IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS 

EASTERN DIVISION 

DR. NICHOLAS ANGELOPOULOS, 

Plaintiff, 

 

v. 

KEYSTONE ORTHOPEDIC 

SPECIALISTS, S.C., WACHN, LLC, 

and MARTIN R. HALL, M.D., 

Defendants. 

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Case No. 12-cv-5836 

Judge Robert M. Dow, Jr. 

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER 

Nicholas Angelopoulos (“Plaintiff”), an anesthesiologist, brings suit against his former 

business associate, Martin R. Hall (“Hall”), and the two businesses in which they were 

associates, Keystone Orthopedic Specialists, S.C. (“Keystone”), and Wachn, LLC (“WACHN”) 

(collectively, “Defendants”), for their alleged participation in a fraud to deprive Plaintiff of 

money to which he was entitled.1 In his governing Third Amended Complaint [222], Plaintiff 

alleges claims against Defendants for fraudulently filing an information return in violation of 26 

U.S.C. § 7432 (Count One); common law fraud (Count Two); breach of fiduciary duty (Count 

Three); breach of contract (Counts Five and Six); and unjust enrichment (Count Seven). Plaintiff 

also seeks a determination of the fair value of his distributional interest pursuant to 805 ILCS § 

180/35-65 (Count Four). Defendants bring counterclaims against Plaintiff for breach of the 

purported WACHN Operating Agreement (Count I) and breach of contract (Count II). Currently 

before the Court is Defendants’ motion for summary judgment [269], which is directed at all 

counts except Count I of Defendants’ counterclaims. For the reasons stated below, Defendants’ 

 

1

 Ira K. Dubin and Ira K. Dubin Ltd. d/b/a Green Dubin & Co. were also named as defendants in this 

action, but were dismissed from the case with prejudice on September 10, 2014. See [191]. 

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motion [269] is denied in full. This case is set for further status on September 20, 2016 at 9:15 

a.m. Plaintiff’s motion to set a trial date [300] will be heard at the same time. 

I. Background 

The Court takes the relevant facts primarily from the parties’ Local Rule (“L.R.”) 56.1 

statements: (1) Defendants’ Local Rule 56.1(a)(3) Statement of Facts [274]; (2) Plaintiff’s Local 

Rule 56.1 Response and Statement of Additional Facts [284]; and (3) Defendants’ Response to 

Plaintiff’s 56.1 Statement of Additional Facts [294]. The following facts are undisputed except 

where otherwise noted. 

Plaintiff and Hall are both medical doctors who reside and are licensed to practice 

medicine in Illinois. Plaintiff is a board-certified anesthesiologist and Hall specializes in 

orthopedics. In or around December 2003, Plaintiff met with Hall about joining Keystone as a 

physician. Keystone is an Illinois professional corporation with its principal place of business in 

Hazel Crest, Illinois and locations in Hazel Crest and Munster, Indiana. At all times relevant to 

this opinion, Hall was the president, secretary, and owner of Keystone. Keystone’s Schedule K1s list Hall as the 100% owner of Keystone’s shares. The parties agree that Hall controlled 

Keystone. 

Plaintiff and Hall entered into an oral contract, under which Plaintiff practiced medicine 

at Keystone from 2004 until late 2007. Two other doctors, Dr. Daniel Weber (“Weber”) and Dr. 

Mark Chang (“Chang”) also worked at Keystone. Pursuant to their oral agreement, Plaintiff and 

Hall agreed that Plaintiff would receive $25,000 per month as a draw and would receive 

revenues generated by his patient billings plus 25 percent of certain other revenues generated by 

Keystone, less Plaintiff’s percent share of certain expenses, including equipment. The parties 

dispute whether Keystone purchased certain equipment, purportedly worth $225,000, for 

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Plaintiff’s use or for the use of the practice. When Plaintiff joined Keystone, his share of the 

expenses was 25 percent; Hall, Weber, and Chang each paid 25 percent, as well. Later in 2004, 

Plaintiff’s share of expenses rose to 26.5 percent as part of an agreement with Hall wherein Hall 

would pay a reduced 20.5% of the expenses in exchange for handling certain administrative 

duties for Keystone. The parties dispute whether their oral agreement gave Hall a right to 

unilaterally change its terms. 

