38428/01245/MHW/SJG

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS

WESTERN DIVISION

LAVERTIS STEWART,

Plaintiff,

v.

KENNETH BLICKENSTAFF, in his capacity

as Personal Representative for the Estate of

ANTREAS MESROBIAN; WEXFORD

HEALTH SOURCES, INC.; ARTHUR

FUNK; JEFFERY CURRENS; LESLIE A.

YEPSEN; and BARRY A. JOHNSON,

 Defendants.

Case Number 12 C 50273

Hon. Judge Philip G. Reinhard

Magistrate Judge Iain D. Johnston

WEXFORD HEALTH SOURCES, INC. AND ARTHUR FUNK, M.D.’S MOTION FOR 

JUDGMENT ON THEIR FIRST AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE – QUALIFIED IMMUNITY

NOW COME the Defendants, KENNETH BLICKENSTAFF, in his capacity as Personal 

Representative for the Estate of ANTREAS MESROBIAN, M.D. (“Dr. Mesrobian”), ARTHUR 

FUNK, M.D. (“Dr. Funk”), and WEXFORD HEALTH SOURCES, INC. (“Wexford”), by and 

through their attorneys, CASSIDAY SCHADE, LLP, and move this Honorable Court pursuant to 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c) for Judgment on their First Affirmative Defense –

Qualified Immunity, and in support thereof state as follows:

I. INTRODUCTION

Plaintiff, an inmate at the Dixon Correctional Center in Dixon, Illinois brings this cause 

of action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging that Dr. Mesrobian,1 Dr. Funk, and Wexford 

violated his Eighth Amendment rights vis-à-vis the use of “black box” restraints during 

 

1 The Defendants note that, despite the number of motions and briefs filed in this case to date, Dr. 

Mesrobian has not been at issue in this case until July 19, 2016. [ECF #245]. This motion is made at the earliest 

opportunity.
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Plaintiff’s trips to the University of Illinois Chicago Hospital. Plaintiff alleges that these 

restraints cause him pain when he wears them, due to his carpal tunnel and shoulder bursitis 

conditions. Plaintiff alleges that he had to wear these restraints for several hours on several 

occasions, and his Fifth Amended Complaint [ECF #238] alleges a series of incidents in 2009 –

2012 where he allegedly was either denied a medical exemption for these restraints, or had an 

exemption from the black box restraints but the prison security staff refused to honor the 

exemption at the time of his trips to UIC.

With respect to Dr. Mesrobian, Plaintiff alleges that on March 4, 2009, he told Dr. 

Mesrobian for the first time that he did not like wearing the black box restraints during medical 

writs for off-site medical treatment. [ECF #238, ¶ 17]. Plaintiff also alleges that Dr. Mesrobian 

agreed to issue a medical order instructing the correctional officers not to use a black box 

restraint on Plaintiff. [Id.]. However, on March 31, 2009, Plaintiff alleges that he was about to 

go on a medical writ to the UIC medical center, only to learn that Dr. Mesrobian had not placed a 

black box exemption in his medical chart and would not do so. [Id. ¶ 18]. Plaintiff alleges that 

on April 24, 2009 and May 8, 2009, he again saw Dr. Mesrobian and demanded that he have an 

exemption from wearing a black box restraint, but Dr. Mesrobian refused to acquiesce to 

Plaintiff’s demands. [Id. ¶ 20–22, 26]. Plaintiff also alleges that on May 8, 2009, Dr. 

Mesrobian prescribed him Motrin, which caused him to have stomach and liver pains. [Id. ¶ 27].

The only allegation against Dr. Funk stems from an alleged incident on May 29, 2012 

when Plaintiff was allegedly headed for a medical appointment at UIC. Plaintiff alleges that his 

black box exemption had expired and there was no order in his medical writ package directing 

that the black box should not be used on him. [ECF #238, ¶ 32]. Plaintiff then alleges that Dr. 

