[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 19-11593

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 4:18-cv-00083-CDL

LEIGH ANN YOUNGBLOOD-WEST, 

 Plaintiff–Appellant,

 versus

AFLAC INCORPORATED, 

WILLIAM LAFAYETTE AMOS, JR.,

SAMUEL W. OATES, 

DANIEL P. AMOS,

CECIL CHEVES,

 Defendants–Appellees.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Georgia

________________________

(December 12, 2019)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, HULL, and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Leigh Ann Youngblood-West appeals the denial of her motion for recusal 

and the dismissal of her complaint of conspiracy and of racketeering activities in 

violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act by Aflac

Incorporated, Daniel Amos, Dr. William Amos Jr., Cecil Cheves, and Samuel 

Oates, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), (d). Youngblood-West also appeals the summary 

judgment in favor of Dr. Amos’s counterclaim for breach of contract. After the 

district court denied Youngblood-West’s motion for recusal, it dismissed her 

complaint as untimely and, in the alternative, implausible, and it ruled that she had 

violated her two nondisclosure agreements with Dr. Amos and entered a permanent 

injunction enforcing those agreements. The district court also dismissed 

Youngblood-West’s claims of fraud, intentional infliction of emotional distress, 

civil conspiracy, and vicarious liability, but she has abandoned, by failing to brief, 

any challenge she could have made to that adverse ruling. See Sapuppo v. Allstate 

Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 681 (11th Cir. 2014). We affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

In our review of the dismissal of Youngblood-West’s complaint, we must 

accept as true her allegations. See Am. Dental Ass’n v. Cigna Corp., 605 F.3d 

1283, 1288 (11th Cir. 2010). But to the extent the “exhibits attached to [her]

complaint contradict the general and conclusory allegations of the pleading, the 

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exhibits govern.” Gill as Next Friend of K.C.R. v. Judd, 941 F.3d 504, 514 (11th 

Cir. 2019) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). 

In 1984, Dr. Amos allegedly assaulted Youngblood-West while treating her 

at his private clinic. Youngblood-West’s husband worked for Aflac and Dr. Amos 

was its Chief Medical Director. In 1987, Dr. Amos resigned as medical director 

and from his position on the board of directors and moved to Florida. In 1989, 

Aflac forced Youngblood-West’s husband to resign.

In 1992, Youngblood-West retained Oates, her employer, to represent her. 

Oates interviewed Dr. Amos’s former office manager and obtained a list of other 

injured patients from Cheves, Dr. Amos’s attorney who was also his brother-inlaw. After negotiations, Youngblood-West and her husband accepted $500,000 to 

release all existing and future “claims, demands, rights, actions . . . or suits at law 

or in equity of whatever kind,” whether “known or unknown, foreseen or 

unforeseen,” founded on any “theory of recovery, . . . in any way growing out of,

resulting or to result from the alleged negligent practice of medicine, . . . and 

specifically for . . . [what occurred on] January 5, 1984.” The couple “covenant[ed] 

that neither they nor their counsel shall reveal to anyone the alleged acts or 

omissions giving rise to their claims . . . [or] the fact or existence of this release 

agreement . . . .” They also agreed to the destruction of investigatory materials and 

medical records. Later, Dr. Stephen Purdom, the new Chief Medical Director of 

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Aflac, asked Youngblood-West about a videotape Oates possessed, which made 

her “suspicious that Dr. Purdom was aware of more details of the story.”

Youngblood-West’s bank learned of her settlement with Dr. Amos. With the 

assistance of partners in Cheves’s law firm, the bank collected from YoungbloodWest an outstanding balance on her mortgage. Youngblood-West retained a new 

attorney to investigate whether the bank received a tip.

