Thermal and FTIR Characterization of Poly 

(4-vinylpyridine) Crosslinked with Metal Salts 

by Nicole E. Zander, Joshua A. Orlicki, and Adam M. Rawlett 

ARL-TR-5108 March 2010 

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Army Research Laboratory 

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ARL-TR-5108 March 2010 

Thermal and FTIR Characterization of Poly 

(4-vinylpyridine) Crosslinked with Metal Salts 

Nicole E. Zander, Joshua A. Orlicki, and Adam M. Rawlett 

Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, ARL 

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 
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Thermal and FTIR Characterization of Poly (4-vinylpyridine) Crosslinked with 

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Nicole E. Zander, Joshua A. Orlicki, and Adam M. Rawlett 

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14. ABSTRACT 

We investigated the physical properties and degree of crosslinking of poly (4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) blended with transition 

metal salts using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The glass transition 

temperature (Tg) of the blends increased significantly upon addition of zinc (Zn) and copper (II) (Cu) salts. Tg enhancement 

was found to be highly dependent upon the type and loading of the metal salt. A maximum increase of 70 oC was observed at 

0.25 molar equivalents of Zn cation. Ash content from TGA was highest for the 0.25 zinc salt loading, indicating that the 

maximum amount of metal ion was incorporated into the polymer at this concentration. Fourier transform infrared 

spectroscopy (FTIR) provided confirmation that transition metal coordination between the Zn cation and the pyridine 

nitrogens occured, and allowed for the quantification of pyridine binding. 

15. SUBJECT TERMS

P4VP, Tg, FTIR, DSC, TGA, coordination chemistry 

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Nicole E. Zander 

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iii 

Contents 

List of Figures iv

List of Tables iv

1. Background 1

2. Materials and Methods 1

2.1 Materials ..........................................................................................................................1

2.2 Methods ...........................................................................................................................2

2.3 Instrumental Analysis ......................................................................................................2

3. Results and Discussion 2

4. Conclusions 9

5. References 10 

Distribution List 11 
iv 

List of Figures 

Figure 1. The glass transition temperatures as determined by DSC of P4VP/Zn complexes at 

various molar equivalent loadings of ZnCl2. ............................................................................3

Figure 2. TGA (left) and DTGA (right) spectrum of P4VP. ..........................................................5

Figure 3. DTGA spectrum of P4VP with 0.11 molar equivalents Zn.............................................6

Figure 4. Remaining ash of the P4VP/Zn complex as a function of Zn loading as determined 

by TGA. .....................................................................................................................................6

Figure 5. Possible tetrahedral coordination complexation of ZnCl2 with P4VP. ..........................6

Figure 6. Weight percent ZnCl2 added versus total weight percent remaining as determined 

by TGA. .....................................................................................................................................7

Figure 7. FTIR spectra of P4VP recorded at varying molar equivalent ratios of Zn2+ : P4VP. 

The peak on the right corresponds to the uncoordinated pyridine rings whereas the peak 

on the left at 1620 cm–1 represents the fraction of the coordinated pyridine rings in the 

polymer. .....................................................................................................................................8

Figure 8. Area fraction of coordinated pyridine rings versus molar equivalent Zn2+ added as 

determined by FTIR spectrums. .................................................................................................8

List of Tables 

Table 1. Coordination geometry and Tg of metal salts coordinated with P4VP. ............................4
1 

1. Background 

The intermolecular association between components in blends or composite interfaces plays a 

critical role in governing the physical properties of the system (1). The influence of hydrogen 

bonding in molecular dynamics at different length scales is well known. Intermolecular bonding 

can suppress localized β motions of the polymer chains at temperatures below the glass transition 

temperature (Tg) due to the formation of transient crosslinks between polymer chains. The 

mechanical properties, as well as aging of the polymer, are known to be related to these localized 

motions in the glassy state (1). Like hydrogen bonding, the addition of inorganic salts is a useful 

means to improve both the thermal and mechanical stability of a polymer system (1–6). 

Transition metal salts behave differently than low molecular weight plasticizers, in that they 

increase rather than decrease the Tg of the polymer by forming rigid coordination complexes. 

The degree of suppression of localized motion depends strongly on the strength of the 

interactions between the polymer backbone or pendant groups and the metal salt (6). 