The parties dispute whether Plaintiff was a shareholder or partner in Keystone (as 

Plaintiff contends) or an employee of Keystone (as Defendants contend). Defendants point to 

evidence, for instance, that Keystone is an S-Corp, and assert that an S-Corp cannot have 

partners. Plaintiff points to a variety of documents in the record, including deposition testimony 

from Plaintiff, Dr. Chang, and Dr. Weber that they thought they were partners in Keystone 

(Plaintiff’s binder of deposition exhibits, Angelopoulos deposition at 155-56; Chang deposition 

at 8, 27; Weber deposition at 56 (filed under seal)); Dr. Chang’s resignation letter demanding 

that Keystone “repurchase Dr. Chang’s 25% interest in Keystone at fair market value” 

(Plaintiff’s binder of document exhibits, Ex. 63 at NA000087 (filed under seal)); a draft 

shareholder agreement (id. at Ex. 67); Keystone meeting agendas showing discussion of a 

partnership agreement and shareholder agreement (e.g., id. at Ex. 71); an email discussing 

changes to the partnership agreement (id. at Ex. 73); and Keystone profit and loss statements 

showing Hall, Chang, and Weber sharing Keystone’s income (id. at Ex. 14). 

The parties also dispute how many other employees Keystone had; Defendants point to 

deposition testimony that there were 10 to 15, while Plaintiff points to deposition testimony 

suggesting that the number was substantially higher—for example, Dr. Weber’s testimony that 

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he thought there were up to 25 or 30 employees between 2004 and 2007. See Plaintiff’s binder 

of deposition exhibits, Ex. N at 91 (filed under seal). 

In 2004, Weber, Plaintiff, Chang, Hall, and Dr. Phillip Narcissi (“Narcissi”) formed an 

Illinois limited liability company called WACHN. At all times relevant to this opinion, Hall was 

managing member of WACHN. Each of the five physicians was a 20 percent member of 

WACHN. The parties dispute whether Plaintiff ever entered into a valid operating agreement 

with WACHN. Plaintiff acknowledges that a draft “WACHN Operating Agreement” was 

prepared, but disputes that he agreed to or signed a draft. Instead, Plaintiff contends that his 

signature was forged in a draft (in part using signature stamps kept by Hall’s secretary) and 

disputes the veracity of deposition testimony from bank employee Anthony Carollo (“Carollo”) 

about witnessing the execution of the WACHN Operating Agreement. 

WACHN purchased medical condominiums in Hazel Crest, Illinois, using two 

promissory notes and a mortgage in the total amount of $1,448,000 from Great Lakes Bank. 

WACHN also obtained a $593,740 construction loan from Great Lakes Bank to build out the 

space. In order to obtain the mortgage and promissory notes, each of the Keystone physicians 

was required to contribute $110,000 and to sign a personal guaranty for the entire amount of the 

loan. Plaintiff and the other physicians complied with these requirements, and WACHN 

obtained the mortgage and construction loan. The parties dispute whether, in order to obtain the 

loan, Hall represented to the bank that Plaintiff and the other physicians were each 25 percent 

owners in Keystone. 

Around 2006, each of the physicians at Keystone was required to contribute $100,000 to 

a “cash reserve” in Keystone’s account at Great Lakes Bank. The parties dispute the purpose of 

this contribution. Defendants contend that it was necessary to avoid paying checking fees to 

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Great Lakes Bank, while Plaintiff points to evidence that the $100,000 from each physician was 

a capital contribution for ownership shares in Keystone. Hall agreed with the other three 

physicians that once their respective share of the “cash reserve” equaled $100,000, net revenues 

generated from patient billings and non-physician revenues over and above their respective share 

of expenses would cease going into cash reserves and would be distributed to each of the 

Keystone physicians. 

Pursuant to its oral agreements with the physicians, Keystone calculated the amount that 

each physician was supposed to receive after subtracting his share of expenses from his patient 

billings and cut of other Keystone revenues. The parties dispute who was primarily responsible 

for making allocation decisions of income and expenses among the Keystone physicians. 

