c Plants at Canaveral 316 (a) and 

### (b) Finding for -1 X, rr, '

VI 

### - P: .- Y Pool. 

### 13 .z h 

# z! .3sg 

# - I $2 Craig Bromby 

# 21 yg 3 

### .:?;c



### ; ;% I Ronald 

### L. Raschke Ecological Support Branch , 

### -.- ' 

## - 05: ' a=- '2 1.

## - 9; 3 

### zr-= &C2 Office of Regional Counsel .c

### - L

t. %

### g$ 

### zlz a. s 'i: ;c:-c: .z f $ 2: ;'T; '-

### - 5;s

### 252 Based on our discussions of April 28, 1983, 

### Iam submitting a final Finding of Fact which addresses the criteria of 40 C.F.R. part 125.71 (c) regarding
316 (a) and ourrevised 316 (b) conclusions. Hopefully, this document will 

## -

- help youwith your deliberations and final issuance of the permits.

Ronald 

### L. Raschke

EPAForm 13206 (Rev. 3-76)FINDING OF FACT FOR BIOLOGICAC AND ENVIRONMENT& 316 DEMONSTRATION STUDIES AT THE FLORIDA POWER AND LIGHT (FPLL) COMPANY 

### CAPE CANAVERAL POWER PLANT AND 

### THE ORLANDO UTILITIES COMMISSION (OUC) INDIAN RIVER POWER PUNT

INDIAN RIVER

Source and receiving

### water body 

### for the 

### twopower plants’ 

### cool- ‘ing

### water is the Indian River (Figure 1). body 

### of brackish 

### water which 

### firms a lagoon parallel 

### totheAtlantic shoreline. This lagoon extends 

### frm north

### of Titusville (latitude 28’48’N) southward 

### to Stuart, Florida (latitude 27.07”) 

### a distance 

### of approximately 

### 190 

### km (119 

### mi). Lagoon 

### waters are impounded frun the AtlanticOcean by a continuous chain of off-shore barrier islands. The upper 

### reaches of the Indian River 

### are a considerable distance fran pintsof 

### water exchange withtheAtlanticOcean. The only direct connection withthe ocean 

### is SebastianInlet, located 

### at the 

### extreme southern end 

### of Brevard County, approximately 96 km (60mi) fran the 

### two power plants. Indirectly, 

### the northern portion of the lagoon 

### connectswith the ocean 

### via Haulover Canal and Mosquito Lagoon atPonce deLeon Inlet, 42 

### km (26mi) north 

### of Haulover Canal (Figure 1). The Canaveral Barge Canal connects the Indian River with the Banana River, and theBanana River linkswith the ocean 

### at Port Canaveral (Figure 1). There 

### is essentially

### nowater flowbetween the Banana River and the ocean because 

### of a ship lock 

### atPort Canaveral. 

### Thus, the northern part of the lagoon is susceptible 

### to long flushing periods and high salinities

### inexcess of 40 ppt when the rate of evaporation exceeds freshwater input. Ambient temperature of thebroad expanse 

### of water inthe Indian River lagoon 

### is controlled by climate. The river 

### is 

### a long, narrow

SITE LOCATIONS

The Florida Power and Light Company (FP&I,) Cape Canaveral Power Plant is located on thewestern shore of the Indian River near Frontenac, Florida which is about half-way between Titusville and Cocoa (Figure 1). This power plant is about 10km (6mi) southwest of the Visitor Information Center of theJohn 

### F. Kennedy Space Center. of time, the power plant was known as theCape Kennedy Power Plant. For a period

I. ’I I b 

### Figure 1. Location

### of the 

### FPL Cape 

### Canavers1 and 

### OUC 

### Indlan Rfver Plants 

### in

### Bnvrrd County. flortrla.

.-The OrlandoUtilitiesCommission's (OUC)Indian River Power Plant islocated on thewest shore of the Indian River near Delespine, Florida. This power plant is 3.5 km (2.2 mi) upriver from the FP&L power 

### plant. Both power plants 

### arewithin the political boundaries 

### of Brevard 

### County. 

### Because of 

### NASA's John F. Kennedy Space Center, the ppula

### tionof Brevard County increased substantiallyover the past 

### three decades. The U.S. Bureau 

### of Census reported the 1950 population to 

### be 23,653. The population surged 

### to 111,435 

### in 1960 and 230,006 in 1970. Population projections for the county 

### are 296,300 persons in 19RO and 

### 4R9,500 by the 

### year 2010. 

# .'

CANAVERNi POOTi

The portion of the 'tnrlian River (Figure 2) in the vicinity of the two power plants is bounded 