In 1993, Youngblood-West entered a settlement with the bank, its lawyers, 

Cheves, Dr. Amos, and Oates. Youngblood-West and her husband received 

$75,000 to release existing and future claims “against each and all of the parties,” 

“including, but not limited to[,] fraud, duress, undue influence, breach of fiduciary 

duty, legal malpractice, unjust enrichment, medical malpractice, mental or 

emotional suffering, loss of services or consortium.” The agreement addressed 

Youngblood-West’s “fee agreement with Mr. Oates” and his failure to “recover 

enough in his settlement of claims against” Dr. Amos. The agreement also 

addressed the “legal representation by . . . Cecil Cheves [and his law firm], of or 

for” Dr. Amos and Youngblood-West’s bank and the breach of “any 

confidentiality agreement or fiduciary duty” owed to her and her husband. 

Youngblood-West and her husband received an additional $50,000 for their 

agreement not to disclose “the fact or existence of this release agreement, any of 

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[its] terms” and “any such matters or any medical or legal services pertaining to 

any of the parties released . . . .”

In 2016, Youngblood-West met with Dr. Amos. During their conversation, 

which Youngblood-West recorded, Dr. Amos “guess[ed] Danny [Amos, who 

assumed the position of Chief Executive Officer of Aflac in 1990,] knew” about 

the patients’ injuries. Dr. Amos stated that he “told Danny when I felt like I needed 

to resign from the Aflac board . . . because I didn’t want to negatively impact 

anybody else more than I already had.” Youngblood-West asked if Dr. Amos

would oppose her advocating for a victim organization, and he responded, “that’s 

not my place . . . I trust that you would be careful” and requested that she avoid 

“see[ing] [his] kids and my grandkids hurt.” When Youngblood-West expressed 

concerns about being “sue[d] . . . [and] in big trouble,” Dr. Amos replied, “you 

know—if you do—and, of course, that’s up to you[,] I would hope that you 

wouldn’t use specifics that could . . . trace back. But as far as you advocating . . ., I 

would have to say that I agree with you . . . ..” 

In March 2018, Youngblood-West’s attorney, Dimitry Joffe, sent a letter to 

Aflac and Dan Amos that demanded $50 million to suing them for conspiracy and 

for participating in a criminal enterprise to conceal Dr. Amos’s conduct. The letter

referenced the 1992 and 1993 agreements. Aflac accused Joffe of extortion and 

threatened to sue him for libel and harassment. 

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Dr. Amos filed a motion for a temporary restraining order and a complaint 

that Youngblood-West had breached her nondisclosure agreements. Dr. Amos 

sought to enjoin Youngblood-West from filing her complaint of racketeering on 

the public docket. After a hearing, the district court entered a preliminary 

injunction that required the parties to file their pleadings under seal.

In May 2018, Youngblood-West filed a complaint under seal, which she 

later amended, that Aflac, Dan Amos, Dr. Amos, Oates, and Cheves conspired to 

and engaged in racketeering between 1984 and 1987. 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), (d). She 

alleged that the defendants used the wires and mails to coerce her to execute “hush 

agreements,” §§ 1341, 1343, 1461–65, obstructed investigations by aiding Dr. 

Amos’s flight to Florida and by destroying evidence, id. §§ 1503, 1510, 1511, 

tampered with witnesses by forcing them to accept “invalid agreements,” id.

§ 1512, and retaliated by forcing her husband to resign, disclosing her settlement to 

her bank, and by threatening her during her meeting with Dr. Amos and in the 

letter from Aflac and Dan Amos, id. § 1513. Youngblood-West alleged eight 

injuries: she paid Dr. Amos for unnecessary medical procedures; she overpaid 

Oates for legal services; she was denied her right to honest services from Dr. Amos 

and Oates; she relinquished two-thirds of her 1992 settlement to the bank and to 

attorneys; she became indebted after her husband retired; the 1992 and 1993 

settlements were “wholly inadequate and unconscionable”; and she suffered from

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“Defendants’ fraud and active concealment.” Youngblood-West attached to her 

complaint copies of her 1992 and 1993 agreements and a transcript of her

conversation with Dr. Amos.

The defendants moved to dismiss Youngblood-West’s complaint. Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Based on the “common questions of law and fact,” the district 

court consolidated Youngblood-West’s action with Dr. Amos’s counterclaim. Dr. 

