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THE NINTH

DR. ALBERT PLESMAN MEMORIAL LECTURE

D BY

ESA - SDS

PROCESSED BY

NASA STI FACILITY.

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DELFT, OCTOBER 26, 1984

N86-11266

Unclas

G3/99 9623U

DCAF CODE

00395 3
THE NINTH

DR. ALBERT PLESMAN MEMORIAL LECTURE

DELFT, OCTOBER 26,1984
The Dr. Albert Plesman Memorial Lecture has been initiated by the

International Air Transport Association (IATA) in 1954 in memory of

Dr. Albert Plesman (founder and president of KLM and one of the

founders of IATA). It was decided that this Memorial Lecture on scientific

development of air-transportation should be given at the Delft University

of Technology, which presented Dr. Albert Plesman a honorary degree in

1947.
JESSE W. MOORE
BIOGRAPHY

Mr. Jesse W. Moore is currently the Associate Administrator for Space

Flight at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C.

He came to NASA Headquarters in 1978 as the Deputy Director of the

Solar Terrestrial Division in the Office of Space Science. He was the

Director of the Spacelab Flight Division until December 1981, at which

time he assumed the position of Director, Earth and Planetary Exploration Division, in the Office of Space Science and Applications, where he

remained until being appointed to the position of Deputy Associate

Administrator for Space Flight in February 1983 and Acting Associate

Administrator for Space Flight in April 1984. He was appointed to the position of Associate Administrator for Space Flight on August 1, 1984.

Prior to these assignments, he was employed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) beginning in 1966 where he worked in a variety of areas,

including guidance and control, advanced programs, and flight projects.

His last assignment at JPL was as the Science and Mission Design

Manager for Project Galileo.

Mr. Moore graduated from the University of South Carolina in 1964 with

a Master's Degree in Electrical Engineering. He joined General Dynamics

immediately after graduation and worked in guidance systems development for naval missiles.

Mr. Moore is a member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and

Astronautics and is a senior member of the American Astronautical

Society.

He is married to the former Brenda Kay Poison, and they are the parents

of two children. Mr. Moore and his family reside in Vienna, Virginia.
ADDRESS OF WELCOME AND INTRODUCTION

BY PROF. IR. B. P. TH. VELTMAN

RECTOR-MAGNIFICUS, VICE-CHAIRMAN OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD OF DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Your Excellencies, My Lords, Ladies and Gentlemen,

It is a privilege for me to welcome you all on behalf of the Executive Board

of the Delft University of Technology, on the occasion of the Ninth Dr.

Albert Plesman Memorial Lecture.

We are pleased that so many guests have accepted the invitation to

attend this lecture today.

On the initiative of the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the

Delft University of Technology commemorates with this Memorial Lecture the late Dr. Albert Plesman, paying tribute to his contributions to the

world's civil aviation from the foundation of the Royal Dutch Airlines KLM

in 1919 until his death on December 31, 1953, at the age of 64. Dr. Piesman's contributions to civil aviation and to the Netherlands' society in

general, were honoured by the Delft University of Technology in 1947,

when the Honorary Doctors Degree was granted to him.

On several occasions Dr. Plesman challenged the scientific world to discover better ways to conquer the gravitational force in order to create

improved vehicles for air transportation.

Since his death the world's civil aviation has expanded enormously,

mainly by the introduction of the large high-speed subsonic jet aircraft.

And although we have not found the anti-gravity matter Cavarite, as

described around 1900 in H. G. Wells' story "The first Men in the Moon",

we have now even mastered the gravity barrier by sending unmanned

and manned vehicles into space from the earth.
With these thoughts in mind, the Organizing Committee forthe Memorial

Lecture found it appropriate to devote the Ninth Dr. Albert Plesman

Memorial Lecture to the development of space flight.

All of us know that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

NASA, has played a dominant role in the conquest of space since its

foundation in 1958. And we are pleased that, by the kind offices of the

Ambassador of the United States of America in the Netherlands, Mr. L.

Paul Bremer III, we were able to invite a distinguished lecturer from NASA

Headquarters.

The Delft University of Technology is deeply honoured, that you,

Mr. Moore, have accepted our invitation to present a lecture on the intended subject and I extend a special welcome to you.