### on the 

### north by the NASA Causeway (Fla. 405) and on the south by the Bennett Causeway (Fla. 528 and AIA), both of which link Merritt Island 

### to the mainland. This area is, forpurposes of discussion, called the Canaveral Pool. Areas 

### to the north and south 

### are referred to as theTitusville Pool and the Cocoa Pool, respectively. The Cnnaveral Pool has a surface area of 5334 ha (I3,170 acrcs) anfl an avornqe depth of l.A 

### m (5.9 ft). The qrcntcst nntiirsl del9th is 3.0 111 

### (s.n ft); ttcwcv(?r, t tic Intrnconntnl 

### Wntcrway i:i (lt.(*tl(y~Ito et depth of 4.3 m (14.1 ft). The characteristicdepth along ttic stlore 

### is 0.5 m (1.5 ft) for both the east and west sides of the river. Water level is controlled by mean ocean elevation, the diurnal astronomical tide, rainfall, and wind. A typical dailyrange is abmut 

### G cm (0.2 ft). The differencebetween the lowest water level and the highest

### water level during the study period was 0.37 m (1.2 ft). Typical water velocities under the causewaybridges were 0.03 to 0.15 m/sec (0.1 

### to0.5 ft/sec), averaging about 0.08 m/sec (0.25 ft/ sec). Velocities inthe fullwidth of the river 

### inthevicinityof the pwerplants is about one-fourth of that under the bridges. Durinq periods of flow reversal, water in some sectionsof the Canaveral Pool willcontinue to flowone way even though water inother sections flows inthe opposite direction. No internal circulation pattern was observed within the Canaveral Pool, except inthe immediate proximity of the power plants.

-3-

,IitUIVtLLC *OOL

CINIVl RaL POOL



### Flgure 

### 2. 3

..

POOL



### Location of

### the

### FPL Cape Canaveral Plant, theWCIndian River Plant, and study area for the CapeCanaveral/Indian River Pmject, November 1978

# - October 1979.The volume 

### of the Canaveral Pool is 95'millionm3 (3344 million ft3). 95 millionm3 (3344 million ft3) 

### to 316 million m3 (118123million ft3) per month, averaging aproximately 198million

### m3 (6970million ft3). On the average, slightly

### more than 

### two changes of 

### water occur inthe Canaveral Pool each month. Net

### water flow

### wasmeasured tobe north inthe spring and 

### summer and south inthe autumn and winter. The amount 

### of water that enterstheCanaveral Pool 

### varies from

The ambient temperature 

### of the Canaveral Pool (excluding thermal plume 

### areas) was identical 

### to the ambient temperaturemeasured inthe TitusvillePool 

### tothe north and the Cocoa Pool 

### tothe south. During the coldest period (lateJanuary and 

### early February) of the study 

### year, the average ambient temperature

### was 14.1.C (57.3.F) and the

### lowest measurement was 11.5.C (52.7.F). During thewarmest period (inJuly and 

### early August), the average ambient temperaturewas 30.3.C (86.5.F) and the highest measurement was 32.2.C (90.0.F). The average daily range 

### of the ambient

### water temperature 

### is 1.4.C (2.5.F) inthe winter and 1.9.C 

### (3.2.F) inthe 

### summer. Very littletemperature stratificationoccurs inthe 

### water column. The 

### relatively 

### uniform temperature 

### from top 

### tobottom results 

### from the 

### shallow depth combined withmixing caused by the wind.

POWER PTANT DESCRIPTIONS The FP&J,

### power plant has two essentiallyidentical fossil-fuel fired r-lwtricnl qcnprntinq tinitn that have a combinctl continuous ticat calmi3ility of 735 MW. Ac*ttiirl nvernqit Ioiicl (net. MW) (1111 111'1 t.Iitb sttwly period was 4f35 MW or 66%of the continuous

### net cnpal~ility;however, during the warmer months of theyear, loading was 85%to 96% of thenet capability. Unit 1was placed in operation in 1965. It has an expected 15 remaining years of service. Unit 2 was fired up in 1969and it has an estimated lifeof 19years. The 

### FP&L power plant uses 

### a once-through condenser cooling system. Cooling

### water 

### is drawn from the Indian River lagoon through an intake canal along thewest shore. The intake and discharge structures are separated by a 

### mole 

### or peninsula 800 m (2625 ft) in length. The power plant has 4 circulatingwater pumps that produce a cooling flow rate 

### of 3.0 million m3/day (1224 cfsor 791 mgd) when allpumps are in operation. During the l-year study period, the actual average flow ratewas 2.4 million rn?/day (9R1 cfs or 634 mqtl) or 

