IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING

2014 WY 39

OCTOBER TERM, A.D. 2013

March 13, 2014

IN THE MATTER OF THE WORKER’S 

COMPENSATION CLAIM OF:

RICK D. BODILY,

Appellant

(Petitioner),

v.

STATE OF WYOMING, ex rel., 

WYOMING WORKERS’ SAFETY & 

COMPENSATION DIVISION,

Appellee

(Respondent).

S-13-0128

Appeal from the District Court of Natrona County

The Honorable David B. Park, Judge

Representing Appellant:

Stephenson D. Emery of Williams, Porter, Day & Neville, P.C., Casper, WY

Representing Appellee:

Peter K. Michael, Wyoming Attorney General; John D. Rossetti, Deputy Attorney 

General; Michael J. Finn, Senior Assistant Attorney General; and Jessica Y. Frint, 

Assistant Attorney General

Before KITE, C.J., and HILL, VOIGT*, BURKE, and DAVIS, JJ.

*Justice Voigt retired effective January 3, 2014.
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third. 

Readers are requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building, 

Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002, of any typographical or other formal errors so that correction may be 

made before final publication in the permanent volume.
1

HILL, Justice.

[¶1] Rick Bodily suffered work-related injuries to his back for which he received 

Worker’s Compensation benefits in 1996 and 2004. In 2008 and 2011, Bodily underwent 

surgeries to treat a herniated disc in his low back. The Wyoming Workers’

Compensation Division (Division) denied Bodily’s application for benefits to cover the 

two surgeries and any other expenses after June 2005. Bodily appealed, contending that 

the herniated disc in his low back was a direct result of his 1996 and 2004 injuries and 

was therefore a second compensable injury for which he was entitled to benefits. The 

Office of Administrative Hearings (OAH) upheld the denial of benefits, and the district 

court affirmed. Bodily appeals, claiming that the denial of benefits was contrary to the 

great weight of the evidence. We affirm.

ISSUE

[¶2] Bodily states the issue on appeal as follows:

Is the Office of Administrative Hearings’ decision 

denying benefits clearly contrary to the great weight of 

evidence proving a causal connection between Bodily’s 1996 

and 2004 work injuries and his pain complaints after 2005 –

and resulting surgeries in 2008 and 2011 – such that he 

suffered a second compensable injury?

FACTS

[¶3] On March 11, 1996, Bodily suffered a back injury while working for JTL Group in 

Casper, Wyoming. Bodily’s injury report described the injury as one to his middle back, 

and the emergency room report stated as follows concerning the injury:

This is a 30-year-old white male, who while at work 

today, was lifting and turning to put a muffler onto a piece of 

heavy machinery. In the course of lifting and twisting he 

began having pain in his midback region rather suddenly. He 

denies any numbness or tingling anywhere but has significant 

muscle spasms in his back which are making him very 

uncomfortable. He denies any prior history of problems with 

his back. He denies any other areas of pain.

[¶4] The emergency room report on Bodily’s 1996 injury also noted that “[x]-ray 

evaluation of the thoracic spine appears unremarkable.” Bodily’s 1996 injury was 

diagnosed as a midback strain, and he was prescribed medication, physical therapy, and 
2

light duty. The Division paid all hospital, medication, and other treatment costs related to 

the 1996 incident.

[¶5] On July 7, 2004, Bodily suffered another work-related injury to his back while 

working for JTL Group. This time the injury occurred when Bodily turned and twisted 

his back while carrying a box down a flight of stairs. Bodily described his 2004 injury as 

“lower back pain and right hip pain into the legs,” and he saw a chiropractor for 

treatment. A radiological report for x-rays taken on July 9, 2004, reported a “[n]egative 

lumbar spine series” and included the following findings:

Routine views of the lumbar spine demonstrate the 

disc spaces and vertebral bodies to be of normal height and 

alignment. No osteolytic or blastic lesions, spondylolysis, 

fracture or other osseous abnormalities are identified.

[¶6] On November 18, 2004, the Division issued a Final Determination Opening Case 

for the 2004 back injury. The Division paid the medical expenses related to the 2004 

injury, and Bodily continued to receive benefits until June 2, 2005.

[¶7] Thereafter, Bodily sought treatment on a number of occasions for back pain that 

was either unrelated to his work at JTL Group or unrelated to work. In October 2005, 

Bodily sought treatment for back pain he experienced while pushing a vehicle that was 

parked where Bodily’s employer was doing asphalt work. Bodily was working for 

Ramshorn Construction at that time and did not file an injury report. In March 2006, 

Bodily received treatment for an acute lumbar strain with radicular symptoms that 

reportedly occurred when he tried to catch a falling transmission. The record contains no 

injury report for the 2006 incident. In March 2007, Bodily received treatment for back 

pain experienced after lifting a kitchen table. In May 2007, he received treatment for 

continuing back pain, and in September 2007, he received treatment for back pain after 

lifting landscape rocks.