After his graduation at the University of South Carolina in 1964 and a

period in industry, Mr. Moore joined NASA in 1966. Before his assignment to NASA Headquarters in 1978, Mr. Moore was employed at the Jet

Propulsion Laboratory, where he worked in a variety of areas, covering

guidance and control, advanced programmes and space flight programmes. At NASA Headquarters he served on several prominent positions in

the Space Science and Space Flight Divisions. On August 1, 1984, he

has been appointed Associate Administrator for Space Flight.

Indeed, the outstanding career of Mr. Moore in space science and space

flight makes him a most qualified lecturer on the subject of the future of

space flight.

May I now call upon you, Mr. Moore, to deliver the Ninth Dr. Albert Plesman Memorial Lecture.
'THE FUTURE OF SPACE FLIGHT"

BY JESSE W. MOORE

I. INTRODUCTION

"Here man from the planet earth first set foot upon the moon, July 1969

A.D. We came in peace for all mankind." As I read these words, I still stand

in awe at our accomplishments. They remind me of the past and bring to

mind our dreams of the future.

With the Space Shuttle a reality and a space station in the not too distant

future, it is not too difficult to see us mining the asteroids, manufacturing

drugs and metals in space, establishing a permanent presence on the

moon, and visiting Mars. Looking back, I see those prophets and miracle

workers of the past, Von Braun, Goddard, and Tsiolkovsky, and have difficulty realizing that all of these accomplishments have taken place in only

the last fifty years of man's life here on earth, and they all have taken

place in my short lifetime. I continue to marvel at what our children will

see.

We did not begin our efforts with a trip to the moon. In the beginning, it

was enough to send a small satellite carrying a few instruments into the

weightless vacuum of space.

It was just over 25 years ago that NASA was formed, and we began our

first steps in the conquest of space. But there were others before us that

experienced the triumph and the seemingly insurmountable failures that

8
APOLLO 11 MOON FOOTPRINT ASTRONAUT ALDRIN ON MOON

were to lay the foundation for our later successes. They may have expected the accomplishments of the last quarter century. I did not, at

least, in such a short period. Instrument-laden spacecraft have visited

the five nearest planets and the moon and have sent back data that has

enriched our understanding of our universe, men have walked on the

moon and brought back pieces of it for our scientists to study, scores of

satellites circle the globe, mapping our earth, letting us see and talk with

each other instantaneously, helping rescue ships at sea, and revealing

new knowledge about our world and cosmos at an ever-expanding rate.

More importantly, men and women are flying into space routinely on a

reusable spaceship, working there to benefit us all and helping to push

further back the frontiers of space and to push forward our knowledge

about ourselves and our world.
II. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Although rockets were reportedly used by the Chin Tartars in 1232 in

fighting off a Mongol assault, it was not until the 20th century that a clear

understanding of the principles of rockets emerged and the technology

of large rockets began to evolve.

The space age, as we know it today, was made possible by the pioneers

of liquid fuel rocket propulsion. From the work of Tsiolkovski, Oberth and

Goddard, Von Braun and Dornberger, and Von Karman in the first half of

the 20th century, emerged the basis for the developmental work in both

the United States and the Soviet Union after the second World War.

SPUTNIK ON DISPLAY AT PARIS AIR SHOW

10
Any recent history of space flight must begin with Sputnik. It provided

the impetus and the challenge that led to our landing men on the moon

and marks the beginning of the space age. Without it, NASA may never

have been born.

III. NASA PROGRAMS

At 2:55 a.m., October 11, 1958, a 27 meters-tall Thor rocket was

launched with Pioneer I, a 38-kg satellite filled with all the radios and

instruments it could hold. It was a critical first step for NASA on the road

to space exploration. But the complexity of rockets, even in 1958, left

little margin for error. The bad news came 16 hours later. Thor's engines

had not delivered full power. Pioneer I climbed to just over 114,000 km,

sending back 43 hours worth of data, then fell back toward the Earth.

That beginning marked NASA's ventures into the new frontier. While the

beginning was inauspicious, things would get better. Four months later,

the United States orbited its proposed International Geophysical Year

satellite, Explorer 1. The satellite carried instruments which detected the

Earth's radiation belts - now named after the principal investigator on

that first U.S. satellite, Dr. James Van Allen. Later spacecraft would orbit

the earth. Others would explore the moon and the planets. And, in the

most successful effort of all, man would fly into space. Each of the ensuing programs was separate, yet each resulted in new knowledge and

built upon its predecessor's successes and learned from its failures.

