|   |   |                  a) | Designed                such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure                controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to                ensure                that material information relating to such registrant, including                such                registrant’s consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others                within those entities, particularly during the period in which this                report                is being prepared; |
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| b)   | Evaluated                the effectiveness of such registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures                and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness                of                the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period                covered by this report based on such evaluation;                and |
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| c)   | Disclosed                in this report any change in such registrant’s internal control over                financial reporting that occurred during such registrant’s most recent                fiscal quarter (such registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an                annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely                to                materially affect, such registrant’s internal control over financial                reporting; and |
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|   |   |                  a) | All                significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or                operation of internal control over financial reporting which are                reasonably likely to adversely affect such registrant’s ability to record,                process, summarize and report financial information;                and |
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|   |   |                  b) | Any                fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other                employees who have a significant role in such registrant’s internal                control over financial reporting. |
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