# Patent

## Title
Contact woven connectors

## Abstract

A contact connector is provided that has at least one loading fiber and a plurality of conductors. Each conductor may have at least one contact point. Each conductor may contact a single loading fiber, and each loading fiber may be capable of delivering a contact force at each contact point. In one example, the connector may be a power connector having a power circuit and a return circuit. In another example, the connector may be a data connector having at least one signal path.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This patent application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/603,047, filed Jun. 24, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,951,465 which itself is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/375,481, filed Feb. 27, 2003, which itself is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/273,241, filed Oct. 17, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,942,496 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/348,588, filed Jan. 15, 2002.


BACKGROUND
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to electrical connectors, and in particular to woven electrical connectors.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Components of electrical systems sometimes need to be interconnected using electrical connectors to provide an overall, functioning system. These components may vary in size and complexity, depending on the type of system. For example, referring to FIG. 1, a system may include a backplane assembly comprising a backplane or motherboard 30 and a plurality of daughter boards 32 that may be interconnected using a connector 34, which may include an array of many individual pin connections for different traces etc., on the boards. For example, in telecommunications applications where the connector connects a daughter board to a backplane, each connector may include as many as 2000 pins or more. Alternatively, the system may include components that may be connected using a single-pin coaxial or other type of connector, and many variations in-between. Regardless of the type of electrical system, advances in technology have led electronic circuits and components to become increasingly smaller and more powerful. However, individual connectors are still, in general, relatively large compared to the sizes of circuit traces and components.
Referring to FIGS. 2a and 2b, there are illustrated perspective views of the backplane assembly of FIG. 1. FIG. 2a also illustrates an enlarged section of the male portion of connector 34, including a housing 36 and a plurality of pins 38 mounted within the housing 36. FIG. 2b illustrates an enlarged section of the female portion of connector 34 including a housing 40 that defines a plurality of openings 42 adapted to receive the pins 38 of the male portion of the connector.
A portion of the connector 34 is shown in more detail in FIG. 3a. Each contact of the female portion of the connector includes a body portion 44 mounted within one of the openings (FIG. 2b, 42). A corresponding pin 38 of the male portion of the connector is adapted to mate with the body portion 44. Each pin 38 and body portion 44 includes a termination contact 48. As shown in FIG. 3b, the body portion 44 includes two cantilevered arms 46 adapted to provide an “interference fit” for the corresponding pin 38. In order to provide an acceptable electrical connection between the pin 38 and the body portion 44, the cantilevered arms 46 are constructed to provide a relatively high clamping force. Thus, a high normal force is required to mate the male portion of the connector with the female portion of the connector. This may be undesirable in many applications, as will be discussed in more detail below.
When the male portion of the conventional connector is engaged with the female portion, the pin 38 performs a “wiping” action as it slides between the cantilevered arms 46, requiring a high normal force to overcome the clamping force of the cantilevered arms and allow the pin 38 to be inserted into the body portion 44. There are three components of friction between the two sliding surfaces (the pin and the cantilevered arms) in contact, namely asperity interactions, adhesion and surface plowing. Surfaces, such as the pin 38 and cantilevered arms 46, that appear flat and smooth to the naked eye are actually uneven and rough under magnification. Asperity interactions result from interference between surface irregularities as the surfaces slide over each other. Asperity interactions are both a source of friction and a source of particle generation. Similarly, adhesion refers to local welding of microscopic contact points on the rough surfaces that results from high stress concentrations at these points. The breaking of these welds as the surfaces slide with respect to one another is a source of friction.
In addition, particles may become trapped between the contacting surfaces of the connector. For example, referring to FIG. 4a, there is illustrated an enlarged portion of the conventional connector of FIG. 3b, showing a particle 50 trapped between the pin 38 and cantilevered arm 46 of connector 34. The clamping force 52 exerted by the cantilevered arms must be sufficient to cause the particle to become partially embedded in one or both surfaces, as shown in FIG. 4b, such that electrical contact may still be obtained between the pin 38 and the cantilevered arm 46. If the clamping force 52 is insufficient, the particle 50 may prevent an electrical connection from being formed between the pin 38 and the cantilevered arm 46, which results in failure of the connector 34. However, the higher the clamping force 52, the higher must be the normal force required to insert the pin 38 into the body portion 44 of the female portion of the connector 34. When the pin slides with respect to the arms, the particle cuts a groove in the surface(s). This phenomenon is known as “surface plowing” and is a third component of friction.
Referring to FIG. 5, there is illustrated an enlarged portion of a contact point between the pin 38 and one of the cantilevered arms 46, with a particle 50 trapped between them. When the pin slides with respect to the cantilevered arm, as indicated by arrow 54, the particle 50 plows a groove 56 into the surface 58 of the cantilevered arm and/or the surface 60 of the pin. The groove 56 causes wear of the connector, and may be particularly undesirable in gold-plated connectors where, because gold is a relatively soft metal, the particle may plow through the gold-plating, exposing the underlying substrate of the connector. This accelerates wear of the connector because the exposed connector substrate, which may be, for example, copper, can easily oxidize. Oxidation can lead to more wear of the connector due to the presence of oxidized particles, which are very abrasive. In addition, oxidation leads to degradation in the electrical contact over time, even if the connector is not removed and re-inserted.
One conventional solution to the problem of particles being trapped between surfaces is to provide one of the surface with “particle traps.” Referring to FIGS. 6a–c, a first surface 62 moves with respect to a second surface 64 in a direction shown by arrow 66. When the surface 64 is not provided with particle traps, a process called agglomeration causes small particles 68 to combine as the surfaces move and form a large agglomerated particle 70, as illustrated in the sequence of FIGS. 6a–6c. This is undesirable, as a larger particle means that the clamping force required to break through the particle, or cause the particle to become embedded in one or both of the surfaces, so that an electrical connection can be established between surface 62 and surface 64 is very high. Therefore, the surface 64 may be provided with particle traps 72, as illustrated in FIGS. 6d–6g, which are small recesses in the surface as shown. When surface 62 moves over surface 64, the particle 68 is pushed into the particle trap 72, and is thus no longer available to cause plowing or to interfere with the electrical connection between surface 62 and surface 64. However, a disadvantage of these conventional particle traps is that it is significantly more difficult to machine surface 64 with traps than without, which adds to the cost of the connector. The particle traps also produce features that are prone to increased stress and fracture, and thus the connector is more likely to suffer a catastrophic failure than if there were no particle traps present.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one aspect of the present invention, a contact connector may be provided. The contact connector may include at least one loading fiber and a plurality of conductors, each conductor having at least one contact point. Each conductor may contact a single loading fiber, and each loading fiber may be capable of delivering a contact force at each contact point. In certain embodiments of the connector, each conductor may be wound around the single loading fiber. In one example, each conductor may be wound around the single loading fiber only once. In another example, each conductor may be wound around the single loading fiber more than once.
In certain embodiments of the connector, the plurality of conductors may include at least a first set of conductors and a second set of conductors. In such embodiments, each of the conductors of the first set may contact a first loading fiber and each of the conductors of the second set may contact a second loading fiber. Each conductor of the first set of conductors may have a first cross-sectional area, and each conductor of the second set of conductors may have a second cross-sectional area. Each conductor of the first set of conductors may include a first material, and each conductor of the second set of conductors may include a second material. The first material may be, for example, an arc resistant copper alloy, and the second material may be, for example, a substantially high copper content alloy. The second set of conductors may be electrically isolated from the first set of conductors. For example, an insulating material may be disposed between the first and second sets of conductors.
In certain embodiments, the connector may include a termination contact member to which at least one end of each conductor is coupled. Each conductor may have a termination portion, and the lengths of the termination portions of the conductors may be substantially equal. In certain embodiments, the connector may include a mating conductor having a contact mating surface. An electrical connection may be established between the at least one contact point of each conductor and the contact mating surface of the mating conductor. In one example, at least a portion of the contact mating surface may be curved. The curved portion of the contact mating surface may be defined, for example, by a constant radius of curvature. In one example, a cross-sectional area of the contact mating surface may vary along at least a portion of a longitudinal axis of the mating conductor.
In certain embodiments, the connector may include a termination housing having a first termination contact member and a second termination contact member. The second termination contact member may be electrically isolated from the first termination contact member. The plurality of conductors may include a first set of conductors and a second set of conductors. Each conductor of the first set of conductors may contact a first loading fiber, and each conductor of the second set of conductors may contact a second loading fiber. The second set of conductors may be electrically isolated from the first set of conductors. At least one end of each conductor of the first set of conductors may be coupled to the first termination contact member, and at least one end of each conductor of the second set of conductors may be coupled to the second termination contact member. In one example, the connector may further include a mating conductor having a first contact mating surface and a second contact mating surface that is electrically isolated from the first contact mating surface. An electrical connection may be established between the at least one contact point of the conductors of said first set and the first contact mating surface, and an electrical connection may be established between the at least one contact point of the conductors of the second set and the second contact mating surface.
In certain embodiments, the connector may be a power connector having a power circuit and a return circuit. In certain embodiments, the connector may be a data connector having at least one signal path. In certain embodiments of the connector, an electrical connection may be established between a first conductor and a second conductor.
In certain embodiments, the connector may include a spring mount having attachment points. Each loading fiber may have a first end and a second end. The first end of each loading fiber may be coupled to at least a portion of the attachment points. In certain embodiments, the connector may include a first spring mount having first attachment points and a second spring mount having second attachment points. Each loading fiber may have a first end and a second end. The first end of each loading fiber may be coupled to at least a portion of the first attachment points of the first spring mount, and the second end of each loading fiber may be coupled to at least a portion of the second attachment points of the second spring mount. In certain embodiments of the connector, the connector may include a first floating end plate having first attachment points. Each loading fiber may have a first end and a second end. The first ends of each loading fiber may be coupled to at least a portion of the first attachment points of the first floating end plate. In one example, the connector may include a spring arm for engaging the first floating end plate.
In certain embodiments of the connector, the loading fiber may include an elastic material. In certain embodiments of the connector, the loading fiber may include, for example, nylon, fluorocarbon, polyaramids, polyamids, conductive metal, or natural fiber.
In one aspect of the present invention, a contact connector may be provided. The contact connector may include a conductive base and a conductive post. An end of the conductive post may be coupled to the conductive base. The connector may include a loading fiber and a conductor having at least one contact point. The conductor may contact the conductive post and the loading fiber. The loading fiber may be capable of delivering a contact force at each contact point of the conductor. In certain embodiments of the connector, the conductor may be spirally wound around the conductive post and the loading fiber. In certain embodiments of the connector, the conductive post and the loading fiber may be arranged in a skew divergent manner about a longitudinal axis of the connector.
In certain embodiments, the connector may include a mating conductor having a contact mating surface. An electrical connection may be established between the at least one contact point of the conductor and the contact mating surface of the mating conductor. In one example, at least a portion of the contact mating surface may be curved. The curved portion of the contact mating surface may be defined, for example, by a constant radius of curvature.
In certain embodiments, the connector may include a second conductive post. An end of the second conductive post may be coupled to the conductive base. The connector may include a second loading fiber and a second conductor having at least one contact point. The second conductor may contact the second conductive post and the second loading fiber. The second loading fiber may be capable of delivering a contact force at each contact point of the second conductor. In one example, the connector may further include a mating conductor having a contact mating surface. An electrical connection may be established between the at least one contact point of the conductors and the contact mating surface of the mating conductor.
In certain embodiments, the connector may include a top ring disposed substantially parallel to the conductive base and at least one set of springs coupled to both the conductive base and the top ring. The at least one set of springs may provide tension in the loading fiber when the loading fiber is connected to both the top ring and the conductive base.
In one aspect of the present invention, a contact connector may be provided. The contact connector may include a base having a first conductive portion and a second conductive portion. The second conductive portion may be electrically isolated from the first conductive portion. The connector may include a first conductive post having an end that is coupled to the first conductive portion of the base. The connector may include a first loading fiber and a first conductor having at least one contact point. The first conductor may contact the first conductive post and the first loading fiber. The first loading fiber may be capable of delivering a contact force at each contact point of the first conductor. The connector may include a second conductive post having an end that is coupled to the second conductive portion of the base. The connector may include a second loading fiber and a second conductor having at least one contact point. The said second conductor may contact the second conductive post and the second loading fiber. The second loading fiber may be capable of delivering a contact force at each contact point of the second conductor. In certain embodiments, the connector may include a mating conductor having a first contact mating surface and a second contact mating surface. An electrical connection may be established between each contact point of the first conductor and the first contact mating surface, and an electrical connection may be established between each contact point of the second conductor and the second contact mating surface.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing and other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following non-limiting discussion of various embodiments and aspects thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout the different figures. The drawings are provided for the purposes of illustration and explanation, and are not intended to limit the breadth of the present disclosure.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a conventional backplane assembly;
FIG. 2a is a perspective view of a conventional backplane assembly showing an enlarged portion of a conventional male connector element;
FIG. 2b is a perspective view of a conventional backplane assembly showing an enlarged portion of a conventional female connector element;
FIG. 3a is a cross-sectional view of a conventional connector as may be used with the backplane assemblies of FIGS. 1, 2a, and 2b; 
FIG. 3b is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a single connection of the conventional connector of FIG. 3a; 
FIG. 4a is an illustration of an enlarged portion of the conventional connector of FIG. 3b, showing a trapped particle;
FIG. 4b is an illustration of the enlarged connector portion of FIG. 4a, with the particle embedded into a surface of the connector;
FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of an example of the plowing phenomenon;
FIGS. 6a–g are diagrammatic representations of particle agglomeration, with and without particle traps present in a connector;
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an illustrative woven connector in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an enlarged portion of the woven connector of FIG. 7 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 9a and 9b are enlarged cross-sectional views of a portion of the connector of FIG. 8 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a simplified cross-sectional view of the connector of FIG. 7 with movable, tensioning end walls in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a simplified cross-sectional view of the connector of FIG. 7 with spring members attaching the non-conductive weave fibers to the end walls in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of another illustrative tensioning mount in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 13a is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the woven connector of FIGS. 7 and 8 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 13b is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the woven connector of FIGS. 7 and 8 with a particle;