Funk, “in his capacity as Regional Medical Director, Defendant Funk was responsible for 
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supervising all health care delivered at Dixon, providing direct patient care, consulting on patient 

care, ensuring timeliness and implementation of appropriate medical care, and reliving problems 

related to patient safety issues and patient complaints and grievances.” [Id. ¶ 33]. Plaintiff 

further alleges that “As a treating or supervising physician of Mr. Stewart in May 2012, Funk 

knew or should have known of Mr. Stewart’s serious medical conditions, his complaints 

regarding the severe pain that the Black Box caused, and his filed grievance regarding the Black 

Box.” [Id. ¶ 33]. Despite these broad accusations, Plaintiff does not allege any instance where he 

talked to Dr. Funk about the use of the black box restraints and his desire to be exempt from 

wearing them on medical writs.

With respect to Wexford, Plaintiff alleges a Monell-style claim. See Monell v. N.Y. Dep’t

of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978). Plaintiff alleges that “Wexford, by and through its agents, 

knew or should have known of Mr. Stewart’s need for medical care and knew or should have 

known that failure to timely provide such care would result in pain and suffering and 

exacerbation of Mr. Stewart’s serious medical conditions.” [ECF #238 ¶ 57]. Plaintiff also 

alleges that Wexford maintained a policy or practice of pressuring its employees to deny

treatment to inmates with serious medical conditions. [Id. ¶¶ 55–56]. Despite these broad 

accusations, Plaintiff does not allege any instance where he told Wexford of his alleged pain and 

suffering, and bases his theory of liability against Wexford on its policies or procedures. 

Defendants Dr. Mesrobian, Dr. Funk, and Wexford have filed an Answer and Affirmative 

Defenses to Plaintiff’s Fifth Amended Complaint, including a qualified immunity defense. [ECF 

#245]. The Defendants now move pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c) for 

judgment on their First Affirmative Defense, Qualified Immunity. 
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II. LEGAL STANDARDS

A. Standard of Review for Rule 12(c) Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings

“A dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) and judgment on the pleadings under Rule 12(c) both 

employ the same standard: the complaint must state a claim that is plausible on its face.” Vinson 

v. Vermilion Cnty., Ill., 776 F.3d 924, 928 (7th Cir. 2015). “A claim has facial plausibility when 

the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 

defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 

When considering a Rule 12 motion based on an affirmative defense like qualified immunity, the 

complaint must contain “everything needed to show that the defendant must prevail.” Edgenet, 

Inc. v. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., 658 F.3d 662, 665 (7th Cir. 2011). In other words, it must be 

“plain from the complaint that the defense is indeed a bar to the suit” before it can be dismissed 

at the Rule 12 stage. Jay E. Hayden Found. v. First Neighbor Bank, N.A., 610 F.3d 382, 383 

(7th Cir. 2010).

B. Qualified Immunity

“Qualified immunity shields government officials from civil damages liability unless the

official violated a statutory or constitutional right that was clearly established at the time of the 

challenged conduct.” Taylor v. Barkes, 135 S. Ct. 2042, 2044 (2015) (per curiam) (quotation 

marks omitted); Volkman v. Ryker, 736 F.3d 1084, 1089 (7th Cir. 2013). “To be clearly 

established, a right must be sufficiently clear that every reasonable official would have 

understood that what he is doing violates that right.” Taylor, 135 S. Ct. 2044 (quotation marks 

omitted). “When properly applied, qualified immunity protects all but the plainly incompetent or 

those who knowingly violate the law.” Id. (alteration and quotation marks omitted). The Courts 

“do not require a case directly on point, but existing precedent must have placed the statutory or 
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constitutional question beyond debate.” Id. (quotation marks omitted); see also Mullenix v. Luna, 

577 136 S. Ct. 305, 308 (2015) (quotation marks omitted); and Volkman, 736 F.3d at 1090 

(“[T]he Supreme Court has repeatedly told courts not to define clearly established law at a high 

level of generality and the Seventh Circuit has long held that the test for immunity should be 

whether the law was clear in relation to the specific facts confronting the public official when he 

acted.”) (alteration, citation, and quotation marks omitted)).

“The qualified immunity analysis therefore traditionally involves a two-part inquiry.” 

