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NBSIR 80-2112

Explosion Containment

Underground Coal Mine

Equipment: A Bibliography

C. A. Wan

Center for Consumer Product Technology

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

U S. Department of Commerce

Washington, D.C. 20234

and

Emil Braun

Center for Fire Research

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

U S. Department of Commerce

Washington, D.C. 20234

I August 1980

Interim Report

Prepared for: U.S. Bureau of Mines

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213

and

I yiine Safety and Health Administration

triadelphia. West Virginia 26059

NBSIR 80-2112

< /» EXPLOSION CONTAINMENT FOR

UNDERGROUND COAL MINE

EQUIPMENT: A BIBLIOGRAPHY

C. A. Wan

Center for Consumer Product Technology

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, D.C. 20234

and

Emil Braun

Center for Fire Research

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, D.C. 20234

August 1 980

Interim Report

Prepared for; U.S. Bureau of Mines

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213

and

Mine Safety and Health Administration

Triadelphia, West Virginia 26059

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OCT 1 0 1980 o

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. Philip M. Klutznick, Secretary

Luther H. Hodges. Jr.. Deputy Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Productivity, Technology, and Innovation

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler, Director
•<uu«w*, rK
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Abstract 1

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. ALPHABETICAL LISTING ACCORDING TO AUTHOR 2

III. AUTHOR INDEX 20

IV. KEY WORD INDEX 23

V. ACRONYMS 27

111

EXPLOSION CONTAINMENT FOR UNDERGROUND

COAL MINE EQUIPMENT: A BIBLIOGRAPHY

C. A. Wan and Emil Braun

Abstract

This is a bibliography of publications concerning

explosion-proof enclosures with the emphasis on underground

coal mine applications. A survey of the literature primarily in English speaking countries through 1974 is compiled.

The compilation includes over 200 citations. An author and

key word index is included for cross reference.

Key words: Bibliography; coal mines; electrical equipment;

enclosures; explosion; explosion containment; mine safety.

I. INTRODUCTION

As an initial step in assisting the Mine Safety and Health Administration

(MSHA) in documenting and improving the current test procedures for the

approval of explosion-proof enclosures used in underground coal mines, the

Center for Fire Research (CFR) at the National Bureau of Standards initiated a survey of pertinent literature. This survey was confined to publications from

English speaking countries, except in those cases where English abstracts could

be found. This compilation covers publications through 1974.

The citations listed in this bibliography have been limited to underground

coal mine applications. Articles and reports relating equipment performance in

hazardous atmospheres to code design requirements were specifically sought.

However, several general review articles were included to aid those readers

interested in the general area of explosion characterization. Those readers are advised to review the articles by Tideswell (T2) , Ralnford (R8,R9), and Stewart

(S23) as well as the books by Maglson (M3) and Lewis and von Elbe (L2)

The Fire Research Information Service at CFR was the starting point for

this bibliography. The search was quickly expanded to include the Bureau of

Mines publications and the National Technical Information Service, the

Department of Interior Library as well as the National Coal Association Library.

The Safety in Mines Research Establishment publications were also reviewed.

This bibliography is divided into three sections. Section I is an alphabetic listing by first author, with an alphanumeric key given for each of

the 238 citations. This alphanumeric key is used in the following two sections.

Section II is an author index containing all of the authors found in Section I

alphabetically listed. Next to each author’s name is the alphanumeric key

for each citation in Section I. Section III is a key word index in which the

citations are listed by their alphanumeric keys assigned in Section I.

1
II. ALPHABETICAL LISTING ACCORDING TO AUTHOR

AI. Allsop, G. and Wheeler, R. V.* "The Pressures Produced by Electric Arcs

in Closed Vessels," SMRB Paper No. 39, 1927.

A2. Allsop, G. , "The Pressure Produced on Blowing Electric Fuse Links and

Striking Electric Arcs in Closed Vessels," SMRB Paper No. 52, 1929, ERA

Tech. Rep. G/T35, 1929.

A3. Allsop, G. , Lloyd, H. , Horsley, J. A. B,, Burdekin, J. T., Platt, C. B.,

and Rainford, H. , "A Review of Electrical Research and Testing With Regard

to Flame-Proof Enclosure and Intrinsic Safety of Electrical Apparatus and

Circuits, London, HMSO, 1944.

A4. Allsop, G. and Smith, P. B., "Flameproof Electrical Apparatus; the Role

of Flanges in Conferring Protection," Fifth International Conference of

Directors of Mine Safety Research, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,

September 20-25, 1948, U.S. Bur. Mines Bull., 489, 1950.

A5. Allsop, G. , Hartwell, F. J. , and Wheeler, R. V., "A Device for Arresting

Explosions," Trans. Instn. Min. Engrs. , London, England, 97, 20, 1938-39.

A6. Allsop, G. and Wheeler, R. V., "The Ignition of Firedamp by Pyrites During

Coal Cutting," Trans. Instn. Min. Engrs., London, England, 96, 310,

1939-40.

A7 . Allsop, G. , "The Ignition of Explosive Atmospheres by Electric Sparks,"

Critical Resume, ERA Tech. Rep. G/T128, 1940.

A8. Allsop, G. and Lloyd, H., "A Recording Manometer Having Low Inertia,"

SMRB Report No. 91, 1935.

A9. Australian Standard Specification, ASC-98, "Electrical Equipment for

Explosive Atmospheres," 1970.

Bl. Bartkowiak, W. and Kuchta, J. M. , "Flange Spherical Vessel for Combustion

Research," Indus, and Eng. Chem. Process Design and Development, Vol. 5,

No. 4, October 1966.

B2. Bazheuova, T. V., "Propagation of Waves of Finite Amplitude Generated

During the Explosion of a Gas in a Cylindrical Vessel of Variable Volume,"

Jerusalem Gas Dynamics and Physics of Combustion, Israel Program for

Scientific Translations, Ltd., 1962.

B3. Bekker, R. G., "Novyi Zapolnitel Vzryvozashchishchennykh Transformatorov

(New Filler for Explosion Proof Transformers)," (in Russian) Ugol, No. 1,

January 1964.

B4. Belgium Standard Specification, Norme NBM 286, "concernant la protection

par enveloppe antideflagrante," 1965.

2
B5. Belgium Institute of Extractive Industries, "Report for 1968 (covering

approved equipment for Belgiums gassy coal mines)," (in French and

Flemish), Amales des Mines de Belgigue, No. 6, June 1969.

B6. Berggewerkshaf tliche Verscechsstrecke, "75 Jahre Berggewerkshaf tliche

Versuchsstrecke, 1894-1969," 1969.

B7. Bondar, V. A. and Vereokin, V. N., "Explosion Proof Electric Discharges

and Friction Sparks," Chaps. 2 and 4 (Foreign Technology Division, WrightPatterson AFB, Ohio).

B8. Bossert, J. A., "Approval for Electrical Equipment for Hazard Locations,"

paper PCI 66-33, IEEE 16th Annual Petrol, and Chem. Ind. Conf.,

Los Angeles, California, September 15-17, 1969.

B9. Bossert, J. A., "Intrinsic Safety in Canada," Electrical Safety Practices,

ISA Monogram, Vol. 112, 1969.

BIO. British Standards, BS229, "Flameproof Enclosure of Electrical Apparatus,"

1957.

Bll. British Standards, BS4683 Part 1, "Classification of Maximum Surface

Temperatures," 1971.

B12. British Standards, BS4683 Part 2, "The Construction and Testing of

Flameproof Enclosures of Electrical Apparatus," 1971.

B13. British Symposium on Flameproofing and Intrinsic Safety, IEEE Conf. Report

Series No. 3, 1962.

B14. Bonyun, M. E., "Protecting Pressure Vessels With Rupture Discs," Chemical

and Metallurgical Engineering, Vol. 42, 1945.

B15. Brown, G. R. and Silver, S., "An Explosion Hazard Due to Inflammation of

Aluminum Particles in Flat Flanges of Flameproof Enclosures," CEAL No. 197,

Canadian Explosive Atmospheres Laboratory, 1969.

B16. Brown, H., "Design of Explosion Pressure Vents," Engineering News-Record,

October 3, 1946.

B17 . Brown, T. J. A. and Simpson, N., "Flameproof Electrical Apparatus:

Flanged Joints, One Half-Inch in Radial Breadth in Mixtures of Ethylene

Oxide and Air," ERA Tech. Rep. G/T286, 1953.

B18. Brown, T. J. A. and Simpson, N., "Flameproof Electrical Apparatus;

Flanged Joints One Inch and One-Half Inch in Radial Breadth, in Mixtures

of the Vapour of Methyl, Ethyl, Ketone and Air," ERA Tech. Rep. G.T284,

1953.

