UNITED STATES iPARTMENT OF OMMERCE

UBLICATION

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NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 820

Complete

Clear Text Representation

of Scientific Documents

in Machine-Readable Form

QC

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APARTMENT

OF

COMMERCE

National

Bureau

of

Standards
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards 1 was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology

and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts

research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology,

the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs.

THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United

States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system

with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of a Center for Radiation Research, an Office of Measurement Services and the following divisions: Applied Mathematics — Electricity — Mechanics — Heat — Optical Physics — Nuclear

Sciences - — Applied Radiation " — Quantum Electronics 3 — Electromagnetics 3 — Time

and Frequency " — Laboratory Astrophysics " — Cryogenics \

THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of well-characterized

materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides

advisory and research services to other Government agencies; and develops, produces, and

distributes standard reference materials. The Institute consists of the Office of Standard Reference Materials and the following divisions: Analytical Chemistry — Polymers — Metallurgy — Inorganic Materials — Reactor

Radiation — Physical Chemistry.

THE INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED TECHNOLOGY provides technical services to promote

the use of available technology and to facilitate technological innovation in industry and Government; cooperates with public and private organizations leading to the development of

technological standards (including mandatory safety standards), codes and methods of test; and provides technical advice and services to Government agencies upon request. The Institute consists of a Center for Building Technology and the following divisions and offices: Engineering and Product Standards — Weights and Measures — Invention and Innovation —• Product Evaluation Technology -— Electronic Technology — Technical Analysis — Measurement Engineering — Structures, Materials, and Life Safety 4 — Building

Environment 4 — Technical Evaluation and Application * — Fire Technology.

THE INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts research and provides technical services designed to aid Government agencies in improving cost effec- tiveness in the conduct of their programs through the selection, acquisition, and effective

utilization of automatic data processing equipment; and serves as the principal focus within

the executive branch for the development of Federal standards for automatic data processing

equipment, techniques, and computer languages. The Institute consists of the following

divisions: Computer Services — Systems and Software — Computer Systems Engineering — Information Technology.

THE OFFICE FOR INFORMATION PROGRAMS promotes optimum dissemination and

accessibility of scientific information generated within NBS and other agencies of the Federal Government; promotes the development of the National Standard Reference Data System and

a system of information analysis centers dealing with the broader aspects of the National Measurement System; provides appropriate services to ensure that the NBS staff has optimum

accessibility to the scientific information of the world. The Office consists of the following

organizational units: Office of Standard Reference Data — Office of Information Activities — Office of Technical

Publications — Library — Office of International Relations.

1 Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, Maryland, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, D.C. 20234.

3 Part of the Center for Radiation Research.

3 Located at Boulder, Colorado 80302.

* Part of the Center for Building Technology.
Complete Clear Text Representation of

Scientific Documents in Machine-Readable Form

National Bureau of Standards APR 2 9 1974 Blanton C. Duncan

Computer Services Division

Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology

and

David Garvin

Physical Chemistry Division

Institute for Materials Research

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Richard W. Roberts, Director

Issued February 1974
National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 820

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 820, 55 pages (Feb. 1974)

CODEN: NBTNAE

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1974

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Order by SD Catalog No. C13.46:820). Price 90 cents.
Book 1 Page 1 . . . 3 . . .35 . • .40 . . .45. . 50— y Ln eedd.

Preface

Ordinary text is the most common class of

non-numeric data to be manipulated, and scientific text and diagrams are among the most

complex. This Technical Note is intended as

a contribution to the development of standards

which will permit the facile dissemination of

all types of non-numeric data in mac hine -readable form.

Publication of this material as an NBS

Technical Note has the advantage that the finished document itself stands as an illustration of the major points discussed. Except

for the cover, title page and bibliographic

record, the physical presentation is a copy of

a "print-out" from magnetic and paper tapes of

an edited manuscript plus figures in the form

in which it would be seen by editorial and

technical reviewers prior to publication.

There are only two exceptions as to detail:

( 1 ) The bracketing data contained in the machine record and on the margins of this page

(line numbers, y coordinates, etc. ) is not

printed in the document proper which follows;

(2 ) Some of the arts of composition and make-up

have been applied to the extent that figures

and their captions have been merged into the

document at the proper places rather than retained as separate collections of data elements

to be manipulated by the make-up editors themselves.

In a sense, this entire NBS Technical Note

is a single "figure" which might be included as —113 33

part of a publication describing the data content —116 34

of a reel of magnetic tape. At the present —119 35

time we cannot anticipate any real use for a —122 36

magnetic tape version of this Note. —125 37

0n the other hand, authors of technical —130 38

documents cannot be sure, today, that there will —133 39

be no demand for a machine readable copy of —136 40

. . . .5. . . 1 0. . . 15. . .20. . .25. . . 30. . .35. . .40. . .45. . .50 Max y 136

iii

1

- 1 - 12 2 - 15 3 - 18 4 - 21 5 - 24 6 - 27 7 - 30 8 - 33 9

4 38 10 - 41 1 1 - 44 12 - 47 13 - 50 14 - 53 15 - 56 16 - 59 17 - 62 18 W - 65 19 - 68 20 * 73 21 - 76 22 DS - 79 23 - 82 24

4 87 25 - 90 26 - 93 27 - 96 28 - 99 29

-102 30

-105 31

-110 32
Book 1 Page 2 . . , 30. • .35, . .40 . • .45 . . • 50— y Ln eedLd

their work. Thus they should have facilities — 3 1 for encoding their documents in full detail — 62

against this eventual demand. We describe here — 9 3 a technique that permits this and has enabled — 12 4

us to meet such demands* ^ 15 5

Blanton C. Duncan — 20 6

David Garvin — 23 7

. . ..5. ..1 0. , .15. . .20. . .25.

.

.30. . .35.

.

.40. . .45. ..50 Max y - 136

iv
Table of Contents

Page

1. Introduction 1

2. The Symbols of Science 5

2.1. Information Content of a Scientific Article .... 5 2.2. Classes of Symbols Needed 5

2.3. Scientific Communication 6

2.4 Summary 11

3. The ISO Code for Information Processing Interchange ... 11

3.1. Addition of New Graphic Symbols 16

3.2. Addition of New Controls 16

3.3. Code extension-General Remarks 17

4. A General Purpose Scientific Document Code (GPSDC) .... 18

4.1. The Extended Code 18

4.2. Internal Extension-Composite Symbols 21

4.3. Class Modification 21

4.4. Control Functions 21

4.5. Selection of Graphic Symbols 23

4.6. Options in the ISO Code and in ASCII 23

4.7. Diagrams 23

4.8. Proposed Standard Print Window ... 25

4.9. The Meta Space Character 29

4.10. Keystrokes versus Characters 29

5. Preparation of Copy and Input Devices 30

5.1. Preparation of Copy -The Operator's View 30

5.2. Preparation of Copy -Machine Processing Requirements 30

5.3. Specific Features of Typewriter -Like Input Machines 31

5.4. Experience at NBS 32

6. Use of the GPSDC System at NBS 33

6.1. Implementation 33

6.2. Users and Extent of Use 33

6.3. Typical Applications 34

6.4. Specical Applications 34

6.5. One System for Many Users 37

6.6. General Remarks 40

7. References 43
Figures

1. Scientific Notation 7

2. Diagrams 8

3. A Family of Codes Related to the ISO Information

Processing Code 13

4. General Purpose Scientific Document Code 19

5. Approximation of the GPSDC Table Using an Existing

High Speed Line Printer 20

6. Composite Symbols 22

7. An Extended Code Set 24

8. Binary Specification of a Symbol in the Standard

Print Window 26

9. Data Center Records 35

10. Typographic Output 38

11. Tabular Data 39

VI
Complete clear text representation of scientific

documents in machine- readable form

by

Blanton C. Duncan and David Garvin

National Bureau of Standards, (U.S. ) Washington, D. C.

Science and technology use a large variety of symbols to

represent physical properties, chemical formulas and mathematical expressions. Data centers that codify and evaluate

physical properties need to use this conventional symbolism

in their work. It is recommended that these data centers

adopt the symbols and terminology specified by the various

International Unions both in manual operations and in the

creation of machine-readable data bases.

It is demonstrated that these conventional symbols can

be produced by modern communications devices that are

compatible with the international standard codes for information interchange. A set of characters suitable for

representing scientific data and text is presented and

proposed as an extension of the ISO information interchange

code.

The use of this extended character code by computer

oriented data centers at the National Bureau of Standards

is described. The equipment needed for this level of

performance and criteria for their selection are outlined.

Key Words : graphic character sets; information analysis centers;

information interchange codes; recording typewriters; scientific

computer technology.

1. Introduction

The problem of codifying the results of scientific

research has received increased emphasis in recent years.

The task is immense. Data produced throughout the world

must be assembled, analyzed by experts and the best possible

results be made available to the ultimate user in a useful form.

A promising approach which has received widespread attention

is the establishment of a large number of data analysis centers,

each devoted to a specialty. As the number of centers grows,
so will the need for them to trade information, often across

national boundaries. The centers will also need to provide information to remote users and do this quickly. This means that

a substantial communications problem arises among a large number

of independent groups.

Couoled to these problems of data analysis and communications is that of automation of data centers. The use of

computers for data collection, reduction and analysis is

widespread. Data centers need, in addition, text processing

and file handling techniques suitable for the material they

must collect, index, store and analyze.

This paper treats a basic subject: the recording of

scientific data and text in an automated environment. It

describes a

x man-machine' alphabet or symbolism for the

interchange and processing of scientific data: the General

Purpose Scientific Document Code. The needs of the

human are met by providing a set of symbols suitable for

producing the basic scientific document- - the typescript of a paper. The machine needs are met by associating this ^alphabet'

with the existing international standard system for information

interchange.

The orientation of this paper is toward human requirements.

The machine is to serve man, not vice-versa. To this end,

emphasis will be placed on the signs, or graphic characters,

used in written communications. The control elements necessary

for the machine manipulation of this man-machine alphabet will

be treated lightly, except where it is essential that they be

mentioned.