Amos amended his counterclaim and requested a permanent injunction enforcing 

the nondisclosure agreements. Youngblood-West then requested additional time 

for discovery concerning Dr. Amos’s assent or capacity to assent to the 

agreements. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d).

Youngblood-West filed a motion for recusal, which the district court denied

as “frivolous and . . . just plain misleading.” 28 U.S.C. § 455. Youngblood-West 

identified three grounds for recusal: (1) the district judge participated in a dinner

club, referred to as the “Fish House Gang,” formed by his great-uncle and the 

founder of Aflac; (2) the judge was related to William Donald Land Jr., an 

employee of Aflac; and (3) the judge’s wife had worked at Cheves’s law firm. The 

district judge ruled that no appearance of partiality stemmed from his involvement 

in the supper club “seven years after his great-uncle’s affiliation ceased and 

twenty-eight years after John Amos’s affiliation ceased.” See id. § 455(a). The 

district judge also ruled that neither sharing an “11th degree of relationship” with 

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William Land nor his wife’s incidental interest in the 1993 agreement as a 

shareholder in Cheves’s law firm required him to recuse. See id. § 455(b)(5).

The district court next granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss. Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 12(b)(6). The district court ruled that Youngblood-West’s claims of 

conspiracy and of racketeering activities were barred by the four-year statute of 

limitation and that she was not entitled to statutory or equitable tolling or equitable 

estoppel because she “was on notice of her injuries by 1993 at the latest.” The 

district court determined that her recent contact with Dr. Amos and Aflac did not 

restart the limitations period and that she failed to plead facts plausibly connecting

Aflac or Dan Amos to a predicate act or identifying a cognizable injury under the 

Act. The district court also determined that the nondisclosure agreements were 

enforceable and survived the alleged fraud of the defendants because YoungbloodWest affirmed the agreements by retaining the consideration paid to her.

The district court then denied Youngblood-West’s motion for discovery and 

entered summary judgment in favor of Dr. Amos’s counterclaim for breach of 

contract. The district court ruled that discovery was unnecessary because it could 

determine the validity of the agreements from the allegations in and attachments to 

Youngblood-West’s complaint. The district court then determined that Dr. Amos

was entitled to judgment as a matter of law for Youngblood-West’s breach of her

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nondisclosure agreements and entered a permanent injunction that enforced those 

agreements.

II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

We apply two standards of review in this appeal. We review de novo the 

dismissal of Youngblood-West’s complaint and the summary judgment in Dr. 

Amos’s favor. See McCaleb v. A.O. Smith Corp., 200 F.3d 747, 750 (11th Cir. 

2000) (statute of limitation and summary judgment); Chang v. Carnival Corp., 839 

F.3d 993, 996 (11th Cir. 2016) (equitable tolling); Bailey v. ERG Enterprises, LP, 

705 F.3d 1311, 1316 (11th Cir. 2013) (equitable estoppel). We review the denial of 

Youngblood-West’s motion for recusal for abuse of discretion. See Draper v. 

Reynolds, 369 F.3d 1270, 1274 (11th Cir. 2004). 

III. DISCUSSION

Youngblood-West makes five arguments for reversal. First, YoungbloodWest argues that her claims of racketeering are timely and plausibly allege a 

pattern of predicate acts. Second, Youngblood-West argues that her nondisclosure 

agreements are unenforceable. Third, Youngblood-West argues that the permanent 

injunction violates her right of free speech under the First Amendment. Fourth, 

Youngblood-West argues that she was entitled to discovery to oppose summary 

judgment. Fifth, Youngblood-West argues that the district judge should have 

recused. We address each argument in turn.

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A. Youngblood-West’s Complaint of Racketeering was Untimely.

The district court did not err by dismissing as untimely Youngblood-West’s 

complaint. “Civil actions under the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt 

Organizations Act . . . are subject to a four-year statute of limitations.” Lehman v. 