FIG. 14 is a plan view of an enlarged portion of the woven connector of FIG. 7 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 15a is a perspective view of the connector of FIG. 7, mated with a mating connector element in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 15b is another perspective view of the connector of FIG. 7, mated with a mating connector element in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 16a is a perspective view of another illustrative connector in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 16b is a perspective view of the connector of FIG. 16a with mating connector element disengaged in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 17a is a perspective view of yet another illustrative connector in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 17b is another perspective view of the connector of FIG. 17a in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 18 is a perspective view of still another illustrative woven connector in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 19 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the connector of FIG. 18 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 20a is a perspective view of an illustrative mating connector element in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 20b is a cross-sectional view of another illustrative mating connector element in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 21 is a perspective view of still another illustrative mating connector element that may form part of the connector of FIG. 18 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 22 is a perspective view of yet another illustrative mating connector element, including a shield, that may form part of the connector of FIG. 18 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 23 is a perspective view of an array of woven connectors in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of an illustrative woven connector that demonstrates the orientation of a conductor and a loading fiber in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 25a and 25b are cross-sectional views of illustrative methods for terminating conductors woven onto loading fibers in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 26a–c are perspective views of illustrative woven connectors having self-terminating conductors in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 27 is a graph illustrating the electrical resistance versus normal contact force relationship of several different illustrative woven connectors in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 28a and 28b are cross-sectional views of an illustrative woven connector in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 29 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of an illustrative woven connector having a convex contact mating surface in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 30 is a perspective view of an illustrative woven power connector in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 31 is rear perspective view of the woven connector of FIG. 30 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 32a–c are sectional views of illustrative spring arms in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 33 is a perspective view illustrating the engagement of the conductors and mating conductors of the woven connector of FIG. 30 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 34 is a perspective view of another illustrative woven power connector in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 35 is another perspective view of the connector of FIG. 34 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 36a–c are sectional views of illustrative spring arms of the woven connector of FIG. 34 that generate a load within the loading fibers in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 37a and 37b are perspective views of an illustrative woven data connector in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 38 is a perspective view of yet another illustrative woven power connector in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 39a and 39b are perspective views of the woven connector element of FIG. 38 with and without a faceplate, respectively, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 40 is a perspective view of the mating connector element of FIG. 38 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 41 is a perspective view of still another illustrative woven power connector in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 42 is a perspective view of an illustrative woven conductor in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 43 is a cross-sectional view of an illustrative woven connector in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 44 is a schematic diagram illustrating an electrical resistance network that is representative of the connector of FIG. 43 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 45 is a perspective view of another illustrative woven conductor in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 46 is a cross-sectional view of another illustrative woven connector in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 47 is a schematic diagram illustrating an electrical resistance network that is representative of the connector of FIG. 46 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 48 is a perspective view of still another illustrative woven connector in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 49 is a cross-sectional view of another illustrative woven connector in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 50 is a cross-sectional view of another illustrative woven connector in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 51 is a cross-sectional view of another illustrative woven connector in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 52 is a cross-sectional view of another illustrative woven connector in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 53 is a perspective view of an illustrative conducting post in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 54 is a perspective view of another illustrative connector in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 55 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the engagement of conductors with a mating conductor in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 56 is a schematic diagram illustrating various orientations for arranging loading fibers relative to a mating conductor in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 57 is a cross-sectional view of another illustrative connector in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention; and
FIG. 58 is a schematic diagram illustrating an electrical resistance network that is representative of the connector of FIG. 57 in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention provides an electrical connector that may overcome the disadvantages of prior art connectors. The invention comprises an electrical connector capable of very high density and using only a relatively low normal force to engage a connector element with a mating connector element. It is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. Other embodiments and manners of carrying out the invention are possible. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. In addition, it is to be appreciated that the term “connector” as used herein refers to each of a plug and jack connector element and to a combination of a plug and jack connector element, as well as respective mating connector elements of any type of connector and the combination thereof. It is also to be appreciated that the term “conductor” refers to any electrically conducting element, such as, but not limited to, wires, conductive fibers, metal strips, metal or other conducting cores, etc.
Referring to FIG. 7, there is illustrated one embodiment of a connector according to aspects of the invention. The connector 80 includes a housing 82 that may include a base member 84 and two end walls 86. A plurality of non-conductive fibers 88 may be disposed between the two end walls 86. A plurality of conductors 90 may extend from the base member 84, substantially perpendicular to the plurality of non-conductive fibers 88. The plurality of conductors 90 may be woven with the plurality of non-conductive fibers so as to form a plurality of peaks and valleys along a length of each of the plurality of conductors, thereby forming a woven connector structure. Resulting from the weave, each conductor may have a plurality of contact points positioned along the length of each of the plurality of conductors, as will be discussed in more detail below.
In one embodiment, a number of conductors 90a, for example, four conductors, may together form one electrical contact. However, it is to be appreciated that each conductor may alone form a separate electrical contact, or that any number of conductors may be combined to form a single electrical contact. The connector of FIG. 7 may be include termination contacts 91 which may be permanently or removably connected to, for example, a backplane or daughter board. In the illustrated example, the termination contacts 91 are mounted to a plate 102 that may be mounted to the base member 84 of housing 82. Alternatively, the termination may be connected directly to the base member 84 of the housing 82. The base member 84 and/or end walls 86 may also be used to secure the connector 80 to the backplane or daughter board. The connector of FIG. 7 may be adapted to engage with one or more mating connector elements, as discussed below.
FIG. 8 illustrates an example of an enlarged portion of the connector 80, illustrating one electrical contact comprising the four conductors 90a. The four conductors 90a may be connected to a common termination contact 91. It is to be appreciated that the termination contact 91 need not have the shape illustrated, but may have any suitable configuration for termination to, for example, a semiconductor device, a circuit board, a cable, etc. According to one example, the plurality of conductors 90a may include a first conductor 90b and a second conductor 90c located adjacent the first conductor 90b. The first and second conductors may be woven with the plurality of nonconductive fibers 88 such that a first one of the non-conductive fibers 88 passes over a valley 92 of the first conductor 90b and under a peak 94 of the second conductor 90c. Thus, the plurality of contact points along the length of the conductors may be provided by either the valleys or the peaks, depending on where a contacting mating connector is located. A mating contact 96, illustrated in FIG. 8, may form part of a mating connector element 97 that may be engaged with the connector 80, as illustrated in FIG. 15b. As shown in FIG. 8, at least some of the valleys of the conductors 90a provide the plurality of contact points between the conductors 90a and the mating contact 96. It is also to be appreciated that the mating contact need not have the shape illustrated, but may have any suitable configuration for termination to, for example, a semiconductor device, a circuit board, a cable, etc.
According to one embodiment, tension in the weave of the connector 80 may provide a contact force between the conductors of the connector 80 and the mating connector 96. In one example, the plurality of non-conductive fibers 88 may comprise an elastic material. The elastic tension that may be generated in the non-conductive fibers 88 by stretching the elastic fibers, may be used to provide the contact force between the connector 80 and the mating contact 96. The elastic non-conductive fibers may be prestretched to provide the elastic force, or may be mounted to tensioning mounts, as will be discussed in more detail below.
Referring to FIG. 9a, there is illustrated an enlarged cross-sectional view of the connector of FIG. 8, taken along line A—A in FIG. 8. The elastic non-conductive fiber 88 may be tensioned in the directions of arrows 93a and 93b, to provide a predetermined tension in the non-conductive fiber, which in turn may provide a predetermined contact force between the conductors 90 and the mating contact 96. In the example illustrated in FIG. 9a, the non-conductive fiber 88 may be tensioned such that the non-conductive fiber 88 makes an angle 95 with respect to a plane 99 of the mating conductor 96, so as to press the conductors 90 against the mating contact 96. In this embodiment, more than one conductor 90 may be making contact with the mating conductor 96. Alternatively, as illustrated in FIG. 9b, a single conductor 90 may be in contact with any single mating conductor 96, providing the electrical contact as discussed above. Similar to the previous example, the non-conductive fiber 88 is tensioned in the directions of the arrows 93a and 93b, and makes an angle 97 with respect to the plane of the mating contact 96, on either side of the conductor 90.
As discussed above, the elastic non-conductive fibers 88 may be attached to tensioning mounts. For example, the end walls 86 of the housing may act as tensioning mounts to provide a tension in the non-conductive fibers 88. This may be accomplished, for example, by constructing the end walls 86 to be movable between a first, or rest position 250 and a second, or tensioned, position 252, as illustrated in FIG. 10. Movement of the end walls 86 from the rest position 250 to the tensioned position 252 causes the elastic non-conductive fibers 88 to be stretched, and thus tensioned. As illustrated, the length of the non-conductive fibers 88 may be altered between a first length 251 of the fibers when the tensioning mounts are in the rest position 250, (when no mating connector is engaged with the connector 80), and a second length 253 when the tensioning mounts are in the tensioned position 252 (when a mating connector is engaged with the connector 80). This stretching and tensioning of the non-conductive fibers 88 may in turn provide contact force between the conductive weave (not illustrated in FIG. 10 for clarity), and the mating contact, when the mating connector is engaged with the connector element.
According to another example, illustrated in FIG. 11, springs 254 may be provided connected to one or both ends of the non-conductive fibers 88 and to a corresponding one or both of the end walls 86, the springs providing the elastic force. In this example, the non-conductive fibers 88 may be non-elastic, and may include an inelastic material such as, for example, a polyamid fiber, a polyaramid fiber, and the like. The tension in the non-conductive weave may be provided by the spring strength of the springs 254, the tension in turn providing contact force between the conductive weave (not illustrated for clarity) and conductors of a mating connector element. In yet another example, the non-conductive fibers 88 may be elastic or inelastic, and may be mounted to tensioning plates 256 (see FIG. 12), which may in turn be mounted to the end walls 86, or may be the end walls 86. The tensioning plates may comprise a plurality of spring members 262, each spring member defining an opening 260, and each spring member 262 being separated from adjacent spring members by a slot 264. Each non-conductive fiber may be threaded through a corresponding opening 260 in the tensioning plate 256, and may be mounted to the tensioning plate, for example, glued to the tensioning plate, or tied such that an end portion of the non-conductive fiber can not be unthreaded though the opening 260. The slots 264 may enable each spring member 262 to act independent of adjacent spring members, while allowing a plurality of spring members to be mounted on a common tensioning mount 256. Each spring member 262 may allow a small amount of motion, which may provide tension in the non-conductive weave. In one example, the tensioning mount 256 may have an arcuate structure, as illustrated in FIG. 12.
According to one aspect of the invention, providing a plurality of discrete contact points along the length of the connector and mating connector may have several advantages over the single continuous contact of conventional connectors (as illustrated in FIGS. 3a, 3b and 4). For example, when a particle becomes trapped between the surfaces of a conventional connector, as shown in FIG. 4, the particle can prevent an electrical connection from being made between the surfaces, and can cause plowing which may accelerate wear of the connector. The applicants have discovered that plowing by trapped particles is a significant source of wear of conventional connectors. The problem of plowing, and resulting lack of a good electrical connection being formed, may be overcome by the woven connectors of the present invention. The woven connectors have the feature of being “locally compliant,” which herein shall be understood to mean that the connectors have the ability to conform to a presence of small particles, without affecting the electrical connection being made between surfaces of the connector. Referring to FIGS. 13a and 13b, there are illustrated enlarged cross-sectional views of the connector of FIGS. 7 and 8, showing the plurality of conductors 90a providing a plurality of discrete contact points along the length of the mating connector element 96. When no particle is present, each peak/valley of conductors 90a may contact the mating contact 96, as shown in FIG. 13a. When a particle 98 becomes trapped between the connector surfaces, the peak/valley 100 where the particle is located, conforms to the presence of the particle, and can be deflected by the particle and not make contact with the mating contact 96, as shown in FIG. 13b. However, the other peaks/valleys of the conductors 90a remain in contact with the mating contact 96, thereby providing an electrical connection between the conductors and the mating contact 96. With this arrangement, very little force may be applied to the particle, and thus when the woven surface of the connector moves with respect to the other surface, the particle does not plow a groove in the other surface, but rather, each contact point of the woven connector may be deflected as it encounters a particle. Thus, the woven connectors may prevent plowing from occurring, thereby reducing wear of the connectors and extending the useful life of the connectors.
Referring again to FIG. 7, the connector 80 may further comprise one or more insulating fibers 104 that may be woven with the plurality of non-conductive fibers 88 and may be positioned between sets of conductors that together form an electrical contact. The insulating fibers 104 may serve to electrically isolate one electrical contact from another, preventing the conductors of one electrical contact from coming into contact with the conductors of the other electrical contact and causing an electrical short between the contacts. An enlarged portion of an example of connector 80 is illustrated in FIG. 14. As shown, the connector 80 may include a first plurality of conductors 110a and a second plurality of conductors 110b, separated by one or more insulating fibers 104a and woven with the plurality of non-conductive fibers 88. As discussed above, the first plurality of conductors 110a may be connected to a first termination contact 112a, forming a first electrical contact. Similarly, the second plurality of conductors 110b may be connected to a second termination contact 112b, forming a second electrical contact. In one example, the termination contacts 112a and 112b may together form a differential signal pair of contacts. Alternatively, each termination contact may form a single, separate electrical signal contact. According to another example, the connector 80 may further comprise an electrical shield member 106, that may be positioned, as shown in FIG. 7, to separate differential signal pair contacts from one another. Of course, it is to be appreciated that an electrical shield member may also be included in examples of the connector 80 that do not have differential signal pair contacts.
FIGS. 15a and 15b illustrate the connector 80 in combination with a mating connector 97. The mating connector 97 may include one or more mating contacts 96 (see FIG. 8), and may also include a mating housing 116 that may have top and bottom plate members 118a and 118b, separated by a spacer 120. The mating contacts 96 may be mounted to the top and/or bottom plate members 118a and 118b, such that when the connector 80 is engaged with the mating connector 97, at least some of the contact points of the plurality of conductors 90 contact the mating contacts 96, providing an electrical connection between the connector 80 and mating connector 97. In one example, the mating contacts 96 may be alternately spaced along the top and bottom plate members 118a and 118b as illustrated in FIG. 15a. The spacer 120 may be constructed such that a height of the spacer 120 is substantially equal to or slightly less than a height of the end walls 86 of connector 80, so as to provide an interference fit between the connector 80 and the mating connector 97 and so as to provide contact force between the mating conductors and the contact points of the plurality of conductors 90. In one example, the spacer may be constructed to accommodate movable tensioning end walls 86 of the connector 80, as described above.
It is to be appreciated that the conductors and non-conductive and insulating fibers making up the weave may be extremely thin, for example having diameters in a range of approximately 0.0001 inches to approximately 0.020 inches, and thus a very high density connector may be possible using the woven structure. Because the woven conductors are locally compliant, as discussed above, little energy may be expended in overcoming friction, and thus the connector may require only a relatively low normal force to engage a connector with a mating connector element. This may also increase the useful life of the connector as there is a lower possibility of breakage or bending of the conductors occurring when the connector element is engaged with the mating connector element. Pockets or spaces present in the weave as a natural consequence of weaving the conductors and insulating fibers with the non-conductive fibers may also act as particle traps. Unlike conventional particle traps, these particle traps may be present in the weave without any special manufacturing considerations, and do not provide stress features, as do conventional particle traps.
Referring to FIGS. 16a and 16b, there is illustrated another embodiment of a woven connector according to aspects of the invention. In this embodiment, a connector 130 may include a first connector element 132 and a mating connector element 134. The first connector element may comprise first and second conductors 136a and 136b that may be mounted to an insulating housing block 138. It is to be appreciated that although in the illustrated example the first connector element includes two conductors, the invention is not so limited and the first connector element may include more than two conductors. The first and second conductors may have an undulating form along a length of the first and second conductors, as illustrated, so as to include a plurality of contact points 139 along the length of the conductors. In one example of this embodiment, the weave is provided by a plurality of elastic bands 140 that encircle the first and second conductors 136a and 136b. According to this example, a first elastic band may pass under a first peak of the first conductor 136a and over a first valley of the second conductor 136b, so as to provide a woven structure having similar advantages and properties to that described with respect to the connector 80 (FIGS. 7–15b) above. The elastic bands 140 may include an elastomer, or may be formed of another insulating material. It is also to be appreciated that the bands 140 need not be elastic, and may include an inelastic material. The first and second conductors of the first connector element may be terminated in corresponding first and second termination contacts 146, which may be permanently or removably connected to, for example, a backplane, a circuit board, a semiconductor device, a cable, etc.
As discussed above, the connector 130 may further comprise a mating connector element (rod member) 134, which may comprise third and fourth conductors 142a, 142b separated by an insulating member 144. When the mating connector element 134 is engaged with the first connector element 132, at least some of the contact points 139 of the first and second conductors may contact the third and fourth conductors, and provide an electrical connection between the first connector element and the mating connector element. Contact force may be provided by the tension in the elastic bands 140. It is to be appreciated that the mating connector element 134 may include additional conductors adapted to contact any additional conductors of the first connector element, and is not limited to having two conductors as illustrated. The mating connector element 134 may similarly include termination contacts 148 that may be permanently or removably connected to, for example, a backplane, a circuit board, a semiconductor device, a cable, etc.