[¶8] On October 19, 2007, Bodily consulted Dr. Debra Steele, a neurosurgeon, for 

treatment of his back pain. An MRI ordered by Dr. Steele on that same date reported the 

following impression:

L5-S1 degenerative disc disease with broad-based disc bulge 

eccentric to the left; there is some effacement of the left 

lateral recess with possible impingement of the left S1 nerve 

root and mild left-sided foraminal impingement. No disc 

herniation or significant spinal stenosis.

[¶9] Dr. Steele noted that the MRI showed “decreased disc height with disc desiccation 

at the L5-S1 level and a disc herniation slightly eccentric to the left.” Dr. Steele reported 
3

her impression as “[l]ow back and left lower extremity pain secondary to the L5-S1 

level,” and recommended epidural steroid injections.

[¶10] On November 28, 2007, Bodily wrote to the Division requesting benefits to cover 

the medical expenses he had incurred in 2007 to treat his back pain. He wrote, in part:

. . . I have enclosed doctor & prescription bills that I have 

incurred since March of this year that I have paid for out of 

my pocket. As you know from my Workers Comp notes I 

have dealt with and this going (sic) back injury originating at 

JTL in March 1996. I dealt with back pain from the original 

injury the best I could until July 2004 when I requested the 

case be reopened because the pain was more than I could 

tolerate. At that point I doctored it the best I could until it 

was tolerable again. It has continuously gotten worse and I 

have had to seek more drastic medical treatment such as 

injections to get through daily life. I have requested 

Wyoming Neurosurgery to forward you notes and bills that I 

have incurred in the last couple months.

[¶11] On December 4, 2007, the Division responded to Bodily with a request for 

additional information. The Division received the additional information from Bodily on 

December 20, 2007.

[¶12] In the meantime, Bodily continued to see Dr. Steele with reports of continuing and 

increased pain with activity and travel. Dr. Steele ordered a repeat MRI, which was done

on January 3, 2008. The MRI report contained the following impression:

1. Small L5-S1 disc protrusion, asymmetric to the left, 

which mildly displaces the descending left S1 nerve root 

posteriorly.

2. Minimal, if any, right lateral L4-L5 disc protrusion. 

Overall, no significant change from 10/19/2007.

[¶13] Dr. Steele reviewed the MRI and reported that the MRI reflected “disc desiccation 

present at L5-S1 with a significant disc bulge.” On January 9, 2008, Dr. Steele 

performed an L5-S1 microlumbar discectomy. At a January 18, 2008 follow-up 

appointment, Bodily reported that he was no longer experiencing back pain, or numbness 

and tingling in his lower extremities.

[¶14] On January 28, 2008, the Division issued a final determination denying benefits 

for Bodily’s back injury for any treatment after June 2, 2005, stating as the basis for the 

denial that such treatment was “not related to the resolved work injury of July 8, 2004.” 
4

Bodily objected to the denial and requested a hearing, and the matter was referred to the 

OAH. The OAH entered summary judgment in favor of the Division, and Bodily 

appealed. Bodily v. State ex rel. Wyo. Workers’ Safety & Comp. Div., 2011 WY 149, ¶ 1, 

265 P.3d 995, 995 (Wyo. 2011). This Court reversed the summary judgment and 

remanded for a contested case hearing on the question of whether Bodily’s back pain 

after June 2005 was related to his work-related injuries in 1996 and 2005. Id., ¶¶ 16-17, 

265 P.3d at 1000-01.

[¶15] While Bodily’s appeal was pending, he received treatment for low back pain that 

had returned some time after the surgery by Dr. Steele. On September 27, 2011, Bodily 

sought treatment from Dr. Kenneth Pettine and reported to Dr. Pettine that he was 

experiencing “chronic severe, incapacitating back pain with some radiating leg symptoms 

but predominantly severe ongoing low back pain.” Dr. Pettine diagnosed Bodily as 

suffering from “[s]evere discogenic back pain with disc abnormalities at L5-S1.” On 

December 14, 2011, Dr. Pettine performed surgery on Bodily’s spine, which included a 

complete discectomy with implant of an artificial disc at L5-S1.

[¶16] Following this Court’s decision reversing summary judgment, the Division 

referred the denial of Bodily’s claim to the OAH for a contested case hearing. An 

evidentiary hearing was held on July 12, 2012, and on August 13, 2012, the OAH issued 

its Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Order upholding the Division’s denial of 

benefits. In so ordering, the OAH found that the testimony presented by the Division’s 

expert was more persuasive than that presented by Bodily’s treating physician. Relying 

on the Division’s expert testimony, the OAH concluded that Bodily’s back pain in 2007 

and the surgeries in 2008 and 2011 were not related to the 1996 or 2004 work injuries 

and were instead caused by continuing degenerative disc disease.