This work has been, and is experimental. The context in

which it was done controlled many of the decisions that were

made. This background is the interaction of several small,

independently managed data analysis centers at the National

Bureau of Standards ( NBS ) both among themselves and with a general service computer center. The data centers and the

computer services center have distinctly different problems.

The data centers, on the basis of substantial experience

operating in a non-automated mode, have specified their text

handling requirements. These run far beyond the facilities

for processing and printing commonly available in computer

centers. fine example is the requirement for both capital and

small Latin letters for representing the chemical elements.

Another is the need for both superscripts and subscripts in

mathematical, chemical, physical property and spectroscopic

notation. The needs of the data centers are consistent with,

and can be tested against the extensive work of international

scientific organizations to define symbols, terminology and
nomenclature. These standardized symbols are displayed and

defined in IS0, IUPAP, and IUPAC documents published during the

1960's [ 1 ,2,3,4 ].

From the viewpoint of a general service computer center,

these are highly specialized requirements of a minor group of

its customers. By definition (or by default) the majority of

its existing customers can accept constraints imposed by keypunches and printers with limited character sets. However, the

growing needs of data centers must be met. The facilities they

require can be expected to have wider application, but a computer

center cannot accept the responsibility to support an absolutely

open-ended man-machine alphabet, A finite solution is needed.

The systematic development of a suitable, finite coded

character set became practical in April 1965 with the publication

of a proposed revision of the American National Standard Code

for Information Interchange (ASCII) [5], ASCII is an

anticipatory standard. Even today the hardware and software

of many general service computer centers are not designed to

handle flows of data between man and machine at the levels

of complexity anticipated by basic ASCII, But that standard,

and the international one to which it is closely related,

provide a carefully defined system within which the needs of

science can be met. The standards can be used by computer

centers for the planning of improvements in their services.

Thus the standards developed for science and those developed

for communications can be brought to bear on a solution. However, standards are not enough. They must be implemented

in hardware and software. The crucial parts are input

devices to record the data, processing programs to accept,

edit, reformat, retrieve, and store the data, and output

machines to print clear, complete scientific text.

An experimental processing system based on the concepts

described in this paper has been in use, on a production

basis, by the NBS data centers since 1967, This "field

testing" and the on-going standardization activities in the

communications field nave forced changes in detail but not

in concept.

Parts of this work have been described before, Others

are summarized here for the first time, A prototype inputoutput device, the " taxywriter" , was developed to demonstrate

the feasibility of the system [6], Although superseded

by commercially available instruments, it remains in service.

The first version of this scientific man-machine alphabet

was described in 1968 [7], Comments received and

further study led to a revised set of graphics. These

were incorporated in a line printer installed at NBS [8],
From the human point of view this printer is the most

important development. It can display fully a scientific

typescript. An allied development is the use of photocomposition for final output. Surprisingly enough, this

system, although designed for the typesc ript . is sufficiently

rich to provide the prin ted results expected by the scientist.

The sections that follow treat a variety of topics. The

objective is an overview of the subject. Concepts and criteria are emphasized at the expense of detail. The symbolism

of science is displayed ( Section 2 ), An introduction to the

communications codes is provided. How these may be extended

to meet scientific needs is explained (section 3), A

specific extension, the General Purpose Scientific Document

Code, is described together with examples of its use (section

4), Criteria for selection of input devices and the design

of printers are discussed in so far as they bear on the

man-machine interface.

It is appropriate to state here the conlusions that we

have drawn from this work, or, if you will, display our

biases. These are:

(a) The currently used complex terminology and symbols

of science and technology are needed to represent the

wide range of properties that are measured and the

theories that interpret them,

(b) Data centers will need to use this symbolism in

their internal work and in communication with others.

In the present state of the art, automation equipment

and computer techniques present no insuperable barriers to

the use of this complex symbolism,

(c) Techniques for automated handling of scientific

text can be developed within the context of international standards for information interchange.

Cooperative development is possible on this basis,

(d) General concepts and criteria for text handling

can be developed for the design of equipment and implementation of operating systems,

(e) The human factor, not the machine, should control

the development. Ease of operation and flexibility

must have first priority.
(f) A system must be expandable to meet future

demands. The present is always an approximation.

2. The Symbols of Science

With what type of material must one contend in scientific

communication? The determination must take into account the

formal recommendations in standards documents [1,4-], publication practices, and manuals of style [9, 10,11]. The

" I UPAC Manual for Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical

Quantities" [4] displays the formal recommendations very well.

The other standard documents enlarge the set slightly. Publication practices have been sampled by examining publications

of the American Chemical Society, the Association for Computing

Machinery, the American Institute of Physics, the American

Association for the Advancement of Science and the National

Bureau of Standards. Among the style manuals, the "Handbook

for Authors" of the American Chemical Society is particularly

important [ll ]• It devotes considerable attention to the

preparation of a scientific typescript. It gives many

illustrations of the thesis developed below.

2. 1 I information Content o f a sci ent if ic article . Each

article in a technical journal reaches the editor and the

technical reviewers in the form of a typescript. This typewritten copy had (or should have had) all the symbols,

equations, chemical formulas, etc. in a form readily

recognizable by the typesetter. This leads to a general

rule :

The copy that can be produced by a scientific

typist contains all the information that appears

in written scientific communications. The

minimum acceptable level of performance of a text -handling system for science is full reproduction of a scientific typescript.

2 1 2 Classes of symbols needed . The IUPAC definitions

for the display of physicochemical quantities show that the

complete Latin and Greek alphabets both in capital and small

letters are necessary. A variety of special signs are needed

to denote operations, relations, etc. Special relationships

among symbols (such as the use of superscripts and subscripts)

are prescribed. These have high information content.
The TUPAC definitions also show that typescript notations

are required to supply stylistic information for the typesetter in order to permit the following rules to be implemented.

Upright ( roman ) type is used for chemical formulas

(section 7,2, ref 4), units (section 3,1 ) and

mathematical operators (section 6),

Slanting ( italic ) type is used for symbols for

physical properties. These symbols are letters

of the Latin and Greek alphabets (section 1,5),

Vector quantities are printed in heavy (bold-face)

slanting type (section 1.5),

Superscripts and subscripts which are themselves

symbols for physical properties are printed in

slanting type. All others are printed in upright

type (section 1,6),

Typescript notations to meet the requirements of these

rules are discussed in section 4,3 of this paper.

The scientific typist needs two other classes of symbols.

The first is a set of line segments for ruling tables, representing structures of organic chemicals, producing flow

charts, etc. The second is a miscellany of marks ordinarily

used in preparing text, such as punctuation, currency symbols

and diacritical marks.

An automated system can usefully provide an additional

feature. This is a set of dots for plotting. These are

more likely to be used with computer generated data than by

a typist.

Figure 1 shows a set of symbols useful for science.

Figure 2 shows several diagrams subject to being keyboarded,

2 it - 3 Scientif ic communication . It has been a difficult

task to define symbols and terminology for science. This

task has occupied committees of the various scientific

unions for decades. These committees have been successful

- Figure 1 is a photographic reduction of original copy produced at 3:1 scale on a computer driven incremental plotter

using output from a typewriter simulator program. This design

tool is discussed further in Section 4,8,
SCIENTIFIC N0TATI9N

Latin and Greek Alphabets 86 symbols

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNQPQRSTUVWXYZ

abcde fghi j klmnopqrs tuvwxyz

a * r ha neirn*

u B 8t(t>yr)i£,K\uv v d p o t v u \ \jj ?

Arabic Numerals

1234567890

10 symbols

Mathematical Operators and Miscellaneous ^-60 symbols

( ) * [ ] '*av||^fnncD c3nU- <l§tl3-0#

Line Segments and Dots for Diagrams 20 symbols

/ / \ \ / ^ \ ^ I

USAGE: Letters may be upright (roman) and sloping

(italic) in light or heavy (bold) type. All

symbols may be used as superscripts and subscripts.

Scientific typescripts reflect this usage, e..g.

14

N +1N 2 R

£ = £*i AHf A(N0

3

)

Figure It Illustration of the notation employed in

scientific typescripts when the typist

has an adequate set of auxiliary type

characters for the typewriter.
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Figure 2 Diagrams . An electrical circuit diagram, chemical formulas,

mathematical display equations, a graph and a block diagram.

The first three (above) were produced as output on a computer

driven line printer. The remainder (following two pages) were produced on a teletypewriter operating under punched paper

tape control.
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9
STRUCTURE OF THE FAMILY 6F 8-BIT CODES

Control

Repertory,

79 Sets

CO,

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Single Additional

Control Characters

Represented "by ESC (F) or £££ 2/3 (F), 158

CI.

ES£ 2/1 (F)

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Repertory of Graphics

Encoded with Multiple

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Repertory of Graphics

Encoded Normally,

158 Sets

Designation of Sets of Graphics:

DO = £S_£ 2/8 or 2/12 (?) Dl = ESC. 2/9 or 2/13 (F)

D2 = ESC 2/10 or 2/14 (F)

D4 = £SJL 2/4 (F)

D3 = E2£ 2/11 or 2/15 (F)

Figure 2. (concluded)

10
in providing a carefully defined comprehensive notation. It

should be used*

Data centers should use this notation simply because it

is their mission to codify the results of scientific investigation. It is reasonable to expect them to lead the way in

standardizing the transfer of scientific information.

Specialists in automation and information exchange must

also consider these notational schemes. They are existing,

not projected, procedures. They show demands that may be

expected to increase in intensity in the future.

2.4 Summary . Science and technology transfer information

using systems of notation that are far more complex than

those required for newspapers, magazines and telegrams. 0n

the other hand, all except the last of these common media

for information interchange use symbolisms that are beyond

the de f ac to standard output provided by common computer

printers. The next section shows that the common computer

facilities are sub-standard.

3. The ISO Code for Information Processing Interchange

The International Organization for Standardization Code

for Information Processing Interchange, ISO R646, provides

for and is already widely used in telecommunications

[12, 13]. The American National Standard Code (ASCII-1968)

is a proper variant [5, 14], These codes and the doctrines

for their use are still under development. Revisions

are being considered, mainly to clarify matters of national

use and the "national option" positions. But none of the

proposed revisions would change the basic system upon which

the work reported here rests.