Lucom, 727 F.3d 1326, 1330 (11th Cir. 2013). That statute commenced running 

“when [Youngblood-West’s] injury was or should have been discovered, 

regardless of whether or when . . . [she] discovered . . . the injury . . . [was] part of 

a pattern of racketeering.” See id. (quoting Maiz v. Virani, 253 F.3d 641, 676 (11th 

Cir. 2001)); Rotella v. Wood, 528 U.S. 549, 555 (2000). It matters not that 

Youngblood-West had an epiphany about the defendants’ racketeering in 2016 

while talking to Dr. Amos because she had long since known of or could have 

discovered her injuries. By 1993, Youngblood-West knew that Dr. Amos had 

injured her and other patients; that Oates and Cheves had worked with Dr. Amos to 

settle patients’ claims; that the three men had revealed the existence of and 

diminished the proceeds of the 1992 settlement, breached duties owed to her, and 

defrauded her; that her bank, Cheves, and his law firm had betrayed her trust; and

that Aflac knew, at least indirectly, about Dr. Amos’s misconduct and his 1992 

settlement. Youngblood-West failed to act on the information she possessed and 

the four-year limitations elapsed long before she filed her complaint in 2018.

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Because Youngblood-West’s complaint is untimely, we need not address the 

alternative ruling that her claims were implausible.

Youngblood-West was not entitled to tolling of the limitation period nor to 

estop the defendants from asserting the limitations period as a defense. 

Youngblood-West was not entitled to statutory tolling based on Dr. Amos’s

relocation to Florida, see Ga. Code Ann. § 9-3-34, because she knew how to serve 

him with process after having earlier settled claims against him, see Andrews v. 

Stark, 592 S.E.2d 438, 440 (Ga. Ct. App. 2003). And she failed to exercise due 

diligence in complaining about the purported pattern of racketeering despite having

uncovered the defendants’ activities two decades earlier. See Villarreal v. R.J. 

Reynolds Tobacco Co., 839 F.3d 958, 972–73 (11th Cir. 2016) (requiring due 

diligence by the plaintiff and active deception for equitable tolling). Because 

Youngblood-West failed to act with due diligence, she also could not invoke the 

doctrine of equitable estoppel to avoid the statute of limitation. See Klehr v. A.O. 

Smith Corp., 521 U.S. 179, 194–95 (1997) (“In [the] context [of civil RICO,] . . . a 

plaintiff who is not reasonably diligent may not assert “fraudulent concealment.”).

The district court also did not err by rejecting Youngblood-West’s 

arguments to restart the period of limitation based on the “threats” by Dr. Amos in 

2016 “to be ‘careful’” not to reveal confidential information and by Aflac and Dan 

Amos in 2018 to sue Youngblood-West. To reset the period to restart, the 

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defendants had to inflict “a new and independent injury” on Youngblood-West. 

See Lehman, 727 F.3d at 1331. Youngblood-West’s alleged injuries are not new.

B. Youngblood-West’s Nondisclosure Agreements Are Enforceable.

Youngblood-West challenges the enforceability of her nondisclosure 

agreements on four grounds, all of which fail. First, she argues the releases fail to 

identify counterparties and their obligations. Ga. Code Ann. § 13-1-1. But in the 

1992 agreement, Youngblood-West and her husband “released . . . William L. 

Amos, Jr., M.D., P.C.,” “[f]or value received . . . of the sum of . . . ($500,000),”

and in the 1993 agreement, “in consideration of payment to them of . . . 

($125,000),” the couple gave “a total release and covenant not to sue” “William L. 

Amos, Jr., . . . the law firm of Samuel W. Oates, Jr. and [him] individually, . . . 

Cecil M. Cheves individually . . . .” Second, Youngblood-West argues that the 

releases lacked Dr. Amos’s signature. But the doctor signed a signature page to the 

couple’s 1992 agreement that “acknowledg[ed] and confirm[ed] all [their] 

representations” and “agree[ed] to be bound by . . . said agreement . . . ” And the 

doctor assented to the 1993 agreement by writing the couple a check that they 

negotiated. See Burson v. Milton Hall Surgical Assocs., LLC, 806 S.E.2d 239, 246 

(Ga. Ct. App. 2017) (“If one of the parties has not signed, his acceptance is 

inferred from a performance under the contract, in part or in full . . . .”). Third, 

Youngblood-West argues the agreements were vitiated by “antecedent fraud, 

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duress and collusion,” but after discovering those grounds for rescission, she 

affirmed the agreements by retaining the settlement payments, see Kobatake v. E.I. 

