### Report series SMED and SMED&SLU Nr 7 2004

Swedish Methodology for Environmental Data



# Emissions of particles, metals, dioxins and PAH in Sweden

Karin Kindbom, Curt-Åke Boström, Anna Palm, Tina Skårman and John Sternbeck IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute

Jörgen Fagerlund, Tomas Gustafsson and Irene Linder Statistics Sweden, SCB
May 2004

Assignment for Swedish Environmental Protection AgencyReport title: Estimated emissions of NMVOC in Sweden 1988-2001 Authors: Karin Kindbom, Curt-Åke Boström and Tina Skårman, IVL, Tomas Gustafsson and Marja Talonpoika, SCB Year of publication: 2004 Publication at: www.smed.se Title: Report series for SMED Publisher: SMHI Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Address: Folkborgsvägen 1, 601 76 Norrköping, Sweden Start Year: 2004 ISSN: 1652-4179

SMED är en förkortning för Svenska MiljöEmissionsData, och är ett samarbete mellan IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet, SCB och SMHI. Samarbetet inom SMED inleddes under 2001 med syftet att långsiktigt samla och utveckla kompetensen inom emissionsstatistik kopplat till åtgärdsarbete inom olika områden, bland annat som ett svar på Naturvårdsverkets behov av upprätta ett svenskt datavärdskap för utsläpp till luft. Målsättningen med SMED-samarbetet är att utveckla och driva nationella emissionsdatabaser och att tillhandahålla olika tjänster relaterade till dessa. Kundbasen är tänkt att omfatta både nationella, regionala och lokala myndigheter samt luft- och vattenvårdsförbund och näringsliv. Dessa kan genom samarbetet inom SMED erbjudas en attraktiv återföring av resultat inom ett större område än tidigare. Konsulttjänster kommer att utvecklas både för nationella och internationella uppdrag.

SMED is an abbreviation for Swedish Methodology for Environmental Data which is based on a collaboration between IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SCB Statistics Sweden and SMHI Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. The work co-operation within SMED commenced during 2001 with the long-term aim of acquiring and developing expertise within emission statistics. SMED fulfils the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency’s requirements for a Swedish air emission data centre. In particular, the work focuses on following the introduction of abatement measures for different sectors. A central objective of the SMED collaboration is thus to develop and maintain national emission databases and offer related services. Potential clients include national, regionaland local governmental authorities, air and water quality associations, and industrial representatives. In workcoperation with SMED, an implementation of results in a wider perspective is achieved. Consultant services will be developed for both national and international assigments.

# Table of contents

1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. ........... 3

2. GENERAL METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 3

3. PARTICLES.................................................................................................................... ................. 4
3.1. M ETHODOLOGY AND EMISSION FACTORS FOR PARTICLES 

### .............................................................. 5 3.2. E STIMATED NATIONAL EMISSIONS OF PARTICLES 

### ........................................................................... 5
4. METALS....................................................................................................................... .................... 7
4.1. M ETHODOLOGY AND EMISSION FACTORS FOR METALS 

### ................................................................... 7 4.2. E STIMATED NATIONAL EMISSIONS OF METALS 

### ............................................................................... 7
5. DIOXINS...................................................................................................................... ................... 11
5.1. M ETHODOLOGY AND EMISSION FACTORS FOR DIOXINS 

### ................................................................ 11 5.2. E STIMATED NATIONAL EMISSIONS OF DIOXINS 

### ............................................................................. 12
6. PAH .......................................................................................................................... ....................... 13
6.1. M ETHODOLOGY AND EMISSION FACTORS FOR 

### PAH ..................................................................... 14 6.2. E STIMATED NATIONAL EMISSIONS OF 

### PAH-4............................................................................... 15 7. STATIONARY SOURCES WITHIN THE ENERGY SECTOR (NFR 1) ............................... 16
7.1. E NERGY STATISTICS 

### ..................................................................................................................... 16 7.2. E NERGY STATISTICS AS ACTIVITY DATA FOR STATIONARY COMBUSTION 

### ..................................... 17 7.2.1. Thermal values........................................................................................................... ........ 17 7.2.2. Stationary combustion in Energy Industries, Manufacturing Industries and Construction (NFR 1A1a and 1A1b)............................................................................................................ .......... 18 7.3. E MISSION FACTORS FOR STATIONARY COMBUSTION 

### ..................................................................... 21 7.4. E MISSIONS OF PARTICLES FROM STATIONARY SOURCES 

### ............................................................... 22 7.4.1. Particles from handling of solid fuels (NFR 1B1c)............................................................ 25 7.4.2. Particles from catalytic cracking at refineries (NFR 1B2a iv) .......................................... 26 7.5. M ETAL EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES 

### .......................................................................... 27 7.6. D IOXIN EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY COMBUSTION 

### ................................................................... 32 7.6.1. Dioxin emissions from large-scale biomass combustion (NFR 1A1a)............................... 33 7.6.2. Dioxin emissions from residential wood stoves ................................................................. 34 7.6.3. Dioxin emissions from large-scale municipal waste incineration (NFR 1A1a)................. 34 7.6.4. Dioxin emissions from large-scale coal combustion (NFR 1A1a) ..................................... 35 7.7. PAH EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES 

### ............................................................................. 36 7.7.1. PAH emissions from large-scale biomass combustion....................................................... 37 7.7.2. PAH emissions from small-scale wood combustion........................................................... 38 7.7.3. PAH emissions from large-scale municipal waste incineration......................................... 39 7.7.4. PAH emissions from large-scale coal combustion............................................................. 39 7.7.5. PAH emissions from small-scale coal combustion ............................................................ 40 7.7.6. PAH emissions from coke production (NFR 1B1b)............................................................ 40 8. MOBILE SOURCES (NFR 1)....................................................................................................... 40
8.1. A CTIVITY DATA FOR FUEL CONSUMPTION OF MOBILE SOURCES 

### ................................................... 41 8.1.1. Fuel statistics .......................................................................................................... ........... 41 8.1.2. Allocation of gasoline consumption on end-use activities ................................................. 42 8.1.3. Allocation of diesel consumption on end-use activities...................................................... 43 8.2. E MISSIONS FROM COMBUSTION OF FUELS IN MOBILE SOURCES 

### (NFR 1A3).................................. 45 8.2.1. Particle emissions from mobile sources, combustion of fuels............................................ 45 8.2.2. Metal emissions from mobile sources, combustion of fuel................................................. 49 8.2.3. Dioxin emissions from road traffic .................................................................................... 49 8.2.4. PAH emissions from road traffic........................................................................................ 50 8.3. E MISSIONS OF PARTICLES AND METALS FROM ROAD ABRASION AND TYRE AND BRAKE WEAR 

### ..... 52 9. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (NFR 2).......................................................................................... 53
9.1. A CTIVITY DATA FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 

### ............................................................................... 53 9.2. E MISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 

### .................................................................................... 54 9.3. M INERAL PRODUCTS 

### (2A) ............................................................................................................ 56

## 2 9.3.1. Particles from cement production (2A1)............................................................................ 56 9.3.2. Particles and dioxins from lime production (2A2)............................................................. 58 9.3.3. Metals from battery manufacture (2A7)............................................................................. 59 9.3.4. Particles, metals and dioxins from sinter and pelletizing plants (2A7).............................. 59 9.3.5. Particles and metals from glass production (2A7)............................................................. 64 9.3.6. Particles and metals from glass and mineral wool production (2A7)................................ 64 9.3.7. Particles and metals from mining and extraction of non-iron mineral ore (2A7).............. 65 9.3.8. Particles from construction activities (2A7) ...................................................................... 66 9.4. C HEMICAL INDUSTRY 

### (2B)........................................................................................................... 67 9.4.1. Particles from carbide production (2B4)........................................................................... 67 9.4.2. Mercury from the chlor alkali industry (2B5).................................................................... 68 9.4.3. Mercury from sulphuric acid production (2B5)................................................................. 69 9.4.4. Dioxins from chemical industry (2B) ................................................................................. 69 9.5. M ETAL PRODUCTION 

### (2C)............................................................................................................ 70 9.5.1. Particles, metals and dioxins from the iron and steel industry (2C).................................. 70 9.5.2. Particles and metals from ferroalloys production (2C) ..................................................... 73 9.5.3. Particles, metals and dioxins from primary and secondary non-ferrous metal smelters ... 74 9.5.4. Particles and PAH from primary aluminium production (2C) .......................................... 77 9.5.5. Dioxins from secondary aluminium production................................................................. 80 9.6. O THER PRODUCTION 

### (2D) ............................................................................................................ 80 9.6.1. Particles, metals, PAH and dioxins from the pulp and paper industry (2D1).................... 80 10. SOLVENT AND PRODUCT USE (NFR 3)................................................................................. 84
10.1. E MISSIONS FROM SOLVENT AND PRODUCT USE 

### ........................................................................ 84 10.1.1. Particles and PAH from tobacco smoking (3D)................................................................. 85 10.1.2. Particles from the use of fireworks (3D)............................................................................ 86 10.1.3. Dioxin from the wood preservation industry...................................................................... 87 11. AGRICULTURE (NFR 4) ......................................................................................................... .... 87
11.1. A CTIVITY DATA FOR THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 

### ................................................................... 88 11.2. E MISSIONS OF FROM THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 

### (4G) .......................................................... 89 11.2.1. Particles from storage and handling of fertilizers ............................................................. 89 11.2.2. Particles from storage and handling of agricultural crops ............................................... 90 11.2.3. Particle emissions from livestock farming ......................................................................... 90 12. WASTE (NFR 6)............................................................................................................... .............. 91
12.1. E MISSIONS FROM INCINERATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE 

### (6C)................................................. 92 12.1.1. Mercury, PAH and dioxins from cremation....................................................................... 92 12.1.2. Dioxin emissions from other hazardous waste................................................................... 93 12.2. O THER WASTE 

### (6D)................................................................................................................. 94 12.2.1. PAH from cooking processes (barbecuing, frying)............................................................ 94 12.2.2. Particles and PAH from garden burning, bonfires and forest fires ................................... 95 12.2.3. Dioxin emissions from landfill fires ................................................................................... 9 6
13. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORK.......................................... 97

14. REFERERENCES ................................................................................................................ ......... 98

15. APPENDIX 1 EMISSION FACTORS ....................................................................................... 104

16. APPENDIX 2 ESTIMATED EMISSIONS 1980-2001 ............................................................. 125

## 3 

# 1. Introduction

Sweden has signed the protocols on long-range transboundary air pollutants (LRTAP), and as a consequence of this, emission estimates are to be reported annually to the Economic Commission for Europe (UN ECE), according to EB.AIR/GE.1/2002/7, Draft Guidelines for Estimating and Reporting Emissions Data (UNECE, 2002). National emissions of SO 2 

## , NO x 

## , CO, NMVOC and NH 3 

## have been reported extensively in the past, but emissions of particles, heavy metals, PAH and dioxins have, with a few exceptions not been included.
In 2002 SMED, Swedish Methodology for Environmental Data, was given the task by the Swedish EPA to compile time series of emissions of TSP (Total Suspended Particulate matter), PM 10 

## , PM 2,5 

## , heavy metals, PAH-4 and dioxins in Sweden. The objective was to compile data from 1980-2001 for each substance, to be included in the submission of national emissions to UNECE/LRTAP in February 2003. Emission figures in the submission were, however, reported at a rather aggregated level, and details of the sources included and how the estimates were made were not provided. The purpose of this report is to provide background information on the emissions estimation methodology, emission factors and the origin of the emission factors and activity data used in the estimates. For some sources and substances only limited infomation on national emissions or emission factors was available, and therefore suggested international default emission factors were used in those cases. Further work is needed in order to reduce the uncertainty in these estimates and to verify that emission levels are relevant to Swedish conditions.
The study includes all relevant sectors, but the focus has been on sources, which account for the larger shares of the national total emissions of the covered compounds. Due to lack of data, not all sources and substances are covered for the entire time period. This report, however, presents more data and estimated emissions than was submitted to UNECE/LRTAP in 2003. For example, in the 2003 submission to UNECE/LRTAP, heavy metals were only reported for the period 1990-2001. In this report estimated metal emissions from certain sources during the 1980 ́s are presented, as well as discussions on sources and substances where, due to gaps in knowledge, roughly calculated emission levels are still too uncertain to be officially submitted.



# 2. General methodology

The general method for calculating emissions from a certain source is to multiply relevant activity data with an emission factor, according to the equation:

E=AD*EF
Where E= emission, AD= activity data and EF= emission factor.
This kind of information is, however, not always available, thus a large range of different sources of information had to be used in order to derive the data needed to perform the calculations, unless emission data as such were readily available.
In order to compile time series of emissions of particles, heavy metals, dioxins and PAH in Sweden a wide range of background material and information sources was used. This

## 4 consisted of national information, such as national official statistics, older reports of compiled emission data, information from trade associations and individual facilities, reports from emission measurements, research reports and information from and discussions with experts. In addition to the national information, other sources of information was the Joint EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook (EEA, 2001), suggested emission factors for particles from the CEPMEIP project (Coordinated European Programme on Particulate Matter Emission Inventories, Projections and Guidance, TNO, 2001), international research reports and relevant publications from other European countries.
For stationary combustion within the energy sector, emission factors were derived for all substances and subsequently used together with activity data from the official national energy statistics to calculate emissions.
Estimated emissions from road traffic were based on activity data in a national Swedish model (EMV), while for other mobile sources information on activity originates from various national administrative bodies (e.g. the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration, the National Administration of Shipping and Navigation) or were derived from national fuels statistics. Emission factors used were either nationally derived or as suggested in international literature.
For the sector industrial processes a large proportion of the information consists of emission estimates, which combined with production statistics permits the development of time series of emissions. In order to calculate emissions of PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## , where information is very scarce, expert judgements were used in most cases on the fractions of PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## of total TSP. For some processes national statistics and emission factors for particle emissions suggested by the CEPMEIP-project was used.
For the sector solvent and product use and the agricultural sector, in most cases, national statistics on activity was used in combination with internationally suggested emission factors, while emission estimates for the waste sector mostly were based on national information on activity together with published emission factors from various

sources. In this report NFR codes (Nomenclature for Reporting) for each source are given, as defined in the Draft Guidelines for Estimating and Reporting Emissions Data (UNECE, 2002) and used in the submission of national emission estimates to UNECE/LRTAP. This was done to facilitate the reading for those who are familiar with these guidelines. Other readers may just overlook this information.



# 3. Particles

Particles are emitted to air from a large variety of sources, such as combustion activities, industrial processes, automobile tyre and brakewear, road abrasion and as diffuse emissions from handling of raw materials and products. The current estimates cover emissions of TSP (total suspended particulate matter), PM 10 

## (particles of size <10 μm) and PM 2.5 

## (< 2.5μm). National information making it possible to estimate emissions of TSP has been available for most sources, while information on the fractions of TSP, as PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## , almost did not exist. In order to make the estimate of particle fractions, the Co-ordinated European Programme on Particulate Matter Emission Inventories,

## 5 Projections and Guidance (CEPMEIP, TNO 2001) was used as a reference to a large extent.

3.1. Methodology and emission factors for particles

Particle emissions arising from combustion in the energy sector have been calculated using the emission factors presented in Appendix 1. The energy statistics is, as is further discussed in chapter 7.2, not of as good quality from the 1980 ́s. For the 1980 ́s it is not possible to separate the emission sources according to the requirements for reporting. Emission estimates for the 1980 ́s based on the energy statistics, are therefore only presented as total estimates from stationary sources. Activity data used in the emission estimates for the different sources are described in the specific chapters below.
Emission factors have for all sectors been compared to those compiled in the UNECE CEPMEIP-project. Where no national information was available, emission factors from the CEPMEIP project, applicable to conditions around 1995, were used. When national information on TSP-emissions or emission factors were available, the partitioning of particle emissions on PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## were for several sources derived from the CEPMEIP project.

3.2. Estimated national emissions of particles

Particle emissions, as TSP, PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## , have for most sources been compiled for the entire time series 1980-2001, but due to the conditions of the energy statistics in the 1980 ́s source specific estimates are not reported for stationary combustion. For one of the most important sources of particle emissions, residential combustion of wood, reliable statistics are not available for conditions during the beginning of the 1980 ́s.
The most important sources of particle emissions in Sweden are:

• Energy production, where combustion of wood for residential heating contributes the larger share

• Particle emissions from mobile sources, including both emissions from combustion of fuel and emissions from road abrasion and automobile tyre and brake wear

• Emissions from industrial processes

• Particle emissions from the agricultural sector
Estimated national emissions of TSP, PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## by sector are presented in Figures Figure 3.1 through Figure 3.3. According to the calculations emissions of particles in Sweden have decreased substantially from the mid 1980 ́s until 2001.

## 6 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000 20000019801982198419861988199019921994199619982000ton TSP 1A4b ii Residential plants 1 Energy, except 1A3 and 1A4b ii Sum of remaining sources 4 Agriculture 2 Industrial processes 1A3 Mobile sources



### Figure 3.1 Estimated national total emissions of TSP from different source categories, 1980-2001 (ton TSP).

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000 20000019801982198419861988199019921994199619982000ton PM10 1A4b ii Residential plants 1 Energy, except 1A3 and 1A4b ii Sum of remaining sources 4 Agriculture 2 Industrial processes 1A3 Mobile sources



### Figure 3.2 Estimated national total emissions of PM 10 

### from different source categories 1980-2001 (ton PM 10 

### ).

## 7 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000 20000019801982198419861988199019921994199619982000ton PM2.5 1A4b ii Residential plants 1, Energy except 1A3 and 1A4b ii Sum of remaining sources 4 Agriculture 2 Industrial processes 1A3 Mobile sources



### Figure 3.3 Estimated national total emissions of PM 2.5 

### from different source categories 1980-2001 (ton PM 2.5 

### ).



# 4. Metals

Heavy metals are emitted to air from combustion processes as well as from other processes. One important source is of course metal production, but for certain metals other sources may dominate the national emissions. The metals included, as required by the Draft Reporting Guidelines (UNECE, 2002), are As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn. The estimated national total emissions of each of these metals are presented by sector in the figures below, and further discussed in the following chapters.

4.1. Methodology and emission factors for metals

Activity data for combustion in the energy sector has, as for all substances, been the national energy statistics. For other sources, mainly industrial processes, activity data or emission figures have been compiled from various types of information sources, e.g. information from trade associations, from individual facilities and from earlier reports on emissions of metals in Sweden. Emission factors for metals from stationary combustion have been compiled based on various literature sources and expert judgement (Chapter 7.3). Emission factors for metals from industrial processes usually were developed from available data on activity and reported emissions at plant level, subsequently used on national activity data to calculate emissions.

4.2. Estimated national emissions of metals

The metals that have been covered in the inventory are As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn. For Se, selenium, only emissions from stationary combustion within the energy

## 8 sector have been estimated. For other sources sufficient information was not available to estimate emissions of Se. Time series of national metal emissions were compiled for the period 1990-2001, but additional information for earlier years is discussed and presented in some of the chapters on individual sources below.
In Figure 4.1 through Figure 4.8 the estimated national total emissions of metals are presented by sector. Important sectors vary between the metals, but for all metals process emissions from metal production (NFR 2C) contribute significantly. The estimated emissions from individual sectors are discussed further in the specific chapters below.
For Ni, a change in energy statistics method for refineries 2000 and 2001 is visible in Figure 4.6. The presented emissions of Cd, Cu and Zn from mobile sources are estimated emissions from automobile road abrasion and tyre and brake wear, while the Pb emissions from mobile sources originate from combustion of leaded fuel.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton As Other industrial processes Metal production Energy production



### Figure 4.1 National emissions of Arsenic (As) 1990-2001 (ton).

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton Cd Mobile sources Other industrial processes Metal production Energy production



### Figure 4.2 National emissions of Cadmium (Cd) 1990-2001 (ton)

## 9 0 5 10 15 20 25199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton Cr Other industrial processes Metal production Energy production



### Figure 4.3 National emissions of Chromium (Cr) 1990-2001 (ton).

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton Cu Mobile sources Other industrial processes Metal production Energy production



### Figure 4.4 National emissions of Copper (Cu) 1990-2001 (ton).

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton Hg Waste Other industrial processes Metal production Energy production



### Figure 4.5 National emissions of Mercury (Hg) 1990-2001 (ton).

## 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton Ni Other industrial processes Metal production Energy production



### Figure 4.6 National emissions of Nickel (Ni) 1990-2001 (ton).

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton Pb Mobile sources Other industrial processes Metal production Energy production



### Figure 4.7 National emissions of Lead (Pb) 1990-2001 (ton).

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton Zn Mobile sources Other industrial processes Metal production Energy production



### Figure 4.8 National emissions of Zinc (Zn) 1990-2001 (ton).

## 11 

# 5. Dioxins

Polychlorinated dioxins and furans, referred to as dioxins in this report, are formed unintentionally as a result of several industrial and combustion processes. The production of dioxins is strongly dependent on certain physical and chemical conditions. For instance, temperatures between 200 oC and 600o are optimal and the chlorine must be available (e.g. Ahlgren and Marklund, 2001). Whether organic chlorine is more efficient than inorganic chlorine in forming dioxins has been the scope of several studies. Results so far are inconclusive. Dioxin formation is favoured under conditions of incomplete combustion. Formation and emissions of dioxins are therefore difficult to predict quantitatively, since incomplete combustion is typical for uncontrolled processes. In Sweden, a general awareness of the problem with unintentional production and emission of dioxins appeared during the mid 1980 ́s.
An inventory of Swedish dioxin emissions to air was made for 1993 but is unpublished (deWit, unpubl.). This study is referred to and summarised in e.g. Ahlgren and Marklund (2001) and in UNEP (2001). That inventory also serves as a starting point for the data on Sweden in the European Dioxin Inventory (EDI). Several activities in the 1993 inventory are presented with intervals rather than a single value. Using their highest estimates, these are the potentially most important sources, given in declining order:

• landfill fires

• primary iron and steel plants

• secondary iron and steel plants

• woodfired stoves

• secondary production of aluminium and copper

• biomass power plants

• lime

• municipal waste incineration

• cement kilns

• pulp and paper mills

• combustion of oil and coal

• road traffic

• foundries

• cremation

• ferries, aircraft

5.1. Methodology and emission factors for dioxins

From 2001 on, all facilities emitting more than 0.001 g TEQ/year to air are required to report annual emissions in their Environmental Reports. Such information is public in Sweden. Previously, such measurements covered only a few industrial categories and facilities.
Although annual emissions from individual facilities may be based on a few spot tests, we consider them frequently to be more reliable than data obtained using generic emission factors. Therefore, when reported emissions are considered reliable we use those data for indiviudal facilities in a certain source category. When not, emissions are calculated using activities and emission factors for each source category.

## 12 There are several systems for converting amounts of dioxins to their toxic equivalents (TEQ). If a value is presented in one system, it cannot be recalculated to another system without access to data on all congeners. In the European Dioxin Inventory, it is stated that the difference between these systems is negligible compared to the inherent uncertainties in all the underlying measurements. Thus, we have adopted this approach.
Several compilations of dioxin emission factors are available, although substantial crossreferring occur, e.g.:

• UNEP (2001) Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases- draft. UNEP Chemicals, Geneva, Switzerland

• USEPA (1997) Locating and estimating air emissions from sources of dioxins and furans.

• The European Dioxin Inventory

• EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook (EEA, 2001).
In addition, there are several reports on national inventories that contain emission factors, e.g. Finstad et al. (2002) for Norway, and Hansen (2000) for Denmark. When emission factors were required, these and other sources were considered. As far as possible, care was taken to select representative values by considering, e.g., type of flue gas cleaning, type of fuel and impurities etc.

5.2. Estimated national emissions of dioxins

As for all other substances, emission estimates based on the energy statistics from the 1980 ́s are uncertain, which is evident in Figure 5.1, especially for the years 1980-1985. Although the energy statistics are uncertain, an increase in dioxin emissions from energy industries (NFR 1A1) in the early 1980 ́s would be expected, caused by increased combustion of municipal waste during these years. The substantial decrease in dioxin emissions from energy industries from approximately 1985 to the beginning of the 1990 ́s is primarily due to regulations of emissions leading to introduction of abatement techniques for the combustion of municipal waste. During the 1990 ́s and until 2001 the most important sources contributing to dioxin emissions are combustion in energy industries and in manufacturing industries, emissions from metal production and the source “other waste”, which consists of estimated emissions from landfill fires.

## 13 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 20019801982198419861988199019921994199619982000Dioxin, gTEQ 6 D Other waste 6 C Waste incineration 2 D Pulp and paper production 2 C Metal production 2 A Mineral products 1 A 3 Road Transport 1 A 2 Manufacturing Industries 1 A 1 Energy industries



### Figure 5.1 National total emissions of dioxins (g TEQ) 1980-2001. The dioxin emissions from Energy Industries (1A1) primarily arises from municipal waste combustion.



# 6. PAH

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is the collective name for a large group of chemicals, which all have in common that they consist of two or more ring structures, where at least one ring has the structure of a benzene. Figure 6.1 shows four examples of commonly occurring PAHs.

Naphtalene Anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene Phenanthrene



### Figure 6.1 Molecular structures of four PAHs commonly occurring in the environment. 

## Just like dioxins, PAHs are predominantly formed during incomplete combustion processes and are emitted to the air both from stationary and mobile sources. Previously identified emission sources include e.g. traffic, small-scale residential heating, i.e. wood-burning, and industrial processes such as aluminium production (e.g. Finstad et al., 2001). Emissions of PAHs are generally associated with emissions of soot and particles. PAHs are semivolatile, and as such they can occur either in the gas phase or in the particle phase of the atmosphere. The partitioning between the two phases is controlled by factors such as substance-specific vapour pressure, air temperature, the particle content of the air, and the properties of the particles themselves. PAHs are mainly associated with fine particles (less than 10 μm), for which EU has recently

## 14 adopted an air quality directive (1999/30/EC, amended by Commission decision 2001/744/EC).
Historically, it has not been possible to separate different PAHs from each other, due to analytical difficulties. Thus they have been reported as “total PAH” or “sum of PAH”, without any further information about which substances were included in the chemical analysis. Today, broad knowledge exists on the different toxic and physical-chemical properties of different PAH substances, and it is generally conceived that separation of individual substances is necessary.
The UNECE POPs Protocol specifies that the following 4 PAHs should be used as indicators for the purposes of emission inventories:

• benzo(a)pyrene

• benzo(b)fluoranthene

• benzo(k)fluoranthene

• indeno(123cd)pyrene These four substances belong to the heavier molecules in the PAH group and to those regarded as the most carcinogenic.

6.1. Methodology and emission factors for PAH

The current emission inventory comprises the four substances specified in the UNECE POPs protocol (BaP, BbF, BkF and Ind, hereafter referred to as PAH-4). It should be noted, however, that the selected substances often occur at low concentrations when compared to more volatile PAHs. Thus, this inventory should not be regarded as a complete emission inventory for PAHs. The main purpose at this stage is to establish an emission reporting system, where updating of individual figures can be done relatively easily, and to estimate current and past emissions of the four prioritised substances. Once established, more substances can be included, and data can be updated.
The Emission Inventory Guidebook (EEA, 2001) suggests emission factors for different source types for benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and typical profiles for the four substances BaP BbF, BkF and Ind are given, as are identified important emission sources. It is, however, emphasised that there might be regional differences to this general pattern. The possible emission sources that have been treated/investigated in this emission inventory are listed below. For some of these sources, it was concluded that emissions are likely to be so low, that further investigation was not necessary. For others, however, emissions have been regarded as significant, and thus emission factors have been sought.

• Energy production

- wood combustion

- coal combustion

- municipal waste incineration

• Industrial processes

- aluminium production

- coke production

- iron- and steel production

• Mobile sources

- road traffic

## 15 • Other sources

- forest fires

- garden burning

- lawn mowers

- cooking (frying, barbecuing)

- cigarette smoking As mentioned earlier, emissions of PAH have traditionally been reported as a sum, thus it is often difficult to obtain information on emissions of individual substances. In this inventory, we have used environmental reports produced by individual companies as far as possible and based emission factors on emissions given in these. Where emission data were lacking, factors have been taken from the literature. Local or national data have been used where possible. If emission factors were obtained only for BaP, these were combined with the profiles given by EEA (2001) for the given source in order to obtain factors for all four substances.

6.2. Estimated national emissions of PAH-4

According to the current inventory, the most important source of emissions of PAH-4 is by far combustion of wood for residential heating (Figure 6.2). Other important sources are metal production (i.e. primary aluminium production), stationary combustion in energy industries and in manufacturing industries and from coke production at primary iron- and steel plants. Emissions of PAH from mobile sources, which have been suggested to be important, have not been submitted due to very disperse infomation on emission factors. This issue is discussed in more detail in Chapter 8.2.4.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 7019801982198419861988199019921994199619982000ton PAH-4 1A4 Residential plants 2 C Metal production 1B1 Coke production 1 A 2 Manufacturing industries 1A1 Energy industries Remaining sources



### Figure 6.2 Estimated national total emissions of PAH-4 1983-2001 (ton). Data for metal production only from 1984-2001, from coke production from 1987-2001).

## 16 

# 7. Stationary sources within the Energy sector (NFR 1)

7.1. Energy statistics

Since 1980 the Swedish energy system has changed substantially. The dependence on fossil fuels (oil and coal), both for heating purposes and in industry has decreased during the last 20 years. During the period 1980-1990, the production of electricity from nuclear power plants increased from 26 TWh to 68 TWh. Due to surplus of electricity in Sweden during 1985-1995 (low price) conversion from oil and coal to electricity heating became common for residential heating. New built houses were also equipped with direct heating by electricity as standard. Another factor for this decrease in fossil fuel uses were the building of district heating systems in most cities. Many of the district heating plants use bio fuels today (wood chips, bark). Incineration of municipal waste is also common in district heating plants (5 TWh in year 2000). During the years 1990-2000 the district heating continued to increase. The use of heat pumps both in district heating plants and in residential houses has increased since 1985. In the manufacturing industry the combustion of oil products has decreased from 1980 until 2000 and has to a large extent been replaced by bio fuels.
The largest sectors in stationary combustion in Sweden today are district heating (50 TWh, Figure 7.1), combustion in manufacturing industry (96 TWh from combustion, Figure 7.2, presents total energy consumption in industry, including electricity and district heating) and combustion in the commercial and residential sector (35 TWh from combustion, Figure 7.3).

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

197

0

197

1 1972 1 973

19

74 197 5

1976 1 977

1 978

19

79

198

0

198

1 1982 1 983

19

84

198

5

1986 1 987

19

88

198

9

1990 1 991 19 92

1 993

19

94

199

5

1996 1 997

19

98

199

9

2000TWh Waste heat Heat pumps Electricty Biofuels Coal Natural gas Oil products



### Figure 7.1 Energy supply to the Swedish district heating sector, 1970-2000.

## 17 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

197

0

197

1 1

972

1 973

1 974

197

5

197

6

19

77

19

78

19

79

1980 1981 1982 198

3

198

4

198

5

1 986

1 987

1988 1989 1990 19

91 19 92

19

93

1 994

1 995

199

6

199

7

199

8

19

99

20

00TWh Coal Bio fuel District heating Electricity Natural gas Oil products



### Figure 7.2 Energy consumption in Swedish industry, 1970-2000.

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

197

0

19

71 1972 197

3

19

74

1 975

197

6

19

77

1 978

1979 19

80

1 981 1982 198

3

1 984

1985 1 986

1987 198

8

19

89

1990 199

1 19

92

1993 199

4

19

95

1 996

199

7

19

98

1 999

2000TWh Other fuels Bio fuels, peat etc District heating Electricity Oil products



### Figure 7.3 Energy consumption in commercial and residential buildings, 1970-2000.



## 7.2. Energy statistics as activity data for stationary combustion

7.2.1. Thermal values Statistics Sweden has compiled thermal values for each fuel type based on information from the users. All thermal values refer to net calorific values. Most thermal values are

## 18 calculated on the basis of chemical qualities and are considered to be of high quality. For some fuel types (coal, coke oven gas and blast furnace gas) the thermal value varies for different years, due to varying properties of the fuels. Hence the uncertainty of the thermal value for coal, coke oven gas and blast furnace gas is larger than for other fuels. No specific information on thermal values was available for the 80’s and the thermal values for 1990 have therefore been used also for the 1980 ́s.

7.2.2. Stationary combustion in Energy Industries, Manufacturing Industries and Construction (NFR 1A1a and 1A1b) Emissions of particles, metals, PAH, and dioxins from stationary combustion in Energy Industries, Manufacturing Industries and Construction are estimated by using data on fuel consumption from Statistics Sweden, department of Energy Statistics. Both quarterly and yearly mail surveys are carried out to estimate the industrial fuel consumption. The methodology for these surveys has varied over the time period 1980- 2001. To achieve total national estimates the quarterly statistics is adjusted. The changes in methods of collection of data that have occurred primarily influences the possibility of correctly allocating the fuels and fuel use to the different sub-categories, according to the requirements for international reporting of emissions. The national total estimates are however considered being of high quality. The changes in collection methods are briefly explained below, and summarised in Table 7.1.
Statistics on fuel consumption for electricity and heat producers (SNI 40, Swedish Standard Industrial Classification, i.e. NASE 40), e.g. heating plants and combined power and heating plants etc., were based on total surveys for all years 1980-2001, and is thus consistent for this time period.
Statistics on fuel consumption for industries (SNI 10-37) for the years 1980-1996 were based on total surveys to all companies with more than 4 employees the years 1980- 1989 and to all companies with more than 9 empolyees the years 1990-1996. All years 1980-1996 were reported by working unit 1 

## . Adjustments were also made using additional data from quarterly statistics of fuel consumption to achieve better national fuel type coverage.
Statistics on industrial fuel consumption for 1997-1999 were based on yearly surveys. The survey method was altered to include consumed fuels from all economic activities 2 

## in companies with at least 50 employees and a stratified sample of companies with 10- 49 employees. The sample was stratified according to industry sector and company size within each SNI-classification. Adjustments were made to reach yearly national estimates.
Statistics on industrial fuel consumption for the year 2000 was again based on a yearly total survey on purchased fuels for all working units in companies within SNI 10-37 with more than 9 employees.
For the year 2001 the statistics on industry fuel consumption was based on the same type of survey sampling as for the years 1997-1999, i.e. companies with at least 50 employees and a stratified sample of companies with 10-49 employees. However,

1 

### Factory, plant etc. 2 

### Company level, can include several work units or parts of them.

## 19 instead of economic activities, working units were surveyed. Adjustments were made to reach yearly national estimates.
Before 1996 the industry survey had focus on economy, not energy – only purchased fuel was included in the mail surveys. From 1997 focus has changed towards energy consumption, including also own-produced fuels. This should imply more accurate background data on energy use. On the other hand, between 1997 and 1999 the survey was a sample survey and thus sent to fewer companies than before. This could of course result in larger uncertainties in point estimates. However, the surveys for all years are considered to give high quality information on national total consumption, and possible mistakes, when the sample survey is adjusted, are marginal. Due to differences in survey methodology, time series relating to specific sub-sources are considered to be of worse quality.