## no?. of the flow for a11 4 pumps opcrntinq cant-inuously. At tlw intake. strnctiircwl t iw

-5-water passes through trashbars spaced 67 mm (2.6 in) apart and then through conventional traveling screens having a squaremesh opening of 9.5 mm (0.4 in). Cooling 

### water enters the intake of each unit at a velocityof about 0.6 mps (2.0 fps). Velocities through the vertical bars 

### are 0.7 rnps (2.3 fps), while 

### velocities through the traveling screens 

### reach 1.0 mps (3.3 fps). Organisms and debris impinged at the 

### FPCL power plant 

### are either raked 

### off the trash 

### bars 

### or washed fran the traveling screensintothe*Indian River lagoon 

### ata point 9.1 

### m (30 

### ft) southeast

### of theUnit 1discharge. The OUC power plant has three fossil-fuel fired 

### electrical generatingunits. Unit 1has 

### a capacity 

### of 88

### MW, Unit 2 has 

### a capacityof 204 

### MW, and Unit 3 has 

### a capacity

### of 318 

### MW. The 3 

### unitshave 

### a canbined continuous

### net capability 

### of 610 

### MW. Actual average load (net MW) during the study period

### was 352 

### MW or 58%

### of thecombined 

### continuous

### net capability: yet 74%

### to87%

### of the 

### net capability was utilized between June and October. These 3 units

### were placed in operation in 1960, 1964 and 1973: thus, theyhave estimated remaining service of 10, 148 

### and 23

### years, respectively. The OUC 

### power plant utilizes 

### a once-through condenser cooling system. The intake and discharge structures 

### are separated by 

### a mole 610 

### m (2000 ft)inlength. The power plant has 7 circulating water pumps that produce 

### a cooling 

### water flowrate of 3.2 millionm3/day (1292 

### cfs

### or 835 mgd) when 

### allpumps 

### are inoperation. During the 1- year 

### stmy period, theactual average flow

### ratewas 2.4 millionm3/day (988 cfs

### or 639 mqd) 

### or 76%of the flowof all 7 pumps operating continuoiisly. At the intake str~ctiir~~, water ~E~BBCS throtirth trafih hnrR npiwccl 67 mm (2.fl 1

### n) apart ant1 then through convcrit iottit1 triivt: Ij ri(1 scrccns having a squaremesh opening of 9.5 mm (0.4 in) onUnits 1 and 2 and 12.7 mm (0.5 in) on Unit 3. Organisms and debris impinged at the OUC power 

### plant 

### are raked off the trash bars and washed franthe traveling screens. Thismaterial is then washed down a sluiceway into a metal-meshed basket and hauled away 

### to a land fill. Intake water velocities, with 

### all 7 circulatingpumps inoperation, average 0.17 mps (0.56 fps) at the entrance of the intake canal and 0.43 

### to 1.04 rnps (1.4 

### to3.4 fps) at the front of the trash bars. During the study 

### year, the two power plants utilized a combined average of 144millionm3 of water/mnth (1969 cfs or 5100 million ft3/month) 

### or 73%of the average amount of water that enters the Canaveral pool each month. Over a week's time, approximately 25% of the intakewater ismade up of recirculated water flowing from the discharge around the moles. Approximately 25%

### of the intake water

-6-

b: .. i

Overall, the study year generation levels 

### of the 2 plants 

### are not significantlydifferent from the levels of theprevious 5 years. When 

### all 5 units

### of the 2 plants are inoperation 

### at full load, the

### total heat 

### rejected 

### to the cooling 

### water is about 144 x 

## lo9 BTU/day (79 x 

## lo9by Fp&Land 65 x 109 by OUC). plants 

### at 

### fullload 

### is about 6%of the naturallyoccurring 

### solarheat load. The additional heat load 

### fran the 

### 2

Biologists 

### of 

### EPA's Region 

### IV Ecology Branch have visited the C'ape Canaveral 

### site, and they have examined the 1980 demonstration document. The followingpresentation addresses the adverse 

### impacts relative

### to sections 316a and 316b of the Clean Water Act. Discharge Effects

o The common aquaticvegetation in the Indian River lagoon 

### study 

### is shoal grass (Halodulewrightii), manatee grass (Syringodium filifome-), and driftalgae (primarilyGracilaria verrucosa, Acanthophora specifera and Hypnea spp.)