Today, the ISO Code is a 7-bit code (128 patterns) with

33 control functions, "space" and 94 (visible) printing

characters. The control functions provide for communication

needs: "enquire", "acknowledge", "end of transmission , etc; represent typewriter operations: "line feed",

"carriage return", "horizontal tabulation", "backspace",

etc; and include a few information markers: file, group,

record and unit separators. Each control function is carefully defined. We have found it possible to translate

unambiguously into the standard those important control

features of typewriters that employ other code schemes.

11
The 94 graphics characters ol the IS0 code are a slight

expansion of sets normally found, on typewriters for the Latin

alphabet. The set includes the capital and small Latin letters,

numerals, punctuation marks, mathematical operators and a variety of special symbols.

The IS6 code is shown in the left hand side of Figure 3a

starting with the character- NUL and continuing through the character DEL in the columns labeled through 7. It is suitable for

simple text. Since the bulk of most scientific papers is

simple text, the basic facilities of the IS0 code cannot

be spared. It is not possible to replace any usefully

large number of symbols of the basic set with ones more

useful for scientific work.

FIGUR E 3

A family of codes related to the ISA Information

Processin g Code . All are displayed in the same

arrangement. Columns 0-7 have the basic 7-bit

code, and columns 8-15 have extensions. These

two regions are arranged in the same manner:

columns and 1 (8 and 9) are for controls,

columns 2-7 (10-15) contain graphic symbols.

a. Japanese Industrial Standard Code ( 15 ]. The

extension (columns 10-13) provides Katakana

characters as an alternative set.

b. USSR Alpha-Numeric Code [16]. The extension

repeats columns 2 and 3 in columns 10 and

11. Cyrillic characters, columns 12-15 are

arranged to match their Latin equivalents

in columns 4-7 where possible (but with

capital Cyrillic overlaying small Latin

letters ). c. American National Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) and an extension

for library use. Columns 2-7 give the basic

ASCII set [14], The extension provides a large collection of diacritical marks and some

infrecjntly used letters. This combined set

is used as an 8-bit code by the U.S. Library

of Congress [17],

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15
3 . 1 Addi t ion of new graphi c symbols . In recent years

there has been considerable standards activity devoted to

extending this code while retaining the philosophy that

underlies its construction and control features. New

control features and new sets of graphics have been introduced. The right hand side of Figure 3a is an example of

new graphics [ 1 5 ]. This set includes the Katakana characters,

i.e. a Japanese syllabic script. The set illustrates the

principle: a new set of up to 94 graphics is introduced.

Members of this set are invoked in the Japanese Industrial

Standard 7-bit code by using an existing control, ShiftGut (S6). Shift-In (SI) restores the standard set. At

the present time techniques are being developed to permit

inclusion of larger sets of characters, such as that needed

to represent (more specifically, to encipher) Kanji (literally, "Chinese" ) by using two standard graphics to represent a single Kanji character.

Figure 3b shows another language extension, that for

the Cyrillic alphabet, taken from the national standard

for the USSR [16]. This illustrates a useful principle.

Wherever possible the corresponding Cyrillic and Latin

letters occupy corresponding positions in the table. Thus

a rough idea of a Cyrillic or Latin text can be obtained

from the output of a machine that can print only one side

of the table.

Figure 3c shows another example of extension. This

introduces a set of graphics desired by librarians. The

U.S. Library of Congress uses this code to distribute

bibliographic information on magnetic tape to an international clientele [17], 6nly 56 symbols are added.

Diacritical marks are emphasized.

3 f 2 Addi t ion of new controls . Means of extending the

repertory of controls are also under development. The

means anticipate the use of two techniques. Figure 3a, b

and c illustrate one technique, that of adding to the width

of a code to secure the 256 characters of an 8-bit code.

In an 8-bit code columns 10 through 15 (excluding the

positions 10/0 and 15/15) are reserved for graphic characters. Columns 8 and 9 are controls. Thus an 8-bit code

provides for the addition of 34 controls to those of the

basic standard code.

-*Here and in later sections of this paper, the positions

in code tables are designated by coordinates: column/row

16
The other technique is the use of a special code extension character, the meaning of which depends on how it

is used. In the 7-bit code this is Escape (ESC). Escape

is used as the first character of a sequence of two or more

characters which, as a unit, represent a single control

func t ion

.

The doctrines being developed for code extension provide

for various additional levels of complexity. 0ur concern

is only with the first level of extension, where the

doctrines are already being implemented in hardware and

software. For example, the important functions of Half

Line Feed Forward, Half Line Feed Reverse, Reverse Line Feed,

Clear Horizontal Tabulation Stops and Set Horizontal Tabulation Stops are available on stock teletypewriters [ 18]

where they are represented by two-character Escape sequences.

None of these controls is in the basic ISO set.

5.3 Code extens ion - general r emarks . Current

standardization work on code extension envisions a family

of 8-blt codes and extended 7-bit codes, in which each

member of the family retains the facilities of the basic

7-bit code as a subset [13], (This is similar to the

treatment of the keypunch and the common computer printer.

They are contained in and defined as a subset of the basic

7-bit code [ 19] ).

This concept of adding levels of complexity while

retaining standard subsets is crucial to the orderly development of general purpose facilities over a long period of time.

It is used today to assure a high level of correspondence

among national codes. For example, ASCII (columns 2 through

7 in Figure 3c) differs from the Japanese standard code (same

columns in Figure 3a) at only three positions: 5/12, 7/12,

and 7/14. The variations in Figure 3b also are minor.

Thus the bas ic ability to communicate among systems supporting the three codes shown (figures 3a-c) is assured. For

example, virtually all of the text of this paper could be

printed by any of them.

The examples of code extension discussed above emphasize

enlargement of the graphic character repertory, Clamons [ 20 ] has

published a summary of current work on character codes which includes a summary of proposals for extensions of the control repertory with some emphasis upon extensions intended to be useful in

cathode ray display devices. Clamons' paper includes a multicolored chart which provides a very convenient summary of the

inter-relationships among ASCII structured character codes.

17
4. A General Purpose Scientific Document Code (GPSDC)

Code extension, discussed in Section 3, has been used to

adapt the information interchange standard to the needs of

science. In effect, this converts the 7-bit code to an 8-bit

code and provides for up to 34 new controls and 94 new graphic

characters,

fLaJL The e xtended code. The set of characters proposed

here for use in documentation of scientific work is shown

in Figure 4. This proposal is a substantial revision of that

originally made [7] and is slightly different from the set

of graphics initially selected for installation on a printer

at NBS C 8 ]• The revisions and rearrangements have been made

on the basis of experience with the earlier set, certain

standards developments and comments received. They have been

made in the hope that they will increase the utility of the

code.

These 189 characters form a set of "primitive graphics'"

that are to be realized in hardware. The needs of science are

not met completely by these. They must be supplemented by the

techniques described in the following three subsections.

The best approximation of this set realized to date is

shown in Figure 5. This is a reproduction of the actual computer printed code table used in documentation describing the

facilities of the NBS Computer Services Center used to produce

Figure _4 General Purpose Scientific Document Code . This is an extension of

the ISO Code to meet the needs of scientific text. Columns 0-7

have the basic 7-bit code and columns 8-15 the extension. Compare

with Figures 3a, 3b and 3c. The new controls, in columns 8-9, are:

NL New Line

ECP Execute Control with Parameter

RLF Reverse Line Feed

HLR Half Line feed Reverse

HLF Half Line feed Forward

ESO Extended Shift Out

ESI Extended Shift In

ACP Accept Control Parameter

AGQ Accept Graphic Qualifier

TCG Terminate Composite Graphic

DTI Device Test 1 DT2 Device Test 2

DT3 Device Test 3

r* reserved for future assignment

18
GPSDC Code Table

Defining, Representation - 1972 November 10

10 11 12 13 14 15

NUL DLE SP a P

- P r* r* • d n 71

1 SOH DC1 t 1 A Q a q r * r*

- • e a

2 STX DC2

•• 2 B R b r r* r* - • / / P

3 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s r* r* f • / i J a

4 EST DC4 $ 4 D T d t r* r* n • A t 6 T

5 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u r* r* a - 3 T e D

B ACK SYN & 6 F V f V r* r* CD "V. i I V

7 BEL ETB i 7 G W 6 w r* r* 1 ^ r Q Y U

8 BS CAN ( 8 H X h X r* r* d sS \ n n X

9 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y NL r* 3 1 \ * t 4>

10 LF SUB * : J Z J z ECP ACP X - r u e i

11 VT ESC + i K [ k { RLF AGQ 's* " - ^ K §

12 FF FS i < L \ I 1 HLR TCG - - A \ X i

13 CR GS - -M ] m } HLF DTI - ~ •• ^ y 1

14 SO RS • > N

~ n

- ESQ DT2 - - II -

v -

15 SI US / ? 9 - o DEL ESI DT3 / l

a - o E0

<r 128mm

The design standard for GPSDC specifies monowidth spacing in metric

units for the basic set of 189 typewriter-like printing characters.

Character depth (vertical line spacing) is 4mm and character set width

(horizontal spacing) is 2mm. The defining representation implies

digi taliza t ion on a dot matrix with dots spaced 0.05mm on centers and

printing using dots with a fixed diameter lying between 0.1 and

0.15mm. The characters slant, 2/l5, and long dash, 10/l4, are,

respectively, a full diagonal and a full horizontal stroke in the

print window used to define the basic set.