Table 7.1 Methodology for fuel consumption survey of industry (SNI 10-37) for the years 1980-2001.

Year Survey sampling Included areas Adjustments Quality

1980-2001 Quarterly sample survey to all consumers of more than 325 toe. Working unit: All fuel use. Adjusted to reach yearly national estimates. Good survey quality. Changes in coding during the 80’s complicated the data processing.

1980-1989 Yearly total surveys to all companies with more than 4 employees. Working unit: only purchased fuels, quantity and economical value. Using additional data from the quarterly survey. Good.

1990-1996 Yearly total surveys to all companies with more than 9 employees. Working unit: only purchased fuels, quantity and economical value. Using additional data from the quarterly survey. Good quality for economical value. Less good quality of quantity.

1997-1999 Yearly surveys to companies with at least 50 employees and a stratified sample of companies with 10-49 employees. Economic activity:purchased + ownproduced fuels. Adjusted to reach yearly national estimates. Good for national estimates, less good for sub sources.

2000 Yearly total survey to all companies with more than 9 employees. Working unit:purchased + ownproduced fuels. No adjustments needed. Excellent.

2001 Yearly survey to companies with at least 50 employees and a stratified sample of companies with 10-49 employees. Working unit:purchased + ownproduced fuels. Adjusted to reach yearly national estimates. Good.



## As a result of the changes in methods of compiling the national energy statistics, especially the data for the 1980 ́s are uncertain when trying to allocate them to the code systems required for the international reporting of emissions. This is evident in the

## 20 results of the calculations on emissions that have been made. Figure 7.4 shows that, apart from the very varying estimates in the early 1980 ́s, there also seem to be a shift in total emissions from stationary sources between 1989 and 1990. Considering the changes in compilation of energy statistics, and the uncertain results, emission data arising from using the energy statistics as activity data before 1990 are only presented further for some sources for illustrative reasons in this report.

0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000 14 000 16 000 18 000 20 00019801982198419861988199019921994199619982000ton TSP 1 B 2 a Oil

1 B 1 c Other, fugitive emissions, solid fuels

1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation

1 A 4 c i Agriculture/forestry/fishing Stationary

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries 1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production



### Figure 7.4 Estimated emissions of TSP from stationary combustion 1980-2001 (except residential combustion).



## Special comments on energy statistics relating to refineries, iron-and steel production and residential combustion For refineries as well as for primary iron- and steel plants the data in the energy statistics are sometimes not consistent between years. Fuels, e.g. oil in refineries and coal or coke in primary iron and steel processes, can be used both as fuel for the purpose of energy production, but can also be considered as raw material for the process. Possible causes for a non-consistent reporting of energy consumption from these industries are different definitions of the fuel use when answering questionnaires to the statistical offices. Additionally, the definitions may in turn be different when it comes to emission calculations according to the Guidelines for reporting. In the Guidelines the main issue is that care has to be taken not to double count or omit any emissions calculated from these fuels. The international reporting permits emissions either to be allocated as emissions from combustion in the energy sector (NFR 1), or as process emission in the industrial processes sector (NFR 2).
Due to additional information from refineries concerning fuel consumption in later surveys, the results for 2000 and 2001 are not comparable to earlier years. This has resulted in higher calculated emissions from refineries from combustion allocated within the energy sector in 2000 and 2001, as compared to earlier years.

## 21 In the primary iron and steel industry, inconsistencies in reporting the use of coal and coke as an energy source or as raw material for the process have resulted in comparatively lower estimates from combustion in the energy sector from this source in 1997-1999.
Energy statistics for the 1980 ́s and especially for the early 1980 ́s are not of as good quality as later data, as has been mentioned above. For wood used in the residential sector, no usable data before 1983 exist.

7.3. Emission factors for stationary combustion

The emission factors developed for calculation of emissions of particles, metals, dioxin and PAH from stationary combustion are based on information from many different sources. Historically the focus in Sweden, as in many other countries, was to estimate the emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. Emissions of other substances have only been studied, estimated and updated sporadically in national inventories.
In the beginning of the 1980 ́s a large research project concerning many aspects of combustion of coal for power generation started in Sweden, known as “Kol Hälsa Miljö” (Coal Health Environment). During that project a lot of information was compiled regarding emissions of different substances from coal combustion, but also from combustion of other fuels. Other national research programs also started during that time period, concerning combustion of municipal waste (Energi ur Avfall, Energy from Waste), the use of peat (Torv Hälsa Miljö, Peat Health Environment) and natural gas (Naturgas Hälsa Miljö, Natural Gas Health Environment). Emission factors used in the present compilation of time series of emissions, for the period 1980–1990, are to a large extent based on results from these research programs. The information in these reports are in many ways still usable for estimating emission factors after 1990. As an example, the results from the elementary analysis of different fuels are of great importance and also the presentation of different abatement techniques.
From approximately 1990 until present date, the specific emissons have decreased for most of the stationary combustion sources. The cause for this is the technical development of abatement measures in combination with regulations and requirements from authorities. Installation of electrical precipitator or bag house filters has, as an example, become standard on large combustion sources. This primarily reduces the TSP emission. Combustion of MSW (municipal solid waste) also became strictly regulated, and as a consequence of that, flue gas cleaning equipment of different types was installed to reduce the emissions, primarily of dioxins and mercury. In the district heating sector installation of flue gas condensation equipment has become common since the beginning of the 1990 ́s. The reasons for implementing this technique is to increase the heat output, but it also reduces the emission to air of many substances.
The emission factors developed for conditions during 1990-2001 are based on knowledge on the technical development and the general effects of that, as mentioned above. The effects of this general development has been combined with information from companies legal Environmental Reports, where actual emission factors can be derived, and information from trade associations where experts have contributed their specific knowledge on the different sectors where combustion occurs. Since the energy statistics used for calculation of national emissions is only split into a few areas of use, e.g. combustion in energy industries, combustion in manufacturing industries, and

## 22 “other”, the available information had to be generalized to be used in the emission calculations. From the different information sources general emission factors were thus developed for combustion of individual fuels, split into only a few areas of use.
The most difficult task, with the least available information, was concerning the development with time of the particle size fractions of the emissions of TSP. The emissions of TSP have for a long time been reported from different sources, including stationary combustion, in Enviromental reports. With the common knowledge regarding cleaning efficiency of particles with different abatement techniques (cyclones, electric precipitators, textile filters etc.) the fraction of PM 10 

## and PM 2,5 

## in TSP after a cleaning equipment can be estimated. Generally, for most particle emission sources, the fraction of smaller particles have been assumed to increase with time. This is known to be the case, considering the introduction of abatement measures, which predominantely removes the larger particles from the flue gases. The CEPMEIP project was used as a reference for suggested conditions in the mid 1990 ́s.
All emission factors for TSP, PM 10 

## , PM 2.5 

## , the nine metals, dioxins and PAH-4, used to calculate emissions from stationary combustion are presented in Appendix 1.
The published information sources that were used to develop emission factors for stationary combustion are collected as a special reference list at the end of the report.

7.4. Emissions of particles from stationary sources

The NFR sector 1, Energy, includes stationary combustion sources, mobile sources and fugitive emissions from fuels. The methods for estimating emissions from mobile sources are presented in chapter 8, while stationary combustion sources and fugitive emissions from fuels both are presented in this chapter.
Emissions of particles from stationary sources within the energy sector were calculated based on fuel statistics and emission factors (Appendix 1). The single dominant source is particles emitted from wood combustion in the residential sector. The total emissions of TSP from stationary sources in the energy sector are presented in Figure 7.5 for 1980-2001, where emissions from residential plants are shown separated from the sum of all other stationary sources. The overall time trend in total TSP emissions is clearly decreasing, largely depending on the decrease in emissions from residential wood combustion. Variations in emissions between the years for the remaining sources are, at least for the 1980 ́s, probably partly due to an unclear quality of the energy statistics.
The contributions from the individual stationary source categories within the energy sector, except residential combustion, are presented in Figure 7.6 for 1990-2001. No source specific calculations are presented for the 1980 ́s. Stationary combustion for public electricity and heat production (NFR 1A1a), in the pulp and paper industry (NFR 1A2d) and in other manufacturing industries (NFR 1A2f) are the largest contributors among these sources.

The calculated emissions of PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## show largely similar patterns as to dominant contributors and time trend, as do emissions of TSP, but the total levels are lower (Figure 7.7, Figure 7.8).
Since few measurements regarding the particle size distribution have been conducted in Sweden, estimations have been done based on the common knowledge about different

## 23 abatement techniques capability to reduce particles in different fractions of size (PM 10 

## , PM 2.5 

## ) (Hinds, IEACoalResearch, 1998, Maartman, 2001), see Table 7.2.

Table 7.2 Fraction of PM 10 

### and PM 2.5 

### in TSP after cleaning (mass).
Technology PM 10 

### (%) PM 2.5 

### (%) Electric precipitator 90-98 75-85 Textile filters, bag house 95-99 85-95 Wet scrubbers 80-98 70-80 Mecanical collectors Cyclones/multicyclones 40-60 10-30



## This basic data have been used together with the knowledge about commonly installed abatement techniques at different kind of sources in the judgement of particle size distribution. In contacts with many plants/industries information regarding flue gas cleaning have been asked for and this has been taken into consideration in the estimation of the particle size distribution from different source categories. During the time period 1980-2000 the number of installations of dust control devices have increased at most of the sources. Furthermore an exchange from cyclones to more sophisticated techniques (electric precipitators, textile filters) have increased over the years. The technical improvement of the abatement technique over the years is also factors that have to be accounted for in the final judgement.
This overall methodology to assign particle size fractions of emitted TSP has been used not only for stationary combustion but also for most of the other sources (iron and steel, pulp and paper, lime and cement etc.).

## 24 0 20 000 40 000 60 000 80 000 100 000 120 00019801982198419861988199019921994199619982000ton TSP Residential plants Sum, other stationary



### Figure 7.5 Emissions of TSP from stationary sources in the Energy sector.

0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000 14 000 16 000 18 000199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton TSP 1 B 2 a Oil

1 B 1 c Other, fugitive emissions, solid fuels

1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation

1 A 4 c i Agriculture/forestry/fishing Stationary

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries 1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production



### Figure 7.6 Emissions of TSP from stationary sources within the energy sector, except residential. Energy industries (codes 1A1), combustion in manufacturing industries (codes 1A2), other energy production (codes 1A4), fugitive emissions from fuels (codes 1B).

## 25 0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000 14 000 16 000 18 000199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton PM10 1 B 2 a Oil

1 B 1 c Other, fugitive emissions, solid fuels

1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation

1 A 4 c i Agriculture/forestry/fishing Stationary

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries 1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production



### Figure 7.7 Emissions of PM 10 

### from stationary sources within the energy sector, except residential plants.

0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000 14 000 16 000 18 000199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton PM2.5 1 B 2 a Oil

1 B 1 c Other, fugitive emissions, solid fuels

1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation

1 A 4 c i Agriculture/forestry/fishing Stationary

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries 1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production



### Figure 7.8 Emissions of PM 2.5 

### from stationary sources within the energy sector, except residential plants.



## 7.4.1. Particles from handling of solid fuels (NFR 1B1c) Particle emissions from handling of solid fuels were calculated for the period 1980- 2001 (Table 7.3). Activity data from official statistics, including import of coal and peat, are available for the period 1980-2001. No production of coal occurs in Sweden.

## 26 Peat production was not included in the estimate, since available activity data was not consistent, and of unknown quality. Emission factors used are those suggested for handling of coal from the UN/ECE CEPMEIP-project. The emission factor for TSP is 0.15 kg/ton where PM 10 

## constitutes 40% and PM 2.5 

## 4% of the total particulate emissions. The same emission factors have been used for the entire time series.

Table 7.3 Particulate emissions from handling of imported solid fuels

Year Import of coal and peat Emissions

TSP PM 10 

### PM 2.5 

### kton ton ton ton 1980 2196 329 132 13 1981 2086 313 125 13 1982 2961 444 178 18 1983 3103 465 186 19 1984 3989 598 239 24 1985 4896 734 294 29 1986 4506 676 270 27 1987 4020 603 241 24 1988 3871 581 232 23 1989 3731 560 224 22 1990 3591 539 215 22 1991 3195 479 192 19 1992 3079 462 185 18 1993 3274 491 196 20 1994 3126 469 188 19 1995 3620 543 217 22 1996 3416 512 205 20 1997 3439 516 206 21 1998 3216 482 193 19 1999 3107 466 186 19 2000 3190 478 191 19 2001 3009 451 181 18 

## Fugitive emissions of particles from handling of coke have not been included since these emissions are considered to be included in the reporting of particle emissions from the industrial facilities that produce or use coke in the process. Separate calculations based on statistics on coke and petrocoke, using emission factors for handling of coal from CEPMEIP results in a rough estimate of 300 tons TSP/year.

7.4.2. Particles from catalytic cracking at refineries (NFR 1B2a iv) The particle emissions from petroleum cracking, which occurs at only one facility, have only been estimated for 1990-2001 due to lack of data for earlier years. The emissions from cracking have been compiled from information in the company’s legal Environmental Report, reported data in the EMIR database (the regional authorities database) and from earlier submissions to CORINAIR. The emissions from the facility are known for most years, but for years with lack of information data have been interpolated. The emissions allocated to the cracking unit, as a part of the total emissions from the facility, has been calculated based on information in the Environmental Reports for 2000 and 2001, and used for all years (Table 7.4). The particle size distributions have been estimated with expert judgment. The assumed size distributions is 95% for PM 10 

## and 85% for PM 2.5 

## of TSP for the whole time-series.

## 27 Table 7.4 Estimated emissions of TSP, PM 10 

### and PM 2.5 

### (ton) from catalytic cracking. Year TSP (ton) PM 10 

### (ton) PM 2.5 

### (ton) 1990 42 40 36 1991 42 40 36 1992 42 40 36 1993 42 40 36 1994 42 40 36 1995 41 39 35 1996 39 37 33 1997 37 35 31 1998 35 33 30 1999 35 33 30 2000 36 34 31 2001 33 31 28



## 7.5. Metal emissions from stationary sources

Metal emissions from stationary combustion sources have been calculated for the period 1990-2001, based on the energy statistics and emission factors in Appendix 1. The results are presented in Figure 7.9 through Figure 7.17.
The emission of metals from stationary combustion depends on both the metal content in the fuel and on the dust control device installed. Most of the metals are emitted as particles or adsorbed to particles, where any dust control technique will highly influence the emissions and emissions factors for metals. Only a very small fraction of most metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn) may be emitted as gas. Mercury and partly arsenic are emitted in gaseous form, where dust control techniques does not reduce emissions. In the judgement to choose a proper emission factor this has been taking into consideration.
The inconsistencies in the energy statistics for the iron and steel industry 1997-99 and for refineries in 2000 and 2001 as compared to the 1990 ́s are visible in the figures for some of the calculated metal emissions.
Emissions of zinc have increased according to the calculations, which is caused by an increased combustion of bio fuels.

## 28 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton As 1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation

1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing Stationary 1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing industries 1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production



### Figure 7.9 Emissions of Arsenic (As) from stationary combustion 1990-2001 (ton).

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton Cd 1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing Stationary 1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing industries 1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production



### Figure 7.10 Emissions of Cadmium (Cd) from stationary combustion 1990-2001 (ton).

## 29 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton Cr 1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing Stationary 1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing industries 1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production



### Figure 7.11 Emissions of Chromium (Cr) from stationary combustion 1990-2001 (ton).

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton Cu 1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing Stationary 1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing industries 1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production



### Figure 7.12 Emissions of Copper (Cu) from stationary combustion 1990-2001 (ton).

## 30 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton Hg 1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation

1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing Stationary 1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing industries 1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production



### Figure 7.13 Emissions of Mercury (Hg) from stationary combustion 1990-2001 (ton).

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton Ni 1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing Stationary 1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing industries 1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production



### Figure 7.14 Emissions of Nickel (Ni) from stationary combustion 1990-2001 (ton).

## 31 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton Pb 1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing Stationary 1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing industries 1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production



### Figure 7.15 Emissions of Lead (Pb) from stationary combustion 1990-2001 (ton).

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton Se 1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing Stationary 1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing industries 1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production



### Figure 7.16 Emissions of Selenium (Se) from stationary combustion 1990-2001 (ton).

## 32 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton Zn 1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing Stationary 1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing industries 1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco 1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production



### Figure 7.17 Emissions of Zinc (Zn) from stationary combustion 1990-2001 (ton).



## 7.6. Dioxin emissions from stationary combustion

Estimated emissions of dioxins from stationary combustion, 1985-2001, are presented in Figure 7.18. The dominant source of dioxin emissions during the 1980 ́s was municipal waste incineration (NFR1A1a), and large changes are known to have occurred (Ahlgren and Marklund, 2001). Reliable data are available for 1985 and then from the beginning of the 1990 ́s (Table 7.7). Even though the energy statistics for other fuels is not really good enough for the 1980 ́s, calculated emissions are presented here, together with calculated dioxin emissions from municipal solid waste incineration. Emissions have thus decreased substantially from 1985-2001, primarily due to improved abatement measures.

## 33 0 20 40 60 80 100 120198519871989199119931995199719992001Dioxins, g TEQ 1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing Stationary 1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other Manufacturing industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages & Tobacco 1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production



### Figure 7.18 Emissions of dioxins from stationary combustion, 1985-2001. 1A1a is dominated by municipal waste incineration. 

## Calculated emissions from public electricity and heat production in large combustion plants include separate estimates for the different fuels used. Regarding dioxin emissions the use of biomass, municipal waste and coal as fuels are the most important sources. These are discussed separately below.

7.6.1. Dioxin emissions from large-scale biomass combustion (NFR 1A1a) Biomass plants for energy and heat production became important during the 1990 ́s, and have replaced most of the oil combustion previously used for this purpose. There are a large number of such plants in Sweden, but the use of flue gas cleaning techniques is not consistent. Abatement techniques to control particle emissions have been commonly used for a longer period of time, while flue gas condensation has become more common in later years. Flue gas condensation may highly influence the emissions of dioxins to air. Furthermore, biomass is sometimes combusted together with other fuels. Table 7.5 presents an inventory of emission factors for this category. Values from 0.00055 to 0.55 ng TEQ/MJ are obtained, excluding two high outliers that probably are not representative for the average biomass. The influence of e.g. refuse derived fuels (RDF) or demolition waste on the emissions of dioxins is apparent, as is the role of flue gas cleaning.
There are very few Swedish plants that report dioxin emissions. One large plant reports emissions that can be translated to an emission factor of 0.02 μg/ton =0.0011 ng/MJ, if it is assumed that the oil that is co-combusted does not contribute to the dioxins.
Clearly it is difficult to select a single emission factor that accounts for the variability of the Swedish biomass plants. The emission factors used in the calculations are 0.11 ng/MJ for large combustion plants.

## 34 Table 7.5. Dioxin emission factors from biomass combustion plants. Fuel type ng TEQ/MJ μg TEQ /ton Reference Wood chips ca 0 T hunell ( 1998) Wood chips/RDF 0.03 T hunell ( 1998) Peat ca 0 Thunell ( 1998) Peat/RDF 0.01 Thunell ( 1998) New wood 0.002-0.5 0.036-9 T hunell ( 1998) Demolition waste 9 160 Thunell ( 1998) Demolition waste with SNCR 0.02 0.36 Thunell ( 1998) Straw with no flue gas cleaning 0.5 9 Thunell ( 1998) Swedish plant 0.0011 0.02 Environmental report Wood fired power boilers 2.8 50 UNEP (2001) Wood, with flue gas cleaning 0.00055-0.28 0.01-5 Hansen (2000) Wood, without flue gas cleaning 0.01-0.55 0.2-10 Hansen (2000)



## 7.6.2. Dioxin emissions from residential wood stoves This is an important category according to the previous Swedish inventory (de Wit, unpubl.). However, this is also a very diverse category, both in terms of combustion conditions and fuel composition. Emission factors from literature are compiled in Table 7.6.
The quality of the fuel is a parameter of major significance. It is assumed that most wood stoves in Sweden are fired with local wood, i.e. uncontaminated wood. Emission factors chosen in the calculations were 0.07 ng/MJ for the 1980 ́s and 0.05 ng/MJ for 1990-2001.

Table 7.6 Dioxin emission factors for small scale wood combustion. Fuel type Emission factor (μg TEQ/ton) Emissionfactor (ng TEQ/MJ)* Source Original reference

hardwood & softwood 1.9 0.13 Hansen (2000) Hansen et al.- 94 birch 5.1 0.34 Hansen (2000) DK-Teknik 2000 excess wood from manufacturing 1.7 0.11 Hansen (2000) DK-Teknik 2000
Virgin wood/biomass fired stoves 100 6.7 UNEP (2001)

0.13-0.3 0.01-0.02 Hansen (2000) De Wit (1993) unpubl. clean wood 1 0.07 EDI average of several investigations contaminated wood but no PCP 50 3.3 EDI average of several investigations wood contaminated with PCP 500 33.3 EDI average of several investigations 90% clean wood; 10% slightly contaminated wood 5.9 0.39 Finstad et al. (2001) EDI

birch 0.02-0.05 Åkesson (1988) * The emission factors expressed as ng TEQ/MJ have been calculated by SMED assuming an energy value of 15 MJ/kg wood.



## 7.6.3. Dioxin emissions from large-scale municipal waste incineration (NFR 1A1a) A detailed historical review of waste combustion and dioxins in Sweden is presented in a recent report (Ahlgren och Marklund, 2001). The importance of combustion as a

## 35 means of treating waste has increased during the past 30 years in Sweden. There are at present 22 facilities where municipal waste is incinerated and energy is gained. During the 1980 ́s, there were 27 facilities, seven of which were closed in the late 1980 ́s, as a result of stricter environmental legislation. During the mid 1990 ́s, waste combustion was responsible for ca. 10% of the Swedish district heating (Ahlgren and Marklund, 2001). In most of these 22 facilities, municipal waste is combusted together with waste from various industries. Industrial waste has increased in importance during the last few years. Dioxin emissions from this source category are represented by measurements at the individual facilities. Data have been compiled for most years from 1985 to 1999 and supplied by RVF - The Swedish Association of Waste Management. Although the activity has increased over time, emissions decreased strongly between 1985 and the early 1990 ́s as a result of technological improvements (Table 7.7).

Table 7.7 Dioxin emissions to air from municipal waste incineration.

Year Emissions (Eadon TEQ g/yr) Emission factor (ng/MJ) Activity (MWh) 1985 90 8.3 3.0

1991 8 0.55 4.0 1993 3.8 0.25 4.3 1994 1.7 0.11 4.4 1995 2.2 0.12 5.0 1996 2.0 0.11 5.1 1997 3.0 0.15 5.7 1998 3.0 0.12 7.1 1999 2.8 0.12 6.4 

## In the reported national emissions, as presented in Figure 7.18, the emissions given in Table 7.7 were not used directly as input data, but calculated from emission factors and the energy statistics. This was done in order to keep the consistency with calculations of other emitted substances. Emission factors used were adjusted to comply with the emissions in Table 7.7 and to the energy statistics. The emission factors for municipal waste combustion for the source sector “Public electricity and heat production”, range from 8.3 ng/MJ in 1985 to 0.12 ng/MJ in 2001. The emissions from municipal waste incineration obviously contribute to the larger share of dioxin emissions from this source category.

7.6.4. Dioxin emissions from large-scale coal combustion (NFR 1A1a) During 1998, ca 3.4 millions ton coal was used in Sweden, mainly in industrial processes such as steel production. Energy production accounted for 0.72 millions ton. Emission of dioxins is strongly dependent on the type of flue gas cleaning used. Emission factors for energy production of coal has been reported as in Table 7.8. There is obviously a wide range and poor specifications of the technical details. Using 0.033 and 0.4 μg/ton (1.2 pg to 14.5 pg/MJ) gives total emissions of 0.024 to 0.29 g TEQ during 1998. Clearly, this category can at most be of minor significance for the total Swedish emissions. In the emission estimations an emission factor of 0.1 ng/MJ was used for the whole time period, 1985-2001. Available data are uncertain, and we chose rather to apply a somewhat higher emission factor. This does, however, not influence the total emissions in any way.

## 36 Table 7.8 Emission factors for dioxins for coal combustion in energy and heat production. Operation details Reference Emission factor ng TEQ /MJ Coal powder > 50 MW Thunell ( 1998) <0.04 Coal powder, energy Thunell ( 1998) 0.005 Modern coal combustion plant Hansen (2000) 0.001 Not specified UNEP (2001) 0.01 Not specified Finstad et al. (2002) 0.01



## 7.7. PAH emissions from stationary sources

Estimated emissions of PAH-4 from stationary sources in the Energy sector are presented in Figure 7.19. The dominant source is combustion in residential homes. Other important sources are combustion in the pulp and paper industry and coke production (Figure 7.20). In the early 1990 ́s PAH emissions from combustion in the pulp and paper industry declined due to improved abatement techniques as well as improved combustion techniques. Another important source is coke production. Below some of the sources are described in more detail.

0 10 20 30 40 50 6019851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton PAH-4 1A4bi Residential plants

1B1b Solid fuel transformation

1A4c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing

1A4a Commercial / Institutional

1A2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 1A1b Petroleum refining

1A1a Public Electricity and Heat Production



### Figure 7.19 Estimated emissions of PAH-4 (ton) from stationary sources 1985-2001.

## 37 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton PAH-4 1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation

1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing Stationary 1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other Manufacturing industries 1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages & Tobacco 1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production



### Figure 7.20 Emissions of PAH-4- from stationary sources, except residential combustion, 1990-2001.



## 7.7.1. PAH emissions from large-scale biomass combustion A recent emission study of PAH from industrial wood combustion was performed by AEA technology in the UK (Thistlethwaite, 2001). The obtained emission factors are up to 19 000 times lower than the suggested factors in EEA (2001), and also profiles differ. The uncertainty in the factors was estimated to be 32 %, based on the variability between the measurements. Large-scale industrial wood burning thus seems to cause much less PAH emissions than small-scale wood combustion, as may be expected. Adopting the emission factors by Thistlethwaite (2001), generates emissions, which are a factor of 10 000 lower than the emissions obtained when adopting the factors from measurement results from the mid 1980 ́s (IVL, 2002) see Figure 7.21. As a worst case scenario for Swedish conditions, we have adopted the higher emission factors (100, 130, 30 and 55 μg/MJ for BaP, BbF, BkF and Ind respectively), resulting in PAH-4 emissions to air of about 200 kg/year from large-scale combustion. Although these factors result in much higher emissions than obtained if the British numbers are used, the PAH-4 emissions derived from large-scale combustion are still a factor of 100 lower compared to the contribution from small-scale burning on a national level.

## 38 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 IVL

0 5 10 100 200 300 EF from Thistlethwaite EF from IVL 

### Thistlethwaite



### Figure 7.21 Emissions of PAH-4 from large-scale wood combustion (kg) calculated with emission factors from Swedish measurement results (IVL, 2002) and from Thistlethwaite (2001). Observe the different scales on the y-axes. The axis on the right represents the emissions based on emission factors derived from Swedish measurement results (IVL, 2002), and the left axis emission factors from Thistlethwaite (2001)



## 7.7.2. PAH emissions from small-scale wood combustion PAH emissions from small-scale wood burning have been investigated in several studies (e.g. references cited in Table 7.9). Few of these, however, specify emissions of the four substances prioritised in the UN ECE protocol. EEA (2001) provides default emission factors for these four substances both from residential and industrial wood combustion. It is pointed out, however, that regional differences might occur, and that the emissions are strongly dependent on the combustion technology and the composition and humidity of the fuel. Thus, locally derived emission factors are likely to be more accurate.
Emission factors for individual PAH from small-scale wood burning in Scandinavia have been reported previously (Rudling et al., 1980; Hansen, 1991; see Table 7.9). Hansen (1991) studied the emissions of 15 PAH, and values for 4 PAH were calculated from the outcome of that study, combined with profiles obtained from USEPA (USEPA, 1998; Haakonsen & Kvingedal, 2001). The resulting emission factor concerns the sum of the four substances, these were not separated.

Emissions of individual PAHs from different wood-fired household furnaces have recently been measured within an on-going project (IVL, 2002, BHM Biofuel Health and Environment). Table 7.9 shows average emission factors obtained for pellets and wood. This study is considered to be the most updated and relevant for Swedish conditions, and the obtained emission factors are thus used in this inventory for later years. As wood is still the more dominating fuel type for small-scale residential heating when compared to pellets, emission factors for wood furnaces are used in the inventory. Emission factors for PAH-4 used range from 1 mg/MJ in the mid 1980 ́s to 0.325

## 39 mg/MJ in 2001. The annual emissions to air of PAH-4 from small-scale wood combustion are estimated to be about 13 tonnes during later years (Figure 7.19).

Table 7.9 Emission factors for PAH from small-scale wood combustion as obtained in previous studies.

EEA, 2001 Rudling et al., 1980 Hansen, 1991 IVL, 2002

Pellets 1 Wood 2 mg/ton μg/MJ μg/MJ mg/ton μg/MJ μg/MJ μg/MJ

BaP 1300 68.4 21 16 110

BbF 520 27.4 22 21 30

BkF 1560 82.1 7 6.8 130

Ind 130 6.8 9 1.2 55

Sum 4 59 2700 142 45 325

1 

### Average of 8 samples. Detection limits have been used in the calculation of the average if the substance was not detected. 2 

### Average of four samples.



## 7.7.3. PAH emissions from large-scale municipal waste incineration The Emission Inventory Guidebook (EEA, 2001), states that municipal waste incineration is unlikely to be a large source for PAH emissions. USEPA (1998) specifies emission factors from this source category only for one PAH, namely naphthalene. In Sweden, emissions of PAH from municipal waste incineration plants have been reported to be insignificant (ENA, Energi ur Avfall, Energy from Waste, 1980 ́s), thus we consider this source as being negligible. Calculations were however included in the national estimates, where the emission factors for PAH-4 assigned were 4.2 μg/MJ for the 1980 ́s and 1 μg/MJ 1990-2001.

7.7.4. PAH emissions from large-scale coal combustion Coal combustion is relatively limited in Sweden today, and mainly occurs in industrial processes. Emission factors for large, small and coal combustion plants of unknown size are given in EEA (2001) and USEPA has specified emissions from so-called stokers (see Table 7.10). As shown in the table, the emission factors vary considerably. Adopting the emission factors from EEA (2001) for facilities of unknown size results in total emissions of 4.9 g PAH-4. An emission factor for PAH-4 of 0.5 μg/MJ was chosen in the inventory.

Table 7.10 Emission factors of individual PAH substances from coal combustion

EEA (2001) large plant EEA (2001) small plant EEA (2001) unknown size U.S. EPA (1998) ”stoker” Substance mg/ton mg/MJ mg/ton mg/MJ mg/ton mg/MJ mg/ton mg/MJ

BaP 0.14 6.6×10 -6 1550 7.3×10 -2 775 3.6×10 -2 23 1.1×10 -3

BbF 0.007 3.3×10 -7 77.5 3.6×10 -3 38.75 1.8×10 -3

BkF 0.0014 6.6×10 -8 15.5 7.3×10 -4 7.75 3.6×10 -4

Ind 0.112 5.3×10 -6 1240 5.8×10 -2 620 2.9×10 -2 0.00062 2.9×10 -8

## 40 7.7.5. PAH emissions from small-scale coal combustion Coal is not used for residential heating in Sweden. Thus, the small-scale coal combustion mainly consists of activities such as barbecuing using charcoal and charcoal briquettes. This is further discussed in Chapter 12.2.

7.7.6. PAH emissions from coke production (NFR 1B1b) Emissions of PAH from coke production at integrated iron and steel plants, including quenching and extinction, have been calculated based on production statistics and emission factors derived from USEPA (1998). Separate emission factors for quenching and extinction, as given in Table 7.11. were used in the calculations. Total estimated emissions for the time period 1987-2001 are presented in Table 7.12, together with the annual production statistics. Production data was only available from 1987.

Table 7.11 Emission factors for PAH-species (mg/ton) for coke production (USEPA, 1998).

BaP BbF BkF Ind Unit Extinction 320 78 0 3.3 mg/ton Quenching 170 210 150 81 mg/ton

Table 7.12 Coke production and estimated PAH emissions

Year Production (kton) Benzo(a)pyrene (ton) Benzo(b)fluoranthene

(ton) Benzo(k)fluoranthene

(ton) Indeno(1,2,3- cd)pyrene (ton) Sum PAH-4 (ton)

1987 1105 0.541 0.318 0.166 0.093 1.12 1988 893 0.438 0.257 0.134 0.075 0.90 1989 976 0.479 0.281 0.146 0.082 0.99 1990 1044 0.512 0.301 0.157 0.088 1.06 1991 1112 0.545 0.320 0.167 0.094 1.12 1992 1146 0.562 0.330 0.172 0.097 1.16 1993 1137 0.557 0.327 0.171 0.096 1.15 1994 1134 0.556 0.327 0.170 0.096 1.15 1995 1149 0.563 0.331 0.172 0.097 1.16 1996 1153 0.565 0.332 0.173 0.097 1.17 1997 1147 0.562 0.330 0.172 0.097 1.16 1998 1148 0.563 0.331 0.172 0.097 1.16 1999 1146 0.561 0.330 0.172 0.097 1.16 2000 1187 0.582 0.342 0.178 0.100 1.20 2001 1185 0.581 0.341 0.178 0.100 1.20



# 8. Mobile sources (NFR 1)

When estimating the emissions from mobile sources, emissions from combustion of fuels, as well as emissions from road abrasion and tyre and brake wear were considered. The estimated emissions from road abrasion and tyre and brake wear includes only road traffic, while emissions from combustion of fuels include road traffic, national shipping, civil aviation, railway and off-road machinery.
Emissions of particles, metals and dioxins from mobile sources were covered in the estimates. For road traffic, a national model, EMV, was used to calculate emissions of

## 41 particles. The model is further described in chapter 8.2.1. Concerning PAH, the available information was so diverse regarding emission factors that no actual estimates were made. PAH-emissions from mobile sources is, however, assumed to be a significant source, why results from rough estimates of PAH emissions, based on different sets of emissions factors, have been made and are presented and discussed below.
According to the estimates of particle emissions from mobile sources the dominant and increasing source of larger particles, TSP and PM 10 

## , is road abrasion and tyre and brake wear. For small particles, PM 2.5 

## , the level of emissions from combustion of fuels exceeded the emissions from road abrasion and tyre and brake wear in earlier years, but because of cleaner exhaust in combination with an increase in VMT, vehicle miles travelled, the levels of emissions have become more equal in later years (Figure 8.1).