# .
o Drift 

### algae were the

### most abundant vegetation throughout the study 

### year. However, they 

### are, inour opinion, of littlevalue indetermining thepower plants' impacts. Drift algaemobility, 

### asexemplified by 

### itsgrowth habit, subjectsit 

### tophysical and biological forces such as winds, currents and presence of aeagrassbeds which determine 

### its location in space and time.



### o Seagrasses 

### are important cmponentsof the Indian River and theCanaveral Pool in thewarm/wet season. They create habitat 

### for other marine flora and fauna through the buildup and stabilization of sediments: they provide areas for habitation by invertebrates and other plants and fishes: and they account for a portion 

### of thetotal production inthe marine food chain.

o Fish and shellfish larval densities were highest at stations on the 

### east shorewhere seagrasses were most abundant.

o No significant preferences were shown by fish or shellfish for any one species of seagrasses. A definitepreference for a combination of seagrass/drift' algaehabitat over a relatively pure drift algae habitat was apparent.

-7-it

o Manatee grass supported thehighest number of benthic invertebrate species per 

### unit area (speciesdiversity). Manatee grass habitats 

### were also characterized by thehighest mean benthic invertebrate diversity, faunal density and biomass.


### o Shoal 

### grass and drift 

### algae habitats 

### were alike in

### terms of benthic 

### species density and diversity, 

### but shoal 

### grass 

### exhibited higher faunal density and 

### biomass.

o Seagrass cover 

### wae exteneive durinq the growing seasons of 

### sprjnq, mirmmr 

### nnd niltitinn, 

### nttainjnq itaqrenteRt 

### extent 

### in *ttily. Iiiir iirl t Iw t-crlclcrr iw1t\tI\n, 1

### lw atmi# nnntan *)8'llWl nIly 111 0 Imc*k (t~rtittit w1tIivly) niul 11wti rcwlqwnt 111 Ilit* nlii Iicl.

seagrassgrowth is 2388 ha (5896 

### acres). Of themaximum 

### area 

### available 

### for potential seagrassgrowth, 1756ha (4336 

### acres) encompass the 

### east shore and 632 ha (1560 

### acres) circumscribe the 

### west sidewhere the 2 

### powerplants 

### are located. 

### o Maximum area potentially available in the Canaveral Pool 

### for



### o The extent

### of the

### power plants' damage 

### toseagrassbeds is limited 

### to thevicinity 

### of their discharges 

### for a 

### maximum in the 

### summer 

### of 263.7 ha (651

### acres 

### or 1.02 

### mi2)* This damage 

### amounts to 11% 

### of the

### area available 

### for seagrass colonization inthe Canaveral Pool and 41.7% 

### of the available acreage 

### for colonization along the

### west side

### of the

### pool.

clenude 255 ha (629 acres) of pool area and R km (5miles) of shoreline: OUC denudes 194 ha (479 acres) and 5.3 km (3.3 miles) 

### of shoreline, and FP&Ldenudes 61 ha (150 acres) and 2.7 km (1.7 

### mi) of shoreline. o For all practical purposes, the 2 power p1nnt.R' clIRchnrcft*ti

o The demonstration reports shows a high associationof thermal plume effects upon adversely impacted seagrass 

### zones (Tables lI.A.5-10, II.A.5-4: Figures 1.C-3, II.A.5-6, 1.C-4, II.A.5-7, II.A.5-10).

o During thewannest 5-week period 

### from July

### toearlyAugust, theaverage ambient temperature was 30.3OC (86.5'F). The warmest ambient temperature recorded during the study period was 32.2OC (90.0.F). These ambient temperatures arebeyond the upper temperature limitfor optimum growth of manatee grass and shoal grass (Manlon and Voss, 1975: Phillips, 1960).

-8-c



### o On 

### a summer day 

### on the Indian River, the total amount of solar heat absorbed by the Canaveral Pool is about 2360 x 

## lo9 BTU/day. In comparison with the 

### total heat load 

### of the Canaveral Pool, the 2 

### power plants operating 

### at full load add 6.1% 

### asmuch heat 

### as the natural 

### solar heat load. This additional heat load adversely 

### impacts up 

### to 11% (651 

### acres) of the 

### area that 

### is potentially 

### available 

### fir seagrass colonization.



### o Impacts of the discharge 

### plumes on 

### speciesdiversity, 

### species evenness, 

### species density, faunal density and biomass 

### were spatially restricted. 

### Species diversity was 

### most affected by discharge plumes. 

### Impacts upon diversityoccurred over the broadest 

### area inJune.



### o A 

### worst case areal extent 

### for plume impacts upon benthic invertebrate diversity was 245 ha (GO4 acres). Sensitive benthic fauna, such as Axiothella, llargeria, Limnodriloirles and 