Brown, T. J. A. and Simpson, N. , "Flameproof Electrical Apparatus;

Flanged Joints, One Inch in Radial Breadth in Mixtures of Ethyl, Ether,

Vapour and Air," ERA Tech. Rep. G/T280, 1953.

. 3

B19.
B20. Brown, T. J. A. and Simpson, N. , "Flameproof Electrical Apparatus; Flange

Joints, One Inch in Radial Breadth in Mixtures of 'Standard’ Town's Gas

and Air," ERA Tech. Rep. G/T298, 1954.

B21. Brown, T. J. A., "Maximum Experimental Safe Gaps. A Note on the Emission

of Flame Through Flange Gaps," ERA Tech. Rep. G/T299, 1954.

B22. Brown, T. J. A. and Simpson, N., "Flameproof Electrical Apparatus:

Flanged Joints, One Half-Inch in Radial Breadth, in Mixtures of 1: 3-

Butadiene Air," ERA Tech. Rep. D/TlOl, 1957.

B23. Brown, T. J. A. and Simpson, N. , "Flameproof Enclosures: Effect of

Internal Pressure on the Flange Gap Width at the Time of Ignition of an External Mixture," ERA Tech. Rep. D/T114, 1959.

B24. Brown, T. J. A., "Pressure Piling in Compartmented Enclosures. 1: Effect

of Bore and Length of Connecting Tube in Explosions of Pentane-Air

Mixtures," ERA Tech. Rep. D/T109, 1959.

B25. Bruce, C. E. R. , "Statistical Examination of Experimental Data on Safe

Clearances for the Shafts of Motors for Use in Coal-Gas Atmospheres," ERA

Tech. Rep. Supplement to G/T124, 1941.

B26. Burgess, M. J. and Wheeler, R. V., "Flameproof Electrical Apparatus:

Experiments on Pressure Development and Release in Oil-Filled Mining Gear,"

ERA Tech. Rep. G/T63, 1940.

Cl. Campbell, J. D. and Chudleigh, J. P., "Problems Encountered in Designing

Electrical Systems for Hazardous Areas," paper PCI-69-31, IEEE 16th Annual

Petrol, and Chem. Ind. Conf., Los Angeles, California, September 15-17,

1969.

C2. Canadian Standards Association, C22.2, No. 30, "Explosion-Proof Enclosures

for Use in Class I Hazardous Locations."

C3. Cartwright, J., "Application, Certification, and Testing of Electrical

Equipment for Flammable Atmospheres," Electl. Rev. 1.3.1968, 182, (9),

Supplement 2-16.

C4. Clark, H. H., "An Investigation of Explosion-Proof Motors," USBM B 4-6,

1912.

C5. Clark, H. H., "Permissible Explosion-Proof Electric Motors for Mines

Conditions and Requirement for Test and Approval," USBM TP 101, 1915.

C6. Coffee, R. D., "Dust Explosions: An Approach to Protection Design," Fire

Technology, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1968.

C7 . Coffee, R. D., Raymond, C. L., and Crouch, H. W., "A Linear Variable

Differential Transformer as a Transducer," Eastman Kodak Company,

New York, 1950.

4
C8. Coffee, R. D., Raymond, C. L., and Crouch, H. W., "The Testing of Materials

for Pressure Relief Vents," Eastman Kodak Company, New York, 1950.

C9. Constance, J. D., "Pressure Ventilation for Explosion Protection," Bldg.

Syst. Des. , Vol. 67, No. 9, September 1970.

CIO. Cotton, P. E. and Cousins, E. W., "The Protection of Closed Vessels Against

Internal Explosions," The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Paper

No. 51-PRI-2, New York, 1951.

Cll. Cousins, E. W. and Cotton, P. E., "Design Closed Vessels to Withstand

Internal Explosions," Chemical Engineering, Vol. 58, No. 8, 1951.

C12. Coward, H. F. and Hersey, M. D., "Accuracy of Manometry of Explosions;

General Survey of the Problem and Comparison of Piston-Type With DiaphragmType Manometers," U.S. Bur. Mines Rep. Invest. No. 3274, 1935.

C13. Coward, H. F. and Jones, G. W. , "Limits of Flammability of Gases and

Vapors," USBM, Bulletin 503, 1952.

C14. Coward, H, F. and Wheeler, R. V., "The Movement of Flame in Firedamp

Explosions," British SMRE K. No. 82, 1933.

C15. Cranshaw, J. E., Ilsley, L. C., Parker, D. J., and Fieldmer, A. C.,

"Permissible Explosives, Mining Equipment and Apparatus Approved to

1/1/1924, USBM TP 364, 1924.

C16. Creech, M. D., "Combustion Explosions in Pressure Vessels Protected With

Rupture Discs," Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers, Vol. 63, No. 7, 1941.

C17. Creech, M. D., "Study of Combustion Explosion in Pressure Vessels," Black,

Syvalls and Bryson, Incorporated, Missouri, 1940.

C18. Crosby, J. B., "Explosion-Proof Design," Product Eng., Vol. 36, No. 3,

February 1965.

Dl. Dainty, E. D. and Brown, G. R. , "Explosion Gas Temperatures at the

Entrance to Flanges of Enclosures Containing 8.5% Methane-Air Mixtures,"

CEAL No. 196, 1969.

D2. Davis, E. H., "Review of Work on the On-Load Method of Testing Flameproof

Electrical Equipment," Electrical Safety in Hazardous Environments Conf.,

March 16-18, 1971.

El. Eastwood, D. G., "Application and Design of Flameproof Transformers and

Switchgear," Electrical Safety in Hazardous Environments Conf., March 16-

18, 1971, IEEE Conf. Publ. , No. 74, London, England, 1971.

5
E2. Ellis, 0. C. de C. and Wheeler, R. V., "Explosions in Closed Cylinders.

Part 3. The Manner of Movement of Flame," J. Chem. Soc., 3215, 1928.

E3. Ellis, 0. C. de C. and Wheeler, R. V., "Explosions in Closed Vessels. The

Correlation of Pressure Development With Flame Movement," Fuel, 7, 169,

1928.

E4. Ellis, 0. C. de C., "Flame Control," Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. LXXX,

Parts 2 and 3, 1930.

E5. Ellis, 0. C. de C., "Rational Movement of Flame Through Explosive Mixtures

of Gases. 1, Explosions in Closed Containers," J. Soc. Chem. Ind., London,

England, 50, 404T, 1931.

E6. Engel, H. H. and Merrits, "Lecture and Demonstration on Flame Propagation

and Permissible and Explosion-Proof Electrical Equipment," USBM IC7980,

1960.

E7. E.R.A. , "Summarising Reports on Flange Gap Protection and Container

Pressure With Three Series of Industrial Atmospheres," Refs. G/T139-1942,

G/T167-1944, and G/T183-1945.

FI. Fischer, W. , "Investigation of Explosion Pressures Occurring in Flameproof

and Pressure-Proof Casings in Case of Ignition by High Energy Electric Arc

of Explosive Gas Mixture. Tightness of Casings in Respect to Propagation

of Explosion in Hydrogen - and Acetylene - Air Mixtures," Paper 35 (in

German), 12th Int. Conf. of Mine Safety Res. Estab., Dortmund, West Germany,

September 11-15, 1967.

F2. FMC Corporation, "Improved Sensors and Fire Control Systems for Mining

Equipment, Phase 1," San Jose, California, December 1972.

F3. FMC Corporation, "Improved Sensors and Fire Control Systems for Mining

Equipment, Phase 2," San Jose, California, May 1973.

F4. Foryunor, Y. I., et al. , "New Explosion-Proof Type PVI-4A Starter," (in

Russian), Elektroteknika, No. 5, May 1971.

F5. Fuel and Power, British Ministry of, Coordinating Committee, "A Review of

Electrical Research and Testing With Regard to Flameproof Enclosure and

Intrinsic Safety of Electrical Apparatus and Circuits," 1943.

F6. Fuel and Power, British Ministry of. Testing Memorandum No. 4, 1946, "Test

and Certification of the Flameproof Enclosure of Electrical Apparatus."

F7 . Fyfe, I. M. and Lee, F. A., "Parameters Contributing to the Failure of

Explosively Loaded Cylinders," AIAA 6th Structures and Materials Conf.,

Palm Springs, California, April 5-7, 1965.

6
Gl. Gel'fer, G. A., Ivonov, A. V., and Medvedev, Y. G. , "Explosion-Proof

Electrical Equipment," translated from Russian, U.S. Dept, of Commerce,

TT64-11004.