0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 00019801982198419861988199019921994199619982000ton TSP, Road abrasion, tyre and brakewear PM10, Road abrasion, tyre and brakewear TSP Mobile sources, combustion PM10, Mobile sources, combustion PM2.5, Mobile sources, combustion PM2.5, Road abrasion, tyre and brakewear



### Figure 8.1 Emissions of particles from mobile sources (ton). Emissions from combustion of fuels are a sum of road traffic, national shipping, railways and civil aviation.



## 8.1. Activity data for fuel consumption of mobile sources

Information on fuel consumption and allocation to end use activities for mobile sources for the purpose of international reporting of emissions, are presented in Lidén (2003). The information presented below is mainly extracted from this report.

8.1.1. Fuel statistics Calculations are mainly based on statistics on delivered amount of fuels from Statistics Sweden, published as reports EN31SM, but for the purpose of international reporting of emissions additional background data is also being used. The statistics are based on monthly investigations including all oil trade companies and large importers. The investigation is carried out through a mail survey, which includes 70 companies. The

## 42 largest source of uncertainty is measurement errors, which could have a large impact on the result due to the relatively heavy weight of each object investigated. In total, the reliability is assumed to be very high.

8.1.2. Allocation of gasoline consumption on end-use activities The calculations are based on total delivered amount of gasoline according to Statistics Sweden EN31SM, allocated to sub-groups.
According to a report from the Swedish EPA (Report 3993, 1992) 1.5 percent of the delivered amount of gasoline is assumed to be used by domestic leisure crafts. For off road vehicles and other machinery a constant amount of 174 920 m 3 

## is set for 1995- 1999, based on Persson and Kindbom (1999). For 1990, 132 000 m 3 

## is allocated (ÅF Industriteknik AB, 1990, and 3K Engineering AB, 1989), and estimates for 1991-1994 are interpolated. The remaining fuel consumption is located to road traffic, see Table 8.1. Fuel consumption for road traffic according to the national road vehicle emission model (EMV) is 11%-14% lower for some years 1990-2001, with no apparent trend. The resulting distribution of the delivered total amount of gasoline on end use sectors is presented in Figure 8.2.

Table 8.1 Allocation of gasoline on sectors
Sector Estimation of amount of gasoline consumed Small boats 1.5 % of delivered amount of gasoline according to Swedish EPA report 3993 (1992) Off road vehicles and other machinery According to IVL report L99/21 (1999), ÅF Industriteknik AB (1990) and 3K Engineering AB (1989) Military road transports Exact amount given by the Swedish Armed Forces Military navigation Exact amount given by the Swedish Armed Forces Civil road traffic Remaining fuel consumption

Military road

transport 0% Domestic small boats 2%

Military navigation 0% Off road vehicles and other machinery 3%

Civil road traffic 95%



### Figure 8.2 Approximate distribution of delivered amount of gasoline. 

## The allocation of gasoline consumption for off-road vehicles and working machinery in different sectors (Agriculture, Forestry, Residential, Industrial and Other), Table 8.2, is based on Andersson (2000), a Swedish EPA internal report, in turn based on Persson and Kindbom (1999).

## 43 Table 8.2 Distribution of gasoline consumption on sectors for off road vehicles and working machinery.

CRF Sector Gasoline consumption 1A4a Agriculture - 1A4c Forestry 5,3% 1A4b Residential 86,2% 1A2f Industrial 2,5% 1A3e Other 6,0% 

## Allocation of gasoline consumption for different vehicles in road traffic (private cars, light trucks, mopeds and motorbikes) is based on estimations by the Swedish National Road Administration according to the EMV-model described in chapter 8.2.

8.1.3. Allocation of diesel consumption on end-use activities The calculations are based on total delivered amount of diesel according to Statistics Sweden EN31SM. The allocation of the diesel consumption on subgroups, for the purpose of emissions calculations, is presented in Table 8.3.
Very precise information on consumed amount of diesel is collected from the Swedish National Rail Administration and the Swedish Armed Forces. Consumed amount for domestic navigation is given in background data from Statistics Sweden EN31SM. For off-road vehicles a constant amount is used (1 314 410 m 3 

## ), based on Persson and Kindbom (1999). The diesel consumption for road traffic is estimated by the EMV model (Table 8.3).

Table 8.3 Distribution of diesel on sectors

Sector Estimation of amount of diesel consumed

Railway Exact amount given by the Swedish National Rail Administration Military road transports Exact amount given by the Swedish Armed Forces Military navigation Exact amount given by the Swedish Armed Forces Domestic navigation Background data Statistics Sweden EN31SM Off road vehicles and other machinery According to IVL report L99/21

Civil road transport EMV Model estimation from the Swedish National Road Administration


## The sum of estimated consumed amount of diesel in all sectors differ from delivered amount in a way that suggests that consumers store diesel during the period before an increase in price. In previous submissions to UNECE/LRTAP and UNFCCC, the amount of diesel oil used for calculating emissions had been corrected in order to eliminate annual fluctuations. This resulted in a smoothed-out time series for all emissions from diesel oil usage. The UNFCCC Expert Review Team (ERT), who carried out an in-country review in Sweden in November 2001, recommended Sweden not to include any such corrections due to non-compliance with the IPCC Good Practice Guidance. Hence, the correction has been excluded in the submission of 2003, see Figure 8.3.

## 44 Total delivered amount Consumed amount by sectors Consumed amount by sectors in international reporting

Sectors with precise data

on consumed amount: Sectors with precise data on consumed amount: 

## Railway Railway Military Road Transports Military Road Transports Domestic Military Navigation Military Navigation
Sectors harder to estimate: Sectors harder to estimate:



## - Domestic Navigation 

## = Remaining amount Domestic Navigation with share of remaining amount

Off Road Vehicles and Other Machinery Off Road Vehicles and Other Machinery with share of remaining amount
Road Transports, Civil Road Transports, Civil with share of remaining amount

International

Bunkers As delivered amount for International Bunkers As delivered amount for International Bunkers
Figure 8.3 Current model for allocating delivered amount of diesel on subgroups without correction for private storing.


## Consumption in the different sectors is estimated. The difference between total delivered amount and the sum of the sectors will result in a remaining amount (3-25% of total delivered amount of diesel for different years 1990-2001, with no apparent trend). The remaining amount is distributed on sectors that are harder to estimate, according to their relative size. The resulting approximate distribution of total consumption of diesel on sub-groups is presented in Figure 8.4.

Railw ay

1%

Military navigation 0% Military road

transport 0% Domestic navigation 0%

Civil road traffic 68% Off road vehicles and other machinery 31%



### Figure 8.4 Approximate distribution of delivered amount of diesel oil. 

## The distribution of diesel consumption for working machines and off- road vehicles in different sectors (Agriculture, Forestry, Residential, Industrial and Other) is based on Andersson (2000), which in turn was based on Persson and Kindbom (1999), see Table 8.4.

## 45 Table 8.4 Distribution of diesel consumption on sectors for off road vehicles and working machinery. CRF Sector Diesel consumption 1A4a Agriculture 29,5% 1A4c Forestry 9,2% 1A4b Residential 1,5% 1A2f Industrial 50,6% 1A3e Other 9,2% 

## Distribution of diesel consumption for different vehicles in road traffic (private cars, light trucks, heavy trucks and buses) is based on estimations by the Swedish National Road Administration by means of the EMV-model described in chapter 8.2.

8.2. Emissions from combustion of fuels in mobile sources (NFR 1A3)

8.2.1. Particle emissions from mobile sources, combustion of fuels Total estimated emissions of particles (TSP) from combustion of fuels in mobile sources are presented in Figure 8.5. The dominant source is road traffic. Other sourcesthat, according to the calculations, contribute significantly are national shipping and offroad machinery (only estimated from 1990-2001). Combustion of fuels within railway traffic and civil aviation are only minor sources to particle emissions.

0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 00019801982198419861988199019921994199619982000ton TSP Other mobile sources National shipping Railways Road traffic Civil aviation



### Figure 8.5 Emissions of TSP from combustion of fuels in mobile sources.



## Particles from road traffic, combustion of fuels Reported emissions by the Swedish EPA submitted to EU (Monitoring Mechanisms), UNFCCC and CLRTAP differ from emissions estimated by the Swedish National Road Administration due to different methods of calculating. The Swedish National Road Administration wants to describe what is happening on Swedish roads regardless of

## 46 where the fuel was bought, or nationality of vehicle, and does not take delivered amount of fuel directly into account. In reporting to EU, UNFCCC and CLRTAP only emissions from fuel loaded into the vehicle in Sweden should be accounted for according to the IPCC Guidelines. See Table 8.5.

Table 8.5 Emissions from road transport reported by the Swedish National Road Administration (SNRA) and in Swedish EPA reporting to EU, UNFCCC and CLRTAP (SEPA)

Fuel loaded into vehicle in Traffic on Swedish roads Traffic in Sweden, not on roads Traffic to/from other country Traffic in other countries:

Sweden SEPA SNRA SEPA, reported in other sectors SEPA* SNRA to the Swedish border SEPA*

Other country SNRA Not reported SNRA to the Swedish border Not reported 

### * Currently reported as domestic emission, should be reported separately as international bunkers according to guidelines. 

## Estimated emissions from road transportation are to a large extent based on calculations performed by the Swedish National Road Administration. They are using a model called EMV, which stands for Emissions from Road traffic. VTI, the Swedish Road- and Transport Research Institute, has developed the model by order of the Swedish EPA. The model is described in Hammarstöm, U and Karlsson, B (1998). In the EMV-model vehicles are separated into 11 different vehicle categories, and they are in turn separated for different fuel types, age of vehicle, urban/rural area, length of transport etc. For each vehicle type there are descriptions of emissions and specific consumption (Johansson, H. 2001). All road transports in Sweden are included regardless of nationality of vehicle or where the fuel was loaded into the vehicle. Military road transports are included in the EMV- model and separated from civil road transports using information from the Swedish Armed Forces.
Data for emissions of particles from combustion of fuels in road traffic are based on calculations in the EMV-model and have only been separated into sub-sectors, i.e. passenger cars, busses etc., and not down to the level of fuel type and region (urban and country). Data for the years 1980, 1985, 1987-2001 was available, remaining years were calculated by interpolation. The model produces estimates of PM. In order to calculate emissions of PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## particle size partitioning was made in the calculations, where PM 10 

## was assumed to equal 100% of calculated TSP emissions and PM 2.5 

## 95% (Sjödin and Ekström, pers. comm). In the CEPMEIP-project, all particles are assumed to be PM 2.5 

## . For metals, only emissions of Pb from the use of gasoline for road traffic are reported, as estimated by the EMV model.

Military use, combustion of fuels Emissions of particles from military road traffic are derived from emission data from the EMV model and consumption of fuels for all military activities according to information from the Swedish Armed Forces. Fuel consumption from some military activities such as FMV (Swedish Defence Material Administration), FORTV (The National Fortifications Administration), FOI (Swedish Defence Research Agency) and FRA (Swedish Defence Radio Agency) are not included in the calculations.

## 47 Emissions of particles from military navigation have only been calculated for diesel the years 1990-2001 due to lack of information on the 80’s. Because insignificant amount of consumed gasoline is reported as military navigation, its emissions of particles have not been compiled.

Particle emissions from civil aviation (NFR 1A3a) Swedish Civil Aviation Administration (SCAA) calculates emissions from aviation based on number of flights (domestic and international), type of airplanes, amount of fuel needed for different flights and emissions per substance on specific flights based on data on airplane acceleration during different phases of the flight and the distance between destinations. This information is summed up into groups; domestic landing and take-off (LTO), domestic cruise, international LTO and international cruise. This is according to CORINAIR guidelines. However, emissions of particles are not included in SCAA’s calculations.
Emissions of particles were estimated using delivered amount of fuel from EN31SM, Statistics Sweden and SCAA’s information of group, together with emission factors suggested in the CEPMEIP-project (Table 8.6).

Table 8.6 Emission factors for particles from civil aviation TSP (g/GJ) PM 10 

### (g/GJ) PM 2.5 

### (g/GJ) Reference Domestic air transport Gasoline 10 10 10 CEPMEIP Domestic air transport Kerosene 1.16 1.16 1.16 CEPMEIP 

## Estimated emissions of particles are based on both civil and military aviation and reported under civil aviation for the eighties, since separation of civil and military use of fuel was not available. Emissions of particles from civil and military aviation for the whole time period 1990-2001 has been underestimated due to miscalculations and will be revised in the near future.

Particle emissions from railway traffic (NFR 1A3c) Emissions of particles are calculated based on activity data from the Swedish Institute for Transport and Communication (1999) for the eighties and from the National Rail Administration for the nineties. The emission factors for particles are assumed to be constant for the whole period.
Emission factor for TSP is a default emission factor from the CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook. The size distribution of particulate emissions has been calculated according to the CEPMEIP study (Table 8.7).

Table 8.7 Emission factors for particles for railway traffic.

Fuel Emission factor TSP (EEA, 2001) Fraction PM 10 

### Fraction PM 2.5 

### unit

Diesel 0.106 95% 90% ton/TJ


## Particle emissions from national navigation (NFR1A3d) Emissions from domestic navigation and bunker emissions cannot be compared with emissions reported by the National Administration of Shipping and Navigation since the latter include emissions from the whole region of the Baltic Sea.

## 48 Emissions from domestic navigation are calculated on the basis of fuels that are bought and consumed in Sweden according to Statistics Sweden EN31SM, see Table 8.8. Emissions from fuels that are bought in Sweden and used abroad are reported separately as international bunker emissions.

Table 8.8 Reporting of emissions from navigation according to IPCC Good Practice Guidance. Fuel bought in Traffic between Swedish harbours Traffic between Swedish harbours and international harbours International traffic: between two international harbours Sweden Domestic emission, reported International bunkers, reported separately International bunkers, reported separately Other country Not included Not included Not included 

## Emissions of particles from small gasoline engine boats have been estimated with the assumption that they generate the same amount of emissions per energy unit as those estimated for gasoline Off Road Vehicles and Working Machinery for households. These emission factors were derived from estimated particle emissions in Persson and Kindbom (1999) and allocated amount of gasoline.
Emission factors used for estimating emissions of TSP, PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## from the use of heavy oil are from the CEPMEIP study. For diesel use, emission factors for TSP was derived from measurement results within a recently reported European project (Whall et al 2002), while the relations of particle sizes were calculated as suggested in the CEPMEIP project. The same emission factors have been used for the whole time period 1980-2001 (Table 8.9).

Table 8.9 Emission factors for for particles from navigation

Fuel Emission factor TSP Emission factor PM 10 

### Emission factor PM 2.5 

### unit
Heavy oil 146.3 139.0 132.1 g/GJ Diesel and EO1 33.6 32.0 30.4 g/GJ


## Particle emissions from off-road machinery (NFR 1A3e) Emissions of particles from off-road vehicles and machinery have been estimated in national studies (Persson and Kindbom, 1999, ÅF Industriteknik AB, 1990, 3K Engineering AB, 1989, Andersson, 2000). Information on the total emissions of TSP for diesel are available for the years 1990, 1995, 1997, 2000 and 2001, and for gasoline 1995, 1997, 2000 and 2001. For gasoline the same emission value was assigned for 1990 as was available for 1995. A linear interpolation has been made for missing years.The assumed distribution of emissions of particles between the different sectors of offraod machinery has been performed according to Andersson (2000).
The size distribution of particles as TSP, PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## was made according to the relations given in the CEPMEIP study for gasoline and diesel use respectively (Table 8.10).

Table 8.10 Particle size relations from the CEPMEIP study

TSP PM 10 

### PM 2.5 

### Diesel 100% 95% 90% Gasoline 100% 100% 100%

## 49 8.2.2. Metal emissions from mobile sources, combustion of fuel The only metal considered in the emissions from combustion of fuels from road trafficis lead (Pb), which formerly was emitted from combustion of leaded gasoline. The Pbemissions have been calculated with the national EMV model, where the amount of gasoline used is the basis for the estimates. The use of leaded gasoline in Sweden was phased out in 1995 as a result of legisative measures.

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001ton Pb



### Figure 8.6 Estimated emissions of Lead (Pb) from road traffic combustion of leaded gasoline (ton).



## 8.2.3. Dioxin emissions from road traffic Dioxin emission from road traffic is mainly associated with leaded gasoline, although the possible contribution from diesel vehicles appears uncertain. The Swedish phaseout of gasoline lead started in the late 1980 ́s and was complete in 1994. The total consumption of gasoline and diesel, as well as the fraction of leaded gasoline, was taken from the Swedish EMV model for traffic emissions.
Different emission factors are found in the literature (Table 8.11), the variation of which is not surprising since representative emission measurements are difficult to perform. We have chosen to follow the selection of Finstad et al. (2002). Fuel consumption and the associated emissions are presented in Table 8.12, showing that emissions have declined strongly over the period.

Table 8.11 Emission factors for dioxins from road traffic. Mass units are in g TEQ.
Leaded gasoline Unleaded gasoline Diesel Reference 0.01-0.023 ng/vkm ≈ ca 0.04-0.07 μg/ton Gullett och Ryan (2002) original measurements

2.2 μg/ton 0.5 μg/ton UNEP (2001) 0.01-1.1 μg/ton 0.024-0.05 μg/ton European Dioxin Inventory 2 μg/ton 0.1 μg/ton 0.1 μg/ton Finstad et al. (2002)

## 50 Table 8.12 Fuel consumption and dioxin emissions (g TEQ/yr) from road traffic during 1980-2001.

Year Leaded gasoline,

10 6 

### ton Unleaded gasoline,

10 6 

### ton Diesel, 10 6 

### ton Dioxin, leaded gasoline Dioxin, unleaded gasoline Dioxin, Diesel Total emission

1980 3.11 0.00 1.27 6.22 0.00 0.13 6.35 1981 3.12 0.00 1.28 6.24 0.00 0.13 6.37 1982 3.13 0.00 1.30 6.26 0.00 0.13 6.39 1983 3.14 0.00 1.31 6.29 0.00 0.13 6.42 1984 2.84 0.32 1.32 5.68 0.03 0.13 5.84 1985 2.85 0.32 1.34 5.71 0.03 0.13 5.87 1986 2.58 0.65 1.36 5.16 0.06 0.14 5.36 1987 2.01 1.34 1.39 4.02 0.13 0.14 4.29 1988 2.10 1.40 1.46 4.19 0.14 0.15 4.48 1989 2.19 1.46 1.56 4.39 0.15 0.16 4.69 1990 1.98 1.62 1.55 3.96 0.16 0.16 4.28 1991 1.81 1.81 1.54 3.62 0.18 0.15 3.96 1992 1.64 2.01 1.55 3.29 0.20 0.15 3.64 1993 0.88 2.65 1.53 1.76 0.26 0.15 2.18 1994 0.00 3.53 1.61 0.00 0.35 0.16 0.51 1995 0.00 3.58 1.65 0.00 0.36 0.17 0.52 1996 0.00 3.58 1.70 0.00 0.36 0.17 0.53 1997 0.00 3.48 1.80 0.00 0.35 0.18 0.53 1998 0.00 3.42 2.13 0.00 0.34 0.21 0.55 1999 0.00 3.42 2.13 0.00 0.34 0.21 0.55 2000 0.00 3.37 2.25 0.00 0.34 0.23 0.56 2001 0.00 3.35 2.33 0.00 0.33 0.23 0.57



## 8.2.4. PAH emissions from road traffic Road traffic is often reported to be one of the dominant sources for PAH emissions. SOU (1996:124) states that it is particularly important on a local scale, in urban areas as a potential source for human exposure. Determining the importance of road traffic for emissions of PAH-4 to air on a national scale requires an estimate of the total traffic load combined with emission factors, which relate to the emissions specifically to air. There are, however, several ways to derive emission factors from traffic. Some studies have attempted to derive emissions from various sub-sources such as exhaust, road abrasion, different types of vehicles etc. Ahlbom and Duus (1994) studied the rubber tyre wear in Sweden, and derived emission factors for PAH emissions from tyres. As these factors were based on tyre wear, they reflect the total emissions of PAH to the environment, rather than just emissions to air. As many particles, which are released from tyre wear, are large and heavy, these are likely to remain close to or on the road, instead of being dispersed via the atmosphere. The Swedish National Road Administration uses the so-called TCT-model in order to calculate emissions to air. The TCT-model concerns total PAH and benzo(a)pyrene, and are not specified for the othersubstances of intererst here. Also, it only includes gaseous PAH and not the particlebound substances.
Another way to estimate emissions from traffic is to derive emission factors from tunnel studies, where the emission of a certain substance from all passing traffic is measured during a certain period of time. The advantage of this method is that it can provide a general idea of total emissions to air, including road abrasion, tyre and break wear, as well as exhaust emissions from a large variety of vehicles. They are thus useful for rough inventories, where the aim is to get an overall idea of the total emissions from

## 51 traffic, regardless of vehicle type. Benner et al. (1989) derived emission factors from traffic by measuring emissions from a traffic tunnel in Baltimore and Wingfors et al. (2001) measured emissions of different PAH from traffic in two tunnels in central Gothenburg in the year 2000. The emission factors obtained in these two studies are shown in Table 8.13. A significant change in fuel use occurred in the time period 1994- 1995, which led to a considerable change in environmental classes of cars. The change occurred gradually from the early 90’s for diesel, whereas there was a distinct change in the turn of 1994/1995 for gasoline (Sjödin, Å. pers. comm.). The recent measurements by Wingfors et al. (2001), are thus likely to be representative for the years from 1995 and onwards, whereas the emission factors from Benner et al. (1989) were adopted for the years 1980-1994. It should be noted that the emission factors here only indicate “warm” emissions, they do not include increased emissions that might occur from e.g. cold starts. The TCT-model does take cold starts into account, but does not specify the emissons of individual substances, apart from BaP.

Table 8.13 Emission factors for PAH from traffic as observed in two different tunnel studies. Units are mg/km.

Substance Wingfors et al., 2002 Benner et al., 1989

BaP 5.70 × 10 -4 ± 4.60 × 10 -4 2 × 10 -3

BbF 6.70 × 10 -4 ± 4.10 × 10 -4

BkF 5.10 × 10 -5 ± 7.00 × 10 -5 3 × 10 -3 (BbF + BkF)

Ind 2.60 × 10 -4 ± 2.20 × 10 -4 1 × 10 -3 

## The emissions of PAH-4, which were calculated based on the emission factors given above are presented in Figure 8.7. The sudden shift in emission levels that occurs between 1994/1995 is due to the different emission factors applied (see discussion above). It is likely, however, that this shift occurred more smoothly than indicated here. The annual emissions of BaP from traffic, as calculated by the TCT-model, are about ten times higher (300 kg/year) than the emissions calculated using the emission factors from Wingfors et al. (2001), thus of the same order of magnitude as the emissions based on factors from Benner et al. (1989).

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Emissions (kg) Ind

BkF

BbF

BbF+BkF

BaP



### Figure 8.7 Emissions of PAH 4 from traffic calculated by using emission factors from Benner et al. (1989) and Wingfors et al. (2001).

## 52 PAH emissions from lawn mowers Persson and Kindbom (1999) compiled emissions from “work tools” in Sweden. In 1995, the number of riding lawn mowers in use was about 120 000 and the number of walk-behind lawn mowers in use was approximately 1 000 000. The operation time forthese varies from 20 h/year for the riding lawn mowers to about 10 h/year for walkbehind models (Persson and Kindbom, 1999). Christensen et al. (2001) measured emissions of PAH from motorised lawn mowers. Two different fuel types were included in the study and both catalytic and non-catalytic lawn mowers were used. According to Klippo, a major lawn mower sales company, approximately 5 % of the lawn mowers sold are equipped with a catalyst (Norén S. pers. comm). All of the lawn mowers may be run on alkyl fuel as well as gasoline. Adopting a worst case scenario, it was assumed that only gasoline was used, which yielded annual PAH-4 emissions of 2 kg , which can be regarded as negligible when compared to other sources.

8.3. Emissions of particles and metals from road abrasion and tyre and brake wear

Emissions of road transport non-combustion particles have been estimated using emission factors that represent a sum of abrasion from brakes, tyres and the road (Table 8.14). However, these emission factors also include resuspended material, the contribution of which cannot be specified quantitatively with the current knowledge. Emissions of particles and metals have been calculated based on these emission factors and annual total traffic mileage. The activity rate, annual total traffic mileage, is the same total traffic activity rate as used in the EMV model. The emission factors are considered to be quite representative for Swedish urban conditions (Areskoug et al 2003, Sternbeck et al 2001, Sternbeck et al 2002). In Table 8.14 emission factors for TSP, PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## suggested in the CEPMEIP project have been included for comparison. It has not been possible to separate the Swedish data according to those given in the CEPMEIP project, e.g. separate emission factors for tyre wear, brake wear and road abrasion, as well as separate factors for different types of vehicles. In order to make a comparison possible, the CEPMEIP factors have been summed for each vehicle type and weighted according to the CEPMEIP information on travelled mileage/vehicle type. The resulting emission factor for TSP is comparable (Table 8.14) whereas the measured Swedish emission factors for PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## are considerably higher than the CEPMEIP factors.
The emissions of metals from road traffic have been calculated accordingly, using emission factors developed based on information from literature and measurement data from Swedish studies (Sternbeck et al., 2001, Sternbeck et al., 2002). Both Ni and Cr were reported as below detection limit in these studies.
The calculated non-combustion emissions of TSP, PM 10 

## , PM 2.5 

## and the metals Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn from road traffic for the period 1980-2001 are presented in Table 8.15.

## 53 Table 8.14 Emission factors for road abrasion and tyre-and brakewear

Substance Emission factor mg/vehicle*km Reference CEPMEIP, weighted emission factors (see text) TSP 360 Calculated from Sternbeck et al (2001). 332 PM 10 

### 200 Areskoug et. al (2002) 24 PM 2.5 

### 25 Areskoug et. al (2002) 9

Pb 0.0351 Sternbeck et al (2001 and 2002) Cd 0.000244 Sternbeck et al (2001 and 2002) Cr bd* Sternbeck et al (2001 and 2002) Cu 0.147 Sternbeck et al (2001 and 2002) Ni bd* Sternbeck et al (2001 and 2002) Zn 0.205 Sternbeck et al (2001 and 2002) *bd, below detection limit at traffic tunnel measurements

Table 8.15 Traffic mileage and estimated emissions of particles and metals from road abrasion and tyre- and brake wear (ton).
Year Total traffic mileage (1x10 9 

### vehicle*km) TSP

ton PM 10


### ton PM 2,5 

### ton Pb ton Cd ton Cu ton Zn ton
1980 51.8 18648 10360 1295 1.82 0.013 7.6 10.6 1985 55.1 19836 11020 1378 1.93 0.013 8.1 11.3 1987 58.8 21168 11760 1470 2.06 0.014 8.6 12.1 1988 62.0 22320 12400 1550 2.18 0.015 9.1 12.7 1989 65.3 23508 13060 1633 2.29 0.016 9.6 13.4 1990 64.5 23220 12900 1613 2.26 0.016 9.5 13.2 1991 65.1 23436 13020 1628 2.29 0.016 9.6 13.3 1992 65.7 23652 13140 1643 2.31 0.016 9.7 13.5 1993 63.8 22968 12760 1595 2.24 0.016 9.4 13.1 1994 64.4 23184 12880 1610 2.26 0.016 9.5 13.2 1995 65.6 23616 13120 1640 2.30 0.016 9.6 13.4 1996 65.9 23724 13180 1648 2.31 0.016 9.7 13.5 1997 66.1 23796 13220 1653 2.32 0.016 9.7 13.6 1998 66.8 24048 13360 1670 2.34 0.016 9.8 13.7 1999 68.9 24804 13780 1723 2.42 0.017 10.1 14.1 2000 70.0 25200 14000 1750 2.46 0.017 10.3 14.4 2001 71.0 25560 14200 1775 2.49 0.017 10.4 14.6



# 9. Industrial processes (NFR 2)

9.1. Activity data for industrial processes

The compilation of data concerning emissions from industrial processes has mainly been based on information in industrial companies legal Environmental Reports to the environmental authorities, direct contact with companies, trade associations, experts at county administrations and the Swedish EPA. Further information sources are the counties administrative board emissions database (EMIR), older reports on emissions made by the Swedish EPA, national official production statistics and expert judgements.
Information in companies Environmental Reports, which have been mandatory to submit for larger companies since 1993, are of varying quality and usefulness for the

## 54 purpose of compiling emission estimates. In later years the information has generally improved, both as to the level of detail in the reporting, as to the number of emitted substances that are reported as an emission figure. The database, EMIR, consists of emission data from Environmental Reports, but does not include all facilities that have submitted reports.
In order to compile activity data or emission data as such for the 1980 ́s, usually nationwide information from official statistics or trade associations was used. For some processes there are only a few facilities within the country, and these were contacted directly to obtain information.
For some sources and substances only sparse data have been available, e.g. from older reports or emission data compilations. This is the case especially for the 1980 ́s. In those cases interpolations have been done and in some cases data from adjoining years have been used.
In some cases emission data and activity data were available from facilities judged to be representative, and in those cases emission factors could be developed and used on a nationwide scale.

9.2. Emissions from industrial processes

Among the sources reported in the industrial processes sector, the largest contribution to particle emissions has been from processes in the pulp- and paper industry. Metal production and the group of activities reported as “mineral products, other” including e.g. sinter and pelletizing plants, construction activites, glass manufacture etc, also contribute significantly. The estimated emissions of TSP from the industrial processes sector are presented in Figure 9.1.
Metal emissions, as well as emissions of dioxins, from the industrial processes sector are dominated by emissions from the activities grouped into “metal production” (Table 9.1, Figure 9.2). Metal production, as reported to UNECE/LRTAP, includes primary and secondary iron and steel production, non-ferrous metal production and aluminium production. PAH-4 from industrial processes almost entirely originates from metal production, i.e. aluminium production. Minor quantities are also emitted from the pulp and paper industry.

Below the method of estimation as well as emissions from each source is described in more detail. The general development for many sources and substances has been of decreasing emissions over the last decade or decades. This is primarily due to more commonly used and improved abatement techniques.

## 55 0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 40 00019801982198419861988199019921994199619982000ton TSP 2 B 4 Carbide Production 2 A 2 Lime Production 2 A 1 Cement Production 2 A 7 Mineral products, Other 2 C Metal production 2 D 1 Pulp and Paper



### Figure 9.1 Emissions of TSP from industrial processes

Table 9.1 Metal emissions from industrial processes (ton).MineralproductsMetalproductionPulp andpaperMineralproductsMetalproductionPulp andpaperMineralproductsMetalproductionPulp andpaperMineralproductsMetalproductionPulp andpaperChemicalindustry



### As Cr Pb Hg 1990 0.2 4.7 0.1 0.2 21 0.2 1.7 73 0.4 0.02 0.46 0.01 0.26 1991 0.3 3.2 0.1 0.2 17 0.2 1.7 57 0.4 0.02 0.33 0.01 0.26 1992 0.1 3.2 0.1 0.2 15 0.2 1.7 45 0.4 <0.1 0.31 0.01 0.25 1993 0.1 1.9 0.1 0.1 15 0.2 1.4 30 0.4 <0.1 0.29 0.01 0.16 1994 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.2 14 0.2 1.2 20 0.4 <0.1 0.28 0.01 0.18 1995 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.1 11 0.2 1.7 14 0.3 <0.1 0.29 0.01 0.13 1996 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 9 0.2 1.5 11 0.3 <0.1 0.29 0.01 0.14 1997 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.2 7 0.2 1.7 10 0.3 <0.1 0.26 0.02 0.11 1998 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 6 0.2 1.7 9 0.3 <0.1 0.24 0.02 0.14 1999 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 5 0.1 2.7 8 0.3 <0.1 0.36 0.02 0.11 2000 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 6 0.2 2.9 5 0.3 <0.1 0.27 0.02 0.09 2001 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 6 0.2 0.8 6 0.3 <0.1 0.17 0.02 0.07 Cd Cu Ni Zn 1990 0.03 1.55 0.09 0.1 21 0.6 1.0 7.3 0.5 0.7 113 0.8 1991 0.03 1.02 0.09 0.1 18 0.6 0.8 6.2 0.5 1.1 97 0.8 1992 0.02 0.93 0.09 0.3 26 0.6 0.7 6.9 0.5 1.7 71 0.8 1993 0.02 0.66 0.09 0.3 16 0.7 0.6 7.4 0.5 0.8 70 0.8 1994 0.02 0.33 0.08 0.1 6 0.6 0.7 8.2 0.4 0.9 65 0.7 1995 0.02 0.31 0.07 0.2 6 0.5 0.4 7.8 0.4 0.8 50 0.7 1996 0.02 0.28 0.07 0.2 6 0.5 0.4 3.0 0.4 1.0 34 0.6 1997 0.02 0.30 0.07 0.1 7 0.5 0.4 2.3 0.4 0.4 33 0.6 1998 0.01 0.25 0.07 0.1 56 0.5 0.4 1.7 0.4 0.3 30 0.6 1999 0.03 0.13 0.06 0.1 3 0.4 0.3 1.1 0.3 0.4 19 0.6 2000 0.03 0.09 0.07 0.1 2 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.3 19 0.6 2001 0.02 0.17 0.07 0.1 2 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.3 20 0.6

## 56 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5019801982198419861988199019921994199619982000Dioxin, g TEQ 2 B Chemical industry 2 D 1 Pulp and Paper 2 A 7 Mineral products 2 C Metal production



### Figure 9.2 Dioxin emission from industrial processes (g TEQ).



## 9.3. Mineral products (2A)

9.3.1. Particles from cement production (2A1) Cement production occurs at three facilities in Sweden, of which one is dominating. Emissions of particles have been estimated based on information from the industry. Emissions of heavy metals, PAH-4 and dioxins were calculated based on the energy statistics, since most of these substances originate from the fuels used. These emissions have been allocated to the energy sector and are included in the group called combustion in manufacturing industries.
In order to verify that cement production is not an important source for emissions of PAH-4, measurement data from the major cement industry in Sweden were used to roughly estimate the level of emissions. The results from measured emissions of different PAH substances in 1999 indicated very low emissions of BaP, BbF, BkF and Ind, representing emission factors <1.4×10 -7 

## mg/ton produced cement. For illustrative reasons, we multiplied the activities reported from the cement industry by the emission factors given by the USEPA (1998), which were 3.96×10 -5 

## , 2.3×10 -5 

## and 8.68×10 -6 

## mg/ton for BaP, BkF and Ind respectively. The results confirmed that PAH-4 emissions from cement production are likely to be negligible in Sweden, (<2×10 -4 

## kg).
Emissions of TSP, PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## were estimated for the time period 1980-2001 (Table 9.2, Figure 9.3). The activity data for all facilities are known. Emission factors for TSP were developed, based on information on TSP-emissions from two of the facilities. These emission factors were then used to calculate the emissions from the third facility. The particle size distribution of the emissions, the fractions of PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## , was done by expert judgement, based on a few measurement results and knowledge about abatement techniques installed.