19
NBS Computer Services

GPSDC Code Table

1972 Jul 7

1

1 22

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 12 13 14 1 5

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

12

3

NUL

S6H

STX

ETX

DLE

DC1

DC2

DC3

SP

j

it

12

3

A

B

P

R

V P r*

1 "1

r# D • a n

e

IT a q r* r* * • the a e b r

s

r* r* be . ob5 V $ p

C

D

E

S c r* r« pst • ob6 £ s a

4

5

EOT

ENCDC4 $ 4

5

T d t r* r* c sm • A t 6 T

NAK %

&

U e u r* r* « obi 3 T e V

6

7

8

9

A

B

AGE SYN 6 F V f V r# r* 00 ob2 Phi 1 phi V

BEL

BS

HT

LF

VT

ETB

CAN

EM

SUB

ESC

aps -7 G W g w r* r* 1 ob3 r fi r u>

(

)

8

9

H

IJ

X h X r# r* c ob4 ob7 n n X Y

Z

i

J

y

z.

r* r# D

] ob8 * i 4> * : ECP ACP X «* S u € <r

* K [ k { RLF AGQ ~ - - ^ K §

C FF FS s < L \ I « HLR TCG - - A \ A 1 D

E

CR GS - = M ] m } HLF DTI -1 = •• ? V- q

S0 PS • > N

*» n

„, ES6 DT2 — — II "

V

-

F SI US / ? 6 — o DEL ESI DT3 / i n bf o E<9

.

T Rendition set up for IBM 1416 Train Cartridge, flrder # G 83154-55,

for use on an IBM 1403-N1 Printer with features: (1 ) Universal

Character Set, (2) Wide Hammers and (3) 16 Lines per Inch Spacing.

See: NBS Tech. News Bull. 54 No. 2, 35 (Feb. 1970)

PL MSP, "meta space", use restricted, ESC 3/0 in 7-bits

E6, "Eight 0nes", use restricted, ESC 3/15 in 7-bits

r#, controls reserved for future assignment

Graphics not on this printer

aps, aDOstrophe, 10/7 prints instead

be, bracket cap

bf , bracket foot

csm, currency sign

obi - ob8, "octobliques", See: Gottardi, J. Chem. Doc. 1.0 75 (1970)

Graphics not on this printer as simple symbols but that can

be constructed

Phi, Greek $

phi, Greek f* pst, pound sterling sign, £

the, Greek 9

Figure 5. Approximation of the GPSDC table using an existing high

speed line printer.

20
the camera-ready copy for this Technical. Note. The character at

position 10/0, Meta Space, is considered a control not freely

available to the user as a notational device. The character is

discussed further in Section 4.9.

£i_2 Interna l Extension - Composi te S ymbo Is . Figure 6

displays examples of "composite" characters rendered by two

different printing mechanisms. Composites are important because they provide an "internal extension" to obtain additional

characters

.

Composites are overstrike combinations of two symbols, such

as combining a "less than" ( < ) and "low dash" (-) to make "less

than or equal" ( •* ) . This technique is commonly used for

accented letters. Here it is exploited more fully. Any pair

of symbols can be combined. The combination should have an

easily recognized meaning. The basic IS6 code document allows

for the use of this technique of combining two symbols in one

location to create a symbol with a different meaning. Backspace" is commonly used in this technique. Figure 6 shows only

a partial listing of the composite symbols presently being used

in GPSDC. By implication it indicates our practice of cataloging

composites in sets of 94 to allow for possible future developments which would treat our composite symbols as primitive

symbols in alternative sets of graphic characters to be invoked

using higher level code extension techniques [13],

4 1 3 Class Mo difications . Another "internal extension" is

class modification. Seven class modifications are specified.

These are produced by underscoring and/or overscoring with

dashes, waves, arrows and dots. These modifications apply

to all the symbols in the set, including the composites.

The meaning of a particular modification is not defined.

However, the most common use to date has been to indicate

several type faces. Class modification is the typescript

notation which provides the implementation of the stylistic

requirements, i.e. italic, bold face, etc., of the IUPAC

rules cited in section 2.

4 r 4 C ontrol Functions . The addition of two control

functions completes this code for science. These controls

are "Half Line Feed Forward" and "Half Line Feed Reverse".

These are vertical motions on a page. They permit placement

of superscripts and subscripts. As previously described,

these have already been introduced by some manufacturers in the

first level of extension of the control set for the standard

code by use of escape sequences.

21
a e N 9

<, I a e A s

z 2 a e n

/ 3 a e n

s 4 a e 6 11

t 5 9 » 8 D

-» S c G t u r 7 5 i u

L 8 c 1 9 u * 9 9 I 6 u

< A £ 1 HO 2

> A e T / 2

V A £ 1 6 17

A X E i n

V A E i § ±

~

A 5 T s

oa

Ve Sf ¥

s

r

r a e » s

2

3

a

Xe n tJ na % ft * 5

*a e 9 tJ * 5 * ? © tf

•» 5

7

C G u

Q e 6

Xu

*

s

*c T gItu

9 9 * o u

f \ £ t

Ifo z

t^ X

£ T * 1

£ o X E

n1 o A E i s

±

<sr 4 E i S

(A) (B)

FIGURE 6

Comoosi te symbols . Examples of new characters formed by overs triking pairs of characters from Figures 4 and 5.

a. Composites drawn by a computer driven incremental

plotter (see Section 4.8) using the preferred 2:1

print window, Figure 4 characters.

b. Composites as produced on the NBS line printer

showing the distortion caused by adoption of a 1.25:1 print window, Figure 5 characters.

22
4 t 5 Selection of graphic symbols . The general basis for

symbol selection has been otescribect in section 2. The required

techniques of using composite symbols and class modification

are explained earlier in section 4. A detailed defense of

each symbol is inappropriate here. The objective is to provide

a set in which there exists one form for each required symbol,

not the entire range of alternatives that could be used.

It is expected that the scientist who uses this system will

have to make some compromises. He does this now:

he must work within the set of symbols available to his

typist. We are confident that the code provides reasonable

solutions to all but the most abstruse problems of preparing a typescript.

4.6 Options in the IS6 C ode and in ASCII . Practical experience suggests that a graphic character set can be selected which will be found to be serviceable in non- scientific

applications, or at least in technical applications not originally contemplated. 6ur original emphasis on recording

scientific text may be unwarranted. This possibility is important to our computer center and probably to others.

For this reason, certain non-scientific symbols have

been included. The approach has been to incorporate symbols that may have alternative forms in the ISO and ASCII

codes. Thus, the extension includes the Pound Sterling

and the General Currency Symbol which are, in the

ISO code, proposed alternatives for the Number Sign (#) and

the Dollar Sign ($) in ASCII. A solid Vertical Line has been

substituted for the broken Vertical Line at 7/12 (Fig. 3c) in

anticipation of a revision of ASCII to correspond to international

practice.

4.7 Diagrams . A more important consideration is the

provision of an adequate set of rule segments for diagrams

and chemical structures. The set proposed by Gottardi [21 ] for chemical structures has been included iji t oto . This set

is, in our opinion, equally useful for many classes of diagrams. It should be considered very seriously by equipment

designers. The set of rule segments and plotting dots is

collected in columns 4' and 5' of the Shift Out set in Figure 7.

Taken alone they form a reasonable extension of the basic ASCII

set and could be realized on a Model 37 "Teletype" (which can

print 126 symbols).

23
1

Shift In Set

4 5

10

11

12

1?

14

IP

SOF

(eel)|

STX

(EEL)

t

ETX

(EEL)

EC3

(eel:

EPT

(EEL)

T

TV

FWQ NAK

(EEI) (EEL)

ACK

(EEL)

EEL

PS

FT

LE

VT

EE

CP

SO

SI

DIE

(EEL)

SP

EC1

:eel)|

EC?

:efd

EC4 (EElJ

SYI

(EEL)

ETP

(EEL)

CAN

(EEL)|

EW

(EEL)

f SUE

(EEL)

i ESC

ES

(EEL)

t

GS

(EELV

FS

(EEL)|

US

(EEL)

i

&

r

/

) r p

\

2'

cVi

7l

EEL

if t Out Se4' 5' 6' 7'

u

-

/ (EEL) (EEL)

1 1*\^ II (EEL) (EEL)

tl 2 - ^

'(EEL) (EEL)

# 3 • • (EEL) (EEL)

J 4

• ^

(EEL) (EEL)

% o ^

** (EEL) (EEL)

& 6 / • (EEL) (EEL)

t 7 / S

(EEL) (EEL)

( 8 \ • (EEL) (eel;

) g / ** (EEL) (EEL)

•H- • \ - (EEL) (EEL)

+ •

> n

1 (EEL) (EEL)

, < 1 (EEL) (EEL)

- u

I (EEL) (DEL)

• >

**"* ^ (EEL) (EEL)

/ ? \ ~

(EEL)

(EEL) indicates *no pa.^e printer response',

24

i.e. equivalent to Eelete.
4 1 8 Pfopo sect S tandard Pr int Window , The design of

a set of graphics suitable for the formation of composite

symbols and for the construction of diagrams requires the

consideration of compatibility in connection with almost

every member of the set. In the course of this work it

became clear that we needed to adopt some concept of a standard "print window" realizable in hardware. A print

window is the rectangular space within which a graphic

character is placed. For mono-width character sets of

the same size or font all symbols have the same print

window, although many of them occupy only a portion of it.

( Indeed, the space around a symbol is an important element

in its design.) For typewriting on single spacing, the

print windows fill a page. For two adjacent windows on a line the left edge of the second is the right edge of the

first. For two adjacent windows in a column the top edge

of the lower is the bottom edge of the upper. When subscripts and superscripts are produced by half-line spacing,

print windows may overlap vertically.

At present, the existing hardware (line printers, displays,

typewriters) shows considerable variation in character and

interline spacing. No one print window is applicable to

all. Different compromises must be made in the design of

a set of graphics. For example, existing computer line

printers employ the spacing used on the relatively uncommon

"pica" typewriters where the horizontal spacing is 10

characters per inch and the vertical spacing is 6 lines

per inch. In contrast, Gottardi achieved rational slopes

for rule segments by having his printer modified to space

10 half lines per inch. In his implementation a square

print window is used.

flur recommendation is neither of these. It is a print window with an aspect ratio of 2:1. It is further

specified that graphic characters may extend over the

entire height and width of the print window, although

FIGURE 7

An extended code set . 0ne hundred twenty-six distinct

characters. Columns 2' and 3' repeat columns 2 and 3.