G2. Gleim, E. J. , "Abnormal Pressures in Explosion-Proof Compartments of

Electrical Mining Machines," USBM RI2974, 1929.

G3. Gleim, E. J. and Freeman, H. B., "Maintenance of Electrical Mine Equipment

From the Viewpoint of the Safety Inspector," USBM TP537, 1932.

G4. Gleim, E. J. and James, R. S., "Flame-Arresting Limitations of Flat Joints

and Plain Bearings in Explosion-Proof Mine Equipment," USBM, TP566, 1934.

G5. Gleim, E. J. and Marcy, J. F., "A Study to Determine Factors Causing

Pressure Piling in Testing Explosion-Proof Enclosures," USBM RI4904, 1952.

G6. Gleim, E. J. , "USBM Standard for Inspection and Test of Explosion-Proof

Enclosures for Mining Equipment," USBM RI5057, 1954.

G7. Gleim, E. J. , James, R. S., and Brunat, H. B., "Explosion-Proof Design

and Wiring for Permissible Mining Equipment," USBM Bvilletin 541, 1955.

G8. Grabowski, G. J., "Industrial Explosion Protection," Jour. American Oil

Chem. Soc. , Vol. 36, 1959.

G9. Gregory, C. F. , "An Annotated Bibliography on Mine Fires," USBM Report

UI-BMR-13, June 1974.

GIO. Grice, C. S. W. and Wheeler, R. V., "Firedamp Explosions Within Closed

Vessels. Pressure Piling," British SMRB Report No. 49.

Gil. Grice, C. S. W. and Wheeler, R. V., "Flameproof Electrical Apparatus for

Use in Coal Mines. Second Report, Perforated Plate Protection," SMRB

Paper No. 21, 1926.

G12. Grice, C. S. W. , "The Development of Flame-Proof Enclosures," Min. Elect.

Engr., 19 (222), 298-300, March 1939.

G13. Grobleben, K. H., "Ignition of Explosion by Explosion Gases Escaping From

Flame-Proof Casings," Paper 36 (in German), 12th Int. Conf. of Mine Safety

Res. Estab. , Dortmund, West Germany, September 11-15, 1967.

G14. Guenault, E. M. and Smith, P. B., "The Use of Guncotton in the Testing of

Flameproof Enclosures," SMRE Res. Rep. No. 18, 1951.

G15. Guenault, E. M. , "Intrinsic Safety: A Resume of Recent Progress," SMRE

Res. Rep. No. 41, 1952, Min. Equipment 4 (9) 32-34, 1953.

G16. Gunderman, R. , "Mine Power System Research for Transient and Enclosures,"

Jeffrey Mining Machines, TN 23, U71, IC8802.

7
HI. Haagen, T., "New Flange Connections for Large Pressure Vessels," ASME

First Int. Conf. on Pressure Vessel Technology, Delft, Netherlands,

September 29 - October 2, 1969.

H2. Haign, J., Lister, H. C., and Gordon, R. L., "Testing of Flameproof and

Intrinsically Safe Electrical Apparatus," Paper 3907, IEEE Conference

Report, Ser. 3, 1963.

H3. Haig, J., Lister, H. C. , and Gordon, R. L., "The Testing of Flameproof

and Intrinsically Safe Electrical Apparatus," Symposium on Flameproofing,

Intrinsic Safety and Other Safeguards in Electrical Instrument Practice,

1962; lEE Conference Report Series No. 3, 39-49, London Institution of

Electrical Engineers, 1962.

H4. Hartmann, I., "Bureau of Mines Optical Pressure Manometer," USBM, RI3751,

1935.

H5. Hartmann, I., "Dust Explosions," Marks Mechanical Engineers Handbook, 5th

Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1950.

H6. Hartmann, I., "Explosion and Fire Hazards of Combustible Dusts," Industrial

Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 1, Chap. 13, Interscience Publishers,

Incorporated, New York, 1948.

H7. Hartmann, I., "Pressure Release for Dust Explosions," NFPA Quarterly,

Vol. 40, No. 1, 1946.

H8. Hartmann, I., "Recent Research on Explosibility of Dust Dispersions,"

Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 40, No. 4, 1948.

H9. Hartmann, I. , "The Explosion Hazard of Metal Powders and Preventive

Measures," Metals Handbook, American Society of Metals, Ohio, 1948.

HIO. Hartmann, I. and Greenwald, A. B., "The Explosibility of Metal Powder Dust

Clouds," Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. 26, 1945.

Hll. Hartmann, I. and Nagy, J., "Effect of Relief Vents on Reduction of

Pressures Developed by Dust Explosions," USBM, RI3924, 1946.

H12. Hartmann, I., Nagy, J., and Brown, H. R. , "Inflammability and Explosibility

of Metal Powders," USBM, RI3722, 1943.

H13. Hay, D. and Statham, I. C. F., "Flameproof Design of Casings for

Electrical Apparatus. An Account of Investigations Carried Out in the

Mining Department of the University of Sheffield," Trans. Inst. Min. Eng.,

Vol. LXVII, Part 1, 1924.

H14. Horsley, J. A. B., "Flameproof Electrical Apparatus. Gap Dimensions for

Labyrinth Shaft Glands," ERA Technical Report G/T187, 1945.

8
H15. Horsley, J. A. B., "Intrinsic Safety of Electrical Circuits in Relation

to the Explosion Hazard in Industry and Relative Ease of Ignition by Weak

Sparks of Various Gases and Vapours," ERA Technical Report G/T259, 1951.

H16. Horsley, J. A. B., "Flameproof Enclosure of Electrical Apparatus, Gaseous

Explosions in Communicating Compartments; the Effect of Turbulence and

Pressure Piling," ERA Technical Report G/T265, 1952.

H17. Horsley, J. A. B., Annual Reports of H.M. Electrical Inspector of Mines,

1930 to 1938, inclusive.

11. Ichno, A. C. and Torgasvo, V. S., "Effects of Corrosion and of the

Materials Used for Corrosion-Proof Coatings of Flameproof Enclosures of

Electrical Equipment of Their Resistance of Transmission of Ignition in

the Case of a Short-Circuit Arc," Paper 33 (in Russian), 12th Inti. Conf.

of Mine Safety Res. Estab. , Dortmund, West Germany, September 11-15, 1967.

12. Ilsley, L. C., "Points to Be Considered in the Design of Covers for

Explosion-Proof Compartments," USBM IC6267, 1930,

13. Ilsley, L. C. and Gleim, E. J., "Approved Explosion-Proof Coal-Cutting

Equipment, USBM B7, 1920.

14. Ilsley, L. C., Gleim, E. J., and Craven, F., "International Viewpoint on Safeguarding Electrical Equipment Used in Gassy Mines," USBM IC6690, 1933.

15. Ilsley, L. C., Gleim, E. J., and Brunat, H. B., "Inspection and Testing of

Mine-Type Electrical Equipment for Permissibility," USBM IC7185, 1941.

16. Ilsley, L. C., "Requirements for Bolts and Similar Fastenings for

Permissible Electrical Equipment," USBM IC6432, 1931.

17. Ilsley, L. C. and Brunat, H. R., "Suggestions for Wiring Permissible

Equipment," USBM IC6463, 1931.

18.

International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC) , "Electrical Apparatus

for Explosive Gas Atmospheres, Part 1: Construction and Test of Flameproof

Enclosures of Electrical Apparatus," Publication 79-1, 1971.

lEC, "Part

lEC,

1966

"Part

•

lEC, "Part

lEC, "Part

lEC, "Part

Protection

2: Pressurized Enclosures," Publication 79-2, 1962.

4: Method of Test for Ignition Temperatures," Publication 79-4,

5: Sand Filled Apparatus," Publication 79-5, 1967.

6: Oil-Immersed Apparatus," Publication 79-6, 1968.

7: Construction and Test of Electrical Apparatus, Type of

•e'," Publication 79-7, 1969.

9
ll'^C, "I’arl H: CinsKi'l i< at Lon of Maximum Surface 'I'emperal n res , l'ul> I i caLi(>n

79-8, 1969.

19. isfilhoma, W. , "On Lhc Labyrlntli Type Clearance System lor lixpiosion-l’roof

Enclosures" (in Japanese), periodical unknown, 1969.

110. Ishihoma, W. and Takahashi, 0., "The Running-Out Limit of Explosion Flame

Through the Metal-Ball Filter" (in Japanese), periodical unknown, 1971.

Jl. Jacobs, T. E., "Flame Propagation and Explosion-Proof Electrical

Equipment," West Virginia University Eng. Experiment Station Tech. Bui.

73, February 1965.

J2. Jacobson, M. , Cooper, A. R., and Nagy, J. , "Explosibility of Metal Powders,"

USBM, RI6516, 1964.