Plaintiff contends that Hall and his family members made all decisions and refused to provide 

him and the other physicians with any documentation backing up the allocations. Defendants 

contend that Karen Balata (“Balata”) and Debbi Aprati (“Aprati”), neither of whom are relatives 

of Hall, were the Keystone billing and collection employees responsible for making allocation 

decisions. 

Keystone prepared profit and loss statements (which the parties also refer to as “bucket 

reports”) to support their allocation decisions. Hall and Merritt Roalsen (who was Keystone’s 

practice manager and Hall’s brother-in-law) distributed Keystone’s profit and loss statements to 

Plaintiff, Weber, and Chang on a quarterly basis. The statements were discussed at quarterly 

meetings attended by the physicians. Plaintiff questioned certain categories of expenses in the 

statements. Plaintiff contended that Defendants did not provide appropriate justifications or 

backup documentation for expenses including but not limited to advertising; automobile 

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expenses; donations; insurance; legal fees; office equipment; payroll taxes; and moving 

expenses. Plaintiff also disputed whether he received credit for all of his patient billings. 

In 2007, Chang and Weber resigned from Keystone and dissociated from WACHN. Both 

reached agreements with Hall for any amounts that they were owed from Keystone and 

WACHN. When Chang left Keystone, Keystone increased Plaintiff’s share of expenses to 34.8 

percent. Plaintiff disputes that this increase was provided for in the parties’ oral contract or that 

he ever agreed to the increase. 

On October 10, 2007, Plaintiff gave Hall a letter stating that effective October 1, 2007, he 

would “no longer bill under the Keystone Orthopedic Specialists tax ID number,” that he would 

“continue to practice within the space owned by WACHN as [he would] continue to be a 

WACHN member,” and that he would “continue to use the office equipment, including X-ray 

and fluoroscopy equipment, as [he had] contributed to the purchase of this equipment.” [284] at 

15. Plaintiff practiced in WACHN’s building until approximately November 30, 2007, at which 

time he vacated the building. The parties dispute whether there was any agreement under which 

Plaintiff would pay for expenses associated with using Keystone’s equipment from October 10 to 

November 30. Plaintiff did not provide written notice that he was dissociating from WACHN, 

but contends that he provided oral notice two or three weeks after he left Keystone. Hall testified 

at his deposition as WACHN’s corporate representative that he considered Plaintiff to have 

dissociated himself from WACHN. 

Following his dissociation, Plaintiff was not removed or released from personal liability 

as a guarantor of WACHN’s building loan from Great Lakes Bank. 

Around March 3, 2008, Hall provided Plaintiff with a hand-written tabulation showing 

that Plaintiff had an alleged “expense debt” to Keystone in the amount of $151,769.02. Hall 

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applied Plaintiff’s $110,000 equity investment in WACHN to the alleged expense debt and 

offered to “forget” the remaining $40,769.02 that Plaintiff allegedly owed if Plaintiff would sign 

over his interest in WACHN to Hall. The parties dispute whether Hall’s tabulation was “phony,” 

as Plaintiff contends. [294] at 27. Plaintiff rejected Hall’s proposal. 

Sometime thereafter, Keystone issued a Form 1099-MISC for tax year 2007, which 

reported payment of $159,577.45 to Plaintiff. Hall gave his accountants, Green Dubin & Co., 

the amount to put on the tax form. Defendants contend that the payment reported in the 1099-

MISC included $100,000 that Plaintiff still owed to cash reserves and $28,000 that Plaintiff still 

owed for his share of the WACHN down payment. Plaintiff disputes that he owed these amounts 

and contends that he already made all required contributions. Defendants also contend that the 

payment reported in the 1099-MISC included a $38,010.45 “bonus” that they chose to give to 

Plaintiff even though he had not earned it. Plaintiff disputes that he was ever given such a bonus 

and provides evidence that this amount was earned income. 

On June 7, 2011, the IRS issued Plaintiff a Notice of Deficiency informing him that he 

had failed to pay taxes due and owing on the $159,577.45 that Keystone reported on the Form 

1099-MISC for tax year 2007. Plaintiff challenged the deficiency notice in tax court. In 2012, 

Plaintiff and the IRS resolved the case by settlement. As part of the settlement, they agreed that 

of the total amount reported on the Form 1099-MISC, Plaintiff did not earn and/or receive nonemployee compensation in the amount of $121,567. 

