Order Form (01/2005)

United States District Court, Northern District of Illinois

Name of Assigned Judge

or Magistrate Judge

Elaine E. Bucklo Sitting Judge if Other

than Assigned Judge

CASE NUMBER 12 C 4307 DATE 9/24/2012

CASE

TITLE

Glamour Girlz, LLC, et al. vs. D.M. Merchandising, Inc., et al.

DOCKET ENTRY TEXT

Defendants’ motion to dismiss [23] is granted with respect to plaintiffs’ federal claims. All other claims are

remanded to state court. The Clerk of the Court is directed to remand this case to the Circuit Court of Cook

County. 

O[ For further details see text below.] Notices mailed by Judicial staff.

STATEMENT

Plaintiffs Glamour Girlz, LLC, Glamour Kidz Boulevard, and Frannie Karlin (d/b/a/ Glamour Girlz)

(collectively “Glamour Girlz”) operate a storefront in the Northbrook Court Shopping Center. Glamour

Girlz’s lawsuit against D.M. Merchandising, Inc. (“D.M.”) and the individual defendants arises out of a

business transaction in which D.M. agreed to provide merchandise on credit to plaintiffs for sale at their

store. Plaintiffs fell behind on paying the outstanding balance owed to defendants, and the relationship went

sour when defendants attempted to get plaintiffs to settle the account. Plaintiffs filed a twelve-count

complaint alleging various state law claims and a lone federal claim for violation of the Federal Fair Debt

Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”), 15 U.S.C. § 1692, et seq. Defendants removed the case to federal

court. Following removal, plaintiffs amended their complaint, adding three federal claims under the

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. § 1961, et seq. Defendants now

move to dismiss the entire complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for failure

to state a claim. I grant the motion with respect to plaintiffs’ federal claims and remand all remaining claims

to state court.

To survive a motion to dismiss, plaintiff’s “[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a right to

relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (citation omitted). I

must assume that all the allegations contained in the complaint are true, Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94

(2007), and I must give the plaintiff the benefit of all reasonable inferences. McCann v. Neilsen, 466 F.3d

619, 622 (7th Cir. 2006). However, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by

mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Twombly,

550 U.S. at 555).

According to defendants, plaintiffs cannot sustain a claim under the FDCPA because the debt at issue

is a business debt. The FDCPA defines “debt” as “any obligation or alleged obligation of a consumer to pay

money arising out of a transaction in which the money, property, insurance, or services which are the subject

of the transaction are primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(5)

12C4307 Glamour Girlz, LLC, et al. vs. D.M. Merchandising, Inc., et al. Page 1 of 3
STATEMENT

(emphasis added). Plaintiffs argue that the FDCPA applies to the debt and to collection efforts by defendant

Donald Pearlman and D.M. because the defendants converted the debt from a commercial debt to a personal

debt by accepting payment from a personal account. Plaintiffs, however, do not dispute that the debt, at its

inception, was a business debt. Indeed, the complaint alleges that they incurred the debt through a business

transaction. (Compl., at ¶¶ 21-23.) Nor do plaintiffs cite any authority to support their conversion theory. 

Because the appropriate inquiry focuses on the transaction giving rise to the obligation arose, Miller v.

McCalla, Raymer, Padrick, Cobb, Nichols, and Clark L.L.C., 214 F.3d 872, 874-75 (7th Cir. 2000), and

plaintiffs have alleged that the transaction was related to their business, they cannot state a claim under the

FDCPA. Count VI is therefore dismissed.

Counts X through XII allege violations of RICO. Count X alleges that defendants violated § 1962(c),

which states, “[i]t shall be unlawful for any person employed by or associated with any enterprise engaged in,

or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or

indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity or collection of

unlawful debt.” 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). Plaintiffs bring count XI against defendants Marks and Pearlman

under § 1962(b), which makes it unlawful “for any person through a pattern of racketeering activity or

through collection of an unlawful debt to acquire or maintain, directly or indirectly, any interest in or control

of any enterprise which is engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce.” 18

U.S.C. § 1962(b). Finally, in count XII, plaintiffs allege all of the defendants violated § 1962(d), which

prohibits any person from conspiring to violate § 1962, subsections (a) through (c). 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c).

To state a claim under any of these sub-sections of the RICO statute, plaintiffs must allege predicate

acts that constitute “racketeering activity.” “Racketeering activity” is defined as “any act which is indictable

under . . . title 18, United States Code . . . section 1951 (relating to interference with commerce, robbery, or

extortion),” among other crimes. 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1)(B). To that end, plaintiffs’ complaint alleges that

defendants committed the crime of extortion under 18 U.S.C. § 1951 (“the Hobbs Act”). Extortion under the

Hobbs Act is defined as “the obtaining of property from another, with his consent, induced by wrongful use

of actual or threatened force, violence, or fear. . . .” 18 U.S.C. 1951(b)(2). The problem for plaintiffs is that

while they recite the elements of the crime of extortion and a RICO violation they have not alleged facts that,

if proven, would constitute the predicate act of extortion. The Seventh Circuit has noted that the

determination of whether a defendant has engaged in extortion under the Hobbs Act is different depending on

whether that defendant has a claim of right to the property obtained from a plaintiff or victim. Rennell v.

Rowe, 635 F.3d 1008, 1012 (7th Cir. 2011). 

If a defendant has no claim of right to property, the use of fear to obtain that property—including

the fear of economic loss—may . . . amount to extortion. In contrast, where the defendant has a

claim of right to property and exerts economic pressure to obtain that property, that conduct is not

extortion and no violation of the Hobbs Act has occurred.

Id. Though the use of physical violence or the threat of such violence will generally constitute extortion

whether or not there is a claim of right to the property, where the defendant has a right to the property,

“unpleasant hard dealing” will not lead to extortion liability under the Hobbs Act. Id. at 1012, 1014. This

distinction renders United States v. Crockett, 979 F.2d 1204 (7th Cir. 1992), on which plaintiffs rely,

inapposite. In Crockett, the defendant had no claim of right to the money he obtained from his victims. 

Plaintiffs concede that they owed the outstanding balance to defendants. They do not allege, nor do they

argue in response to defendants’ motion, that Pearlman threatened them with violence in order to obtain

payment. The facts alleged in the complaint amount to nothing more than economic pressure, and, even

though unpleasant, do not rise to the level of extortion. Because plaintiffs have not sufficiently pleaded the

necessary predicate acts, they cannot maintain their claims under RICO. As such, counts X through XII are

also dismissed.

Because I find that plaintiffs have not stated a claim under the FDCPA or RICO, these claims are

dismissed. All other claims in the complaint are state law claims, and my jurisdiction over them is premised

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STATEMENT

on supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367. Plaintiffs request that I remand all the state claims to

sate court. “Normally, when all federal claims are dismissed before trial, the district court should relinquish

jurisdiction over pendent state-law claims rather than resolving them on the merits.” Sharp Electronics Corp.

v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 578 F.3d 505, 514 (7th Cir. 2009) (internal quotations marks and citation

omitted). Because I am dismissing all of plaintiffs’ federal claims prior to trial, I relinquish jurisdiction over

the state law claims. Those claims are remanded to state court.

For the foregoing reasons, defendants’ motion is granted with respect to plaintiffs’ federal FDCPA

and RICO claims. All other claims are remanded to state court.

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