J3. James R. S., "Effect of Temperature on Flame-Arresting Properties of Flat

Joints in Explosion-Proof Mine Equipment," USBM RI4639, 1950.

J4. Jamison, W. B. and Hadi, H. , "Ignition Suppression Device," Open File

Report Consolidation Coal Company, McMurray, Pennsylvania, August 1976.

J5. Japanese Industrial Standard, JIS C 0901, "Explosion-Proof Construction

of Electrical Machinery and Apparatus (for Coal Mines)," 1972.

J6. Japanese Industrial Standard, JIS C 0902, "Testing Methods for ExplosionProof Construction of Electrical Machinery and Apparatus (for Coal Mines),"

1971.

J7. Jones, D. H. and Taylor, G. , "Flameproof Enclosures: Environmental Effects on the Maximum Safe Gap for One-Inch Flanges With Mixtures With Air of (1)

85: 15-Hydrogen/Methane, (2) Ethylene, and (3) Pentane," ERA Tech. Rep.

D/T131, 1961.

J8. Jones, D. H. and Heathcote, N. L. , "Flameproof Enclosures: Redetermination

With Ammonia Air Mixtures of the Maximum Safe Gap for One- Inch Flanges,"

ERA Tech. Rep. D/T128, 1961.

J9. Jones, D. H. and Heathcote, N. L. , "Flameproof Enclosures: Maximum Safe

Gaps With Hydrogen-Air Mixtures in Various Flanged Vessels," ERA Tech Rep.

D/T135, 1962.

Kl. Kadlecik, J. and Handy, W., "Quick Opening Permissible Electrical

Enclosures," USBM OFR 15-73, June 2, 1972.

K2. Katayama, T. , Sato, H., and Makino, Y. , "Investigation on the Strength of

Inspection Window Plates of Explosion-Proof Apparatus" (in Japanese),

Mining and Safety, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1973.

10
K3. Kisselstein, C. F. , "ExplosionProof Enclosures, Design, and Tests," ISA

Monograph 110, 1965.

K4. Kirby, W. A. and Wheeler, R. V., "Explosions in Closed Cylinders. Part 1

Methane-Air Explosions in a Long Cylinder. Part 2. The Effect of the

Length of the Cylinder," J. Chem. Soc., 3202, 1928.

K5. Kirby, W. A. and Wheeler, R. V., "Explosions in Closed Cylinders. Part 4

Correlation of Flame Movement and Pressure Development in Methane-Air

Explosions," J. Chem. Soc., 847, 1931.

K6. Kirby, W. A. and Wheeler, R. V., "Explosions in Closed Cylinders. Part 5

The Effect of Restrictions," J. Chem. Soc., 2303, 1931.

LI. Lee, F. R. , Jr., "Converting Non-Permissible Equipment to Permissible

Equipment," Mining Congress J., Vol. 56, No. 7, July 1970.

L2. Lewis, B. and von Elbe, G. , "Combustion Flames and Explosions of Gases,"

2nd Edition, Academic Press, New York, 1961.

L3. Litchfield, E. L., "Minimum Ignition-Energy Concept and Its Application

to Safety Engineering," USBM RI5671.

L4. Litchfield, E. L. and Kuchta, J. M. , "Design of Cylindrical Channel Flame

Arrestors," ISA Monogram, No. 112, 1969.

L5. Lindley, G. and Wheeler, R. V., "Report on Observations on Design of

Flameproof Enclosures Made to the ERA," ERA Tech. Rep. G/T19, 1926.

L6. LeViue, R. Y., "Classifying Electrical Equipment for Hazardous Locations,

Paper PCI-68-617, IEEE 15th Annual Petroleiim and Chem. Ind. Conf.,

September 9-11, 1968.

L7 . Loewe, R. , "Ventilation and Purging as an Approach to Electrical Safety,"

IEEE Trans, on Ind. and Gen. Appl., Vol IGA-5, No. 4, April 1966.

L8. Luun, G. A. and Phillips, H. , "A Summary of Experimental Data on the

Maximum Experimental Safe Gap," SMRE Report R2, 1973.

L9. Luxnore, S., "Developments in Electrical Safety in Coal Mines in Great

Britain," Electrical Safety in Hazardous Environments Conf., March 16-18,

1971, lEE Conf. Publ., No. 74, 1971.

Ml. Mass, W., "Temporary Distortions of Flameproof Casings for Electrical

Equipment," Paper No. 22, 8th Int. Conf. of Directors of Safety in Mines

Research, Safety in Mines Res. Estab., 1954.

11
M2. Mackenzie, A., Dalrymple, E. W. , and Schwartz, F., "Design of Pressure

Vessels for Confining Explosives," Feltman Res. Labs, Picatinny Arsenal,

Dover, New Jersey, July 1965.

M3. Magison, E. C., Electrical Instruments in Hazardous Locations, 2nd Ed.,

Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1972.

M4. Makino, Y., Sato, H. , and Katayama, T., "Studies on the Effect of Grooved

Flanges on the Arrest of Explosion-Flame Propagation" (in Japanese) , Mining

and Safety, Vol. 18, No. 7, 1972.

M5. de Maneville, P., "Electric Equipment Intended for Explosive Environments,"

Rev. Gen. de I'Electricite (in French), Vol. 78, No. 7-8, July-August 1969.

M6. Matson, E. F., DuFour, R. E., and Westerberg, W. C., "An Investigation of

Large Electric Motors and Generators of the Explosion Proof Type for

Hazardous Locations, Class 1, Group D," Bull, of Research No. 46,

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, September 1951.

M7. Matsuguma, K. , Aoyagi, H., and Ikeda, T., "Studies on the Explosion Proof

Effects of Expandmetal-S tacks" (in Japanese), periodical unknown, 7 p.

,

1970.

M8. Matsuguma, K., Aoyagi, H., and Ikeda, T., "Study on New Type of Narrow Gap

Protection (1) - Explosion-Proof Effects of Expand-Metal Stacks" (in

Japanese), Mining and Safety, Vol. 16, No. 11, 1970.

M9. Matsuguma, K. , Aoyagi, H., and Ikeda, T. , "Studies on Safe Gaps With

Expanded Metal Sheets" (in Japanese), Mining and Safety, Vol. 18, No. 5,

1972.

MIO. Matsuguma, K. , Aoyagi, H., Monita, T., and Uchida, S., "Lightening of

Explosion-Proof Vessels" (in Japanese), Mining and Safety, Vol. 19, No. 4,

1973.

Mil. Maxwell, G. B. and Wheeler, R. V., "Firedamp Explosions Within Closed

Vessels. The Effects of Turbulence," SMRB Report No. 10, 1925.

M12. Medaets, J., le Directeur General des Mines, Administration des Mines,

Brussels, Belgium, Personal Communication, November 8, 1973.

M13. Meijer, H. A., "Electrical Equipment for Use in Explosive Atmospheres,"

South African Inst. Elec. Engrs. Trans., Vol. 60, Part 1, January 1969.

M14. Meijer, H. A., Head Office, South African Bureau of Standards, Pretoria,

South Africa, Personal Communication, October 17, 1973.

M15. Misra, T. K. , "German Practice for Electrical Equipment in Gassy Mines,"

Min. Elec, and Mech. Engr. (in German), Vol. 43, No. 503, September 1962.

12
M16. Murphy, T. S., "Rupture Diaphragms, Calculations, Characteristics, and

Uses," Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, 1964.

M17. Muuday, G., "Detonations in Vessels and Pipelines," Chem. Eng. (London),

No. 248, April 1971.

Nl. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) , "Standard for Intrinsically

Safe Process Control Equipment for Use in Class I Hazardous Locations - NFPA No. 493-1969," National Fire Codes (NFC), Vol. 5., 1970.

NFPA, "Standard for Purged Enclosures for Electrical Equipment in

Hazardous Locations - NFPA No. 496-1967," Vol. 5, 1970.

NFPA, "Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems - NFPA No. 69-1970," NFC,

Vol. 7, 1970.

NFPA, "Guide for Explosion Venting - NFPA No. 68-1954," NFC, Vol. 9, 1970.

N2. Nagy, J. , Zeilinger, J. E., and Hartman, I., "Pressure Relieving Capacities

of Diaphragms and Other Devices for Venting Dust Explosions," USBM, RI4636,

1950.

N3. Nagy, J., Dorsett, H. G. , and Jacobson, M., "Preventing Ignition of Dust

Dispersions by Inerting," USBM, RI6543, 1964.

N4. Nagy, J. , Dorsett, H. G. , Jr., and Cooper, A. R., "Explosibility of

Carbonaceous Dusts," USBM RI6597, 1965.

