State of Hawaii 

2011 

 Air Monitoring 

Network Plan 

Submitted to the U.S. EPA Region 9 

July 1, 2011 

Prepared by: 

State of Hawaii 

Department of Health 

Environmental Management Division 

Clean Air Branch

and 

State Laboratories Division 

Air Surveillance and Analysis Section 
2011 Annual Network Plan 1 State of Hawaii 

 

Table of Contents 

List of Tables ................................................................................................................. 2 

List of Figures ............................................................................................................... 2

Acronyms and Definitions............................................................................................ 3 

Introduction ................................................................................................................... 4 

1.0 Network Purpose and Design............................................................................ 5

1.1 Overview.................................................................................................... 5

 1.1.1 SLAMS........................................................................................... 5 

 1.1.2 SPM............................................................................................... 5 

 1.2 Network Design and Review Process........................................................ 6 

 1.2.1 Monitoring Objectives and Site Types............................................ 6 

 1.2.2 PM2.5 Network Changes................................................................. 7

 1.3 Organizational Structure and Responsibilities ........................................... 7 

2.0 Network Evaluation ........................................................................................... 8 

2.1 PM10 Network............................................................................................. 8 

2.2 PM2.5 Network.......................................................................................... 10 

2.3 O3 Network .............................................................................................. 12 

2.4 Pb Network .............................................................................................. 14 

2.5 CO Network ............................................................................................. 16 

2.6 NO2 Network............................................................................................ 17 

2.7 SO2 Network ............................................................................................ 18 

2.8 NCore ...................................................................................................... 20 

2.9 H2S Network ............................................................................................ 20 

2.10 Network Summary ................................................................................... 20 

2.11 Site Closures ........................................................................................... 21 

2.12 Site Additions........................................................................................... 22 

2.13 Modifications............................................................................................ 22 

3.0 Detailed Site Descriptions ............................................................................... 24 

(DH) Honolulu..................................................................................................... 25 

 (KA) Kapolei ....................................................................................................... 27 

 Kapolei NCore .................................................................................................... 29 

 (PC) Pearl City.................................................................................................... 30 

 (SI) Sand Island.................................................................................................. 32 

 (WB) West Beach............................................................................................... 34 

 (KH) Kihei ........................................................................................................... 36 

 (NI) Niumalu ....................................................................................................... 38 

 (HL) Hilo ............................................................................................................. 40 

 (KN) Kona........................................................................................................... 42 

 (MV) Mountain View ........................................................................................... 44 

 (OV) Ocean View................................................................................................ 46 

 (PA) Pahala ........................................................................................................ 48 

 (PE) Puna E........................................................................................................ 50 

 

Appendix A: Public Notice Documentation 
2011 Annual Network Plan 2 State of Hawaii 

 

List of Tables 

Table 2-1 PM10 Network and Concentrations for the MSA......................................... 8 

Table 2-2 PM10 Minimum Monitoring Requirements for the MSA .............................. 8 

Table 2-3 PM2.5 Network and Concentrations for the MSA ...................................... 10 

Table 2-4 PM2.5 Minimum Monitoring Requirements for the MSA............................ 10 

Table 2-5 O3 Design Values for the MSA................................................................. 12 

Table 2-6 O3 Minimum Monitoring Requirements for the MSA ................................ 12 

Table 2-7 Number of Stations by Pollutant or Program............................................ 20 

Table 2-8 Summary of Network Changes ................................................................ 23 

Table 3-1 State of Hawaii Ambient Air Monitoring Network ..................................... 24 

List of Figures

Figure 2-1 PM10 Network............................................................................................. 9 

Figure 2-2 PM2.5 Network.......................................................................................... 11 

Figure 2-3 O3 Network .............................................................................................. 13 

Figure 2-4 Pb Monitoring Station............................................................................... 14 

Figure 2-5 CO Network ............................................................................................. 16

 Figure 2-6 NO2 Network............................................................................................ 17 

Figure 2-7 SO2 Network ............................................................................................ 19 
2011 Annual Network Plan 3 State of Hawaii 

 

Acronyms and Definitions

AQI Air Quality Index 

ASAS State of Hawaii Department of Health Air Surveillance and Analysis 

Section 

BAM Beta-Attenuation Mass Monitor 

CAB State of Hawaii Department of Health Clean Air Branch 

CBSA Core-Based Statistical Areas 

CFR Code of Federal Regulations 

CO Carbon Monoxide 

DOH Hawaii State Department of Health 

EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency 

FRM Federal Reference Method 

H2S Hydrogen Sulfide gas 

IMPROVE Integrated Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments 

MSA Metropolitan Statistical Area 

MSL Mean Sea Level 

MWC Municipal Waste Combustor 

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards 

NATTS National Air Toxics Trend Sites 

NCore National Core Multi-pollutant Monitoring Stations 

NEI National Emissions Inventory 

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide 

O3 Ozone 

Pb Lead 

PM2.5

Particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 microns in aerodynamic 

diameter 

PM10

Particulate matter less than or equal to 10 microns in aerodynamic 

diameter 

PQAO Primary Quality Assurance Organization 

PPM Parts per million 

PSD Prevention of Significant Deterioration 

PWEI Population Weighted Emissions Index 

SLAMS State and Local Air Monitoring Stations 

SO2 Sulfur dioxide 

SPM Special Purpose Monitors 

STN Speciation Trends Network 

TPY Tons per Year 

TSP Total suspended particulates 

VOG Haze due to volcanic emissions 

WD Wind direction 

WS Wind speed 

μg/m3 micrograms per cubic meter of air 
2011 Annual Network Plan 4 State of Hawaii 

 

Introduction

The State of Hawaii Department of Health (DOH) plans, operates and maintains the 

statewide ambient air quality monitoring network. Monitoring data is used for a variety of 

reasons including determining compliance with National Ambient Air Quality Standards 

(NAAQS), timely reporting of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Air 

Quality Index (AQI), tracking and characterizing air quality trends, evaluating emission 

control strategies, and supporting health studies. 

The DOH manages all of the State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS), Special 

Purpose Monitoring Stations (SPM), and the National Core Monitoring Station (NCore). 

Additionally, Hawaii has two Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments 

stations (IMPROVE) located at Haleakala National Park on Maui and Volcanoes National 

Park on the island of Hawaii. The IMPROVE stations are operated and maintained by 

the National Park Service through their federal land management agency. 

This annual review evaluates the state’s existing ambient air monitoring network to 

determine adequacy in meeting monitoring objectives, optimizes the network by closing, 

moving or adding stations, and ensures that air quality issues important to the state are 

being addressed. The review ensures that the network is providing adequate, quality 

assured and useful data to meet the needs of stakeholders. This plan encompasses the 

18-month period from July 1, 2011 through December 31, 2012, however unplanned 

modifications may occur due to funding constraints, site changes, or changes in EPA 

monitoring requirements. This plan is being submitted to the EPA Region IX according to 

the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 40, Part 58, Section 58.10. 

Notification of the plan availability for public inspection was provided through public 

notices published on May 17, 2011 in the daily newspapers of all counties. The plan was 

available for review at all county District Health offices as well as on the Clean Air Branch 

website (http://hawaii.gov/health/environmental/air/cab/index.html) for 30 days from May 

17, 2011 to June 17, 2011. Documentation of public notification is provided in Appendix 

A. 
2011 Annual Network Plan 5 State of Hawaii 

 

1.0 Network Purpose and Design 

1.1 Overview 

EPA established NAAQS for the following criteria pollutants: carbon dioxide (CO), lead 

(Pb), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter 10 

microns or less in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), and particulate matter 2.5 microns or 

less in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5). Additionally, there is a state standard for 

hydrogen sulfide (H2S) that was established primarily to determine the effects of 

geothermal energy production activities on the island of Hawaii. Hawaii’s air quality 

surveillance network consists of stations monitoring for these criteria pollutants as well as 

speciated PM2.5, hazardous air pollutants, and the pollutant with a state standard. 

The annual review ensures that the state meets monitoring and siting requirements, the 

three basic monitoring objectives, addresses the six site types in 40 CFR 58 Appendix D, 

provides information for non-regulatory data goals and the requirements of 40 CFR 58 

appendices A, C, D, and E as follows: 

x Appendix A: Quality Assurance Requirements for SLAMS, SPMs and PSD Air 

Monitoring;

x Appendix C: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Methodology

x Appendix D: Network Design Criteria for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

x Appendix E: Probe and Monitoring Path Siting Criteria for Ambient Air Quality 

Monitoring

1.1.1 SLAMS

SLAMS are established primarily to demonstrate compliance with the NAAQS and to 

meet minimum monitoring requirements as required in 40 CFR 58 Appendix D. All 

SLAMS must meet quality assurance, methodology, and siting requirements of 40 

CFR 58 Appendix A, C and E respectively. All data is submitted to EPA’s Air Quality 

System (AQS) within 90 days at the end of each calendar quarter, as required in 40 

CFR 58.16. 

EPA mandated that each state establish a minimum of one National Core multipollutant monitoring station to support tracking of long-term trends of criteria and noncriteria pollutants, model evaluation, long-term health and ecosystem assessments, 

and other scientific and technological studies. All NCore stations were to be fully 

operational by January 1, 2011. The SLAMS network excludes SPM stations but 

includes NCore and other stations that have not been specifically designated as SPM 

stations. 

1.1.2 SPM 

SPM stations are operated for specific areas of interest to the state and do not count 

in meeting minimum monitoring requirements. Hawaii’s SPM network is established 

primarily to monitor air quality impacts of emissions from the ongoing Kilauea volcano 

eruption; hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions from geothermal energy production; and 

impacts from cruise ships on the island of Kauai. The DOH utilizes FRM or FEM 

analyzers for all criteria SPM stations, meets the quality assurance requirements of 
2011 Annual Network Plan 6 State of Hawaii 

 

requirements of 40 CFR 58 Appendix A, and submits criteria pollutant data to AQS. 

All data from SPM stations which have operated for more than 24 months is eligible 

for comparison to relevant NAAQS. 

The air toxics SPM station provides ambient hazardous air pollution data for 

characterizing impacts on public health, trends analysis, and developing control 

strategies. The air toxics program is not part of the National Air Toxics Trends Sites 

(NATTS) network. 

1.2 Network Design and Review Process

The review determines if network modifications to reduce or eliminate redundancy and 

low value monitoring is needed; additional stations to meet new NAAQS monitoring 

requirements or programs are necessary; sufficient data is being collected using the best 

technology and schedule that resources allow; and if corrective actions to ensure 

compliance with all siting and quality assurance requirements are needed. 