[¶17] Bodily sought judicial review of the OAH decision, and the district court affirmed. 

Bodily thereafter filed a timely notice of appeal.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

[¶18] In an appeal from a district court’s appellate review of an administrative decision, 

we review the case as if it came directly from the administrative body, affording no 

special deference to the district court’s decision. Stallman v. State ex rel. Wyo. Workers’

Safety & Comp. Div., 2013 WY 28, ¶ 27, 297 P.3d 82, 89 (Wyo. 2013); DeLoge v. State 

ex rel. Wyo. Workers’ Safety & Comp. Div., 2011 WY 154, ¶ 5, 264 P.3d 28, 30 (Wyo. 

2011). Our review of administrative decisions is governed by the Wyoming 

Administrative Procedure Act, which provides:

(c) To the extent necessary to make a decision and when 

presented, the reviewing court shall decide all relevant 

questions of law, interpret constitutional and statutory 
5

provisions, and determine the meaning or applicability of the 

terms of an agency action. In making the following 

determinations, the court shall review the whole record or 

those parts of it cited by a party and due account shall be 

taken of the rule of prejudicial error. The reviewing court 

shall:

(i) Compel agency action unlawfully withheld or 

unreasonably delayed; and

(ii) Hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings and 

conclusions found to be:

(A) Arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion or 

otherwise not in accordance with law;

(B) Contrary to constitutional right, power, privilege 

or immunity;

(C) In excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority or 

limitations or lacking statutory right;

(D) Without observance of procedure required by 

law; or

(E) Unsupported by substantial evidence in a case 

reviewed on the record of an agency hearing provided 

by statute.

Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 16-3-114(c)(ii) (LexisNexis 2013).

[¶19] In keeping with the APA’s statutory framework, our review is as follows:

We review an administrative agency’s findings of fact 

pursuant to the substantial evidence test. Dale v. S & S 

Builders, LLC, 2008 WY 84, ¶ 22, 188 P.3d 554, 561 (Wyo.

2008). Substantial evidence is relevant evidence which a 

reasonable mind might accept in support of the agency’s 

conclusions. Id., ¶ 11, 188 P.3d at 558. Findings of fact are 

supported by substantial evidence if, from the evidence in the 

record, this Court can discern a rational premise for the 

agency’s findings. Middlemass v. State ex rel. Wyo. Workers’ 

Safety & Comp. Div., 2011 WY 118, ¶ 11, 259 P.3d 1161, 

1164 (Wyo. 2011).

Where the hearing examiner determines that the 

burdened party failed to meet his burden of proof, we must 

decide whether that determination was contrary to the 

overwhelming weight of the evidence. Leavitt v. State ex rel. 

Wyo. Workers’ Safety & Comp. Div., 2013 WY 95, ¶ 18, 307 

P.3d 835, 840 (Wyo. 2013). We defer to the hearing 
6

examiner’s determination of witness credibility unless it is 

clearly contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence. 

Id.

Trump v. State ex rel. Wyo. Workers’ Comp. Div., 2013 WY 140, ¶¶ 17-18, 312 P.3d 802, 

808 (Wyo. 2013).

DISCUSSION

[¶20] Bodily contends that the OAH failed to consider the evidence as a whole and erred 

in failing to give weight to Bodily’s testimony and in giving greater weight to the opinion 

of the Division’s independent medical examiner than to the opinion of Bodily’s treating 

physician, Dr. Pettine. Based on our review of the record and the hearing examiner’s 

reasoning in weighing the expert testimony, we conclude that the hearing examiner’s 

decision was supported by substantial evidence and not contrary to the overwhelming 

weight of the evidence.

[¶21] Bodily asserts that the treatment for his back pain after June 2005 is compensable 

under the “second compensable injury rule.” The second compensable injury rule is a 

causation rule that “applies when ‘an initial compensable injury ripens into a condition 

requiring additional medical intervention.’” In re Workers’ Comp. Claim of Kaczmarek

ex rel. Wyo. Workers’ Safety & Comp. Div., 2009 WY 110, ¶ 9, 215 P.3d 277, 282 (Wyo. 

2009) (quoting Yenne–Tully v. State ex rel. Wyo. Workers’ Safety and Compensation

Div., 12 P.3d 170, 172 (Wyo. 2000)). Our analysis under the rule is as follows:

“Under the second compensable injury rule, a subsequent 

injury or condition is compensable if it is causally related to 

the initial compensable injury.” [Rogers v. State ex rel. Wyo. 