The extension in columns 4' and 5' emphasize plotting

dots and rule segments. Figure produced directly on a Model 37 "Teletype".

25
10 20 30 40

I I I I

1 1

1

1 /

1

1 1 1 I

1

1

1

1

!

\ 1

1

1 1 ! : 1 1 1

1

1 1 1

1

1 1

1

1 1 1 1 1

1

1 1 + +

10

A

20 -

30 -

p :

40

50

eo

c -

^_Z_o_r

PO

•- +

+ +

•••i

• + •

•••*••• •••*•••

+ +— 40

+ -

20

10

-10

-20

-30

-40

I M I I 1 I 1 1 M I 1 I 1 ! I I I I ! I ! M I I 1 I I M I I I I I I I i

I -20 -10 10 20

1 Vertical

Ealf line

Space

1 Vertical

Half Line

Space

}<r -/i Horizontal Space/-

Figure 8.

window.

Binary specification of a symbol in the standard print

26
most of them do not. This 2:1 print window meets the

requirements for readable mono-width characters: It has

the same relative spacing as the common "elite" typewriter

(12 characters per inch horizontally, and 6 lines or 12

half lines per inch vertically). It also permits the use

of the set of rule segments specified by Gottardi,

0n typewriters one can secure printing over a full print

window so specified. However, this is not possible on any

existing computer line printer we have examined. For example,

in the case of the printer used to produce the copy for Figure 5

and the bulk of the copy for this Note the maximum permitted

vertical extent of a graphic character is 0.137 inch. Thus, in

adapting the GPSDC graphic character set to this printer we

introduced distortion by using a print window appropriate to 8

lines per inch vertical spacing (1/16 inch half line space) and

10 characters per inch horizontal spacing. The aspect ratio is

1.25:1. The resulting distortion is of no particular consequence in ordinary text. However, a comparison of the two

renderings of composite symbols in Figure 6 shows that cramping

in the vertical direction has led to printed composite symbols

which are not quite satisfactory. In addition, in carrying out

the distortion of symbols we altered the slopes of the

rule segments and the positions of the plotting dots.

Figure 2 suggests that this distortion will be of little

consequence in rendering some classes of diagrams. However,

it will be important in scale drawings such as Figure 8. We

feel that this compromise with existing hardware is a temporary expedient. The dimensional specifications of line

printers can be changed in future models if manufacturers so

choose. In any case alternatives to the common line printer

mechanism are available and are coming into more common use.

A part of our current program of work is the implementation of a convenient scheme for simulating a document

writer using a computer driven incremental plotter. The

driver programs make use of a catalog of digitalized graphic

characters. This effort is intended to produce a design

tool which can produce individual large scale drawings

of graphics of the kind suitable for documenting specifications

while, at the same time, being able to produce smaller

scale text so as to test the compatibility of the graphics.

In planning this portion of the work we have anticipated

certain advantages in having a catalog of symbol specifications which can be rendered on a document writer providing

27
only the printing facilities of GPSDC. Thus, we have chosen

to develop binary specifications of symbols as illustrated

in Figure 8. We describe these specifications as "binary"

because the symbol specification is rendered at large scale

by a dot - no dot scheme using the large centered dot at

position 11/0 in the code table.

This part of the work is in large measure an experiment to

help us better understand the implications of "registration" of

coded character sets. The notion of "registration" as an element

of the standardization process has been invoked at the USA

Federal [22] and the I S3 [23] levels. This whole paper, not

only the particular facility being discussed at this point,

speaks to the mechanisms of analysis, evaluation and documentation of the kind with which, it seems to us, any "registration

authority" would be concerned.

It is not possible here to give an account of all the

background considerations which led to the symbol cataloging

scheme chosen. Basically, we chose a compromise working

scheme which gives definitions somewhat more coarse than that

required to carry the full artistic burden of graphic arts

typography [24,25], fin the other hand the specification is

judged to be sufficiently fine grained to carry those elements of distinctiveness required for symbol recognition on

the part any human reading for content. In addition, when

prepared on a typewriter, Figure 8 has a scale of approximately 40:1. We have prepared input specification forms at

this same scale; it is a convenient one with which to work.

At this time it does not appear to be possible to define

a "best" choice for the absolute dimensions of Figure 8. For

the time being we are suggesting that the horizontal single

space shown in Figure 8 be taken 2 millimeters. This suggestion takes into account the effort to progress toward a

metric scheme for measuring typefaces as exemplified by a recently adopted British standard [26]. A.t present we are cataloging what could be described as typewriter style graphic

characters designed for monowidth spacing where the single

line spacing ("character depth" in the typographic standard

cited) is twice the character width. In Figure 8 the marks

labeled A, B, C and D indicate, respectively, the tops of

large letters, the tops of small letters without ascenders,

the base line for letters and the bottom of descenders on

those letters where they occur.

28
4 f 9 The M et a Spac e Character . When a user interacts

with a system through the interchange of printed text,

there is almost invariably a need to mix data text with

control text. There are many uses for visible flags and

delimiters. There is sometimes contention between systems

designers and users over the matter of reserved symbols.

The character Meta Space was introduced into the GPSDC

character set to aid in alleviating the problem of reserved symbols. System implementors are encouraged to

consider the following guidelines in devising uses for Meta

Space

•

( 1 ) When Meta Space occurs at a print position by

itself, i.e. not as part of a composite, it may be

treated as ordinary space or, perhaps, "required

space" to indicate that a textual element including

space is not to be broken in adjusting line lengths.

In manuscripts for processing by a typesetting program it may be used to represent "em space".

(2) When the need arises to define a visible control

or delimiter, Meta Space should be one of the components of a composite symbol assigned the required

meaning. For example, in one processing system used

at NBS, Meta Space plus Exclamation Point is used

as a Cc iimand Prefix. In this same system Meta Space

overstruck with a Question Mark is used as a locationspecific diagnostic error signal in system generated

printing.

( 3 ) flutput options should be used to control the

printing or suppression of Meta Space, composite

symbols involving Meta Space or commands delimited

through the use of Meta Space.

(4) The system designer must specify each proper use

of the Meta Space character. (188 printing characters

are available for recording data, only this one is

reserved for control purposes.

)

4 .10 Keystrokes versus Character s. In designing GPSDC

we have taken into account the developments which are leading

to economical solid-state logical components associated with

keyboards. We think, for example, keyboard operators will

not continue to nave to use two keystrokes to represent a

29
"New Line" through the successive actions of Line Feed ( LF

)

and Carriage Return (CR)« We expect modern keyboards which

emit standard codes to be augmented by character sequence

generators which will emit the proper sequences of characters

to represent frequently used functions. As a consequence we

have not, in general, equated "number of characters with

"number of keystrokes1

* in deciding which control functions

or symbols should be assigned as single characters in the

GPSDC code table.

5, Preparation of copy and input devices

The input process and the desirable characteristics of

input machines are described in this section. The discussion

is limited to the preparation of copy on typewriters. We have

not made a sufficient examination of cathode ray display

devices

.

5 it 1 Preparation of copy - the operator's view . The

basic mode of capture of text should be as similar to ordinary

typewriting as possible. The operator should be a scientific

typist, not a compositor. This reduces the need for special

training.

Free-form copy must be acceptable. It should be possible

to produce a page of copy that is exactly the same as the

final copy of the typescript of a scientific paper. When an

ideal machine is used this means that all symbols will appear

on the page clearly readable, i.e., with no ciphers, in their

proper positions, and without the introduction of visible

control information.

An input system may allow for highly stylized typing of

fragments of copy followed immediately by reformatting. This

is very useful in an interactive system. It should be an

addition to, not a substitute for, the basic free-form input

mode .

5,2 Preparation of copy - machin e processi ng requirements . It is assumed that the record produced by the input device

will be processed by a computer program. This is desirable

because the process can eliminate many restrictions on the

typing. Records can be cleaned up to correct errors recognized by the typist. Also the string of codes representing

a line of text can be put into a standardized sequence that

will simplify later processing, particularly information

retrieval. Computer processing will be necessary if the

30
input machine produces a code sequence other than IS0. This

translation should be accepted as a normal procedure.

It is mandatory that each keyboard action be encoded

in the record produced. These keyboard actions should be

sufficient to produce the full record.

5.3 Specific Features of typewri ter - 1 ike input machines . The important features for an input device are:

(1 ) A basic set of 80-94 graphic characters and the

normal set of controls that affect the position of

text on a page, e.g. line feed, carriage return,

space and tabulate.

(2) Gverstrike capability, e.g. backspace.

(3) Half line feed forward (down) and Half line feed

reverse ( up )

.

(4) Access to an alternative set of graphic characters

and control codes for them.

These features are listed in order of their importance. In

almost every case selection of an input device will require

some compromise. There is no device that matches GPSDC

perfectly, but good approximations can be found.

The basic se t of graphic characters . That set normally

supplied by manufacturers is acceptable but usually inadequate. If a choice is available, maximize the number of

those characters used frequently or those in the GPSDC set.

gverstrike capabi lity . This is useful for three purposes:

correction of errors (by substitution), class modification and

construction of composites. Since these composites may be

ciphers for non-available characters, overstriking is a very

powerful method for extending a basic set of characters.

Both corrections and composites are to be interpreted by the

processing program. Whenever possible, the input keyboard

operator should not be required to observe a prescribed sequence of operations in overstriking.

Half 1 ine f eed controls . These permit clean encoding

of superscripts and subscripts and make the entire set of

characters available in these positions. They are also needed

for diagrams. If a machine does not have these controls,

31
super- and subscripts must either be ciphered as composites,

or be included in the basic set. Both of these choices are

poor.

Alternative set of graphics . Access to a second set of

graphics permits clean text preparation for more complex

material. At times substitution of a second set is easy,

e.g. when typespheres are used. But even when the physical

act is difficult, the controls to invoke the alternate set

of graphics are useful. They should be of the type "Select

set X

n

, i.e. shift and lock, or "Select the next character

from set X", i.e. non-locking shift. The use of a single

control to alternate between two sets of graphics should be

avoided. The operator has no reliable method for restoring

a basic condition in case of error.