Modification decisions are made using a variety of tools including but not limited to: data 

trend analyses; performance and technical systems audit results; regular site 

inspections; cost and value analyses; assessment of unfavorable site changes such as 

loss of lease or construction that adversely affect data collection; and, the need to 

address special studies or new regulatory as well as non-regulatory monitoring 

objectives. 

1.2.1 Monitoring Objectives and Site Types 

Ambient air monitoring networks must be designed to meet three basic objectives as 

stated in 40 CFR 58 Appendix D: 

1) Provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely manner; 

2) Support compliance with NAAQS and emissions strategy development; and 

3) Support air pollution research studies. 

The state’s ambient air monitoring network achieves all three objectives as follows: 

1) Air pollution data from all SLAMS and SPM stations are exhibited near realtime on the DOH public web-site, additionally continuous PM2.5 and O3 data is 

provided to EPA’s AIRNow website for use in calculating the AQI; 

2) Data from SLAMS stations are used to demonstrate compliance with the 

NAAQS and in development and tracking of emissions control strategies. 

Similarly, data from the state’s NCore station will be used to track long-term 

trends of criteria and non-criteria pollutants as well as support emissions 

control strategies; 

3) All SLAMS, SPM, NCore, and Air Toxics monitoring provide valuable 

information in support of air pollution, health, and other scientific studies. 

 

In order for the network to support the three basic objectives outlined above, it must 

be designed with a variety of monitoring site types. The six general site types are: 

1) Determine the highest pollutant concentrations expected in the network; 

2) Measure typical concentrations in areas of high population density; 
2011 Annual Network Plan 7 State of Hawaii 

 

3) Determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on air quality; 

4) Determine general background concentrations; 

5) Determine the extent of regional pollutant transport between populated areas; 

6) Measure pollution impacts on visibility, vegetation, crops, animals and 

buildings. 

The site type for each station in the network is included in its detailed description in 

Section 3.0 of this document. 

 

1.2.2 PM2.5 Network Changes 

According to 40 CFR 58.10 (c), this network plan must document how the state will 

provide for a review of changes to a PM2.5 monitoring network that impact the location 

of a violating PM2.5 monitor or the creation or change to a community monitoring 

zone, including a description of the proposed use of spatial averaging for purposes of 

making comparisons to the annual PM2.5 NAAQS as set forth in Part 50 Appendix N. 

The agency must also document the process for obtaining public comment and 

include any comments received through the public notification process within the 

submitted plan. 

The state does not have, nor is intending to create any community monitoring zones 

and does not utilize spatial averaging for comparison to the PM2.5 NAAQS. The state 

has in place a public notification procedure which includes posting notice in the 

newspapers of all counties and on the agency web site allowing for public viewing 

and participation of the changes that are in the annual network plan document. 

1.3 Organizational Structure and Responsibilities 

The DOH Air Surveillance and Analysis Section (ASAS) serves as the Primary Quality 

Assurance Organization (PQAO), operating and maintaining the stations and providing 

quality assured data to AQS. The ASAS also provides laboratory support for chemical 

and mass analyses of air toxics and PM2.5 co-located filter samples. 

The DOH Clean Air Branch (CAB) is the state agency responsible for planning, 

management, and regulatory activities associated with the state’s air program. As an 

organizationally separate entity, the CAB conducts independent audits of the monitoring 

network and provides oversight of the PQAO. 
2011 Annual Network Plan 8 State of Hawaii 

 

2.0 Network Evaluation

There are minimum monitoring requirements for PM10, PM2.5, O3, and Pb for each MSA 

in the state as described in 40 CFR 58 Appendix D. The U.S. Census Bureau has 

designated Honolulu as the only MSA in the state with a 2010 census population of 

953,207. There are five counties in the state: Kauai (islands of Niihau and Kauai); City & 

County of Honolulu (island of Oahu); Maui (islands of Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe), 

Kalawao (Kalaupapa Settlement on Molokai), and Hawaii (island of Hawaii). 

2.1 PM10 Network 

The minimum number of required PM10 monitoring stations for the MSA is dependent 

upon population and concentration measurements. High concentration areas are those 

for which the ambient PM10 data show concentrations exceeding the PM10 NAAQS by 20 

percent or more. Medium concentration areas are those for which ambient PM10 data 

show concentrations exceeding 80 percent of the NAAQS. Low concentration areas are 

those for which ambient PM10 data show concentrations less than 80 percent of the 

NAAQS. 

PM10 data for 2008 to 2010 showed the MSA to be a medium concentration area (Table 

2-1) and therefore is required to have two to four PM10 monitors (Table 2-2). The state 

meets the minimum PM10 monitoring requirements. DOH, with EPA approval, will close 

one PM10 station (West Beach 150030011) but will still have three PM10 stations in the 

MSA and meet the minimum requirements. 

Table 2-1. PM10 Network and Concentrations for the MSA 

Site Name AQS No. Max. 24-Hr Value 2008-2010 

(μg/m3) 

Percent of 24-Hr 

NAAQS 

Sampling 

Frequency 

Honolulu 150031001 63 42 Continuous 

Kapolei 150030010 61 41 Continuous 

Pearl City 150032004 73 49 Continuous 

West Beach 150030011 1341 89 Continuous 1 Construction dust event 

Table 2-2. PM10 Minimum Monitoring Requirements for the MSA 

MSA Population Category 

(40 CFR 58 Appendix D Table D-4) 

High Concentration 

120% of NAAQS 

(180 μg/m3) 

Medium 

Concentration 

>80% of NAAQS 

(>120 μg/m3) 

Low Concentration 

<80% of NAAQS 

(<120 μg/m3) 

>1,000,000 6-10 4-8 2-4 

500,000-1,000,000 4-8 2-4 1-2 

250,000-500,000 3-4 1-2 0-1 

100,000-250,000 1-2 0-1 0 

MSA 2010 Census 

Population 

Maximum 24-hr 

Value 

2008 ` 2010 

Minimum No. of 

Monitors Required 

Number of Active 

Monitors in the MSA 

Number of Monitors 

Needed 

Honolulu 953,207 134 2-4 4 0 

Figure 2-1 shows the map locations of the currently operating PM10 sites in the state. All 

of the PM10 stations are in the Honolulu MSA. 
2011 Annual Network Plan 9 State of Hawaii 

 

Figure 2-1. PM10 Network

NOTE: West Beach (WB) station will be closed by summer 2011 
2011 Annual Network Plan 10 State of Hawaii 

 

2.2 PM2.5 Network 

The state must operate a minimum number of required PM2.5 monitors based on 

population in the MSA and the most recent 3-year design value for PM2.5. The design 

value for the annual PM2.5 standard is the most current 3-year average annual mean for 

each site. The design value for the 24-hour PM2.5 standard is the most current 3-year 

average of annual 98th percentile 24-hour values recorded at each monitoring site. 

Table 2-3 shows the annual and daily design values for complete data years 2008 to 

2010. 

The most recent 3-year design values were less than 85% of any PM2.5 NAAQS. Table 

2-4 shows that the state meets and exceeds the minimum monitoring requirements for 

PM2.5 in the MSA. In addition to the four PM2.5 sites in the Honolulu MSA, the state 

operates one SLAMS on the island of Maui to monitor cane-burning, and five SPM on the 

island of Hawaii for volcanic emissions with a plan to add an additional SPM on the 

northwestern side of the island. No changes are planned for the Honolulu MSA. 

Table 2-3. PM2.5 Network and Concentrations for the MSA

Site AQS No. Sampling 

Frequency 

Annual 

Design 

Value 

2008 ` 2010 

Percent of 

Annual 

NAAQS 

Daily 

Design 

Value 

2008-2010 

Percent of 

24-Hour 

NAAQS 

Honolulu 150031001 Continuous 4.7 31 12.6 36 

Kapolei 150030010 Continuous 5.2 34 17.0 48 

Pearl City 150032004 Continuous 4.6 30 12.5 36 

Sand Island 150031004 Continuous 6.0 40 12.7 36 

Table 2-4. PM2.5 Minimum Monitoring Requirements for the MSA 

MSA Population Category 

(40 CFR 58 Appendix D Table D-5) 

Most recent 3-year Design Value 

85% of any PM2.5 NAAQS 

(29.8 μg/m3 for 24-hr standard; 

12.8 μg/m3 for annual standard) 

Most recent 3-year Design Value 

<85% of any PM2.5 NAAQS 

(<29.8 μg/m3 for 24-hour standard; 

<12.8 μg/m3 for annual standard) 

>1,000,000 3 2 

500,000-1,000,000 2 1 

250,000-500,000 1 0 

MSA 2010 Census 

Population 

Maximum 

Annual 

Design 

Value 

2008 ` 2010 

Maximum 

Daily 

Design 

Value 

2008-2010 

Minimum 

No. of 

Monitors 

Required 

Number of 

Active 

Monitors in 

the MSA 

Number of 

Monitors 

Needed 

Honolulu 953,207 6.0 17.0 1 4 0 

Figure 2-2 shows the map locations of all the PM2.5 stations in the state, including SPMS. 

The map frame in blue shows the PM2.5 stations located in the Honolulu MSA. 
2011 Annual Network Plan 11 State of Hawaii 

 

Figure 2-2. PM2.5 Network

Honolulu MSA 
2011 Annual Network Plan 12 State of Hawaii 

 

2.3 O3 Network

The state must operate a minimum number of O3 monitors depending upon MSA 

population and typical peak concentrations. NCore sites are intended to complement O3

data collection but can be used to meet the minimum monitoring requirements. 

The O3 monitoring season for the state of Hawaii is 12-months from January to 

December. EPA revoked the 1-hour standard for the state effective 6/15/2005. The O3

design value is the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour 

concentrations measured at each monitor. Since NCore monitoring began January 1, 

2011, only data from the Sand Island station was used to calculate the design value. 

The most recent design value concentration showed less than 85% of the O3 NAAQS 

(Table 2-5) and therefore, as shown in Table 2-6, the state meets the minimum O3

network monitoring requirements. 

Table 2-5. O3 Design Values for the MSA 

MSA 2010 Census 

Population 

Maximum 

Design Value 

2008 ` 2010 

Minimum No. 

of Monitors 

Required 

Number of Active 

Monitors 

in the MSA 

Number 

of Monitors 

Needed 

Honolulu 953,207 0.046 1 21 0 

1 Includes NCore O3 monitor 

Table 2-6. O3 Minimum Monitoring Requirements for the MSA 

MSA Population Category 

(40 CFR 58 Appendix D Table D-2) 

Most recent 3-year design value 

85% of any O3 NAAQS 

(0.064 ppm, 8-hr standard) 

Most recent 3-year design value 

<85% of any O3 NAAQS 

(<0.064 ppm, 8-hr standard) 

>10 million 4 2 

4-10 million 3 1 

350,000-<4 million 2 1 

50,000-<350,000 1 0 

Figure 2-3 shows the map locations of the SLAMS and NCore O3 stations. Both stations 

are located in the Honolulu MSA. 
2011 Annual Network Plan 13 State of Hawaii 

 

Figure 2-3. O3 Network 
2011 Annual Network Plan 14 State of Hawaii 

 

2.4 Pb Network

With a 2010 census population of 953, 207 in the Honolulu MSA, the state is required to 

conduct non-source-oriented Pb monitoring at the Kapolei NCore site. As required in 40 

CFR 58.13, Pb monitoring at the NCore site will be operating according to Appendices A, 

C, D, E, and G to Part 58 by December 27, 2011. 