### are significantly less abundant inthis area.


### o Themaximum 

### areal extent 

### f;oradverse impact upon faunal density 

### was 142ha (350 

### acres).

o Figures 

### 1I.A.S-5,6,7 and 8 show 

### plume boundaries 

### at fly-ovem inFebruary, May, Auqust and September. During the eritieci. period 

### of August 1979, 

### about 243 

### ha (600 

### acres) arewithin the 3'C isotherm and over 122ha (300 

### acres) are within the 6eC isotherm.



### o Arthropod and echinoderm biomass 

### were most sensitive to the discharges.

o Adverse plume impacts upon invertebrate biota are greate:', i.- the June through September periods when temperatures arc CZCvated. Opportunistic 

### species colonize the impacted areas at 

### this timewith 

### a concanitant decline of sensitive species. Reoccurrence of sensitive species appears after temperature effects have moderated.

o During the warm/wet season, fish eggs, most fish larvae and shellfish larvae found within the 2°C isotherm of the drfscharges were adversely affected. The area of adverse inpet isequivalent 

### to 7% 

### to 10%(373ha 

### to 533 ha 

### or 921 acres to 1316 acres) of the surface area of the Canaveral Pool. (This range varies from average tomaximum power plants' megawatt loads)

# .

-9-*.



### o An estimated 100manatees use the FPdL and OUC discharges as 

### a winter refuge. Most manateesmove intothe 

### power plants' zone 

### of influenace when 

### air temperature drops below 50°F (10°C).

INTAKE EFFECTS



### o A 

### total 

### of 30,105 "adult" shellfishweighing 4398kg (9698 lbs)

### was recorded 

### for the 

### FP&L plant during the studyyear, 

### while 19,955 shellfishweighing 5570

### kg (12,282 lbs) 

### were collected 

### at the 

### OUC plant.



### o At both power plants, adult 

### commercial shrimp (Penaeus spp.) 

### were themost abundant (by number) shellfish impinged. Based on weight (59,160 kg 

### or 130,440 lbs), the noncommercial 

### horseshoe 

### crab 

### was the

### most abundant shellfish impinged.



### o At both power plants, impingement 

### of commercial shrimp over the year amounted 

### to204,926 individualsweighing 5103 kg (11,226 lhs)



### o Total annual impingement 

### atboth 

### power plants was 7,163,729 fish weighing 26,729 kg (58,927 

### lbs). The FP&Lplant impinged 6,798,379 fishweighing 20,849 kg (45,964 lbs) while the OlJC plant removed 365,3SO fishweighing 5R80 kg (12,963 lbs).

o Bay anchovy accounted 

### for 93%of the 

### total number of fish impinged 

### by both power plants. This amounts 

### to6,662'26P anchovie impinged annually. Although high numbers of brl4.y anchovy 

### were impinged 

### by both 

### power 

### plants, theweight 

### (894-7 kg) impinged was relatively small.



### o Silver perch was the second most abundant fish impinged during thedemonstration. Total annual impingement was 153,431 individuals weighing 2667 kg (5881 lbs).

o Weight of predominant 

### or imprtant sport or commercial fishes impinged, other than anchovy, amounted to 13,194 kg (29,087 lbs) annually

### or 83 lbs/day.

-10-'. 1



### o The magnitude 

### of estimated entrainment for larvae and postlarvae 

### of abundant forage species such as anchovies and gobies ranged from 9.9 billion 

### to6.4 billion, respectively.



### o Estimates 

### for sport and 

### canmercial taxa entrained included drum (1058 million), 

### sole and flounder (105million).



### o These 

### estimates of potential 

### larval and 

### post-larval entrainment 

### are based on sampling with stationarynets inthe intake canal. Because 

### of gear avoidance, they 

### represent minimal 

### estimates. In the 

### case of the 

### sport and 

### commercial taxa mentioned above, virtually

### no larvae 

### or post-larvae greater than 5 mm 

### were collected in the sampling. Post-larvae 

### up 

### to 25 

### rnm are normally abundantly entrained with specimens 

### to 35 mm occasionally entrained. 

### Thus, it appears likely that the entrainment 

### estimates 

### for the 

### sport and 

### commercial 

### taxa represent severe underestimates 

### of the numbers actuallybeing entrained.



### o The numbers 

### of dead and decomposed 

### larvae in thmeroplankton samples 

### (greater than 30% 

### of the 

### total collected for some 

### species) combined withthe absence of 

### larvae greater than 5 mm 

### arevery perplexing. In other power plant studies 

### i~ the southeast, dead and decanposed larvae

### were rarely, if collected 

### by conventional sampling techniques. Several possibilities

### were considered including:

00 Iliqh larva1 mortal

### Ity eubeequent to itl)w>rrjt ion of the yolk sat resulting from heat, toxics, 

### or inmlcquate food supply. While thismay be the case, it does not appear 

### tobe a function of power plant effects alone since Station 12, outside the Canaveral 

### Pool, exhibited the same pattern of dead and decompsed larvae. This raises the possibility that the Indian River system it is subject 