In this litigation, Plaintiff and Defendants have each hired an expert to assess whether 

Keystone’s profit and loss statements and Form 1099-MISC contained false or fraudulent 

information and expenses (as Plaintiff contends) or instead accurately disclosed Keystone’s 

income and expenses and calculated Plaintiff’s share of the same (as Defendants contend). It 

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appears from the parties’ briefs and statements of fact that their experts disagree on nearly 

everything, including basic factual predicates such as whether Plaintiff contributed his $100,000 

for Keystone’s cash reserves. See [283] at 9; [294] at 19-20. The experts also disagree on which 

accounting methodology is appropriate to use, whether certain of Keystone’s expenses were 

properly disclosed to the physicians, whether those expenses were reasonable, and whether those 

expenses were properly attributed to Keystone rather than the other companies owned by Hall. 

For instance, Plaintiff’s expert contends that it was inappropriate for Hall and Keystone to charge 

100% of Roalsen’s salary and travel expenses to Keystone, because Roalsen also did significant 

work for Hall’s other companies, including Hall M.D., S.C., Vertical Plus, and MedStaff. 

Defendant and his expert contend that Roalsen devoted substantially all of his time during the 

work week to Keystone (and worked for the other companies primarily on the weekends) and 

that his $100,000 salary was reasonable compensation for his position at Keystone. See [294] at 

10-11. Similarly, Plaintiff’s expert opines that it was inappropriate for Keystone to charge 90% 

of its expenses for a computer system (“Misys”) to Keystone, despite the fact that 2/3 of the 

Misys licenses were issued to Keystone and 1/3 were issued to Vertical Plus MRI (a company 

owned by Hall and Roalsen). See [294] at 18. Defendants’ expert argues that the allocation was 

proper because Keystone was the single largest user of the equipment. Id. As another example, 

Plaintiff’s expert contends that it was inappropriate for Keystone to pay Vertical Plus MRI $600-

$700 per hour for MRI time because this was higher than the rate Vertical Plus MRI charged all 

its other lessees. See [294] at 12-13. The experts also disagree on whether the mortgage and 

maintenance expenses of a house in Homewood, Illinois were properly charged to Keystone, 

with Defendants contending that the house was used to store medical records and Plaintiff 

contending that this was never disclosed to or agreed to by him. See [294] at 17. 

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II. Summary Judgment Standard 

Summary judgment is proper where “the pleadings, depositions, answers to 

interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no 

genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a 

matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). A genuine issue of material fact exists if “the evidence is 

such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty 

Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). The party seeking summary judgment has the burden of 

establishing the lack of any genuine issue of material fact. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 

U.S. 317, 323 (1986). The Court “must construe all facts and draw all reasonable inferences in 

the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Majors v. Gen. Elec. Co., 714 F.3d 527, 532-

33 (7th Cir. 2013) (citation omitted). 

To avoid summary judgment, the nonmoving party must go beyond the pleadings and 

“set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. 

at 250. Summary judgment is proper if the nonmoving party “fails to make a showing sufficient 

to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will 

bear the burden of proof at trial.” Ellis v. CCA of Tennessee LLC, 650 F.3d 640, 646 (7th Cir. 

2011) (quoting Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322). The non-moving party “must do more than simply 

show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. 

Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). In other words, the “mere existence 

of a scintilla of evidence in support of the [non-movant’s] position will be insufficient; there 

must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the [non-movant].” Anderson, 477 

U.S. at 252. 

 

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III. Analysis 

A. Violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7434 (Count One) 

26 U.S.C. § 7434 authorizes a plaintiff to “bring a civil action for damages” against any 

other person who “willfully files a fraudulent information return with respect to payments 

purported to be made” to the plaintiff. In this case, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants violated 

Section 7434 by knowingly filing a false and fraudulent Form 1099-MISC reporting that Plaintiff 

had earned $159,577.45 in miscellaneous income for 2007. Defendants argue that they are 

entitled to summary judgment on this claim because (1) the 1099-MISC is not one of the nine 

types of information returns listed in 26 U.S.C. § 6724(d)(1)(A) which can be remedied through 

a Section 7434 action; (2) the evidence establishes at most that the Form 1099-MISC contained 

an inaccurate amount, which is insufficient to state a claim under 26 U.S.C. § 7434; and (3) 

Plaintiff has no evidence that Defendants were deceitful or lacked good faith when they 

submitted the Form 1099-MISC to the IRS. 