## 57 Table 9.2 Annual production of cement (kton), emissions of TSP, PM 10 

### and PM 2.5 

### (ton), calculated emission factor for TSP (kg/ton) and fraction of PM 10 

### and PM 2.5 

### in relation to TSP.

Emissions Fraction Fraction Year Production TSP PM 10 

### PM 2.5 

### EF TSP PM 10 

### /TSP PM 2.5 

### /TSP ton cement ton ton ton kg/ton 1980 2528000 1459 1167 948 0.58 0.80 0.65 1981 2700000 1364 1091 886 0.51 0.80 0.65 1982 2450000 1271 1017 826 0.52 0.80 0.65 1983 2232000 1344 1075 874 0.60 0.80 0.65 1984 2307000 1148 918 746 0.50 0.80 0.65 1985 2175000 852 682 554 0.39 0.80 0.65 1986 2004000 721 577 469 0.36 0.80 0.65 1987 2225000 930 744 605 0.42 0.80 0.65 1988 2327000 1405 1124 913 0.60 0.80 0.65 1989 2395000 1423 1138 925 0.59 0.80 0.65 1990* 2521000 1003 803 652 0.40 0.80 0.65 1991 2295000 1358 1086 882 0.59 0.80 0.65 1992 2310000 949 806 664 0.41 0.85 0.70 1993 2190000 829 704 580 0.38 0.85 0.70 1994 2312000 705 599 493 0.30 0.85 0.70 1995 2476000 864 734 605 0.35 0.85 0.70 1996 2406000 801 681 561 0.33 0.85 0.70 1997 2321000 695 625 556 0.30 0.90 0.80 1998 2254000 541 487 433 0.24 0.90 0.80 1999 2286000 263 237 211 0.12 0.90 0.80 2000 2465000 216 194 172 0.09 0.90 0.80 2001 2602000 254 229 203 0.10 0.90 0.80 * Comparatively low emissions of particles as reported from the facilities

0 500 1000 1500 2000 25001980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

YearEmissions (ton)

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000Production (1000 ton)

TSP PM10 PM2.5 Production



### Figure 9.3 Time series of cement production (right axis) and emissions of TSP, PM 10 

### and PM 2.5 

### (left axis), 1980-2001

.

## 58 9.3.2. Particles and dioxins from lime production (2A2) Lime production occurs at 15-20 facilities in Sweden. Emissions of particles have been estimated for production of carbonate products, including quarrying, crushing and grinding, and from production of quick lime. The activity data for production of lime was calculated from the sum of quarried amount of limestone and dolomite (Swedish Geological Survey, 2001), from which the use in cement production have been subtracted (calculated as 2 times the clinker production in the cement industry). The particle emissions from the lime used in cement production are included in the estimates for cement production, see above. The Swedish Association of Lime Manufacturers has provided the approximate figure on annual production of quick lime.
Emission factors for production of lime (Table 9.3) were taken from the CEPMEIP project and for quick lime from manufacturers and expert judgement on the size fractions. The estimated emissions of TSP, PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## for 1980-2001 from lime and quick lime production are presented in Table 9.4.

Table 9.3 Emission factors for lime production

Time period TSP (kg/ton) PM10 kg/ton PM2.5 (kg/ton) Reference

Lime prod 1980-2001 0.3 0.15 0.03 CEPMEIP Quick-lime 1980-1998 1 0.9 0.8 * 1999 0.58 0.522 0.5 * 2000 0.43 0.387 0.3 * 2001 0.41 0.369 0.3 * *Based on information from the trade association (Kalkföreningen) and from individual facilities.

Table 9.4 Production figures and emissions of particles from lime production

Total estimated emissions
Production

of lime Production of quick

lime TSP PM 10 

### PM 2,5



### kton kton ton ton ton 1980 2670 600 680 580 488 1981 2326 600 670 575 487 1982 2826 600 685 582 488 1983 3262 600 698 589 490 1984 3112 600 693 587 489 1985 3376 600 701 591 490 1986 3718 600 712 596 491 1987 3276 600 698 589 490 1988 3072 600 692 586 489 1989 2936 600 688 584 489 1990 2684 600 681 580 488 1991 3124 600 694 587 489 1992 2865 600 686 583 489 1993 2693 600 681 580 488 1994 3027 600 691 585 489 1995 3430 600 703 591 490 1996 3242 600 697 589 490 1997 3071 600 692 586 489 1998 3205 600 696 588 490 1999 2458 600 422 350 286 2000 3909 600 375 291 218 2001 4084 600 369 283 209

## 59 The European Dioxin Inventory, citing the previous Swedish inventory (de Wit, unpubl.), gives values on dioxin emissions from lime production for 1990 and 1993 of 9.8-18 and 2-2.5 g TEQ, respectively. The origin of the estimated dioxin emissions was however not specified. According to UNEP (2001) dioxin may be formed primarily originating from the use of waste as fuel in the high-temeperature process. In Sweden no waste is used in lime production, and thus these earlier estimates were not considered further. All emissions from the combustion of fuels are accounted for in the energy sector.

9.3.3. Metals from battery manufacture (2A7) Heavy metal emissions from battery manufacture originate from three facilities in Sweden. One of these produces nickel-cadmium batteries and two facilities produce lead batteries. The time-series from 1990-2001 were compiled based on emission data reported from the individual facilities to the EMIR database (Table 9.5). For some years information on emissions was not available, and data have been interpolated.

Table 9.5 Emissions of heavy metals from battery manufacture (kg).
Cd, kg Ni, kg Pb, kg 1990 23 27 240 1991 19 27 199 1992 7 40 157 1993 7 22 119 1994 7 14 140 1995 5 17 123 1996 4 9 91 1997 4 6 97 1998 4 10 87 1999 5 6 28 2000 2 8 28 2001 3 11 28


## 9.3.4. Particles, metals and dioxins from sinter and pelletizing plants (2A7) Emission from iron ore mining and sinter/pellets production has been estimated for the time period 1980-2001 for particles and dioxins and for the time period 1990-2001 for metals. Data on production statistics as well as on emissions of TSP have been supplied from the facilities producing sinter/pellets for the entire time period.
Both pellets and sinter have been produced during the time period from 1980-1994, but since 1995 only pellets are produced (Figure 9.4). Separate emission factors for TSP from sinter and pellets production respectively, were calculated based on the information received from industry. The emission factors calculated for TSP are presented in Table 9.6, where also suggested emission factors from the CEPMEIP project are shown. The emission factors calculated using information from industry are considerably higher than those given in the CEPMEIP project, especially for the production of pellets. Information from the CEPMEIP-project on the particle size fractions, presented as relevant for conditions in 1995, was used as a basis when, in cooperation with industry, assigning the particle size distribution for the calculations of time series of emissions. In the estimated particle emissions (Table 9.7) also dressing (sifting) and concentrating plants are included, but the contributions from these are only minor in comparison to the actual sinter and pelletizing processes.

## 60 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 1800019801982198419861988199019921994199619982000kton Totalt production Pellets Sinter



### Figure 9.4 Production statistics for pellets and sinter production 1980-2001 (kton).

Table 9.6 Emission factors for TSP, PM 10 

### and PM 2.5 

### from sinter and pelletizing plants.

Sinter Pellets Unit Comment TSP 0.7-0.5 0.5-0.1 kg/ton Calculated national EF, 1980-1995 (sinter), 1980-2001 (pellets) 0.2 0.03 kg/ton CEPMEIP for 1995

PM 10 

### 50% 90% fraction of TSP Assigned values for 1980-1990 50% 95% -“- Assigned values for 1991-1994 NO* 100% -“- Assigned values for 1995-2001 50% 100% -“- CEPMEIP for 1995

PM 2.5 

### 40% 80% fraction of TSP Assigned values for 1980-1990 40% 85% -“- Assigned values for 1991-1994 NO* 100% -“- Assigned values for 1995-2001 50% 100% -“- CEPMEIP for 1995 *NO, not occurring

## 61 Table 9.7 Production, calculated implied emission factor for TSP, and emissions of TSP, PM 10 

### and PM 2.5 

### from sinter and pelletizing plants 1980-2001. Sinter production ended in 1994.

Production Calculated IEF* for TSP Emissions

TSP PM 10 

### PM 2,5 

### Year kton totalt kg/ton ton ton ton 1980 7156 0.53 3826 3217 2834 1981 5056 0.56 2830 2279 1996 1982 4841 0.51 2458 1948 1703 1983 5903 0.42 2450 1976 1731 1984 7541 0.42 3147 2617 2303 1985 9872 0.47 4670 3962 3495 1986 9969 0.48 4759 4043 3567 1987 10225 0.48 4858 4144 3658 1988 10195 0.53 5417 4617 4075 1989 11042 0.48 5326 4555 4023 1990 11092 0.41 4499 3847 3397 1991 10944 0.30 3285 2945 2617 1992 11417 0.24 2709 2442 2172 1993 11456 0.21 2427 2189 1946 1994 12081 0.24 2872 2597 2310 1995 14633 0.12 1790 1754 1746 1996 15094 0.10 1505 1505 1505 1997 15443 0.10 1491 1491 1491 1998 15059 0.12 1843 1843 1843 1999 12953 0.10 1353 1353 1353 2000 14929 0.13 2005 2005 2005 2001 13752 0.11 1572 1572 1572 * Implied emission factor 

## The content of heavy metals in emitted particulate matter, used as emission factors in the calculations, originates from an analysis provided by industry (Table 9.8). The analyzed samples were from pellets production, but in the emission estimates the factors have been used on the sum of produced sinter and pellets. The time series of estimated emissions of metals from sinter and pelletizing plants are presented in Table 9.9.
Table 9.8 Metal content in emitted TSP from pelletizing plants (Ögren, 2002 pers comm).
Metal kg/ton TSP

As 0.006 Cd 0.0002 Cr 0.044 Cu 0.01 Hg 0.00004 Ni 0.22 Pb 0.003 Zn 0.07

## 62 Table 9.9 Estimated emissions of metals from sinter and pelletizing plants (kg).

Year As kg Cd kg Cr kg Cu kg Hg kg Ni kg Pb kg Zn kg

1980 23 0.8 170 38 0.15 840 11 270 1981 17 0.6 120 28 0.11 620 8 200 1982 15 0.5 110 25 0.10 540 7 170 1983 15 0.5 110 24 0.10 540 7 170 1984 19 0.6 140 31 0.13 690 9 220 1985 28 0.9 200 47 0.19 1030 14 330 1986 29 1.0 210 48 0.19 1050 14 330 1987 29 1.0 210 49 0.19 1070 15 340 1988 33 1.1 240 54 0.22 1190 16 380 1989 32 1.1 230 53 0.21 1170 16 370 1990 27 0.9 200 45 0.18 990 13 320 1991 20 0.7 140 33 0.13 720 10 230 1992 16 0.5 120 27 0.11 600 8 190 1993 15 0.5 110 24 0.10 530 7 170 1994 17 0.6 130 29 0.11 630 9 200 1995 11 0.4 80 18 0.07 390 5 120 1996 9 0.3 70 15 0.06 330 5 100 1997 9 0.3 70 15 0.06 330 4 100 1998 11 0.4 80 18 0.07 410 6 130 1999 8 0.3 60 14 0.05 300 4 100 2000 12 0.4 90 20 0.08 440 6 140 2001 9 0.3 70 16 0.06 350 5 110 

## Sinter plants are very important dioxin emitters according to e.g. the European Dioxin Inventory. There are presently three pellet plants in operation, whereas a sinter plant was shut down in 1995.
Total emissions from the three pellets plants were measured during 2001 and amounted to 1.35 g TEQ, according to their Environmental Report. No major changes in their process have occurred during the period 1980-2001. We therefore assume that the formation rate of dioxins (μg/ton) has been constant. Thus, the concentration of dioxins in dust should also be constant, and emissions of dioxins should be proportional to those of dust. Dust emission data have been supplied from the pellets plants for the entire period, allowing for estimating dioxin emissions over time. This translates to calculated emission factors of slightly more than 0.3 μg/ton during the 1980 ́s. Following a sharp drop in the early 1990 ́s, calculated emission factors for dioxins vary in the range 0.07 to 0.11 μg/ton during 1995-2001 (Table 9.10).
Dioxin emissions from the sinter plant were measured in 1993 and 1995 and reached 5.4 and 2 g TEQ, respectively. This corresponds to emission factors of 4.9 and 3.5 μg/ton. In the absence of other data, it is assumed that an emission factor of 4.2 μg/ton is valid for the period 1980-1995. The total dioxin emissions from this activity were in the range 5.5-7.5 g TEQ/yr until 1994, and then dropped to slightly more than 1 g TEQ/yr following the closing of the sinter plant (Table 9.10).

## 63 Table 9.10 Dioxin emissions from the pellets and sinter plants. In the absence of other information, emission factors for the sinter plant is assumed to be invariant during the entire period.

Year Pellets Sinter Total emissions Emissions g TEQ/yr Calculated emission factor

μg TEQ/ton Emissions g TEQ/yr Assumed emission factor

μg TEQ/ton g TEQ /yr

1980 2.2 0.36 3.9 4.2 6.1 1981 1.5 0.36 4.1 4.2 5.5 1982 1.3 0.33 4.3 4.2 5.6 1983 1.6 0.33 4.7 4.2 6.3 1984 2.0 0.31 4.6 4.2 6.6 1985 2.7 0.31 4.7 4.2 7.4 1986 2.7 0.31 4.7 4.2 7.4 1987 2.8 0.31 4.5 4.2 7.3 1988 2.9 0.32 4.6 4.2 7.5 1989 3.0 0.31 4.7 4.2 7.7 1990 2.7 0.27 4.7 4.2 7.4 1991 1.9 0.20 4.9 4.2 6.8 1992 1.6 0.16 4.6 4.2 6.3 1993 1.4 0.14 5.4 measured 6.8 1994 1.6 0.15 4.7 4.2 6.3 1995 1.0 0.07 2.0 measured 3.0 1996 1.1 0.07 - - 1.1 1997 1.1 0.07 - - 1.1 1998 1.7 0.11 - - 1.7 1999 1.2 0.09 - - 1.2 2000 1.7 0.11 - - 1.7 2001 1.4 0.10 - - 1.4

## 64 9.3.5. Particles and metals from glass production (2A7) Emissions of particulate matter and heavy metals from production of float glass, container and manual glass have been compiled for the period 1990-2001. Data were obtained from industry and from legal Environmental Reports, and for earlier years in the time series from national reporting to HELCOM and from Bjärborg (1998). For manual glass production only emissions of lead and arsenic are reported. Data for missing years and parameters have been inserted or interpolated. The particle size distribution used in the emissions estimates was as suggested in the CEPMEIP- project (for production of flat glass, blown or drawn glass and container glass). The emissions factors provided by CEPMEIP translates for PM 10 

## into 90% and for PM 2.5 

## into 80% of the TSP emissions.

Table 9.11 Emissions of particles and metals from glass production (ton)

Year TSP

ton PM 10


### ton PM 2.5


### ton Cd

ton Cr

ton Hg

ton Pb

ton As

ton

1990 164 147 131 0.004 0.02 0.006 1.31 0.10 1991 147 132 117 0.004 0.02 0.00 1.28 0.26 1992 118 106 94 0.005 0.01 0.001 1.15 0.07 1993 131 118 105 0.005 0.01 0.002 1.14 0.06 1994 149 134 120 0.005 0.01 0.002 0.88 0.04 1995 167 151 134 0.009 0.02 0.001 1.49 0.02 1996 149 134 119 0.009 0.02 0.001 1.37 0.02 1997 153 138 123 0.008 0.01 0.001 1.57 0.01 1998 130 117 104 0.009 0.01 0.001 1.54 0.01 1999 87 78 69 0.025 0.03 0.002 2.69 0.01 2000 87 79 70 0.028 0.04 0.002 2.85 0.01 2001 49 44 39 0.013 0.02 <0.001 0.72 <0.01


## 9.3.6. Particles and metals from glass and mineral wool production (2A7) Glass and mineral wool have been produced at approximately 5-7 facilities during the time period 1980-2001. Two have shut down since 1980. Presently the ownership is distributed on two companies. Emission and production data have been received from one company (four facilities 1980-1991 and three facilities 1992-2001) for the whole time series 1980-2001. The data provided for the 1990 ́s and 2000-2001 are primarily based on measurements whereas for earlier years estimates made by the company are based on different known circumstances influencing emissions. Concerning the particle emissions, only the TSP emissions were provided by industry, and the fraction of PM 10 

## , 90%, and PM 2.5 

## , 70% of TSP, was calculated from emission factors for production of glass fibres provided in the CEPMEIP study. The emission factor for TSP, according to CEPMEIP, is 0.3 kg TSP/ton, while the calculated implied emission factors from the data provided from industry range from 3 kg/ton in the early 1980 ́s, to approximately 0.9 kg/ton in 2000 and 2001. Estimated emissions of particles and metals from glass and mineral wool production are presented in Table 9.12.

## 65 Table 9.12 Emissions of particles and metals from glass- and mineral wool production (particles in ton, metals in kg)

Year TSP

ton PM 10


### ton PM 2.5


### ton Pb kg Cd kg Hg kg As kg Cr kg Cu kg Ni kg Zn kg

1980 457 411 320 10 0.4 <0.02 1 22 6 30 131 1981 431 388 302 10 0.4 <0.02 1 21 6 29 129 1982 417 375 292 8 0.3 <0.02 1 21 6 27 113 1983 396 356 277 8 0.3 <0.02 1 20 5 26 109 1984 369 332 258 7 0.3 <0.01 1 19 5 25 104 1985 358 322 251 6 0.2 <0.01 1 18 5 22 91 1986 376 338 263 6 0.2 <0.01 1 20 5 24 93 1987 394 355 276 6 0.2 <0.02 1 21 5 25 96 1988 397 357 278 6 0.2 <0.02 1 22 6 26 99 1989 433 390 303 7 0.3 <0.02 1 25 6 29 112 1990 413 372 289 7 0.3 <0.02 1 24 6 28 109 1991 407 366 285 7 0.3 <0.02 1 26 6 30 114 1992 169 152 118 7 0.3 <0.02 1 25 6 29 111 1993 124 112 87 5 0.2 <0.01 1 21 5 23 85 1994 135 122 95 1 0.1 <0.01 1 29 5 21 67 1995 157 141 110 6 0.2 <0.01 1 22 5 26 98 1996 137 123 96 6 0.2 <0.01 1 22 5 26 98 1997 131 118 92 6 0.2 <0.01 1 20 5 24 90 1998 165 149 116 7 0.3 <0.02 1 23 6 28 107 1999 156 140 109 8 0.3 <0.02 1 24 6 29 116 2000 93 84 65 7 0.3 <0.02 1 24 6 27 103 2001 84 76 59 7 0.3 <0.01 1 24 6 28 107


## 9.3.7. Particles and metals from mining and extraction of non-iron mineral ore (2A7) For mining and the extraction of non-iron mineral ore, emissions of TSP and metals have been compiled for 1990-2001, based on data reported by the companies in their legal environmental reporting. Data for earlier years were not available. Also during the 1990 ́s data were not available for all years, so for missing years values have been interpolated or inserted. The particle size distribution of the particulate emissions was derived from the emission factors for copper and zinc ore mining given in the CEPMEIP study. According to those data PM 10 

## is estimated to amount to 50% and PM 2.5 

## to 7% of the TSP-emissions. The compiled time series of emissions of TSP, PM 10 

## , PM 2.5 

## and metals from non-iron ore mining and extraction are presented in Table 9.13.

## 66 Table 9.13 Emissions of particles and metals from non-iron ore mining and extraction, 1990-2001. Particles in ton, metals in kg.

Year TSP

ton PM 10


### ton PM 2.5


### ton Cu kg Pb kg Zn kg Cd kg As kg Ni kg Hg kg

1990 4.7 2.3 0.3 84 118 299 3 42 0.2 11 1991 6.1 3.0 0.4 84 218 789 3 42 0.2 11 1992 7.3 3.7 0.5 301 364 1408 3 40 0.2 4 1993 2.6 1.3 0.2 251 140 540 3 30 0.2 3 1994 3.2 1.6 0.2 91 160 650 3 30 0.2 3 1995 16 8.1 1.1 125 104 545 4 39 3.2 3 1996 9.1 4.6 0.6 146 62 848 2 29 3.4 2 1997 3.0 1.5 0.2 68 22 198 3 9 7.2 1 1998 1.2 0.6 0.1 43 28 71 <1 8 0.7 1 1999 1.1 0.5 0.1 42 27 149 1 11 4.0 1 2000 0.9 0.5 0.1 45 16 57 <1 7 1.7 2 2001 1.7 0.8 0.1 28 44 116 1 6 3.2 5


## 9.3.8. Particles from construction activities (2A7) Time series of emissions of particles from construction work has been developed. The basis for the calculations is national data on construction activity. Emission factors from the CEPMEIP study was used, as presented in Table 9.14.

Table 9.14 Emission factors for construction-related activities (CEPMEIP)

TSP PM 10 

### PM 2.5 

### Unit Dwellings 0.215 0.108 0.011 ton/1000 m 2 

### /year Utilities 0.123 0.061 0.006 ton/1000 m 2 

### /year 

## The activity data that was chosen as a basis for the calculations, is economic statistics on annual investments in construction-related activities 1980-2001, obtained from TheSwedish Construction Federation (Rydell, 2002). The data is divided into four subgroups, dwellings, industries, other buildings and construction. The latter three are considered to be utilities and are treated as a sum. No consistent reliable statistics on activity in the form of “constructed area” or likewise are available. In order to transform this economic information into a unit where the suggested emission factors (Table 9.14) can be used, 1995, the inventory year in the CEPMEIP study, was used as a base year for transforming economics into constructed square meters.
The number of square meters of construction work in 1995 in Sweden, provided in the CEPMEIP study, together with data from The Swedish Construction Federation on investments in construction-related activities in 1995, were used to calculate an average cost per constructed square meter for dwellings and utilities respectively.
For the calculations of the time series of emissions, the economic information was normalised to the 1995 level, and the costs per square meter was assumed to be constant throughout the time series. Using the derived factor “costs per square meter”, emissions for the whole time series were calculated from the emission factors and the magnitude of investments for each year (Table 9.15).

## 67 Table 9.15 Emissions of particles from construction-related activities

Year TSP (ton) PM 10 

### (ton) PM 2.5 

### (ton) 1980 936 468 47 1981 883 441 44 1982 865 433 43 1983 865 433 43 1984 923 462 46 1985 906 453 45 1986 916 458 46 1987 965 482 48 1988 1001 500 50 1989 1066 533 53 1990 1097 548 55 1991 1035 518 52 1992 982 491 49 1993 792 396 40 1994 717 359 36 1995 704 352 35 1996 718 359 36 1997 660 330 33 1998 678 339 34 1999 688 344 34 2000 722 361 36 2001 731 366 37



## 9.4. Chemical industry (2B)

Estimates of emissions of particles and mercury have been made from chemical industry. It is known that also dioxin emissions may occur from chemical industry, but reliable data have been difficult to obtain. A few indicative figures from Environmental Reports from later years are discussed below.
The mercury emissions reported originate from the chlor-alkali industry and from sulphuric acid production. Particle emissions have only been estimated from carbide production. Chemical industry in general is not expected to contribute significantly to particle emissions.

9.4.1. Particles from carbide production (2B4) Calcium-carbide production is located at only one facility in Sweden, which has provided production statistics as well as information on particle emissions for the whole time series (Löfstrand, E. 2002). Based on this information, emission factors for TSP could be calulated (Table 9.16). There seems to be some inconsistencies in the time series from the mid 1980 ́s to the mid 1990 ́s, when considerably lower specific emissions of particles were reported from the facility. It has not been possible to clarify if this was caused by changes in the production process or if it is an effect of different ways of estimating the particle emissions. Considering other sources of particle emissions, carbide production cannot be considered to be a significant source.
The partitioning of particles between TSP, PM 10 

## and PM 2,5 

## has been done by expert judgement, after discussions with the facility. PM 10 

## was judged to amount to 90% and PM 2.5 

## to 80% of the TSP emissions. Carbide production is not specifically treated in the CEPMEIP project.

## 68 Table 9.16 Estimated emissions of particles from carbide production

Year Production (ton) Emissions of TSP (ton) Emissions of PM 10 

### (ton) Emissions of PM 2.5 

### (ton) Calculated emission factor for TSP (kg/ton) 1980 29700 215 194 172 7.2 1981 20700 205 185 164 9.9 1982 31600 220 198 176 7.0 1983 33000 200 180 160 6.1 1984 34800 310 279 248 8.9 1985 30400 290 261 232 9.5 1986 36600 230 207 184 6.3 1987 29200 94 85 75 3.2 1988 47100 60 54 48 1.3 1989 54800 120 108 96 2.2 1990 54900 120 108 96 2.2 1991 55500 199 179 159 3.6 1992 42500 124 112 99 2.9 1993 43700 278 250 222 6.4 1994 45600 150 135 120 3.3 1995 46100 153 138 122 3.3 1996 47000 198 178 158 4.2 1997 46600 337 303 270 7.2 1998 43100 232 209 186 5.4 1999 42800 372 335 298 8.7 2000 38100 241 217 193 6.3 2001 37300 263 237 210 7.1


## 9.4.2. Mercury from the chlor alkali industry (2B5) In the past the chlor alkali industy has been a significant source of mercury emissions. Levander (1989, unpubl) has estimated that this source was one of the predominant sources of mercury in Sweden during the 1950 ́s with emissions in the order of 10 tons/year.
The estimated Swedish emissions 1990-2001, originating from approximately five facilities, are presented in Table 9.17. Reported emissions of mercury were derived from information in the EMIR database, from industries Environmental Reports or unpublished earlier estimates (Levander, 1989). Data were however, not available for all years and a few interpolations had to be made.

Table 9.17 Emissions of mercury (Hg) from the chlor alkali industry 1990-2001.
Year Hg, ton 1990 0.20 1991 0.19 1992 0.16 1993 0.12 1994 0.13 1995 0.12 1996 0.11 1997 0.08 1998 0.06 1999 0.06 2000 0.05 2001 0.05

## 69 9.4.3. Mercury from sulphuric acid production (2B5) Sulphuric acid production occurs at a large smelter, and all data on emissions of mercury from this process have been obtained from Environmental Reports from the facility. The production at this facility is complicated and involves a number of different processes. It has not been meaningful to try and find relevant activity data since the reporting of emissions as such is considered to be sufficient. Some data on emissons of mercury for years before 1990 exist, but they have only been sporadically reported. Earlier there were some more facilities producing sulphuric acid in Sweden.

Table 9.18 Emissions of mercury from sulphuric acid production 1990-2001.

Year Hg (ton) 1990 0.063 1991 0.069 1992 0.095 1993 0.033 1994 0.051 1995 0.010 1996 0.031 1997 0.024 1998 0.074 1999 0.043 2000 0.047 2001 0.019


## 9.4.4. Dioxins from chemical industry (2B) Hardly any information on dioxin emissions from chemical industry has been available, and it has not been possible to compile any time series of dioxin emissions from these sources. Reported emissions from a few Environmental Reports from later years are presented in Table 9.19.
Dioxins are formed during the production of ethylene dichloride (EDC) and vinyl chloride monomer (VCM). UNEP (2001) gives a default emission factor of 0.95 μg TEQ/ton. One Swedish facility has reported emissions for the more recent years (Table 9.19). Using their production of EDC and VCM during 2000, an average emission factor of 0.02 μg TEQ/ton is calculated, significantly lower than the UNEP default value.
There is also a single value on dioxin emissions from a major facility for production of pharmaceuticals from 2001 (Table 9.19).

Table 9.19 Dioxin emissions from chemical industry. Data were obtained from Environmental Reports from the facilities. Subcategory Year Emission (g TEQ/yr) Production of EDC and VCM 1998 0.015 Production of EDC and VCM 2000 0.005 Production of EDC and VCM 2001 0.003 Pharmaceutical industry 2001 0.2

## 70 9.5. Metal production (2C)

Processes that are included in this category are primary and secondary iron and steel production, non-ferrous metal production and aluminium production.

9.5.1. Particles, metals and dioxins from the iron and steel industry (2C) There are three primary iron and steel facilities in Sweden and about ten steel plants equipped with electric arc furnaces. Totally, there are approximately 20 various facilities included in the estimates. Processes that occur besides the primary processes and secondary steel production are rolling mills, pickling and other steel related processes. The estimated TSP emissions are based on data provided from the trade association (Jernkontoret, 2000) for almost all years 1980-1999 (for 2000 and 2001 companies’ legal Environmental Reports). Data for some missing years have been interpolated. The PM size fractionation has been made according to expert judgement, based on knowledge about changes in production methods and abatement technology. The chosen time series in particle size distributions and the reported emissions are presented in Table 9.20.

Table 9.20 PM fractions in percent of TSP, and estimated emissions of TSP, PM 10 

### and PM 2.5 

### for the iron and steel industry.

Year PM 10 

### (% of TSP) PM 2,5 

### (% of TSP) TSP (ton) PM 10 

### (ton) PM 2.5 

### (ton)

1980 80 60 8866 7093 5320 1981 80 60 7333 5866 4400 1982 80 60 5800 4640 3480 1983 80 60 5600 4480 3360 1984 80 60 5400 4320 3240 1985 80 60 5200 4160 3120 1986 80 70 4996 3997 3497 1987 80 70 4856 3885 3399 1988 80 70 4716 3773 3301 1989 85 75 3700 3145 2775 1990 85 75 3300 2805 2475 1991 85 75 3450 2933 2588 1992 85 75 3600 3060 2700 1993 85 75 3665 3115 2749 1994 85 75 3730 3171 2798 1995 85 75 3365 2860 2524 1996 95 85 1768 1680 1503 1997 95 85 1788 1699 1520 1998 95 85 1575 1496 1339 1999 95 85 1282 1218 1090 2000 95 85 1169 1111 994 2001 95 85 1293 1228 1099 

## The estimated metal emissions from iron and steel processes are based on known activity data, i.e. total and primary production, published by the trade association (Jernkontoret, 2000). The secondary production has been calculated as total production minus primary production. The activity data are presented in Table 9.21. Calculated implied emission factors for metal emissions from primary and secondary production are based on compiled emissions in older trade specific reports made by the Swedish EPA for some years during the 1990’s. Implied emission factors have been calculated

## 71 for Cd, Cr; Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn. The emissions of As, arsenic, have not been covered due to lack of data. For years for which the Swedish EPA did not provide trade specific reports, or when the trade was not fully covered in the reports, emission factors have been interpolated. The emissions from primary and secondary production have been calculated as the product of the implied emission factor and the activity data for the whole time-series. The calculated implied emission factors that have been used are presented in Table 9.22. The annual total estimated emission of each metal (Table 9.23) has been calculated as emission from primary plus secondary production.

Table 9.21 Activity data for iron and steel production for 1980-2001.