The state currently operates one TSP monitor as part of the Air Toxics Metals SPM 

located in Pearl City. To comply with the Pb monitoring requirement, the TSP sampler 

will be moved to the NCore station. 

Appendix D to Part 58 also requires source-oriented Pb monitoring for sources emitting 

0.50 or more tons per year (TPY) according to the most recent emissions inventory. In 

the 2008 National Emissions Inventory the only source to emit more than 0.5 TPY of Pb 

was the waste-to-energy facility (HPOWER) located in the Honolulu MSA. HPOWER’s 

Pb emission was 0.542 TPY. However, in 2010 and in accordance with their covered 

source permit, the facility replaced the old air pollution controls (electrostatic 

precipitators) with newer technology (baghouses) and consequently reduced their Pb 

emissions to 0.386 TPY, based on only one of the two municipal waste combustors 

(MWC) having the associated baghouse installed. It is expected that the Pb emissions 

will be even lower when the 2011 source performance test is conducted since each 

MWC now has operating baghouses as the control technology. 

The facility is currently constructing another MWC estimated to be operating by 2012. If 

the addition of this third boiler causes Pb emissions to increase to the 0.50 TPY 

threshold, the state will at that time initiate Pb source-monitoring. 

Figure 2-4 shows the location of the Pb monitoring site at the Kapolei NCore station. The 

Pb monitor will be operational and collecting valid data no later than December 27, 2011. 
2011 Annual Network Plan 15 State of Hawaii 

 

Figure 2-4. Pb Monitoring Station
2011 Annual Network Plan 16 State of Hawaii 

 

2.5 CO Network 

There are no minimum requirements for CO monitoring, however the state currently 

operates two CO monitors in the Honolulu MSA. CO monitoring is also planned for the 

Niumalu SPM station on the island of Kauai. 

Figure 2-5 shows the locations of the CO sites in the state. 

Figure 2-5. CO Network
2011 Annual Network Plan 17 State of Hawaii 

 

2.6 NO2 Network

The state is required by 40 CFR 58 Appendix D to install and operate one microscale 

near-road NO2 monitoring station to be operational by January 1, 2013. The state is 

awaiting EPA guidance on the selection of appropriate near-road monitoring sites and 

will submit a plan for establishing the station by July 1, 2012. 

 

Other than the new requirements for near-road and area-wide monitoring for Core-Based 

Statistical Areas (CBSA) with a population of 1,000,000 or more persons there are no 

other minimum NO2 monitoring requirements. Currently, there are two SLAMS and one 

SPM NO2 monitoring stations but the state will discontinue the West Beach (WB) station 

and therefore will have one NO2 SLAMS station. 

Figure 2-6 shows the locations of the NO2 stations. 

Figure 2-6. NO2 Network

NOTE: WB station to close 

in summer 2011 
2011 Annual Network Plan 18 State of Hawaii 

 

2.7 SO2 Network

EPA has established the Population Weighted Emissions Index (PWEI) to determine 

required SO2 monitoring. The PWEI is calculated by multiplying the population of each 

CBSA with the total amount of SO2 in TPY emitted within the CBSA area and dividing the 

result by one million. According to this calculation, Hawaii is required to operate one SO2

in the Honolulu area. The state currently operates three SO2 monitors in the Honolulu 

MSA, one of which is located at the NCore station in Kapolei and therefore meets the 

minimum number of required SO2 stations. The West Beach (WB) station, with EPA 

approval will be discontinued due to its proximity to the Kapolei station, low value data, 

and budget constraints. With the closure of WB, the Honolulu MSA will have two SO2

SLAMS stations. 

SO2 continues to be one of the pollutants of concern in communities on the island of 

Hawaii with the ongoing eruption of the Kilauea volcano. There are six stations 

monitoring for volcanic emissions with plans to add one more station on the northwest 

side of the island. Three of the six SO2 monitoring stations are SPMS that use FEM and 

follow all the requirements of 40 CFR 58 Appendices A, D, and E, have been operating 

for more than 24 months and therefore are subject to NAAQS comparison. One of the 

six stations was established primarily to monitor H2S emissions from geothermal energy 

production, the probe siting does not meet Appendix E and therefore is a non-regulatory 

SO2 monitoring site. 

The state also began monitoring for cruise ship emissions on the island of Kauai. This is 

a SPM which includes monitoring for SO2. 

Figure 2-7 shows the locations of the SLAMS and SPM SO2 sites. 
2011 Annual Network Plan 19 State of Hawaii 

 

Figure 2-7. SO2 Network 

NOTE: WB station will 

close in summer 2011 
2011 Annual Network Plan 20 State of Hawaii 

 

2.8 NCore

EPA approved the Kapolei station as the NCore site for Hawaii. The Kapolei station is 

located in the rapidly-growing residential, commercial, and industrial community on the 

southwest side of Oahu. Kapolei is considered to be the “second city” next to Honolulu 

with county, state and federal agencies also establishing offices in the area. The NCore 

parameters are: NO/NOy, SO2, CO, O3, PM10-2.5, PM2.5, PM2.5 speciation, Pb and the 

meteorological parameters wind speed, wind direction, temperature and relative 

humidity. 

The NCore station became fully operational in January 1, 2011. 

2.9 H2S Network

The state has a one-hour H2S standard of 25 ppb established primarily to determine the 

effects of geothermal energy exploration and production on the island of Hawaii. Puna 

Geothermal Ventures (PGV) is a 41 MW geothermal power plant located in the lower 

east rift zone of the Kilauea volcano. 

Although PGV is required by their non-covered source permit to maintain three air 

monitoring stations for H2S, the state established SPM stations in the surrounding 

communities to determine ambient effects of geothermal exploration and operations. 

There were two stations in Puna to measure ambient concentrations of H2S, however, 

due to low concentrations, budget restrictions, and the required operation of three PGV 

stations, one of the stations (Puna H) was discontinued on 2/28/11. There remains one 

station that continues to monitor for H2S as well as SO2 in the community. No additional 

changes are planned for the monitoring of H2S in the next 18 months. 

2.10 Network Summary

Table 2-7 summarizes the state’s 2011 air monitoring network. Sections 2.11 to 2.13 

detail station closures, additions and equipment modifications. 

Table 2-7. Number of Stations by Pollutant or Program

Pollutant/ 

Program 

SLAMS 

Stations 

SPM 

Stations 

Total 

in MSA 

Total 

in State 

Meets EPA 

Minimum 

Required? 

Planned 

Additions 

Planned 

Closures 

CO 2 0 2 2 Not applicable 1 SPM 0 

NO2 2 1 2 3 Not applicable 0 1 SLAMS 

SO2 5 5 3 10 YES 1 SPM 1 SLAMS 

O3 1 1 (NCore) 2 2 YES 0 0 

PM10 4 0 4 4 YES 0 1 SLAMS 

PM2.5 5 6 4 11 YES 1 SPM 0 

Pb 0 11 1 1 YES 11 11 

NCore - 1 1 1 YES 0 0 

Air Toxics 0 1 1 1 Not applicable 0 1 

PM2.5

Speciation 0 1 (NCore) 1 1 Not applicable 0 0 

H2S 0 1 0 1 Not applicable 0 0 1

Currently, Pb is being measured as part of the Air Toxics SPM. As a required element of NCore monitoring, the TSPPb monitor will be moved to the Kapolei station.
2011 Annual Network Plan 21 State of Hawaii 

 

2.11 Site Closures

This section describes sites that have closed since the 2010 Network Plan as well as 

planned station or monitor closures in the next 18 months. 

Pearl City (150032004)

860 4th St., Pearl City, Oahu 

SPM Air Toxics Metals and Carbonyls Closed 4/1/11 

The state has been collecting air toxics data since 2002. After review, it was 

determined that data from this station is not needed to support any monitoring 

programs or emissions control strategies. Increasing labor, operational and 

maintenance costs associated with sample collection and analysis in the face of 

budget constraints and re-prioritization were also factors in the decision to stop the 

metals and carbonyls sampling and analysis. Sampling for VOCs will be scaled back 

or will also be stopped pending further review. 

Mountain View (150012017)

17-860 Volcano Rd., Mt. View, Hawaii 

Parameters: SO2, PM2.5

SPM Station Closed 10/27/10 

As described in the 2010 Network Plan, the lease to occupy a portion of the 

residential property on which this station was located expired. A new site was 

selected approximately 1.8 miles southwest at the Elementary School so the decision 

was made to move the station. 

Puna H (No AQS number)

TMK 3-1-3-46:75 

Parameter: H2S 

SPM Station Closed 2/28/11 

This H2S station was closed due to electrical safety issues, lease expiration, budget 

reductions, redundancy and low data value. 

West Beach (150030011)

TMK 1-9-1-14:27 (Ko’Olina Golf Course, Oahu) 

Parameters: SO2, NO2, PM10

SLAMS Closure with EPA approval 

The detailed documentation to close this station was submitted to EPA Region 9 on 

February 7, 2011. During the 2010 5-Year Assessment, this station ranked last in the 

value ranking of SLAM stations. Data from this station has been of low value, not 

used for emissions control strategies, and determined to be redundant with the 

Kapolei NCore/SLAMS station located just 2.75 kilometers to the east. With 

continuing budget and staff constraints, resources need to be reallocated to higher 

priority requirements such as NCore and NO2 near-road monitoring. Closure of this 

SLAMS station met the criteria set in 40 CFR 58.14(c)(1). Data analyses showed that 

all monitors were in attainment during the previous five years, had a less than 10 

percent probability of exceeding 80 percent of the applicable NAAQS during the next 

three years, and were not required by any attainment or maintenance plan. After a 

final independent audit, the station will be closed by the summer of 2011.
2011 Annual Network Plan 22 State of Hawaii 

 

2.12 Site Additions

This section describes new sites that have been established since the 2010 Network 

Plan as well as planned station or monitor additions in the next 18 months. 

Kapolei (150030010)

2052 Lauwiliwili St., Kapolei, Oahu 

NCore Parameters: PM2.5, PM2.5 speciation, PM10-2.5, O3, CO, SO2, NO/NOy, WS, WD, 

RH, Temperature 

The NCore station in the Honolulu MSA began operating on 1/1/11. 