An example of another woven connector according to aspects of the invention is illustrated in FIGS. 17a and 17b. In this embodiment, a connector 150 may include a first connector element 152 and a mating connector element 154. The first connector element 152 may comprise a housing 156 that may include a base member 158 and two opposing end walls 160. The first connector element may include a plurality of conductors 162 that may be mounted to the base member and may have an undulating form along a length of the conductors, similar to the conductors 136a and 136b of connector 130 described above. The undulating form of the conductors may provide a plurality of contact points along the length of the conductors. A plurality of non-conductive fibers 164 may be disposed between the two opposing end walls 160 and woven with the plurality of conductors 162, forming a woven connector structure. The mating connector element 154 may include a plurality of conductors 168 mounted to an insulating block 166. When the mating connector element 154 is engaged with the first connector element 152, as illustrated in FIG. 17a, at least some of the plurality of contact points along the lengths of the plurality of conductors of the first connector element may contact the conductors of the mating connector element to provide an electrical connection therebetween. In one example, the plurality of non-conductive fibers 164 may be elastic and may provide a contact force between the conductors of the first connector element and the mating connector element, as described above with reference to FIGS. 9a and 9b. Furthermore, the connector 150 may include any of the other tensioning structures described above with reference to FIGS. 10a–12. This connector 150 may also have the advantages described above with respect to other embodiments of woven connectors. In particular, connector 150 may prevent trapped particles from plowing the surfaces of the conductors in the same manner described in reference to FIG. 13.
Referring to FIG. 18, there is illustrated yet another embodiment of a woven connector according to the invention. The connector 170 may include a woven structure including a plurality of non-conductive fibers (bands) 172 and at least one conductor 174 woven with the plurality of non-conductive fibers 172. In one example, the connector may include a plurality of conductors 174, some of which may be separated from one another by one or more insulating fibers 176. The one or more conductors 174 may be woven with the plurality of non-conductive fibers 172 so as to form a plurality of peaks and valleys along a length of the conductors, thereby providing a plurality of contact points along the length of the conductors. The woven structure may be in the form of a tube, as illustrated, with one end of the weave connected to a housing member 178. However, it is to be appreciated that the woven structure is not limited to tubes, and may have any shape as desired. The housing member 178 may include a termination contact 180 that may be permanently or removably connected to, for example, a circuit board, backplane, semiconductor device, cable, etc. It is to be appreciated that the termination contact 180 need not be round as illustrated, but may have any shape suitable for connection to devices in the application in which the connector is to be used.
The connector 170 may further include a mating connector element (rod member) 182 to be engaged with the woven tube. The mating connector element 182 may have a circular cross-section, as illustrated, but it is to be appreciated that the mating connector element need not be round, and may have another shape as desired. The mating connector element 182 may comprise one or more conductors 184 that may be spaced apart circumferentially along the mating connector element 182 and may extend along a length of the mating connector element 182. When the mating connector element 182 is inserted into the woven tube, the conductors 174 of the weave may come into contact with the conductors 184 of the mating connector element 182, thereby providing an electrical connection between the conductors of the weave and the mating connector element. According to one example, the mating connector element 182 and/or the woven tune may include registration features (not illustrated) so as to align the mating connector element 182 with the woven tube upon insertion.
In one example, the non-conductive fibers 172 may be elastic and may have a circumference substantially equal to or slightly smaller than a circumference of the mating connector element 182 so as to provide an interference fit between the mating connector element and the woven tube. Referring to FIG. 19, there is illustrated an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the connector 170, illustrating that the nonconductive fibers 172 may be tensioned in directions of arrows 258. The tensioned nonconductive fibers 172 may provide contact force that causes at least some of the plurality of contact points along the length of the conductors 174 of the weave to contact the conductors 184 of the mating connector element. In another example, the non-conductive fibers 172 may be inelastic and may include spring members (not shown), such that the spring members allow the circumference of the tube to expand when the mating connector element 182 is inserted. The spring members may thus provide the elastic/tension force in the woven tube which in turn may provide contact force between at least some of the plurality of contact points and the conductors 184 of the mating connector element 182.
As discussed above, the weave is locally compliant, and may also include spaces or pockets between weave fibers that may act as particle traps. Furthermore, one or more conductors 174 of the weave may be grouped together (in the illustrated example of FIGS. 18 and 19, the conductors 174 are grouped in pairs) to provide a single electrical contact. Grouping the conductors may further improve the reliability of the connector by providing more contact points per electrical contact, thereby decreasing the overall contact resistance and also providing capability for complying with several particles without affecting the electrical connection.
Referring to FIGS. 20a and 20b, there are illustrated in perspective view and cross-section, respectively, two examples of a mating connector element 182 that may be used with the connector 170. According to one example, illustrated in FIG. 20a, the mating connector element 182 may include a dielectric or other non-conducting core 188 surrounded, or at least partially surrounded, by a conductive layer 190. The conductors 184 may be separated from the conductive layer 190 by insulating members 192. The insulating members may be separate for each conductor 184 as illustrated, or may comprise an insulating layer at least partially surrounding the conductive layer 190. The mating connector element may further include an insulating housing block 186.
According to another example, illustrated in FIG. 20b, a mating connector element 182 may comprise a conductive core 194 that may define a cavity 196 therein. Any one or more of an optical fiber, a strength member to increase the overall strength and durability of the rod member, and a heat transfer member that may serve to dissipate heat built up in the connector from the electrical signals propagating in the conductors, may be located within the cavity 196. In one example, a drain wire may be located within the cavity and may be connected to the conductive core to serve as a grounding wire for the connector. As illustrated in FIG. 20a, the housing block 186 may be round, increasing the circumference of the mating connector element, and may include one or more notches 198 that may serve as registration points for the connector to assist in aligning the mating connector element with the conductors of the woven tube. Alternatively, the housing block may include flattened portions 200, as illustrated in FIG. 20b, that may serve as registration guides. It is further to be appreciated that the housing block may have another shape, as desired and may include any form of registration known to, or developed by, one of skill in the art.
FIG. 21 illustrates yet another example of a mating connector element 182 that may be used with the connector 170. In this example, the mating connector element may include a dielectric or other non-conducting core 202 that may be formed with one or more grooves, to allow the conductors 184 to be formed therein, such that a top surface of the conductors 184 is substantially flush with an outer surface of the mating connector element.
According to another example, illustrated in FIG. 22, the connector 170 may further comprise an electrical shield 204 that may be placed substantially surrounding the woven tube. The shield may comprise an non-conducting inner layer 206 that may prevent the conductors 174 from contacting the shield and thus being shorted together. In one example, the rod member may comprise a drain wire located within a cavity of the mating connector element, as discussed above, and the drain wire may be electrically connected to the electrical shield 204. The shield 204 may comprise, for example, a foil, a metallic braid, or another type of shield construction known to those of skill in the art.
Referring to FIG. 23, there is illustrated an example of an array of woven connectors according to aspects of the invention. According to one embodiment, the array 210 may comprise one or more woven connectors 212 of a first type, and one or more woven connectors 214 of a second type. In one example, the woven connectors 212 may be the connector 80 described above in reference to FIGS. 7–15b, and may be used to connect signal traces and or components on different circuit boards to one another. The woven connectors 214 may be the connector 170 described above in reference to FIGS. 18–22, and may be used to connect power traces or components on the different circuit boards to one another. In one example where the connector 170 may be used to provide power supply connections, the rod member 180 may be substantially completely conductive. Furthermore, in this example, there may be no need to include insulating fibers 176, and the fibers 172, previously described as being non-conductive, may in fact be conductive so as to provide a larger electrical path between the woven tube and the rod member. The connectors may be mounted to a board 216, as illustrated, which may be, for example, a backplane, a circuit board, etc., which may include electrical traces and components mounted to a reverse side, or positioned between the connectors (not shown).
As discussed herein, the utilization of conductors being woven or intertwined with loading fibers, e.g., non-conductive fibers, can provide particular advantages for electrical connector systems. Designers are constantly struggling to develop (1) smaller electrical connectors and (2) electrical connectors which have minimal electrical resistance. The woven connectors described herein can provide advantages in both of these areas. The total electrical resistance of an assembled electrical connector is generally a function of the electrical resistance properties of the male-side of the connector, the electrical resistance properties of the female-side of the connector, and the electrical resistance of the interface that lies between these two sides of the connector. The electrical resistance properties of both the male and female-sides of the electrical connector are generally dependent upon the physical geometries and material properties of their respective electrical conductors. The electrical resistance of a male-side connector, for example, is typically a function of its conductor's (or conductors') cross-sectional area, length and material properties. The physical geometries and material selections of these conductors are often dictated by the load capabilities of the electrical connector, size constraints, structural and environmental considerations, and manufacturing capabilities.
Another critical parameter of an electrical connector is to achieve a low and stable separable electrical resistance interface, i.e., electrical contact resistance. The electrical contact resistance between a conductor and a mating conductor in certain loading regions can be a function of the normal contact force that is being exerted between the two conductive surfaces. As can be seen in FIG. 24, the normal contact force 310 of a woven connector is a function of the tension T exerted by the loading fiber 304, the angle 312 that is formed between the loading fiber 304 and the contact mating surface 308 of the mating conductor 306, and the number of conductors 302 of which the tension T is acting upon. As the tension T and/or angle 312 increase, the normal contact force 310 also increases. Moreover, for a desired normal contact force 310 there may be a wide variety of tension T/angle 312 combinations that can produce the desired normal contact force 310.
FIGS. 25a–b illustrate a method for terminating the conductors 302 that are woven onto loading fibers 304. Referring to FIG. 25a, conductor 302 winds around a first loading fiber 304a, a second loading fiber 304b and a last loading fiber 304z. The orientation and/or pattern of the conductor 302—loading fiber 304 weave can vary in other embodiments, e.g., a valley formed by a conductor 302 may encompass more than one loading fiber 304, etc. The conductors 302 on one side terminate at a termination point 340. Termination point 340 will generally comprise a termination contact, as previously discussed. In an exemplary embodiment, the conductors 302 may also terminate on the opposite side of the weave at another termination point (not shown) that, unlike termination point 340, will generally not comprise a termination contact. FIG. 25b illustrates a preferred embodiment for weaving the conductors 302 onto the loading fibers 304a–z. In FIG. 25b, the conductor 302 is woven around the first and second loading fibers 304a, 304b in the same manner as discussed above. In this preferred embodiment, however, conductor 302 then wraps around the last loading fiber 304z and is then woven around the second loading fiber 304b and then the first loading fiber 304a. Thus, the conductor 302 begins at termination point 340, is woven around the conductors 304a, 304b, wrapped around loading fiber 304z, woven (again) around loading fibers 304b, 304a, and terminates at termination point 340. Having a conductor 302 wrap around the last loading fiber 304z and becoming the next conductor (thread) in the weave eliminates the need for a second termination point. Consequently, when a conductor 302 is wrapped around the last loading fiber 304z in this manner the conductor 302 is referred to as being self-terminating.
FIGS. 26a–c illustrate some exemplary embodiments of how conductor(s) 302 can be woven onto loading fibers 304. The conductor 302 of FIGS. 26a–c is self-terminating and, while only one conductor 302 is shown, persons skilled in the art will readily appreciate that additional conductors 302 will usually be present within the depicted embodiments. FIG. 26a illustrates a conductor 302 that is arranged as a straight weave. The conductor 302 forms a first set of peaks 364 and valleys 366, wraps back upon itself (i.e., is self-terminated) and then forms a second set of peaks 364 and valleys 366 that lie adjacent to and are offset from the first set of peaks 364 and valleys 366. A peak 364 from the first set and a valley 366 from the second set (or, alternatively, a valley 366 from the first set and a peak 364 from the second set) together can form a loop 362. Loading fibers 304 can be located within (i.e., be engaged with) the loops 362. While the conductor 302 of FIGS. 26a–c is shown as being self-terminating, in other exemplary embodiments, the conductors 302 need not be self-terminating. Using non self-terminating conductors 302, to form a straight weave similar to the one disclosed in FIG. 26a, a first conductor 302 forms a first set of peaks 364 and valleys 366 while a second conductor 302 forms a second set of peaks 364 and valleys 366 which lie adjacent to and are offset from the first set. The loops 362 are similarly formed from corresponding peaks 364 and valleys 366. FIG. 26b illustrates a conductor 302 that is arranged as a crossed weave. The conductor 302 of FIG. 26b forms a first set of peaks 364 and valleys 366, wraps back upon itself and then forms a second set of peaks 364 and valleys 366 which are interwoven with, and are offset from, the first set of peaks 364 and valleys 366. Similarly, peaks 364 from the first set and valleys 366 from the second set (or, alternatively, valleys 366 from the first set and peaks 364 from the second set) together can form loops 362, which may be occupied by loading fibers 304. Non self-terminating conductors 302 may also be arranged as a crossed weave.
FIG. 26c depicts a self-terminating conductor 302 that is cross woven onto four loading fibers 304. The conductor 302 of FIG. 26c forms five loops 362a–e. In certain exemplary embodiments, a loading fiber(s) 304 is located within each of the loops 362 that are formed by the conductors 302. However, not all loops 362 need to be occupied by a loading fiber 304. FIG. 26c, for example, illustrates an exemplary embodiment where loop 362c does not contain a loading fiber 304. It may be desirable to include unoccupied loops 362 within certain conductor 302—loading fiber 304 weave embodiments so as to achieve a desired overall weave stiffness (and flexibility). Having unoccupied loops 362 within the weave may also provide improved operations and manufacturing benefits. When the weave structure is mounted to a base, for example, there may be a slight misalignment of the weave relative to the mating conductor. This misalignment may be compensated for due to the presence of the unoccupied loop 362. Thus, by utilizing loops that are unoccupied or “unstitched”, i.e., a loading fiber 304 does not contact the loop, compliance of the weave structure to ensure better conductor/mating conductor conductivity while keeping the weave tension to a minimum may be achieved. Utilizing unoccupied loops 362 may also permit greater tolerance allowances during the assembly process. Moreover, the use of unstitched loops 362 may allow the use of common tooling for different connector embodiments (e.g., the same tooling might be used for a weave 8 having eight loops 362 with six “stitched” loading fibers 304 as for a weave having eight loops 362 with eight loading fibers 304. As an alternative to using an unstitched loop 362, a straight (unwoven) conductor 302 may be used instead.
Tests of a wide variety of conductor 302—loading fiber 304 weave geometries were performed to determine the relationship between normal contact force 310 and electrical contact resistance. Referring to FIG. 27, the total electrical resistance of the tested woven connector embodiments, as represented on y-axis 314, of the different woven connector embodiments (as listed in the legend) was determined over a range of normal contact forces, as represented on x-axis 316. As represented in FIG. 27, the general trend 318 indicates that as the normal contact force (in Newtons (N)) increases, the contact resistance component of the total electrical resistance (in milli-ohms (mOhms)) generally decreases. Persons skilled in the art will readily recognize, however, that the decrease in contact resistance only extends over a certain range of normal contact forces; any further increases over a threshold normal contact force will produce no further reduction in electrical contact resistance. In other words, trend 318 tends to flatten out as one moves further and further along the x-axis 316.
From the data of FIG. 27, for example, one can then determine a normal contact force (or range thereof) that is sufficient for minimizing a woven connector's electrical contact resistance. To generate these normal contact forces, the preferred operating range of the tension T to be loaded in the loading fiber(s) 304 and the angle 312 (which is indicative of the orientation of the loading fiber(s) 304 relative to the conductor(s) 302) can then be determined for an identified woven connector embodiment. As persons skilled in the art will readily appreciate, the vast majority of the conventional electrical connectors that are available today operate with normal contact forces ranging from about 0.35 to 0.5 N or higher. As is evident by the data represented in FIG. 27, by generating multiple contact points on conductors 302 of a woven connector system, very light loading levels (i.e., normal contact forces) can be used to produce very low and repeatable electrical contact resistances. The data of FIG. 27, for example, demonstrates that for many of the woven connector embodiments tested, normal contact forces of between approximately 0.020 and 0.045 N may be sufficient for minimizing electrical contact resistance. Such normal contact forces thus represent an order of magnitude reduction in the normal contact forces of conventional electrical connectors.
Recognizing that very low normal contact forces can be utilized in these woven multi-contact connectors, the challenge then becomes how to generate these normal contact forces reliably at each of the conductor 302's contact points. The contact points of a conductor 302 are the locations where electrical conductivity is to be established between the conductor 302 and a contact mating surface 308 of a mating conductor 306. FIGS. 28a and 28b depict an exemplary embodiment of a woven multi-contact connector 400 that is capable of generating desired normal contact forces at each of the contact points. FIGS. 26a and 26b depict cross-sectional views of a woven connector 400 having a woven connector element 410 and a mating connector element 420. The woven connector element 410 is comprised of loading fiber(s) 304 and conductors 302. The ends of the loading fibers(s) 304 generally are secured to end plates (not shown) or other fixed structures, as further described below. The loading fiber(s) 304 may be in an unloaded (non-tensioned) or loaded condition prior to the woven connector element 410 being engaged with the mating connector element 420. While only one loading fiber 304 is shown in these cross-sectional views, it should be recognized that additional loading fibers 304 are preferably located behind (or in front of) the depicted loading fiber 304. Woven connector element 410 has three bundles, or arrays, of conductors 302 woven around each loading fiber 304. The hidden-line portions of conductors 302 reflect where the woven conductors' 302 peaks and valleys are out of plane with the particular cross-section shown. Generally, a second loading fiber 304 (not shown) would be utilized in conjunction with these out-of-plane peaks and valleys. Although not shown here, conductors 302 can be placed directly against adjacent conductors 302 so that electrical conductivity between adjacent conductors 302 can be established.