Year Total production (Gg= kton) Primary production (Gg= kton) Secondary production (Gg= kton) 1980 4237 2435 1801 1981 3770 1770 2000 1982 3900 1779 2121 1983 4210 2011 2199 1984 4705 2214 2492 1985 4813 2424 2389 1986 4716 2435 2280 1987 4595 2313 2282 1988 4779 2492 2287 1989 4692 2638 2054 1990 4454 2736 1718 1991 4252 2812 1440 1992 4359 2735 1623 1993 4591 2845 1746 1994 4967 3037 1930 1995 4953 3020 1934 1996 4910 3130 1780 1997 5148 3060 2088 1998 5153 3150 2004 1999 5067 3212 1855 2000 5229 3146 2083 2001 5229 3146 2083
Table 9.22 Calculated implied emission factors for primary and secondary iron and steel production for 1990-2001 (g/ton).PrimarySecondaryPrimarySecondaryPrimarySecondaryPrimarySecondaryPrimarySecondaryPrimarySecondaryPrimarySecondary



### Year Cd Cd Cr Cr Cu Cu Hg Hg Ni Ni Pb Pb Zn Zn

1990 0.04 0.07 0.10 6.98 0.37 0.58 0.01 0.15 0.15 4.00 4.75 4.66 4.8 37.8 1991 0.03 0.07 0.09 5.34 0.26 0.50 0.01 0.14 0.15 4.00 3.66 3.99 2.9 27.4 1992 0.03 0.06 0.07 3.70 0.15 0.50 0.00 0.13 0.15 4.00 2.56 3.33 3.3 21.6 1993 0.03 0.05 0.07 3.06 0.13 0.50 0.00 0.13 0.13 4.00 1.29 2.46 2.6 19.4 1994 0.03 0.03 0.06 2.43 0.11 0.50 0.00 0.12 0.15 4.00 1.19 1.59 2.3 17.3 1995 0.03 0.02 0.05 1.79 0.10 0.50 0.00 0.11 0.14 3.83 1.09 0.71 2.5 15.2 1996 0.03 0.02 0.03 1.00 0.09 0.45 0.00 0.10 0.10 1.50 0.85 0.69 1.0 10.0 1997 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.80 0.08 0.40 0.00 0.08 0.06 1.00 0.61 0.66 0.9 8.0 1998 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.80 0.08 0.34 0.00 0.08 0.03 0.80 0.37 0.64 0.8 7.0 1999 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.70 0.05 0.29 0.00 0.08 0.04 0.50 0.23 0.62 0.8 4.4 2000 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.60 0.02 0.10 0.00 0.08 0.04 0.30 0.08 0.42 0.5 4.6 2001 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.50 0.02 0.07 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.29 0.08 0.25 0.5 3.9

## 72 Table 9.23 Reported metal emissions from iron and steel production 1990-2001

Year Cd (ton) Cr (ton) Cu (ton) Hg (ton) Ni (ton) Pb (ton) Zn(ton) 1990 0.22 12 2.0 0.27 7.3 21 78 1991 0.18 7.9 1.4 0.22 6.2 16 60 1992 0.17 6.2 1.2 0.23 6.9 12 44 1993 0.17 5.5 1.2 0.23 7.4 8.0 41 1994 0.15 4.9 1.3 0.23 8.2 6.7 40 1995 0.13 3.6 1.3 0.22 7.8 4.7 37 1996 0.13 1.9 1.1 0.19 3.0 3.9 21 1997 0.13 1.8 1.1 0.18 2.3 3.3 19 1998 0.13 1.7 0.93 0.17 1.7 2.5 17 1999 0.06 1.4 0.70 0.16 1.1 1.9 11 2000 0.03 1.3 0.27 0.17 0.75 1.1 11 2001 0.03 1.1 0.20 0.08 0.72 0.76 9.7 

## According to USEPA (1997), dioxin emissions from steel production are strongly dependent on a number of parameters that are likely to vary between steel plants. Whether steel is produced from primary metals or from scrap metal is one very important factor, with the latter giving much higher dioxin emissions. Plant specific data is therefore recommended, if available.
From Environmental Reports from the last two years, dioxin emission data for this activity have been compiled in Table 9.24. For the years 2000 and 2001, the sum of the reported dioxin emissions to air was 6.3 and 3.7 g TEQ, respectively. The calculated implied emission factors from the individual plants show a fairly wide scatter (0.07 –13 μg/ton;Table 9.24). This range is similar to the total range of emission factors presented by UNEP (2001), where high values represent contaminated scrap metal and low values represent virgin iron.

Table 9.24 Dioxin emissions from iron and steel plants during 2000 according to companies legal Environmental Reports, excl. iron ore sintering and aluminum.

Process details Dioxin (g TEQ) Calculated emission factor (μg/ton) Primary steel 0.3 0.167 Sponge iron 0.0089 0.071 Electric arc furnace 0.2 0.470 Electric arc furnace 2.3 12.8 Electric arc furnace/steel plant 0.4 0.776 Electric arc furnace 0.015 0.109 Electric arc furnace 1 2.16 Electric arc furnace 2.1 8.14 Electric arc furnace/steel plant 0.023 0.334 Total 6.3 

## Since the emission factors vary widely depending on several process factors, no straightforward calculations using an emission factor were made when compiling a time series of national dioxin emissions from the iron and steel industry. Instead, the estimates for the time period 1980-2001 are based on a combination of information concerning production data for scrap-based steel, results from dioxin measurements, earlier estimates and expert judgement in co-operation with the trade association (Jernkontoret). The result is presented in Figure 9.5. The estimated emissions range from approximately 30 g TEQ/year in the early 1980 ́s, to less than 5 g in 2001.

## 73 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 4019801982198419861988199019921994199619982000Dioxin emissions (g TEQ)



## 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000Secondary steel production (kton) Dioxin emissions Secondary steel production



### Figure 9.5 Estimated dioxin emissions from secondary steel production, and production statistics, 1980-2001.



## Measurements of PAH emissions from electric arc furnaces in 1990 showed nondetectable levels of the four specified compounds of interest (Boström et al., 1993), thus the emissions of PAH-4 from the steel industry were assumed to be insignificant, and were not further considered.

9.5.2. Particles and metals from ferroalloys production (2C) Ferroalloy production in Sweden occurs at one facility. The TSP emissions have been calculated based on activity data provided by the company (1980-2001) and emission factors derived from reported emissions of TSP in the company’s legal Environmental Reports in later years. The calculated average emission factor has been used for all years during 1990’s and was doubled for the period 1980-1989, as suggested by the company experts (Table 9.25). The estimated time series of TSP emissions is presented in Table 9.26. The size distribution of particulates between PM 10 

## (95%) and PM 2,5 

## (75%) has been estimated by an expert who has performed measurements at the facility since the beginning of the 1980’s (Peterson, 2002). The same particle size distribution was assumed for the whole time series.
Metals emitted to air from ferroalloy production are primarily Cr, Pb and Zn. Chromium emission have been reported by Environmental Reports to the EMIR database since 1992. The chromium (Cr) emissions in the database and the activity data obtained from the company have been used to calculate the emission factors. The mean implied emission factor for 1992-1994 has been calculated and used for 1990-1991, and the mean implied emission factor for 1990-2001 has been doubled and used for 1980-1989, see Table 9.25. Zinc and lead emissions have only been sporadically reported to the EMIR database during the 1990’s, therefore data from older Swedish EPA reports ( e.g Swedish EPA reports 3429 (1988), 1570 (1982), Monitor 1982, Monitor 1987) have been combined with the reported EMIR-data in order to calculate the emission factors for the 1990’s. As for chromium the mean emission factor for zinc for 1990-2001 has

## 74 been doubled and used for 1980-1989. The calculated zinc emissions for 1980’s are much lower than formerly reported for 1984 and 1985 (Swedish EPA report 3429).

Table 9.25 Emission factors for particles and metals (kg/ton alloy) from ferro alloys production. Year(s) TSP Pb Zn Cr 1980-1989 1.34 0.00035 0.017 0.10 1990-1995 0.67 0.00020 0.009 0.07-0.05 1996 0.67 0.00015 0.007 0.04 1997 0.67 0.00015 0.007 0.05 1998 0.67 0.00015 0.007 0.03 1999 0.68 0.00015 0.006 0.03 2000 0.66 0.00013 0.009 0.03 2001 0.66 0.00016 0.006 0.04

Table 9.26 Activity data for ferro alloys production, and emissions of particulate matter and metals, 1980-2001.
Year Production, kton alloy TSP (ton) PM 10 

### (ton) PM 2 

### . 5 

### (ton) Pb (ton) Zn (ton) Cr (ton)
1980 94.8 127 121 95 0.03 1.6 9.4 1981 113 151 144 113 0.04 1.9 11 1982 139 186 177 140 0.05 2.3 14 1983 107 143 136 107 0.04 1.8 11 1984 118 158 150 118 0.04 2.0 12 1985 123 164 156 123 0.04 2.0 12 1986 118 158 150 118 0.04 2.0 12 1987 122 164 156 123 0.04 2.0 12 1988 143 191 182 143 0.05 2.4 14 1989 124 166 158 125 0.04 2.1 12 1990 128 85 81 64 0.03 1.2 8.4 1991 136 91 86 68 0.03 1.3 8.9 1992 136 91 87 68 0.03 1.3 8.9 1993 136 91 86 68 0.03 1.3 9.7 1994 146 98 93 73 0.03 1.4 8.9 1995 147 99 94 74 0.03 1.4 7.0 1996 156 104 99 78 0.02 1.1 7.0 1997 120 80 76 60 0.02 0.9 5.5 1998 139 93 89 70 0.02 1.0 4.3 1999 133 91 86 68 0.02 0.8 3.8 2000 153 101 96 76 0.02 1.4 4.2 2001 128 85 81 64 0.02 0.8 4.8


## 9.5.3. Particles, metals and dioxins from primary and secondary non-ferrous metal smelters One large non-ferrous smelter and seven smaller facilities have been studied in order to compile time series of emissions of particles and metals. Estimates of dioxin emissions have only been possible to obtain for the large facility in their annual Environmental Reports.
At the large smelter, a variety of processes occur, including both primary and secondary processes, and a number of products are produced. This facility has a long history of submitting environmental reports to the authorities, why emission estimates for all

## 75 substances were readily available, except for the size fractions of emitted particles (Table 9.27).

Emission factors for PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## , as fractions of emitted TSP, have for the period before 1995 been assigned by expert judgement, in cooperation with company experts. Fractions range from 60-95% for PM 10 

## from 1980-2001 and from 30-80% for PM 2.5 

## during the same period of time. The suggested emission factors from CEPMEIP correspond to a value of 90% for PM 10 

## and 80% for PM 2.5 

## , which were used for the later period, e.g. 1995-2001.

Table 9.27 Time series of emissions of particles and metals from a large non-ferrous smelter, 1980-2001. Year TSP (ton) PM 10 

### (ton) PM 2.5 

### (ton) Hg (ton) Pb (ton) Cd (ton) Cu (ton) Zn (ton) As (ton) 1980 1585 951 476 0.64 213 3.20 137 142 56 1981 1480 888 444 0.74 173 3.00 108 169 37 1982 1411 847 423 0.74 198 4.30 77 170 35 1983 1400 840 420 0.64 186 6.50 80 192 47 1984 857 686 429 0.74 103 2.50 42 122 39 1985 997 798 499 0.54 101 2.70 41 145 40 1986 984 787 492 0.37 67 1.70 232 81 24 1987 450 383 270 0.26 73 1.40 46 62 12 1988 317 276 206 0.31 64 0.90 38 38 6.0 1989 250 218 163 0.19 48 0.90 20 31 5.3 1990 250 218 163 0.18 52 1.32 18 33 4.7 1991 230 200 150 0.11 40 0.81 17 35 3.2 1992 200 174 130 0.08 32 0.74 24 25 3.2 1993 167 145 109 0.06 22 0.48 14 27 1.9 1994 101 91 71 0.04 13 0.17 5.0 23 0.7 1995 63 60 50 0.06 8.6 0.16 4.5 11 0.8 1996 65 62 52 0.10 6.0 0.15 5.2 12 0.5 1997 97 92 78 0.08 7.2 0.17 6.2 13 0.6 1998 79 75 63 0.07 6.3 0.12 4.2 13 0.5 1999 67 64 54 0.20 5.6 0.07 2.3 7.8 0.2 2000 57 54 46 0.10 3.8 0.06 1.9 6.2 0.2 2001 57 54 45 0.09 5.0 0.14 1.6 9.0 0.4 

## Emissions of particles and metals from seven smaller secondary non-ferrous metal smelters have been compiled. Emissions, presented in Table 9.28, are for TSP and the metals as reported by the companies in Environmental Reports, and further into the EMIR database. The inclusion of data into EMIR has, unfortunately not been consistent, and several instances of missing values have had to be interpolated in order to complete the time series. Emissions, as a total from this category, are generally low, and no further attempts to track missing data were made. Estimates of the emissions of PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## were made using the same assumptions concering particle size fractions as was applied for the large smelter, i.e PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## from 90-95% and 70-80% of TSP respectively for the period 1990-2001.

## 76 Table 9.28 Emissions of particles and metals from small non-ferrous metal smelters, 1990-2001.

Year TSP (ton) PM 10 

### (ton) PM 2.5 

### (ton) Pb (ton) Cd (ton) Cu (ton) Zn (ton) As (ton) Cr (ton) Hg (ton) Ni (ton) 1990 8 7 6 0.465 0.013 0.038 0.623 0.001 0.017 0.005 0.002 1991 11 10 8 1.019 0.027 0.069 0.924 0.001 0.017 0.004 0.002 1992 9 8 6 0.454 0.017 0.058 0.744 0.001 0.017 0.007 0.002 1993 9 8 6 0.525 0.018 0.064 0.573 0.001 0.017 <0.001 0.001 1994 5 5 4 0.349 0.010 0.029 0.519 0.001 0.005 0.007 0.003 1995 5 5 4 0.190 0.011 0.021 0.208 0.001 0.018 0.004 0.011 1996 5 5 4 0.086 0.005 0.021 0.181 0.001 0.016 0.004 0.002 1997 5 5 4 0.065 0.005 0.008 0.170 0.002 0.014 0.003 0.002 1998 4 4 4 0.073 0.004 0.008 0.176 0.002 0.012 0.003 0.002 1999 4 4 3 0.082 0.004 0.008 0.151 0.001 0.010 0.002 0.002 2000 4 4 4 0.148 0.004 0.004 0.141 0.001 0.008 0.002 0.002 2001 5 4 4 0.224 0.006 0.005 0.132 0.001 0.006 0.002 0.002 

## Primary non-ferrous metal production is not associated with major dioxin emissions to air. From secondary processes, however, dioxin emissions are known to occur. No information has been available for the smaller secondary non-ferrous metal smelters, but data have been obtained from the large non-ferrous smelter mentioned above. Dioxin emissions during 2001, for different processes at the smelter, are displayed in Table 9.29. Emission measurements started ca 1985, but we have only been able to find emission data from 1990 onwards, displayed in Table 9.30 (pers. comm. with M. Borell). The major dioxin sources are metal recovery from electronic waste (associated with secondary production of several metals including copper) and secondary zinc production. These emissions display variations over time (Figure 9.6). While the decline in emission from electronic waste recovery is due to improved flue gas cleaning that was installed in November 1997, there is no obvious explanation for the increasing emissions from secondary zinc production.

Table 9.29 Dioxin emissions from the large metal smelting plant during 2001, according to their environmental report. Activity TEQ gram/yr Clinker plant 0.14
Converter ventilation 0.022 Sulphuric acid production 0.002 Sulphur products 0.02
“Slagfuming” (secondary Zn) 1.48 Lead kaldo (recovery of electronic waste) 0.034

Sum 1.698

## 77 Year 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002g TEQ Eadon /yr

0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0

Electronic waste Secondary Zn



### Figure 9.6 Dioxin emissions from the large metal smelting plant during 1990-2001.

Table 9.30 Total dioxin emissions from the metal smelting plant 1990-2001

Year Dioxins g TEQ 1990 0.53 1991 0.23 1992 0.33 1993 0.21 1994 0.3 1995 0.19 1996 0.28 1997 1.94 1998 0.744 1999 0.684 2000 0.866 2001 1.756


## 9.5.4. Particles and PAH from primary aluminium production (2C) There is only one primary aluminium production facility in Sweden. The facility consists of two plants. The first plant includes 56 closed pre-baked ovens, each of 150 kA. In the second plant, there are 3 pre-baked ovens and 259 open ovens with so-called Söderberg anodes. The anodes are produced in the electrode pulp factory. The time series of emissions that have been compiled from primary aluminium production include emissions of particles and PAH.
Information concerning production statistics and emissions of TSP and BaP were provided by industry, and only a few missing years have had to be interpolated.
The particle size fractions of PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## have been assumed for the whole time period, as given in the CEPMEIP-project for primary aluminium production. The assumption is thus that PM 10 

## constitutes 95% and PM 2.5 

## 43% of the reported TSP emissions.

## 78 Emissions of benzo(a)pyrene and “PAH” have been reported from the facility as far back as 1984. It is not known which compounds are included in the term “PAH”. In 1984 and 1986, BaP emissions occurred from plant 1 and 2. From 1987 and onwards, emissions were reported to occur only from plant 2, which represents the production of Söderberg anodes and anode baking in the so-called Söderberg ovens.
The reported BaP emissions were given in g/h, which was converted to g/year, given an annual operation time of 8760 h. Emission factors expressed in g/ton were then derived based on the annually produced amounts of Al. For some missing years, the emission factors were interpolated.
Table 9.31 shows derived emission factors for the four PAH substances, where the profile between BaP and the other three PAH substances was obtained from the Emission Inventory Guidebook (EEA, 2001).

Table 9.31 Emission factors (g/ton Al) for BaP, BkF+BbF and Ind for aluminium production in Sweden (Industrial information for BaP, profiles from EEA, 2001)

Year 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996* 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 BaP 22.4 19.7 16.9 5.9 12.6 17.9 14.4 19.1 13 10.4 13 13.7 15.7 9 17.4 22.9 11.1 13.9 BkF + BbF 49.4 43.3 37.2 13 27.8 39.3 31.7 42 28.6 22.8 28.5 30.1 34.6 19.9 38.2 50.4 24.4 30.5 Ind 11.2 9.8 8.5 2.9 6.3 8.9 7.2 9.5 6.5 5.2 6.5 6.8 7.9 4.5 8.7 11.4 5.6 6.9 

### * Interpolated emission factors for BaP. 

## Time series of production statistics and of reported emissions of TSP and benzo(a)pyrene, as well as calulated emissions of PM 10 

## , PM 2.5 

## , benzo(b)fluoranthen +benzo(k)fluoranthene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene and the resulting sum of PAH-4 are presented in Table 9.32. The estimated time series of PAH emissions are also presented in Figure 9.7.

## 79 Table 9.32 Total production and emissions of particles and PAH-species from primary aluminium production, 1980-2001.Production, ofaluminium (kton)TSP (ton)PM10(ton)PM2.5(ton)benso(a)pyrene,BaP(ton)benso(b)fluoranthene+benso(k)fluorantheneBbF+ BkF (ton)Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyreneind (ton)Total PAH-4(ton)



### 1980 81.2 485 461 207 na* na na na 1981 83.5 474 450 203 na na na na 1982 78.6 447 424 191 na na na na 1983 82.0 389 369 166 na na na na 1984 82.8 535 508 229 1.8 4.1 0.9 6.87 1985 83.5 385 365 164 1.6 3.6 0.8 6.08 1986 77.7 287 273 123 1.3 2.9 0.6 4.86 1987 81.5 110 105 47 0.4 1.0 0.2 1.62 1988 99.2 148 141 63 1.0 2.1 0.5 3.56 1989 97.0 261 248 112 1.3 2.9 0.6 4.86 1990 96.3 325 309 139 1.0 2.3 0.5 3.89 1991 96.9 258 245 110 1.4 3.1 0.7 5.19 1992 77.2 216 206 92 0.7 1.5 0.4 2.59 1993 82.4 215 204 92 0.6 1.3 0.3 2.27 1994 83.9 203 193 87 0.8 1.7 0.4 2.92 1995 95.1 247 235 106 1.0 2.2 0.5 3.66 1996 98.7 190 181 81 1.2 2.6 0.6 4.40 1997 98.8 228 216 97 0.7 1.5 0.3 2.53 1998 96.3 344 327 147 1.3 2.8 0.6 4.70 1999 99.3 247 235 106 1.7 3.8 0.9 6.45 2000 101.3 223 212 95 0.9 1.9 0.4 3.21 2001 101.8 214 203 91 1.1 2.4 0.5 4.05 * na, not available

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

1 9 8 0 1 9 8 2 1 9 8 4 1 9 8 6 1 9 8 8 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 8 2 0 0 0Emissions (kg)

Ind BkF+BbF BaP



### Figure 9.7 Estimated emissions of PAH-4 between 1984 and 2001 from primary aluminium production, based on reported BaP emissions.

## 80 According to UNEP (2001) primary production of aluminium has no significant emissions of dioxins to air. This was confirmed by mesurements made at the facility in the late 1970 ́s and early 1980 ́. The measurements in the early 1980 ́s did not result in any detectable amounts.

9.5.5. Dioxins from secondary aluminium production The secondary production of aluminium in Sweden has amounted to ca 25 000 ton/yr during 1995-2000 (USGS, 2000). Compared to primary aluminium production, this process has a stronger potential for dioxin formation due to impurities, e.g. various plastics, in the metal source. The environmental report for 2001 from one of the major plants shows that 0.063 g TEQ was emitted to air and that 29 560 ton Al was produced. This translates to an emission factor of 2 μg TEQ/ton Al, compared to the range of 0.5- 150 μg TEQ/ton Al presented in UNEP (2001). No emission data has been found for previous years. While considering the wide range of default emission factors and the apparently low contribution of this activity to the national total, no estimates for previous years have been done.

9.6. Other production (2D)

9.6.1. Particles, metals, PAH and dioxins from the pulp and paper industry (2D1) Forty-two individual pulp and paper facilities are included in the estimates, as well as two manufacturers of board. The kraft process is dominating in Sweden but there are also six sulphite and 14 CTMP (Chemo Thermo Mechanical Pulp) or TMP (Thermo Mechanical Pulp) facilities.
Time series of emissions of TSP, PM 10 

## , PM 2.5 

## , metals, dioxins and PAH-4 for the period 1980-2001 have been compiled. Calculations were made based on production statistics, emission factors and for the size distribution of particles, expert judgement. Emission factors were derived based on reported data from different plants and on information from published reports (as referred below). Calculated emission factors are presented in Table 9.33 to Table 9.36.
The emission factors for particles have, when considered neccessary, been separately assigned for the sulfite and the Kraft process (Table 9.36). (EPA 1997, Moisio 1999, SSVL 24 Branschutredningar DP 8, SSVL 85-Rapport nr 53)
The emission factors for metals that are presented in Table 9.33 represent conditions during the 1980 ́s, and are primarily derived from actual measurement results (EPA 1997, SSVL Miljö 2000 Rapport nr 2, NCASI-reports and internal IVL material). These emission factors refer to emission per produced unit, and are used to estimate emissions during the 1980 ́s. From around 1990 abatement techniques were more widely introduced, resulting in a total lowering of particle emissions/unit produced, and also in a changed composition of the particle emissions towards a larger share of smaller particles. The emitted particle bound metals are to a large extent associated with the smaller particles. This fact has been considered in the estimates of metal emissions, in such a way that between 1991-2001 the metal emissions have been assumed to constitute a larger share of the calculated TSP-emissions see also chapter 7.5. (Table 9.34). For Hg, which primarily is emitted in gaseous form, the emission factor in Table

## 81 9.33 has been used for the whole time period. Arsenic (As) has been treated similarly, since it is emitted partly in gaseous form.
The emission factor for dioxin in Table 9.35 is valid for 1995-2001, when chlorine bleaching had been phased out. Between 1980-1994 the emission factor, 0.06 μg/ton, has been multiplied with a factor of 5 in the beginning of the 1980 ́s down to a factor of 1.2 in 1994.

Table 9.33 Emission factors for metals from pulp production, valid for the 1980 ́s (mg/t90 # 

### ).
Substance Emission factor, Kraft process

1980-1990 Emission factor, Sulfite process

1980-1990 Unit

As 0.02 0.002 mg/t90 Cd 0.013 * mg/t90 Cr 0.032 0.01 mg/t90 Cu 0.060 0.1 mg/t90 Hg** 0.002 * mg/t90

Ni 0.070 * mg/t90 Pb 0.060 * mg/t90 Zn 0.120 * mg/t90

# 

### t90, 90% of the production in ton, a measure of product to the market *Emission factor for the Sulfite process is the same as for the Kraft process ** Valid for the whole time period, 1980-2001

Table 9.34 Calculated emission factors for metals in relation to emitted TSP for pulp and paper production.

Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn Year kg/ton TSP 1980 0.005 0.01 0.04 0.001 0.03 0.02 1985 0.007 0.02 0.05 0.001 0.04 0.03 1990 0.009 0.02 0.07 0.001 0.05 0.04 1995 0.010 0.02 0.07 0.002 0.05 0.05 2000 0.012 0.03 0.08 0.003 0.06 0.05

Table 9.35 Emission factors for PAH-4 (1980-2001) and for dioxins (1995-2001).

Substance Emission factor Unit PAH(4)* 0.0022 g/t90 Dioxin** 0.06 μg/t90 * valid for the whole time period ** valid for 1995-2001

## 82 Table 9.36 Time series of emission factors for particles and dioxin, 1980-2001. Kraft process Year Black liqour recovery furnace Smelt dissolver Lime kiln Sulfite process Both processes

TSP TSP TSP TSP PM 10 

### PM 2 

### . 5 

### Dioxin kg/ton kg/ton kg/ton kg/ton fraction of TSP fraction of TSP factor *



### 1980 2.0 0.25 0.3 2.0 0.85 0.60 5*EF 1981 1.9 0.25 0.3 1.7 0.85 0.60 5*EF 1982 1.8 0.25 0.3 1.7 0.85 0.60 5*EF 1983 1.7 0.25 0.3 1.5 0.85 0.60 5*EF 1984 1.6 0.25 0.3 1.5 0.85 0.60 5*EF 1985 1.5 0.25 0.3 1.2 0.85 0.60 4*EF 1986 1.4 0.25 0.3 1.2 0.90 0.65 4*EF 1987 1.3 0.25 0.3 0.9 0.90 0.65 3*EF 1988 1.2 0.25 0.3 0.7 0.90 0.65 3*EF 1989 1.1 0.25 0.3 0.6 0.90 0.65 2*EF 1990 1.0 0.25 0.3 0.5 0.90 0.65 2*EF 1991 0.9 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.95 0.70 1.5*EF 1992 0.9 0.25 0.3 0.2 0.95 0.70 1.5*EF 1993 0.9 0.25 0.3 0.1 0.95 0.70 1.2*EF 1994 0.7 0.25 0.3 0.1 0.95 0.70 1.2*EF 1995 0.6 0.25 0.3 0.1 0.95 0.70 1*EF 1996 0.6 0.25 0.25 0.1 0.95 0.75 1*EF 1997 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.1 0.95 0.75 1*EF 1998 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.1 0.95 0.75 1*EF 1999 0.5 0.15 0.20 0.1 0.95 0.75 1*EF 2000 0.4 0.15 0.20 0.1 0.95 0.75 1*EF 2001 0.4 0.15 0.20 0.1 0.95 0.75 1*EF

* 

### EF= emission factor for 1995-2001 (Table 9.35). 

## Estimated time series of emissions from the pulp and paper industry for 1980-2001 are presented in Table 9.37. The emissions of PAH 4 are very low (0.01-0.02 ton/year), and the dioxin emissions have decreased from this source from approximately 2 g TEQ/year in the early 1980 ́s to about 0.5 g TEQ/year in later years (Miljövänlig tillverkning av blekt massa. Rapport nr 96, SSVL85 Rapport nr 28, SSVL Miljö 90 Rapport nr 1, SSVL Miljö 90 Rapport nr 80). In Figure 9.8 the estimated particle emissions are shown, together with production statistics. The figure shows that the specific emissions of particles have decreased substantially over this period of time. The emissions of metals (Figure 9.9) have also declined but according to the discussion above not as much, relatively, as the decrease in TSP emissions. The smaller particles, which in later years constitutes a relatively larger share of the TSP emissions, contains proportionally more metals.

## 83 Table 9.37 Emissions from pulp and paper production 1980-2001.

Year TSP ton PM 10 

### ton PM 2.5 

### ton PAH-4 ton Dioxin g TEQ As ton Cd ton Cr ton Cu ton Hg ton Ni ton Pb ton Zn ton

1980 15770 13410 9460 0.01 1.9 0.11 0.08 0.18 0.60 0.01 0.45 0.38 0.77 1981 14890 12660 8940 0.01 1.9 0.12 0.08 0.18 0.60 0.01 0.45 0.38 0.76 1982 12930 10990 7760 0.01 1.7 0.11 0.07 0.17 0.54 0.01 0.40 0.34 0.69 1983 13930 11840 8360 0.01 1.9 0.12 0.08 0.19 0.61 0.01 0.45 0.39 0.78 1984 14190 12060 8520 0.02 2.1 0.13 0.09 0.20 0.65 0.01 0.48 0.41 0.82 1985 12830 10900 7700 0.01 1.6 0.12 0.09 0.19 0.63 0.01 0.46 0.39 0.79 1986 12420 11180 8070 0.01 1.6 0.13 0.09 0.20 0.64 0.01 0.46 0.40 0.80 1987 12170 10950 7910 0.02 1.3 0.13 0.09 0.21 0.67 0.01 0.49 0.42 0.83 1988 11660 10500 7580 0.02 1.3 0.14 0.09 0.21 0.68 0.01 0.50 0.43 0.85 1989 10850 9770 7050 0.02 0.8 0.13 0.09 0.21 0.68 0.01 0.49 0.42 0.85 1990 9580 8620 6230 0.01 0.8 0.13 0.09 0.20 0.64 0.01 0.47 0.40 0.80 1991 9290 8830 6500 0.02 0.6 0.13 0.09 0.20 0.65 0.01 0.48 0.42 0.83 1992 9060 8610 6340 0.02 0.6 0.13 0.09 0.19 0.63 0.01 0.47 0.40 0.81 1993 9250 8790 6480 0.02 0.5 0.13 0.09 0.20 0.67 0.01 0.49 0.42 0.85 1994 7940 7540 5550 0.02 0.5 0.11 0.08 0.17 0.57 0.01 0.42 0.36 0.72 1995 7420 7050 5200 0.02 0.4 0.11 0.07 0.17 0.54 0.01 0.40 0.34 0.68 1996 7020 6660 5260 0.02 0.4 0.10 0.07 0.15 0.50 0.01 0.37 0.32 0.63 1997 6800 6460 5100 0.02 0.5 0.11 0.07 0.16 0.52 0.02 0.38 0.33 0.65 1998 6710 6370 5030 0.02 0.5 0.10 0.07 0.15 0.50 0.02 0.37 0.32 0.63 1999 5820 5520 4360 0.02 0.5 0.09 0.06 0.14 0.44 0.02 0.32 0.28 0.56 2000 5760 5480 4320 0.02 0.5 0.10 0.07 0.15 0.49 0.02 0.36 0.31 0.61 2001 5720 5430 4290 0.02 0.5 0.10 0.07 0.15 0.48 0.02 0.35 0.30 0.60

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 1800019801982198419861988199019921994199619982000

YearEmissions, ton



### 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000Production, kton 

### TSP PM10 PM2.5 Kraft process Sulfite process



### Figure 9.8 Emissions of particles from pulp production (ton) and production statistics for the Kraft process and Sulfite process (kton).

## 84 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.901980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

Yearton Zn Cu Ni Pb Cr As Cd Hg



### Figure 9.9 Emissions of metals from pulp- and paper production 1980-2001 (ton)



# 10. Solvent and product use (NFR 3)

Emissions from tobacco smoking, the use of fireworks and from the wood preservation industry were studied as sources to emissions from product use. From tobacco smoking, emissions of particles and PAH were estimated and from fireworks only the particle emissions. Dioxin emissions from the wood preservation industry are discussed and stated to be negligible.
The time series for particulate emissions have been compiled for 1980-2001. Calculations were based on activity data from statistics on sold amount of tobacco (Statistical yearbook of Sweden) and fireworks (Sweden ́s Statistical Databases) respectively. Emission factors from the CEPMEIP study have been used. All particle emissions are considered to consist only of small particles, PM 2.5 

## .There is also some information available on metal emissions from fireworks, and this issue will be studied further in teh future.

10.1. Emissions from solvent and product use

Particle emissions from product use presented in Figure 10.1. The sum of emissions from tobacco smoking and from the use of fireworks has been estimated to about 700 tons in later years. Emissions from tobacco smoking have decreased since less tobacco is sold, while emissions from the use of fireworks have increased, due to an increased use of fireworks.

## 85 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 80019801982198419861988199019921994199619982000TSP, PM10and PM2.5, ton

Total Tobacco smoking Use of fireworks



### Figure 10.1 Emissions of particles from product use (ton). All particles are considered to be PM 2.5 

### . 

## 10.1.1. Particles and PAH from tobacco smoking (3D) Emissions of particles from tobacco smoking were estimated based on official statistical sales figures and the emission factors suggested in the CEPMEIP project. According to CEPMEIP all particles are small and consequently the emission factor the same for TSP, PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## . Activity data and estimated emissions are presented in Table 10.1. The statistics on tobacco is given in number of cigars, cigarills and cigarettes. The figure for 1995 on ton tobacco consumed in Sweden according to the CEPMEIP project was used as a conversion factor to calculate tons of tobacco each year from the available statistics.
Rogge et al. (1994) measured emissions of organic substances from cigarette smoking. Several PAH substances were identified in the smoke, however, only one of the four PAHs investigated here was found, at an emission rate of 5.4 × 10 -4 

## mg/cigarette. Multiplied by the total number of cigarettes sold, this yields an annual emission of PAH-4 of 0.8 g , which can be regarded as negligible. Although a significant additional number of cigarettes is likely to be consumed, as a result of smuggling, the emissions are assumed to be insignificant in comparison to other sources. Cigarettes were thus not further considered as emission source for PAHs in this inventory.

## 86 Table 10.1 Activity data, emission factor and emissions of particles from tobacco smoking.
Emission factor for TSP, PM 10 

### and PM 2.5 

### Emissions of TSP, PM 10 

### and PM 2.5 

### Year ton tobacco ton/ton ton

1980 11300* 0.04 452 1981 11306 0.04 452 1982 11865 0.04 475 1983 11365 0.04 455 1984 11302 0.04 452 1985 10954 0.04 438 1986 11009 0.04 440 1987 10900 0.04 436 1988 10981 0.04 439 1989 10747 0.04 430 1990 10449 0.04 418 1991 10387 0.04 415 1992 10796 0.04 432 1993 8592 0.04 344 1994 8568 0.04 343 1995 7988 0.04 320 1996 8132 0.04 325 1997 5905 0.04 236 1998 5650 0.04 226 1999 6748 0.04 270 2000 6932 0.04 277 2001 6900* 0.04 276 * No data available, data have been assumed.



## 10.1.2. Particles from the use of fireworks (3D)

Particle emissions from the use of fireworks have been estimated based on sales statistics and emission factors from the CEPMEIP project. The sales statistics is available from 1988-2001, given as ton fireworks sold. In the CEPMEIP project an emission factor is suggested as ton particulate matter/inhabitant. Using the information for 1995 on this emission factor, number of inhabitants and tons of fireworks sold an emission factor of 0.156 ton PM/ton fireworks could be calculated. According to CEPMEIP all particles emitted are PM 2.5 

## . The activity data for 1980-1987 have been assumed, based on the available data for the later period, which show an increasing trend in the use of fireworks. An increasing tendency has been applied also to the years where activity data are lacking. In Table 10.2 activity data and calculated emissions are presented. The particle emissions from this source are small compared to most other national sources.

## 87 Table 10.2 Activity data and emissions of particles for the use of fireworks. Activity data for 1980-1987 have been assumed. Year Import (ton) Emissions of TSP, PM 10 

### and PM 2. 

### 5 (ton) 1980 650 101 1981 700 109 1982 750 117 1983 800 125 1984 850 132 1985 900 140 1986 950 148 1987 1000 156 1988 1045 163 1989 909 142 1990 1276 199 1991 1350 210 1992 1652 257 1993 1606 250 1994 1512 235 1995 1985 309 1996 2123 331 1997 2184 340 1998 2322 362 1999 2460 383 2000 2598 404 2001 2736 426


## 10.1.3. Dioxin from the wood preservation industry In the European Dioxin Inventory (EDI) it is estimated that ca 8 g TEQ/yr is emitted from wood preservation with pentachlorophenol in Sweden. This is based on an uncorrect assumption, because the use of PCP has not been permitted since 1978 in Sweden. The conclusion is that there is no reason to believe that wood preservation in Sweden is associated with significant dioxin emissions.