Mountain View (150012023)

Mt. View Elementary School 

17-1235 Volcano Rd., Mt. View, Hawaii 

Parameters: SO2, PM2.5

SPM began 12/7/10 

This station was established to continue monitoring the impact of volcanic emissions 

in the Mt. View community. The school is located approximately 1.8 miles southwest 

from the previous station location. 

Niumalu (AQS ID Pending)

2342 Hulemalu Rd., Lihue, Kauai 

Parameters: SO2, NO2, PM2.5, CO 

SPM began 3/21/11 

This station was established approximately one mile downwind of Nawiliwili Harbor to 

monitor cruise ship emissions. Prevalent northeasterly trade-winds carry emissions from 

the harbor to populated downwind communities. 

Waikoloa (island of Hawaii)

Proposed approximate location: 19.977289° Lat / -155.797595° Long 

Parameters: SO2, PM2.5

This planned new station will be in Waikoloa on the northwestern side of the island. 

The selected site is approximately 3 kilometers north of the residential and 

commercial community of Waikoloa Village. Although there are several stations 

monitoring volcanic emissions during prevailing wind conditions, there are no stations 

to monitor the impact on the northern side of the island when the winds shift from 

northeasterly trade-winds to the south/southeasterly direction. Wind direction shifts 

which generally occur during the winter months will often bring the vog, or volcanic 

haze up the island chain. Although SO2 is not expected to be elevated in this 

community, initially, both PM2.5 and SO2 will be monitored. 

2.13 Modifications

PM2.5 FRM Collocated monitor relocated

From: Pearl City (150032004) 

To: Kapolei (150030010) 

Per November 1, 2010 letter from EPA Region 9, approval was granted to move the 

collated FRM monitor to Kapolei. The FRM shutdown at Pearl City occurred on 

12/29/10, last sample date was 12/28/10. The first FRM sample at the new Kapolei 

collocated site was collected on 1/3/2011. The FRM monitor will also be used to fulfill 
2011 Annual Network Plan 23 State of Hawaii 

 

fulfill the requirement for a PM2.5 FRM as part of NCore monitoring and is on a 1 in 3 

day sampling schedule. 

PM2.5 collocated FEM monitor

Planned: Kona, Hawaii station (150011012) 

The state’s largest pollutant network is PM2.5 with five SLAMS and six SPM stations. 

According to the quality assurance requirements of 40 CFR Appendix A, 15% of the 

PM2.5 monitors should be collocated. With all of the 11 PM2.5 monitors being 

continuous FEM BAMS 1020, one collocated FRM and one collocated FEM are 

required. The collocated FRM monitor is located at the Kapolei SLAMS/NCore 

station. To meet the minimum collocation requirements, however, DOH plans to add 

one FEM collocated monitor at the Kona station. Kona consistently records some of 

the highest PM2.5 values in the state due to volcanic emissions. 

Relocate TSP-Pb monitor

From: Pearl City (150032004) Air Toxics SPM 

To: Kapolei (150030010) SLAMS/NCore 

To meet the minimum monitoring requirement for Pb in the MSA, the Pb-TSP 

monitor currently being used to collect metals data as part of air toxics monitoring 

will be moved to the NCore site. It will be operating by December 27, 2011. 

Table 2-8. Summary of Network Changes 

Site AQS ID Site 

Type Affected Parameters Reason for Closure/Addition/Modification 

HONOLULU MSA (island of Oahu) 

NCore PM2.5, PM10-2.5, O3, CO, 

SO2, NO/NOy, PM2.5

speciation 

Required NCore station established and 

operating as of 1/1/11 

PM2.5 FRM collocated 

New location for required collocated 

instrument and to support NCore FRM 

monitoring; start date 1/1/11; 1/3 days 

Kapolei 150030010 

SLAMS 

TSP-Pb To start before December 27, 2011 

SLAMS PM2.5 FRM collocated Removed and relocated to Kapolei 

12/29/11 

Air Toxics metals and 

carbonyls 

Closed 4/1/11 due to lack of resources, 

low value monitoring Pearl City 150032004 

SPM 

Air Toxics TSP-Pb Remove and relocate to Kapolei by 

December 2011 

West 

Beach 150030011 SLAMS PM10, NO2, SO2

Close due to low value monitoring, budget 

constraints, resource reallocation 

Hawaii County (island of Hawaii) 

Kona 150011012 SPM PM2.5 Collocated FEM to start 2011 

Mt. View 150012017 SPM PM2.5, SO2

Closed 10/27/10 and moved to new 

location due to lease expiration 

Mt. View 150012023 SPM PM2.5, SO2

New site replacement for original Mt. View 

station; start date 12/7/10 

Puna H None SPM H2S Closed 2/28/11 due to safety issues, 

budget constraints, loss of lease 

Waikoloa ---- SPM PM2.5, SO2

New station to be established 2011 for 

volcanic emissions monitoring on NW side 

of island 

Kauai County (island of Kauai) 

Niumalu To be 

assigned SPM PM2.5, SO2, NO2

CO 

New station established to monitor cruise 

ship emissions; start date 3/21/11 
2011 Annual Network Plan 24 State of Hawaii 

 

3.0 Detailed Site Descriptions 

Following are descriptions and photos of each station in the state’s ambient air 

monitoring network. The descriptions include area location, mobile sources, probe 

siting, monitor information and adherence to quality assurance. 

Table 3-1. State of Hawaii Ambient Air Monitoring Network

ID AQS No. Site Name Parameters 

DH 150031001 Honolulu PM2.5, PM10, SO2, WS, WD 

KA 150030010 Kapolei 

PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO 

NCore: PM10-2.5, SO2, NO/NOy, CO, O3, 

(Pb), PM2.5 speciation 

WS, WD, RH, Temp 

PC 150032004 Pearl City PM2.5, PM10, Air Toxics, WS, WD 

SI 150031004 Sand Island PM2.5, O3, WS, WD, Temp 

WB 150030011 West Beach PM10, SO2, NO2, WS, WD, Temp 

KH 150090006 Kihei PM2.5, WS, WD 

NI to be assigned Niumalu PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, WS, WD 

HL 150011006 Hilo PM2.5, SO2, WS, WD, Temp 

KN 150011012 Kona PM2.5, SO2, WS, WD, Temp 

MV 150012023 Mt. View PM2.5, SO2, WS, WD 

OV 150012020 Ocean View PM2.5, SO2, WS, WD 

PA 150012016 Pahala PM2.5, SO2, WS, WD 

PE 150012010 Puna E SO2, H2S, WS, WD 
2011 Annual Network Plan 25 State of Hawaii 

 

(DH) HONOLULU 

AQS: 150031001 Program: SLAMS County: Honolulu MSA: Honolulu 

Address: 1250 Punchbowl St., Honolulu, HI 96813 

Latitude: 21.30758 Longitude: -157.85542 Elevation: 20 m MSL 

Location Description: 

This station is located on the roof of the state Department of Health building in downtown Honolulu. The 

surrounding streets are busy thoroughfares serving the downtown area. The area includes a major 

hospital (Queen’s Medical Center), the state capitol, other state, county, commercial and business 

buildings as well as residential condominiums. 

TRAFFIC DESCRIPTION 

Type of Roadway Punchbowl S. Beretania Vineyard H-1 

Freeway X 

Major Street or Highway X X X 

Distance from air intake (m) 30 122 610 914 

Direction from air inlet E S N N/NE 

Composition of roadway asphalt asphalt asphalt asphalt 

Number of traffic lanes 5 6 6 6 

Average daily traffic 35,8441 53,0461 48,4451 No data 

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 20 25 25 45 

Traffic one way or two 2 1 2 2 

Street parking? No No No No 

1 Source: State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation 2006 traffic count

Meteorology: WS, WD sensors attached to pole at rooftop 

MONITOR INFORMATION 

PM2.5 PM10 SO2 CO WS WD 

Manufacturer Met-One Met-One TECO TECO RM Young RM Young 

Model No. BAM 1020 BAM 1020 43i 48 05103VP 05103VP 

AQS Method Code 

(N/E if not entered) 170 122 060 054 N/E N/E 

Parameter start date 1/99 2/92 1/72 1/72 11/03 11/03 

Frequency Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous 

Probe material -- -- Teflon Teflon -- -- 

Residence Time (sec) -- -- 12.48 12.48 -- -- 

Distance between colocated monitors 

(N/A if not applicable) 

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 
2011 Annual Network Plan 26 State of Hawaii 

 

DH Honolulu continued 

PROBE SITING

GASES (CO, SO2) PM2.5 PM10

Location of probe Top of building Top of building Top of building 

Building dimensions 

 Height (m) 12 12 12 

 Width (m) 61 61 61 

 Depth (m) 15 15 15 

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) 9 8 8 

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1.2 1.8 1.8 

Height of probe above ground (m) 13.2 13.8 13.8 

Distance (m) & direction from tree(s) 27 E 24 E 24 E 

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 23 20 20 

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) 24 24 24 

Horizontal distance from walls, parapets, penthouses (m) 9 11 9 

Distance & direction from nearest possible obstacle(s) 9 N 9 N 9 N 

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) 238 S/SW 234 S/SW 234 S/SW 

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360° 360° 

Located in paved or vegetative ground? Paved Paved Paved 

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS 

CO SO2 PM2.5 PM10

Spatial scale Middle Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood 

Applicable NAAQS 

averaging times 1-hr; 8-hr 1-hr; 3-hr; 24-hr, Annual 24-hr; Annual 24-hr; Annual 

Sampling season 12-months 12-months 12-months 12-months 

Site type Maximum Population Population Population 

DATA QUALITY 

Date or Frequency Result 

Last PEP audit 3/20/11 Did not receive results from EPA contractor 

Last NPAP 12/16/10 Passed 

Last annual independent 

performance audit (CAB) 12/1/10 Passed, no problems noted 

Flow rate audit frequency Monthly 

Precision & Accuracy submitted to 

AQS: Quarterly 

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for 

gases: 

2X/week 

Frequency of multipoint gas 

calibration: 

Quarterly beginning 

4/1/11 

Prior to 4/1/11, multipoint calibrations were 

conducted monthly 

Annual data certification submitted: 5/1/11 

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

3/9/2010 Probe moved from side to top of building to reduce residence time of 

gas pollutants 

1/25/11 EPA Region 9 TSA 

Changes planned in the next 18 

months None 
2011 Annual Network Plan 27 State of Hawaii 

 

(KA) KAPOLEI 

AQS: 150030010 Program: SLAMS County: Honolulu MSA: Honolulu 

Address: 2052 Lauwiliwili St., Kapolei, HI 96707 

Latitude: 21.32374 Longitude: -158.08861 Elevation: 17.9 m MSL 

Location Description: 

Located in the Kapolei Business Park, in the rapidly growing “second city” of Kapolei, the area is a mix of 

business, commercial, and government activities surrounded by an ever expanding residential 

community. The site is also approximately 1.25 km northeast (upwind) of the state’s largest industrial 

park on the southwest coast of the island of Oahu. 