A. Mercury

Even as NASA was being organized, plans were developed to put one

man alone into a tiny, bell-shaped spacecraft and orbit him around the

11
earth. In 1959, after an exhaustive search, NASA selected seven test

pilots to become our first astronauts. Because no one knew what

dangers a human being would face from zero gravity, radiation, or the

still-unknown secrets of orbital flight, their training was intense.

The Mercury capsule was tested aboard Little Joe and Atlas Launch Vehicles, and the decision was made to test the system with a chimpanzee.

On January 31, 1961, the chimpanzee, Ham, rode inside the Mercury

aboard a Redstone missile on a 16-minute ballistic test flight from Cape

Canaveral. The spacecraft and launch systems worked perfectly and

Ham was safely returned to Florida. Ham left the space program to live in

North Carolina at the Asheville Zoo, where he lived quite contentedly

until January 1983, when he died of natural causes at age 25.

Following this successful flight, NASA continued testing the Mercury

FIRST ASTRONAUT TEAM "HAM" - THE FIRST CHIMPANZEE

TO EVER RIDE INTO SPACE

12
ALAN SHEPARD/MERCURY CAPSULE LAUNCH OF FIRST MAN IN SPACE

ON THE MERCURY-REDSTONE III

MAYS, 1961

capsule on both Redstone and Atlas vehicles. This testing continued

through April and, on May 5,1961, Alan Shepard, America's first man in

space, was secured into the cramped spacecraft, Freedom 7, beginning

a 15-minute suborbital flight and ending in a splashdown in the Atlantic

Ocean. It was a brief flight, but it paved the way for the others that were to

follow.

In February 1962, John Glenn entered the history books by orbiting the

earth three times in Friendship 7. In the next 15 months, other astronauts

followed. Each flight advanced NASA's knowledge of the space environment and taught us how better to survive in orbit. The final Mercury mis13
ASTRONAUT JOHN GLENN ASTRONAUT GORDON COOPER

ABOARD "FAITH 7"

sion, with Gordon Cooper aboard, lasted 34 hours and 20 minutes - 22

times around the world! NASA had proven both the concept of manned

flight and the procedures which were to later assist in the Apollo

landings.

B. Gemini

Following Project Mercury, NASA proposed a two-man spacecraft to

orbit the earth. It would perform extended missions, test the techniques

of maneuvering in space and rendezvousing with another craft, and test

the endurance of men against the still undefined hazards of space travel.

During a period of 16 months, NASA used the larger Titan rocket to hurl a

dozen Gemini craft into space. Ten spacecraft carried two-man astronaut crews.

14
C. Apollo

On May 25,1961, President Kennedy recommended to a joint session of

Congress the most dramatic project undertaken by humankind, which

may in future history books be compared to the early explorations of the

New World, America, by the European explorers such as Columbus,

Henry Hudson, and others.

"I believe this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before

this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely

to the earth," President Kennedy told the Congress.

SPACE RENDEZVOUS "GEMINI 6" - "GEMINI 7"

15
JUNE 3, 1965 LIFTOFF OF

GEMINI IV SPACECRAFT

CAPE KENNEDY, FLORIDA

DR. WERNER VON BRAUN

APOLLO SATURN V

The Apollo plan called for two spacecraft to land on the moon, a command module carrying three astronauts, and a lunar module which would

carry two of the astronauts to the moon's surface while the third astronaut remained in lunar orbit. The two astronauts would return to rendezvous in lunar orbit with the waiting third crewman. But the mission could

not succeed without giant rockets. Through the mid-sixties, under Von

Braun's imaginative leadership, NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center

designed and tested the Saturn rockets that would send man to the

moon. When the first Saturn V rocket, the largest in the world, was

16
launched with an unmanned payload, the ground shook three miles

away. Developed under the leadership of Werner von Braun, the rocket,

with over 39,000,000 newtons of thrust, performed flawlessly.