# 11. Agriculture (NFR 4)

Included in the estimates of particles from agricultural activities for 1980-2001 are emissions from handling of fertilisers, from handling of crops and particulate emissions from livestock farming. All emission factors are as suggested in the CEPMEIP study, and no changes in emission factors over time have been assumed.
The calulated emissions of TSP from the agricultural sector are substantial, where the major part according to the calculations arises from livestock farming (Figure 11.1). In later years estimated TSP emissions from livestock farming contribute approximately 8% of the calculated national total emissions of TSP. Unlike most other sources, the fraction of large particles is comparatively high from these sources (Figure 11.2). The contribution to the national totals of PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## is thus lower, relatively, than for TSP.

## 88 0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 0001980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton TSP Fertilizers Crops Livestock farming



### Figure 11.1 Estimated emissions of TSP from the agricultural sector, ton TSP.

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 90001980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001ton 

### TSP PM10 PM2.5



### Figure 11.2 Calcualted emissions of TSP, PM 10 

### and PM 2.5 

### from the agricultural sector.



## 11.1. Activity data for the agricultural sector

Estimates of emissions from fertilizer use are based on activity data from official statistics on sold amount of commercial fertilizer to agriculture and horticulture

## 89 (Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics). The fertilizers taken into consideration are both single and combined fertilizers.
Particle emissions from handling of crop have been estimated based on official statistics where activity data have been aggregated and include figures on harvested and imported amounts of wheat, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, buckwheat, maize and leguminous plants.
Activity data used to estimate particle emissions from livestock farming were from statistics on the number of animals, using the sub-groups cattle (including horses), pigs, chicken and other poultry.

11.2. Emissions of from the agricultural sector (4G)

11.2.1. Particles from storage and handling of fertilizers Emissions of particles from storage and handling of fertilizers have been estimated based on national sales statistics on single and combined artificial fertilizers, and emission factors suggested by the CEPMEIP project (Table 11.1). The results of the calculation, as well as the activity data as sold amount of fertilizer are presented in Table 11.2.

Table 11.1 Emission factors for particles from storage and handling of fertilizers (from the CEPMEIP project).

TSP PM 10 

### PM 2.5 

### 0.0001 0.000032 0.000004 ton/ton
Table 11.2 Sold amount of fertilizers and calculated particle emissions from storage and handling of fertilizers 1980-2001.

Year Sold amount of fertilizer Emission TSP Emission PM 10 

### Emission PM 2.5 

### kton ton ton ton 1980 1495 150 48 6 1981 1523 152 49 6 1982 1542 154 49 6 1983 1571 157 50 6 1984 1498 150 48 6 1985 1404 140 45 6 1986 1380 138 44 6 1987 1341 134 43 5 1988 1314 131 42 5 1989 1247 125 40 5 1990 1131 113 36 5 1991 900 90 29 4 1992 1047 105 33 4 1993 1105 111 35 4 1994 1051 105 34 4 1995 967 97 31 4 1996 1028 103 33 4 1997 1036 104 33 4 1998 882 88 28 4 1999 954 95 31 4 2000 950* 95 30 4 2001 950* 95 30 4 * Data for 2000 and 2001 were not available and have been assumed

## 90 11.2.2. Particles from storage and handling of agricultural crops Particle emissions from storage and handling of agricultural crops (and products) were calculated based on official statistics on production and import. Crops considered were wheat, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, buckwheat, maize and leguminous plants. Emission factors from CEPMEIP were used for the entire time period 1980-2001. No distinction between emission factors for different crops is made by CEPMEIP, and all crops are assigned the same emission factors (Table 11.3). The sum of the amounts of produced (harvested) and imported crop as well as calculated emissions of particles is presented in Table 11.4.

Table 11.3 Emissions factors for particles from storage and handling of crops (from CEPMEIP). TSP (ton/ton) PM 10 

### (ton/ton) PM 2.5 

### (ton/ton) 0.0001 0.000025 0.000004

Table 11.4 Total amount of crop, imported and produced, and emissions of particles 1980-2001. Year Amount of crop (kton) Emissions

TSP (ton) PM 10 

### (ton) PM 2.5 

### (ton) 1980 3415 342 85 14 1981 3669 367 92 15 1982 3916 392 98 16 1983 3822 382 96 15 1984 4585 459 115 18 1985 3718 372 93 15 1986 4148 415 104 17 1987 3683 368 92 15 1988 4932 493 123 20 1989 5602 560 140 22 1990 6490 649 162 26 1991 5157 516 129 21 1992 3764 376 94 15 1993 5060 506 126 20 1994 4276 428 107 17 1995 4494 449 112 18 1996 5600 560 140 22 1997 5754 575 144 23 1998 5493 549 137 22 1999 4969 497 124 20 2000 5604 560 140 22 2001 5604 560 140 22 *Activity data for 2001 were not available and have been assumed to equal 2000



## 11.2.3. Particle emissions from livestock farming Statistics on the number of cattle, pigs, chicken (slaughter chicken from The Swedish Poultry Meat Association), other poultry and horses (information from the Riding Association) was used together with emission factors from the CEPMEIP project (Table 11.5) to estimate particle emissions from livestock farming. Emission factors are based on measurements from North European stables (Takai et al, 1998) and are considered

## 91 primarily to arise from feeding activities, faecal material and from bedding, with lesser contributions from skin, hair, mould, pollen grains and insect parts (Klimont et al 2002). No national information concerning particle emissions from this source is available. The calculated time series of emissions is presented in Table 11.6. According to the calculations it constitutes quite a large part of the total national emissions, especially of TSP.

Table 11.5 Emission factors for particle emissions from livestock farming.

CEPMEIP EF TSP EF PM 10 

### EF PM 2.5 

### poultry, chickens 8.3093E-05 3.7429E-05 8.3093E-06 ton/year/animal poultry, other poultry 0.00055395 0.00024953 5.5395E-05 ton/year/animal live stock, pigs 0.00060628 0.0002731 6.0628E-05 ton/year/animal

stock, cattle 0.00088825 0.00040011 8.8825E-05 ton/year/animal

Table 11.6 Estimated emissions of particles from livestock farming 1980-2001.

Year TSP ton PM 10 

### ton PM 2.5 

### ton 1980 7211 3248 721 1981 7094 3195 709 1982 7343 3308 734 1983 7634 3439 763 1984 7524 3389 752 1985 7549 3400 755 1986 7397 3332 740 1987 7204 3245 720 1988 7242 3262 724 1989 7334 3304 733 1990 7441 3352 744 1991 7294 3286 729 1992 7418 3342 742 1993 7256 3269 726 1994 7433 3348 743 1995 7482 3370 748 1996 7343 3308 734 1997 7371 3320 737 1998 7152 3222 715 1999 7136 3214 714 2000 7005 3155 701 *2001 7005 3155 701 *Data on number of animals for 2001 have been assumed equal to 2000, no new information available.



# 12. Waste (NFR 6)

Emission estimates from the waste sector include incineration of hazardous waste (including also cremation) and also various types of fires such as forest fires, landfill fires, bonfires and open burning of garden waste. Combustion of municipal waste is accounted for in the energy sector, since it is used as fuel for energy production (Chapter 7).
The emitted substances that were covered in the waste sector are mercury (Hg), dioxins, PAH-4 and particles.

## 92 For accidental fires, activity data as to annual forested area affected by forest fires, has been obtained from the Swedish Rescue Services Agency (Räddningsverket) for the period 1996-2000. Information on forest volume and species corresponding to this area was obtained from “ForestSweden on the Internet” ( www.skogssverige.se) . In order to estimate emission of PAH, emission factors from USEPA were used, while emission factors for open burning of waste suggested by CEPMEIP were used to estimate emissions of TSP, PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## .

12.1. Emissions from incineration of hazardous waste (6C)

12.1.1. Mercury, PAH and dioxins from cremation Estimated emissions of mercury, Hg, (1990-2001), PAH-4 (1980-2001) and dioxin (1980-2001) from cremation have been calculated based on emission factors and statistics on number of annual cremations. For mercury, from the late 1990 ́s abatement techniques have been considered in the estimations of mercury emission. An expert (Åkesson, regional county administration, Skåne) has provided emission estimates for Hg, given for each year as an interval. Reported emissions are the average of the intervals. In Table 12.1 the calculated implied emission factors for mercury are presented. Emission factors used to calculate PAH-emissions from cremation are from USEPA and for dioxin a suggested emission factor from the European Dioxin Inventory was used.
UNEP presents emission factors for dioxins in the range 0.4 – 90 μg TEQ/cremation, while the earlier Swedish Inventory (deWit, unpubl) suggested 6-12 μg TEQ/cremation, referred in the European Dioxin Inventory. An average of 9 μg TEQ/cremation has been selected in the present emission estimates (Table 12.1). This agrees with a recent experimental study (6-13 μg TEQ/cremation; Wang et al., 2003). The number of annual cremations has increased from 47 000 to 65 000 over the period, and associated dioxin emissions have thus increased from 0.42 g TEQ in 1980 to 0.58 g TEQ during 2001.
For PAH, only benzo(a)pyrene is considered to be emitted from cremation according to USEPA (1998). Calculated emissions of BaP from cremation are presented in Table 12.2, from which it is clear that the emissions of benzo(a)pyrene are very small.

Table 12.1 Emission factors for dioxins, benso(a)pyrene and mercury from cremation. Substance Time period Emission factor Unit Reference

Dioxin 1980-2001 9 μg TEQ/cremation derived from EDI B(a)P 1980-2001 0.0001 mg/cremation US EPA

Hg 1980-1991 0.004 kg/cremation Calculated implied emission factor Hg 1992-1995 0.005 kg/cremation -“- Hg 1996-1997 0.004 kg/cremation -“- Hg 1998-1999 0.003 kg/cremation -“- Hg 2000-2001 0.002 kg/cremation -“-

## 93 Table 12.2 Time series of annual estimated emissions of mercury (Hg), dioxins and benzo(a)pyrene from cremation 1980-2001.

Emissions Year Number of cremations Hg ton Dioxin g TEQ benzo(a)pyrene ton

1980 47 130 0.20 0.42 4.71E-09 1981 48 286 0.20 0.43 4.83E-09 1982 48 930 0.20 0.44 4.89E-09 1983 49 426 0.21 0.44 4.94E-09 1984 49 866 0.21 0.45 4.99E-09 1985 52 828 0.22 0.48 5.28E-09 1986 53 307 0.23 0.48 5.33E-09 1987 54 689 0.23 0.49 5.47E-09 1988 56 366 0.24 0.51 5.64E-09 1989 56 201 0.25 0.51 5.62E-09 1990 58 093 0.26 0.52 5.81E-09 1991 59 607 0.27 0.54 5.96E-09 1992 60 385 0.28 0.54 6.04E-09 1993 61 237 0.29 0.55 6.12E-09 1994 60 221 0.29 0.54 6.02E-09 1995 60 824 0.29 0.55 6.08E-09 1996 61 734 0.28 0.56 6.17E-09 1997 62 953 0.27 0.57 6.3E-09 1998 63 273 0.22 0.57 6.33E-09 1999 64 814 0.18 0.58 6.48E-09 2000 64 867 0.12 0.58 6.49E-09 2001 *65 000 0.12 0.58 6.52E-09 * Activity data was not available, 2001 was assumed to equal 2000.



## 12.1.2. Dioxin emissions from other hazardous waste Hazardous waste, other than cremation, is incinerated at nine plants in Sweden. There is no information on the total activity of hazardous waste incineration in Sweden. Two of these plants, however, are reported in the category municipal waste. There is a major plant for handling and destruction of hazarduous waste, which is the only one for which we have emission data. The facility was operated with an electric precipitator from the start in 1983 until 1990, from when a textile filter with coal injection replaced the electric precipitator. During 2000, wet flue gas cleaning was installed after the textile filter. Dioxins in flue gases have been measured by spot tests, but are continously measured since June 2001. The plant combusted 31 000 ton of hazardous waste during 2001; the activity has increased over time and was ca 22 000 ton during 1995. Emission data (Table 12.3) were obtained from the facility for the time period 1990-2001. According to their Environmental Report for 2001, dioxin emissions to air were 0.093 g TEQ, which does not corrrespond to the information obtained in direct contact with experts the facility. This difference has not been possible to clarify.
Concerning incineration of medical waste, we are not aware of any national activity data for this source category.

## 94 Table 12.3 Dioxin emissions from combustion of hazardous waste at a major plant. This is not the total Swedish activity in this category, but probably a major share. Year Emissions (g TEQ/yr) 1990 3.6E-03 1991 3.6E-03 1992 7.2E-04 1993 2.5E-03 1994 3.6E-04 1995 2.1E-03 1996 3.6E-02 1997 3.6E-02 1998 3.6E-02 1999 3.6E-02 2000 5.2E-02 2001 1.4E-02



## 12.2. Other waste (6D)

12.2.1. PAH from cooking processes (barbecuing, frying) Most barbecues are driven by charcoal or coal briquettes. Swedish charcoal is mainly based on deciduous wood such as aspen and birch, but to our knowledge, no studies concerning PAH emissions from these have been performed. In a recent Finnish study the total amount of charcoal consumed at barbecuing in Finland was estimated to 18 tonnes per year (Karveosenoja et al. 2002). Assuming similar barbecue habits in Sweden and Finland and scaled on a population basis, that yields a total annual consumption of 33 tonnes charcoal in Sweden. Oanh et al. (1999) have measured emissions of PAH from combustion of Vietnamese coal briquettes and mangrove charcoal. For illustrative purposes, due to lack of data on Swedish charcoal emissions, and to evaluate the possible impact of this source we used the emission factors derived by Oanh et al. (1999; see Table 12.4). Based on the assumptions mentioned above, the total emissions of PAH-4 from barbecuing turn out to be as low as 0.1 kg/year

. Therefore, this source was not further considered in the inventory.

Table 12.4 Emission factors for four PAHs from charcoal burning (Oanh et al. 1999)

Charcoal (mangrove) Coal briquettes (from Vietnam) Substance mg/kg fuel mg/kg fuel

BaP 0.3 0.2

BkF 1.7 0.9

BbF 1.7 0.02

Ind nd nd


## PAH have also been reported to be emitted from frying processes. This emission source, however, mainly influence the indoor environment. The extent of dispersion to the outdoor environment of these pollutants is difficult to estimate, since there are so many factors involved. In order to assess the PAH emissions to outdoor air from households this source should be investigated in a separate study.

## 95 12.2.2. Particles and PAH from garden burning, bonfires and forest fires Open burning of garden waste could be a significant source of PAH emissions. This combustion process is relatively uncontrolled which can lead to significant emissions. USEPA (1998) specifies emission factors for BaP from uncontrolled burning of garden waste, based on controlled laboratory experiments. The emission factor for BaP is 0.35 g/ton combusted material. There are no national statistics regarding the extent of garden burning and bon fires, although several municipalities have restrictions concerning this kind of activities (Nilsson, J. pers. comm.). A rough estimate can be done, however, in order to investigate the importance of this source category.
A first assumption is that garden burning only occurs in areas with freestanding houses. Furthermore, we assume that about 50 % of these households actually burn their garden waste (which probably is not an underestimate, rather the opposite), and that this takes place three times a year on the average. According to Statistics Sweden, the number of freestanding houses is about 2.2 millions (SCB, 2002). Assuming an average weight of 10 kg of the combusted material, this yields a total combustion of 3.3 × 10 4 

## tonnes garden waste.
The basic assumption in the calculation of the contribution of bonfires to PAH emissions, is that each municipality has five bonfires/year on the average. The average mass is assumed to be one ton, which gives a total mass of 1445 ton combusted material, given 289 municipalities.
The total amount of material combusted at garden burning and bon fires is estimated to be 34 700 ton in the year 2000. Multiplied by the emission factor for BaP and the profiles given by EEA (2001) yields a total emission of PAH 4 of 28 kg in 2000.
Considering forest fires, USEPA specifies emission factors for PAH from combustion of coniferous trees. As the Swedish forest largely consists of coniferous forest (ca 85 %; SLU, 2002), we consider these factors as useable. The average density of a pine is roughly 400 kg/m 3 

## and the total volume of spruce and pine in Sweden is about 2.45

× 10 9 

## m 3 

## (SLU, 2002), which gives a total mass of about 9.8 × 10 11 

## kg. The total forested area is about 2.3 × 10 7 

## ha (SLU, 2002), and according to the Swedish Rescue Services Agency (Räddningsverket) the total forest area burnt in 2000 was 1113 ha, i.e. 0.005 % of the total forest area (Nilsson, J. pers. comm.). Assuming that spruce and pine dominated the burnt forest, the total mass burnt can be calculated as:

m burnt 

## = 0.00005 × 9.8 × 10 11 

## = 47 500 ton

Table 12.5 Emission factors for PAH species from forest fires and for particles for open burning of waste.
Substance Emission factor Unit Reference BaP 0.74 g/ton U.S.EPA (1998)(g/ton) BbF + BkF 2.57 g/ton U.S.EPA (1998)(g/ton) Ind 1.7 g/ton U.S.EPA (1998)(g/ton) TSP 0.008 ton/ton CEPMEIP, open burning of waste PM10 0.006 ton/ton CEPMEIP, open burning of waste PM2.5 0.006 ton/ton CEPMEIP, open burning of waste


## The Swedish Rescue Services Agency has during the later years acknowledged the environmental impact of fires and suggested a sampling program in connection to fires. A pilot study showed that high levels of PAH were found in smoke and in water that

## 96 had been used to control the fires, but emission factors and detailed studies concerning emissions from fires are still lacking (Rosén et al., 2001.).

The estimated emissions of particles and PAH from forest fires and garden burning of waste are presented in Table 12.6. As obvious from the discussions above, the data should be considered as indicative levels of emissions from these sources.

Table 12.6 Estimated emissions of particles and PAH from forest fires and garden burning of waste, 1996-2001.

Forest fires and garden waste Emissions

TSP PM 10 

### PM 2.5 

### BaP BbF BkF Ind PAH-4 Year kton burnt ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton

1996 86 687 515 515 0.05 0.14 0.00 0.09 0.29 1997 243 1946 1460 1460 0.17 0.55 0.00 0.36 1.08 1998 43 344 258 258 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.07 1999 81 647 485 485 0.05 0.13 0.00 0.08 0.26 2000 82 657 493 493 0.05 0.13 0.00 0.09 0.27 2001 244 1953 1464 1256 0.17 0.55 0.00 0.36 1.08



## 12.2.3. Dioxin emissions from landfill fires The potential for dioxin formation in landfill fires is obvious, and consequently it has been suggested as a major source in previous inventories (e.g. EDI). A few measurements of dioxin in air during landfill fires have been performed in Sweden. A study performed in 1989 gave concentrations of 220 ng TEQ/m 3 

## (Bergström och Björner, 1992). With a gas production rate of 5000 m 3 

## /ton waste that was burnt, this translates to an emission factor of 1100 μg TEQ/ton waste. A similar study gave an interval of 50-900 μg TEQ/ton waste that was burnt (Peterson et al., 1996). The higher value was obtained when the waste contained large amounts of chlorinated plastics.
As a comparison, burning of household waste in open barrels resulted in average dioxin emissions of 840 - 3300 μg TEQ/ton (Lemieux et al., 2000). Considering the inherent experimental uncertainties in all these studies, it must be concluded that the studies agree well.
For the purpose of this inventory, a value of 500 μg TEQ/ton waste is selected. It has been estimated that ca 25 000 ton waste burns annually on Swedish landfills (Bergström och Björner, 1992; Ahlgren and Marklund, 2001). There is no temporal resolution of these estimates, why the emission is estimated to 13 g TEQ/yr for the entire period. In agreement with the initial assumptions, landfill fires is a major dioxin source in Sweden at present.

## 97 

# 13. Conclusions and suggestions for further work

This study represents a first attempt to compile and estimate emissions of particles, metals, PAHs and dioxins from Sweden, according to the international requirements for reporting of national emissions.
In many cases, for particles, national information did not exist, especially for PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## , why international information on emission factors had to be used. The estimates probably do not lack important emission sources, since the CEPMEIP project, even if the suggested emission factors were not always used, provided a comprehensive list of emission sources for particles that should be considered in national emission estimates.
For metals, no comparable international guidance was available, but since metals have been more of a concern for a longer period of time, earlier national studies provided information, especially concerning emission sources that have been considered to be important contributors to metal emissions. All important emission sources are thus probably considered in the estimates.
For dioxins, through the European Dioxin Inventory and guidelines from UNEP (2001), good international guidance on important sources is available, and since these were considered in the current national inventory, the coverage is good. The main problem with dioxins is, generally, the wide intervals given on emission factors, which introduces uncertanties in the emission estimates.
All important sources for emissions of PAH-4, except emissions from mobile sources, were covered in the current estimates, according to information in international background documents (e.g. USEPA, 1998).
Further work should, generally, be directed towards verifying the reported emission levels, especially for sources with substantial contributions to the estimated nationalemissions of the different substances. Specific issues of further concern are PAHemissions from mobile sources, which were not reported in the Swedish submission to UNECE/LRTAP in 2003, and also the problem of correctly allocating information from the Energy Statistics to the code system required for international reporting.
A more thorough work, especially on estimating particle emissions, can be expected in many countries in the near future as a result of increasing international attention. Results and experiences from efforts in individual countries and in international bodies such as UNECE would presumably result in more information on emissions and emission factors for different sources, which would justify and facilitate a review and an improvement of the current Swedish estimates.

## 98 

# 14. Refererences

Ahlbom, J. Duus, U. (1994). Nya hjulspår - en produktstudie av gummidäck. Report from the National Chemicals Inspectorate (KemI) no 6/94. In Swedish
Ahlgren och Marklund (2001) Förbränning av avfall. The Swedish Association of Waste Management, RVF Report 01:13 (in Swedish).
Andersson, Kjell (2000). Rapportering av luftutsläpp till CORINAIR. Swedish EPA, 1994 -1999. Andersson, Kjell (2000). Rapportering av luftutsläpp till CORINAIR 1999, Naturvårdsverket.
Areskoug, H., Johansson, C., Alesand, T., Hedberg, E., Ekengren, T., Vesley, V., Widequist, U. and HC Hansson (2003) Concentrations and sources of PM 10 

### and PM 2.5 

### in Sweden. Institute of Applied Environmental Research, Stockholm University, ITM Report no. 109, 1103-341. (in press)
Benner, B.A., Gordon, G.E. Wise, S.A. (1989). Mobile sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a road-way tunnel study. Environmental Science and Technology 23, 1269-1278.
Bergström J. och Björner B. (1992) Dioxiner och bränder vid avfallsupplag. Miljökonsulterna i Studsvik AB. Stiftelsen reforsk. FoU nr 68. 94 p. (In Swedish; English summary).
Bjärborg, B. (1998). Glasbrukens yttre miljöproblem, Swedish EPA
Borell, M. (2002). Boliden, pers. comm. Boström, C-Å., Cooper, D. (1993). Sameldning av bioslam och bark i en rostpanna: Emissioner till luft. Skogsindustrins Miljöforskningsprojekt. Miljö 93. Rapport nr 31.
CEPMEIP project TNO (2001) http://www.mep.tno.nl/wie_we_zijn_eng/organisatie/kenniscentra/centre_expertise_emissions_assess ment.html
Christensen A., Westerholm R., Almén J. (2001). Measurement of Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions from a Lawn Mower with and without an Oxidizing Catalyst: A Comparison of Two Different Fuels. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 2166-2170
EEA (European Environment Agency). (2001). Joint EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook, Third Edition. http://reports.eea.eu.int/technical_report_2001_3/en

Ekström, M. (2002). IVL Swedish Environmetnal research Institute, pers. comm.
EN31SM: Bränslen, leveranser och förbrukning av bränsle, Statistiska Centralbyrån

EN 16 SM 0101
EPA (1997). AP-42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors- Version 5.0. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
Finstad, A., Haakonsen, G., Kvingedal, E., Rypdal, K. (2001). Utslipp til luft av noen miljøgifter i Norge. Dokumentasjon av metode og resultater. Statistics Norway. Report 2001/17 (in Norwegian)
Finstad A., Haakonsen G. and Rypdal K. (2002) Utslipp til luft av dioksiner i Norge – Dokumentasjon av metode og resultater. Statistics Norway. Report 2002/7 (in Norwegian).

ForestSweden on the Internet, www.skogssverige.se
Gullett B.K. and Ryan J.V. (2002) On-Road Emissions of PCDDs and PCDFs from Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 3036-3040.
Haakonsen, G., Kvingedal, E. (2001). Utslipp till luft fra vedfyring i Norge. Utslippsfaktorer, ildstedsbestand og fyringsvaner. Statistics Norway, 2001/36.

## 99 Hammarstöm, U och Karlsson, B (1998). EMV - ett PC-program för beräkning av vägtrafikens avgasemissioner, programbeskrivning och användarhandledning, VTI meddelande 848, 1998
Hansen F. H. (1991). Godkjenningsbetingelser for fastbrenselfyrte ildsteder, STF25 F91010, Trondheim: SINTEF Norges branntekniske laboratorium.
Hansen (2000) Substance Flow Analysis for dioxins in Denmark. Environmental Project No. 570 2000 Miljøprojekt. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency.
Henriksson, M. (2002). Swedish Lime Association, Personal communication
Hinds, W.C (1999) Aerosol technology: properties,behavior and measuerements of airborne particles, Wiley.
IEACoalResearch (1998) IEA, FGD systems for coal-fired plants data bases, Coal Research, London. IPCC (2000). Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National greenhouse Gas Inventories. IPCC (1995) Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, http://www.ipccnggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs1.htm
IVL (2002) results from the ongoing project, Biobränsle-hälsa-miljö, Biofuel-health-environment Jernkontoret (2000). Årsstatistik www.jernkontoret.se
Johansson, L., Gustavsson, L., Brorström Lundén, E., Cooper, D. (2002). Interkalibrering med avseende på provtagning och kemisk analys av partiklar samt utökad PAH-provtagning inom emissionsklustret inom Biobränsle Hälsa Miljö. Projektnummer P13549. Slutrapport 02 09 18.
Johansson, H. (2002). Pers. comm.
Johansson, Håkan (2001) Uppföljning av bränsleförbrukning och koldioxidutsläpp inom vägtransportsektorn, lägesrapport och förslag till fortsatt arbete, Vägverket, 2001.
Karveosenoja N. Johansson M., Kupiainen K.(2002). The importance of primary particulate emissions from non-combustion sources in Finland. Draft.
Klimont, Z., Cofala, J., Bertok, I., Amann, M., Heyes, C., Gyarfas, F. (2002). Modelling Patriculate Emissions i Europe - A Framework to Estimate Reduction Potential and Control Costs. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-076.
Lemieux, P. M.; Lutes, C. C.; Abbott, J. A.; Aldous, K. M. (2000) Emissions of Polychlorinated Dibenzop-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans from the Open Burning of Household Waste in Barrels. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 377-384.
Levander, T. (1989). Utsläpp av kvicksilver till luft i Sverige 1860-1987. In Swedish, unpubl. Lidén, M. (2003) Methodology for calculating emissions from mobile sources . Report by SMED, ordered by Swedish Environmental Protection agency.
Lindqvist, O et al. (1991), Mercury in the Swedish environment- recent research on causes, consequences and corrective methods, Water, Air & soil pollution, volume 55-1991, pp. 23-32
Löfstrand, E. (2002). Pers. comm.
Maartman S (2001). Statens Energimyndighet.
Moisio M. (1999) Real Time Size Distribution Measurements of Combustion Aerosols Thesis Tampere University of Technology.
NCASI TechnicalBulletins, Nr 400 (1983), Nr 424 (1984), Nr 465 (1985), Nr 545 (1988), Nr 580 (1990), Nr 646 1993), Nr 650 (1993), Nr 695 (1995), National Council for Air and Stream Improvement. (USA).

## 100 Nilsson, Jörgen Swedish Rescue Services Agency (Räddningsverket). Information through e-mail dated 2002-04-22.
Norén Sven. Dahlmans Klippo AB. Personal Communication. E-mail message dated 19/08/02
Oanh N.T.K., Reutergårdh L.B., Dung N.T. Emissiion of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Particulate Matter from Domestic Combustion of Selected Fuels. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 2703- 2709. Persson, Karin and Kindbom, Karin (1999) Kartlä ggning av emissioner från arbetsfordon och arbetsredskap i Sverige, IVL-rapport L99/21 Petersson K., Boström C.-Å. and Antonsson A.-B. (1996) Bränder på avfallsupplag. IVL B 1211 (In Swedish; English summary).
Petersson, K. (2002). IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, pers. comm.
Rogge W. F., Hildemann L. M., Mazurek M. A., Cass G. R., Simoneit B. R. T. (1994). Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol. 6. Cigarette Smoke in the Urban Atmosphere. Environmental Science & Technology 28, 1375-1388
Rosén B., Carling M., Nilsson G., Nilsson M. (2001). Utsläpp i samband med olyckor. Metodutveckling av provtagning vid räddningstjänst. Räddningsverket, Karlstad.
Rudling L., Ahling B., Löfroth G. (1980). Kemisk och biologisk karakterisering av rökgaser från småskalig eldning med flis och ved. SNV PM 1331.
Rydell, S. (2002), Svenska Byggindustrier, The Swedish Construction Federation Sjödin, Å. (2002). IVL Swedish Environmetnal Research Institute, pers. comm

SLU. (2002). Swedish National Forest Inventory 1995-2000. (Riksskogstaxeringen) Department of Forest Resource Management and Geomatics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå. http://www-nfi.slu.se/

SOU (1996:124). Miljö för en hållbar hälsoutveckling. Betänkande av Miljöhälsoutredningen.
SSVL 24 DP8 (1979). Optimering av stoftreningsåtgärder vid massafabriker.
SSVL-85 Rapport nr 53 (1986). Stoftutsläpp från mesaugnar.
SSVL Miljövänlig tillverkning av blekt massa . Rapport nr 96 (1982) Förbränning av klorhaltiga jonbyteseluat från jonbytesbehandling av C+E-stegsavlopp vid Skoghalls sulfatmassafabrik.
SSVL-85 Rapport nr 28 (1984). Emission av polyaromatiska kolväten och kväveoxider från förbränningsanläggningar inom cellulosaindustrin.
SSVL Miljö 90 Rapport nr 1 (1986). Emission av dioxiner från en sodapanna.
SSVL Miljö 90 Rapport nr 80 (1990) Dioxinemissioner till luft från skogsindustriella förbränningsanläggningar
SSVL Miljö 2000 Rapport nr 2. (2000). Sodapannans elfilterstoft utsläppsmängder och miljökonsekvenser.
Statistics Sweden (several years), Statistical Yearbook of Sweden
Statistics Sweden (several years), Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics

Statistics Sweden, Sweden ́s Statistical Databases Sternbeck J., Sjödin Å. och Andréasson K. (2001) Spridning av metaller från vägtrafik. IVL B1431

## 101 Sternbeck J., Sjödin Å. and Andréasson K. (2002) Metal emissions from road traffic and the influence of resuspension – results from two tunnel studies. Atmospheric Environment, 36, Pages 4735-4744.
Swedish EPA report 3429 (1988). Zink i miljön
Swedish EPA report 3816 (1990). Utsläpp till luft från raffinaderier- emissioner och åtgärdsförslag
Swedish EPA report 3993 (1992). Miljöpåverkan från fritidsbåtar, fiske- och arbetsfartyg, Report 3993, Swedish EPA and Swedish Maritime Administration 1992
Swedish Geological Survey (2001). Bergverksstatistiken
Swedish Rescue Services Agency (2002) Pers comm.
Takai, H., Pedersen, S., Johnsen, J.O., Metz, J.H.M., Grott Koerkamp, P.W.G., Uenk, G.H., Phillips, V.R., Holden, M.R., Sneath, R.W., Short, J.L.,White, R.P., Hartung, J., Seedorf, J., Schröder, M., Linkert, K.H., Wathers, C.M.. (1998). Concentrations and Emissions of Airborne Dust in Livestock Buildings in Northen Europe. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, Volume 70 nr. 1, May 1998.
Thistlethwaite G. (2001). Determination of Atmospheric Pollutant Emission Factors at a Small Industrial Wood-burning Furnace. Report no AEAT/R/ENV/0518. AEA Technology Environment, Oxon, Storbritannien
Thunell, J. (1998). Utsläpp av oreglerade ämnen vid förbränning av olika bränslen. Litteraturstudie. Svenska Gastekniskt center AB. Rapport SGC 090. (in Swedish)
The European Dioxin Inventory. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/dioxin/.
TNO (2001). The CEPMEIP project http://www.mep.tno.nl/wie_we_zijn_eng/organisatie/kenniscentra/centre_expertise_emissions_assess ment.html
UNECE (2002). Draft Guidelines for Estimating and Reporting Emissions Data. EB.AIR/GE.1/2002/7.
UNEP (2001) Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases: DRAFT January 2001, UNEP Chemicals, Geneva, Switzerland.
USEPA (1997) Locating and estimating air emissions from sources of dioxins and furans.
USEPA. (1998). Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Polycyclic organic matter. EPA-454/R-98-014. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, USA
USGS (2000) The mineral industry of Sweden.
Wang, L.-C., Lee W.-J., Lee W.-S., Chang-Chien G.-P. and Tsai P.-J.(2003) Characterizing the Emissions of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans from Crematories and Their Impacts to the Surrounding Environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 62-67.
Whall, C. et al. (2002). Quantification of emissions from ships associated with ship movements between ports in the European Community. Report for the European Commission. Entec UK Limited. Final Report, July 2002. Wingfors H., Sjödin Å., Haglund P., Brorström-Lundén E. (2001). Characterisation and determination of profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a traffic tunnel in Gothenburg, Sweden. Atmos. Env

. 35, 6361-6369
deWit (1993), unpubl. ÅF-industriteknik AB (1990). Kartläggning av förorenande utsläpp från motordrivna arbetsredskap. Report ordered by the Swedish EPA, 1990 Åkesson, A. (2002). Regional County Administration of Skåne, pers. comm.