Poly-4-vinylpyridine (P4VP) is a polymer of interest due to its high electrical conductivity, 

though it suffers from low thermal and mechanical stability (2, 5). Overlap of the frontier 

molecular orbitals of the metal atoms with the neutral basic pyridine ligands in the polymer 

allows for network formation and enhanced interchain electron transfer (1). Previous research 

has demonstrated significant improvement in electrical conductivity of P4VP and poly-2-

vinylpyridine (P2VP) with the addition of copper salts (2, 5). 

Most research in this area of polymer blends has focused on using differential scanning 

calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data to qualitatively 

assess the degree of crosslinking. In this work, a quantitative correlation between the degree of 

crosslinking, and the amount of zinc salt added using thermal decomposition data and peak area 

integrations of FTIR spectra, is presented. In addition to zinc salts, the effect of non-covalent 

crosslinks with other transition, alkali, and alkaline earth metals on the physical properties of 

P4VP was investigated. 

2. Materials and Methods 

2.1 Materials 

P4VP (Mw = 50 kDa), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), copper (II) chloride (CuCl2), magnesium chloride 

(MgCl2), sodium chloride (NaCl), and potassium chloride (KCl) were obtained from Sigma 

Aldrich and used as received. 
2 

2.2 Methods 

P4VP and metal salts at molar equivalent ratios of 1:1 to 1:100 were dissolved separately in 

ethanol at concentrations of approximately 10 wt % and 5 wt %, respectively. The metal ion 

solution was then added quickly to the stirring polymer solution, and the resulting mixture was 

stirred RT for 30 min. Mixtures with high loadings of metal ions, typically 1:1 to 1:10, formed 

insoluble complexes that were isolated by vacuum filtration, washed several times with ethanol, 

and dried in a vacuum oven (60 oC, 24 hr). Semi-soluble and soluble mixtures were isolated by 

rotary evaporation, washed with water, centrifuged, and dried. 

We prepared fully protonated P4VP (Mw = 50,000) by dissolving the polymer in methylene 

chloride and adding 20 μL of a 4M HCl solution. The mixture was stirred RT for 30 min, 

isolated by rotary evaporation, and dried in a vacuum oven. 

FITR samples were prepared by grinding 10 mg of sample with 100 mg of potassium bromide 

and pressing into a transparent pellet. 

2.3 Instrumental Analysis 

Infrared spectra were collected using a FTIR spectrometer (Thermo Nicolet Nexus 870 ESP), 

using 64 scans and 2 cm–1 resolution. The thermal stability was characterized on a TA 

Instrument Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA Q 5000) under nitrogen flow. All samples were 

heated at 10 oC/min to 700 oC. Thermal properties were measured on a TA Instruments DSC 

with a heat/cool/heat program. All samples were heated at 10 oC/min to 250 oC, cooled 5 oC/min 

to –20 oC, and then heated again at 10 oC/min to 250 oC. The glass transition temperature was 

taken as the point of inflection in the glass transition region. DSC and TGA data were processed 

using Universal Analysis software. The Tg was automatically calculated by defining the limits of 

the glass transition region. The derivative weight (DTGA) was used for all TGA charts. 

FTIR data was imported into CasaXPS software for peak integration and processing (8). 

3. Results and Discussion 

The physical properties of P4VP changed immediately with the addition of metal salts. For high 

loadings of metal salts (0.11 to 1 molar equivalents of zinc (Zn2+) per P4VP nitrogen), a solid 

precipitate formed within seconds of addition. Lower loading levels produced either a gelatinous 

consistency or a soluble mixture. Molar equivalents as low as 0.01 still enhanced the physical 

properties of the polymer. Figure 1 displays glass transition data for the addition of Zn2+ to 

P4VP at molar equivalence ratios from 1:1 down to 1:100, respectively, as determined by DSC. 