FIG. 28b depicts the woven connector element 410 of FIG. 28a after being engaged with the mating connector element 420. To engage the woven connector element 410, the woven connector element 410 is inserted into cavity 422 of mating connector element 420. In certain embodiments, a front face (not shown) of the mating conductors 306 may be chamfered to better accommodate the insertion of the woven connector element 410. Upon insertion into the mating connector element 420, the loading fibers 304 are displaced to accommodate the profile of the cavity 422 and the presence of the mating conductors 306. In some embodiments, the displacement of the loading fibers 304 can be facilitated through a stretching of the loading fibers 304. In other embodiments, this displacement can be accommodated through the tightening of an otherwise slack (in a pre-engaged condition) loading fiber 304 or, alternatively, a combination of stretching and tightening, which results in a tension T being present in the loading fibers 304. As previously discussed, due to the orientation and arrangement of the loading fibers 304—conductors 302 weave, the tension T in the loading fibers 304 will cause certain normal contact forces to be present at the contact points. As can be seen in FIG. 28b, the woven connector 400 has mating conductors 306 that are alternately located on the interior surfaces (which define the cavity 422) of the mating connector element 420. This alternating contact arrangement produces alternating contacts on opposite parallel planar contact mating surfaces 308.
Instead of utilizing a flat (e.g., substantially planar) contact mating surface 308 as depicted in FIG. 28b, another embodiment uses a curved, e.g., convex, contact mating surface 308. The curvature of the contact mating surface 308 may permit improved tolerance controls for contact between the contact points of the conductors 302 and the mating conductors 306 in the normal direction. The curved surface (of the contact mating surfaces 308) helps maintain a very tightly controlled normal force between these two separable contact surfaces. The curved surface itself, however, does not generally assist in maintaining lateral alignment between the conductors 302 and the mating conductors 306. Insulating fibers (e.g., insulating fibers 104 as shown in FIG. 7) placed parallel with and interspersed between segments of conductors 302 could be utilized to assist with the lateral alignment of adjacent conductors 302. The curvature of the contact mating surface 308 need not be that significant; improved location tolerances can be realized with a relatively small amount of curvature. In some preferred embodiments, contact mating surfaces 308 having a large radius of curvature may be used to achieve some desired manufacturing location tolerances. FIG. 29 illustrates an alternative mating conductor 306 having a curved contact mating surface 308 that could be used in the woven connector 400 of FIG. 28. The curvature of the contact mating surface 308 allows for a very generous positioning tolerance during manufacturing and operation.
Referring to FIG. 29, improved location tolerances can often be achieved by utilizing contact mating surfaces 308 which have a radius of curvature R 336 that is greater than the width W 309 of the mating conductor 306. Specifically, the relationship between the lateral spacing L 332 found between two conductors 302 and the angle α 334 between the two conductors 302 and the radius of curvature R 336 of the contact mating surface 308 is given by the formula L≈αR. The minimum of the lateral spacing L 332 is set by the diameter of the conductors 302 and, thus, the lateral spacing L 332 may be tightly controlled by locating the conductors 302 directly against each other. In other words, in certain exemplary embodiments the conductors 302 are located so that no gap exists between the adjacent conductors 302. Thus, for a very low angle α 334, the required radius of curvature R 336 can then be determined. In an exemplary embodiment having an angle α 334 of 0.25 degrees and conductors 302 having a diameter of 0.005 inches, for example, a preferred contact mating surface's 308 radius of curvature R 336 would thus be on the order of about 2.29 inches. The tolerance on this is also quite generous as the angle α 334 is directly related to the radius of curvature R 336. For example, if the tolerance on the radius of curvature R 336 was set at ±0.10 inches, then the angle α 334 could vary from between 0.261 degrees and 0.239 degrees. To illustrate the benefits of using a curved contact mating surface 308, to maintain a tolerance of 0.03 degrees on the flat array embodiment of FIG. 28 would require a tolerance of 0.0000105 inches on the offset height H 324. Additionally, the introduction of curved contact mating surfaces 308 does not materially affect the overall height of the woven connectors. With a radius of curvature R 336 of 2.29 inches and a mating conductor 306 width W 309 of 0.50 inches, for example, the total height 311 of the arc would only be about 0.014 inches, i.e., the contact mating surface 308 is nearly flat.
Load balancing is an issue with multi-contact electrical connectors, and particularly so with multi-contact electrical power connectors. Load imbalances within electrical connectors can cause the connectors to burn-out and thus become inoperable. In their basic form, electrical connectors simply provide points of electrical contact between male and female conductive pins. In electrical connectors that are load balanced, the incoming currents are evenly distributed through each of the contact points. Thus for a 10 amp connector having four contact points, the connector is balanced if 2.5 amps are delivered through each contact point. If a connector is not load balanced, then more current will pass through one contact than another contact. This imbalance of electrical current may cause overloading at one of the “overloaded” contact points, which can result in localized welding, localized thermal spikes and conductor plating damage, all of which can lead to increased connector wear and/or very rapid system failure. A load imbalance can be caused by having different conductive path lengths in the connector system, high separable interface electrical contact resistance at one point (e.g., due to poor contact geometry), or large thermal gradients in the connector. An advantage of power connectors as taught by this disclosure is that they can be fully (or substantially) load balanced across many contact points. For each conductor 302 (i.e., conductive fiber), the first contact point that is to make electrical contact with the mating conductor 306 can be designed to carry the full current load that is to be allocated for that conductor 302. Subsequent contact points located along the conductor 302 are also generally designed to carry the full current load in case there is a failure (to provide electrical contact) at the first contact point. The additional contact points located downstream of the first contact point on each of the conductors 302 therefore can carry all or some of the allocated current, but their primary purpose is typically to provide contact redundancy. Moreover, as already stated, the multiple contact points help to prevent localized hot spots by producing multiple thermal pathways.
In most exemplary embodiments, the conductors 302 of a connector will generally have similar geometries, electrical properties and electrical path lengths. In some embodiments, however, the conductors 302 of a connector may have dissimilar geometries, electrical properties and/or electrical path lengths. Additionally, in some preferred power connector embodiments, each conductor 302 of a connector is in electrical contact with the adjacent conductor(s) 302. Providing multiple contact points along each conductor 302 and establishing electrical contact between adjacent conductors 302 further ensures that the multi-contact woven power connector embodiments are sufficiently load balanced. Moreover, the geometry and design of the woven connector prohibit a single point interface failure. If the conductors 302 located adjacent to a first conductor 302 are in electrical contact with mating conductors 306, then the first conductor 302 will not cause a failure (despite the fact that the contact points of the first conductor 302 may not be in contact with a mating conductor 306) since the load in the first conductor 302 can be delivered to a mating conductor 306 via the adjacent conductors 302.
FIG. 30 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a load-balanced multi-contact woven power connector 500. The power connector 500 consists of two extended arrays, a power array and a return array. These arrays provide multiple contact points over a wide area, which can result in high redundancy, lower separable electrical contact resistance, and better thermal dissipation of parasitic electrical losses. The power connector 500 as shown is a 30 amp DC connector having a power circuit 512 and a return (ground) circuit 514. Persons skilled in the art will readily recognize that other power connectors having different arrangements and power capabilities can be constructed without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The load capabilities of the power connector 500 can be increased by adding additional conductors 302, for example. Referring to FIG. 30, the power connector 500 is comprised of a woven connector element 510 and a mating connector element 520. The mating connector element 520's external housing has been omitted from these figures for clarity. The woven connector element 510 includes a housing 530, a power circuit 512, a return circuit 514, end plates 536, alignment pins 534 and a plurality of loading fibers 304. The housing 530 has several recesses 532 that can facilitate the mating of the mating connector element's external housing (not shown) to the housing 530 of the woven connector element 510. The recesses 532 may accommodate an alignment pin (not shown) or a fastening means (not shown). The power circuit 512 is comprised of several conductors 302 woven around several loading fibers 304 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. To achieve a desired load capacity of 30 amps, the power circuit 512 may have between 20–40 conductors 302 depending upon the diameter of the conductors 302 and their electrical properties, for example.
In certain exemplary embodiments, the conductors 302 can be comprised of copper or copper alloy (e.g., C110 copper, C172 Beryllium Copper alloy) wires having diameters between 0.0002 and 0.010 inches or more. Alternatively, the conductors may also be comprised of copper or copper alloy flat ribbon wires having comparable rectangular cross-section dimensions. The conductors 302 may also be plated to prevent or minimize oxidation, e.g., nickel plated or gold plated. Acceptable conductors 302 for a given woven connector embodiment should be identified based upon the desired load capabilities of the intended connector, the mechanical strength of the candidate conductor 302, the manufacturing issues that might arise if the candidate conductor 302 is used and other system requirements, e.g., the desired tension T. The conductors 302 of the power circuit 512 exit a back portion of the housing 530 and may be coupled to a termination contact or other conductor element through which power can be delivered to the power connector 500. As is discussed in more detail below, the loading fibers 304 of the power circuit 512 are capable of carrying a tension T that ultimately translates into a contact normal force being asserted at the contact points of the conductors 302. In exemplary embodiments, the loading fibers 304 may be comprised of nylon, fluorocarbon, polyaramids and paraaramids (e.g., Kevlar®, Spectra®, Vectran®), polyamids, conductive metals and natural fibers, such as cotton, for example. In most exemplary embodiments, the loading fibers 304 have diameters (or widths) of about 0.010 to 0.002 inches. However, in certain embodiments, the diameter/widths of the loading fibers 304 may be as low as 18 microns when high performance engineered fibers (e.g., Kevlar) are used. In a preferred embodiment, the loading fibers 304 are comprised of a non-conducting material. The return circuit 514 is arranged in the same manner as the power circuit 512, except that the power circuit 512 is coupled to a termination contact that can be connected to a return circuit.
The mating connector element 520 of the power connector 500 consists of an external housing (not shown), an insulating housing 526, two mating conductors 522 and two spring arms 528. The mating conductors 522 are attached to opposite sides of the insulating housing 526 so that when the mating connector element 520 is engaged with the woven connector element 510, the contact points of the conductors 302 (of circuits 512 and 514) will come into electrical contact with the mating conductors 522. Insulating housing 526 serves to provide a structural foundation for the mating conductors 522 and also to electrically isolate the mating conductors 522 from each other. Insulating housing 526 has holes 523 that can accommodate the alignment pins 534 and thus assist in facilitating the coupling of the mating connector element 520 to the woven connector element 510 (or vice versa). Spring arms 528 may act to firmly secure the mating connector element 520 to the woven connector element 510. Additionally, in certain preferred embodiments, spring arms 528 also operate in conjunction with the end plates 536 of the woven connector element 510 to exert a tension load T in the loading fibers 304 of the woven connector element 510.
FIG. 31 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a woven connector element 510 having floating end plates 536 that are capable of generating a tension T in loading fibers 304. FIG. 31 depicts a rear view of the woven connector element 510 of FIG. 30 with a back portion of the housing 530 removed for clarity. Loading fibers 304 are interwoven with the conductors 302 of the power circuit 512 and the return circuit 514. The ends of the loading fibers 304 are coupled to the two opposite floating end plates 536. The ends of the loading fibers 304 can be coupled to the floating end plates through a wide variety means know in the art, for example, by mechanical fastening means or bonding means. The floating end plates 536 may be allowed to float (i.e., remain unconstrained) prior to the installation of mating connector element 520 or, in an alternate embodiment, secondary spring mechanisms (not shown) coupled to the housing 530 and an end plate 536 may be used to control the lateral (e.g., outward) displacement of the end plates 536, i.e., in a direction away from the circuits 512, 514. In some exemplary embodiments, the loading fibers 304 will be in an un-tensioned state prior to the installation of the mating connector element 520. In other exemplary embodiments, however, some tensile load (which will usually be less than the tension T needed to generate a desired normal contact force) may be present in the loading fibers 304 prior to the installation of the mating connector 520. This pre-installation tensile load may be due to the presence of the secondary spring mechanisms or, alternatively, may be pre-loaded onto the loading fibers 304 when the loading fibers 304 are coupled to the end plates 536.
Upon inserting the mating connector element 520 into the woven connector element 510 (or vice versa), the spring arms 528 of the mating connector element 520 engage the floating end plates 536 of the woven connector element 510. Based upon the stiffness of the spring arms 528, the stiffness and/or elasticity of the conductors 302, the stiffness of the secondary spring mechanism (if present) and the pre-installation dimensions/locations of the spring arms 528 and the end plates 536, the end plates 536 will become displaced (move outward) to some degree because of the presence of the spring arms 528. The spring arms 528, of course, may also experience some deflection during this process. This outward displacement of the floating end plates 536 can cause a tension T to be generated in the loading fibers 304. In an exemplary embodiment, the loading fibers 304 are comprised of an elastic material. In such exemplary embodiments, the relative displacement of the two end plates 536 may result in a substantially equal amount of stretching in the load fibers 304. In other exemplary embodiments, spring arms 528 can be mounted directly on the floating end plates 536 of the woven connector element 510 instead of on the mating connector element 520 as depicted in FIG. 30.
FIGS. 32a–c illustrates some exemplary embodiments of spring arms 528 that are constructed in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. The effective spring height 529 of the spring arms 528 can be increased by embedding a portion of the spring arm 528 within the insulating housing 526 of the mating connector element 520. It is desirable that the spring arms 528 be capable of generating a large relative deflection motion (e.g., approximately 0.020 inches) for a given load when the mating connector element 520 is inserted into the woven connector element 510. By generating a large relative motion, the manufacturing and alignment tolerances on the assembly can be loosened (e.g., the loading fiber's 304 length tolerance could be modified from ±0.005 inches to ±0.015 inches) while still keeping the final assembled line tolerance within a specified range. FIG. 32a depicts an exemplary embodiment of spring arms 528 where little or none of the spring arm 528 is embedded into the insulating housing 526 of the mating connector element 520. FIGS. 32b–c illustrate two preferred embodiments of spring arms 528 that have a significant portion of the spring arms 528 embedded into the insulating housing 526 of the mating connector element 520. The portion of the spring arms 528 that are embedded in the insulating housing 526 should be free to move (within the insulating housing 526) except at the anchors 525, where they are fixed. The spring arms 528 of FIG. 32b essentially travel around half a circle and terminate at anchors 525, which are substantially parallel to the effective direction of tip deflection 527. The spring arms 528 of FIG. 32c essentially travel around three-quarters of a circle and terminate at anchors 525 which are substantially orthogonal to the effective direction of tip deflection 527. The spring arm 528 embodiments depicted in FIGS. 32b–c will have longer effective spring heights 529, which yield correspondingly larger tip deflection motions 527 for the same force as compared to the “short” spring arms 528 embodiment of FIG. 32a. 
In certain exemplary embodiments, the spring arm 528 can be comprised of a metal or metal alloy, such as nitinol, for example, and can be a wire spring or a ribbon spring, amongst others. Depending on the diameter of the spring arm 528 and connector 500 dimensions, multiple turns of the spring arm 528 may also be possible.
FIG. 33 is a front view of the power connector 500 after the mating connector element 520 has been engaged with the woven connector element 510. The external housing and the spring arms 528 of the mating connector element 520 and the housing 530 of the woven connector element 510, amongst other features, have been removed for clarity. As can be seen in FIG. 33, after the engagement of the mating connector element 520, the contact points of the conductors 302 of the circuits 512, 514 are in electrical contact with the contact mating surface 524 of the mating connector 522. As previously discussed, while the contact mating surface 524 can be substantially planar, in a preferred embodiment the contact mating surface 524 is defined by some radius of curvature R (not shown), e.g., R 336. In some preferred embodiments, this radius of curvature R 336 will be greater than the mating conductor's 522 width W (not shown), e.g., W 309.
FIG. 34 illustrates another exemplary embodiment of a multi-contact woven power connector 600 that is highly balanced. The power connector 600 consists of two extended arrays, a power array 612 and a return array 614. These arrays provide multiple contact points over a wide area, which can result in high redundancy, lower separable electrical contact resistance, and better thermal dissipation of parasitic electrical losses. The power connector 600 could be a 30 amp DC connector. The power connector 600 is comprised of a woven connector element 610 and a mating connector element 620. The woven connector element 610 is comprised of a housing 630, a power circuit 612, a return circuit 614, two spring mounts 634, a guide member 636 and several loading fibers 304. The housing 630 has several holes 632 which can accommodate the alignment pins 642 of the mating connector element 620. The power circuit 612 is comprised of several conductors 302 woven around several loading fibers 304 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. In a preferred embodiment, these conductors 302 are arranged to be self-terminating. The conductors 302 of the power circuit 612 exit a back portion of the housing 630 and may form a termination point where power can be delivered to the power connector 600. As is discussed in more detail below, the loading fibers 304 of the power circuit 612 (and return circuit 614) are capable of carrying a tension T that ultimately translates into a contact normal force being asserted at the contact points of the conductors 302. The return circuit 614 is arranged in the same manner as the power circuit 612. The loading fibers 304 of the power connector 600 are comprised of a non-conducting material, which may or may not be elastic. The guide member 636 is mounted to an inside wall of the housing 630 and is positioned so as to provide structural support for the loading fibers 304 and, indirectly, the power circuit 612 and return circuit 614. The ends of the loading fibers 304 are secured to the spring mounts 634. As is described in greater detail below, the spring mounts 634 are capable of generating a tensile load T in the attached loading fibers 304 of the woven connector element 610.
The mating connector element 620 of the power connector 600 consists of a housing 640, two mating conductors 622 and alignment pins 642. The mating conductors 622 are secured to an inside wall of the housing 640 such that when the mating connector element 620 is engaged with the woven connector element 610, the contact points of the conductors 302 (of circuits 612 and 614) will come into electrical contact with the mating conductors 622. Alignment pins 642 are aligned with the holes 632 of the woven connector element 610 and thus assist in facilitating the coupling of the mating connector element 620 to the woven connector element 610 (or vice versa).
Power connector 600 has several of the same features of the power connector 500, but uses a different mechanism for producing the tension T (and, thus, the normal contact force) in the conductor 302—loading fiber 304 weave. Rather than using the floating end plates 536 of power connector 500, power connector 600 uses pre-tensioned spring mounts 634 to generate and maintain the required normal contact force between the contact points of the conductors 302 (of the circuits 612, 614) and the mating conductors 622. FIG. 35 depicts the power connector 600 after the mating connector element 620 has been engaged with the woven connector element 610. After engagement, the contact points of the conductors 302 of both the power circuit 612 and return circuit 614 are in electrical contact with the contact mating surfaces 624 of the mating conductors 622.