N5. Nagy, J. , Conn, J. W. , and Verakis, H. C., "Explosion Development in a Spherical Vessel," USBM RI7279, 1969.

N6. Nagy, J., Seiler, J. W. , Conn, J. W., and Verakis, H. C., "Explosion

Development in Closed Vessels," USBM RI7507, 1971.

N7. Nakario, K. , Ishihoma, W., Okada, T., and Yoshida, Y., "Studies on the

Prevention of Mine Explosion by Use of Negative Catalyzer," Mining and

Safety, Vol. 13, No. 6, 1967.

01. Ohnut, Z. and Vogt, G., "Die Zuendung Explosionsfachiger Gasgemishe Durch

Gluchende Drachte (Ignition of Explosive Gas Mixtures by Glowing Wires)"

(in German), Glucckauf-Forschungshef te, Vol. 30, No. 4, August 1969.

PI. Palmer, R. N., "The Quenching of Flames by Perforated Sheeting and Block

Flame Arrestors," Process Symposium on Chemical Process Hazards Inst. Chem.

Engr., London, England, 1960.

13
P2. Pearson, A. R. , "Pressure-Piling in Motor Enclosures and Its Effect on

the Maximum Experimental Safe Clearance Between Shaft and Gland in

Atmospheres Containing Coal Gas," ERA Tech. Rep. G/T136, 1941.

P3. Peterson, M. D., "Testing of Electrical Equipment for Use in Hazardous

Locations," IEEE Trans. Ind, Gen. Appl., Vol. IGA-6, No. 5, SeptemberOctober 1970.

P4. Phillips, H., "A Reaction-Rate Theory for Flameproof Enclosures,"

Symposium on Flameproofing, Intrinsic Safety, and Other Safeguards in

Electrical Instrument Practice, 1962: lEE Conference Report Series No. 3,

22-25, Lond Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1962.

P5. Phillips, H., "On Transmission of Explosion Through Gap Smaller Than

Quenching Distance," Combustion and Flame, Vol. 7, No. 2, June 1963.

P6. Phillips, H., "Basic Theory of the Flameproof Enclosure," IEEE Conf. Publ.

,

No. 74, Electrical Safety in Hazardous Environments Conference, London,

England, March 16-18, 1971.

P7. Phillips, H. , "Mechanism of Flameproof Protection," G. B. Safety in Mines

Res. Estab. , Publ. R275, 1971.

P8. Phillips, H., "A Thermal Model of Ignition to Explain Aspects of Flameproof

Enclosures," Combustion and Flame, Vol. 19, 1972.

P9. Phillips, H. , "The Use of a Thermal Model of Ignition to Explain Aspects

of Flameproof Enclosure," Combustion and Flame, Vol. 20, 1973.

PIO. Platt, C. B. , "Safety of Electrical Apparatus for Use in Inflammable Gases

and Vapours," J. Inst. Petrol., 25, 368, 1939.

Pll. Polish Standard, PN-72/E-08110, "Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas

Atomospheres. General Requirements and Testing Procedures," 1973.

P12. Polish Standard, PN-72/E-08116, "Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas

Atmospheres. Flameproof Enclosures. General Requirements and Tests,"

1973.

P13. Potter, A. E., "Flame Quenching," Progress in Combustion Science and

Technology, Vol. 1, Oxford, 1960.

Rl. Rainford, H. and Wheeler, R. V., "Flameproof Electrical Apparatus for Use

in Coal Mines. Third Report, Ring-Relief Protection," SMRB Paper No. 35,

1927.

R2. Rainford, H. and Lindley, G. , "Flameproof Electrical Connections of the

Plug and Socket Type," ERA Tech. Rep. G/T24, 1927.

14
R3. Rainford, H. , "Preliminary Report on Phenomena Accompanying Arcing in Oil

Circuit-Breakers. The Quantity and Composition of the Gases Evolved (D.C.

Arcs)," ERA Tech. Rep. G/T40, 1929.

R4. Rainford, H. and Statham, I. C. F., "Flameproof Electrical Apparatus. A

Discussion of the Design of Flameproof Enclosures for Electrical Apparatus

for Use in Various Industries Where Inflammable Gases and Vapours Are

Encountered," Fuel, 10, 504, 1931.

R5. Rainford, H. , "The Buxton Testing Station; A Descriptive Account of the

Mines Department Testing Station for Flameproof Electrical Apparatus,"

Min. Elect. Engr., 16, 183, 1935.

R6. Rainford, H., "Flameproof Mining Electrical Apparatus; Design and

Maintenance," Min. Elect. Engr., 19, 215, 1938.

R7. Rainford, H. , "Flameproof Electrical Apparatus; The FLP Mark," Min. Elect.

Engr., 22, 241, 1941.

R8. Rainford, H. , "Flameproof Enclosure of Electrical Apparatus. (A Survey of

Progress in the Establishment of Scientific Data for Design and Test),"

Min. Elect. Engr., 25, 280, 1945.

R9. Rainford, H. , "A Review of Flameproof Testing, 1922-1947; An Account of

Developments During Twenty-Five Years of Authoritative Work in Great

Britain, London, HMSO, 1948.

RIO. Rantzsch, H. , "Die Ausfuehrungsformer Elektrisher Maschinen in

Explosionngefachrdeten Betrieben (Design of Electric Machinery for Plants

With Explosion Hazards)" (in German), Elektrizitaetswirtshaf t , Vol. 62,

No. 8, April 1963.

Rll. Redding, R. J. and Towle, L. C., "Barrier Method of Ensuring Safety of

Electrical Circuits in Explosive Atmospheres," Paper 5146, IEEE

Proceedings, Vol. 113, No. 12, December 1966.

R12. Riddlestone, H. G., "Flameproof Enclosures; Safe Gaps for Enclosures of

Small Volume," Report No. 5092, Electrical Research Association, 1965.

51. Save, M. and Jonas, M. , "Collapse and Bursting Pressures of Mild Steel

Vessels," Arch Budowy Maszur, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1971.

52. Salter, R. L., Fike, L. L., and Hansen, F. A., "How to Size Rupture Discs,"

Hydrocarbon Processing and Petroleum Refiner, Vol. 42, 1963.

53. Short, W. A. , "Comparison of World Standards for Electrical Enclosures

for Hazardous Areas - 2," IEEE Transactions Ind. Gen. Appl., Vol. IGA -

6, No. 4, July-August 1970.

15
54. Simons, C. F. E. , Kogeler, W. J., and Bizi, P. C. J., "Safety of

Electrical Instruments in the Oil Industry," IEEE Paper 400IM, November

1962.

55. Slack, G. and Woodhead, D. W., "Correlation of Ignitabilities of Gases

and Vapors by Break Spark and at Flange Gap," IEEE Proceedings, Vol. 113,

No. 2, February 1966.

56. Smith, J. B., "Explosion Pressures in Industrial Piping System," Factory

Mutual Insurance Association, Connecticut, 1949.

57. Smith, P. B., "The Role of Flanges in Conferring Protection on Flameproof

Electrical Enclosures," Research Report No. 77, Safety in Mines Res. Estab.,

August 1953.

58. Smith, P. B., "The Behavior of Certain Enclosures Under Rapidly Applied

Internal Pressures," Research Report No. 91, Safety in Mines Res. Estab.,

July 1954.

59. Smith, P. B., "The Role of Flanges in Conferring Protection on Flameproof

Electrical Enclosures," SMRE Res. Rep. No. 77, 1953.

510. Smith, P. B., "The Behavior of Certain Enclosures Under Rapidly Applied

Internal Pressures," SMRE Res. Rep. No. 91, 1954.

511. Smith, P. B. and Badel, D. A., "Flameproof Enclosures: Improved Apparatus

for Determination of Maximum Safe Gap of Relief Flanges," ERA Tech. Rep.

D/T115, 1959.

512. Smith, P. B. and Blackwell, J. R. , "Flameproof Enclosures: Redetermination

With Hydrogen-Air Mixtures of Maximum Safe Gap for One- Inch Relief Flanges,"

ERA Tech. Rep. D/T117, 1959.

513. Snyder, A. I., "Safe Design, Construction, and Installation of Pressure

Vessels," Brit. Chem. Eng., Vol. 16, No. 6, June 1971.

514. South African Bureau of Standards, Specification 314, "Flameproof

Enclosures for Electrical Apparatus."

515. Staples, H., "Flameproof Electrical Apparatus. Flanged Joints With

Atmospheres of Ethylene Oxide and Air," ERA Tech. Rep. G/T201, 1948.

516. Staples, H., "The Pressure Generated During Explosion of a Pentane-Air

Mixture Inside a Core-Cooled Motor. Part 2," SMRE Res. Rep. No. 27, 1951.