 

TRAFFIC DESCRIPTION 

Type of Roadway Kalaeloa Blvd. Lauwiliwili St. H-1 Freeway 

Freeway X 

Major Street or Highway X 

Local Street or Road X 

Distance from air intake (m) 379 167 686 

Direction from air inlet NW W N 

Composition of roadway asphalt asphalt asphalt 

Number of traffic lanes 4 2 6 

Average daily traffic 18,2551 No data No data 

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 35 30 55 

Traffic one way or two 2 2 2 

Street parking? No Yes No 

1

 Source: State of Hawaii Department of Transportation 

Meteorology: WS, WD data provided by station met equipment attached to a 10 meter tower 

MONITOR INFOMATION 

PM2.5

PM2.5

co-loc PM10 CO SO2 NO2 WS WD °F 

Manufacturer Met One Andersen Met One TECO TECO TECO RM 

Young 

RM 

Young 

RM 

Young 

Model No. BAM1020 RAAS2.5 BAM1020 48i 43A 42C 5103VP 5103VP 41342 

VC 

AQS Method Code 

(N/E if not entered) 170 120 122 054 060 074 

Parameter start date 7/29/02 1/1/11 7/29/02 7/29/02 7/29/02 7/29/02 7/29/02 7/29/02 7/29/02 

Frequency continuous 1/3 cont. cont. cont. cont. cont. cont. 

Probe material -- -- -- Glass Glass Glass -- -- 

Residence Time (sec) -- -- -- 13.22 13.22 13.22 -- -- 

Distance between colocated monitors 4 m 4 m -- -- -- -- -- -- 
2011 Annual Network Plan 28 State of Hawaii 

 

KA Kapolei continued 

PROBE SITING

(N/A = Not applicable) GASES 

 (CO, SO2, NO2) PM2.5 PM10

Location of probe Top of trailer shelter Top of trailer shelter Top of trailer shelter 

Shelter dimensions 

 Height (m) 4 4 4 

 Width (m) 2.4 2.4 2.4 

 Depth (m) 5 5 5 

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A N/A 

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1.1 1 1 

Height of probe above ground (m) 5.1 5 5 

Distance (m) & direction from tree(s) 19 N 17 N 17 N 

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 167 167 167 

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) 87 87 87 

Horizontal distance from walls, parapets, penthouses (m) N/A N/A N/A 

Distance & direction from nearest possible obstacle (m) 170 W 170 W 170 W 

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) N/A N/A N/A 

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360° 360° 

Located in paved or vegetative ground? Vegetative Vegetative Vegetative 

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS 

CO SO2 NO2 PM2.5 PM10

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood 

Applicable NAAQS 

averaging times 1-hr; 8-hr 1-hr; 3-hr-24-hr; Annual 1-hr; Annual 24-hr; Annual 24-hr 

Sampling season 12 months 12 months 12 months 12 months 12 months 

Site type Population Population Population Population Population 

DATA QUALITY 

Date or Frequency Result 

Last PEP audit 3/17/10 Did not receive results from EPA contractor 

Last NPAP 12/15/10 Passed 

Last annual independent 

performance audit (CAB) 8/3/10 Passed, no problems noted 

Flow audit frequency Monthly 

PM FRM calibrations 6 months 

Precision & Accuracy submitted to 

AQS: Quarterly 

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for 

gases: 

2X/week 

Frequency of multipoint gas 

calibration: 

Quarterly beginning 

4/1/11 

Prior to 4/1/11, multipoint calibrations were 

conducted monthly 

Annual data certification submitted: 5/1/11 

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

1/1/11 Added NCore monitoring station next to SLAMS trailer 

1/25/11 EPA Region 9 TSA 

Changes planned in the next 18 

months Will begin TSP-Pb monitoring 
2011 Annual Network Plan 29 State of Hawaii 

 

KAPOLEI NCore 

AQS: 150030010 Program: NCore County: Honolulu MSA: Honolulu 

Address: 2052 Lauwiliwili St., Kapolei, HI 96707 

Latitude: 21.32374 Longitude: -158.08861 Elevation: 17.9 m MSL 

NCore Monitor Information 

NOTE: The SLAMS PM2.5 and PM10 monitors are used to calculate the NCore parameter PM10-2.5. Wind speed, wind 

direction and ambient temperature sensors are also represented by the SLAMS instruments. The following equipment listed 

in this table are those that are specific to NCore monitoring. 

CO SO2 NO/NOy O3

PM2.5

speciation 

Relative 

Humidity 

Manufacturer API API Ecotech Ecotech Met-One 

URG RM Young 

Model No. M300EU M100EU 9843 Serinus 10 SASS 

300N 05103VP 

AQS Method Code 

(NE if not entered) 593 600 591 187 

Parameter start date 1/1/11 1/1/11 1/1/11 1/1/11 10/1/09 1/1/11 

Frequency Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous 1/3 Continuous 

Probe material Glass Glass Glass Glass 

Residence Time (sec) 14.60 14.60 14.60 14.60 

PROBE SITING 

(N/A = Not applicable) GASES 

 (CO, SO2, NO2, O3) PM2.5 speciation 

Location of probe Top of shelter Top of shelter 

Building dimensions SASS URG 

 Height (m) 4 4 4 

 Width (m) 2.4 2.4 2.4 

 Depth (m) 5 5 5 

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A N/A 

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1 1.7 1.6 

Height of probe above ground (m) 5 5.7 5.6 

Distance (m) & direction from tree(s) 12 SE 13 SE 11 SE 

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 165 165 165 

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) 85 85 85 

Horizontal distance from walls, parapets, penthouses (m) N/A N/A N/A 

Distance & direction from nearest possible obstacle (m) 168 W 168 W 168 W 

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) N/A N/A N/A 

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360° 360° 

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative vegetative vegetative 

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS 

CO trace SO2 trace NO/NOy O3 PM10-2.5

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood 

Sample duration Hourly Hourly Hourly Hourly Hourly 

Site type Population Population Population Population Population 

DATA QUALITY 

Date or Frequency Result 

Flow rate audit frequency Monthly 

Precision & Accuracy submitted to 

AQS: Quarterly 

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for 

gases: Daily 

Frequency of multipoint gas 

calibration: 

Quarterly beginning 

4/1/11 

Prior to 4/1/11, multipoint calibrations were 

conducted monthly 

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

1/1/11 NCore monitoring began 

Changes planned in the next 18 mo Will begin TSP-Pb monitoring 
2011 Annual Network Plan 30 State of Hawaii 

 

(PC) PEARL CITY 

AQS: 150032004 Program: SLAMS/SPM County: Honolulu MSA: Honolulu 

Address: 860 4th St., Pearl City, HI 96782 

Latitude: 21.39283 Longitude: -157.96913 Elevation: 23.1 m MSL 

Location Description: 

This site is located on the roof of the Department of Health’s Leeward Health Center in a commercial and 

highly populated residential area. The station is west of Hawaiian Electric Company’s Waiau Generating 

Station and is approximately 3 miles NW of the Pearl Harbor Naval Complex. 

 

 

TRAFFIC DESCRIPTION 

Type of Roadway 4th St. Lehua Ave. Kam. Hwy. H-1 

Freeway X 

Major Street or Highway X X 

Local Street or Road X 

Distance from air intake (m) 50 138 58 320 

Direction from air inlet S W N S 

Composition of roadway asphalt asphalt asphalt concrete 

Number of traffic lanes 2 4 6 10 

Average daily traffic No Data 15,692 (2002)1

 57,948 (2007)1 No Data 

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 20 30 35 55 

Traffic one way or two 2 2 2 2 

Street parking? Yes No No No 1 Source: State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation

Meteorology: WS, WD sensors attached to pole at rooftop 

MONITOR INFORMATION 

PM2.5 PM10

Air Toxics 

TSP-Pb WS WD PM2.5 co-loc 

Manufacturer Met-One Met-One Graseby RM Young RM Young Andersen 

Model No. BAM 1020 BAM 1020 2376105 05103VP 05103VP RAAS 2.5 

AQS Method Code 

(NE if not entered) 170 122 092 NE NE 120 

Parameter start date 1/99 2/92 1/02 11/03 11/03 4/1/09 

Frequency Continuous Continuous 1/6 Continuous Continuous 1/6 

Probe material -- -- -- -- -- -- 

Residence Time (sec) -- -- -- -- -- -- 

Distance between colocated monitors 

(NA if not applicable) 

4 m NA NA NA NA 4 m 
2011 Annual Network Plan 31 State of Hawaii 

 

PC Pearl City continued 

PROBE SITING

N/A = Not applicable PM2.5 PM10

Toxics 

metals 

Toxics 

Gas 

Location of probe Top of 

building 

Top of 

building 

Top of 

building 

Top of 

building 

Building dimensions 

 Height (m) 12 12 12 12 

 Width (m) -- -- -- -- 

 Depth (m) -- -- -- -- 

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) 14 14 19 12 

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 2 2 1 2 

Height of probe above ground (m) 14 14 13 14 

Distance (m) & direction from tree(s) >20 W >20 W >20 W >20 W 

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 58 58 53 60 

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) -- -- -- -- 

Horizontal distance from walls, parapets, penthouses (m) 14 14 19 12 

Distance & direction from nearest possible obstacle(s) 14 S 14 S 19 S 12 SE 

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360° 360° 360° 

Located in paved or vegetative ground? Paved Paved Paved Paved 

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS

PM2.5 PM10 Air Toxics 

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood 

Applicable NAAQS 

averaging times 24-hr; Annual 24-hr 24-hr 

Sampling season 12-months 12-months 12-months 

Site type Population Population Population 

DATA QUALITY 

Date or Frequency Result 

Last PEP 3/20/11 Did not receive results from EPA contractor 

Last annual independent 

performance audit (CAB) 12/2/10 Passed, no problems noted 

Flow rate audit frequency Monthly 

Precision & Accuracy submitted to 

AQS: Quarterly 

Annual data certification submitted: 5/1/11 

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

1/25/11 EPA Region 9 TSA 

12/29/10 Discontinued co-located PM2.5 monitor and moved it to Kapolei station 

4/1/11 

Discontinued Air Toxics metals and carbonyls monitoring; 

VOC monitoring will be scaled back or will be stopped pending further 

review 

Changes planned in the next 18 

months None 
2011 Annual Network Plan 32 State of Hawaii 

 

(SI) SAND ISLAND 

AQS: 150031004 Program: SLAMS County: Honolulu MSA: Honolulu 

Address: 1039 Sand Island Parkway, Honolulu, HI 96819 

Latitude: 21.30384 Longitude: -157.87117 Elevation: 5.3 m MSL 

Location Description: 

Station is located in the University of Hawaii’s Anuenue Fisheries near the entrance to the Sand Island 

Recreational Area. Sand Island is downwind of downtown Honolulu, across from Honolulu Harbor. 