Workers’ Safety & Comp. Div., 2012 WY 117, ¶ 14, 284 P.3d 

815, 819 (Wyo. 2012).] As with claims for benefits arising 

from an initial injury, an employee claiming entitlement to 

benefits under the second compensable injury rule has the 

burden of proving “a causal connection exists between a 

work-related injury and the injury for which worker’s 

compensation benefits are being sought.” Davenport, ¶ 21, 

268 P.3d at 1044 (citation omitted).

Hoffman v. State ex rel. Wyo. Workers’ Safety & Comp. Div., 2012 WY 164, ¶ 9, 291 

P.3d 297, 301 (Wyo. 2012).

[¶22] In support of his claim that the 1996 work injury caused his L5-S1 disc herniation, 

Bodily presented evidence that included his own testimony and the testimony of two of 

his treating physicians, Dr. Steele and Dr. Pettine. In response, the Division presented 
7

the opinion of its independent medical examiner, Dr. Anthony Dwyer. We will set forth 

the relevant portions of this evidence and then address Bodily’s contentions regarding the 

evidence. 

[¶23] In support of his causation argument, Bodily testified that following his injury in 

1996, his back pain remained constant.

Q. Between 1996 and the fall of 2007 did your 

lower back ever return to how it was prior to that first back 

injury?

A. I would say there was never a week throughout 

that period that I did not spend the evenings on ice and heat, 

that I self-medicated myself to try to – um, I did not want to 

be a black eye to JTL. I was trying to – um, prosper at this 

company. And from what I had heard and been told, to be 

filing these huge claims and everything was – it was 

definitely not a good check.

So I – I just basically – my – my wife knew when I 

came home to have the heating pad ready, the ice pack ready. 

And I continued that self-therapy ever since 1996.

[¶24] Bodily also presented the opinion of Dr. Steele. Dr. Steele performed Bodily’s 

first surgery, and she provided deposition testimony concerning the cause of the L5-S1 

disc herniation she treated. That same deposition testimony was submitted during the 

summary judgment and contested case proceedings, and this Court quoted as follows 

from the testimony when we reversed the OAH’s entry of summary judgment:

[Question by counsel for Mr. Bodily]. One of the questions I 

have is, based upon actually seeing that disc and also having 

reviewed it on the MRI, can you date the onset of that 

herniation, of the lesion, whatever you call it, and say, yes, 

that disc herniated back in 1996 or 1999 or 2004? Can you 

say that at all?

[Dr. Steele]. No.

Q. Did it look like something that had occurred within the 

last three months or four months? Can you date it that way?

A. Cannot say.

. . .
8

Q. So, your opinion that you have expressed here today about 

the causation of this disc herniation that you addressed in the 

surgery on January 9th is dependent upon the accuracy of the 

history that Mr. Bodily provided you.

. . .

A. I don’t know what caused his disc herniation. The history 

given by Mr. Bodily does guide the treatment plan, however.

Q. And it’s certainly possible that he herniated his disc back 

in 2004 during this incident?

A. It is possible, yes.

Q. It’s not inconceivable.

A. Correct.

Q. It’s medically possible given what you have seen and 

your training that he could have herniated his disc back in 

2004 as described here on this report.

A. Yes, that is possible.

Later, Dr. Steele testified as follows:

[Question by Division]. My first question is, have you 

reviewed any other medical records from any source other 

than your own regarding Mr. Bodily?

A. No.

Q. Let me show you what we’re going to mark as Exhibit 3. 

This is a record from Dr. Rita Emch. Would you please 

review that quickly?

. . .

Q. Do you see where he goes in and gives a history of lifting 

a Buick?

A. Yes.

Q. Could an event such as this have caused the herniation 

that you operated on in 2008?
9

A. Yes.

Q. I have another medical record from Urgent Care. Now, 

progress notes dated 3–27–07 we’ll mark as Exhibit 4. I 

would like you to look at where he gives a history of present 

illness on that. Do you see where it says he lifted a kitchen 

table on Friday?

A. Yes.

Q. Pain on Sunday in his back and hips radiating down both 

legs?

A. Yes.

Q. Could this event have caused the disc herniation at L5–S1 

that you operated on in January of 2008?

A. It could have.

Q. I am going to mark this one Number 5. This is from 

InstaCare of Casper dated September 2, 2007. If you could 

look at this, patient’s complaints there. Do you see where he 

complains of lifting landscaping rock and injuring his back?

A. Yes.

Q. Could this event have caused the disc herniation which 

you operated on in January of 2008?

A. It could have.

. . .

Q. Looking at Exhibits A, B and C, which are other records

of Mr. Bodily, is it possible for you to give an opinion to a 

reasonable degree of medical probability what caused his disc 

herniation which you operated on in January 2008?

A. I cannot knowingly state if he had a disc herniation in 

1999 or if any one of these events caused the appearance of 

his abnormal disc that was noted on the 2007 MRI.

Bodily, ¶ 8, 265 P.3d at 997-98.