517. Staples, H., "A Note on the Strain Produced During Explosion Inside a CoreCooled Motor," SMRE Res. Rep. No. 76, 1953.

518. Staples, H. , "The Pressure Generated During Explosion Inside a Core-Cooled

Motor-Mixture of Methane in Air and of Hydrogen-Methane Are 88/15 in Air,"

G. B. Safety in Mines Res. Estab., Report 38, 1952.

16
519. Statham, I. C. F. and Wheeler, R. V., "Flameproof Electrical Apparatus for

Use in Coal Mines. First Report, Flange Protection," SMRB Paper No. 5,

1924.

520. Statham, I. C. F., "Flameproof Electrical Apparatus. A Review of Common

Defects," Colliery Engineering, October-November 1926.

521. Statham, I. C. F. , "Memorandum on the Preparation of Inflammable Mixtures

for Use in Tests on Flameproof Enclosures," ERA Tech. Rep. G/T26, 1928.

522. Statham, I. C. F., "Flameproof Electrical Apparatus," Trans. Instn. Min.

Engrs. , London, England, 76, 290, 1928-29.

523. Statham, I. C. F. and Wheeler, R. V., "Flameproof Electrical Apparatus

for Use in Coal Mines, Summarizing Report," SMRB Paper No. 60, 1930, ERA

Tech. Rep. G/T41, 1930.

524. Stefauko, R. and Morley, L. A., "Mine Electrical Systems Evaluation - Explosion - Proof of Mine Containers," Penn State University, July 1974.

525. Stewart, J. A. , "Comparison of World Standards for Electrical Enclosures

for Hazardous Areas - 1," IEEE Transactions Ind. Gen. Appl. , Vol. IGA - 6,

No. 4, July-August 1970.

526. Strauss, W. and Pollard, L. J., "Pressure Vessel for Very High Pressures,"

Brit. Chem. Eng., Vol. 16, No. 1, January 1971.

527. Symposium on Bursting Discs, Transactions of the Institution of Chemical

Engineers, Vol. 31, No. 2, 1953.

Tl. Thomas, T. S. E., "A Manometer for Transient High Pressures," SMRB Paper

No. 77, 1932 (Appendix).

T2. Thompson, N. J. and Cousins, E. W., "A Direct-Reading Explosion Effect

Gage," Instruments, April 1947.

T3. Thompson, N. J. and Cousins, E. W. , "Measuring Pressures of Industrial

Explosions," Electronics, November 1947.

T4. Thompson, N. J. and Cousins, E. W. , "Explosion Tests on Glass Windows;

Effect on Glass Breakage of Varying the Rate of Pressure Application,"

Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 32, No. 10, 1949.

T5. Tideswell, F. V., "Prevention of Coal-Dust Explosions; A Survey of Recent

British Experience and Research," Fifth International Conference of

Directors of Mine Safety Research, Pittsburgh, 1948, September 20-25,

Trans. Instn. Min. Engrs., London, England, 109, 519, 805, 1949-50.

T6. Titman, H., "The Effect of Different Rates of Emission on the Accumulation

of Hydrogen in a Vented Battery Container," SMRE Res. Rep. No. 167, 1959.

17
T7. Titman, H., "The Emission of Gas From Lead-Acid Cells," SMRE Res. Rep. No.

158, 1959.

T8. Titman, H. and Haig, J., "The Pressure Generated During Explosion of

Pentane-Air Mixtures Inside a Core-Cooled Motor," Research Report No. 11,

Safety in Mines Res. Estab., July 1950.

T9. Titman, H. and Torry, R. , "Flameproof Enclosures for Mining Electrical

Equipment: The Protection Afforded by Flanges of One-Half Inch Radial

Breadth for Mixtures of Methane and Air," Research Report No. 123, Safety

in Mines Res. Estab., October 1955.

TlO. Torry, R. , "Flameproof Enclosures for Mining Electrical Equipment:

Influence of Atmospheric Moisture on Maximum Safe Gaps in Mixtures of

Methane and Air," SMRE Res. Rep. No. 202, 1961.

Til. Trutt, F., "Electric Material Analysis - Arching," Penn State University,

August 1978.

Ul. Underwriters Laboratories, "Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. Standards

for Safety No. 698, Industrial Control Equipment for Use in Hazardous

Locations," Revised, May 1974.

U2. Underwriters Laboratories, "An Investigation of Fifteen Flammable Gases or Vapors With Respect to Explosion-Proof Electrical Equipment," Bull, of

Research No. 58, 1970.

U3. U.S. Bureau of Mines, Schedule 2G, 1968.

U4. USBM Safety Research Center, "Research and Technologic Work on Explosives,

Explosions, and Flames: Fiscal Year 1969," USBM IC8492, 1970.

VI. Vanpee, M. and Wolfhard, H. G. , "Ignition by Hot Gases," USBM RI5627, 1960.

Wl. Wass, C. A. A., "Coal Mine Explosions and Their Prevention - Review of

Recent Research," SEE Environmental Eng. - Its Role in Society, Vol. 2,

April 1966.

W2. Wheeler, R. V., "Flameproof Enclosures: Flange Protection. The Effect

of Turbulence of the Explosive Mixture," ERA Tech. Rep. G/T18, 1926.

W3. Wheeler, R. V., "Pressure Relief in Flameproof Enclosures: Report on the

Use of Perforated Plates (Spark Ignition, Non-Turbulent Gas Mixtures),"

ERA Tech. Rep. G/T17, 1925.

W4. Woermann, W., "Die Pruefung Schlagevetter xind Explosiongeschuetzer

Gehaeuse der Schutzart 'Druckfest Kapseung’ (Testing of Flame and

Explosion-Proof Casings of the ’Pressure Proof’ Type)" (in German),

Gluechauf-Forschungsh, Vol. 31, No. 5, October 1970.

18
I W5. Wolfhard, H. G. and Bruszak, A. E., "Suppression and Transmission of

j Explosions by Cylindrical Channels," USBM RI5495, 1959.

W6. Wolfhard, H. G. and Bruszak, A. E., "Passage of Explosions Through Narrow

I Cylindrical Channels," Combustion and Flame, Vol. 4, No. 2, June 1960.

i W7. Wood, L. E., "Rupture Discs," Chemical Engineering Progress, Vol. 61, 1965.

!i

' W8. Woodhead, D. W. , Jones, D. H., and Blackwell, J. R., "Flameproof Enclosures:

Environmental Effects on the Maximum Safe Gap for One-Inch Flanges With

i Hydrogen/Air Mixtures," ERA Tech. Rep. D/T129, 1961.

1 W9. Wright, D. T., "Effect of Grease in Metal-to-Metal Joints on Safe Operation

of Explosion-Proof Electrical Equipment," Underwriters Lab. Bull, of

Research No. 4, October 1938.

Zl. Zebatikis, M. G., "Flammability Characteristics of Combustible Gases and

Vapors," USBM Bulletin 627, 1965.