### toa variety of stresses to the extent that it ispresently not serving as 

### a functional nursery area for the larvae and post-larvae of many indigenous species.

-1 1-00 Poor sample preservation could explain thedead and decomposed larvae inwhich 

### case the lack of larger 

### larvae may be 

### a function

### of gear avoidance.


### o As 

### a measure 

### of entraiment

### impact, the

### permittee calculated the percent 

### of ichthyplankton inthe Canaveral Pool 

### lostto entrainment through the

### power plant intakes. centage 

### loss estimates

### areunusually high, ranging 

### from (for both 

### plants) 21% (spotted seatrout) 

### to

### ashigh 

### as 91%.(black 

### drum). These 

### perThese high 

### loss values 

### areindicative 

### of the large volume 

### of plant 

### flows vs Canaveral Pool 

### volume. In addition, it is apparent 

### from an examination

### of the 

### calculated 

### "f" values, that the intake canal 

### attractsand concentrates 

### some of the 

### species indigenous 

### tothe 

### pool.

CONCLUSIONS

The Indian River has been notably influenced by man. Dredging and channelization 

### iswidespread. Bulkheading along the shoreline has occurred inmany 

### areas. Several causeways constructed between themainland and the

### barrier islands have contributed 

### to the impediment 

### of 

### flow and presumably noma1 circulation

### patterns. Additionelly, 

### wastewater treatment plant dischargesand agricultural runoff have influenced the lagoons character. All

### of these influenceshave had their adverse impacts upon the Indian River. Yet, the riverhasmaintained a rich and diversified 

### flora and fauna worthy 

### of protection. 

### Both 

### EPA and the Florida DER setthe precedent 

### for protecting the Indian River 

### in the early 1970's when t,hey obtained an agreemcPrt Erm FP&L 

### tomove their proposed St. Lucie power plant intake and dis2ir~i'ne ~2 pipes fromthe Indian River to the open ocean. Causeways constructed over the Indian River serve asartificial impediments 

### tonatural flow and 

### a means of drawing attentionto rhe 

### water bodies between their confines. Nearby causeways both upstream and downstream 

### of the OUC and FPhL power plants created an artificial "pool," the "Canavernl Pool," where attentionwas focused 

### POP k.h~ 316(a)(b)determination st~xlics. The prior contents of this d~~.i.:i::-??(: address the adverse impacts of thethermal discharges upon the Car.3veral Pool flora and fauna. Although these discharges are adversely impacting

-12-*'



### . 

# -..- 

# .- Ai

I



### a substantial amount 

### of biological resources 

### on the western side 

### of thepool inthe vicinity of the 

### twopower plants during the warm-wet season, it 

### isour professional opinion that the Canaveral. Pool on the whole isable 

### tosustain 

### a diverseand balanced indigenous community of fish, shellfishand wildlife throughout the year. With

### respect to the 316(b) demonstration, 

### it 

### isour opinion that themagnitude 

### of entraiment 

### losses 

### atthe FP&Land 

### OUC Indian River 

### facilities

### are adverse, and theexisting design, locationand capacity

### ofthe intakes cause substantial

### biological impact on the 

### aquaticcommunity 

### of theCanaveral Pool.

REFERENCES
Hanlon, R. and G. Voss. 1975. A guide 

### to the Seagrass of Florida, The Gulf 

### of Mexico, and 

### The Caribbean Region. University 

### of Miami Sea Grant Program. 

### Sea Grant Field Guide StudiesNo, 4.* July. 

### Miami, Florida.


### OUC. 1977. 316b Demonstration and Monitoring Report. Phillips, 

### R. C. 1960. Observations on theEcology and DistributSc~n 

### of the Florida Seagrasses. Prof. Pap. 

### No. 2. Florida Gtaee Bd. Conserv., 72 pp.

-1 3-
b...

### EVALUATION 

### OF ENGINEERING ALTERNATIVES CAPE CANAVERAL/INDIAN RIVER PLANTS

Seven alternatives were evaluated by 

### the permittees in their October, 1980 final report as'methodsto reduce.or minimize intake and/or thermal impacts 

### as compared to existing once-through systems. 

### request 

### of EPA. of the Permits iiection with input fron the Ecological Support Branch. An 

### eighth alternative was subsequently evaluated at the These alternatives have been reviewed by 

### the staff

A. 