[¶25] Finally, Bodily presented the opinion of Dr. Pettine on the relationship between 

Bodily’s 1996 work injury and his later diagnosed disc herniation. Dr. Pettine performed 
10

the second surgery on Bodily, replacing the L5-S1 disc with an artificial disc. He 

testified as follows on direct examination by Bodily’s counsel:

Q. ... What I’m wondering is, in your opinion, to a 

reasonable degree of medical probability, is it more probable 

than not that the surgery that Dr. Steele performed in 2008 

ripened out of or arose from those prior workplace injuries?

. . . 

A. ... I definitely believe that’s the case to a degree of 

medical probability.

Q. Explain your thinking in that regard, Doctor.

A. Yes. Well, I would relate it – an analogy I just thought of 

is if – is if Rick had broken his leg in a work injury in ‘96. 

And let’s just say he had that leg treated, but the fracture 

never healed. And so basically he’s been walking on a bone 

that hasn’t healed in his leg, and intermittently he injures it 

and exacerbates his symptoms. You know, I think, likewise, 

he fractured or tore his disk in his back in ‘96 and has had 

intermittent exacerbations that have gradually gotten worse. 

One of those exacerbations occurred in 2008, which required 

the discectomy. And, unfortunately, he had ongoing 

symptoms consistent with discogenic pain which resulted in 

the replacement of his disk, which occurred at the end of 

2011.

Q. How does the overlay of degenerative disk disease, what 

role does that play?

A. That is a sequelae of the original injury in ‘96. In other 

words, it’s well known that if you tear a disk or damage it, 

that it undergoes fairly rapid degeneration, which I think Mr. 

Bodily demonstrates.

Q. So is it your opinion that the 1996 and the 2004 injuries 

eventually developed to the point where he needed that 

surgery in 2008 and he needed the surgery in 2011?

A. Yes.
11

Q. And that’s because they – because of the degenerative 

disk disease or –

A. No. Because he tore the disk in '96.

[¶26] On cross-examination, Dr. Pettine testified:

Q. And what’s the basis for your opinion that [Bodily] did, in 

fact, tear a disk at L5-S1 in 1996?

A. Based on his history and what I observed at the time of 

surgery.

Q. And is that based on history solely from the patient, or did 

your review medical records or have some other source?

A. No. That was from the patient’s history.

Q. Have you reviewed any of the medical records from that 

work injury in 1996?

A. No.

Q. Have you reviewed any medical records from any source 

besides your own chart, which we’ve discussed here today –

A. No.

Q. -- indicating Mr. Bodily?

A. No.

Q. And tell me how you can say that, based on the 

appearance of the disk at surgery, he must have torn it in 

1996.

A. Oh, just based on the tears that I observed.

Q. Could other incidents or injury have caused those tears?

A. It’s possible.

Q. What other types of injuries would that be?
12

A. Oh, if he had a history of falling off a roof or getting 

tossed off a horse or something along those lines.

Q. Can lifting heavy objects cause those kinds of tears?

A. It’s possible.

Q. What did Mr. Bodily tell you occurred in the work injury 

in 1996?

A. He was trying to pull a muffler off of a piece of 

equipment.

Q. Would that, in your opinion, be something that could 

cause a disk herniation at L5-S1?

A. Yeah.

Q. Did he tell you that he herniated a lumbar disk in that 

work injury in 1996?

A. Yes.

[¶27] The Division retained Dr. Dwyer, an orthopedic surgeon, to perform an 

independent medical examination of Bodily. Dr. Dwyer’s report was admitted into 

evidence, but he did not testify. In completing his evaluation, Dr. Dwyer interviewed and 

examined Bodily, and also reviewed records relating to Bodily’s back injury, including:

1. First Report of Injury

2. Medical report order.

3. Legal documents.

4. Deposition of Debra Steele.

5. Radiology, July 9, 2004 to December 3, 2010.

6. Laboratory studies, February 26, 1999 to January 3, 

2008.

7. Cheyenne Regional Medical Center, January 9, 2008 

to January 10, 2008.

8. Wyoming Medical Center, November 22, 1989 to 

February 7, 2005.

9. Urgent Care Now, March 27, 2007 to May 15, 2007.

10. InstaCare of Casper, September 2, 2007.

11. Kenneth Pettine, M.D., September 27, 2011.
13

12. Debra Steele, M.D., October 19, 2007 to February 19, 

2008.

13. Rita Emch, M.D., March 11, 1996 to October 14, 

2005.

14. Madeline Stout, D.C., July 8, 2004 to May 9, 2005.

[¶28] After completing his interview, examination, and record review, Dr. Dwyer 

provided the following assessment of Bodily’s condition:

It is my opinion within medical probability that the patient’s 

conditions are as follows:

1. Chronic low back pain.

2. Lumbar degenerative disc disease, specifically at L5-

S1.

3. Status postop left L5-S1 decompression of January 

2008 and total disc replacement at L5-S1 of December 

2011.