 TRAFFIC DESCRIPTION

Type of Roadway Sand Island Parkway 

Freeway 

Major Street or Highway X 

Local Street or Road 

Distance from air intake (m) 37 

Direction from air inlet W 

Composition of roadway asphalt 

Number of traffic lanes 2 

Average daily traffic 1610 (2007)1

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 30 

Traffic one way or two 2 

Street parking? No 1

 Source: State of Hawaii Department of Transportation 

MONITOR INFORMATION 

Meteorology: WS, WD, Temp sensors attached to pole on shelter roof 

O3 PM2.5 WS WD Temp 

Manufacturer TECO Met One RM Young RM Young RM Young 

Model No. 49C BAM 1020 05103VP 05103VP 41342VC 

AQS Method Code 

(N/E if not entered) 047 170 N/E N/E N/E 

Parameter start date 2/81 10/99 -- -- -- 

Frequency Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous 

Probe material Glass -- -- -- -- 

Residence Time (sec) 17.96 -- -- -- -- 

Distance between colocated monitors 

(N/A if not applicable) 

N/A N/A 
2011 Annual Network Plan 33 State of Hawaii 

 

SI Sand Island continued 

(N/A = Not applicable) PM2.5 O3

Location of probe Top of shelter Top of shelter 

Shelter dimensions 

 Height (m) 3 3 

 Width (m) 2 2 

 Depth (m) 5 5 

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A 

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1.1 2 

Height of probe above ground (m) 4.1 5 

Distance (m) & direction from tree(s) >20 E >20 E 

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 37 37 

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) 40 40 

Horizontal distance from walls, parapets, penthouses (m) NA NA 

Distance & direction from nearest obstacle(s) 14 N 14 N 

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) N/A N/A 

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360° 

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative vegetative 

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS 

PM2.5 O3

Spatial scale Neighborhood Urban 

Applicable NAAQS 

averaging times 24-hr; Annual 8-hr 

Sampling season 12-months 12-months 

Site type Transport Maximum 

DATA QUALITY 

Date or Frequency Result 

Last NPAP 12/14/10 Passed 

Last PEP 12/16/10 Did not receive results from EPA contractor 

Last annual independent 

performance audit (CAB) 10/26/10 Passed, no problems noted 

Flow rate audit frequency Monthly 

Precision & Accuracy submitted to 

AQS: Quarterly 

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for 

gases: 

2X/week 

Frequency of multipoint gas 

calibration: 

Quarterly beginning 

4/1/11 

Prior to 4/1/11, multipoint calibrations were 

conducted monthly 

Annual data certification submitted: 5/1/11 

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

1/25/11 EPA Region 9 TSA 

Part of 2nd and 3rd Qtr 2010 Large amount of PM2.5 data invalidated due to undetected filter and flow 

problems; incomplete annual average. 

Changes planned in the next 18 

months None 
2011 Annual Network Plan 34 State of Hawaii 

 

(WB) WEST BEACH 

AQS: 150030011 Program: SLAMS County: Honolulu MSA: Honolulu 

Address: TMK 1-9-1-14:27 Ko’Olina Golf Course, Kapolei, HI 96707 

Latitude: 21.33274 Longitude: -158.11413 Elevation: 14.5 m MSL 

Location Description: 

Located in the resort and residential community of Ko’Olina next to the Ko’Olina Golf course which is 

approximately 1.5 miles northwest of Campbell Industrial Park and 0.5 miles from Barber’s Point Deep 

Draft Harbor. 

 

TRAFFIC DESCRIPTION 

Type of Roadway Aliinui Drive 

Freeway 

Major Street or Highway 

Local Street or Road X 

Distance from air intake (m) 315 

Direction from air inlet NW 

Composition of roadway asphalt 

Number of traffic lanes 4 

Average daily traffic No data 

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 30 

Traffic one way or two 2 

Street parking? No 

MONITOR INFORMATION 

Meteorology: WS, WD, Temp sensors attached to 10 meter tower 

SO2 NO2 PM10 WS WD Temp 

Manufacturer TECO TECO Met One RM Young RM Young RM Young 

Model No. 43A 42C BAM1020 05103VP 05103VP 41342VC 

AQS Method Code 

(N/E if not entered) 060 074 122 N/E N/E N/E

Parameter start date 2/91 11/92 2/91 -- -- -- 

Frequency continuous continuous continuous continuous continuous continuous

Probe material Glass Glass -- -- -- -- 

Residence Time (sec) 17.43 17.43 -- -- -- -- 

Distance between colocated monitors 

(N/A if not applicable) 

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2011 Annual Network Plan 35 State of Hawaii 

 

WB West Beach continued 

(N/A = Not applicable) PM10 Gases (SO2, NO2) 

Location of probe Top of shelter Top of shelter 

Shelter dimensions 

 Height (m) 4 4 

 Width (m) 2 2 

 Depth (m) 5 5 

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A 

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1 1.05 

Height of probe above ground (m) 5 5.05 

Distance (m) & direction from tree(s) 3 W 3 W 

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 315 313 

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) N/A N/A 

Horizontal distance from walls, parapets, penthouses (m) N/A N/A 

Distance & direction from nearest possible obstacle(s) 3 W 3 W 

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) N/A N/A 

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360° 

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative vegetative 

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS 

PM10 SO2 NO2

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood 

Applicable NAAQS averaging 

times 24-hr 1-hr; 3-hr; 24-hr; annual 1-hr; annual 

Sampling season 12-months 12-months 12-months 

Site type background source source 

DATA QUALITY 

Date or Frequency Result 

Last NPAP 12/15/10 Passed 

Last PEP 

Last annual independent 

performance audit (CAB) 7/29/10 Passed, no problems noted 

Flow rate audit frequency Monthly 

Precision & Accuracy submitted to 

AQS: Quarterly 

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for 

gases: 

2X/week 

Frequency of multipoint gas 

calibration: 

Quarterly beginning 

4/1/11 

Prior to 4/1/11, multipoint calibrations were 

conducted monthly 

Annual data certification submitted: 5/1/11 

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

1/25/11 EPA Region 9 TSA 

Changes planned in the next 18 

months 

Station will be closed summer 2011 after independent CAB audit 

completed. 
2011 Annual Network Plan 36 State of Hawaii 

 

(KH) KIHEI 

AQS: 150090006 Program: SLAMS County: Maui MSA: None 

Address: TMK 2-3-9-4:28 Hale Piilani Park, Kihei, HI 96753 

Latitude: 20.780997 Longitude: -156.44637 Elevation: 46.5 m MSL 

Location Description: 

This station is located in the Hale Piilani subdivision’s park in upper Kihei and surrounded primarily by 

agricultural land. The station was established to monitor the effects of sugar cane burning. 

 

TRAFFIC DESCRIPTION

Type of Roadway Kaiolohia Kaiwahine 

Freeway 

Major Street or Highway 

Local Street or Road X X 

Distance from air intake (m) 114 118 

Direction from air inlet NW S 

Composition of roadway asphalt asphalt 

Number of traffic lanes 2 2 

Average daily traffic No data No data 

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 25 25 

Traffic one way or two 2 2 

Street parking? Yes Yes 

MONITOR INFORMATION 

Meteorology: WS, WD sensors attached to 10 meter tower 

PM2.5 WS WD 

Manufacturer Met One RM Young RM Young 

Model No. BAM 1020 05103VP 05103VP 

AQS Method Code 

(N/E if not entered) 170 N/E N/E 

Parameter start date 2/99 -- -- 

Frequency Continuous Continuous Continuous 

Probe material -- -- -- 

Residence Time (sec) -- -- -- 

Distance between colocated monitors 

(N/A if not applicable) 

N/A 
2011 Annual Network Plan 37 State of Hawaii 

 

KH Kihei continued 

(N/A = Not applicable) PM2.5

Location of probe Top of shelter 

Shelter dimensions 

 Height (m) 4 

 Width (m) 2 

 Depth (m) 5 

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A 

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1 

Height of probe above ground (m) 5 

Distance (m) & direction from tree(s) 19.2 N 

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 154.5 

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) 105.2 

Horizontal distance from walls, parapets, penthouses (m) N/A 

Distance & direction from nearest possible obstacle(s) N/A 

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) N/A 

Unrestricted airflow 360° 

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative 

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS 

PM2.5

Spatial scale Neighborhood 

Applicable NAAQS 

averaging times 24-hr; Annual 

Sampling season 12-months 

Site type source 

Suitable for comparison 

against the annual PM2.5

NAAQS? 

YES 

DATA QUALITY 

Date or Frequency Result 

Last NPAP 

Last PEP 3/15/11 Did not receive results from EPA contractor 

Last annual independent 

performance audit (CAB) 11/3/10 Passed, no problems noted 

Flow rate audit frequency Monthly 

Precision & Accuracy submitted to 

AQS: Quarterly 

Annual data certification submitted: 5/1/11 

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Changes planned in the next 18 

months None 
2011 Annual Network Plan 38 State of Hawaii 

 

(NI) NIUMALU 

AQS: 15 Program: SPM County: Kauai MSA: None 

Address: 2342 Hulemalu Rd., Lihue, HI 96766 

Latitude: 21.9495 Longitude: -159.365 Elevation: 11 m MSL 

Location Description: 

Located on a private residential property approximately 1 mile downwind of Nawiliwili Harbor, this station 

was established to monitor the impact of cruise ship emissions on nearby communities. 

 

Type of Roadway Hulemalu Rd. Niumalu Rd. 

Freeway 

Major Street or Highway 

Local Street or Road X X 

Distance from air intake (m) 44.4 309.7 

Direction from air inlet NW NE 

Composition of roadway asphalt asphalt 

Number of traffic lanes 2 1 

Average daily traffic 100 (est.) 30 (est.) 