The choice of the alternative set should be made to

maximize the number of GPSDC characters.

5.4 Experience at NBS. The data centers that use the

GPSDC system have a variety of recording typewriters. They

differ considerably in their features and ease of operation.

The machines in use are identified below. The specific

features (section 5.3) that each has is shown in braces.

Friden "Flexowri ter" (circa 1961), {l , 2}, SCM (CDC) "Typetronic"

{1 , 2}, "Taxywriter" {l, 2, 4}, Dura (Itel) Model 1041 {l, 2, 3,

4}. IBM "MTST" {1, 2, 3, 4?}, IBM "MCST" {l, 2, 3, 4?}, "Model

37 "Teletype" {l , 2, 3, 4} • Other models of these machines may

have more features. We do not expect to have difficulty in

handling input from any typewriter that records on a standard

medium.

Selection of sets of graphic symbols has proved easiest

for the typewriters that use typespheres, e.g., the "Selectric" typewriters, and for the "Teletypes". This is simply

because the former provides 150-160 useful symbols with two

stock spheres and the latter can provide 126 characters in

its typebox,

Explicit control features for selecting alternative

graphic sets are not available on most of the machines

mentioned above. The practice has been to devote some unused

peripheral control function to this purpose. "Red ribbon

shift" is ideal for this purpose and has been used to advantage on "Teletypes" to indicate Greek, etc.

Overs tr iking, particularly for corrections, is so widely

used that a machine without this capability would be unacceptable in the data centers.

32
The use of keypunches to produce scientific text must

be mentioned. A complex coding scheme that makes a keypunch

simulate a typewriter {l , 2, 3, 4} was developed as an

emergency measure. To our surprise, this has been used

extensively, particularly in the editing of records.

6. Use of the GPSDC System at NBS

6±J. Impl emen tajtjjajq ., a text-handling system based on

the General Purpose Scientific Document Code has been in

operation since 1967. It is an experimental system* There

has been a constant need to refine the techniques used and to

improve the definitions of the system. The experimental nature

of the system has not daunted its users. They have employed

it for day to day production, and often have used it for tasks

not originally contemplated. They have written substantial,

programs for special applications.

The programs for the system are written in F6RTRAN. They

are used in batch mode on the NBS Univac 1108 under EXEC II and

EXEC 8 and previously ran on a CDC 3 100. The program deck

totals about 25,000 cards. Batch mode is employed, not out of

preference but because only it is available. Many of the programs would be applicable to an interactive mode.

The basic system provides for input from recording typewriters, keypunches and from magnetic tapes prepared either in

ASCII 1968 or by on-line text processing systems, such as the

IBM ATS. There are programs for editing, reformatting, search

and retrieval and for output to a line printer, a photocomposition

machine and to ASCII 1968 on magnetic tape.

6.2 Users and extent of use . Three data centers regularly

use GPSDC to prepare their files of information about their

specialties; thermochemistry, chemical kinetics and atomic

spectroscopy. 0ther groups have used the system to prepare books.

These users take advantage of two features: access to a line

printer for proof copy and access to a high speed photo-composition machine. The subject disciplines are statistics, diatomic

spectra, molecular structure, analytical chemistry, radiation

chemistry and crystal structure.

The total usage of the system is small when measured

against other automation. During the 12 months ending June 1970,

about 100 jobs per month were logged in by the NBS Computer

Services Center. The current (August 1973) rate of utilization

is about 150 jobs per month. This usage reflects the size of the

centers ( one to ten persons) and the work load they can handle.

33
6 1 3 Typical applications . The GPSDC system was designed

for recording, in machine- readable form, typescript records that

must be saved and referred to, but will not be published. Data

evaluation groups and information centers produce such records in

large Quantities as they scan the literature in their fields,

select some articles for retention and then abstract and index

them. Recording this information is the typical use of the

GPSDC system. An example is shown in Figure 9. Because of the

technical orientation of the centers, scientific notation is

mandatory.

There is a much larger class of records produced by any

institution: file copies of administrative memoranda and

actions. A simpler script and recording convention usually is

sufficient. But administrative and technical records merge in

documents such as annual reports on research accomplishments,

written for managers but inevitably containing technical

notation. Circumlocutions and awkward x spelling out' of

symbols are characteristic marks of these documents (and of

abstracts) written to fit within the limits of the simpler

scripts.

6^ Spec ia l a ppl icat ions . Several of these warrant

detailed description. They are evidence supporting our contention

that the printed scientific document can be prepared in GPSDC.

The Bulletin of Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry [27] is prepared using the GPSDC system. Three groups (two outside NBS

)

abstract and index current articles using a highly stylized form.

These records are sent to NBS on punched paper tape, converted to

GPSDC, returned for proofreading and then edited. The records

are processed for publication by programs that construct a bibliographic section and an index arranged by chemical formulas.

(The programs interpret the fomulas written in normal scientific

notation and assign the indexing sequence.) Since 1971 four

sections of the Bulletin (organic substances, organic mixtures,

inorganic substances and bibliography) have been photocopied

from output from the NBS line printer. The 1970 inorganic

substances section also was prepared in this way. In 1969,

GPSDC records for this section were printed via a tape driven

typewriter. A magnetic tape version of the 1971 Bulletin,

coded in ASCII 1968, has been produced from GPSDC records and

issued as NBS Magnetic Tape No. 4 [28],

Several books and journal articles have been produced.

"Tables of Molecular Vibration Frequencies", NSRDS-NBS 39

[29], was keypunched at the University of Tokyo and the cards

sent to NBS to be processed into GPSDC. Line printer copy was

34
BRI EF: FW/4569 Page 1 CHPLB- 1968-2-143 CKIC/1£403

AUTH: Brennen, W., and Shane, E. C.

TITLE: Pressure-Dependence of the Yellow Nitrogen

Afterglow Intensity

REE: Chem. Phys. Letters (Amsterdam) 1968 2 143

REACT: N + N + M -> N (a

3*

+

) + M

^(A3*/) + M -» ^(B3^) + M

^(B3^ ) + M -> N

2

+ M

^(B3^) -> ^ + h*

N

2 (A3*

U

+

) + M -> N

2

+ M

INDEX: Experimental: gas: Bond cleaved NN:

Bond formation NN: pressure: energy-transfer:

fluorescence: excitation: quenching: rate:

raditive: electronic: second -order:

chemiluminescence: nitrogen-molecule (product):

(a)

FIGURE 9

Da ta Center Records . Indexing record prepared

for the Chemical Kinetics Information Center,

NBS.

a. Input copy prepared on a Model 37 "Teletype'

Ciphers (overstrike combinations) are used

to encode Greek letters,

b. Line printer copy of the same record. The

ciphers have been interpreted.

35
4) - w

n <t

w vo 00 o -* cm ro * in vo

hJ

CM in co *4 <t oo CM vO

O ro

N

O ro <o a> CM

>> t-H •-4 <-H CM CM CM ro ro •* *• <* <* in 1 o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1

vO ro ro t o *• • <t 1-4 • in tt in »H ^s

in ^ tt +» • o U • M 4) 3 • u a 'H it *d o o 0J CM Mi 4) in dt c +* u • ed «d a • (4 CO (4 (4 ^ • +* >0 •H

in •H

O 1 tf tt 4> <* 55 »* tff ^

cl (4 fJ • ro 55 C 4) 3 • <t * 55 (4 •»4; "0 u • 1-4 4) £ (4 4) o • .-> i»^ t) c f-» <t CM (-» a 4) 4) c 1 i 1 • V «j > 4) t> a t GO o >H t> 3 4 tt 3 c • • vO b 4) 4) tr c

in 0> • V 0) f-»

U 4) ro •M w £ H a U 3 tt 4) « • 1 f 0) 4^ CD a 09 O • CO « S ci *d 0) (4 • I-) « <H < fc S c 4) h tt •H o a, c ^ <^ ro a u +> •H ro w <d PQ m a <d •H C u £ 4> >. (D 3 •»* H a • CO f (4 W CM A cv •• tt •H tt • c —i 4) ro 55 CM £, 55 (0 55 O u 4> -4 tj 0) (0 H < 55 0) 55 X +» U c •o +* >m> t t cf 4) C

4) <d c 0) 4> CM t C 4) 4) (A V "* J 55 2 CM 35 • t tt -* y

«J • a c « 55 .-» •* 4) 4) (0 ro a. » « M • t «J 4* y 4) i* a (0 t » d c tt c • i >> 2 ^ ^ c a 4) 4) M • Q> £ ^> <^ 4) u U > a

<u o> c (4 r-J ou 3 cf t* 3 E O CD -4 3

t* vO 0) 3 t*

W fc CM fc

W •«*: <H 4)

H ^-»

a) in c a> (4 t 55 ro ro 55 ro ro

u (4 ed •H

IX >* c <DV s < CQ PQ •< 0) *d •H

a

"v 4) « +» 4> >»<

w » w

w fta 3 t) 4) * h (4 <H JS CM CM CM CM X f-J 4) £

»* fa CQ a. < o 55 55 55 S 55 55

u CD <H (4

y

CDM

•H

b4 ttaH ^ W m j tt O M H H IX «<

OS » M

W

u

CD PQ < H

K

a

X!Wo

55

36
proofread in Tokyo and then returned for correction of the GP SDC

file and preparation for pho totypese tt ing • An example of the

final output is shown in Figure 10. A similar example, Figure 11,

is the preparation of tables of data on rates of reaction of

electrons in water solution [ 30 ], The input was from formatted

typed tables (on paper tape). The figure demonstrates successful conversion to printing in which there are stylistic complexities. These examples and others and the techniques used are

presented in more detail in reference [31

]

# The multivolume handbook "Crystal Data" [32] has been

prepared for printing by using this system in a special

manner. The original copy was keyboarded for one photocomposition machine ( Mergenthaler Linofilm). Later a decision was made to use another machine (Mergenthaler

Linotron) because a better printing and publication schedule

could be obtained. Linofilm records are converted to

GPSDC, proof copies made on the line printer and then the

corrected copy processed to drive the Linotron.