Volkman, 736 F.3d at 1090. “The first question is whether the defendants’ conduct violated a 

constitutional right.” Id. “The second question is whether that particular constitutional right was 

clearly established at the time of the alleged violation.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). The 

burden to make that showing rests with Plaintiff, and he must “show that the contours of the right 

he alleges was violated are sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that 

what he is doing violates that right.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). “[F]or qualified immunity to 

be surrendered, preexisting law must dictate, that is, truly compel the conclusion for every likesituated, reasonable government agent that what he is doing violates federal law in the 

circumstances.” Id. (alterations and quotation marks omitted). 

III. ARGUMENT

Plaintiff alleges that Dr. Mesrobian, Dr. Funk, and Wexford, as providers of medical 

services at the Dixon Correctional Center, were acting under color of state law at the time of 

alleged events in this case. [ECF #238 ¶¶ 6, 8]. As such, qualified immunity is extended to them 

and their alleged actions in this case. See Filarsky v. Delia, 132 S. Ct. 1657, 1665 (2012) 

(holding that qualified immunity typically extends to all employees of a state government, 

including those hired on a part-time or contractual basis).
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Plaintiff has no clearly defined Eighth Amendment constitutional right to demand any 

kind of specific medical treatment—including the kind of restraints he wears while leaving the 

Dixon Correctional Center on medical writs. Hudson v. McMillian, 112 S. Ct. 995, 1000 (1992)

(“society does not expect that prisoners will have unqualified access to health care”); Wilson v. 

Seiter, 111 S. Ct. 2321 (1991); Forbes v. Edgar, 112 F.3d 262, 267 (7th Cir, 1997); Jackson v. 

Kotter, 541 F.3d 688, 697 (7th Cir. 2008). Inmates cannot dictate the course of their medical 

treatment, and Plaintiff’s disagreement with the decisions of his medical providers does not 

amount to deliberate indifference under the Eighth Amendment. See Ciarpaglini v. Saini, 352 

F.3d 328, 331 (7th Cir. 2003); Garvin v. Armstrong, 236 F.3d 896, 898 (7th Cir. 2001). Dr. 

Mesrobian, Dr. Funk, and Wexford could not have known that a failure to provide Plaintiff with 

an exemption from the use of black box restraints amounted to a violation of Plaintiff’s Eighth 

Amendment rights, since there is no clearly established law or precedent circumscribing such 

behavior. As such, Dr. Mesrobian, Dr. Funk, and Wexford are entitled to qualified immunity on 

Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claims against them.

Additionally, Dr. Mesrobian could not have known that he was violating Plaintiff’s 

Eighth Amendment rights by providing him with Motrin, which Plaintiff claims upset his 

stomach and liver. [ECF #238, ¶ 27]. If Dr. Mesrobian gave Plaintiff the wrong pain 

medication, such conduct would, at the very most, amount to negligence, not deliberate 

indifference. Negligence, gross negligence, or even tortuous recklessness is not enough to 

establish a claim for deliberate indifference. Salazar v. City of Chicago, 940 F.2d 233, 238 (7th 

Cir. 1991); Duckworth v. Franzen, 780 F.2d 645, 652–53 (7th Cir. 1985). Unsuccessful medical 

treatment, neglect, medical malpractice, nor a mere disagreement with a doctor’s medical 

judgment amounts to deliberate indifference. See Varnado v. Lynaugh, 920 F.2d 320, 321 (5th 
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Cir. 1991); Berry v. Peterman, 604 F.3d 435, 441 (7th Cir. 2010) (citing Estelle, 429 U.S. at 

106). Negligence has never been a basis for a deliberate indifference claim, and to hold 

otherwise would amount to a novel development in the law. On the contrary, there has never 

been a clear constitutional prohibition against a physician prescribing an inmate an over-thecounter pain medication like Motrin, even if the inmate has Hepatitis-C. Plaintiff’s complaint 

about the pain medication that he was prescribed is a mere disagreement with Dr. Mesrobian’s 

medical judgment that is not actionable under the Eighth Amendment. Varnado, 920 F.2d at 

321; Berry, 604 F.3d at 441. Therefore, there was simply no way for Dr. Mesrobian to know that 

his conduct was prohibited by the Eighth Amendment, and is entitled to qualified immunity on 

that claim.