In a preferred embodiment, the contact mating surfaces 624 are convex surfaces that are defined by a radius of curvature R. As shown in FIG. 35, the convex contact mating surfaces 624 are located on a bottom side of the mating conductors 622, i.e., after engagement, the conductors 302 are located below the mating conductors 622. In an exemplary embodiment, the guide member 636 is positioned such that the upper potion of the guide member 636 is located above the contact mating surfaces 624. After engagement, the loading fibers 304 run from an end 638 of the first spring mount 634, against the convex contact mating surface 624 that corresponds to the power circuit 612, over the top portion of the guide member 636, against the convex contact mating surface 624 that corresponds to the return circuit 612 and then terminates at an end 639 of the second spring mount 634. In other exemplary embodiments, the contact mating surfaces 624 can be located on the top-side of the mating conductors 622, and the loading fibers 304 would therefore extend over these top-located convex contact mating surfaces 624. The locations of the end 638, guide member 636, contact mating surfaces 624 and end 639, working in conjunction with the tension T generated in the loading fibers 304, facilitate the delivery of the contact normal forces at the contact points of the conductors 302.
FIGS. 36a–c depicts an exemplary embodiment of a pair of spring mounts 634 that could be used in power connector 600. The loading fibers 304 have been omitted for clarity but it should be understood that the ends of the loading fibers 304 are to be attached to the ends 638, 639. Prior to engagement, the loading fibers 304 are supported by a support pin (not shown), such as the guide member 636, for example. During engagement, the loading fibers 304 are aligned with contact mating surfaces 624. FIGS. 36a–c illustrate how the spring mounts 638 function in the power connector 600. FIG. 36a illustrates the spring mounts 634 in an un-loaded state that occurs prior to the loading fibers being coupled to the ends 638, 639. Referring to FIG. 36b, to attach the loading fibers 304 to the ends 638, 639, the ends 638, 639 are slightly moved inward and the loading fibers 304 are then anchored to the ends 638, 639. Persons skilled in the art will readily recognize a wide variety of ways in which the loading fibers 304 can be anchored to the ends 638, 639, e.g., using slots, anchor points, fasteners, clamps, welding, brazing, bonding, etc. After the loading fibers 304 have been anchored to the ends 638, 639 of the spring mounts 634, a small tension force will generally be present in the loading fibers 304. Referring now to FIG. 36c, during the insertion of the mating connector element 620 into the woven connector element 610, the loading fibers 304 are pushed under the contact mating surfaces 624 (or, alternatively, pulled over the contact mating surfaces 624, if the surfaces 624 are located on the top side of the mating conductors 622) and the mating of the power connector 600 is then completed. To facilitate the engagement of the loading fibers 304 with the contact mating surfaces 624, the ends 638, 639 of the spring mounts 634 will generally undergo some additional deflection. Thus, the loading fibers 304 will be subjected to an additional tensile load so that a resultant tension T is then present in the loading fibers 304 (and, consequently, contact normal forces are present at the contact points of the conductors 302).
The electrical connectors constructed in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure are inherently redundant. If any of the loading fibers 304 of these embodiments breaks or looses tension, the remaining loading fibers 304 could be able to continue to assert sufficient tension T so that electrical contact at the contact points of the conductors 302 could be maintained and, thus, the connectors could continue to carry the rated current capacity. In certain exemplary embodiments, a complete failure of all the loading fibers 304 would have to occur for the connector to loose electrical contact. In the case of dirt or a contaminant in the system, the multiple contact points are much more efficient at maintaining contact than a traditional one or two contact point connector. If a single point failure does occur (due to dirt or mechanical failure), then there are generally at least three surrounding local contact points which would be capable of handling the diverted current: the next contact point found in line (or previous in line) on the same conductor 302, and since each conductor 302 is preferably in electrical contact with the conductors 302 that are adjacent to it, the current can also flow into these adjacent conductors 302 and then through the contact points of these conductors 302.
The teachings of the present disclosure, furthermore, can be utilized in many woven multi-contact data connector embodiments. In designing such woven multi-contact data connector embodiments, issues that are commonly considered by those skilled in the art when designing data connectors, such as impedance matching, rf shielding and cross-talk issues, amongst others, need to be taken into consideration. In data connector embodiments, a data signal path can be established through a conductor(s) of a woven connector element and a mating conductor of a mating connector element. The primary difference between the woven data and power connector embodiments is the size of the individual circuit. In woven power connector embodiments, the contact surfaces (i.e., the contact points of the conductors and corresponding contact mating surfaces) tend to be much larger than those of the woven data connector embodiments due to the higher current requirements. The woven data connector embodiments, moreover, are more likely to contain multiple isolated circuit (signal) paths mounted on a single conductor 302—loading fibers 304 weave. This allows for a high density of signal paths in the woven data connector embodiments. Additionally, there is much more flexibility in the implementation of the data connector embodiments due to the different pin/ground/signal/power combinations that are possible in order to generate the required impedance, cross talk and signal skew characteristics.
The data connector embodiments of the present disclosure also provide advantages over traditional data connectors that use stamped spring arm contacts. First, it is easier to keep very tight tolerances at very small sizes with the woven data connectors than the traditional stamped spring arm contact methods. Second, drawn wire (e.g., for conductors 302) is available at low costs even at very small sizes, whereas comparable sized conventional stampings having similar tolerances can become quite expensive. Third, signal path stubs at the connector interfaces can be reduced or eliminated in the woven data connectors of the present disclosure. Stubs are present in a circuit when energy propagating through a part of the circuit has no place to go and tends to be reflected back within the circuit. At high frequencies, these interface stubs can produce jitter, signal distortion and attenuation, and the interaction of these stubs with other signal discontinuities in the circuit can cause loss of data, degradation of speed and other problems. The very nature of conventional fork and blade-type connector produces a stub. The length of this stub will generally depend upon the tolerance stack up of the system (e.g., connector tolerance, backplane/daughter card flatness, stamping tolerance, board alignment tolerance, etc.) and the length of the stub may vary by an order of magnitude over a single connector. With the woven data connector embodiments of the present disclosure, there are almost no stubs within the circuits at any time, from full insertion to partial insertion, due to the presence of multiple contact points along a conductor 302. Lastly, the woven data connector embodiments may be more flexible for tuning trace impedances because, in addition to ground placement, the materials that comprise the conductor 302—loading fibers 304 (and insulating fiber 104, if present) weave can be changed to obtain more flexible impedance characteristics without any major retooling of the process line.
FIGS. 37a–b illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a multi-contact woven data connector 700. The data connector 700 includes a woven connector element 710 and a mating connector element 720. The woven connector element 710, as seen in FIG. 37a, comprises a housing 714, three sets of loading fibers 304 (wherein each set has six loading fibers 304) and conductors 302 that are woven onto each set of loading fibers 304. In certain exemplary embodiments, the woven connector element 710 may further include ground shields 712 and alignment pins and/or holes for receiving alignment pins. In data connector embodiments, each signal path can be comprised of a single conductor 302 or, alternatively, many conductors 302. However, to achieve certain desired signal path electrical properties, e.g., capacitance, inductance and impedance characteristics, in most preferred embodiments each signal path will consist of between one and four conductors 302. The conductors 302 may be self-terminating. In certain further preferred embodiments, a signal path will consist of two self-terminating conductors 302. When more than one (self-terminating or non self-terminating) conductor 302 is used to form a signal path, the conductors 302 forming the signal path should preferably be in electrical contact with each other. The conductors 302 comprising a single signal path generally will form a termination which may be located on the backside of the housing 714. The woven connector element 710 has twelve separate signal paths, four signal paths being located on each of the three sets of loading fibers 304.
The woven connector element 710 further includes insulating fibers 104 that are woven onto the loading fibers 304 between the electrical signal paths (i.e., the conductors 302). The insulating fibers 104 serve to electrically isolate the signal paths from each other in a direction along the loading fibers 304. The woven connector element 710 of FIG. 37a only depicts three sets of insulating fibers 104, a single set of insulating fibers 104 being located on each set of loading fibers 304. The sets of insulating fibers 104 have been removed for clarity. In some exemplary embodiments, additional sets of insulating fibers 104 would also be present (i.e., woven) between the other signal paths located on each set of loading fibers 304. In some exemplary embodiments, the insulating fibers 104 may be self-terminating. Furthermore, in certain exemplary embodiments the woven connector element 710 may further comprise tensioning mechanisms (not shown), e.g., spring arms, floating plates, spring mounts, etc., located at or near the ends of the loading fibers 304. These tensioning mechanisms may be capable of generating desired tensile loads in the loading fibers 304, as previously discussed.
The mating connector element 720 of the data connector 700, as seen in FIG. 37b comprises a housing 730, ground shields 732 and three insulating housings 728. The grounding shields 732 can be deposed on the backside of the insulating housings 728, i.e., on a side opposite face 726. In certain exemplary embodiments, the mating connector element 720 may further include alignment pins and/or holes for receiving alignment pins. Each insulating housing 728 has four mating conductors 722 located on a face 726. The mating conductors 722 are arranged on the faces 726 so that when the woven connector element 710 engages the mating connector element 720 (or vice versa), electrical connections between the contact points of the conductors 302 and the mating conductors 722 can be established. Thus, the signal paths of the data connector 700 are established via the conductors 302 of the woven connector element 710 and their corresponding mating conductors 722 of the mating connector element 720. The mating conductor 722 generally will form a termination point, e.g., board termination pin, which may be located on the backside of the housing 730. In exemplary embodiments, the shape and orientation of the mating conductors 722, as situated on the face 726, closely matches the shape and orientation of the conductor(s) 302, by which an electrical connection is to be established. During engagement, the faces 726 of the insulating housings 728 engage the conductors 302—loading fiber 304 weave of the woven connector element 710. In an exemplary embodiment, the faces 726 and/or the contact mating surfaces of the mating conductors 722 form a continuous convex surface. In a preferred embodiment, this convex surface can be defined by a constant radius of curvature.
In the depicted exemplary embodiment, housing 730 forms slots 734 which can accommodate the sets of loading fibers 304 when the woven connector element 710 is engaged to the mating connector element 720. After engagement, the ground shields 712 of the woven connector element 710 can help to electrically shield the mating conductors 722 of the mating connector element 720, while the ground shields 732 of the mating connector element 720 similarly can help to electrically shield the conductors 302 of the woven connector element 710. The placement and design of ground shields 712, 732 can change the electrical properties (e.g., capacitance and inductance) of the signal traces and provide a means of shielding adjacent signal lines (or adjacent differential pairs) from cross talk and electromagnetic interference (EMI). By changing the capacitance and inductance of the signal traces at particular points or regions, the impedance of the signal path can be controlled. The higher the speed of the signal, the better control that is required for impedance matching and EMI shielding. The ground planes of the data connector 700 can be on the back face of the insulating housing 728 of the mating connector element 720 and in independent metal shields 712 of the woven connector element 710. Ground pins/planes must be a conductive material and are preferably, but not necessarily, solid. In preferred embodiments, each signal path is contained within a conductive ground shield (coaxial or twinaxial) structure. This can provide the optimum signal isolation with possibilities for reducing signal attenuation and distortion. The ground shields 712, 732 of the woven connector element 710 and mating connector element 720, respectively, may or may not be in contact with each other after engagement but, preferably, some continuous ground connection should be established between the two halves of the connector 700. This can be done by forcing the ground shields 712 and 732 to contact each other or, alternatively, using one or more data pins as a ground connection between the two halves.
FIGS. 38–40 depict yet another exemplary embodiment of a multi-contact woven power connector. Referring to FIG. 38, power connector 800 includes a woven connector element 810 and a mating connector element 830. The woven connector element 810 comprises a housing 812, a faceplate 814, a power circuit 827, a return circuit 829 and termination contacts 822a, 822b. The power circuit 827 and return circuit 829 terminate at termination contacts 822a, 822b, respectively, which are located on the backside of the woven connector element 810. Alignment holes 816 facilitate the mating of the mating connector element 830 to the woven connector element 810 and are disposed within the faceplate 814 and the housing 812. Mating connector element 830 comprises a housing 832, alignment pins 834, mating conductors 838a, 838b (as shown in FIG. 40) and termination contacts 836a, 836b. Mating conductors 838a, 838b terminate at termination contacts 836a, 836b, respectively, which are located on the backside of the mating connector element 830.
The woven connector element 810 of the power connector 800 is shown in greater detail in FIGS. 39a–b. FIG. 39a shows the woven connector element 810 with the faceplate 814 removed, while FIG. 39b shows the woven connector element 810 with the faceplate 814 installed. As seen in FIG. 39a, in addition to the alignment holes 816, woven connector element 810 also includes holes 818 which can facilitate the installation of the faceplate 814 onto the housing 812. The woven connector element 810 further includes several loading fibers 304 and several tensioning springs 824. In exemplary power connector 800, different sets of loading fibers 304 and tensioning springs 824 are utilized on the power circuit 827 and return circuit 829 sides of the woven connector element 810. The power circuit 827 is comprised of several conductors 302 which are woven onto several loading fibers 304 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. The return circuit 829 is similarly comprised of several conductors 302. The conductors 302 of the return circuit 829 are woven onto several loading fibers 304. In a preferred embodiment, the conductors 302 of the power circuit 827 and the return circuit 829 are self-terminating. In the depicted exemplary power circuit 827, the conductors 302 of the power circuit 827 are each woven onto four loading fibers 304 while the conductors 302 of the return circuit 829 are each woven onto four different loading fibers 304. The ends of the loading fibers 304 of the power circuit 827 side of the woven connector element 810 are coupled, i.e., attached, to tensioning springs 824. In certain exemplary embodiments, the tensioning springs 824 of the woven connector element 810 surround the outside of the weaves that are made from conductor 302 and loading fiber 304. In other embodiments, however, the tension springs 824 need not surround the weaves. In a preferred embodiment, each loading fiber 304 is coupled to a separate independent tension spring 824, e.g., a first loading fiber 304 is coupled to a first tensioning spring 824, a second loading fiber 304 is coupled to a second tensioning spring 824, etc. The ends of the loading fibers 304 of the return circuit 829 side of the woven connector element 810 are similarly coupled to independent tensioning springs 824. By independently coupling the loading fibers 304 to separate tensioning springs 824, the power connector 800's electrical connection capabilities become more redundant and resistant to failure.
As depicted in the exemplary embodiment of FIGS. 39a–b, the conductors 302 of the power circuit 827, when woven onto the corresponding loading fibers 304, form a woven tube having a space 826a disposed therein. When woven onto the corresponding loading fibers 304, the conductors 302 of the return circuit 829 form a woven tube having a space 826b disposed therein. In most exemplary embodiments, the cross-sections of the woven tubes are symmetrical. In certain exemplary embodiments, such as woven connector element 810, for example, the cross-sections of the woven tubes are circular.
FIG. 40 shows the mating connector element 830 of FIG. 38 from an opposite view. Referring to FIG. 40, the mating connector element 830 includes mating conductors 838a, 838b. Mating conductors 838a, 838b terminate at termination contacts 836a, 836b, respectively, which are located on the backside of the mating connector element 830. In certain exemplary embodiments, the mating conductors 838a, 838b are rod-shaped (e.g., pin-shaped) and have contact mating surfaces that are circumferentially disposed along the mating conductors 838a, 838b. The mating conductors 838a, 838b are appropriately sized (e.g., length, width, diameter, etc.) so that, upon engaging the mating conductor element 830 to the woven connector element 810 (or vice versa), electrical connections between the conductors 302 of the power circuit 827 and the return circuit 829 and the contact mating surfaces of the mating conductors 838a, 838b, respectively, can be established. In certain exemplary embodiments, the diameters of the mating conductors 838 range from approximately 0.01 inches to approximately 0.4 inches.
As has been discussed herein, contact between the conductors 302 and the contact mating surfaces of the mating conductors 838 can be established and maintained by the loading fibers 304. For example, when mating conductor 838a of the mating conductor element 830 is inserted into the space 826a of the power circuit 827 (of the woven connector element 810), the mating conductor 838a causes the weave of the conductors 302 and loading fibers 304 of the power circuit 827 to expand in a radial direction. In doing so, the weave expands to a sufficient degree that the ends of the loading fibers 304 which are attached to the tensioning springs 824 are pulled closer together. This forces the tensioning springs 824 to deform elastically and tension is produced in the loading fibers 304 which thus results in the desired normal contact forces being exerted at the contact points of the conductors 302. Similarly, when mating conductor 838b of the mating conductor element 830 is inserted into the space 826b of the return circuit 829, the mating conductor 838b causes the conductor 302/loading fiber 304 weave of the return circuit 829 to expand in a radial direction. In the power connector 800 embodiment, the tensile loads within the loading fibers 304 are generated and maintained by the elastic deformation of the tensioning springs 824; when the weave expands, the loading fibers 304 are pulled by the tensioning springs 824, and thus are placed in tension. However, as previously shown, in certain embodiments, the connector systems do not need to utilize tensioning springs, spring mounts, spring arms, etc. to generate and maintain the tensile loads within the loading fibers.
When the mating connector element 830 is being engaged with the woven connector element 810, the faceplate 814 of the woven connector element 810 may assist in properly aligning the mating conductors 838a, 838b with the spaces 826a, 826b, respectively, of the woven connector element 810. The faceplate 814 also serves to protect the weaves of the woven connector element 810. To further facilitate the insertion of the mating conductors 838a, 838b into spaces 826a, 826b, the ends of the mating conductors 838a, 838b may be chamfered.
The use of rod-shaped mating conductors 838 with corresponding tube-shaped weaves allows the power connector 800 to become more space efficient, in terms of number of electrical contact points per unit volume, for example, than is generally possible with other types of multi-contact woven power connectors. The utilization of this arrangement, moreover, allows for the compact incorporation of tensioning springs that surround the weaves, which provides the longest length spring with the largest deflection under load for such a small package area. Furthermore, since the radius of the rod-shaped mating conductors 838a, 838b can be made quite small, as compared to the woven power connector systems having other shapes, the tension needed within loading fibers 304 to generate the desired normal contact force at the contact points can thus be lowered. For these reasons, power connector 800, for example, can achieve a power density that is about twice that of the power connectors 500, 600 while maintaining the same low insertion force and number of multiple redundant contacts.
