Particulate Matter 

Standards; Public Hearing 

[44 Pa.B. 541) 

[Saturday, January 25, 2014) 

Particulate matter (PM) includes both solid and liquid particles suspended in the air. Fine 

particle pollution describes particulate matter that is less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers in 

diameter (PM2.

5). PM2.5 concentrations above the Federal health-based standard pose a 

serious human health threat. With significant improvements in air quality in Cumberland, 

Dauphin, Lebanon and York Counties, these nonattainment areas now meet the 1997 and 

2006 PM25 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Therefore, the Department 

of Environmental Protection (Department) intends to submit requests to the United States 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to redesignate these areas to attainment. 

The Department is seeking public comment on the three redesignation requests and 

proposed revisions to the State Implementation Plan (SIP) containing the 2007 

comprehensive inventory and maintenance plans demonstrating that the areas can maintain 

the 1997 and 2006 PM2.

5 health-based NAAQS for the next 10 years as required under 

section 175A(a) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C.A. § 7505a(a)). Upon the EPA approval, 

the maintenance plans will also establish new motor vehicle emission budgets for 

transportation conformity purposes. 

The requests to redesignate the areas to attainment and the proposed SIP revisions are 

available on the Department's web site at www.dep.state.pa.us (choose "Air," choose 

"Bureau of Air Quality," choose "Regs/Plan," choose "Clean Air Plans") or through the 

contact persons listed as follows. 

The Department will hold a public hearing to receive comments on the proposal on 

Wednesday, February 26,2014, at 10 a.m. at the Rachel Carson State Office Building, 400 

Market Street, Room 105, Harrisburg, PA. Persons wishing to present testimony at the 

hearing should contact Alex Haas, P. 0. Box 8468, Harrisburg, PA 17105, (717) 787-9495 

or alehaas@pa.gov to reserve a time. Witnesses should keep testimony to 10 minutes and 

should provide two written copies of their statements at the hearing. 

If by Monday, February 24, 2014, no person has expressed an interest in testifying at the 

hearing, the hearing will be cancelled. The Department will provide public notice if the 

hearing is cancelled on the Bureau of Air Quality web page at 

http ://www.dep .state. pa. us/ dep/ deputate/ airwaste/ aq/ default.htrn. Persons may also contact 

the Department to find out if the hearing is cancelled by contacting Alex Haas at (717) 787-

http://www. pabulletin. corn/ secure/ datalvol44/44-4/198 .html 4/10/2014 
PA Bulletin, Doc. No. 14-198 Page 2 of2 

9495 or alehaas@pa.gov. 

Persons with a disability who wish to attend the hearing and require an auxiliary aid, 

service or other accommodation to participate in the proceeding should contact Alex Haas 

at the previously listed phone number and e-mail address. TDD users may contact the 

Pennsylvania AT&T Relay Service at (800) 654-5984 to discuss how the Department can 

best accommodate their needs. 

The Department must receive comments no later than February 28,2014. Written 

comments should be sent to the attention of Nancy Herb, Bureau of Air Quality, P. 0. Box 

8468, Harrisburg, PA 17105-8468 or nherb@pa.gov. Use "Harrisburg/York PM2_

5 

Redesignation" as the subject line in written communication and specifY which document 

the comments are addressing. 

E. CHRISTOPHER ABRUZZO, 

Secretary 

[Pa.B. Doc. No. 14-198. Filed for public inspection January 24,2014, 9:00a.m.] 

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