Dr. Funk could not have known that he was violating Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment 

constitutional rights in his supervisory role as Wexford’s Regional Medical Director. Of course, 

the opposite is true—there is no vicarious liability in claims brought pursuant to Section 1983, 

and supervisory officials are generally shielded from liability. See, e.g., Johnson v. Snyder, 444 

F.3d 579, 586 (7th Cir. 2006) (fact that plaintiff’s medical needs were being addressed by the 

medical staff insulated the warden from liability); Burks v. Raemisch, 555 F.3d 592, 595 (7th Cir. 

2009) (“The Governor, and for that matter the Superintendent of Prisons and the Warden of each 

prison, is entitled to relegate to the prison’s medical staff the provision of good medical care.”). 

Dr. Funk can only be held responsible to the extent he was personally involved in Plaintiff’s 

medical treatment. Sellers v. Henman, 41 F.3d 1100, 1102 (7th Cir. 1994) (plaintiff must 

establish that each of the defendants actually knew (independently and subjectively) that he 

needed treatment for a serious medical condition or risk but nevertheless purposely and 

deliberately withheld such treatment). Merely acting as a supervisor of medical services does 
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not mean that he was aware of Plaintiff’s medical conditions or his issues with the black box 

restraints, or that Dr. Funk was consciously disregarding Plaintiff’s complaints about the black 

box restraints. To hold Dr. Funk liable simply because he supervised medical providers in 

several prisons throughout Illinois would amount to a paradigm shift in the law, and essentially 

expose him to limitless liability for medical care he did not personally render.

Nor has Plaintiff alleged any specific instances in which he complained to Dr. Funk about 

the use of black box restraints prior to wearing them on May 29, 2012. Taking only Plaintiff’s 

well-pled allegations as true, Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that Dr. Funk was personally 

aware of any complaints of pain and suffering related to the use of the black box restraints. 

Again, Dr. Funk could not have known that he was violating Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment 

rights if Plaintiff never actually complained to Dr. Funk about the use of the black box restraints, 

and to hold Dr. Funk liable otherwise would amount to a change in law from which he is 

immune. Sellers, 41 F.3d at 1102. Dr. Funk could not have known that he was violating 

Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment rights if Plaintiff never actually saw Dr. Funk and explained his 

issues with wearing a black box prior to May 29, 2012—a crucial element of liability that 

Plaintiff has failed to allege with any specificity in his Fifth Amended Complaint. To otherwise 

fictitiously impose knowledge on Dr. Funk would, again, amount to a drastic shift in the wellsettled law of deliberate indifference claims.

Moreover, the fact that Plaintiff’s black box exemption lapsed prior to May 29, 2012, but 

was not renewed, amounts to mere negligence at best. Negligence is not, and has never been, a 

basis for liability in Section 1983 actions. See Varnado v. Lynaugh, 920 F.2d 320, 321 (5th Cir. 

1991); Berry v. Peterman, 604 F.3d 435, 441 (7th Cir. 2010). To hold otherwise would amount 

to a drastic shift in the law from which Dr. Funk and Wexford are immune.
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Nor can Dr. Mesrobian, Dr. Funk, and Wexford be liable for the actions of the prison 

security staff at the prison. Again, there is no respondeat superior liability or vicarious liability

in Section 1983 actions, and a defendant’s liability extends no further than that defendant’s 

personal actions. To the extent Plaintiff tries to hold Dr. Funk and Wexford liable for the prison 

security staff’s refusal to honor the black box exemptions at the time of Plaintiff’s medical writs, 

they are immune to such a theory of liability.

Finally, even taking Plaintiff’s well-plead allegations as true, Wexford is immune under 

these circumstances. “In this circuit, a private corporation cannot be held liable under § 1983 

unless it maintained an unconstitutional policy or custom.” Perez v. Fengolio, 792 F.3d 768, 780

(7th Cir. 2015). “Respondeat superior liability does not apply to private corporations under § 

1983.” Shields v. Illinois Dept. of Corrections, 746 F.3d 782, 789 (7th Cir. 2014). Moreover, 

“isolated incidents do not add up to a pattern of behavior that would support an inference of a 

custom or policy, as required to find that Wexford as an institution/corporation was deliberately 

indifferent to [a prisoner’s] needs.” Id. at 796. Finally, the fact that a plaintiff argues a policy or 

practice is deliberately indifferent in the abstract is insufficient; “[r]ather, a municipal policy or 

practice must be the ‘direct cause’ or ‘moving force’ behind the constitutional violation.” 