19
III. AUTHOR INDEX

Crosby, J. B., C18

Crouch, H. W. , C7, C8

Allsop, G. , A1-A8

Aoyagi, H. , M7-M10

Australian Standard

Specification, A9

Badel, D. A., Sll

Bartkowiak, W. , Bl

Bazhenova, T. V., B2

Bekker, R. G., B3

Belgium Institute of

Extractive Industries, B5

Belgium Standard

Specification, B4

Ber ggewerkshaf1 1 iche Ver scechss trecke,

B6

Bizi, P. C. J., S4

Blackwell, J. R. , S12, W8

Bondar, V. A., B7

Bonyun, M. E., B14

Bossert, J. A., B8, BIO

British Standards, B10-B12

British Symposium on Flameproofing

and Intrinsic Safety, B13

Brown, G. R. , B15, Dl

Brown, H., B16

Brown, H. R. , H12

Brown, T. J. A., B17-B24

Bruce, C. E. R. , B25

Brunat, H. B., G7, 15, 17

Bruszak, A. E., W5, W6

Burdekin, J. T., A3

Burgess, M. J., B26

Campbell, J. D., Cl

Canadian Standards Association, C2

Cartwright, J., C3

Chudleigh, J. P., Cl

Clark, H. H. , C4, C5

Coffee, R. D., C6-C8

Conn, J. W., N5, N6

Constance, J. D. , C9

Cooper, A. R., J2, N4

Cotton, P. E. , CIO, Cll

Cousins, E. W. , CIO, Cll, T2-T4

Coward, H. F., C12-C14

Cranshaw, J. E. , C15

Craven, F. , I4

Creech, M. D., C16, C17

Dainty, E. D., Dl

Dalrymple, E. W. , M2

Davis, E. H., D2

Dorsett, H. G., Jr., N3, N4

DuFour , R . E . , M6

Eastwood, D. 6., El

von Elbe , G . , L2

Ellis, 0. C. de C., E2-E5

ERA, E7

Engel, H. H. , E6

Fieldmer, A. C., C15

Fike, L. L., S2

Fischer, W. , FI

FMC Corporation, F2, F3

Foryunor, Y. I., F4

Freeman, H. B., G3

Fuel and Power, British Ministry,

F5, F6

Fyfe, I. M., F7

Gel’fer, G. A., G1

Gleim, E. J., G2-G7, 13-15

Grabowski, G. J., G8

Greenwald, A. B., HIO

Grice, C. S. W. , G10-G12

Gordon, R. L., H2, H3

Grobleben, K. H., G13

Gregory , C . F . , G9

Guenault, E. M., G14, G15

Gunderman, R. , G16

Haagen, T., HI

Hadi, H., J4

Haig, J., H2, H3, T8

Handy, W., K1

Hansen, F. A., S2

Hartmann, I., H4-H12, N2

Hay, D., H13

Hartwell, F. J., A5

Heathcote, N. L., J8, J9

Hersey, M. D., C12

Horsley, J. A. B. , A3, H14-H17

20
III. AUTHOR INDEX (continued)

Ichno, A. C. , II

Ikeda, T., M7-M9

Ilsley, L. C., C15, 12-17

International Electrotechnical

Cotmnission (lEC), 18

Ishihoma, W. , 19, 110, N7

Ivonov , A . V . , G1

Jacobs, T. E., J1

Jacobson, M. , J2, N3

James, R. S. , G4, G7, J3

Jamison, W. B., J4

Japanese Industrial Standard, J5, J6

Jonas, M. , SI

Jones, D. H., J7-J9, W8

Kadlecik, J. , Kl

Katayama, T. , K2, M4

Kirby, W. A., K4-K6

Kisselstein, C. F., K3

Kogeler, W. J. , S4

Kuchta, J. M. , Bl, L4

Lee, F. A., F7

Lee F. R. , Jr, LI

LeViue, R. Y., L6

Lewis , B . , L2

Lindley, G., L5, R2

Lister, H. C., H2, H3

Litchfield, E. L. , L3, L4

Lloyd, H., A3, A8

Loewe, R. , L7

Luun, G. A., L8

Luxnore, S., L9

Maas, W. , Ml

Mackenzie, A. , M2

Magison, E. C., M3

Makino, Y., K2, M4

de Maneville, P. , M5

Marcy, J. F., G5

Matson, E. F., M6

Matsugama, K. , M7-M10

Maxwell, G. B., Mil

Medaets, J., M12

Medvedev, Y. G. , G1

Meijer, H. A., M13, M14

Merrits, E6

Misra, T. K., M15

Monita, T., MIO

Mbrley, L. A., S24

Murphy , T . S . , M16

Muuday , G . , M17

Nagy, J., Hll, H12, J2, N2-N6

Nakario, K., N7

National Fire Protection

Association, Nl

Ohnut , Z . , 01

Okada, T., N7

Palmer, R. N., PI

Parker , D . J . , C15

Pearson, A. R., P2

Peterson, M. D., P3

Phillips, H., L8, P4-P9

Platt, C. B., A3, PIO

Polish Standards, Pll, P12

Pollard, L. J., S26

Potter, A. E., P13

Rainford, H., A3, R1-R9

Rantzsch, H., RIO

Raymond , C . L . , C6 , C7

Redding, R. J., Rll

Riddlestone, H. G., R12

Salter, R. L., S2

Sato, H., K2, M4

Save, M. , SI

Schwartz, F., M2

Seiler, J. W., N6

Short, W. A., S3

Silver, S., B15

Simons, C. F. E., S4

Simpson, N., B17-B20, B22, B23

Slack, G., S5

Smith, I. B., S2

Smith, P. B., A4, G14, S7-S12

Snyder, A. I., S13

South African Bureau of Standards,

S14

Staples, H., S15-S18

Statham, I. C. F., H13, R4, S19-S23

Stefauko, R., S24
III. AUTHOR INDEX (continued)

Stewart, J. A., S25

Strauss, W. , S26

Takahashi, 0., IlO

Taylor, G., J7

Thomas, T. S. E., Tl

Thompson, N. J., T2-T4

Tideswell, F. V., T5

Titman, H. , T6-T9

Torgasvo, V. S., II

Torry R. , T9, TIO

Towle, L. C., Rll

Trutt, F., Til

Uchida, S., MlO

Underwriters Laboratories, Ul, U2

U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM), U3, U4

Vanpee, M. , VI

Verakis, H. C., N5, N6

Vereokin, V. N., B7

Vogt, G., 01

Wass, C. A. A., Wl

Westerberg, W. C., M6

Wheeler, R. V., Al, A5, A6, B26, C14,

E2, E3, GIO, Gll, K4, K5, K6, L5,

Mil, Rl, S19, S23, W2, W3

Woermann, W. , W4

Wolfhard, H. G., VI, W5, W6

Wood, L. E., W7

Woodhead, D. W. , S5, W8

Wright, D. T., W9

Yoishida, Y., N7

Zeilinger, J. E., N2

Zebatikis, M. G. , Z1

22
IV. KEY WORD INDEX

Air,

mixture with, B17-B20, B22, J6

Accuracy,

manometry, C12

Apparatus, K2, Sll

Approval, C5

Approved , 13

to January 1924, C15

Arc(ing), II, R3, Til

Atmosphere, S15

coal-gas, B25, P2

explosive, 16, M13, Pll, P12

flammable, C3

industrial, E7

Australian Standard, A9

Barrier, Rll

Battery, T6

Bearing, G4

Belgium, B4

Institute of Extractive

Industries, B5

Bibliography, G9

Bolts, 16

British (Britain) , L9

annual report, H17

general (experiences and

research), T5, R9

standards, B10-B12

Butadiene, B22

Buxton , R5

Canada

,

intrinsic safety, B9

Casings, FI, G13, H13, Ml, W4

Catalyzer,

negative, N5

Cells, T7

Certification, F6

Channel, L4

cylindrical, W5, W6

Circuit Breakers,

oil, R3

Classification (Classifying), L6

maximum surface temperatures,

Bll, 16

Clearance, 19

safe, for motor shafts, B25

Closed,

cylinders, E2, K4-K6

vessels, Al, A2, E3, CIO, Mil, N6

containers, E5

Coal,

cutting, A6, 13

dust, T2

mines, Gil, J4, J5, L9, Rl, S19,

S23, W1

Combustion Research, Bl, L2

Comparison of Standards, S3, S25

Compartment, G2, H16, 12

Compartmented, B24

Control Equipment, U1

Connections, HI

Construction, 16, J4, J5, Sll

Container, E5, E7, T6

Correlation of Ignitabilities, S4

Corrosion, II

Corrosion Proof , II

Covers, 12

Cylinders, K4

explosively loaded, F7

Defects, S20

Detonations, M17

Distortions, Ml

Dusts, H5-H12, C6, N2, N3

carbonaceous, N1

coal , T5

Electric (al) , G2, H15, L7, L9, S7

apparatus, BIO, B17-B20, B22, B26

F5, F6, Gll, H2, H3, H13, H14,

H16, 16, J4, J5, Kl, P10-P12,

Rl, R4, R5, R7, R8, S14, S19,

S20, S22, S23

arc, Al, A2, FI

circuit, Rll

connections, R2

discharges, B7

emission, T6, T7

equipment, A8, B8, C3, D2, E6, Cl

G3, II, 14-16, Jl, L6, Ml, M5,

M13, M15, P3, T6, TIO, U2, W9

fuse, A2

instrument, M3, S3

23
IV. KEY WORD INDEX (continued)

Electric (al)