## 102 Åkesson, E. (1988). Dioxinmätningar vid småskalig vedeldning. Naturvårdsverket rapport 3438. Ögren, P. (2002) LKAB, pers comm

3K engineering AB (1989). Kartläggning av förorenande utsläpp från traktorer, arbetsmaskiner m.m. Report ordered by the Swedish EPA, 1989.



## Literature used as general reference material in deriving emission factors and/or compiling time series of emissions, in addition to the above cited.
Ahlgren och Marklund (2001) Förbränning av avfall. The Swedish Association of Waste Management, RVF Report 01:13 (in Swedish). Boström, C-Å., Lundén, L., Grennfelt, P. (1984). Emissions of PAH and nitrogen oxides from boilers in the pulp- and paper industry (Emission av polyaromatiska kolväten och kväveoxider från förbränningsanläggningar inom cellulosaindustrin). SSVL-85 Rapport 28 Boström, C-Å., Cooper, D. (1992). Sameldning av bioslam och bark i en rostpanna: Emissioner till luft. Skogsindustrins Miljöforskningsprojekt. Miljö 93. Rapport nr 31. Boström, C-Å., Cooper, D. Peterson, K. (1993). Metallemissioner till luft vid förbränning av bioslam i fluid bedpannor. Skogsindustrins Miljöforskningsprojekt. Miljö 93. Rapport nr 56.
EEA (European Environment Agency). (2001). Joint EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook, Third Edition. http://reports.eea.eu.int/technical_report_2001_3/en
Finstad, A., Haakonsen, G., Kvingedal, E., Rypdal, K. (2001). Utslipp til luft av noen miljøgifter i Norge. Dokumentasjon av metode og resultater. Statistics Norway. 2001/17.
Flugsrud, K., Gjerald, E., Haakonsen, G., Holtskog, S., Höie, H., Rypdal, K., Tornsjö, B., Weidemann, F. (2000). The Norwegian Emission Inventory. Documentation of methodology and data for estimating emissions of greenhouse gases and long-range transboundary air pollutants. Rapport 2000/1, Statens forurensningstillsyn och Statistisk sentralbyrå.
Haakonsen, G., Kvingedal, E. (2001). Utslipp till luft fra vedfyring i Norge. Utslippsfaktorer, ildstedsbestand og fyringsvaner. Statistics Norway, 2001/36.
Hansen KJ, Vikelsøe J, Madsen H (1994). Emission af dioxiner fra pejse og brændeovne. Environmental project 249. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency.
Illerup, J., Geertinger, A., Hoffman, L., Christiansen, K. (1999). Emissionsfaktorer för tungmetaller 1990- 1996. DMU report nr 301.
Johansson, L., Gustavsson, L., Brorström Lundén, E., Cooper, D. (2002). Interkalibrering med avseende på provtagning och kemisk analys av partiklar samt utökad PAH-provtagning inom emissionsklustret inom Biobränsle Hälsa Miljö. Projektnummer P13549. Slutrapport 02 09 18.
Karlsson, M-L.,Gustavsson, L. (1992). Karaktärisering av rökgaser från vedpannor. Swedish National Testing and Research Institute. SP Rapport 1992:49.
Karlsson, M-L. (1992). Emissioner från vedpannor – lastförhållandets betydelse. Swedish National Testing and Research Institute. SP Rapport 1992:48.
Kol Hälsa Miljö (1981). Kolets hälso- och miljöeffekter. Lägesrapport oktober 1981.
Kol Hälsa Miljö (1983). Kolets hälso- och miljöeffekter. Slutrapport april 1983. Underlagsdel 1, Teknik för kolanvändning.
Oanh N.T.K., Reutergårdh L.B., Dung N.T. Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Particulate Matter from Domestic Combustion of Selected Fuels. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 2703- 2709