The Court concludes that Plaintiff is not entitled to summary judgment on this claim. 

First, the Court already thoroughly considered and rejected Defendants’ argument that the 1099-

MISC is not one of the nine types of information returns listed in 26 U.S.C. § 6724(d)(1)(A). 

The Court will not repeat its analysis here and refers the parties to its earlier opinion. See [82] at 

10-13. 

Turning to Defendants’ second argument, the Court concludes that there are genuine 

issues of material fact in dispute concerning whether the Form 1099-MISC contained false and 

fraudulent information. For example, the Form 1099-MISC reported $100,000 that, according to 

Defendants, was forgiven debt for cash reserves that Plaintiff was required but failed to pay to 

Great Lakes Bank. But according to Plaintiff and his expert’s analysis of Keystone’s “bucket 

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reports,” Plaintiff already paid the $100,000 in the first quarter of 2006. See [283] at 8. 

Assuming that Plaintiff’s version of events is true, as the Court must for purposes of summary 

judgment, it supports Plaintiff’s theory that the Form 1099-MISC was false and fraudulent. 

Finally, the Court concludes that there are genuine issues of material fact in dispute 

concerning whether Defendants acted willfully when they submitted the Form 1099-MISC. 

Plaintiff points to circumstantial evidence that (a) he did not owe the amounts that Hall claimed 

he did; (b) Hall has not provided any back-up documentation for the amounts listed in the Form 

1099-MISC; (c) Defendants submitted the Form 1099-MISC only after Plaintiff refused to accept 

Hall’s offer to “forgive” Plaintiff’s unpaid balance of $40,769.02 in exchange for Plaintiff 

signing his interest in WACHN to Hall; and (d) the IRS settlement with Plaintiff recognized that 

Plaintiff had not earned $121,567 of the $159,577.45 listed on the Form 1099-MISC. Construing 

all evidence and making all inferences in favor of Plaintiff, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has 

adequately identified “circumstantial evidence to support a reasonable inference of the requisite 

intent”—in this case, willfulness. Danis v. USN Commc’ns, Inc., 121 F. Supp. 2d 1183, 1195 

(N.D. Ill. 2000). Therefore, Defendants are not entitled to summary judgment on Count I of 

Plaintiff’s Third Amended Complaint. 

B. Common Law Fraud (Count Two) 

The elements of fraud under Illinois common law are “‘(1) a false statement of material 

fact; (2) defendant’s knowledge that the statement was false; (3) defendant’s intent that the 

statement induce the plaintiff to act; (4) plaintiff’s reliance upon the truth of the statement; and 

(5) plaintiff’s damages resulting from reliance on the statement.’” Cohen v. Am. Sec. Ins. Co., 

735 F.3d 601, 613 (7th Cir. 2013) (quoting Connick v. Suzuki Motor Co., 675 N.E.2d 584, 591 

(Ill. 1996)). Plaintiff alleges that Defendants committed common law fraud by, among other 

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things, making false statements of fact in their profit and loss statements and falsely representing 

to Plaintiff that he still owed $100,000 for cash reserves and other expenses following his 

departure from Keystone. See [222] at 31-33. 

Defendants argue that they are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s claim for 

common law fraud because “Plaintiff has entirely failed to show any evidence of fraud against 

Dr. Hall, WACHN or Keystone” and has “offered no evidence as to Defendants’ state of mind.” 

[270] at 19-20. 