[¶29] In response to the Division’s specific interrogatives, Dr. Dwyer opined as follows:

1. What was the precipitating condition or incident 

that is the source of current complaints?

I consider that Mr. Bodily has sustained a number of injuries 

to the lumbar spine of a twisting nature, which can be 

classified as a lumbar sprain or strain. His current lumbar 

condition is also largely related to continuing lumbar disc 

degeneration. I base this opinion on the history details given 

to me by Mr. Bodily and specifically on the objective 

information in the plain x-rays of the lumbar spine dated July 

9, 2004, with the impression “Negative lumbar spine series.” 

Though there was no MRI on this date, the fact that there was 

maintenance of normal lumbar disc height indicates the 

reason for the radiologist’s conclusion.

My opinion of continuing disc degeneration is also supported 

by the objective findings on the first MRI available to me of 

October 19, 2007, which indicates, “There is minimal loss of 

disc space height with some end plate sclerosis at the L5-S1 

level consistent with degenerative disc disease.”

The next MRI of October 2007 has a report indicating 

degenerative disc disease at L5-S1 with the addition of a 
14

“broad-based disc bulge slightly eccentric to the left.” 

Following this MRI, Dr. Steele noted increasing symptom 

following a long Thanksgiving drive.

The next available MRI report of January 3, 2008 indicates 

some continuing deterioration, with the impression of “Small 

L5-S1 disc protrusion.” The report also states, “There is loss 

of T2 disc signal and disc height at L5-S1 secondary to 

degenerative disc disease, unchanged.” This MRI report was 

comparing the findings to those of the October 2007 report.

However, this is the first radiological report of loss of disc 

height in the lumbar spine since the plain lumbar films of July 

9, 2004, which indicated “Negative lumbar spine series.”

The last MRI report available to me was that of December 3, 

2010, which indicated postoperative changes following the 

left L5-S1 procedure. It notes “Loss of disc space height at 

L5-S1, lumbar disc otherwise relatively well preserved.”

. . .

3. Are current symptoms or complaints due to a work 

injury claimed from 1996 or 7-8-2004?

The patient affirms that he considers that his current problems 

are all related to the injury of 1996 and not to the July 2004 

injury.

As stated above, I consider that the patient’s current 

symptoms and complaints, and indeed the two surgeries 

performed in January 2008 and December 2011, are not 

simply and solely related to the listed episodes of trauma but 

also to a large degree to continuing degeneration.

4. Was the back surgery at L5-S1 in 2008 required, 

reasonable and necessary due to a work related injury?

In my medical opinion within medical probability, Mr. Bodily 

sustained a number of twisting injuries to the spine or sprains, 

and the initial films of July 9, 2004 indicated a negative 

lumbar spine series. It is my opinion that the majority of 

causation and need for the lumbar surgery in January 2008 

was related to continuing lumbar degeneration and not to the 

listed episode of sprain and strain of July 8, 200[4], which 
15

was not associated with significant loss of work or lifting 

restrictions. History indicates that they responded to the 

passage of time and to chiropractic treatment in a way that 

would be expected with lumbar sprain or strain.

5. Was the back surgery (artificial disk replacement) 

performed on 12/14/11 required, reasonable and 

necessary due to a work related injury?

No. My answer to this interrogative is the same as that listed 

under interrogative number 4, with the addition that the 

trauma to the L5-S1 disc sustained in the January 2008 

surgery would be considered to have increased the degree of 

lumbar disc degeneration.

[¶30] Where a hearing examiner is presented with conflicting expert testimony on the 

question of causation, we recognize that it is the hearing examiner’s task to determine the 

relative weight to be accorded to each expert’s testimony.

When conflicting medical opinions are presented at the 

contested case hearing, the agency has the

responsibility, as the trier of fact, to determine 

relevancy, assign probative value, and ascribe the 

relevant weight given to the evidence presented. Clark 

v. State ex rel. Wyoming Workers’ Safety & 

Compensation Div., 934 P.2d 1269, 1271 (Wyo. 1997).

The [agency] is in the best position to judge and weigh 

medical evidence and may disregard an expert opinion 

if it finds the opinion unreasonable or not adequately 

supported by the facts upon which the opinion is 

based. Id.; Matter of Goddard, 914 P.2d 1233, 1238 

(Wyo. 1996).

Spletzer v. State ex rel. Wyo. Workers’ Safety & Comp. Div., 

2005 WY 90, ¶ 21, 116 P.3d 1103, 1112 (Wyo. 2005). We do 

not re-weigh the evidence, but defer to the agency’s decision 

so long as it is based on relevant evidence that a reasonable 

mind might accept as supporting that decision. Id., ¶ 22, 116 

P.3d at 1112.

Trump, ¶ 22, 312 P.3d at 810 (quoting Hayes v. State ex rel. Wyo. Workers’ Safety &

Comp. Div., 2013 WY 96, ¶ 16, 307 P.3d 843, 849 (Wyo. 2013)).