### Zntake Alternatives

1. 

### Variable Speed Circulatinq Water pumps Puxitpmotors would 

### be replaced to allow condenser cooling 

### flow rate to 

### be proportional toplant load. reduced by 20 

### percent on 

### a yearly average. This flow 

### reduction would be expected to 

### reduce entrainment by 20 

### percent or less. 

### Impingement reduction also would be expected, though 

### of a minor amount. Reduction 

### of flowwould increase discharge temperatures by 

### about 1.1 to 1.40C (2

### to 2.5OF) 

### as an average and tend to exacerbate thermal impact, although most of 

### the temperature increase 

### would be during cooler temperature periods. Capital costs 

### of $5.2 

### million and annual operating costs 

### of about $0.75 

### million would result in a orie-time equivalent cost 

### of about $9.5 

### Billion BP 

### am annualized cost 

### of $3.65 

### willion per 

### year. Such expenditures w~u%d 

### result in a 

### 1/2 toone percent increase in cost 

### of power 

### from the 

### plants. Intake volume could be

2. 

### Porous 

### Dikes

A 

### sand-gravel-stone dike would be constructed in the Indian 

### River to

### filter inconing water prior to 

### thepump intakes in this 

### alternate. Virtually all organisms would be removed with minimal damage. Dikes would cover approximately 20ha (50 

### acres) of existing River Dottom and would enclose and additional 242ha (600A) 

### in order to

### achieve adequate dike length to filter entire plant inflou, This 

### alternative is experimental and subject to significant unknown& c: 

### theplant sites. 

### It 

### is not considered to be available technobogy.iif2



### 3. 

### PineMesh Screens

A 

### new intake structurewould be coiistructed utilizing fine mesh ocreens 

### 40.2mm mesh) 

### to remove virtually all fish and shellfish eggs and 

### larvae from plant intake water with a return mechanism to transport organisms back 

### to ambient waters. Data available from the Tampa Electric Company Big Bend Station showed that screening is a viable alternative 

### for shellfish protection. Bowever, it 

### was also shown that 

### fish larvae 

### are extremely fragile and that their survival was extremely 

### low. Approximately 16ha -/4OA) 

### of bottom dredging would be required. Capital costs of $33.4 million and annual operating costs

### of $0.6 million would result in 

### a one-time cost equivalent 

### to $36.3 million 

### or an annualized cost of $6.5 

### million per year. Such expenditurewould result 

### in a two 

### to four percent increase in cost 

### of power 

### from the plants.

B. Discharqe Alternate
1. 

### Offshore Discharge Pipes Pipeswould be installed to convey the thermal discharges beyond the grassbeds and thereby significanlty reduce the thee6i;al impacts upon the grassbed communities. Manatees, however, vobzld be 

### drawn 

### into the new thermal plume area during cooler periods 

### bmere more boat 

### traffic occurs. The site area 

### is an established Manatee 

### Sanctuary under State 

### Law. annual operating costs of $1.4 million per year would result in 

### a one-time cost equivalent of $48.6 million 

### or an annualized cost of $8.5 

### million per year. five percent increase in cost of power 

### frou the plants. Capital costs of $40.6 million and


### Such expenditurewould result in a three 

### ts

C. 

### Combined Intake and Discharge Control Alternates


### 1. rresh Water Cooling Towers

Use of cooling towerswith freshwater intake from etne St, 

### JohnsRiver 

### or groundwater would significantly reduce or eliraiwcke intake problems and significantly reduce thermal impacts due 4c

### “i~e 

### much 

### smaller flow

### volume. Demands on surfacewater and grouniu-L&?f are critical and use of 11.4 MGD 

### would 

### exacerbate present shorta~es. Costs would exceed those for

### mechanical draft salt 

### water 

### systems due to 

### long supply pipeline and other facilities.

# .. 

# .. ii

### 3 I

2. 

### Mechanical Draft Salt Hater Coolinq Towers and 3. 

### Natural Draft Salt 

### Water Cooling Towers
Both intake and thermal problems would be mitigated by 

### this 

### In 

### - alternate Which would recirculate condenser cooling water with a make-up requirement of 

### only 11 percent 

### of the once-through rate. addition to

### high 

### costs, disadvantages would include salt water drift, aesthetics, fogging 

### on nearby highways, and reduction of 

### wintertime manatee refuges. Capital costs for themechanical draft 

### system of $59.4 million and annual operating costs of 

### $7.4 million per year 

### would result in 

### a one-time cost equivalent 

### of $102 million 

### or an annualized cost 

### of $17.8 million per year. Such expenditure would result in 

### a six to 10 

### percent increase in the cost of power from the plants if laechanical draft towerswere used. Capital costs for a 

### natural draft system 

### of $81.6 million and annual operating costs of $5.6 million would result 

### in a one-time cost equivalent of 

### $133.9 million 

### or an annualized cost 

### of $19.9 

### million per year. Such expenditureswould increase the cost 

### of power from the planks 

### by seven to

### 11 percent. Mechanical draft towerswould have 

### more drift impact, but less aesthetic impact than natural draft towers. Tall natural draft towersmight also prove unacceptable due to the proximity of the Titusville-Cocoa Airport.