The Court concludes that Defendants are not entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s 

claim for common law fraud because Plaintiff has identified ample evidence from which a 

reasonable juror could conclude that Defendants knowingly made false statements to Plaintiff in 

their profit and loss statements to induce Plaintiff to accept less money than he was owed under 

the terms of the parties’ oral contract. For instance, Plaintiff identifies evidence that Hall and his 

family members determined the allocations to which each doctor was entitled; that Plaintiff and 

the other Keystone physicians were restricted from accessing Keystone’s allocations; and that 

Hall actively concealed the backup documentation for the allocations and rebuffed the 

physicians’ repeated requests for backup documentation. Plaintiff and his expert also identify 

specific charges that they believe were fake, too high, or should have been paid by Hall’s other 

business. See [283] at 13-14. Finally, as discussed in the prior section, Plaintiff has also 

identified evidence from which a reasonable juror could conclude that Defendants knowingly 

made false statements in the Form 1099-MISC to cause Plaintiff to incur more tax liability than 

he should have. Therefore, Defendants have failed to demonstrate that they are entitled to 

summary judgment on Plaintiff’s claim for common law fraud. 

 

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C. Breach of Fiduciary Duty (Count Three) 

 To establish a claim for breach of fiduciary duty under Illinois law, the plaintiff “must 

prove the existence of a fiduciary duty, breach of that duty, and damages proximately resulting 

from that breach.” Autotech Tech. Ltd. P’ship v. Automationdirect.com, 471 F.3d 745, 748 (7th 

Cir. 2006). In his claim for breach of fiduciary duty against Hall, Plaintiff alleges that Hall had a 

fiduciary duty to operate Keystone and WACHN with honesty and fidelity for the benefit of 

those companies; that Plaintiff breached his duty by, among other things, mischarging and 

inflating Keystone and WACHN’s expenses, underreporting income, commingling funds 

between Keystone and WACHN and Hall’s other companies, concealing financial records, and 

withholding amounts that were due to Plaintiff when he left Keystone. Plaintiff alleges that, as a 

result, he “suffered damages proximately caused by these breaches in unpaid income, expenses 

that were wrongly charged to him; and in his interest in Keystone, including, its equipment, and 

its facilities, and in his interest in WACHN, for which he was not compensated.” [222] at 36. 

 Defendants argue that they are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s claim for 

breach of fiduciary duty because the undisputed evidence shows that Plaintiff was Hall’s 

employee—rather than a de facto shareholder or partner in Keystone—and “an employer does 

not owe a fiduciary duty to the employee in a typical employer-employee relationship.” [270] at 

21. 

 The Court concludes that Defendants are not entitled to summary judgment on the breach 

of fiduciary duty claim. Under Illinois law, ‘[t]he existence of a fiduciary relationship between 

all partners is well-established, and each partner is bound to exercise the utmost good faith and 

honesty in all matters relating to the partnership business.” Pielet v. Hiffman, 948 N.E.2d 87, 94 

(Ill. 2011). Also, under Illinois law, “[i]ndividuals who control corporations owe a fiduciary 

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duty to their corporation and its shareholders.” Donovan v. Quade, 830 F. Supp. 2d 460, 496 

(N.D. Ill. 2011). Thus, if Plaintiff is considered to be a shareholder or a partner in Keystone, 

then Hall owes Plaintiff a fiduciary duty as either an individual who controls Keystone or as a 

fellow partner in Keystone. The Court cannot resolve this issue on summary judgment because 

there are material facts in dispute concerning whether Plaintiff should be considered a partner or 

shareholder in Keystone. As discussed in Section II above, Plaintiff has identified evidence 

supporting his theory that Keystone was a partnership. Hall argues that Keystone cannot be 

considered a partnership because it is registered as an S-Corp. Assuming this is true both 

factually and legally, Plaintiff might still be considered a shareholder of Keystone, to whom Hall 

(Keystone’s control person) would owe a fiduciary duty. Therefore, Hall is not entitled to 

summary judgment on Plaintiff’s claim for breach of fiduciary duty. 

D. Breach of Contract (Counts Five and Six) 

“Under Illinois law, to sustain a breach of contract claim a plaintiff must prove: ‘(1) the 

existence of a valid and enforceable contract; (2) substantial performance by the plaintiff; (3) a 

breach by the defendant; and (4) resultant damages.’” Roberts v. Columbia Coll. Chicago, 821 

F.3d 855, 863 (7th Cir. 2016) (quoting W.W. Vincent & Co. v. First Colony Life Ins. Co., 814 

N.E.2d 960, 967 (Ill. App. 2004)). In his Third Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleges two claims 

for breach of contract, Counts Five and Six. 