[¶31] In performing the task of weighing the expert testimony in the present case, the 
16

hearing examiner considered four factors this Court has observed as useful in weighing 

conflicting medical opinions: the opinion; the reasons for the opinion; the strength of the 

opinion; and the qualifications and credibility of the expert giving the opinion. See

Baxter v. Sinclair Oil Corp., 2004 WY 138, ¶ 9, 100 P.3d 427, 431 (Wyo. 2004). The 

hearing examiner concluded:

98. Thus, weighing the factors set forth in Baxter, 

this Hearing Examiner found Dr. Dwyer’s opinion and, to 

some extent, Dr. Steele’s opinions[,] more helpful than the 

opinion of Dr. Pettine and weighed Dr. Dwyer’s opinions 

more heavily than it weighed the opinions of Dr. Pettine. 

This Hearing Examiner finds and concludes Dr. Dwyer’s 

opinions that continuing degenerative disc disease was the 

primary cause of Bodily’s back condition and pain symptoms 

and the two documented work injuries were not, were 

supported by the evidence and more clearly explained. The 

opinions of Dr. Pettine were not as clearly supported by the 

evidence or justified, as he had not reviewed any of Bodily’s 

other medical records, and he did not recall reviewing the 

imaging studies in the record, other than the MRI he ordered.

. . . .

106. This Hearing Examiner finds and concludes Dr. 

Pettine opined Bodily’s pain symptoms and back condition in 

2007 and the surgeries in 2008 and 2011 were causally 

related to the 1996 work-related injury, based upon the 

history of a herniated disc in 1996, provided by Bodily, and 

Dr. Pettine’s observations concerning the L5/S1 disc at the 

time of the 2011 surgery. This Hearing Examiner finds and 

concludes the opinions of Dr. Pettine are given little, if any, 

weight, as they are based on a herniated disc in 1996, not 

supported by the imaging studies, and that Dr. Pettine had not 

reviewed any medical records, other than his own, or 

reviewed the other imaging studies other than the one he 

ordered.

107. This Hearing Examiner finds and concludes Dr. 

Dwyer opined Bodily’s pain complaints in 2007 and the

subsequent surgeries in 2008 and 2011 were not related to the 

1996 or 2004 work injuries and were caused by continuing 

degenerative disc disease. This Hearing Examiner finds and 

concludes Dr. Dwyer’s opinions that continuing degenerative 

disc disease was the primary cause of Bodily’s back condition 
17

and pain symptoms, and the two documented work injuries 

were not, were supported by the evidence and more clearly 

explained.

[¶32] Bodily argues that the hearing examiner’s conclusions were flawed because they

disregarded Bodily’s hearing testimony, which Bodily contends was credible evidence of 

causation. We disagree that the hearing examiner disregarded Bodily’s testimony or that 

Bodily’s testimony was sufficient in itself to establish causation.

[¶33] The hearing examiner made detailed findings concerning Bodily’s testimony, 

acknowledged Bodily’s testimony that he had recurring and ongoing back pain from 1996 

to 2008, and found Bodily to be credible and believable. The hearing examiner thus 

clearly did consider Bodily’s testimony. The hearing examiner also noted, however, that 

under the applicable law, expert testimony is required to establish causation unless the 

injury is “immediately and directly or naturally and probably the result of an accident.” 

We agree with this statement of the law, and our recent application of this law illustrates 

why Bodily’s testimony alone was insufficient to establish causation:

We recently noted in Jacobs v. State ex rel. Wyo. Workers’ 

Safety & Comp. Div., 2013 WY 62, ¶ 11 n. 1, 301 P.3d 137, 

142 n. 1 (Wyo. 2013), that expert medical testimony is not 

always necessary to establish causation. Expert medical 

testimony may not be required where the medical condition 

complained of is “immediately and directly or naturally and 

probably” the result of the workplace incident. Id. (citing 

Middlemass, ¶ 34, 259 P.3d at 1169). In the present case, 

however, neither Dr. Rangitsch nor Dr. Kuhn suggested that 

Mr. Trump’s 2009 meniscus tear was an expected or natural 

result of his 1993 injury. Rather, as noted by the hearing 

examiner, both experts testified that a torn meniscus typically 

results from acute trauma to the knee, such as forceful 

twisting or shearing. Additionally, the simple fact that nearly 

16 years had elapsed between Mr. Trump’s accident and the 

condition at issue in this case suggests the need for expert 

testimony in order to establish causation. For these reasons, 

we conclude that the hearing examiner’s finding is supported 

by substantial evidence.

Trump, ¶ 32, 312 P.3d at 813-14.