4. 

### Reduced Plant Loads
Both entrainment and thermal problems could be redaced in 

### approximately the sameproportion if plant laod arid associated condenser cooling water 

### flow were reduced. A 

### 50 

### percent redue~ftatn 

### of output 

### from the two 

### plants 

### for 

### four months (June-September)mmld 

### result in increased costs for replacement power of about $14 %iL%im 

### - in 1982, 

### and would increase in future years. Replacement psmx 

### costs would exceed 

### costs of generation at the

### plants by 25 

### to 50 

### percent, based on 1982projections.



### D. Conclusions

1. 

### variable Speed CirculatingWater Pumps
Reductions in entrainment by 

### this alternate would not, 

### in our opinion, 8ufficiently.mitigatelosses and would cause somk 

### exacerbation of thermal impacts. Costs would 

### be equivalent to 

### a

# .

I 

### ir0. 

# .. .-



## f.

4



### one-time investment of about $9.5 

### million 

### or an annualized cost of 

### $1.65 million per year and increase generation costs by 1/2 to one percent

# .
2. 

### Porous Dikes
Although virtually all organisms would theoretically be removed from intake water by this experimental technique, some 262ha (650A) 

### of bottom land would be removed from biological production. Additionally, thisalternate 

### is not considered practical due to absence 

### of use of this technology at a similar site.
3. 

### Fine Mesh Screens
Ghellfish and fish eggswould be returned without excessive damage; however, fragile fish larvae would suffer high mortality due to removal and returnmechanisms.. Data from the demonstration indicates thatmost larval losses through entrainment were absorbed by the fish; thus, 

### fine mesh screening would not, in 

### our opinion, substantially lessen 

### losses at this site. tothe one-time investment 

### of about $36.9 

### million 

### or an annualized cost of-S6.5

### million per year and would increase generation cost’by about two to

### four percent. Costs would be 

### equivalent

4. 

### Offshore Discharqe Pipes Discharge would be moved beyond the grassbeds, thus minimizing thermal impact. EOWeVCL, manatee would be drawn to the thermal discharge during cooler water temperature periods 

### and encounter more boat traffic than in the present near-shore areas. Adverse wind conditions would stillmove the thermal plume into near-shore waters, although the temperatureswould be significantly reduced. Costs would be equivalent tothe one-time investment of 

### about $48.6 

### million 

### or an annualized cost 

### of $8.5 

### million per yeqr and would increase generation cost by about three to five percent. Conditions hazardous tomanatee would be created by this alternate which are considered unacceptable.

5. Fresh Water 

### Cooling Towers Cooling towers would 

### mitigate both 

### intake and thermalt



### 5



### impacts. however, are not considered to 

### be available. Adequate sources of fresh surface water 

### or groundwater,

6 

### and 

### 7. Nechanical and Natural Draft Salt Water Cooling Towers Cooling towerswould mitigate both intake and thermal effects. Disadvantages include aesthetics, salt drift, increased 

### fog 

### on highways, significant reduction in size 

### or loss 

### of manatee refuges, and high costs. Costs for mechanical draft towers, the lessexpensive alternate, would be equivalent 

### to the one-time investment of about $102 million 

### or an annualized cost 

### of $17.8 million per year and would increase generation cost by 

### about 

### six to 

### 10 

### percent.
8. 

### Reducedfh-antLoad


### Reduced genez.aE@n hnd condenser flow at the two pl~nts 

### would result in decreased thermal and entrainment damage, somewhat 

### proportioned to the decreage in load and flow. costswould exceed cost8,of generation at the plants by 

### 25 @Q 

### 53 

### percent, 

### if alternate power sourceswere available. Availability 

### oE thisquantity 

### of power during the June-September high demand period is unlikely. Replacement power



### Because entrainment lossand thermal impacts are primarily confined to the warrn/wet season, it 

### is felt that all 

### of the above alternatives are either environmentally undesirable, too costly, 

### or both, at these two power plants. 

# @J, 

# YU Charles 

### H. 'Kaplan, P.E. - 

### Coordinator, Thermal Analysis I
r