## 103 Persson, H., Johansson, L., Tullin, C., Österberg, C., Johansson, M. (2001). Particulate Emission from Biomass Combustion in Small-Scale District Heating Plants. SP/Värmeforsk Report 758.
Rudling L., Ahling B., Löfroth G. (1980). Kemisk och biologisk karakterisering av rökgaser från småskalig eldning med flis och ved. SNV PM 1331.
RVF (1997) Avfallsförbränning- Energi och miljö- Faktapärm . RVF The Swedish Association of Waste Management
RVF (2002) Swedish Waste Management 2002. RVF The Swedish Association of Waste Management
SNV PM 1708 (1983). Miljöeffekter av ved- och torvförbränning.
Statens Energiverk, Naturvårdsverket (1986). Energi ur avfall. 1986:6.
Statens Energiverk, (1985). Förbränning av torvbränslen. Statens Energiverk, Report 1985:2.
Swedish EPA report 1424 (1981). Koppar i miljön
Swedish EPA report 1570 (1982). Krom i miljön
Swedish EPA report Monitor (1982). Tungmetaller och organiska miljögifter i svensk natur
Swedish EPA report Monitor (1987). Tungmetaller – förekomst och omsättning i naturen
Swedish EPA report 3816 (1990). Utsläpp till luft från raffinaderier- emissioner och åtgärdsförslag
Swedish EPA (1991, 1993). Branschrapport- specialstålverk och skrotbaserade handelsstålverk
Swedish EPA (1994, 1995). Branschrapport- Malmbaserade järn- och stålverk Swedish EPA report 4687 (1996). Åtgärder för att minska utsläpp från småskalig vedeldning. Redovisning av Regeringsuppdrag.
Swedish EPA Report 4912 (1998). Småskalig vedeldning – underlag samt förslag till “Förordning om åtgärder för att minska utsläppen från små anläggningar som eldas med fasta biobränslen”. Redovisning av regeringsuppdrag.
Swedish EPA (1998). Proceeding of the Workshop on “Small-scale Wood Burning (<300 kW), Impact on Health and Environment – Technical and Administrative Measures”. Stockholm Sweden March 30-31 1998.
Swedish EPA (1998, 1999). Branschrapport- skrotbaserade stålverk samt valsverk
Thunell ( 1998) Utsläpp av oreglerade ämnen vid förbränning av olika bränslen - Litteraturstudie. Svenskt Gastekniskt Center, Rapport SGC 090 (in Swedish).
Vattenfall (1984). Naturgas Hälsa Miljö. “State-of-the-art”-rapport, september 1984.10415. Appendix 1 Emission factorsTSP stationary combustion1980-81 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Gas/diesel oilPower plants, districtheating, industry0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002Gas/diesel oilOther consumption0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003Residual fuel oilPower plants, districtheating, industry0.035 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01Residual fuel oilOther consumption0.035 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015LPGPower plants, districtheating, industry0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001LPGOther consumption0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002Gas works gasPower plants, districtheating, industry0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001Gas works gasOther consumption0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005Natural GasPower plants, districtheating, industry0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001Natural GasOther consumption0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005Coke oven gasAll consumption0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Blast furnace gasAll consumption0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Steel converter gasAll consumption0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Coking coal, other bituminous coalPower plants, districtheating0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.03 0.03 0.025 0.025 0.02 0.02 0.02Coking coal, other bituminous coal Industry 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.04 0.04 0.035 0.035 0.03 0.03 0.03Coking coal, other bituminous coalOther consumption0.2 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1CokePower plants, districtheating0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.03 0.03 0.025 0.025 0.02 0.02 0.02Coke Industry 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.04 0.04 0.035 0.035 0.03 0.03 0.03CokeOther consumption0.2 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1WoodPower plants, districtheating0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035Wood Industry 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.065 0.065 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.04 0.04Wood Households 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.65 0.65WoodOther consumption0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.065 0.065 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045PeatPower plants, districtheating, industry0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.07 0.07 0.065 0.065 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035Municipal Solid WastePower plants, districtheating, industry0.04 0.04 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.03 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0.003 0.003 0.0025 0.0025 0.0014 0.0017 0.0017 0.0011 0.0014 0.0012 0.0009Black liquor Industry 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06Tall oilAll consumption0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002kg/GJFuel typeArea of consumption105TSP stationary combustion, cont.1980-81 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001KerosenePower plants, districtheating, industry0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002KeroseneOther consumption0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003Landfill gasPower plants, districtheating, industry0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001Landfill gasOther consumption0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005Petroleum cokePower plants, districtheating0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.03 0.03 0.025 0.025 0.02 0.02 0.02Petroleum coke Industry 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.04 0.04 0.035 0.035 0.03 0.03 0.03Petroleum cokeOther consumption0.2 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1Other biomass Industry 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.065 0.065 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.04 0.04Other biomassOther consumption0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.065 0.065 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045Other petroleum fuelsAll consumption0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035Other solid fuelsAll consumption0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035Other not specified fuelsAll consumption0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035Refinery gasesAll consumption0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Environmental Research Institute Ltdkg/GJFuel typeArea of consumption106PM10, Stationarycombustion1980-81 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Gas/diesel oilPower plants, districtheating, industry0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002Gas/diesel oilOther consumption0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003Residual fuel oilPower plants, districtheating, industry0.035 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01Residual fuel oilOther consumption0.035 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015LPGPower plants, districtheating, industry0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001LPGOther consumption0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002Gas works gasPower plants, districtheating, industry0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001Gas works gasOther consumption0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005Natural GasPower plants, districtheating, industry0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001Natural GasOther consumption0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005Coke oven gasAll consumption0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Blast furnace gasAll consumption0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Steel converter gasAll consumption0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Coking coal, otherbituminous coalPower plants, districtheating0.04275 0.04275 0.04275 0.04275 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325 0.0285 0.0285 0.02375 0.02375 0.019 0.019 0.019Coking coal, otherbituminous coalIndustry 0.0385 0.0385 0.0385 0.0385 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.028 0.028 0.0245 0.0245 0.021 0.021 0.021Coking coal, otherbituminous coal Other consumption0.1 0.09 0.09 0.085 0.085 0.08 0.08 0.075 0.075 0.07 0.07 0.065 0.065 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05CokePower plants, districtheating0.04275 0.04275 0.04275 0.04275 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325 0.0285 0.0285 0.02375 0.02375 0.019 0.019 0.019Coke Industry 0.04565 0.04565 0.04565 0.04565 0.0415 0.0415 0.0415 0.0415 0.0415 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.0332 0.0332 0.02905 0.02905 0.0249 0.0249 0.0249CokeOther consumption0.1 0.09 0.09 0.085 0.085 0.08 0.08 0.075 0.075 0.07 0.07 0.065 0.065 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05WoodPower plants, districtheating0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.0675 0.0675 0.0675 0.0675 0.0675 0.0558 0.057 0.05225 0.05225 0.0475 0.0475 0.04275 0.04275 0.033 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325Wood Industry 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.0664 0.0664 0.0664 0.0664 0.0664 0.05395 0.0559 0.0516 0.0516 0.0473 0.0473 0.043 0.0387 0.0387 0.0387 0.03825 0.0344Wood Households 1.98 1.98 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.8 1.71 1.62 1.53 1.44 1.35 1.26 1.17 1.08 0.99 0.9 0.81 0.72 0.63 0.585 0.585WoodOther consumption0.0825 0.0825 0.0825 0.0825 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.052 0.052 0.048 0.048 0.04675 0.04675 0.0425 0.03825 0.03825 0.03825 0.03825 0.03825PeatPower plants, districtheating, industry0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06375 0.0595 0.0595 0.05525 0.05525 0.054 0.054 0.0495 0.045 0.045 0.0405 0.0405 0.0405 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315Municipal Solid WastePower plants, districtheating0.034 0.034 0.0323 0.0323 0.0342 0.027 0.018 0.0135 0.009 0.0045 0.00285 0.00285 0.002375 0.002375 0.00133 0.001615 0.001615 0.001045 0.00133 0.00114 0.000855Municipal Solid Waste Industry 0.04 0.04 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.03 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0.003 0.003 0.0025 0.0025 0.0014 0.0017 0.0017 0.0011 0.0014 0.0012 0.0009Black liquor Industry 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06Tall oilAll consumption0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002kg/GJFuel typeArea of consumption107PM10, Stationarycombustion, cont.1980-81 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001KerosenePower plants, districtheating, industry0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002KeroseneOther consumption0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003Landfill gasPower plants, districtheating, industry0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001Landfill gasOther consumption0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005Petroleum cokePower plants, districtheating0.04275 0.04275 0.04275 0.04275 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325 0.0285 0.0285 0.02375 0.02375 0.019 0.019 0.019Petroleum coke Industry 0.04565 0.04565 0.04565 0.04565 0.0415 0.0415 0.0415 0.0415 0.0415 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.0332 0.03320.02905 0.02905 0.0249 0.0249 0.0249Petroleum cokeOther consumption0.1 0.09 0.09 0.085 0.085 0.08 0.08 0.075 0.075 0.07 0.07 0.065 0.065 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05Other biomassPower plants, districtheating0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.0675 0.0675 0.0675 0.0675 0.0675 0.0558 0.057 0.05225 0.05225 0.0475 0.0475 0.04275 0.04275 0.033 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325Other biomass Industry 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.0664 0.0664 0.0664 0.0664 0.0664 0.05395 0.0559 0.0516 0.0516 0.0473 0.0473 0.043 0.0387 0.0387 0.0387 0.03825 0.0344Other biomassOther consumption0.0825 0.0825 0.0825 0.0825 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.052 0.052 0.048 0.048 0.04675 0.04675 0.0425 0.03825 0.03825 0.03825 0.03825 0.03825Other petroleum fuelsAll consumption0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035Other solid fuelsAll consumption0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035Other not specified fueAll consumption0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035Refinery gasesAll consumption0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Environmental Research Institute LtdFuel typeArea of consumptionkg/GJ108PM 2.5, Stationary combustion1980-81 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Gas/diesel oildistrict heating,industry0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002Gas/diesel oilOther consumption0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003Residual fuel oildistrict heating,industry0.02905 0.0249 0.0166 0.0166 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083Residual fuel oilOther consumption0.02905 0.0249 0.0166 0.0166 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245LPGdistrict heating,industry0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001LPGOther consumption0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002Gas works gasdistrict heating,industry0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001Gas works gasOther consumption0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005Natural Gasdistrict heating,industry0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001Natural GasOther consumption0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005Coke oven gasAll consumption0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Blast furnace gasAll consumption0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Steel converter gasAll consumption0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Coking coal, otherbituminous coalPower plants,district heating0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.02905 0.02905 0.02905 0.02905 0.02905 0.0249 0.0249 0.02075 0.02075 0.0166 0.0166 0.0166Coking coal, otherbituminous coalIndustry 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.012 0.012 0.0105 0.0105 0.009 0.009 0.009Coking coal, otherbituminous coal Other consumption0.05 0.045 0.045 0.0425 0.0425 0.04 0.04 0.0375 0.0375 0.035 0.035 0.0325 0.0325 0.03 0.03 0.0275 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025CokePower plants,district heating0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.02905 0.02905 0.02905 0.02905 0.02905 0.0249 0.0249 0.02075 0.02075 0.0166 0.0166 0.0166Coke Industry 0.0385 0.0385 0.0385 0.0385 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.028 0.028 0.0245 0.0245 0.021 0.021 0.021CokeOther consumption0.05 0.045 0.045 0.0425 0.0425 0.04 0.04 0.0375 0.0375 0.035 0.035 0.0325 0.0325 0.03 0.03 0.0275 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025WoodPower plants,district heating0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04875 0.04875 0.04875 0.04875 0.04875 0.042 0.042 0.0385 0.0385 0.035 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0245 0.0245 0.0245 0.0245Wood Industry 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.0455 0.0455 0.042 0.042 0.0385 0.0385 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.028 0.028Wood Households 1.76 1.76 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.6 1.52 1.44 1.36 1.28 1.2 1.12 1.04 0.96 0.88 0.8 0.72 0.64 0.56 0.52 0.52WoodOther consumption0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.0455 0.0455 0.042 0.042 0.0385 0.0385 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315Peatdistrict heating,industry0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.04875 0.0455 0.0455 0.04225 0.04225 0.042 0.042 0.0385 0.035 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0245 0.0245 0.0245Municipal Solid Wastedistrict heating,industry0.03 0.03 0.0285 0.0285 0.0285 0.024 0.016 0.012 0.008 0.004 0.00255 0.00255 0.002125 0.002125 0.00119 0.00153 0.00153 0.00099 0.00126 0.00108 0.00081Black liquor Industry 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048Tall oilAll consumption0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002Fuel typekg/GJArea ofconsumption109PM 2.5, Stationary combustion, cont.1980-81 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001KeroseneAll consumption0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002Landfill gasdistrict heating,industry0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001Landfill gasOther consumption0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005Petroleum cokePower plants,district heating0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.02905 0.02905 0.02905 0.02905 0.02905 0.0249 0.0249 0.02075 0.02075 0.0166 0.0166 0.0166Petroleum coke Industry 0.0385 0.0385 0.0385 0.0385 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.028 0.028 0.0245 0.0245 0.021 0.021 0.021Petroleum cokeOther consumption0.05 0.045 0.045 0.0425 0.0425 0.04 0.04 0.0375 0.0375 0.035 0.035 0.0325 0.0325 0.03 0.03 0.0275 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025Other biomassPower plants,district heating0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04875 0.04875 0.04875 0.04875 0.04875 0.042 0.042 0.0385 0.0385 0.035 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0245 0.0245 0.0245 0.0245Other biomass Industry 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.0455 0.0455 0.042 0.042 0.0385 0.0385 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.028 0.028Other biomassOther consumption0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.0455 0.0455 0.042 0.042 0.0385 0.0385 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315Other petroleum fuelsAll consumption0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035Other solid fuelsAll consumption0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035Other not specified fuelsAll consumption0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035Refinery gasesAll consumption0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Environmental Research Institute LtdFuel typeArea ofconsumptionkg/GJ110AsStationary combustionkg/GJ1990-200101, 21 Eldningsolja 1 Gas/diesel oilAll consumption0.000000402, 03 Eldningsolja 2-5 Residual fuel oilAll consumption0.000001207 Koksugnsgas Coke oven gasAll consumption0.00000308 Masugnsgas Blast furnace gasAll consumption0.00000310 Kol Coking coal, other bituminous coalAll consumption0.00000311 Koks CokeAll consumption0.00000312 Trädbränsle WoodAll consumption0.000000413 Torv PeatPower plants, districtheating, industry0.00000614 Sopor Municipal Solid WastePower plants, districtheating, industry0.000001216 Tallolja Tall oilAll consumption0.000000420 Fotogen KeroseneAll consumption0.000000424 Petroleumkoks Petroleum cokeAll consumption0.00000391 Övriga biobränslen Other biomassAll consumption0.0000004For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute LtdFuel type Area of consumptionKod Bränsleslag111CdStationary combustion1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998-2001Gas/diesel oilAll consumption0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002Residual fuel oilAll consumption0.0000004 0.0000004 0.0000004 0.0000004 0.0000004 0.0000004 0.0000004 0.0000004 0.0000004Coking coal, other bituminous coalPower plants, districtheating, industry0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005Coking coal, other bituminous coalOther consumption0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004CokePower plants, districtheating, industry0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005CokeOther consumption0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004WoodPower plants, districtheating, industry0.0000015 0.0000015 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001WoodOther consumption0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003PeatPower plants, districtheating, industry0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001Municipal Solid WastePower plants, districtheating, industry0.000037 0.000002 0.000002 0.0000014 0.0000008 0.0000006 0.0000006 0.0000008 0.0000003Black liquorIndustry0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06KeroseneAll consumption0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002Petroleum cokePower plants, districtheating, industry0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005Petroleum cokeOther consumption0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004Other biomassPower plants, districtheating, industry0.0000015 0.0000015 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001Other biomassOther consumption0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Environmental Research Institute Ltdkg/GJFuel type Area of consumption112CrStationary combustion1990-91 1992-93 1994 1995 1996-2001Gas/diesel oilAll consumption0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005Residual fuel oilAll consumption0.0000007 0.0000007 0.0000007 0.0000007 0.0000007Coking coal, other bituminous coalAll consumption0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001CokeAll consumption0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001Wood Households 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000001 0.000001WoodOther consumption0.0000033 0.0000033 0.0000033 0.0000033 0.0000033PeatPower plants, districtheating, industry0.000006 0.000006 0.000006 0.000006 0.000006Municipal Solid WastePower plants, districtheating, industry0.00006 0.00003 0.00002 0.000008 0.000016KeroseneAll consumption0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005Petroleum cokeAll consumption0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001Other biomassAll consumption0.0000033 0.0000033 0.0000033 0.0000033 0.0000033For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVLSwedish Environmental Research Institute Ltdkg/GJFuel type Area of consumptionCuStationary combustion1990-91 1992-93 1994 1995 1996-2001Gas/diesel oilAll consumption0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002Residual fuel oilAll consumption0.000005 0.000005 0.000005 0.000005 0.000005Coking coal, other bituminous coalAll consumption0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001CokeAll consumption0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001Wood Households 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001WoodOther consumption0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.00001 0.00001PeatPower plants, districtheating, industry0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001Municipal Solid WastePower plants, districtheating, industry0.00006 0.00003 0.00002 0.000008 0.000016Black liquorIndustry0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06KeroseneAll consumption0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002Petroleum cokeAll consumption0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001Other biomassAll consumption0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.00001 0.00001For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Environmental Research Institute Ltdkg/GJFuel type Area of consumption113HgStationary combustion1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999-2001Gas/diesel oilAll consumption0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001Residual fuel oilAll consumption0.00000006 0.00000006 0.00000006 0.00000006 0.00000006 0.00000006 0.00000006 0.00000006 0.00000006 0.00000006Coke oven gasAll consumption0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003Blast furnace gasAll consumption0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003Coking coal, other bituminous coalPower plants, districtheating, industry0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003Coking coal, other bituminous coalOther consumption0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004CokePower plants, districtheating, industry0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003CokeOther consumption0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004WoodPower plants, districtheating, industry0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003WoodOther consumption0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005PeatPower plants, districtheating, industry0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002Municipal Solid WastePower plants, districtheating, industry0.00025 0.0000116 0.0000064 0.0000055 0.0000064 0.000005 0.000004 0.0000033 0.0000028 0.0000014KeroseneAll consumption0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001Petroleum cokePower plants, districtheating, industry0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003Petroleum cokeOther consumption0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004Other biomassPower plants, districtheating, industry0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003Other biomassOther consumption0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute LtdFuel typekg/GJArea of consumption114NiStationary combustion1990 1991-92 1993 1994 1995-96 1997 1998-2001Gas/diesel oilAll consumption0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008Residual fuel oilAll consumption0.00024 0.00024 0.00024 0.00024 0.00024 0.00024 0.00024Coking coal, other bituminous coalAll consumption0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008CokeAll consumption0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008Wood Households 0.0000045 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000003 0.000003 0.0000025WoodOther consumption0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045PeatPower plants, districtheating, industry0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005Municipal Solid WastePower plants, districtheating, industry0.00006 0.0000046 0.000003 0.000002 0.0000011 0.000002 0.0000005Tall oilAll consumption0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008KeroseneAll consumption0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008Petroleum cokeAll consumption0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008Other biomassAll consumption0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltdkg/GJFuel type Area of consumption115PbStationary combustion1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999-2001Gas/diesel oilAll consumption0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024Residual fuel oilAll consumption0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015Coking coal, other bituminous coalAll consumption0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024CokeAll consumption0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024WoodPower plants, districtheating, industry0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013WoodOther consumption0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015PeatPower plants, districtheating, industry0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004Municipal Solid WastePower plants, districtheating0.0001 0.000045 0.000035 0.000027 0.000019 0.0000075 0.000011 0.0000138 0.0000158 0.0000014Municipal Solid Waste Industry 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001KeroseneAll consumption0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024Petroleum cokeAll consumption0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024Other biomassPower plants, districtheating, industry0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013Other biomassOther consumption0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Environmental Research Institute Ltdkg/GJFuel type Area of consumptionSeStationary combustionFuel type Area of consumption kg Se/GJGas/diesel oilAll consumption1.6E-07Residual fuel oilAll consumption1.5E-06Coking coal, other bituminous coalAll consumption3E-06CokeAll consumption3E-06WoodAll consumption2.2E-06PeatPower plants, districtheating, industry5.6E-06KeroseneAll consumption1.6E-07Petroleum cokeAll consumption3E-06Other biomassAll consumption2.2E-06For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd116ZnStationary combustion1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995-96 1997 1998-2001Gas/diesel oilAll consumption0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016Residual fuel oilAll consumption0.000012 0.000012 0.000012 0.000012 0.000012 0.000012 0.000012 0.000012Coking coal, other bituminous coalPower plants, districtheating, industry0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001Coking coal, other bituminous coalOther consumption0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021CokePower plants, districtheating, industry0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001CokeOther consumption0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021WoodPower plants, districtheating, industry0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048Wood Households 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001WoodOther consumption0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001PeatPower plants, districtheating, industry0.00003 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003Municipal Solid WastePower plants, districtheating0.0003 0.000176 0.0000046 0.000003 0.000002 0.0000011 0.000002 0.0000005Municipal Solid WasteIndustry0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048Tall oilAll consumption0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008KeroseneAll consumption0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016Petroleum cokePower plants, districtheating, industry0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001Petroleum cokeOther consumption0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021Other biomassPower plants, districtheating, industry0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048Other biomassOther consumption0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltdkg/GJFuel type Area of consumption117PAH-4, stationary combustion1980 1981-82 1983-84 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000-2001Gas/diesel oilAll consumption0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Residual fuel oilAll consumption0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25Power plants, districtheating, industry0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Other consumption50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50Power plants, districtheating, industry0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Other consumption50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50Power plants, districtheating, industry100 75 60 50 50 30 30 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 5 3 3 3Households1100 1100 1050 1050 1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 325Other consumption500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500Power plants, districtheating, industry20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20Other consumption0 0 0000000000000000 0Power plants, districtheating, industry4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Other consumption0 0 0000000000000000 0Tall oilAll consumption0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5KeroseneAll consumption0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Power plants, districtheating, industry0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Other consumption50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50Power plants, districtheating, industry100 75 60 50 50 30 30 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 5 3 3 3Other consumption500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute LtdPetroleum cokeOther biomassCokeWoodPeatMunicipal Solid Wasteμg/MJ = mg/GJ = g/TJFuel type Area of consumptionCoking coal, otherbituminous coal118DioxinStationary combustion1980 - 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 - 2001Coking coal, other bituminous coalAll consumption0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1CokeAll consumption0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1WoodHouseholds0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05Wood and other biomassAll other consumption0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11PeatPower plants, districtheating, industry0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11Municipal Solid WastePower plants anddistrict heating8.3 6 4 2 1 0.7 0.55 0.35 0.25 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.15 0.12 0.12Municipal Solid WasteIndustry0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11Petroleum cokeAll consumption0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltdng/MJ =μg/GJ = mg/TJFuel type Area of consumption119TSP, mobile combustionFuel type Sector Subsector Region 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989Aviation GasoAviation Domestic 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEBiogasNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEDiesel oil Military abroad Bunkers NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NENavigation/Shipping 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034Off Road Vehicles and Working Machinery NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NERailways Railways 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106Road Traffic Bus Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEMilitary NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEPassenger CaCountry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NETruck 16t- Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NETruck 3,5-16tCountry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NETruck -3,5t Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEDiesel oil* Navigation/Shipping 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034EtanolNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEGasoline Navigation/Shipping 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090Off Road Vehicles and Working Machinery Farming NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEForestry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEHouseholds NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEIndustry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEOther NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NERoad Traffic Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEMoped Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEMotorcycel Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEPassenger CaCountry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NETruck -3,5t Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEJet Gasoline0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010Kerosene Aviation Bunkers 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Domestic 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NENatural GasNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEResidual Fuel Oil0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146RMENE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE- = Not occuring, NE= Not estimatedSources: Swedish National Road Administration, IPCC, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd* In Sweden often called domestic heating oil** Emissions in the inventory are not based on fuel consumption at all.Note that the figures above are to a large extent Implied Emission Factors. Emissions in the Swedish inventory are estimated bymodels where fuel consumption is only one of all used input parameters.kgTSP/GJ120TSP, mobile combustion, cont.Fuel type Sector Subsector Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Aviation GasoAviation Domestic 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010Military 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010Biogas NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEDiesel oil Military abroaBunkers 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.016Navigation/Shipping 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034Off Road Vehicles and Working Machine   **  **   **  ** ** ** 0.094 0.094Railways Railways 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106Road Traffic Bus Country 0.039 0.038 0.030 0.027 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.020 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015Urban 0.083 0.078 0.058 0.052 0.047 0.046 0.040 0.035 0.030 0.028 0.025 0.022Military 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011Passenger CaCountry 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005Urban 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.007Truck 16t- Country 0.047 0.049 0.041 0.039 0.035 0.034 0.030 0.025 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.015Urban 0.028 0.029 0.024 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.018 0.015 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.009Truck 3,5-16tCountry 0.098 0.094 0.075 0.069 0.064 0.065 0.063 0.060 0.056 0.055 0.054 0.050Urban 0.074 0.070 0.055 0.051 0.049 0.050 0.047 0.044 0.041 0.040 0.039 0.037Truck -3,5t Country 0.022 0.020 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.021 0.019 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018Urban 0.031 0.030 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.026 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.028 0.029Diesel oil* Navigation/Shipping 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034Etanol NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEGasoline Navigation/Shipping 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090Off Road VehFarming **   **  **   **  ** ** 0.000 0.000Forestry   **  **   **  **   0.093 0.093Households **  **   **  **   **  ** 0.093 0.093Industry   **  **   **  **   0.093 0.093Other **  **   **  **   **  ** 0.093 0.093Road Traffic Military 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011Moped Country 0.223 0.214 0.213 0.219 0.227 0.240 0.243 0.225 0.257 0.255 0.256 0.251Urban 0.356 0.358 0.357 0.351 0.354 0.326 0.314 0.332 0.295 0.293 0.294 0.289Motorcycel Country 0.049 0.049 0.048 0.049 0.049 0.051 0.055 0.055 0.054 0.053 0.053 0.052Urban 0.040 0.038 0.038 0.040 0.039 0.035 0.035 0.036 0.034 0.035 0.035 0.035Passenger CaCountry 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005Urban 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.007Truck -3,5t Country 0.022 0.020 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.021 0.019 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018Urban 0.031 0.030 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.026 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.028 0.029Jet Gasoline 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 - - - - - - - -Kerosene Aviation Bunkers 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Domestic 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Military 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Natural Gas NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEResidual Fuel Oil 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146RME NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE** Emissions in the inventory are not based on fuel consumption at all.Sources: Swedish National Road Administration, IPCC, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute LtdkgTSP/GJ121PM10, mobile combustionFuel type Sector Subsector Region 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989Aviation GasoAviation Domestic 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEBiogasNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEDiesel oil Military abroad Bunkers NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NENavigation/Shipping 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032Off Road Vehicles and Working Machinery NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NERailways Railways 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101Road Traffic Bus Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEMilitary NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEPassenger CaCountry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NETruck 16t- Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NETruck 3,5-16tCountry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NETruck -3,5t Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEDiesel oil* Navigation/Shipping 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032EtanolNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEGasoline Navigation/Shipping 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090Off Road Vehicles and Working Machinery Farming NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEForestry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEHouseholds NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEIndustry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEOther NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NERoad Traffic Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEMoped Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEMotorcycel Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEPassenger CaCountry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NETruck -3,5t Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEJet Gasoline0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010Kerosene Aviation Bunkers 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Domestic 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NENatural GasNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEResidual Fuel Oil0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139RMENE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE- = Not occuring, NE= Not estimatedSources: Swedish National Road Administration, IPCC, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd* In Sweden often called domestic heating oilNote that the figures above are to a large extent Implied Emission Factors. Emissions in the Swedish inventory are estimated bymodels where fuel consumption is only one of all used input parameters.kgTSP/GJ122PM10, mobile combustion, cont.Fuel type Sector Subsector Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Aviation GasoAviation Domestic 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010Military 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010Biogas NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEDiesel oil Military abroaBunkers 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.016Navigation/Shipping 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032Off Road Vehicles and Working Machine **   **  **   **  ** ** 0.089 0.089Railways Railways 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101Road Traffic Bus Country 0.039 0.038 0.030 0.027 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.020 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015Urban 0.083 0.078 0.058 0.052 0.047 0.046 0.040 0.035 0.030 0.028 0.025 0.022Military 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011Passenger CaCountry 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005Urban 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.007Truck 16t- Country 0.047 0.049 0.041 0.039 0.035 0.034 0.030 0.025 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.015Urban 0.028 0.029 0.024 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.018 0.015 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.009Truck 3,5-16tCountry 0.098 0.094 0.075 0.069 0.064 0.065 0.063 0.060 0.056 0.055 0.054 0.050Urban 0.074 0.070 0.055 0.051 0.049 0.050 0.047 0.044 0.041 0.040 0.039 0.037Truck -3,5t Country 0.022 0.020 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.021 0.019 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018Urban 0.031 0.030 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.026 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.028 0.029Diesel oil* Navigation/Shipping 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032Etanol NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEGasoline Navigation/Shipping 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090Off Road VehFarming **   **  **   **  ** ** 0.000 0.000Forestry   **  **   **  **   0.093 0.093Households **  **   **  **   **  ** 0.093 0.093Industry   **  **   **  **   0.093 0.093Other **  **   **  **   **  ** 0.093 0.093Road Traffic Military 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011Moped Country 0.223 0.214 0.213 0.219 0.227 0.240 0.243 0.225 0.257 0.255 0.256 0.251Urban 0.356 0.358 0.357 0.351 0.354 0.326 0.314 0.332 0.295 0.293 0.294 0.289Motorcycel Country 0.049 0.049 0.048 0.049 0.049 0.051 0.055 0.055 0.054 0.053 0.053 0.052Urban 0.040 0.038 0.038 0.040 0.039 0.035 0.035 0.036 0.034 0.035 0.035 0.035Passenger CaCountry 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005Urban 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.007Truck -3,5t Country 0.022 0.020 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.021 0.019 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018Urban 0.031 0.030 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.026 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.028 0.029Jet Gasoline 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 - - - - - - - -Kerosene Aviation Bunkers 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Domestic 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Military 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Natural Gas NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEResidual Fuel Oil 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139RME NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE** Emissions in the inventory are not based on fuel consumption at all.Sources: Swedish National Road Administration, IPCC, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute LtdkgTSP/GJ123PM2.5, mobile combustionFuel type Sector Subsector Region 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989Aviation GasoAviation Domestic 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEBiogasNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEDiesel oil Military abroad Bunkers NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NENavigation/Shipping 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030Off Road Vehicles and Working Machinery NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NERailways Railways 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096Road Traffic Bus Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEMilitary NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEPassenger CaCountry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NETruck 16t- Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NETruck 3,5-16tCountry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NETruck -3,5t Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEDiesel oil* Navigation/Shipping 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030EtanolNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEGasoline Navigation/Shipping 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090Off Road Vehicles and Working Machinery Farming NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEForestry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEHouseholds NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEIndustry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEOther NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NERoad Traffic Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEMoped Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEMotorcycel Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEPassenger CaCountry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NETruck -3,5t Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEUrban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEJet Gasoline0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010Kerosene Aviation Bunkers 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Domestic 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NENatural GasNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEResidual Fuel Oil0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132RMENE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE- = Not occuring, NE= Not estimatedSources: Swedish National Road Administration, IPCC, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd* In Sweden often called domestic heating oilNote that the figures above are to a large extent Implied Emission Factors. Emissions in the Swedish inventory are estimated bymodels where fuel consumption is only one of all used input parameters.kgTSP/GJ124PM2.5, mobile combustion, cont.Fuel type Sector Subsector Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Aviation GasoAviation Domestic 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010Military 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010Biogas NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEDiesel oil Military abroaBunkers 0.021 0.019 0.017 0.017 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.015Navigation/Shipping 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030Off Road Vehicles and Working Machine **   **  **   **  ** ** 0.085 0.085Railways Railways 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096Road Traffic Bus Country 0.037 0.036 0.028 0.026 0.023 0.023 0.021 0.019 0.017 0.016 0.016 0.014Urban 0.078 0.074 0.056 0.050 0.045 0.044 0.038 0.034 0.029 0.026 0.024 0.021Military 0.021 0.019 0.017 0.017 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011Passenger CaCountry 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005Urban 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.007Truck 16t- Country 0.045 0.047 0.039 0.037 0.034 0.032 0.028 0.024 0.021 0.019 0.017 0.014Urban 0.026 0.027 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.020 0.017 0.014 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009Truck 3,5-16tCountry 0.093 0.090 0.071 0.066 0.061 0.062 0.060 0.057 0.053 0.052 0.051 0.048Urban 0.071 0.067 0.052 0.049 0.046 0.047 0.045 0.042 0.039 0.038 0.037 0.035Truck -3,5t Country 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017Urban 0.030 0.028 0.027 0.027 0.026 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.028Diesel oil* Navigation/Shipping 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030Etanol NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEGasoline Navigation/Shipping 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090Off Road VehFarming **   **  **   **  ** ** 0.000 0.000Forestry   **  **   **  **   0.093 0.093Households **  **   **  **   **  ** 0.093 0.093Industry   **  **   **  **   0.093 0.093Other **  **   **  **   **  ** 0.093 0.093Road Traffic Military 0.021 0.019 0.017 0.017 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011Moped Country 0.212 0.203 0.202 0.208 0.216 0.228 0.231 0.214 0.244 0.243 0.243 0.239Urban 0.338 0.340 0.339 0.333 0.336 0.309 0.298 0.315 0.280 0.279 0.279 0.275Motorcycel Country 0.047 0.046 0.045 0.046 0.046 0.049 0.053 0.052 0.051 0.050 0.050 0.049Urban 0.038 0.036 0.036 0.038 0.037 0.033 0.033 0.034 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033Passenger CaCountry 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005Urban 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.007Truck -3,5t Country 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017Urban 0.030 0.028 0.027 0.027 0.026 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.028Jet Gasoline 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 - - - - - - - -Kerosene Aviation Bunkers 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Domestic 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Military 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Natural Gas NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEResidual Fuel Oil 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132RME NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE** Emissions in the inventory are not based on fuel consumption at all.Sources: Swedish National Road Administration, IPCC, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute LtdkgTSP/GJ12516. Appendix 2 Estimated emissions 1980-2001TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSPTSP (metric ton)1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 19891ENERGY1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production4176 3599 3632 2977 3651 4073 4137 4011 3513 29281 A 1 b Petroleum refining515 402 376 251 206 179 213 2 192 2211 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energyd i333 2 2 2 2 6 2 21 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction10171 5484 13299 12353 9312 7786 6977 6731 6781 69561 A 3 a ii (i) Civil Aviation (Domestic, LTO)8 9 9 8 9 8 10 8 9 91 A 3 a ii (ii)Civil Aviation (Domestic, Cruise)25 26 27 25 26 25 29 25 26 281 A 3 b Road Transportation23920 24135 24350 24564 24779 24994 25650 26305 27470 286931 A 3 c Railways146 145 152 150 165 169 160 162 158 1401 A 3 d ii National Navigation618 540 562 755 959 1078 1158 1000 994 9111 A 3 e ii Other mobile sources and machineryNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 A 4 a Commercial / InstitutionalNE NE NE 645 579 474 372 412 429 3741 A 4 b i Residential plantsNE NE NE 79018 89378 103584 93586 81514 73184 665261 A 4 b ii Household and gardening (mobile)NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry and fishingNE NE NE 235 274 324 318 378 359 3381 A 4 c ii Off-road Vehicles and Other MachineryNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 A 5 b Other, Mobile (Including military)NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation2 3 1 1 2 2 2 NE 2 21 B 1 c Other329 313 444 465 598 734 676 603 581 5601 B 2 a Oil0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 NE 0 01 B 2 a i Exploration Production, TransportNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE 0.1 0.11 B 2 a iv Refining / StorageNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 B 2 b Natural gas0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 NE 0.0 02 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES2 A 1 Cement Production1459 1364 1271 1344 1148 852 721 930 1405 14232 A 2 Lime Production680 670 685 698 693 701 712 698 692 6882 A 7 Other including Non Fuel Mining & Construction5218 4143 3740 3711 4439 5934 6051 6217 6815 68252 B 4 Carbide Production215 205 220 200 310 290 230 94 60 1202 C METAL PRODUCTION10578 8964 7397 7143 6950 6746 6425 5580 5372 43772 D 1 Pulp and Paper15774 14893 12932 13930 14192 12830 12418 12170 11664 108513 SOLVENT AND PRODUCT USE3 D OTHER including products containing HMs andPOPs601 608 603 569 556 537 535 523 504 5104 AGRICULTURE4 G OTHER7703 7613 7889 8173 8133 8061 7950 7706 7866 80195 WASTE6 D OTHER WASTENE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NENational Total82142 73119 77592 157218 166363 179383 168330 155077 148078 140501126TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSPTSP (metric ton)1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20011ENERGY1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production2944 3332 3284 3616 3886 3821 5267 3774 3473 3073 2858 35001 A 1 b Petroleum refining183 171 246 239 220 219 219 257 253 221 1044 10101 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energyd i0 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction9370 9586 8867 9392 9899 9519 8954 8018 7795 7342 6831 70931 A 3 a ii (i) Civil Aviation (Domestic, LTO)3 3 3 2332 333331 A 3 a ii (ii)Civil Aviation (Domestic, Cruise)8 8 8 7888 889881 A 3 b Road Transportation27774 28050 28027 27068 27232 28056 27354 27197 27315 27980 28180 283181 A 3 c Railways149 134 126 122 114 114 92 88 95 103 111 1111 A 3 d ii National Navigation718 614 582 452 419 438 401 520 579 618 624 6451 A 3 e ii Other mobile sources and machinery386 383 380 377 375 372 370 369 368 368 367 3671 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional1438 1269 838 777 694 621 644 590 562 505 469 5331 A 4 b i Residential plants63361 59485 55751 52212 45239 44606 41388 35287 30731 25363 23576 269221 A 4 b ii Household and gardening (mobile)441 441 440 440 439 439 439 439 458 476 494 4941 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry and fishing614 573 524 476 271 243 212 194 174 142 23 291 A 4 c ii Off-road Vehicles and Other Machinery1537 1525 1514 1502 1490 1479 1473 1467 1460 1452 1445 14441 A 5 b Other, Mobile (Including military)45 44 42 40 43 44 37 32 28 24 31 221 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation3 3 2 2433 233331 B 1 c Other539 479 462 491 469 543 512 516 482 466 478 4511 B 2 a Oil42 42 42 42 42 41 39 37 35 35 36 331 B 2 a i Exploration Production, Transport0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 NE 0.0 0.01 B 2 a iv Refining / Storage42 42 42 42 42 41 39 37 35 35 36 331 B 2 b Natural gasNE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 NE NE 0.12 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES2 A 1 Cement Production1003 1358 949 829 705 864 801 695 541 263 216 2542 A 2 Lime Production681 NE 686 681 691 703 697 692 696 422 375 3692 A 7 Other including Non Fuel Mining & Construction6060 4779 3907 3386 3769 2719 2424 2330 2733 2236 2862 24162 B 4 Carbide Production120 199 124 278 150 153 198 337 232 372 241 2632 C METAL PRODUCTION3960 4028 4107 4138 4132 3774 2127 2193 2091 1687 1550 16492 D 1 Pulp and Paper9580 9290 9063 9249 7935 7425 7016 6802 6707 5815 5763 57183 SOLVENT AND PRODUCT USE3 D OTHER including products containing HMs andPOPs668 696 730 640 587 629 628 596 611 600 624 6464 AGRICULTURE4 G OTHER8203 7900 7900 7873 7966 8028 8006 8 050 7789 7728 7575 75755 WASTE6 D OTHER WASTENE NE NE NE NE NE 415 1674 69 371 380 1674National Total139870 134468 128645 124375 116822 114906 109768 102205 95326 87711 86202 91582127PM10PM10PM10PM10PM10PM10PM10PM10PM10PM10PM10(metric ton)1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 19891ENERGY1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production3750 3538 3470 2818 3396 3824 3869 3738 3257 26951 A 1 b Petroleum refining515 402 376 251 206 179 213 2 192 2211 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energyd i333 2 2 2 2 4 2 21 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction9001 5064 12245 11422 8165 6729 6027 5893 6167 62001 A 3 a ii (i) Civil Aviation (Domestic, LTO)8 9 9 8 9 8 10 8 9 91 A 3 a ii (ii)Civil Aviation (Domestic, Cruise)25 26 27 25 26 25 29 25 26 281 A 3 b Road Transportation15632 15741 15850 15960 16069 16178 16538 16897 17550 182451 A 3 c Railways139 138 145 142 156 160 152 154 150 1331 A 3 d ii National Navigation597 523 544 728 922 1034 1112 962 956 8781 A 3 e ii Other mobile sources and machineryNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 A 4 a Commercial / InstitutionalNE NE NE 629 557 467 363 408 422 3701 A 4 b i Residential plantsNE NE NE 71210 80521 93299 84288 73430 65928 599311 A 4 b ii Household and gardening (mobile)NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry and fishingNE NE NE 159 175 196 192 222 210 1931 A 4 c ii Off-road Vehicles and Other MachineryNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 A 5 b Other, Mobile (Including military)NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation2 3 1 1 2 2 2 NE 2 21 B 1 c Other329 125 178 186 239 294 270 241 232 2241 B 2 a Oil0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 NE 0.1 0.11 B 2 a i Exploration Production, TransportNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE 0.1 0.11 B 2 a iv Refining / StorageNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 B 2 b Natural gas0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 NE 0.0 0.02 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES2 A 1 Cement Production1167 1091 1017 1075 918 682 577 744 1124 11382 A 2 Lime Production580 575 582 589 587 591 596 589 586 5842 A 7 Other including Non Fuel Mining & Construction4096 3109 2756 2765 3411 4738 4839 4981 5475 54782 B 4 Carbide Production194 185 198 180 279 261 207 85 54 1082 C METAL PRODUCTION8165 6898 5664 5456 5664 5479 5207 4529 3773 37692 D 1 Pulp and Paper13408 12659 10992 11840 12063 10905 11176 10953 10498 97663 SOLVENT AND PRODUCT USE3 D OTHER including products containing HMs andPOPs601 608 603 569 556 537 535 523 504 5104 AGRICULTURE4 G OTHER3381 3336 3455 3585 3552 3538 3480 3380 3427 34845 WASTE6 D OTHER WASTENE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NENational Total61593 54032 58116 129601 137476 149127 139683 127770 120545 113967128PM10PM10PM10PM10PM10PM10PM10PM10PM10PM10PM10PM10PM10(metric ton)1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20011ENERGY1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production2719 3150 3106 3426 3690 3616 5016 3578 3275 2916 2706 33171 A 1 b Petroleum refining183 171 246 239 220 219 219 257 253 221 1034 10011 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energyd i0 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction7999 8236 7572 7894 8588 8181 7631 6695 6586 6093 6140 63831 A 3 a ii (i) Civil Aviation (Domestic, LTO)3 3 3 2332 333331 A 3 a ii (ii)Civil Aviation (Domestic, Cruise)8 8 8 7888 889881 A 3 b Road Transportation17454 17634 17515 16860 16928 17560 16810 16621 16627 16956 16980 169581 A 3 c Railways141 127 120 116 109 109 87 83 91 98 105 1051 A 3 d ii National Navigation694 595 566 441 410 429 393 505 561 599 604 6241 A 3 e ii Other mobile sources and machinery368 365 362 360 357 354 353 352 351 351 350 3501 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional1324 1168 772 716 639 570 590 536 511 461 428 4871 A 4 b i Residential plants57084 53587 50223 47030 40757 40185 37280 31786 27680 22845 21235 242471 A 4 b ii Household and gardening (mobile)438 438 437 437 437 436 436 437 455 473 491 4911 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry and fishing460 455 444 408 235 216 192 176 158 130 23 291 A 4 c ii Off-road Vehicles and Other Machinery1461 1450 1439 1428 1417 1406 1400 1395 1388 1381 1374 13731 A 5 b Other, Mobile (Including military)44 43 41 38 42 43 36 31 27 23 30 211 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation3 3 2 2433 233331 B 1 c Other215 192 185 196 188 217 205 206 193 186 191 1811 B 2 a Oil40 40 40 40 40 39 37 35 33 33 34 311 B 2 a i Exploration Production, Transport0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 NE 0.0 0.01 B 2 a iv Refining / Storage40 40 40 40 40 39 37 35 33 33 34 311 B 2 b Natural gasNE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 NE NE 0.12 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES2 A 1 Cement Production803 1086 806 704 599 734 681 625 487 237 194 2292 A 2 Lime Production580 NE 583 580 585 591 589 586 588 350 291 2832 A 7 Other including Non Fuel Mining & Construction4810 3874 3125 2735 3117 2302 2042 1981 2372 1872 2488 20392 B 4 Carbide Production108 179 112 250 135 138 178 303 209 335 217 2372 C METAL PRODUCTION3413 3464 3527 3551 3548 3249 2022 2083 1987 1603 1473 15762 D 1 Pulp and Paper8622 8826 8610 8787 7538 7054 6665 6462 6372 5525 5474 54323 SOLVENT AND PRODUCT USE3 D OTHER including products containing HMs andPOPs668 696 730 640 587 629 628 596 611 600 624 6464 AGRICULTURE4 G OTHER3550 3443 3469 3430 3489 3513 3481 3 497 3387 3369 3298 32985 WASTE6 D OTHER WASTENE NE NE NE NE NE 311 1256 51 278 285 1256National Total113232 109309 104082 100359 93706 91844 87335 80133 74300 66982 66118 70639129PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5(metric ton)1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 19891ENERGY1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production3024 2943 2881 2338 2799 3149 3202 3081 2667 21821 A 1 b Petroleum refining427 334 312 208 171 148 177 2 160 1831 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy323 2 2 2 2 3 2 11 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction7994 4095 10705 9841 7300 6170 5540 5435 5929 55981 A 3 a ii (i) Civil Aviation (Domestic, LTO)8 9 9 8 9 8 10 8 9 91 A 3 a ii (ii)Civil Aviation (Domestic, Cruise)25 26 27 25 26 25 29 25 26 281 A 3 b Road Transportation6303 6298 6293 6288 6283 6278 6314 6350 6443 65581 A 3 c Railways132 131 137 135 149 152 145 147 142 1261 A 3 d ii National Navigation577 507 527 702 887 994 1067 926 920 8461 A 3 e ii Other mobile sources and machineryNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 A 4 a Commercial / InstitutionalNE NE NE 562 497 426 335 381 386 3391 A 4 b i Residential plantsNE NE NE 63339 71616 82977 74969 65325 58653 533231 A 4 b ii Household and gardening (mobile)NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry and fishingNE NE NE 113 118 126 124 139 132 1181 A 4 c ii Off-road Vehicles and Other MachineryNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 A 5 b Other, Mobile (Including military)NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation2 3 1 1 2 2 2 NE 2 21 B 1 c Other329 13 18 19 24 29 27 24 23 221 B 2 a Oil0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 NE 0.1 0.11 B 2 a i Exploration Production, TransportNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE 0.1 0.11 B 2 a iv Refining / StorageNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 B 2 b Natural gas0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 NE 0.0 0.02 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES2 A 1 Cement Production948 886 826 874 746 554 469 605 913 9252 A 2 Lime Production488 487 488 490 489 490 491 490 489 4892 A 7 Other including Non Fuel Mining & Construction3201 2342 2038 2052 2706 3791 3876 3982 4403 43792 B 4 Carbide Production172 164 176 160 248 232 184 75 48 962 C METAL PRODUCTION5891 4989 4043 3887 4016 3906 4230 3839 3301 31752 D 1 Pulp and Paper9465 8936 7759 8358 8515 7698 8072 7910 7582 70533 SOLVENT AND PRODUCT USE3 D OTHER including products containing HMs andPOPs601 608 603 569 556 537 535 523 504 5104 AGRICULTURE4 G OTHER741 730 756 785 776 776 762 740 749 7605 WASTE6 D OTHER WASTENE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NENational Total40332 33503 37601 100757 107934 118470 110561 100010 93483 86725130PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5(metric ton)1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20011ENERGY1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production2226 2575 2548 2758 2961 2827 3955 2776 2574 2247 2072 25361 A 1 b Petroleum refining152 142 204 199 182 182 182 220 214 184 1022 9891 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy0 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction6791 6882 6455 6775 7236 7074 6599 5794 5697 5324 5181 55501 A 3 a ii (i) Civil Aviation (Domestic, LTO)3 3 3 2332333331 A 3 a ii (ii)Civil Aviation (Domestic, Cruise)8 8 8 7888889881 A 3 b Road Transportation5939 6011 5799 5490 5455 5858 5096 4884 4774 4739 4581 43951 A 3 c Railways134 121 114 110 103 103 83 79 86 93 100 1001 A 3 d ii National Navigation671 577 550 431 401 419 386 492 545 581 585 6051 A 3 e ii Other mobile sources and machinery351 348 346 343 341 338 337 336 335 335 334 3341 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional1186 1046 694 643 576 515 531 480 459 415 385 4371 A 4 b i Residential plants50795 47677 44687 41840 36263 35755 33167 28280 24622 20324 18893 215701 A 4 b ii Household and gardening (mobile)436 435 435 434 434 434 434 434 452 471 489 4891 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry and fishing363 374 380 352 203 190 170 156 139 116 21 261 A 4 c ii Off-road Vehicles and Other Machinery1389 1379 1368 1358 1347 1337 1331 1326 1320 1313 1307 13061 A 5 b Other, Mobile (Including military)42 41 39 37 40 41 34 29 25 22 29 201 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation3 3 2 2433233331 B 1 c Other22 19 18 20 19 22 20 21 19 19 19 181 B 2 a Oil36 36 36 36 36 35 33 31 30 30 31 281 B 2 a i Exploration Production, Transport0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 NE 0.0 0.01 B 2 a iv Refining / Storage36 36 36 36 36 35 33 31 30 30 31 281 B 2 b Natural gasNE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 NE NE NE2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES2 A 1 Cement Production652 882 664 580 493 605 561 556 433 211 172 2032 A 2 Lime Production488 NE 489 488 489 490 490 489 490 286 218 2092 A 7 Other including Non Fuel Mining & Construction3778 2991 2372 2105 2474 1935 1681 1652 2029 1527 2139 16902 B 4 Carbide Production96 159 99 222 120 122 158 270 186 298 193 2102 C METAL PRODUCTION2841 2916 2990 3018 3029 2754 1714 1755 1619 1318 1211 12992 D 1 Pulp and Paper6227 6503 6344 6475 5554 5197 5262 5101 5030 4362 4322 42893 SOLVENT AND PRODUCT USE3 D OTHER including products containing HMs andPOPs668 696 730 640 587 629 628 596 611 600 624 6464 AGRICULTURE4 G OTHER775 754 761 750 764 770 761 764 741 738 724 7245 WASTE6 D OTHER WASTENE NE NE NE NE NE 311 1256 51 278 285 1256National Total86105 82647 78170 75150 69158 67681 63970 57821 52526 45874 44981 48969131As (metric ton)1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20011ENERGY1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production0.38 0.42 0.42 0.40 0.35 0.40 0.39 0.36 0.46 0.34 0.32 0.351 A 1 b Petroleum refining0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.011 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction0.14 0.22 0.21 0.23 2.64 0.26 0.25 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.23 0.191 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.011 A 4 b i Residential plants0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.041 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry, fishing0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001B1 Fugitive Emissions from Solid Fuels0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.012 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS0.17 0.32 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.30 0.03 0.03 0.022 C METAL PRODUCTION4.70 3.24 3.22 1.90 0.66 0.78 0.49 0.55 0.49 0.23 0.17 0.362 D 1 Pulp and Paper0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10NATIONAL TOTAL5.63 4.44 4.21 2.87 3.96 1.71 1.39 1.31 1.61 0.94 0.91 1.09Cd (metric ton)1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20011ENERGY1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.20 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.221 A 1 b Petroleum refining0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.011 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction0.24 0.30 0.31 0.33 0.39 0.37 0.36 0.27 0.28 0.26 0.28 0.281 A 3 b vi R.T., Automobile tyre and brake wear0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.021 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.011 A 4 b i Residential plants0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.131 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry, fishing0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.002 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.012 C METAL PRODUCTION1.55 1.02 0.93 0.66 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.30 0.25 0.13 0.09 0.172 D 1 Pulp and Paper0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07NATIONAL TOTAL2.24 1.78 1.71 1.46 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.04 1.01 0.86 0.80 0.91132Cr (metric ton)1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20011ENERGY1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production1.13 1.21 0.78 0.78 0.46 0.45 0.67 0.59 0.63 0.34 0.31 0.351 A 1 b Petroleum refining0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.031 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction0.48 0.71 0.71 0.72 0.77 0.79 0.78 0.47 0.47 0.43 0.66 0.401 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.011 A 4 b i Residential plants0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.071 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry, fishing0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.002 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS0.24 0.19 0.16 0.14 0.17 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.15 0.112 C METAL PRODUCTION20.70 16.87 15.12 15.25 13.76 10.61 8.89 7.27 6.02 5.18 5.53 5.912 D 1 Pulp and Paper0.20 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.15 0.15NATIONAL TOTAL22.9 19.3 17.2 17.3 15.5 12.2 10.7 8.7 7.5 6.3 6.9 7.0Cu (metric ton)1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20011ENERGY1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production1.38 1.52 1.09 1.21 0.87 0.84 1.25 1.04 1.12 0.82 0.74 0.911 A 1 b Petroleum refining0.09 0.09 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.03 0.031 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction1.38 1.57 1.70 1.72 1.93 1.53 1.48 1.21 1.20 1.11 2.68 1.231 A 3 b vi R.T., Automobile tyre and brake wear9.48 9.57 9.66 9.38 9.47 9.64 9.69 9.72 9.82 10.13 10.29 10.441 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional0.10 0.10 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.041 A 4 b i Residential plants0.56 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.52 0.51 0.48 0.47 0.521 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry, fishing0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.012 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS0.14 0.12 0.33 0.28 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.052 C METAL PRODUCTION20.52 18.51 25.73 15.64 6.30 5.79 6.30 7.24 5.16 3.03 2.19 1.812 D 1 Pulp and Paper0.64 0.65 0.64 0.67 0.57 0.54 0.50 0.52 0.50 0.44 0.49 0.48NATIONAL TOTAL34.3 32.7 40.1 29.7 20.0 19.2 20.1 20.5 18.6 16.2 17.0 15.5133Hg (metric ton)1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20011ENERGY1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production0.34 0.27 0.19 0.16 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.071 A 1 b Petroleum refining0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.011 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction0.17 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.19 0.151 A 4 a 1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001 A 4 b i 1 A 4 b i Residential plants0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.031 A 4 c i 1 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry, fishing0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001B1 1B1 Fugitive Emissions from Solid Fuels0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.012 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES2 A 2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS (b)0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.002 B 2 B CHEMICAL INDUSTRY0.26 0.26 0.25 0.16 0.18 0.13 0.14 0.11 0.14 0.11 0.09 0.072 C 2 C METAL PRODUCTION0.46 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.36 0.27 0.172 D 1 2 D 1 Pulp and Paper0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.026 WASTE6 C 6 C WASTE INCINERATION (e)0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.22 0.18 0.12 0.12NATIONAL TOTAL1.56 1.40 1.27 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.11 0.92 0.88 0.89 0.81 0.65Ni (metric ton)1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20011ENERGY1 A 1 a 1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production4.35 4.84 4.80 5.18 4.89 5.19 7.30 4.50 6.13 3.84 2.28 3.561 A 1 b 1 A 1 b Petroleum refining4.37 4.10 5.90 5.74 5.27 5.26 5.26 5.26 5.49 5.31 0.71 0.711 A 2 1 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction11.08 9.85 8.94 10.33 12.68 13.36 12.54 14.95 14.04 12.74 10.43 10.241 A 4 a 1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional2.27 2.04 1.19 1.18 0.70 0.45 0.45 0.39 0.08 0.22 0.22 0.331 A 4 b i 1 A 4 b i Residential plants1.31 1.47 1.01 1.00 1.38 0.92 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.48 0.29 0.391 A 4 c i 1 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry, fishing0.35 0.35 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.38 0.19 0.27 0.272 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES2 A 2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS (b)1.02 0.75 0.63 0.56 0.65 0.42 0.39 0.36 0.43 0.33 0.47 0.382 C 2 C METAL PRODUCTION7.27 6.17 6.90 7.36 8.16 7.85 2.99 2.27 1.70 1.06 0.75 0.722 D 1 2 D 1 Pulp and Paper0.47 0.48 0.47 0.49 0.42 0.40 0.37 0.38 0.37 0.33 0.36 0.35NATIONAL TOTAL32 30 30 32 34 34 30 29 29 24 16 17134Pb (metric ton)1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20011ENERGY1 A 1 a 1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production2.70 2.13 1.99 1.88 1.46 1.66 2.16 1.78 2.05 1.52 1.34 1.611 A 1 b 1 A 1 b Petroleum refining0.27 0.26 0.37 0.36 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.33 0.09 0.091 A 2 1 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction2.04 2.55 2.56 2.67 2.99 3.03 2.94 2.37 2.32 2.14 2.47 2.551 A 3 b i 1 A 3 b i R.T., Passenger cars352 298 271 213 14 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO1 A 3 b ii 1 A 3 b ii R.T., Light duty vehicles38.0 32.0 29.0 22.0 1.45 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO1 A 3 b iv 1 A 3 b iv R.T., Mopeds & Motorcycles0.08 0.08 0.09 0.03 0.13 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO1 A 3 b vi 1 A 3 b vi R.T., Automobile tyre and brake wear2.26 2.29 2.31 2.24 2.26 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.34 2.42 2.46 2.491 A 4 a 1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional0.21 0.19 0.13 0.13 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.071 A 4 b i 1 A 4 b i Residential plants1.03 1.04 1.01 1.01 0.99 0.81 0.82 0.76 0.75 0.69 0.68 0.761 A 4 c i 1 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry, fishing0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.032 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES2 A 2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS (b)1.69 1.72 1.69 1.41 1.19 1.73 1.54 1.70 1.67 2.75 2.91 0.802 C 2 C METAL PRODUCTION73.49 57.07 44.88 30.50 20.05 13.50 10.78 10.54 8.85 7.57 5.10 6.002 D 1 2 D 1 Pulp and Paper0.40 0.42 0.40 0.42 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.33 0.32 0.28 0.31 0.30NATIONAL TOTAL474 398 355 276 45 24 21 20 19 18 15 15Se (metric ton)1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20011ENERGY1 A 1 a 1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.20 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.221 A 1 b 1 A 1 b Petroleum refining0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.011 A 2 1 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction0.24 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.27 0.28 0.26 0.28 0.281 A 4 a 1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.011 A 4 b i 1 A 4 b i Residential plants0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.101 A 4 c i 1 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry, fishing0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00NATIONAL TOTAL0.56 0.63 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.71 0.75 0.61 0.64 0.60 0.57 0.61135Zn (metric ton)1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20011ENERGY1 A 1 a 1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production11.02 11.26 8.77 13.31 12.86 19.77 30.86 24.43 24.96 27.72 26.60 33.171 A 1 b 1 A 1 b Petroleum refining0.22 0.20 0.29 0.29 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.05 0.051 A 2 1 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction30.70 29.70 36.00 34.81 39.82 37.84 36.72 35.06 35.38 33.12 25.68 33.431 A 3 b vi 1 A 3 b vi R.T., Automobile tyre and brake wear13.22 13.35 13.47 13.08 13.20 13.45 13.51 13.55 13.69 14.12 14.35 14.561 A 4 a 1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional0.29 0.20 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.111 A 4 b i 1 A 4 b i Residential plants8.02 4.11 4.10 4.14 3.90 4.17 4.25 4.01 3.94 3.70 3.69 4.211 A 4 c i 1 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry, fishing0.42 0.29 0.17 0.15 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.022 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES2 A 2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS (b)0.72 1.13 1.71 0.79 0.92 0.77 1.05 0.39 0.31 0.36 0.30 0.332 C 2 C METAL PRODUCTION112.7 97.00 70.94 70.07 65.07 49.79 34.25 32.98 30.42 19.48 18.95 19.652 D 1 2 D 1 Pulp and Paper0.80 0.83 0.81 0.85 0.72 0.68 0.63 0.65 0.63 0.56 0.61 0.60NATIONAL TOTAL178 158 136 138 137 127 122 112 110 99 90 106136PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4PAH-4 (metric ton)1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 19891ENERGY1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production1.40 0.14 0.41 0.41 0.55 0.69 0.77 0.56 0.57 0.451 A 1 b Petroleum refining0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction5.93 0.01 6.15 4.93 3.12 2.99 2.73 1.62 1.67 1.191 A 4 a Commercial / InstitutionalNENENE 0.20 0.22 0.21 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.371 A 4 b i Residential plantsNENENE 39.01 44.28 51.44 46.48 40.42 36.30 33.001 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / FishingNENENE 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.201 B 1 b Solid fuel transformationNENENENENENENE 1.12 0.90 0.992 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES2 C METAL PRODUCTIONNENENENE 6.87 6.08 4.86 1.62 3.57 4.862 D 1 Pulp and Paper0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.026 WASTE6 C WASTE INCINERATION0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00NATIONAL TOTAL44.71 55.22 61.61 55.45 45.96 43.63 41.08PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4PAH-4 (metric ton)1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20011ENERGY1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production0.51 0.50 0.49 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.54 0.48 0.44 0.38 0.36 0.431 A 1 b Petroleum refining0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.001 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction1.25 0.93 1.11 0.73 0.84 0.41 0.40 0.36 0.21 0.21 0.14 0.191 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional0.37 0.35 0.24 0.24 0.37 0.24 0.28 0.29 0.32 0.29 0.32 0.371 A 4 b i Residential plants31.39 29.49 27.64 25.91 22.41 22.11 20.54 17.50 15.26 12.59 18.03 20.601 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.00 0.001 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation1.06 1.13 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.16 1.16 0.16 1.20 1.202 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES2 C METAL PRODUCTION3.89 5.19 2.59 2.27 2.92 3.66 4.40 2.53 4.70 6.45 3.21 4.052 D 1 Pulp and Paper0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.026 WASTE6 C WASTE INCINERATION0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00NATIONAL TOTAL38.67 37.78 33.44 31.00 28.37 28.14 27.44 22.43 22.21 20.18 23.29 26.86137Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox DioxDioxin (g)1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 19891ENERGY1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Prod.120.01 47.01 72.44 72.44 92.94 102.06 87.36 64.11 34.27 18.831 A 2 Manufacturing Industries andC i9.02 1.31 10.72 10.72 7.79 8.73 8.04 8.07 8.56 9.021 A 3 b Road Transportation6.35 6.37 6.39 6.42 5.84 5.87 5.36 4.29 4.48 4.691 A 4 a Commercial / InstitutionalNE NE NE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001 A 4 b ResidentialNE NE NE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / FishingNE NE NE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.002 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS6.11 5.51 5.56 6.27 6.60 7.45 7.42 7.33 7.48 7.712 B CHEMICAL INDUSTRYNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE2 C METAL PRODUCTION37.60 31.90 29.50 28.00 27.90 27.50 24.80 22.70 23.00 20.802 D 1 Pulp and Paper1.90 1.90 1.70 1.90 2.10 1.60 1.60 1.30 1.30 0.806 WASTE6 C WASTE INCINERATION0.42 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.516 D OTHER WASTE13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00NATIONAL TOTAL194.41 107.43 139.75 139.19 156.62 166.69 148.06 121.29 92.60 75.36Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox DioxDioxin (g)1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20011ENERGY1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Prod.14.34 13.28 5.46 9.61 6.05 8.72 11.14 10.09 10.05 10.21 9.89 11.371 A 2 Manufacturing Industries andConstruction11.56 11.55 12.52 12.62 13.79 13.57 13.29 10.03 10.18 9.46 10.65 11.071 A 3 b Road Transportation4.28 3.96 3.64 2.18 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.571 A 4 a Commercial / InstitutionalNE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 NE 0.00 0.001 A 4 b Residential0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 NE NE2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS7.39 6.81 6.29 6.82 6.29 3.01 1.05 1.14 1.65 1.15 1.69 1.352 B CHEMICAL INDUSTRYNE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE 0.202 C METAL PRODUCTION17.93 13.23 12.73 11.81 11.10 9.49 7.08 7.94 6.54 6.18 7.17 5.522 D 1 Pulp and Paper0.80 0.60 0.60 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.506 WASTE6 C WASTE INCINERATION0.53 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.596 D OTHER WASTE13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00NATIONAL TOTAL69.83 62.97 54.78 57.10 51.78 49.26 47.09 43.84 43.08 41.67 44.09 44.17138