[¶34] This case presents a similar set of circumstances. Drs. Steele, Pettine, and Dwyer 

provided varying opinions, but none of them opined that the presence of recurring back 

pain alone was sufficient to establish the timing and cause of Bodily’s disc herniation. 
18

Also, similar to Trump, more than eleven years elapsed between the date of Bodily’s 

original work injury in 1996 and his herniation diagnosis in 2007. Because the record 

contains no evidence suggesting that Bodily’s herniation “immediately and directly or 

naturally and probably” resulted from the 1996 work incident, we find no error in the 

hearing examiner’s reliance on the expert testimony, rather than on Bodily’s testimony, to 

answer the causation question.

[¶35] We turn then to the conflicting opinions and Bodily’s argument that the hearing 

examiner’s weighing of those opinions was likewise flawed. Bodily argues that Dr. 

Dwyer’s opinion should have been given less weight for two reasons. First, Bodily 

contends that Dr. Dwyer’s opinion lacked foundation because he did not perform either 

surgery and never “saw inside” or “laid hands on” Bodily, as did Dr. Steele and Dr. 

Pettine. Second, Bodily contends that Dr. Dwyer’s opinion was less reliable because it 

was not provided through sworn testimony or subject to cross-examination. We reject the 

argument that either of these contentions provides a basis for this Court to reweigh the 

conflicting expert opinions.

[¶36] The argument that Dr. Dwyer’s opinion is less credible because he did not operate 

on Bodily apparently presumes that an inside view of the disc would reveal some 

characteristic of the damage, which would in turn disclose the cause and timing of the 

herniation. As reflected in Dr. Pettine’s above-quoted testimony, however, he did not 

explain how an inside look at the disc could or did inform his viewpoint. Moreover, even 

with his internal look at the tears, Dr. Pettine agreed that other causes of the herniation 

were possible. Dr. Pettine’s opinion of the timing and cause of the herniation, based on 

the tears he observed, was thus far from definitive. Additionally, Dr. Pettine’s 

observations were undermined by the testimony of Dr. Steele’s, who also operated on 

Bodily’s herniated L5-S1 disc. Despite her internal view of the damage, Dr. Steele 

testified that she could not say what caused the herniation or when it occurred. We 

therefore conclude that the record does not support Bodily’s argument that Dr. Pettine’s 

opinion should have been afforded greater weight simply because he was one of the 

operating physicians.

[¶37] With respect to Bodily’s argument that Dr. Dwyer’s opinion is entitled to less 

weight because it was not provided through sworn testimony, we agree with the district 

court’s analysis in rejecting this argument:

The Hearing Examiner in this case performed a 

thorough review of the case. He was confronted with a 

difficult decision; on one hand, [Bodily] presented Dr. Pettine 

who testified and was subject to cross-examination. 

However, Dr. Pettine conceded that his review of [Bodily’s] 

medical history was extremely limited. On the other hand, 

the Division presented the report of Dr. Dwyer, whose review 
19

of the medical records was more exhaustive, but Dr. Dwyer 

did not testify under oath and he was not subjected to crossexamination. The Hearing Examiner then had to choose 

between sworn, but somewhat incomplete testimony at one 

end of the spectrum, and a more complete but unsworn or 

challenged medical report at the other end.

. . . .

[Bodily] did not object to Dr. Dwyer’s report, and 

apparently chose not to either depose him or call him as a 

witness in this matter. [Bodily] argues that the report should 

be accorded lesser weight than the sworn testimony of Dr. 

Pettine, but he offers no authority to support this contention. 

Therefore, there is no basis in law to accord this report lesser 

weight than was given to the testimony of Dr. Pettine. This 

Court does not re-weigh the evidence or second-guess the fact 

finder. The Hearing Examiner determined that the opinions

of Dr. Dwyer and Dr. Steele were more persuasive than that 

of Dr. Pettine. The evidence in support of this decision is 

clearly more than a scintilla of evidence. The Court finds that 

the Hearing Examiner’s findings are supported by substantial 

evidence in the record.

[¶38] The hearing examiner gave greater weight to Dr. Dwyer’s opinion than to Dr. 

Pettine’s opinion because he found Dr. Dwyer’s opinion to be better and more fully 

explained and because Dr. Pettine’s opinion was based on an incomplete medical history. 

That determination is supported by the record, and we find no error in the hearing 

examiner’s decision. See Taylor v. State ex rel. Wyo. Workers’ Safety & Comp. Div., 

2005 WY 148, ¶ 15, 123 P.3d 143, 148 (Wyo. 2005) (“[A] hearing examiner is entitled to 

disregard an expert opinion if he finds the opinion unreasonable, not adequately 

supported by the facts upon which the opinion is based, or based upon an incomplete and 

inaccurate medical history provided by the claimant.”).

CONCLUSION

[¶39] The OAH decision upholding the Division’s denial of benefits was supported by 

substantial evidence and not contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence. 

Affirmed.