,

machinery, J4, J5, RIO

material. Til

research and testing, F5

sparks, A7

systems, designing. Cl

Enclosures, A3, BIO, B12, B15, B23,

B24, C2, Dl, F5, F6, G2, G5, G6,

G14, G16, H16, II, 16, 19, J6-J8,

Kl, K3, L5, P2, P4, P6, P8, P9,

P12, R4, R8, R12, S3, S7-S12, S14,

S25, T9, TIO, W2, W3, W8

Environment (al) , J6, W8

explosive, M5

Equipment, 17

mine , J 2

Ether, B19

Ethyl, B18, B19

Ethylene, B17 —oxide and air, S15

Expandmetal Stacks, M7, M8

Expanded Metal Sheets, M9

Explosibility , N4

Explosion, B2, C4, C12, C14, E2, E3,

E5, FI, GIO, G13, H16, 13, 110,

K4-K6, L2, Mil, P5, S16-S18, T5,

T8, U4, W1

arresting, A5, M4

atmosphere, A8, Rll

development, N6, N7

gas temperature, Dl

hazards, H15, RIO

passage, W6

pentane-air mixtures, B24

protection, E9, G8

suppression & transmission,

W5

Explosion Proof, C2, C4, C5, CIO,

Cll, C18, E6, FI, F4, Gl, G2,

G4-G7, 12, 19, Jl, J2, J4, J5,

K2, K3, M6-M8, MIO, U2, Wl, W4,

W9

transformers, B3

electric discharges & friction

sparks, B7

Explosives (n.), C15

confining, M2, U4

Failure, F7

Fastenings , 16

Filler, B3

Filter

,

metal-ball, IlO

Fires, G9

Fire Control, F2, F3

Firedamp, C14, GIO, Mil

Flame, 110, L2, PI, U4, P13

arresting, G4, J2, M4

arrestor, L4, PI

control, E4

emission of, B21

movement of, C14, E2, E3, E5, K5

propagation, E6, Jl, M4

Flameproof, A4, BIO, B12, B15, B17-

B20, B22, B23, B26, D2, El, FI,

F5, F6, G11-G14, H2, H3, H13, H14,

II, 16, J6-J8, L5, Ml, P4, P6-P9,

P12, Rl, R2, R4, R6-R9, R12, S9,

Sll, S12, S14, S15, S19-S23, T9,

TIO, W2-W4, W8

Flameproofing, B13

Flange (s), (ed) , A4, Bl, B15, B17-

B20, Dl, HI, J7-J8, S7, S9, S12,

S15, S19, T9

gaps, B21, B23, S5, Sll, W2, W8

protection, E7

grooved , M4

FLP Mark, R7

Friction Sparks, B7

Gap, H14, M9, P5, R12

narrow, M8

Gases, C13, H15, L2, R3, T4

explosive, 01

flammable, U2, Z1

hot , VI

Generators, M6

German, Ml

5

Gland (s), H14, P2

Grease, W9

Great Britain (see British)

Guncotton, G14

24
IV. KEY WORD INDEX (continued)

Hazard,

explosion, B15

locations, B8

Hazardous

,

areas. Cl, S3, S25

locations, C2, L6, M3, M6, P3,

U1

Hydrogen,

accumulation of , T6

Ignitabilities

,

of gases and vapors, S5

Ignition,

energy, L3, Cl

explosive atmosphere of , A7

external mixture of, B23

firedamp of, FI, G13, H15, II,

01, P8, VI

pyrites of, A6

spark, W3

suppression, J3, N3

Intrinsic Safety, A3, B13, F5, G15,

HI5

in Canada , B9

Intrinsically Safe, H2, H3, Nl

Industries, R4

Inertia, A9

Inflammable, S21

gases and vapors, PIO, R4

Inf lamination

,

aluminum particles of, B15

Inspection, G6, 15

Investigation, C4

Japanese, J4, J5

Joint (s), G4, J2, S15

metal-to-metal, W9

Ketone, B18

Labyrinth, H14, 19

Lead-Ac id, T7

Lightening, MIO

Maintenance, G3, R6

Manometer, A9, C7, C12, H4, T1

Materials, II

Maximum Experimental Safe

Clearance, P2

Maximum Experimental Safe

Gaps, B21, L8

Maximum Safe Gap, J6-J8, Sll, S12,

TIO, W8

Memorandum, S21

Methyl, B17

Mine, C5, G3, G4, G9, G16, H17, 15,

J2, R5

explosion, N5

gassy, 14, M15

Mining , G2

equipment and apparatus, C15, F2,

F3, G6, G7, R6, T4, T9, TIO

Mixtures, S21, W2

air and

ammonia, J7

ethylene, J6

hydrogen, J8, S12, W8

hydrogen/ acetylene , FI

hydrogen/methane, J6, S18

methane, K4, K5, S18, T9, TIO

gases, E5, FI, 01, W3

Moisture, TIO

Motor (s), C4, C5, M6, P2

shafts, B25

cone coded, S16-S18, T8

Non-Permissible, Ll

Oil Filled,

mining gear, B26

Oil Industry, S4

Oil- Immersed , 16

On-Load Testing, D2

Perforated,

plate, Gll

sheeting , PI

Permissible, C15, E6, G7, 16, 17, Kl,

Ll

motors, C5

Permissibility, 15

Pipelines, M17

Plant , RIO

25
IV. KEY WORD INDEX (continued)

Plug, R2

Power , G16

Pressure, Al, A2, B23. E7 , G2, S6,

S16, S18, S26, T5

collapse and bursting, SI

development, E3, K5

development and release, B14, B16,

B26, H7, H9, Hll

internal, B23, S8, SIO, C17, Cll,

CIO

piling, B24, G5, GIO, H16, P2

proof , W4

transient, T1-T3

ventilation, C9, Hll, M16, N2

vessel, S26

Pressurized, 16

Pressure-Proof, FI, W4

Prevention, Nl, N3

coal mine explosions, Wl

Propagation,

wave , B2

Protection, A4, Gil, M8, S7, S19

Purging, L7, Nl

Quenching, PI, P13

distance, P5

Quick Opening, K1

Reaction-Rate, P4

Relief, B14, C8, S2, Sll, S12

pressure, B16, C16, M16,, S27,

W7, W3

Restrictions, K6

Review, A3, A8, D2 , F5, R9, Wl

Running-Out Limit, 110

Safeguarding, I4

Safety, G3, L7, L9, PIO, Rll,

S4, U1

engineering, L3

Sand, 16

Sensors, F2, F3

Shaft, H14, P2

Sheffield, H13

Socket, R2

Sparks, H15, S5

Specification, A8, A9, Nl

Standards, G6, Nl, S3, U1

Starter, F4

Statistical,

experimental data, B25

Strain, S17

Strength, K2

Surface,

temperature, maximum, Bll

Survey, C12, T5

Switchgear, El

Temperature, J2

ignition, 16

Test, Testing, G6, 16, J5, R9

requirement , C5

(see also specific country)

Thermal Model, P8, P9

Town's Gas, B20

Transformers, El

Transmission, P5

Transients, G16

Tube,

bore and connecting length, B24

Turbulent

,

non—, W3

Turbulence, H16, Mil, W2

Vapours, H5

flammable, U2, Z1

Ventilation, L7, N2

Vessels, CIO, Cll, C16, C17, Hi,

J8, MIO, M17

cylindrical, B2

mild steel. Si

pressure, M2, S13

spherical, Bl, N7

variable volume, B2

Window, Inspection Plates, K2, T4

Wire,

glowing, 01

Wiring , G7 , 16

26
V. ACRONYMS

ASME

CEAL

ERA

HMSO

lEC

lEE

IEEE

ISA

NFC

NFPA

SMRB

SMRE

USBM

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Canadian Explosive Atmospheres Laboratory

Electrical Research Association

Her Majesty’s Stationery Office

International Electrotechnical Commission

Institution of Electrical Engineers

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

Instrument Society of America

National Fire Code

National Fire Protection Association

Safety in Mines Research Board

Safety in Mines Research Establishment

United States Bureau of Mines

27
U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

NBSIR 80-2112 SHEET

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

EXPLOSION CONTAINMENT FOR UNDERGROUND

COAL MINE EQUIPMENT: A BIBLIOGRAPHY

5. Publication Date August 1980

7. AUTHOR(S)

C. A. Wan and Emil Braun

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, DC 20234

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS fSfreor. City, state. ZIP)

U . S . Bureau of Mines

4800 Forbes Avenue

Pittsburgh, PA 15213

Mine Safety and Health Admin.

Rural Route 1, Box 201B

Industrial Park Boulevard

Triadelphia, West Virginia 26059

13. Type of Report & Period Covered Interim Report

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

I I Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or leas factual aummary of moat aigni/lcant Information, If document includea a algnificant bibliography or

literature survey, mention it here,)

This is a bibliography of publications concerning explosion-proof enclosures with

the emphasis on underground coal mine applications. A survey of the literature

primarily in English speaking countries through 1974 is compiled. The compilation

includes over 200 citations. An author and key word index is included for cross^

reference.

17, KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabeticai order; capitalize only the firat tetter of the first key word unless a proper name;

separated by semicolons)

Bibliography; coal mines; electrical equipment; enclosures; explosion; explosion

containment; mine safety.

18. AVAILABILITY (XXUnlimited

I I For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

I I Order From Sup. of Doc., U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

20402, SD Stock No. SN003-003- [5 Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

24

22. Price

$5.00

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