Conversion of other records from Linofilm coding has

been used to advantage by the Chemical Kinetics Information

Center. Several monographs on kinetics were keyboarded by

the U.S. Government Printing Office as part of the normal

publication process [33]. The machine-records were converted to GPSDC in order to add the contents of these handbooks to the magnetic tape file on kinetics. Proportional

spacing is lost in the conversion, but virtually all symbols

used by the compositors were converted properly. Probably,

Monotype records could be converted in a similar manner.

Two other examples of the use of "foreign" machine records

should be mentioned. Memoranda, technical typescripts and

bibliographies prepared using on-line text processing systems

are converted to GPSDC for long term storage. The American

Institute of Physics SPIN tapes, a current awareness service,

are searched at NBS for several data centers. These tapes

are ciphered to indicate upper and lower case, subscripts

and superscripts and use names for Greek and special characters. The retrieved material is converted in GPSDC, reformatted

to match the desires of each center and printed in clear text.

6.5 fine system for many users . All text handling tasks

are very similar in the demands that they make on a system.

This warrants a general approach in which modules of considerable flexibility are invoked at the various stages of input,

editing, reformatting, retrieval and printing. Flexibility

is important. By this is meant ability to handle a large class

of closely related variants of the same task. The special

37
Molecule: Chloroacetylene HCCC1

Symmetry C^ Symmetry number o- = 1 No. 148

Sym.

class No.

Approximate

type of mode

Selected

value of frequency

Infrared Raman Comments

<T

+

77

Vr,

CH stretch

C — C stretch

3340 B

2110 B

756 B

604 B

326 B

rm~ l (Gas)

3340 VS

2110 VS

756 VS

604 S

326 W

c/n -1

CC1 stretch CCH deg. deform

CCC1 deg. deform

References

[1] IR. W. J. Middleton and W. H. Sharkey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81, 803 (1959).

[2] IR. W. S. Richardson and J. H. Goldstein, J. Chem. Phys. 18, 1314 (1960).

[3] IR. G. R. Hund and M. K. Wilson. J. Chem. Phys. 34, 1301 (1961).

Molecule: Bromoacetylene HCCBr

Symmetry Cxv Symmetry number <r— 1 No. 149

Sym.

class No.

Approximate

type of mode

Selected

value of frequencyInfrared Raman Comments

o-

+

77

V:,

CH stretch 3325 B

2085 B

618 C

618 C

295 B

cm~ l (Gas)

3325 VS

2085 VS

618 VS

618 VS

295 W

cm" 1

SF(j/4 ). SF M.

C = C stretch

CBr stretch

CCH deg. deform

CCBr deg. deform

References

[1] IR. W. J. Middleton and W. H. Sharkey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81, 803 (1959).

[2] IR. W. S. Richardson and J. H. Goldstein, J. Chem. Phys. 18, 1314 (1960).

[3] IR. G. R. Hund and M. K. Wilson, J. Chem. Phys. 34, 1301 (1961).

FIGURE 10

Typographic Output . Photograph of a page from reference [32], Copy was prepared

using the GPSDC system and then translated

to the code system of a photo composition

machine.

38
Table 2. Reactions of e aq with water and transients from water

No. Solute and Reaction pH &(dm 3 mold's ') Method Comments Ref.

1.1 H 2 e:,+ H2 ^ H + OH"

8.3-9.0 (1.6 ± 0.1) x 10

1 p.r. computer anal.; contains 7 x lO^M H2

.

Hart. .66-0015

8.3 p.r. k detd. at 5-81°C to give

£.= 4.5 ± 1 kcalmol"'.

Fiel.67-0532

11 (2.2 ± 0.6) x 10

1 p.r. contains Ba(0H)2 and 4 x 10 M

formate ion; extrapolated to formate concn. = 0.

Swal68-0418

> 7 2.7 x 10' (rel.) y-r. c.k., assume fc(e^

q + N03 ") =

1.1 x 10 , soln. contains

3 x 10

s M NaNOs and 5 x 10"2 M

glucose; pressures up to 8.85

kbar.

Hent. 70-0056

1.2 D 2 ej+ D 2 ^> D + OD"

9.39 1.25 ± 0.5 p.r. computer anal., D2 soln. satd. with D2

.

Hart. 68-0025

1.3 e ^

- (6.5 ± 1.0) x 10' p.r. Dorf.63-0045

e:q + e.~, ^ H 2 + 20H" 13 5 x 10

9 p.r. Gord....63-0050

10.9 (4.3 ± 0.8) x 10

9 p.r. Cord.... 63-0073

13.3 (5.5 ± 0.7) x 10

9 p.r. soln. in equil. with 100 atm. H 2

.

Math. 65-0009

12 (6.3 i 1) x 10

9 y-r. steady-state method, soln. H2 -satd., method less reliable, k detd. at 10 - 93°C to give

£.= 5.2 ± 0.3 kcal mol"'.

Cott. 67-0109

11 6 x 10

9

i. phot. soln. H2 -satd. Schm.68-7143

12.7 5.0 x 10

9 (cor.) p.r. apparent change in k with pH

has been obs. Brus70-0749

1.4 ej + ej* D 2 + 20D"

13.4 6.0 x 10

9 p.r. computer anal., D2 soln. contains 5.7 x 10" M D2

.

Hart. 68-0025

1.5 H 10.9 ~ 3x 10'°

p.r. Cord. ...63-0073 e;„+ H ^> H 2 + OH" 10.5 (2.5 ± 0.6) x 10

10 p.r. soln. is in equil. with 100 atm. H2

.

Math. 65-0009

1.6 D

e^+ D ^> D 2 + OD"

9.39 (2.8 ± 0.2) x 10

10 p.r. soln. contains 4.5 x 10 M D2 in D2 0.

Hart.68-0025

1.7 OH 10.5 (3.0 ± 0.7) x 10

10 p.r. soln. contains only NaOH. Math. 65-0009 e.„+ OH -s> OH" 11 3x 10

10 p.r. Gord.... 63-00730

1.8 OD

ej +OD-> OD"

11.15 (2.8 ± 0.2) x lO

10 p.r. computer anal., D2 soln. of NaOD.

Hart.68-0025

1.9 0"

e."

q + "^> 2 OH"

13 (2.2 ± 0.6) x 10

io p.r. soln. in equil. with 50 atm. H2

, contains NaOH; not very

reliable value.

Math. 65-0009

1.10 0"

e."

q + o 2 -> o

2 " 11.1 1.3 x 10

10 p.r. d.k. at 650 nm(e~q

); computer anal.

Grue...71-0171

FIGURE 11

Tabulajr d ata . Typeset material from reference

[30], Original copy was prepared on a punched

paper tape typewriter in essentially the same

format using half-line spacing for superscripts

and subscripts and underlining to indicate

italics. Changes in type size and font, use

of inferiors and superiors and of rules were

introduced by editing the GPSDC copy.

39
applications presented by users of the GPSDC system have had

a major impact on design o-f modules. Each application has

revealed desires (or demands) that reflect the user's wish

to invoke the capabilities of the total publishing process,

human and machine, as opposed to printing. The users have

agreed to a general approach. They know that their next job

will require a variant. They also have learned that special

programmi ng on their part will be minimized.

The modular structure of the system is based on a clear

separation between devices, which may use any code formalism,

and archival representation in GPSDC. As soon as possible in

the work flow, the code stream from an input device is converted

to GPSDC. All processing is done on the GPSDC form. As late

as possible the records are converted for use on a specific

output device. Another design criterion is that individual

devices should be treated as members of a class the best of

which is slightly more powerful than any known members.

6ne result of this general approach is that all of the

input from typewriters is interpreted by one program, although six different types of machines have been used. Also,

records written originally in all capitals have been "marked

up" by textual substitution routines and then passed through

the same program.

All editing is done with one program package that operates

on GPSDC records. Interestingly enough, several parts of

this package are simply modifications of programs built by

others to operate on ordinary binary coded decimal (BCD)

records. The same is true for reformatting and information

re tr ieval

•

6^6 .General remarks . It has become clear to us from this ex- perience that the expanded code used in GPSDC presents no bar to

the development of a very extensive and flexible text-handling

system. Input can be accepted from a wide variety of sources.

Very different material can be edited and reformatted by common

programs. Any output device appears to be accessible. It

is also clear that an automated text processing system can

be written in a high level language, and be written by many

hands.

It is this experience that makes us confident that this or

a similar system, based on standard codes, can be used

profitably by data centers, both for their internal operations

and in cooperation with each other.

Our experience also causes us to suggest that formal and

informal associations of data compilers and users should increase

the level of their interaction with the groups formally charged

40
with the task of developing standards for automated data processing. We are particularly sensitive to the need for development

of flexible character string and character array processing

facilities in machine independent languages at the FORTRAN and

C0B0L level. It seems to us that the broad adoption of a basic

standard man-machine alphabet should make it possible for the

developers of machine independent languages to assume a standard

man-machine alphabet for data representation. However, in making

this suggestion we must emphasize that at present GPSDC has no

formal standing as a USA Federal, USA National or International

standard. As of today GPSDC is part of an experiment. Its present

users are aware that much of the GPSDC system is based on

proposed, not formally adopted, standards. We need more experience with broader classes of users, particularly in connection

with diagrams, before we will be completely confident about the

general validity of many of our ideas. In addition, we must reemphasize that this paper was restricted, primarily, to discussions of the extension of the graphic character repertory. A

major task ahead is the specification of additional controls

and the development of revised prescriptions for recording data

files on magnetic tape intended for interchange and dissemination

as publications.

If GPSDC or any alternatives are to become formally recognized

automated data processing standards, a significantly large body of

users must exist and the prescriptions of their standards must be

made known through proper channels. A number of potential channels exist.

Within the National Bureau of Standards the Institute for

Computer Sciences and Technology has the formal responsibility for

leading the development of standards for automated data processing. As a partial discharge of this responsibility it maintains

an index [34] which sets forth an outline of the IS0, ANSI and

USA Federal efforts in developing standards for automated data

processing. This index provides a good starting point for people

interested in learning more about the formal processes of standards development.