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 15 20 

Traffic one way or two 2 2 

Street parking? No No 

MONITOR INFORMATION 

Meteorology: WS, WD sensors attached to pole on the shelter 

SO2 NO2 PM2.5 WS WD 

Manufacturer TECO Teledyne API Met One RM Young RM Young 

Model No. 43i 200E BAM1020 05103VP 05103VP 

AQS Method Code 

(N/E if not entered) 060 170 N/E N/E

Parameter start date 3/21/11 3/21/11 3/21/11 -- -- 

Frequency continuous continuous continuous continuous continuous

Probe material Glass Glass -- -- -- 

Residence Time (sec) 15.31 15.31 -- -- -- 

Distance between colocated monitors 

(N/A if not applicable) 

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2011 Annual Network Plan 39 State of Hawaii 

 

NI Niumalu continued 

(N/A = Not applicable) PM10 Gases (SO2, NO2) 

Location of probe Top of shelter Top of shelter 

Shelter dimensions 

 Height (m) 2.9 2.9 

 Width (m) 4.9 4.9 

 Depth (m) 2.4 2.4 

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A 

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1 1 

Height of probe above ground (m) 4 4 

Distance (m) & direction from tree(s) 5.2 ESE 5.2 ESE 

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 44.4 44.4 

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) N/A N/A 

Horizontal distance from walls, parapets, penthouses (m) N/A N/A 

Distance & direction from nearest possible obstacle(s) 14.6 W (house) 14.6 W (house) 

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) N/A N/A 

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360° 

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative vegetative 

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS 

PM2.5 SO2 NO2

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood 

Applicable NAAQS averaging times 24-hr 1-hr; 3-hr; 24-hr; annual 1-hr; annual 

Sampling season 12-months 12-months 12-months 

Site type source source source 

DATA QUALITY 

Date or Frequency Result 

Last annual independent 

performance audit (CAB) 

Not yet performed; site 

is new 

Flow rate audit frequency Monthly 

Precision & Accuracy submitted to 

AQS: Quarterly 

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for 

gases: 

2X/week 

Frequency of multipoint gas 

calibration: 

Quarterly beginning 

4/1/11 

Prior to 4/1/11, multipoint calibrations were 

conducted monthly 

Annual data certification submitted: --- 

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Changes planned in the next 18 

months 

CO monitor will be operating by June 2011. 

Tree 5.2m from the station probe will be cut down summer 2011. 
2011 Annual Network Plan 40 State of Hawaii 

 

(HL) HILO 

AQS: 150011006 Program: SLAMS/SPM County: Hawaii MSA: None 

Address: 1099 Waianuenue Ave., Hilo, HI 96720 

Latitude: 19.71756 Longitude: -155.11053 Elevation: 136.8 m MSL 

Location Description: 

Located on the grounds of the Adult Rehabilitation Center of Hilo, near the Hilo Medical Center, this site 

was originally established to monitor volcanic emissions during non-prevalent wind conditions. SO2 is a 

SLAMS monitor and PM2.5 is a SPM monitor. 

 

TRAFFIC DESCRIPTION 

Type of Roadway Waianuenue Ave. 

Freeway 

Major Street or Highway X 

Local Street or Road 

Distance from air intake (m) 20 

Direction from air inlet N 

Composition of roadway Asphalt 

Number of traffic lanes 2 

Average daily traffic No data 

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 30 

Traffic one way or two 2 

Street parking? No 

Meteorology: WS, WD, Temp. sensors on a 10 meter tower 

MONITOR INFORMATION 

PM2.5 SO2 WS WD Temp 

Manufacturer Met-One TECO RM Young RM Young RM Young 

Model No. BAM1020 43A 05103VP 05103VP 41342VC 

AQS Method Code 

(N/E if not entered) 170 060 N/E N/E N/E

Parameter start date 5/1/08 2/91 -- -- -- 

Frequency continuous continuous continuous continuous continuous

Probe material -- Glass -- -- -- 

Residence Time (sec) -- 18.11 -- -- -- 

Distance between colocated monitors 

(N/A if not applicable) 

N/A 
2011 Annual Network Plan 41 State of Hawaii 

 

HL Hilo continued 

(N/A = Not applicable) PM2.5 SO2

Location of probe Top of shelter Top of shelter 

Shelter dimensions 

 Height (m) 3 3 

 Width (m) 2.4 2.4 

 Depth (m) 5 5 

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A 

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1.7 1 

Height of probe above ground (m) 4.7 4 

Distance (m) & direction from tree(s) 4.6 S 4.6 S 

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 20 20 

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) 25 25 

Horizontal distance from walls, parapets, penthouses (m) N/A N/A 

Distance & direction from nearest possible obstacle(s) 4.6 S 4.6 S 

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) 29 NNW 29 NNW 

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360° 

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative vegetative 

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS 

PM2.5 SO2

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood 

Applicable NAAQS averaging 

times 24-hr; annual 1-hr; 3-hr; 24-hr; annual 

Sampling season 12-months 12-months 

Site type population population 

DATA QUALITY 

Date or Frequency Result 

Last NPAP 3/23/10 Did not receive results from EPA contractor 

Last PEP 7/28/08 Passed 

Last annual independent 

performance audit (CAB) 6/30/10 

North vane not within alignment specs; WD 

degrees not in agreement between data 

logger and chart recorder; wind speed sensor 

did not pass audit criteria. 

Corrective actions completed 7/21/10 

Flow rate audit frequency Monthly 

Precision & Accuracy submitted to 

AQS: Quarterly 

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for 

gases: 

2X/week 

Frequency of multipoint gas 

calibration: 

Quarterly beginning 

4/1/11 

Prior to 4/1/11, multipoint calibrations were 

conducted monthly 

Annual data certification submitted: 5/1/11 

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Changes planned in the next 18 

months Tree that is 4.6m S from station probe will be cut down, summer 2011. 
2011 Annual Network Plan 42 State of Hawaii 

 

(KN) KONA 

AQS: 150011012 Program: SLAMS/SPM County: Hawaii MSA: None 

Address: 81-1043 Konawaena School Rd., Kona, HI 96750 

Latitude: 19.50978 Longitude: -155.91342 Elevation: 517.2 m MSL 

Location Description: 

This station is located on the upper campus of Konawaena High School. It was established to measure 

impacts from volcanic emissions. SO2 is SLAMS, PM2.5 is SPM. 

 

TRAFFIC DESCRIPTION 

Type of Roadway Konawaena School Rd. Mamalahoa Hwy. 

Freeway 

Major Street or Highway X 

Local Street or Road X 

Distance from air intake (m) 17 702 

Direction from air inlet N W 

Composition of roadway asphalt asphalt 

Number of traffic lanes 1 2 

Average daily traffic No data 15,503 (2006)1

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 10 55 

Traffic one way or two 2 2 

Street parking? No No 1

 Source: State of Hawaii Dept. of Transportation 

Meteorology: WS, WD, Temp. sensors on a 10 meter tower 

MONITOR INFORMATION 

PM2.5 SO2 WS WD Temp 

Manufacturer Met-One TECO RM Young RM Young RM Young 

Model No. BAM1020 43C 05103VP 05103VP 41342VC 

AQS Method Code 

(N/E if not entered) 170 060 N/E N/E N/E

Parameter start date 3/15/08 9/05 9/05 9/05 9/05 

Frequency continuous continuous continuous continuous continuous

Probe material -- Glass -- -- -- 

Residence Time (sec) -- -- -- -- 

Distance between colocated monitors 

(N/A if not applicable) 

N/A 
2011 Annual Network Plan 43 State of Hawaii 

 

KN Kona continued 

(N/A = Not applicable) PM2.5 SO2

Location of probe Top of shelter Top of shelter 

Shelter dimensions 

 Height (m) 3 3 

 Width (m) 2.4 2.4 

 Depth (m) 5 5 

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A 

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1 1 

Height of probe above ground (m) 4 4 

Distance (m) & direction from nearest tree(s) 38 NE 38 NE 

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 30 N 30 N 

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) N/A N/A 

Horizontal distance from walls, parapets, penthouses (m) N/A N/A 

Distance & direction from nearest possible obstacle(s) 21 SSW (tank) 21 SSW (tank) 

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) N/A N/A 

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360° 

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative vegetative 

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS 

PM2.5 SO2

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood 

Applicable NAAQS averaging 

times 24-hr; annual 1-hr; 3-hr; 24-hr; annual 

Sampling season 12-months 12-months 

Site type maximum population 

DATA QUALITY 

Date or Frequency Result 

Last NPAP 3/17/11 Did not receive results from EPA contractor 

Last PEP 7/30/08 Passed 

Last annual independent 

performance audit (CAB) 6/21/10 Passed with no problems noted. 

Flow rate audit frequency Monthly 

Precision & Accuracy submitted to 

AQS: Quarterly 

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for 

gases: 

2X/week 

Frequency of multipoint gas 

calibration: 

Quarterly beginning 

4/1/11 

Prior to 4/1/11, multipoint calibrations were 

conducted monthly 

Annual data certification submitted: 5/1/11 

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Changes planned in the next 18 

months Co-locate a PM2.5 FEM monitor 
2011 Annual Network Plan 44 State of Hawaii 

 

(MV) MT. VIEW 

AQS: 150012023 Program: SPM County: Hawaii MSA: None 

Address: 17-1235 Volcano Rd., Mt. View, HI 96771 

Latitude: 19.57002 Longitude: -155.08046 Elevation: 436.5 m MSL 

Location Description: 

This station is located on the grounds of the Mt. View Elementary School. The original Mt. View station, 

which began in December 2007, was moved at the ending of 2010 approximately 1.8 miles southwest to 

this current location. Due to the proximity of this community to the Kilauea volcano, it was established to 

monitor volcanic emissions during non-trade wind days. 

 

TRAFFIC DESCRIPTION 

Type of Roadway Volcano Rd. 