In Count Five, Plaintiff alleges in the alternative that, if the Court finds the WACHN 

Operating Agreement to be valid in whole or part, then WACHN and Hall breached the 

Agreement by failing to purchase Plaintiff’s shares within sixty days of his dissolution from 

WACHN. Defendants argue that they are entitled to summary judgment on Count Five because 

Plaintiff cannot satisfy Section 9.1(a) of the WACHN Operating Agreement, which requires 

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members to provide notice of their withdrawal. Defendants contend that Plaintiff’s resignation 

letter to Keystone showed that Plaintiff would “continue to be a WACHN member,” and 

therefore there is no evidence that Plaintiff gave notice that he was withdrawing from WACHN. 

[270] at 26. The Court concludes that this argument is underwhelming. While Plaintiff did not 

provide written notice that he was dissociating from WACHN, he contends that he provided oral 

notice two or three weeks after he left Keystone. Also, Hall testified at his deposition as 

WACHN’s corporate representative that he considered Plaintiff to have dissociated himself from 

WACHN. Therefore, Hall and WACHN have failed to demonstrate that they are entitled to 

summary judgment on Count Five. 

In Count Six, Plaintiff alleges that Keystone breached its oral agreement with him by (a) 

failing to include non-patient income in his 25 percent share of income for 2004; (b) underpaying 

him by $150,000 in 2004; (c) overcharging him for expenses well in excess of the $250,000 

agreed to and underreporting his income through false and fraudulent profit and loss statements; 

(d) reporting to the IRS that Hall was the 100 percent shareholder of Keystone after agreeing to 

make Plaintiff a 25 percent partner; (e) unilaterally increasing Plaintiff’s share of expenses from 

26.5 percent to 34.8 percent in the third quarter of 2007; and (f) failing to pay him amounts due 

and owing to him when he left Keystone. 

Keystone argues that it is entitled to summary judgment on Count Six because Plaintiff 

has no evidence that his oral contract “entitled him to a payout including the full amount of his 

contribution to cash reserves, any accounts receivable from Plaintiff’s patient care or other 

sources that had not been paid to him, equivalent value for funds invested by Plaintiff in any of 

Keystone’s equipment and any other funds due and owing from Keystone to Plaintiff.” [270] at 

28. Keystone also argues that it is entitled to summary judgment on Count Six because 

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“Keystone’s expert . . . opines that . . . Plaintiff consented to all specific allocations of income 

and expenses when disclosed to and reported to him in bucket reports” and that when Plaintiff 

left Keystone, “it was Plaintiff who owed Keystone money which offset any alleged amount 

owed by Plaintiff.” [270] at 28. Therefore, Keystone asserts, “Plaintiff is unable to prove a 

breach by Keystone of any terms that were agreed upon, nor is Plaintiff able to prove 

performance.” [270] at 28. 

The Court concludes that these arguments are non-starters as well. Since Plaintiff is 

asserting that he had an oral contract with Keystone, Plaintiff’s own testimony as to the terms of 

the contract is sufficient “evidence” to withstand summary judgment absent a legal impediment 

to an oral contract (such as the statute of frauds). Moreover, Plaintiff has come forth with ample 

evidence that Keystone breached the terms of the parties’ oral agreement, including the contents 

of his own expert report. The Court cannot resolve dueling accounting expert analyses on 

summary judgment. Therefore, the Court denies Keystone’s motion for summary judgment on 

Count Six. 

E. Buyout Pursuant to 805 ILCS § 180/35-65 (Count Four) 

805 ILCS § 180/35-60 provides that “[a] limited liability company shall purchase a 

distributional interest of a member for its fair value determined as of the date of the member’s 

dissociation if the member’s dissociation does not result in a dissolution and winding up of the 

company’s business[.]” In Count Four of the Third Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that 

WACHN, an LLC, has never made an offer to purchase his distributional interest. Plaintiff asks 

the Court to determine the fair value of his interest and the terms of WACHN’s repurchase. 

Plaintiff also seeks an order requiring WACHN to refinance its loan or otherwise have his name 

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removed as a guarantor for the Great Lakes Bank loan or, alternatively, a personal 

indemnification from the members of WACHN. 