Acknowledgements

The work reported here has been a continuing effort at

synthesis under the restraints of developing standards. Some

very important sources of certain of the ideas and concepts

included in the synthesis have not been cited directly. It is

a pleasure to acknowledge the benefits we derived from our

study of the work of Feldman [35], Klerer [36], Mullen [37]

41
and Anzelmo [38], We are particularly indebted to the "Late

Janes: R. Mullen for heloful criticism of our earlier work.

During the later phases of the work one of us ( DG ) was able

to examine a very important development at National Diet Library (Japan) [39] that provides a keyboard device for up to

5000 primitive characters spread over 14 fonts plus a number of

complex symbols created using overstrike techniques. The system

includes provisions for typesetting. This development demonstrates even better than we can that much larger character sets

than those presented here can be handled successfully in an automated environment when the needs of the user are compelling.

In the actual implementation of hardware involving the

design of type characters the assistance and advice provided

by Carl Lucas of IBM Endicott and Paul Simms of Teletype Corp.

was indi spensible.

A number of colleagues and former colleagues at the

National Bureau of Standards have made important contributions.

Mrs. C. Messina and Messers. W. Evans, C. Albright, R. Chandler, R. McClenon, I. Soroka and R. Thompson have added special

programs and assisted in a number of phases on systems maintenance. Mr. A.. Weissberg's support was essential particularly in

the early phases of the work and he made significant technical

contributions to the design of the Taxywriter [6]. Mr. J. Hilsen'

rath has encouraged the use of the system and made many of the

special applications possible.

A special note of appreciation is due Mrs. C. Seymour and

Miss E. Hoffman who used the GPSDC system to prepare the typescript of this publication. The continuous participation of

typists as experimenters has proved to be one of the most useful

features of our program.

42
7- Ref erences

[l] International Organization for Standardization ( IS0),

Rec ommendati on P 31

"Part II: Quantities and units of periodic and

related phenomena" (Feb, 1958)

"Part III: Quantities and units of mechanics" (Dec. 1960)

"Part IV: Quantities and units of heat" (Dec. 1960)

"Part V: Quantities and units of electricity and

magnetism" (Nov. 1965)

"Part VII: Quantities and units of acoustics (Nov 1965)

"Part XI: Mathematical signs and symbols for use in

physical sciences and technology" (Feb. 1961 ) American National Standards Institute,

1430 Broadway, New York, New York,*

[2] International Organization for Standardization, "Rules for

the use of units of the International System of Units

and a selection of the decimal multiples and sub -mul tip les

American National Standards Institute, New York, New York.

[3] International Union of Pure and Applied Physics,

Commission on Symbols, Units and Nomenclature,

"Symbols, units and nomenclature in physics" Document

ULP 11 (SUN 65-3) 1965.

[4] International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,

Commission on Symbols, Terminology and Units, M. L.

McGlashan, chairman, "Manual of Symbols and Terminology

ror Physi cochemical Quantities and Units", Pure and Applied

Chemistry 21 . 3 (19^1).

[5] "Proposed Revised American Standard Code for Information

Interchange", Communications of the ACM 8, 207 (1965).
[6] "Modified -tape-recording typewriter", Nat. Bur. Stand. Tech.

News Bull. 50 No. 7, 118 (July 1966).

[7] "The Document Image Code", Nat. Bur. Stand. Tech. News

Bull. 52 No. 4, 86 (April 1968).

[8] "Prototype General Purpose Scientific Document Writer

Installed", Nat. Bur. Stand. Tech. News Bull. 54 No. 2,

35 (Feb. 1970).

[9] University of Chicago Press, A Manual of style . 12th ed.

rev. 19 69 Chicago, III.

[10] American Institute of Physics, Style Manua l . 2d ed. 1959,

rev. 1969 New York, New York.

[ll] American Chemical Society, Handbook for Authors . 1st ed.

1967 Washington, D. C.

[12] IS6 Technical Committee 97, Subcommittee 2 on Character

Sets and Coding, "Proposed Revision of IS6 Recommendation

R 646, 7-bit Coded Character Set for Information Interchange

ISO TC 97/SC 2 Document 566 (1971), American National

Standards Institute, New York, New York,

[l3] ISO Technical Committee 97 Subcommittee 2 on Character

Sets and Coding, "Third Draft IS6 Proposal for Code Extension Techniques for Use with 7-bit Coded Character Set of

IS6/646", IS0 TC 97/SC 2 Document 562 ( 1971 ), American

National Standards Institute, New York, New York.

[14] American National Standards Institute, "Code for Information

Interchange", ANSI Standard X3. 4-1 968, New York, New York.*

[15] Japanese Industrial Standard Committee, "Japanese Industrial Standard Code for Information Interchange"

JIS C 6220-1969, Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo.

[16] USSR Committee on Standards, Measures and Measuring

Equipment of the Council of Ministers, USSR,

"Computers and data transmission equipment alphanumeric codes". G0ST 13052-67 Moscow 1968.

44
[ 1 7] American National Standards Institute, "American National

Standard for Bibliographic Information Interchange on

Magnetic Tape", ANSI Standard Z39. 2-1971 New York, New York

[ 18] Teletype Corporation, "Model 37/300 Automatic SendReceive Terminals", Teletype Model 37, Product catalog

37 CAT 5M469, Skokie, Illinois 60076.

[ 19] American National Standard Institute, "American National

Standard Hollerith Punched Card Code" ANSI Standard

X3. 26-1 970 New York, New York.

[20] Clamons, E.H., " Character Codes: Who Needs Them?",

Honeywell Computer Journal 5, 14.3 ( 1971 ).

[2l] Gottardi, R. , "A Modified Dot-Bond Structural Formula

Font with Improved Stereo-chemical Notation Abilities"

J. Chem. Documentation 1_0 75 ( 1970).

[22] Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), "implementation of the Code

for Information Interchange and Related Media Standards",

Fed. Info. Process. Stand. Publ. (FIPS PUB.) No. 7 (1969).

[23] International Standards Organization, "Procedure for

the Registration of Escape Sequences" IS0 Draft

Recommendation 2375, American National Standards

Institute, New York, New York.

[24] Hershey, A. V, preparation of Reports with the Fortran

Typographic System, Tech Note TN-K/27-70, US Naval

Weapons Laborat o ra to ry , Dahlgren, Va . (1970),

[25] A.H. Phili ps , Computer Periphe rals and Typeset t ing , Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London, 1968.

[26] British Standards Institution, "Specification for Metric

Typographic Measurement", B.S. 4786:1972, London.

[27] Bulletin of The rmodynami cs and Thermochemist ry No, 12

(1969), No. 13 (1970), N0. 14. (1971), No. 15 (1972), No. 16

(1973), University of Michigan Publication Distribution

Service, Ann Arbor, Michigan

45
[28] McClenon, R. , Evans, W. H., Garvin, D. and Duncan, B. C.,

"Description of the Magnetic Tape Version of the Bulletin

of Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry, No. 14 ( 197 1 )"

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Tech. Note 760 (1973).

Idem . "Magnetic Tape Version of the Bulletin of Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry No. 14 (1971)", Nat. Bur.

Stand. (U.S.) Magnetic Tape 4 (1973) (available from

Nat. Tech. Information Service as C6M- 73- 1 0627 ).

[29] Shimanouchi, T., "Tables of Molecular Vibration Frequencies

Consolidated Volume i" , Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. - Nat.

Bur. Stand. 39 (1972).

[30] Anbar, M. , Bambenek, M. and Ross, A. B., "Selected Specific

Rates of Reactions of Transients from Water in Aqueous

Solutions", Nat. Stand. Pef. Data Ser. - Nat. Bur. Stand.

43 ( 1973).

[3l] Thompson, R. C. , Messina, C. G. and Hilsenrath, J.,

"Case Studies in Source- Automation of Technical Publications at the National Bureau of Standards", unpublished

NBS working paper.

Hilsenrath, J., Messina, C. G, , and Shimanouchi, T.

,

"Source Automation of Tables of Molecular Vibration

Frequencies", unpublished NBS working paper.

Messina, C. G. , "SETDIC-ALGRID " , unpublished F0RTRAN

programs for converting GPSDC to "Linotron" driver records.

[32] Donnay, J.D.H. and Ondik, H. M., general editors,

Crystal Data Determinative Tables 3rd edition. Nat. Bur.

Stand, and Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards,

Vol. I (1972), Vol. II (1973).

[33] Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Series - Nat. Bur. Stand. ( U. S.

Government Printing Office, Washington).

The volumes converted were NSRDS-NBS 9, 20, 26 and 31.

[34] Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S. ), "Federal Information Processing

Standards Index", Fed, Info. Process. Stand. Publ.

(FIPS PUB.) No. 12 (1971),

46
[35] Feldman, A., Holland, D.B., Jacobus, D. P., "Survey of

Chemical Notation Systems", J. Chem. Documentation

3, 188 ( 1963 ).

[36] Klerer, M. and May, J., "An Experiment in a Use r-6rien ted

Computer System", Communications of the ACM 7, 5 290 (1964)

[37] Mullen, J.M., "Atom Typewriter Input for Computerized

Storage and Retrieval of Chemical Structures, J. Chem.

Documentation 7, 88 (1967),

[38] Anzelmo, F.D,, "A Data-Storage Format for Information

System Files", IEEE Trans, on Computers C-20 . 39 (1971),

[39] "Kanji and Computer" Nat, Diet Library Newsletter No, 32,

June 1971

,

*IS6 Documents, are usually available from the standardization

organizations in member nations.

- U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1974---542-653/132

47

NBS-114A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NB§ TN-820

2. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITI

Complete Clear Text Representation of Scientific Documents

in Machine-Readable Form

5. Publication Date February 1974

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

B. C. Duncan and D. Garvin

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

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16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less [actual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) Science and technology use a large variety of symbols to represent physical

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Data centers that codity and evaluate physical properties need to use this

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The use of this extended character code by computer oriented data centers

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17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons) Graphic character sets ; information analysis centers;

information interchange codes; recording typewriters; scientific computer

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