The power connector 800 of FIGS. 38–40 is configured as a cable-to-cable connector and hence has a longer housing assembly, i.e., housing 812 and 832. Board-to-board power connectors can be arranged identically to the power connector 800 as shown, but with shorter housings since such connector housings do not have to be designed to withstand the forces that are exerted by the cables.
Power connector 800 includes a power circuit 827 and a return circuit 829. In accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure, however, in other embodiments the woven connector element may only be comprised of power circuits. Thus, in some embodiments, the return circuit 829 of woven connector element 810, for example, is replaced with a power circuit 827. In yet other embodiments, the woven connector element may include three or more power circuits. Such embodiments may also further include one or more return circuits. By having more than one power circuit being located within the woven connector element, power can be transferred across the power connector in a distributed fashion. By using a multiple-power circuit connector, the individual loads being transferred across each power circuit of the connector can be lowered (as compared to a single power circuit embodiment) while maintaining the same total power load capabilities across the connector.
FIG. 41 depicts a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-contact woven power connector in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. The power connector 900 of FIG. 41 includes a woven connector element 910 and a mating connector element 930. The woven connector element 910 comprises a housing 912, an optional faceplate (not shown), several conductors 302, loading fibers 304 and tensioning springs 924, and a termination contact 922. The conductors 302 form a power circuit 827 that terminates at the termination contact 922 that is located on the backside of the woven connector element 910. The ends of the loading fibers 304 are attached to the tensioning springs 924. In a preferred embodiment, each loading fiber 304 is attached to a separate independent tension spring 924. Conductors 302 are woven onto the loading fibers 304 to form a woven tube having a space disposed therein. However, unlike the woven connector element 810 of connector 800, woven connector element 910 only includes a single weave, e.g., woven tube. Thus, the woven connector element 910 only has a single power circuit 927; woven connector element 910 does not include a return circuit.
Mating connector element 930 includes a housing 932, a mating conductor 938 and a termination contact 936. Mating conductor 938 terminates at termination contact 936, which is located on the backside of the mating connector element 930. The mating conductor 938 is rod-shaped and has a contact mating surface circumferentially disposed along its length. The mating conductor 938 is appropriately sized so that when the mating conductor element 930 is coupled to the woven connector element 910, electrical connections between the conductors 302 of the power circuit 927 and the contact mating surfaces of the mating conductors 938 can be established. Specifically, when mating conductor 938 of the mating conductor element 930 is inserted into the center space of the woven tube of the woven connector element 910, the mating conductor 938 causes the weave of the conductors 302 and loading fibers 304 to expand in a radial direction. In doing so, the weave expands to a sufficient degree that the ends of the loading fibers 304 which are attached to the tensioning springs 924 are pulled closer together. This forces the tensioning springs 924 to deform elastically and tension is produced in the loading fibers 304. With the appropriate amount of tension being present within the loading fibers 304, the desired normal contact forces are exerted at the contact points of the conductors 302 that make up the power circuit 927.
In certain embodiments, power connector 900 having a single power circuit 927 without a return circuit, could be used as a “power cable” to “bus bar” connector. Persons of ordinary skill in the art, however, will readily recognize that power connector 900 may be used for a wide variety of other connector applications.
FIG. 42 illustrates a woven conductor 1000. Woven conductor 1000 is constructed of an electrically-conducting material, and provides electrical and mechanical connection points to a mating conducting connector element. For example, woven conductor 1000 may be used as part of a female power connector (not shown in its entirety), adapted for coupling to a corresponding male power connector (as described previously, but not shown). One aspect of woven conductor 1000 is that the conductor is wound such that loops 1002, 1004, 1006, and 1008 (i.e., windings or turns) provide a plurality of (e.g., four) contact points that are in series with one another, with each winding being wound about an axis 1001, 1003, 1005, and 1007, respectively. A loading fiber (not shown) may be disposed within one or more of the windings 1002, 1004, 1006, and 1008. All electrical current and signals passing through any winding of the four-winding woven conductor 1000 run through the same termination portions 1009, which are in turn connected to a termination contact member of a connector (not shown). Since the conductor 1000 is self-terminating, the conductor 1000 thus has two termination portions 1009. Conductors that are not self-terminating will only have a single termination portion. The termination portion of a conductor is generally defined as that portion of the conductor that extends from an end of the conductor which is coupled to a termination contact to a nearest contact point (i.e., which occurs on the nearest loop).
FIG. 43 is a cross-sectional view of a connector 1050, illustrating how the four-winding woven conductor 1000 of FIG. 42 is used in the context of coupling a mating connector element (e.g., male pin) 1052 and a termination contact (e.g., ferrule) 1056 to one another. Connector 1050 consists of a set of wound conductors 1000 that are radially disposed around the mating connector element 1052. The mating connector element 1052 is terminated through male connector terminator 1054, which carries current and electrical signals to and from the male side of connector 1050. The termination portions of conductors 1000 are coupled to a termination contact 1056. Termination contact 1056 is terminated through female connector terminator 1058, which carries current and electrical signals to and from the female side of connector 1050. The current carried by the male side of connector 1050 is generally the same as the current carried by the female side of connector 1050. The four loops 1002, 1004, 1006, and 1008 are generated by winding a conductor 1000 around four loading fibers 172. The loading fibers 172 exert normal forces at the contact points of the conductors 1000. As previously discussed, these normal forces maintain the contact points of conductors 1000 in electrical contact with the mating connector element 1052.
In some situations, for example in large power connectors with substantial current flow, scaling the connector to larger sizes presents some difficulty in that a serial multiple winding woven conductor (e.g., conductor 1000) may not provide sufficient conductor surface and cross-sectional area to pass the desired amount of current. In some instances, the capacity of the connector 1050 may be limited by the amount of current that can be carried through the termination portions 1009 of the conductors 1000. For example, scaling the number of serial winding contact points connecting the male and female parts of connector 1050 upwards by winding the conductors 1000 over additional loading fibers 172 may not substantially increase the capacity of the termination portions 1009 of the conductors 1000. Moreover, since the circumference of a circle is proportional to its diameter, as the diameter of mating connector element 1052 is increased, the number of woven conductors 1000 that can be fit around mating connector element 1052 increases linearly. However, since the area of a circle increases as the square of its diameter, the cross-sectional area of mating connector element 1052 and termination contact 1056 increases more rapidly than the available termination portion 1009 cross-sectional areas. This can lead to a “bottleneck” where the current carrying capacity of connector 1050 is limited by the cross-sectional areas of the termination portions 1009 of the conductors 1000.
The limit to connector performance is generally set by a maximum operating temperature. For example, adding more serial rows of contacts at the separable interface does not affect the electrical resistance of the “bottleneck,” but it may act as an additional heat sink, thereby allowing more current to pass through the bottleneck before the maximum operating temperature is reached. That being said, the effect can be very marginal since the additional heat sinking capacity is dependent upon the distance between the bottleneck and additional sink. Adding a fifth loop to a 4 loop contact system, thus, may only have a marginal effect on the overall current capacity of the connector. The general effect, however, is dependent on how the initial resistance distribution is laid out. For example, if most of the electrical resistance in the current path is at the separable interface contact points, then adding another row of contacts can have a significant impact on the performance of the connector. Additionally, if the electrical resistance is evenly distributed between the bottleneck and the separable interface, then adding more separable contacts will have a marginal effect. Moreover, if most of the resistance is in the bottleneck, then adding more serial rows will have virtually no effect on the performance except to act as a heat sink.
Resistance is a dominant factor in determining the current capacity of a connector system. FIG. 44 shows an electrical resistance network 1060 that is representative of the electrical resistance that is encountered as energy travels through the mating connector element 1052, termination contact 1056 and a conductor 1000 of connector 1050. In FIG. 44, Rab denotes the resistance that exists between a point a and point b of mating connector element 1052, termination contact 1056 and a conductor 1000; RSI denotes the separable interface contact resistance that exists at a contact point of conductor 1000 and a point on mating connector element 1052; and RMP denotes the resistance of the mating connector element 1052 as measured between successive contact points. Since the conductor 1000 has four contact points, there are thus four RSI resistances and three RMP resistances. The “bottleneck” limiting resistance is Rbc, which represents the resistance of the termination portion 1009 of conductor 1000. In other words, the current that passes through the four separable interface points must collectively pass through the cross-section of the termination portion 1009 of the conductor 1000. Adding more loops in the conductor 1000 (past three or four contact points) has a very limited effect on connector resistance and current carrying capacity. This is due to the fact that this effectively adds a high resistance path ( ̃3–4 mOhms), in parallel with the existing low resistance path ( ̃0.1 mOhms), i.e., the additional loop, which is furthest away from the termination portion, has a higher resistance than the already existing windings which are nearer the termination portion 1009 of conductor 1000. Thus, the net effect on the overall resistance by adding another loop to the conductor 1000 is minimal, and electrical resistance is usually the dominant factor in determining the current carrying capacity of an electrical connector.
FIG. 45 illustrates a new and useful design for a woven conductor 1070 that can be employed in electrical connectors, particularly in high-power or high-current applications. Woven conductor 1070 includes two windings 1074, 1075 (or loops) of wire substantially wound about an axis 1078 (e.g., wherein a loading fiber may be disposed) and having termination portions 1079. The windings 1074, 1075 are formed by winding the conductor 1070 one and a half times around the axis 1078. The windings 1074 and 1075 of the conductor 1070 define two contact points 1071 and 1073, respectively. In an alternative embodiment, the conductor 1070 is only wound 180 degrees around the axis 1078. The conductor 1070 has two termination portions 1079 since it is self-terminating. The termination portions 1079 are generally defined as the portions of conductor 1070 that extend between an end 1076, 1077 and the nearest contact point. The ends 1076, 1077 of conductor 1070 are generally coupled to a termination contact (not shown).
FIG. 45 shows two windings (or loops) 1074 and 1075 that are formed co-axially about same axis 1078. Of course, windings 1074, 1075 are not necessarily exactly circular or planar in profile, and may be described as being twisted, wound, or spiral.
Windings 1074, 1075, may be slightly offset from a perfect co-axial relationship due to the details of the winding about the loading fiber and the overall geometry and orientation of the conductor 1070. A loading fiber (not shown) is typically disposed within the windings 1074, 1075, the windings being formed by winding the conductor 1070 around the loading fiber. Whereas the conductor 1000 of FIG. 42 is woven with several loading fibers to form several loops, each loop encircling a loading fiber, the conductor 1070 of FIG. 45 forms general loops (e.g., windings 1074, 1075) by winding around a single loading fiber. In woven conductor 1070, the individual windings 1074 and 1075 are generally disposed side-by-side about a common axis 1078, compared with conductor 1000, which are disposed serially about distinct parallel axes.
The number of windings that are formed by a conductor 1070 is a design choice, and can range from one winding (e.g., a single 180-degree bend of conductor 1070 around its loading fiber) to an arbitrary number of windings about the same loading fiber. In the embodiment of FIG. 45, the windings 1074 and 1075 substantially share a common axis 1078 about which they are formed. While the conductor 1070 of FIG. 45 has two contact points 1071, 1073, the variable degree bend embodiment can provide the highest possible cross-section of conducting material disposed between the contact interface (contact point) and a termination contact 1056. The “number of windings” is to be interpreted liberally, and substantially corresponds to a number of (separable) contact points formed by the conductor 1070, and not necessarily strictly as the number of times the wire is wrapped around its axis 1078, or the number of 360-degree turns made in the wire.
FIG. 46 is a cross-section view that illustrates a connector device 1080 having a series of woven conductors 1070. Connector device 1080 has four loading fibers 172 and a plurality of conductors 1070 that are each wound around a single loading fiber 172, i.e., a first conductor 1070 is wound around a first loading fiber 172, a second conductor 1070 is wound around a second loading fiber 172, a third conductor 1070 is wound around a third loading fiber 172 and a fourth conductor 1070 is wound around a last loading fiber 172. Each conductor 1070 is wound around a single loading fiber 172 to form a single winding or a plurality of windings. Both ends of the conductors 1070 (assuming they are self-terminating) are coupled to a termination contact 1056. When engaged, the contact points of the conductors 1070 contact a contact mating surface of a mating connector element 1052. Thus, the side-by-side loop arrangement of connector 1080 can provide four times as many of termination portions in comparison to the serial loop arrangement of connector 1050 (FIG. 43). Accordingly, since the cumulative cross-sectional areas of the termination portions of the conductors 1070 has significantly increased, the current-carrying capacity of a woven connector can thus be significantly increased by using woven conductors 1070 instead of woven conductors 1000.
FIG. 47 illustrates a basic electrical resistance network 1090 for the connector 1080 of FIG. 46. The resistance designations are the same as those described for FIG. 44. By placing multiple termination resistances in parallel along with the separable contact resistances, the single “termination portion” bottleneck of connector 1050 can be eliminated using woven conductors 1070 instead of conductors 1000. In the woven conductor 1070 side-by-side loop arrangement, the electrical capacity is greater than that of serial conductor 1000 by providing four parallel paths (and thus four times as much conductive cross-sectional area) through which the current that passes through the interface resistance contact points can travel through to reach a termination contact 1056.
FIG. 48 illustrates a cut-away of an exemplary power connector system 1100 having a power circuit 1102 and a return circuit 1104. Power circuit 1102 comprises a first set of conductors 1070 that are wound around a first loading fiber 1106, a second set of conductors that are wound around a second loading fiber 1106, a third set of conductors 1070 that are wound around a third loading fiber 1106 and a fourth set of conductors 1070 that are wound around a fourth loading fiber 1106. The return circuit 1104 is arranged similar to that of the power circuit 1102.
In certain embodiments, connectors are configured to have a fully load-balanced set of contact rows to avoid over-loading one woven conductor 1070 too heavily. For the resistive paths of the connector embodiments shown in FIGS. 46 and 48, if the resistance from the termination contact to each contact point is significantly different (i.e., Rbc<Rbd<Rbe<Rbf), then a larger percentage of the current load will be carried by the first loop (the one nearest the termination contact), with deceasing amounts in the second, third and fourth. If the current load is too high, the first loop may be damaged by welding or excessive temperatures while the remaining loops may remain under their theoretical maximum current ratings. In order to maximize the current carrying capacity of the woven connector, the resistive paths should be balanced as mush as possible. It should be appreciated that the length and thickness of termination portions 1009 can affect their resistance values, and the connector's overall behavior.
FIGS. 49–50 depict several woven connector embodiments that are substantially load balanced. A connector will be naturally load balanced when the separable interface contact resistance is high relative to the other resistance values in the parallel paths of the resistance network (e.g., network 1090 of FIG. 47). If the separable interface contact RSI resistance is high, then variations in this resistance at each contact point will also be larger than resistance variations in other parts of the connector due to variations in cross sectional area and conduction lengths, and all of the resistance paths will statistically have about the same resistance values. While load balancing in this way can be useful to make sure no single path is carrying a disproportionate fraction of the total current load, the connector can still present a large overall resistance path to current flow. This reduces the current carrying capacity and results in high operating temperatures. One solution is to provide a plurality of load balanced resistance paths while maintaining a low separable contact resistance RSI.
In one embodiment, the connector design can be modified such that the lengths of termination portions of each conductor 1070 are substantially the same. FIG. 49 depicts a cross-sectional view of a connector 1110 consisting of conductors 1070 that have termination portions that are substantially equal in length and cross-section with the ends of the conductors 1070 terminating at multiple locations within a termination contact 1056. Being of equal length and cross-section, the resistance of the termination portions of the conductors 1070 will thus be substantially equal. The conductors 1070 can be electrically isolated from one another if discrete signal paths are desired. However, in other embodiments, loading sharing and redundancy can be improved on a local level by allowing conductors 1070 to be in electrical contact with each other.
FIG. 50 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a substantially load balanced connector 1120 having conductors 1122. It can be seen that the termination portions 1124 for some of the woven conductors 1122 (e.g., at point “f”) are longer than the termination portions for other woven conductors 1122 (e.g., at point “c”). As discussed above, different lengths of termination portions 1124 can lead to different resistances and localized hot spots as a result of the load imbalance. To achieve a better load balancing, the extra length of some of the termination portions 1124 (e.g., at point “f”) can be accounted for by using conductors 1122 with varying thickness or cross-sectional area. For example, the resistance of longer conductors 1122 can be “balanced” by using a thicker conductor while the resistance of shorter conductors can be balanced by using thinner conductors. Thus, by tailoring the lengths and cross-sections of the termination portions 1124 of the conductors 1122, a series of load balanced conductors 1122 can be provided.
FIG. 51 illustrates yet another embodiment of a connector 1130 where woven conductors 1070 are substantially similar to the side-by-side conductors discussed previously, but load balancing is achieved by using a variable cross-section male pin 1132. As seen from the cross-sectional drawing of FIG. 51, male pin 1132 has a greater cross-sectional area (shaded) near the male side connector termination 1054 than at the tip 1134 of male pin 1132. This causes the overall resistance at the tip 1134 to be higher, which compensates for the shorter termination portions of the woven conductors 1070 nearer the tip of the male pin 1132, and balances the resistance network. Employing the notation used previously, the RMP for each leg of the resistance network of FIG. 47 is now different, and can be used to compensate for imbalances in the resistances of the conducting wires.
FIG. 52 illustrates a connector 1140 that provides more than one isolated connection per each male-female connector set. This type of connector 1140 can be used for connections that have more than one power or signal line. In the figure, two distinct power or connection lines, 1142 and 1144 are available. Of course, the inventive concept may be extended to a greater number of connection lines as well.
Power/signal line 1142 (“Line 1”) runs through a central portion of male pin 1150, while a second power/signal line 1144 (“Line 2”) occupies an outer portion of male pin 1150. The two power/signal lines 1142, 1144 are electrically isolated from one another by insulator 1149. A first row of woven conductors 1145 couples the Line 1 portion 1142 of male pin 1150 to the corresponding portion 1141 of female connector 1152 (which may be a termination contact member or female ferrule). A second row of woven conductors 1146 couples the Line 2 portion 1144 of male pin 1150 to the corresponding portion 1143 of female connector 1152.