As is shown, the addition of 0.01 (1:100) molar equivalents Zn2+ increases the Tg of neat P4VP 

from approximately 147 °C to 153 °C. The Tg continues to increase at higher loadings of Zn2+
3 

until it reaches a maximum at a 1:4 molar equivalent ratio (220 °C), which corresponds to a 

70 °C enhancement over neat P4VP. Successively higher loading showed a suppression of the 

Tg, although it was still enhanced over the neat material. Thus, addition of the salt restricts the 

mobility of the polymer chains by forming physical crosslinks, which leads to an increase in the 

Tg up to the maximum observed at 1 Zn2+ for every four pyridine rings (tetrahedral 

coordination). The Tg drops off at higher loadings of Zn2+, a condition frequently observed for 

polyelectrolytes (7). The strength of the polymer/salt and salt cation/anion interaction strongly 

governs polymer chain rigidity and intersegmental distances. Kim et al. found that for silver 

acetate/poly (2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) systems, the highest Tg was observed for a 1:3 molar 

equivalence ratio. At a 1:2 molar equivalence ratio, the Tg was decreased due to repulsion 

between free anions. At a 1:1 molar equivalence ratio, ion pairs started to form. Less free metal 

ions were, therefore, able to form transient crosslinks, which weakened the polymer-salt 

interaction and lead to microphase separation between the polymer and the salt, and, 

consequently, reduced physical properties (7). 

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Molar Equivalent Zn

Tg (C)

Figure 1. The glass transition temperatures as determined by DSC 

of P4VP/Zn complexes at various molar equivalent loadings 

of ZnCl2. 

We also examined the addition of HCl and other salts, including CuCl2, MgCl2, NaCl, and KCl, 

at 0.25 molar equivalents (see table 1). HCl was added as a proof of concept to demonstrate the 

effect of breaking up the hydrogen bonding of the pyridine nitrogens and forming electrostatic 

repulsions between chains. Sodium (Na+

) and Potassium (K+) represent different ligation 

geometry compared to Zn2+ and copper (II) (Cu2+), as they are monovalent rather than divalent 

species with larger ionic radius, and were investigated to determine whether they would have a 

similar effect as protonation—and, thus, electrostatic repulsion—on the thermal properties of 

P4VP. Magnesium (Mg2+) is a divalent ion like Zn2+ and Cu2+, but has a smaller ionic radius and 

was, therefore, expected to behave somewhere in between the purely coordination bonding of 

Zn2+ and Cu2+ 1 and the ionic interaction of the monovalent salts. 
4 

Table 1. Coordination geometry and Tg of metal salts coordinated with P4VP. 

Metal Salt Tg (oC) Coordination Geometry 

No salt 147.13 N/A 

ZnCl2 215.03 Tetrahedral 

CuCl2 139.79 Square planar 

NaCl 141.62 Ionic 

KCl 146.62 Ionic 

MgCl2 ND* Octahedral 

CaCl2 ND* CR 3-9** 

*Tg not detected, **Coordination numbers 3-9 possible 

Coordination of P4VP with Cu2+ improved the Tg about 20 °C compared to the 70 °C 

enhancement with the same 0.25 molar equivalent loading of Zn2+. Higher loadings of Cu2+

suppressed the Tg below neat P4VP levels. As discussed previously, Cu2+ and Zn2+ are both 

divalent, and are of similar ionic and atomic radii, but they differ by 1 d electron in their valence 

shells. Zn2+ has a full d shell (10 electrons) and preferentially forms tetrahedral coordination 

with ligands, whereas Cu2+ with 9 d electrons prefers a distorted tetrahedral or square planar 

geometry. Since the square planar geometry is less compact than tetrahedral, greater increases in 

interchain distance between crosslinks could result in less chain rigidity and a lower Tg. 

As we expected, the Tg was suppressed by the addition of the acid (110 °C), as the electrostatic 

repulsion of the protonated P4VP increased interchain distances. The Tg of the NaCl and 

KCl/P4VP complexes also suppressed the Tg but to a much lesser extent—141 °C and 146 °C, 

respectively—compared to neat P4VP (147 °C). The minimal impact of the former salts can be 

explained by the TGA data, which showed virtually no ash remaining, indicating that essentially 

no salt was present in the solid P4VP/salt complex. Mg2+, on the other hand, had a large effect 

on the thermal properties of the system. Although the Tg of the 0.25 molar equivalent system 

was not able to be determined, the thermal stability of the polymer was improved slightly, as 

evidenced by an increase in the decomposition temperature from 400 °C to 417 °C. In addition, 

the 23% ash remaining suggested a high degree of complexation. Since this study focused on 

Zn2+ coordination, further studies into the Mg/P4VP coordination may be warranted. 