Defendants argue that they are entitled to summary judgment on Count Four because 

“Plaintiff cannot point to a date when he gave notice to WACHN of his express will to dissociate 

from WACHN or actually dissociated from WACHN,” and “as such has no evidence that he 

dissociated from WACHN” and “cannot satisfy 805 ILCS 180/35-65(3).” [270] at 24. As 

explained above on Count Five, even Hall has recognized that Plaintiff has dissociated from 

WACHN. Therefore, the Court denies Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on Count 

Four. 

F. Unjust Enrichment (Count Seven) 

“To state a claim for unjust enrichment in Illinois, ‘a plaintiff must allege that the 

defendant has unjustly retained a benefit to the plaintiff’s detriment, and that the defendant’s 

retention of the benefit violates the fundamental principles of justice, equity, and good 

conscience.’” Williams v. Nat’l Hous. Exch. Inc., 949 F. Supp. 650, 652 (N.D. Ill. 1996) 

(quoting HPI Health Care v. Mt. Vernon Hosp., 545 N.E.2d 672, 679 (Ill. 1989)). However, if 

“the parties have an express contract which governs their relationship, a claim for unjust 

enrichment may not be maintained,” even if the “express contract does not cover the specific 

subject upon which the unjust enrichment claim is based.” Id. 

In his unjust enrichment claim, Plaintiff alleges in the alternative to his breach of contract 

claims that: (1) Keystone and Hall were unjustly enriched by Plaintiff’s payment of an unfairly 

large share of Keystone’s and Hall’s expenses and by their withholding moneys contributed or 

earned by Plaintiff which were not distributed to him; (2) WACHN and Hall were unjustly 

enriched by retaining Plaintiff’s shares of WACHN and his capital contributions; and (3) 

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WACHN and Hall were unjustly enriched by retaining Plaintiff’s personal guaranty of the 

WACHN loan to Great Lake Banks after he dissociated from WACHN. 

Defendants argue that they are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s unjust 

enrichment claim, but their motion addresses only Plaintiff’s third theory of unjust enrichment. 

Defendants argue that WACHN and Hall were not unjustly enriched by retaining Plaintiff’s 

personal guarantee because Plaintiff signed the guarantee to borrow money from Great Lakes 

Banks and WACHN and Hall had no right to remove Plaintiff as a guarantor on the loans. 

Defendants also point to evidence that Great Lakes Banks’ policy is to not release any guarantor 

until the underlying loan has been fully satisfied. 

The Court concludes that Defendants are not entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s 

unjust enrichment claim. As an initial matter, the motion fails to address two of Plaintiff’s three 

theories of unjust enrichment, which itself is sufficient reason to deny Defendants’ motion on 

this count. As to the merits of Defendants’ argument, the Court agrees with Plaintiff that 

Defendants have not demonstrated that they lack any way to obtain Plaintiff’s release from the 

guarantee, including by refinancing the loan and obtaining new guarantors. Therefore, the Court 

denies Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s unjust enrichment claim. 

G. Defendants’ Counterclaim for Breach of Contract (Count II) 

The Court denies, with minimal further discussion, Defendants’ motion for summary 

judgment on its counterclaim against Plaintiff for his alleged breach of his oral contract with 

Keystone. Defendants’ motion addresses only a portion of the total amount that Defendants 

claim Plaintiff owes Keystone—$225,000 for equipment that Plaintiff used while working at 

Keystone but abandoned to the practice when he left in November 2007. And this portion of 

Defendants’ counterclaim is disputed. Plaintiff presents evidence that the other physicians also 

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used the equipment and that he left the equipment at Keystone and argues that it would therefore 

be inappropriate to charge him with the full cost of the equipment. The Court agrees with 

Plaintiff that no part of Defendants’ counterclaim can be resolved on summary judgment. 

IV. Conclusion 

For the reasons stated above, the Court denies Defendants’ motion for summary 

judgment [269] in full. This case is set for further status on September 20, 2016 at 9:15 a.m. 

Plaintiff’s motion to set a trial date [300] will be heard at the same time. 

Dated: September 16, 2016 

 ____________________________ 

 Robert M. Dow, Jr. 

 United States District Judge 

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