In operation, inserting male pin 1150 into the rows of woven conductors 1145, 1146 creates two distinct (Line 1, Line 2) connection paths in the overall connector 1140, electrically isolated from one another by the insulator 1149 in male pin 1150, insulating film 1147, and insulator 1148 in female ferrule 1152. In the example shown in FIG. 52, the outer (Line 2) path, 1143-1145-1144, provides a ground shield for a coaxial circuit. Other geometries, such as flat or arced geometries, and configurations with multiple connection paths are also possible.
Another aspect of the woven connectors presented herein is that the loading fibers about which the conducting windings are wound may be tailored to different designs. For example, a continuous length of fiber may be used to form multiple layers within a connector rather than cutting the fiber into discrete lengths. The continuous loading fiber may be manufactured by wrapping conductor wire about a single length of loading fiber material, then spiraling the loading fiber material around a female opening of a connector. This type of connector will include a great number of wound connection points (windings) that can be fabricated easily and quickly. Torsional springs can be used to hold the loading fiber in place.
The single-winding woven conductors described in the examples above lend themselves to other customizations and optimizations. For example, it may be advantageous in some instances to provide a plurality of single-winding woven conductors in a same connector, the woven conductors being made of different materials. It is known that arcing can be observed when connecting or disconnecting a connector under load. This arcing can cause damage to the points of the male and female connectors, most likely due to heat and oxidation of the points. Accordingly, the present inventors have developed a way to reduce or eliminate the effects of this arcing in connectors constructed according to the present disclosure, such as depicted in FIGS. 46, 48, 49, 50, 51 and 52.
Generally, a first set of conductors furthest from the female ferrule may be constructed of an arc resistant copper alloy, optionally plated in silver, and a second set of conductors nearest the female ferrule may be constructed of a high copper alloy. In this way, the contact points provide a good electrical connection through the rows of woven conductors near the female ferrule, while tolerating the arcing at the row of woven conductors furthest from the female ferrule, which is usually the first to make and last to break the electrical contact during operation of the connector. This embodiment limits damage from make/break arcing, and the steady state normal operation of the connector will not be degraded by the arcing damage after many cycles of use. In one specific example, the rows of single-winding woven conductors making initial contact on connection and final contact on disconnection (e.g., row “f” of FIG. 46) are made from a BeCu or phosphor bronze alloy that is plated in nickel and silver to be more resistant to arcing effects, while the other rows (e.g., rows “c, d, e” of FIG. 46) nearest to the female ferrule are made of a stable high copper alloy plated in nickel and gold.
FIG. 53 illustrates a partial view of an exemplary embodiment of a conductor assembly 2000 that has one or more conducting wires 2002 that are wound about a conducting post 2004 and a loading fiber 2006. In a preferred embodiment, conductor assembly 2000 consists of a single conducting wire 2002 that is wound substantially along the whole lengths of the conducting post 2004 and the loading fiber 2006. (For purposes of clarity, in FIG. 53, conducting wire 2002 is only shown to be wound a portion of the conducting post 2004 and the loading fiber 2006). The conducting wire 2002 is bonded to the conducting posts by either soldering, welding, ultrasonic bonding etc. to provide good electrical contact between wire 2002 and conducting post 2004. In some instances, this bonding allows favorable anti-oxidation plating of posts 2004, which can include plating with an inexpensive material (e.g., tin), or no plating at all, rather than being plated with an expensive noble material (e.g., gold or silver). At least one contact point is generally present within each winding of the conducting wire 2002. The contact points of the conducting wire 2002 can be used to engage a contact mating surface of a mating conductor, e.g., the male pin portion of an electrical connector. The conducting post 2004 is substantially rigid. The loading fiber 2006 is oriented substantially parallel to the conducting post 2004 and is located a distance away from the conducting post 2004. When loading fiber 2006 is under tension, normal contact forces are generated at the contact points of the conducting wire 2002.
In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 53, conducting post 2004 and loading fiber 2006 have circular cross-sections of different diameters, e.g., the diameter of conducting post 2004 may be appreciably greater than the diameter of loading fiber 2006. Conducting wire 2002 is typically under some tension, and conforms to the shape and diameters of the conducting post 2004 and loading fiber 2002 about which it is wound. It should be understood that the individual windings, loops, or rings may be formed of a continuously-wound or wrapped length of conducting wire 2002, or may be formed of a plurality of individual conducting wires, each making one or more turns about conducting post 2004 and loading fiber 2006. That is, a spiral-shaped formation may be wrapped along a length of conducting post 2004 and loading fiber 2006, or individual closed loops or rings of conductor material may be disposed around conducting post 2004 and loading fiber 2006. For simplicity, but without intending to be limiting, the windings, loops, or rings of conducting wire 2002 will be referred to herein as “windings.”
In one aspect, conducting wire 2002 is wound about conducting post 2004 and loading fiber 2006 to form multiple windings disposed side by side along a length of the conducting post 2004 and loading fiber 2006. The multiple windings of conducting wire 2002 are typically wound in close proximity to one another, but not overlapping one another, such that the end result of a section of conducting wire 2002 wound as shown in FIG. 53 provides several or many adjacent conductor wire runs running between conducting post 2004 and loading fiber 2006. Tightly spaced conductor wire windings can even be touching to form a series, array, surface, wall, or sheet 2003 of conducting wire from the many adjacent windings, running between conducting post 2004 and loading fiber 2006. For simplicity, but without intending to be limiting, the series, array, surface, wall, or sheet 2003 of conducting wire windings will be referred to herein as a “series” of windings, and are wound about the same conducting post 2004 and loading fiber 2006.
FIG. 53 shows ten such adjacent windings in a series 2003, but fewer windings or more windings can be similarly arranged. Note that placing the series 2003 of windings against a conducting surface (not shown) would provide a plurality of electrical and mechanical contact points, or separable interface points that could conduct electrical current between the conducting wire 2002 and the conducting surface, or by extension, between conducting post 2004 and the conducting surface. In connector designs to be described below, a very large number of parallel electrical contacts may be established to create a parallel resistance network of individual contact resistances that can be load-balanced for optimum performance. In some designs, these connectors allow for high current densities, good scalability, and ease of manufacturing. The high current density is a result of the large number of individual conducting windings used in parallel, which in combination would provide a relatively large total cross-sectional area for conducting current across the connector.
The assembly shown in FIG. 53 can be referred to generically for convenience as a “tensioned conductor assembly” 2000. Assembly 2000 can be manufactured in a number of ways, including some that were described earlier in this document, and in related patents, patent applications and references, previously incorporated herein by reference. One specific way of making the tensioned conductor assembly of FIG. 53 is by winding a continuous length of conducting wire 2002 around a mandrel and then threading the loading fiber 2006 through the resulting windings of conducting wire 2002.
In electrical connector designs, to be more fully described below, the conducting series of windings 2003 is incorporated into one portion of an electrical connector, e.g., a female portion, and is used to make electrical contact with a conducting surface of a mating connector element, e.g., a conducting male pin inserted into a space in part defined by the series of conductor windings 2003.
FIG. 54 illustrates a connector 2010 having three tensioned conductor assemblies 2000 each having at least one conducting wire 2002 that is wound around a conducting post 2004 and a loading fiber 2006. A portion of a tensioned conductor assembly 2000 appears near the left hand side of the figure with a series of conductor windings 2003 wound thereon. (For clarity, only a portion of the conductor winding 2003 is shown. In some embodiments, the windings 2003 would extend along the lengths of the conducting post 2004 and the loading fiber 2006.) The two remaining tensioned conductor assemblies 2000 are shown without their conductor windings 2003 so that the underlying structures can be seen in the figure.
The female portion of connector 2010 further consists of a conducting base 2016, a non-conducting top ring 2014 and a series of spring wires 2018 that are disposed between the base 2016 and the top ring 2014. The loading fibers 2006 are similarly disposed between the base 2016 and the top ring 2014. One end of the posts 2004 is coupled to conducting base 2016 while the opposite end is allowed to slide through corresponding openings in top ring 2014. Clearance holes 2013 in the top ring allow the top ring to move up and down without appreciable motion in the conducting posts 2004. Top ring 2004 and the spring wires 2018 thus provide tension in the loading fibers. As male pin 2012 is inserted into the female portion of the connector, the loading fibers are displaced outward a small amount. The loading fibers are bonded to both the top ring 2014 and conducting base 2016. As the shape of the loading fibers is changed due to inserting the male pin, the top ring 2014 is pulled down towards conducting base 2016. Pulling the top ring down increases the spring load in the spring wires and keeps the loading fibers in tension. The desired tension in the fibers for a specified male pin diameter can be set by using different size/lengths/orientations of the spring wires 2018. The preloaded tension in the fibers can also be changed by changing the initial offset of the top plate when the loading fibers are attached to the top plate. The angle between spring wires 2018 and conducting base 2016 can be designed to change the spring rate for different operating conditions. In addition to providing structural support to the lower end of the female end of connector 2010, conducting base 2016 serves as a termination contact for the conducting posts 2004.
The rigid conducting posts 2004, the loading fibers 2006, and spring wires 2018 are arranged around a central axis 2020 of the connector 2010, and are oriented at some angle with respect to axis 2020. This configuration is sometimes referred to as a “skew divergent” arrangement, which can be achieved when a bundle of parallel members is rotated counter-clockwise at one end and clockwise at the other end. The resulting orientation of the members can be generally referred to as being “skew divergent.”
The connector 2010 of FIG. 54 is shown having three sets of tensioned conductor assemblies 2000, similarly constructed, and disposed roughly in a circle about the central axis 2020 of the connector. However, fewer or more tensioned conductor assemblies 2000 may be used for making the connector.
FIG. 54 shows a mating conductor 2012, i.e., a male pin, inserted into a central space that is defined by the top ring 2014 and the windings 2003 of the female portion of the connector 2010. In the present example, the central space is designed to accommodate a mating conductor 2012 having a circular cross-section, in which case connector 2010 is substantially symmetrical about axis 2020. It will be appreciated, however, that other geometries and cross-sections of the mating conductor 2012 and the connector 2010 are within the scope of the present invention.
In this configuration, a properly-dimensioned mating conductor 2012 inserted into the center of the skew divergent arrangement will make mechanical and electrical contact with the contact points of the conducting wires 2002 of tensioned conductor assemblies 2000. The tension applied to loading fibers 2006, in conjunction with the winding of the conducting wire 2002 and conducting posts 2004 will provide a normal force between the connection points of the series of windings 2003 and the contact mating surface of the mating conductor 2012. In particular, when mating conductor 2012 is inserted into a space defined by the female portion of connector 2010, the loading fibers 2006 are at least partially deflected which thereby causes the normal forces to be generated. In fact, mating conductor 2012 will be contacted at many points by the many windings of conducting wire 2002 in tensioned conductor assemblies 2000.
The connector 2010 may also be provided with one or more of the features described previously with respect to the electrical connector assemblies and devices using wound conductors 1070. Load balancing, as previously discussed herein, can be applied to connector 2010 and similar devices. For example, tensioned conductor assembly 2000 can include conducting windings made of different gauge (thickness) wire, having different cross-sectional areas, and the windings can be made of different materials. Furthermore, mating conductor 2012 may have a variable thickness cross-section to affect the resistance along the length of the mating conductor, and to help balance the resistance network formed by the connector 2010.
The conducting windings 2002 of tensioned conductor assemblies 2000 could be designed to reduce or eliminate the effects of make/break arcing by using windings made of an arc resistant material or plating in a portion of assemblies 2000, as described above.
FIG. 55 illustrates a partial close-up and cross-sectional view of the contact between a set of conducting wire windings 2031, wrapped around a loading fiber 2032, and a round (male) pin 2030, having a surface radius of curvature 2035. By “round pin” it is meant a pin (e.g., 2012 of FIG. 54) having a substantially circular cross section normal to a longitudinal axis of symmetry of the pin (e.g., 2020 of FIG. 54). A cross-section of pin 2030, viewed in a plane perpendicular to skew-divergent loading fiber 2032 would have an oval (not round) profile because an angle exists between the pin 2030 and the loading fiber 2032. The tensioned loading fiber 2032 tracks the surface of the pin profile.
For a connector having a round pin 2030 and a loading fiber at an angle 2034 with respect to the pin's centerline, a normal force will be generated between the pin 2030 and the woven conducting windings 2031. The normal force depending in part on the angle 2034 between the axis of the pin and the loading fiber 2032. Other factors affecting the normal force are the surface radius of curvature 2035 of the pin at the point of contact, and the tension (T) in loading fiber 2032. Note that spacing 2033 (L) between windings 2031 of adjacent conductors also affects the resultant normal force experienced between the wire and the surface of pin 2030.
FIG. 56 shows three configurations of contact between a pin (i.e., a mating conductor) and a loading fiber. The configuration shown at the top of the figure depicts the loading fiber normal to the centerline axis of the pin. When tensioned, a uniform normal force is generated around the circumference of the male pin's surface. In the configuration in the middle of the figure, the normal force between the loading fiber and male pin surface varies with position since the local radius of curvature also varies along the length of the loading fiber. At points along the pin, the normal force for a set fiber tension will be higher or lower than when the fiber is normal to the entire surface of the pin. Finally, in the configuration at the bottom of FIG. 56, the loading fiber and the pin's axis are parallel (the angle is zero degrees). In this last case, there is no skew divergence, and no normal force is generated between the pin and the loading fiber because no deflection of the loading fiber occurs. Therefore, an appropriate angle of skew divergence between the pin and the loading fiber may be selected for a given application.
One aspect of the skew divergent or spiral connector designs, such as the connector 2010 illustrated in FIG. 54, is that they allow for a range of pin sizes to be used with a female connector. For a given configuration and size of female connector, more than one male pin 2012 will fit into the female connector, albeit with various normal forces resulting from the fit.
FIG. 57 is a cross-sectional representation of connector 2040, which may be the same or similar to connector 2010 of FIG. 54. Mating conductor 2042 is shown inserted into the female portion of the connector, and making contact with a plurality of tensioned conductive wire windings 2044. Conductive windings 2044 are electrically connected to conductive post 2046 and circular base 2048. Circular base 2048 acts as a termination contact that can be coupled to an external cable (not shown). Similarly, mating conductor 2042 can be coupled to an external cable at the male end of connector 2040.
FIG. 57 depicts contact between two separate sets of windings 2044 of two tensioned conductor assemblies (one set to the left of the male pin, and another set to its right). Several or many sets of tensioned conductor assemblies may make similar contact with male pin 2042 if arranged around the male pin, e.g., in a circular configuration as shown in FIG. 54.
It can be seen that, when fully inserted, mating conductor 2042 makes contact with many different (parallel) individual conductor windings 2044, providing a great degree of redundancy, and ample opportunity to balance the electrical load between individual windings of conductor 2044. Of course, connector 2040 and mating conductor 2042 are not limited to circular cross sections, but can have other forms as well. Also, two or more connectors 2040, substantially similarly constructed, may be used in a connection block analogous to that illustrated in FIG. 44 to provide a corresponding plurality of connections to a plurality of power or signal lines. In use, inserting mating conductor 2042 into the female portion of connector 2040 results in a portion of the mating conductor 2042 near its tip coming in contact with a portion (at “m”) of conductive wire windings 2044 before the remaining portions of mating conductor 2042 come into contact with the remaining portions of windings 2044 (at “a” through “l”). In reverse, on removing male pin 2042 from the female portion of connector 2040, contact is first lost between portions “a” through “l” of the female side of the connector, and the tip of male pin 2042 loses contact with the windings at “m” last.
FIG. 58 shows an electrical resistance network 2050 that is representative of the electrical resistance that is encountered as energy travels through the mating conductor 2042 of FIG. 57, across the contact points of a single conductor winding 2044 (between the mating conductor 2042 and a conductor winding 2044) and through the conductor winding 2044, conductive post 2046, and a conductive base 2048 of connector 2040. As above, RW denotes the resistance of the conductive wire 2002 found between successive contact points, RSI denotes the separable interface contact resistance that exists at a contact point of conductor winding 2044 and a point on mating conductor 2042, RMP denotes the resistance of the mating conductor 2042 between successive conductor contact points, and Rab, Rbc . . . Rmn, denote the resistance between any two successive points, e.g., “a” and “b,” as is indicated in FIG. 57 (i.e., within mating conductor 2042, winding 2044, conductive post 2046 and base 2048). The current-handling capacity of the connector 2050 may be optimized when the connector 2050 is resistance balanced. The connector 2050 will be resistance balanced when the parallel resistances of all the conductive posts 2046 between each wire winding 2002 is the same as the resistance of the mating conductor between successive conductor contact points. In other words, a connector 2040 having three conductive posts 2046 and three conductive windings 2044 will be substantially resistance balanced when Rbc/3=Rmp=Rcd/3=Rde/3 . . . , assuming all Rw's are substantially equal, all RSI's are substantially equal, and [Rbc]post 1, [Rbc]post 2 and [Rbc]post 3 are substantially equal.
This can be achieved in one of the ways described previously for balancing the load on connector conductors, including by making the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the conducting posts 2046 equal to the cross-sectional area of mating conductor 2042 when the material used in the conducting posts and male pin are the same. Hence, because of the conductive post-conductive wire arrangement for this type of connector, the current carrying capacity of the connector is not limited by the cross-sectional area of the conductive wire that is disposed between the termination contact (conductive base) 2048 and the mating conductor 2042. This type of connector can also be provided with a high degree of redundancy having a high density of conducting wire woven conductor windings packaged into a relatively small volume.
The above described connectors are tolerant to lateral and angular misalignment of the male pins to the female portions of the connectors. Due to the inherent flexibility of the loading fibers in the skew arrangement, the electrical contact points can shift to handle lateral misalignment of the mating elements, as well as rotational misalignment, without loosing a significant number of contact points and without damaging the connectors.
Having thus described various illustrative embodiments and aspects thereof, modifications and alterations may be apparent to those of skill in the art. Such modifications and alterations are intended to be included in this disclosure, which is for the purpose of illustration only, and is not intended to be limiting. The scope of the invention should be determined from proper construction of the appended claims, and their equivalents.