In order to gain further insight into the thermal changes in the P4VP system, as well as the 

degree of crosslinking, the thermal stability was probed with TGA. Figure 2 displays a typical 

TGA and DTGA spectra for native P4VP, with the weight percent shown on the left for the curve 

and the derivative weight on the right for the peaks. The maximum weight loss occurred at 

400 °C, corresponding to degradation of the polymer backbone, and a small peak occurred at 

around 150 °C due to loss of moisture. Figure 3 shows the TGA spectra of P4VP with the 

addition of 0.11 molar equivalents of Zn2+. In this case, the maximum weight loss due to the 

decomposition of the backbone occurred at a slightly lower temperature (376 °C), as has been 

observed for other polyelectrolytes (9). A second peak of approximately 550 °C was due to the 

decomposition of the ZnCl2, although the salt did not burn entirely, as the final weight loss was 

only 85%. Figure 4 displays the remaining ash determined from TGA spectrums of various 
5 

molar equivalents of Zn2+ from 0.01 up to 1. The ash content increased from 0.01 up to 0.25 

molar equivalent Zn2+, and then decreased with higher loadings, following the same trend as the 

Tg data (figure 1). This suggests that the single Zn2+ per four pyridine nitrogens, or tetrahedral 

coordination of Zn2+, is optimal in terms of thermal properties (see figure 5). In figure 6, the 

weight percent remaining is plotted as a function of weight percent ZnCl2 added. Again, the 

same parabolic relationship is observed, but in this case a direct comparison between the amount 

of Zn2+ added and the amount actually incorporated in the polymer can be made. For loadings of 

Zn2+ up to approximately 25 wt %, the amount added matches the weight percent remaining. For 

loading levels higher than 25 wt %, the weight percent remaining is greatly reduced, indicating 

that the excess salt was not incorporated into the polymer system. It is interesting to note that the 

addition of more than 25 wt % results in 10–15 wt % remaining instead of the optimal 25 wt %. 

As a consequence, the thermal properties of the system are reduced by adding excess zinc salt, 

despite the fact that this salt is not incorporated, which could be due to the formation of salt ion 

pairs as already discussed. The excess salt could induce destabilization of the polymer chains 

during the complex formation process, as crosslinks are initially formed with all or most of the 

zinc ions, and are later broken in the washing and drying steps. A visual inspection of the 

polymers formed with different amounts of Zn2+ appears to suggest quite different densities of 

the materials, depending on the amount of Zn2+—with the higher loadings having lower 

densities. 

Figure 2. TGA (left) and DTGA (right) spectrum of P4VP. 
6 

Figure 3. DTGA spectrum of P4VP with 0.11 molar equivalents Zn. 

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Molar Equivalent Zn

% Ash Remaining

Figure 4. Remaining ash of the P4VP/Zn complex as a function of 

Zn loading as determined by TGA. 

N

n

N

n

Zn2+ N n

N

n

2 ClFigure 5. Possible tetrahedral coordination 

complexation of ZnCl2 with P4VP. 
7 

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 20 40 60

Weight Percent ZnCl added

Weight Percent Remaining

Figure 6. Weight percent ZnCl2 added versus total weight percent remaining 

as determined by TGA. 

As evidenced by the aforementioned results, the addition of metal salts alters the thermal 

properties and stability of the polymer system. The thermal properties can be tailored based on 

the type and amount of salt added. In order to better understand how the amount added equates 

with the degree of crosslinking, or the actual fraction of the pyridine rings in the polymer that are 

coordinated, the polymer complexes were analyzed with FTIR. Figure 7 displays peaks of 

characteristic pyridine ring vibrations at 1595 cm–1 for free uncoordinated rings and at 1622 cm–1 

for coordinated rings at various loadings of Zn2+. As is shown, the peak height intensities follow 

the same trend as observed with the thermal data, in that the 1:4 molar ratio, or tetrahedral 

coordination of the Zn2+ with the pyridine rings, yields the highest fraction of the rings in the 

coordinated state, as evidenced by the highest relative peak intensity at 1622 cm–1. Integrated 

peak areas were determined by CasaXPS software, and the area fractions of the coordinated 

peaks at characteristic pyridine ring vibrations (1622 cm–1), and pyridine C-H in and out of plane 

bending (1031 cm–1), are shown in figure 8. The trend is parabolic with 0.25 molar equivalents 

of Zn2+ at the maximum as expected but with one variation—0.5 molar equivalents of Zn2+ is 