Freeway 

Major Street or Highway X 

Local Street or Road 

Distance from air intake (m) 30.5 

Direction from air inlet N 

Composition of roadway asphalt 

Number of traffic lanes 2 

Average daily traffic 5,2071

 (2006) 

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 40 

Traffic one way or two 2 

Street parking? No 1

 Source: State of Hawaii Dept. of Transportation 

Meteorology: WS, WD, Temp. sensors on a 10 meter tower 

MONITOR INFORMATION 

PM2.5 SO2 WS WD 

Manufacturer Met-One TECO RM Young RM Young 

Model No. BAM1020 43i 05103VP 05103VP 

AQS Method Code 

(N/E if not entered) 170 060 N/E N/E

Parameter start date 12/7/10 12/8/10 12/7/10 12/7/10 

Frequency continuous continuous continuous continuous

Probe material -- Glass -- -- 

Residence Time (sec) -- 18.16 -- -- 

Distance between colocated monitors 

(N/A if not applicable) 

N/A 
2011 Annual Network Plan 45 State of Hawaii 

 

MV Mt. View continued 

(N/A = Not applicable) PM2.5 SO2

Location of probe Top of shelter Top of shelter 

Shelter dimensions 

 Height (m) 3 3 

 Width (m) 2.4 2.4 

 Depth (m) 5 5 

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A 

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1 1 

Height of probe above ground (m) 4 4 

Distance (m) & direction from nearest tree(s) 18 W 18 W 

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 6.5 6.5 

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) 46.5 46.5 

Horizontal distance from walls, parapets, penthouses (m) N/A N/A 

Distance & direction from nearest possible obstacle(s) None None 

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) N/A N/A 

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360° 

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative vegetative 

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS 

PM2.5 SO2

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood 

Applicable NAAQS averaging 

times 24-hr; annual 1-hr; 3-hr; 24-hr; annual 

Sampling season 12-months 12-months 

Site type source source 

DATA QUALITY 

Date or Frequency Result 

Last NPAP None to date Site is new 

Last PEP --- 

Last annual independent 

performance audit (CAB) 

first station audit will be 

in 2011 

Flow rate audit frequency Monthly 

Precision & Accuracy submitted to 

AQS: Quarterly 

Frequency of multipoint gas 

calibration: 

Quarterly beginning 

4/1/11 

Prior to 4/1/11, multipoint calibrations were 

conducted monthly 

Annual data certification submitted: --- 

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Changes planned in the next 18 

months None 
2011 Annual Network Plan 46 State of Hawaii 

 

(OV) OCEAN VIEW 

AQS: 150012020 Program: SPM County: Hawaii MSA: None 

Address: 92-6091 Orchid Mauka Circle, Ocean View, HI 96737 

Latitude: 19.11756 Longitude: -155.77814 Elevation: 862.6 m MSL 

Location Description: 

This station is located on the grounds of the Ocean View Fire Station. During normal trade-winds, volcanic 

emissions are carried into this residential/agricultural community. 

 

TRAFFIC DESCRIPTION 

Type of Roadway Orchid Mauka Circ. 

Freeway 

Major Street or Highway 

Local Street or Road X 

Distance from air intake (m) 13.6 

Direction from air inlet ENE 

Composition of roadway asphalt 

Number of traffic lanes 2 

Average daily traffic No data 

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 25 

Traffic one way or two 2 

Street parking? No 

Meteorology: WS, WD, Temp. sensors on a 10 meter tower 

MONITOR INFORMATION 

PM2.5 SO2 WS WD 

Manufacturer Met-One TECO RM Young RM Young 

Model No. BAM1020 43i 05103VP 05103VP 

AQS Method Code 

(N/E if not entered) 170 060 N/E N/E

Parameter start date 4/1/10 4/1/10 4/1/10 4/1/10 

Frequency continuous continuous continuous continuous

Probe material -- Glass -- -- 

Residence Time (sec) -- 18.34 -- -- 

Distance between colocated monitors 

(N/A if not applicable) 

N/A 
2011 Annual Network Plan 47 State of Hawaii 

 

OV Ocean View continued 

(N/A = Not applicable) PM2.5 SO2

Location of probe Top of shelter Top of shelter 

Shelter dimensions 

 Height (m) 3 3 

 Width (m) 2.4 2.4 

 Depth (m) 5 5 

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A 

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1.1 1 

Height of probe above ground (m) 4.1 4 

Distance (m) & direction from nearest tree(s) 7 ENE 7 ENE 

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 13.6 13.6 

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) 6.4 6.4 

Horizontal distance from walls, parapets, penthouses (m) N/A N/A 

Distance & direction from nearest possible obstacle(s) 7 ENE 7 ENE 

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) N/A N/A 

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360° 

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative vegetative 

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS 

PM2.5 SO2

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood 

Applicable NAAQS averaging 

times 24-hr; annual 1-hr; 3-hr; 24-hr; annual 

Sampling season 12-months 12-months 

Site type source welfare 

DATA QUALITY 

Date or Frequency Result 

Last NPAP None 

Last PEP None 

Last annual independent 

performance audit (CAB) 6/29/10 Passed with no problems noted 

Flow rate audit frequency Monthly 

Precision & Accuracy submitted to 

AQS: Quarterly 

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for 

gases: 

2X/week 

Frequency of multipoint gas 

calibration: 

Quarterly beginning 

4/1/11 

Prior to 4/1/11, multipoint calibrations were 

conducted monthly 

Annual data certification submitted: 5/1/11 

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Changes planned in the next 18 

months Tree that is 7m from the station will be trimmed. 
2011 Annual Network Plan 48 State of Hawaii 

 

(PA) PAHALA 

AQS: 150012016 Program: SPM County: Hawaii MSA: None 

Address: 96-3150 Pikake St., Pahala, HI 96777 

Latitude: 19.2039 Longitude: -155.48018 Elevation: 320 m MSL 

Location Description: 

This station is located on the grounds of the Ka’u High/Pahala Elementary School. During normal tradewinds, volcanic emissions are carried into this rural community. 

 

TRAFFIC DESCRIPTION 

Type of Roadway Puahala Pumeli 

Freeway 

Major Street or Highway 

Local Street or Road X X 

Distance from air intake (m) 226 61 

Direction from air inlet E N 

Composition of roadway Asphalt Asphalt 

Number of traffic lanes 2 2 

Average daily traffic No data No data 

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 25 mph 25 mph 

Traffic one way or two 2 2 

Street parking? No No 

Meteorology: WS, WD, Temp. sensors on a 10 meter tower 

MONITOR INFORMATION 

PM2.5 SO2 WS WD 

Manufacturer Met-One TECO RM Young RM Young 

Model No. BAM1020 43i 05103VP 05103VP 

AQS Method Code 

(N/E if not entered) 170 060 N/E N/E

Parameter start date 4/11/08 8/10/07 8/10/07 8/10/07 

Frequency continuous continuous continuous continuous

Probe material -- Glass -- -- 

Residence Time (sec) -- 18.22 -- -- 

Distance between colocated monitors 

(N/A if not applicable) 

N/A 
2011 Annual Network Plan 49 State of Hawaii 

 

PA Pahala continued 

(N/A = Not applicable) PM2.5 SO2

Location of probe Top of shelter Top of shelter 

Shelter dimensions 

 Height (m) 2.4 2.4 

 Width (m) 2.4 2.4 

 Depth (m) 6 6 

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) N/A N/A 

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) 1 1 

Height of probe above ground (m) 3.4 3.4 

Distance (m) & direction from nearest tree(s) 11 N 11 N 

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 48 S 48 S 

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) 73 S 73 S 

Horizontal distance from walls, parapets, penthouses (m) N/A N/A 

Distance & direction from nearest possible obstacle(s) 24 W 24 W 

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) N/A N/A 

Unrestricted airflow 360° 360° 

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative vegetative 

SITE REPRESENTATIVENESS 

PM2.5 SO2

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood 

Applicable NAAQS averaging 

times 24-hr; annual 1-hr; 3-hr; 24-hr; annual 

Sampling season 12-months 12-months 

Site type source maximum 

Suitable for comparison 

against the annual PM2.5

NAAQS? 

YES 

DATA QUALITY 

Date or Frequency Result 

Last NPAP 7/29/08 Passed 

Last PEP 3/17/11 Did not receive results from EPA contractor 

Last annual independent 

performance audit (CAB) 6/23/10 Passed with no problems noted 

Flow rate audit frequency Monthly 

Precision & Accuracy submitted to 

AQS: Quarterly 

Frequency of 1-pt. QC check for 

gases: 

2X/week 

Frequency of multipoint gas 

calibration: 

Quarterly beginning 

4/1/11 

Prior to 4/1/11, multipoint calibrations were 

conducted monthly 

Annual data certification submitted: 5/1/11 

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Changes planned in the next 18 

months None 
2011 Annual Network Plan 50 State of Hawaii 

 

(PE) PUNA E 

AQS: 150012010 Program: SPM non-regulatory County: Hawaii MSA: None 

Address: 13-763 Leilani Ave., Pahoa, HI 

Latitude: 19.46399 Longitude: -154.89871 Elevation: 207.9 m MSL 

Location Description: 

Located on a residential property in Leilani Estates, this station is primarily to monitor emissions from the 

nearby geothermal energy facility. In 2005, an SO2 monitor was added to measure any effects from volcanic 

emissions. However, since this is primarily an H2S site, the probe is at breathing height, below EPA 

requirements and is therefore non-regulatory for SO2. 

 TRAFFIC DESCRIPTION 

Type of Roadway Leilani Blvd. 

Freeway 

Major Street or Highway 

Local Street or Road X 

Distance from air intake (m) 25.6 

Direction from air inlet NE 

Composition of roadway asphalt 

Number of traffic lanes 2 

Average daily traffic No data 

Average vehicle speed (est. mph) 25 

Traffic one way or two 2 

Street parking? Yes 

Meteorology: WS, WD, Temp. sensors on a 10 meter tower 

MONITOR INFORMATION 

SO2 H2S WS WD 

Manufacturer TECO TECO RM Young RM Young 

Model No. 43C 43C 05103VP 05103VP 

AQS Method Code 

(N/E if not entered) 060 N/E N/E N/E 

Parameter start date 2/05 3/91 3/91 3/91 

Frequency continuous continuous continuous continuous 

Probe material Teflon Teflon -- -- 

Residence Time (sec) 16.24 16.24 
2011 Annual Network Plan 51 State of Hawaii 

 

PE Puna E continued 

(N/A = Not applicable) SO2, H2S 

Location of probe Top of shelter 

Shelter dimensions 

 Height (m) 3 

 Width (m) 2.4 

 Depth (m) 5 

Horizontal distance from supporting structure (m) 1.2 

Vertical distance above supporting structure (m) side of trailer 

Height of probe above ground (m) 1.8 

Distance (m) & direction from nearest tree(s) 17 SW 

Horizontal distance from edge of nearest traffic lane (m) 26 

Horizontal distance from nearest parking lot (m) N/A 

Horizontal distance from walls, parapets, penthouses (m) 1.2 side of trailer 

Distance & direction from nearest possible obstacle(s) 1.2 side of trailer 

Distance & direction from furnace or incineration flues (m) N/A 

Unrestricted airflow 180° 

Located in paved or vegetative ground? vegetative 

SO2 H2S 

Spatial scale Neighborhood Neighborhood 

Applicable NAAQS averaging 

times 

Not comparable to NAAQS (non-regulatory). 

Probe height does not meet 40 CFR 58 App. E, 

probe at breathing height for H2S 

1-hr state standard of 

25 ppb 

Sampling season 12-months 12-months 

Site type Source Source 

DATA QUALITY 

Date or Frequency Result 

Last NPAP 

Last PEP 

Last annual independent 

performance audit (CAB) 6/22/10 H2S calibration/span gas was expired. Corrective action completed 6/28/10. 

Flow rate audit frequency 

Precision & Accuracy submitted to 

AQS: Quarterly 

Annual data certification submitted: 5/1/11 

REASONS FOR INVALID OR MISSING DATA; OTHER SITE CHANGES and Notes

Changes planned in the next 18 

months None