## Claims

1. A contact connector, comprising:
at least one loading fiber;
a plurality of conductors, wherein each conductor of said plurality of conductors includes at least one contact point; and
wherein each conductor of said plurality of conductors contacts a single loading fiber and each loading fiber is capable of delivering a contact force at each contact point,
each said conductor is wound only around said respective single loading fiber to form a single non woven interconnection,
and further comprising a termination contact member wherein at least one end of each conductor is coupled to said termination contact member.

2. The contact connector of claim 1, wherein each said conductor is wound around said single loading fiber only once.

3. The contact connector of claim 1, wherein each said conductor is wound around said single loading fiber more than once.

4. The contact connector of claim 1, each conductor having a termination portion, the lengths of said termination portions of said conductors being substantially equal.

5. The contact connector of claim 1, wherein said contact connector is a power connector having a power circuit and a return circuit.

6. The contact connector of claim 1, wherein said contact connector is a data connector having at least one signal path.

7. The contact connector of claim 1, wherein an electrical connection is established between a first conductor and a second conductor.

8. The contact connector of claim 1, further comprising:
a spring mount having attachment points; and
wherein each loading fiber has a first end and a second end and wherein said first end of said loading fiber is coupled to at least a portion of said attachment points.

9. The contact connector of claim 1, further comprising:
a first spring mount having first attachment points;
a second spring mount having second attachment points; and
wherein each loading fiber has a first end and a second end and wherein said first end of said loading fiber is coupled to at least a portion of said first attachment points of said first spring mount and wherein said second end of said loading fiber is coupled to at least a portion of said second attachment points of said second spring mount.

10. The contact connector of claim 1, wherein said loading fiber is comprised of an elastic material.

11. The contact connector of claim 1, wherein said loading fiber is comprised of at least one of the following: nylon, fluorocarbon, polyaramids, polyamids, conductive metal or natural fiber.

12. The contact connector of claim 1, said plurality of conductors comprising at least a first set of conductors and a second set of conductors, wherein each of said conductors of said first set contacts a first loading fiber and each of said conductors of said second set contacts a second loading fiber.

13. The contact connector of claim 12, wherein each conductor of said first set has a first cross-sectional area and each conductor of said second set has a second cross-sectional area.

14. The contact connector of claim 12, wherein each conductor of said first set is comprised of a first material and each conductor of said second set is comprised of a second material.

15. The contact connector of claim 14, wherein said first material comprises an arc resistant copper alloy and said second material comprises a substantially high copper content alloy.

16. The contact connector of claim 12, wherein said second set of conductors is electrically isolated from said first set of conductors.

17. The contact connector of claim 16, further comprising an insulating material that is disposed between said first and second sets of conductors.

18. The contact connector of claim 1, further comprising:
a mating conductor having a contact mating surface; and
wherein an electrical connection is established between said at least one contact point of each said conductor and said contact mating surface of said mating conductor.

19. The contact connector of claim 18, wherein a cross-sectional area of said contact mating surface varies along at least a portion of a longitudinal axis of said mating conductor.

20. The contact connector of claim 18, wherein at least a portion of said contact mating surface is curved.

21. The contact connector of claim 20, wherein said curved portion of said contact mating surface is defined by a constant radius of curvature.

22. The contact connector of claim 1, further comprising:
a termination housing having a first termination contact member and a second termination contact member, wherein said second termination contact member is electrically isolated from said first termination contact member,
said plurality of conductors comprising a first set of conductors and a second set of conductors, each conductor of said first set contacting a first loading fiber and each conductor of said second set contacting a second loading fiber, said second set of conductors being electrically isolated from said first set of conductors, and
wherein at least one end of each conductor of said first set is coupled to said first termination contact member and at least one end of each conductor of said second set is coupled to said second termination contact member.

23. The contact connector of claim 22, further comprising:
a mating conductor having a first contact mating surface and a second contact mating surface, said second contact mating surface being electrically isolated from said first contact mating surface; and
wherein an electrical connection is established between said at least one contact point of said conductors of said first set and said first contact mating surface and an electrical connection is established between said at least one contact point of said conductors of said second set and said second contact mating surface.

24. The contact connector of claim 1, further comprising:
a first floating end plate having first attachment points; and
wherein each loading fiber has a first end and a second end, and said first ends of said loading fiber is coupled to at least a portion of said first attachment points of said first floating end plate.

25. The contact connector of claim 24, further comprising a spring arm for engaging said first floating end plate.