also at the maximum. It appears that 60% of the pyridine rings or P4VP repeat units are the most 

that can be crosslinked or coordinated due to electrostatic repulsion and chain entanglements, 

and, thus, this level is reached with both loadings of zinc salt. This suggests that the same 

fraction of rings are coordinated in both cases but with obvious different thermal property 

effects. In the former case, the amount of salt added is optimal, hence all of the added salt forms 

coordination crosslinks with the polymer backbone. In the latter case, only a portion of the salt 

added forms crosslinks, and the excess salt has a potentially destabilizing effect on the system, as 

discussed previously. Maximum coordination is not achieved for loadings of Zn2+ beyond 0.5 

molar equivalents for reasons discussed previously. 
8 

Figure 7. FTIR spectra of P4VP recorded at varying molar equivalent 

ratios of Zn2+ : P4VP. The peak on the right corresponds to the 

uncoordinated pyridine rings whereas the peak on the left at 

1620 cm–1 represents the fraction of the coordinated pyridine 

rings in the polymer. 

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

Molar Equiv. Zn

Area Fraction Pyridine ring coordinated

1031 cm-1

1620 cm-1

Figure 8. Area fraction of coordinated pyridine rings versus molar 

equivalent Zn2+ added as determined by FTIR spectrums. 
9 

4. Conclusions 

The addition of metal salts to poly (4-vinyl pyridine) alters the thermal properties of the polymer, 

with the extent of alteration being highly dependent on the type and loading of the salt. 

Negligible changes in Tg were observed for ionic-based ligation, while substantial Tg

enhancements were seen for coordination-based ligation. The greatest Tg enhancement of the 

P4VP system (70 °C) was observed with the addition of Zn2+ at a 0.25 molar equivalent loading. 

The former loading was determined to be the optimal one based on Tg, as well as ash content 

from TGA and a fraction of coordinated pyridine rings from FTIR data. Further characterization 

of these systems in order to determine material density and conductivity is of interest. In 

addition, a more thorough study of other salts, including Mg2+, could yield even greater 

enhancement of the P4VP’s thermal properties. 
10 

5. References 

1. Atornigitjawat, P.; Runt, J. Ion Conduction and Polymer Dynamics of Poly(2-

vinylpyridine)-lithium Perchlorate. Journal of Physical Chemistry 2007, 111, 13483–13490. 

2. Rodrigues, J.; Goncalves, J.; Mangrich, A.; Soldi, V.; Bertolino, J.; Pires, A. Thermal 

Behavior and Electrical Conductivity of Poly(vinyl pyridine)/Copper Complexes. Advances 

in Polymer Technology 2000, 19, 113–119. 

3. Kuo, S.; Wu, C.; Chang, F. Thermal Properties, Interactions, Morphologies, and 

Conductivity Behavior in Blends of Poly(vinylpyridine)s and Zinc Perchlorate. 

Macromolecules 2004, 37, 192–200. 

4. Belfiore, L.; Graham, H.; Ueda, E. Ligand Field Stabilization in Nickel Complexes that 

Exhibit Extraordinary Glass Transition Temperature Enhancement. Macromolecules 1992, 

25, 2935–2939. 

5. Rafique, U.; Mazhar, M.; Ali, S.; Khwaja, F. Analytical and electrical studies on poly(2-

vinylpyridine) and its metal complexes. Synthetic Metals 1996, 78, 73–77. 

6. Belfiore, L.; Pires, A.; Wang, Y.; Graham, H.; Ueda, E. Transition-metal Coordination in 

Polymer Blends and Model Systems. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 1411–1419. 

7. Kim, J.; Min, B.; Won, J.; Kang, Y. Analysis of the Glass Transition Behavior of Polymersalt Complexes: An Extended Configurational Entropy Model. Journal of Physical 

Chemistry 2003, 107, 5901–5905. 

8. Fairley, N.; Carrick, A. The Casa Cookbook Part 1: Recipes for XPS Data Processing; 

Acolyte Science: Chesire, UK, 2005. 

9. Suleiman, D.; Napadensky, E.; Sloan, J.; Crawford, D. Thermogravimetric Characterization 

of Highly Sulfonated Poly(styrene-isbutylene-styrene) Block Copolymers: Effects of 

Sulfonation and Counter-ion Substitution. Thermochimica Acta 2007, 460, 35–40. 
11 

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