Woodward v. Correctional Medical Services of Illinois, Inc., 368 F.3d 917, 927 (7th Cir. 2004) 

(internal citations omitted). “In other words, it is when execution of [the] policy or custom 

inflicts the injury that the . . . entity is responsible under § 1983.” Id. (internal quotations 

omitted).

Here, Plaintiff complains about the use of security restraints—something that is beyond 

the purview of Wexford’s medical duties at the Dixon Correctional Center. Wexford could not 

have known that it was violating Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment rights by failing to dictate to the 
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prison security staff when and how it should be using restraints on inmates when they leave the 

prison. Wexford could not have known that a single inmate’s complaints about his medical 

treatment would amount to a “wide spread” unconstitutional custom and practice. Wexford 

could not have known that its employees, Dr. Mesrobian and Dr. Funk, were violating Plaintiff’s 

constitutional rights by not acquiescing to his demands to choose the kinds of restraints he 

wanted to wear on medical writs. Moreover, Plaintiff alleges that another Wexford Medical 

Director, Dr. Imhotep Carter, actually granted Plaintiff a black box exemption for several years. 

[ECF #238 at ¶ 28]. Given these incongruous facts—that Wexford has a “widespread policy” to 

deny inmates necessary medical care, while at the same time one of Wexford’s employees, Dr. 

Imhotep Carter, actually did the opposite and issued the black box exemption—Wexford is 

entitled to qualified immunity.

In short, even if the conduct alleged in Plaintiff’s Fifth Amended Complaint2amounts to 

a violation of Plaintiff’s rights, at no time during the dates of alleged wrongdoing was there any 

clear-cut legal precedent from which Dr. Mesrobian, Dr. Funk, and Wexford could conclude that 

they were violating Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment constitutional rights, and therefore, Dr. 

Mesrobian, Dr. Funk, and Wexford are entitled to qualified immunity against Plaintiff’s claims.

WHEREFORE, the Defendants, KENNETH BLICKENSTAFF, in his capacity as 

Personal Representative for the Estate of ANTREAS MESROBIAN, M.D., ARTHUR FUNK, 

M.D., and WEXFORD HEALTH SOURCES, INC., respectfully request that this Honorable 

Court grant the instant Rule 12(c) Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; dismiss KENNETH 

BLICKENSTAFF, in his capacity as Personal Representative for the Estate of ANTREAS 

 

2 To the extent that any part of this motion is denied based on the allegations in Plaintiff’s Fifth Amended 

Complaint, the Defendants reserve the right to readdress their qualified immunity at summary judgment.
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MESROBIAN, M.D., ARTHUR FUNK, M.D., and WEXFORD HEALTH SOURCES, INC., 

with prejudice; and for any other relief deemed equitable and just.

Respectfully submitted,

CASSIDAY SCHADE LLP

By: /s/ Stephen J. Gorski 

One of the Attorneys for Defendants, KENNETH 

BLICKENSTAFF, in his capacity as Personal 

Representative for the Estate of ANTREAS 

MESROBIAN, M.D., ARTHUR FUNK, M.D. and 

WEXFORD HEALTH SOURCES, INC.

Matthew H. Weller

Stephen J. Gorski 

CASSIDAY SCHADE LLP

120 W. State Street, Suite 401

Rockford, IL 61101

Phone: 815-962-8301

Fax: 815-962-8401

mweller@cassiday.com

sgorski@cassiday.com
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CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I hereby certify that on August 2, 2016, I electronically filed the foregoing document with 

the clerk of the court for Northern District of Illinois, using the electronic case filing system of 

the court. The electronic case filing system sent a “Notice of E-Filing” to the attorneys of record 

in this case.

___/s/ Stephen J. Gorski________