DuPont De Nemours & Co., 162 F.3d 619, 625–26 (11th Cir. 1998). Finally, 

Youngblood-West argues that her agreements violate the public policy of Georgia, 

but her agreements were valid because they did not forbid her from disclosing 

unlawful conduct to investigative authorities, see Camp v. Eichelkraut, 539 S.E.2d 

588, 597–98 (Ga. Ct. App. 2000).

C. The Enforcement of Youngblood-West’s Nondisclosure Agreements Did Not 

Violate the First Amendment.

The district court did not infringe on Youngblood-West’s right of free 

speech by enforcing her agreements with Dr. Amos. “That ‘Congress shall make 

no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press’ is a restraint on 

government action, not that of private persons,” Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc. v. 

Democratic Nat’l Comm., 412 U.S. 94, 114 (1973), so Youngblood-West was free 

to waive her right to speech in her private agreements. The enforcement by the 

district court of Youngblood-West’s obligations in those private agreements did 

not constitute state action. See United Egg Producers v. Standard Brands, Inc., 44 

F.3d 940, 943 (11th Cir. 1995). Youngblood-West argues that she acted

unintelligently and involuntarily, but she “represent[ed], declare[d], and agree[d]” 

in the 1992 contract that the “terms [were] fully understood and voluntarily 

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accepted by [her]” and she similarly “acknowledged” in her 1993 agreement that 

she “fully underst[ood] its contents and meaning.”

D. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion When It Denied YoungbloodWest’s Motion to Postpone Summary Judgment to Take Discovery.

The district court acted within its discretion when it denied YoungbloodWest’s request for discovery. For a nonmovant to obtain time for discovery before 

responding to a motion for summary judgment, she must “show[] by affidavit or 

declaration that, for specified reasons, [she] cannot present facts essential to justify 

its opposition.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d). Youngblood-West alleged that Dr. Amos 

procured the agreements, so he knew about and could understand and accept them.

And the agreements Youngblood-West attached to her complaint established that 

the doctor accepted the 1992 agreement and assented to the 1993 agreement. See 

Burson, 806 S.E.2d at 246. The district court reasonably determined YoungbloodWest possessed all facts necessary to respond to Dr. Amos’s dispositive motion.

E. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Denying Youngblood-West’s 

Motion to Recuse.

The district judge did not abuse his discretion in refusing to recuse. No

“reasonable person knowing all the facts would conclude that the [district] judge’s 

impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” United States v. Greenough, 782 

F.2d 1556, 1558 (11th Cir. 1986). Youngblood-West’s argument for recusal based 

on the district judge’s participation in the Fish House Gang was based, in the 

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words of the district court, “on unsupported, irrational [and] highly tenuous 

speculation” that he had associated with Dr. Amos, Dan Amos, and Cheves at 

social events. See id. Youngblood-West offered no evidence that the district judge

interacted with the defendants. The judge’s familial ties to William Donald Land 

Jr., a “fourth cousin, once removed,” is far from the “third degree of relationship” 

that would be disqualifying. See 28 U.S.C. § 455(b)(5). And Youngblood-West 

identified no “interest [of the district judge’s wife] that could be substantially 

affected by the outcome of the proceeding.” See id. § 455(b)(5)(iii). She had retired 

and, when she had been a shareholder in the law firm identified in the 1993 

agreement, the Georgia Business Corporation Act limited her liability to her “own 

acts or conduct” and relieved her of liability for other shareholders’ actions. See

Ga. Code Ann. § 14-2-622(b).

IV. CONCLUSION

We AFFIRM the dismissal of Youngblood-West’s complaint and the 

summary judgment in favor of Dr. Amos on his counterclaim for breach of 

contract.

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