In autumn 1968, the Apollo 7 mission tested the command module with a

three-man crew orbit. Then, in December 1968, Apollo 8 crossed the long

miles toward earth's nearest neighbor. Looking back, the astronauts

photographed the earth as a gleaming blue and white globe against the

blackness of space. The photos they took changed forever our view of

the earth.

ASTRONAUTS CUNNINGHAM,

SCHIRRA AND EISELE

"PRIME CREW" FOR FIRST MANNED

APOLLO MISSION

APOLLO 8 EARTH VIEW

17
APOLLO 8 MOON VIEW APOLLO 11 LIFTOFF

On Christmas Eve, Apollo 8 disappeared behind the moon. We all waited

anxiously.

"Houston, be advised. There is a Santa Glaus!" The words came from

astronaut James Lovell as Apollo 8 climbed above the lunar horizon and

reestablished contact with earth. For the first time, representatives of the

human race orbited the moon.

Less than seven months later, when Neil Armstrong stepped out of the

lunar module Eagle, the world heard the first words from a person

standing on another planetary body: "That's one small step for man, one

giant leap for mankind."

The Apollo goal was achieved on July 20, 1969. A few days later, Apollo

11 splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, and the challenge was fully real18
ized. The astronauts had returned safely to earth. They brought with

them a treasure of lunar geology samples. In the next two and one-half

years, five more astronaut teams landed on the moon. They left scientific

stations to radio new knowledge about the moon, and they brought hundreds of pounds of samples home for study.

D. Skylab

When the decision was reached to terminate the Apollo program upon

the completion of Apollo 17, permission was obtained to modify the leftover hardware from the Apollo program to place a "Skylab" in earth orbit.

Three Skylab missions kept astronaut crews in an orbiting space laboratory for increasingly longer flights in 1973 and 1974. In these missions,

NASA demonstrated that humans could survive and lead active, healthy,

and useful lives during prolonged space flight. Nine men, three crews of

three, stayed in Skylab a total of 168 days. The science results of Skylab

surpassed all expectations. Using a special solar telescope, astronauts

studied the sun and recorded vital new data about its activity and how it

affects earth. They used a sophisticated camera and other sensors to

study earth itself, making new discoveries in geology, hydrology,

weather patterns, and more.

The Space Shuttle program was approved at about the same time that

the Skylab program was started. The expectation was that the Shuttle

would be used to tend Skylab, which would become a permanent

manned Space Station. Unfortunately, the Shuttle was late in flying and,

because of higher sun spot activity than expected, atmospheric resistance caused the Skylab to come back to earth in 1979. Thus, the first

plan for a "Space Station" based on Apollo hardware was not realized.

19
APOLLO 11 ASTRONAUTS

ALDRIN AND ARMSTRONG

LEAVING SPACECRAFT FOR

"WALK ON THE MOON"

VIEW OF CENTRAL STATION OF

APOLLO LUNAR SURFACE

EXPERIMENTS PACKAGE (ALSEP)

SKYLAB SPACE STATION CLUSTER

IN EARTH ORBIT AS SEEN FROM

SKYLAB 4 COMMAND AND SERVICE

MODULE

PHOTO TAKEN DURING SKYLAB 4

MISSION - LARGE VORTEX OF A

TYPHOON IN SOUTH CENTRAL

PACIFIC OCEAN

20
E. Apollo-Soyuz

During the final manned mission of the seventies, United States astronauts flying an Apollo command module joined up with cosmonauts in a

Soyuz craft to meet in space and work together, proving the efficacy of

space rescue missions.

F. Science and applications

While astronauts explored the space close to earth and walked on the

moon, other NASA spacecraft explored the planets. NASA made equally

important strides in practical, scientific, and observatory spacecraft that

remained in earth orbit.

The agency developed the technology for communications and weather

satellites that are now commonplace in our daily lives. Communications

satellites alone represent a multibillion dollar business today that began

with NASA's pioneering thrusts.

Scanning the earth itself has been one of the most effective uses of

space technology. Landsat's sensitive cameras and instruments reveal

mineral deposits, track the growth of crops and forests, and monitor

snowfall and water resources.

Other spacecraft have provided new knowledge for the sciences. Solar

observatories studied the sun. Astronomical observatories scanned the

heavens. Instrument-laden satellites aimed their sensors at earth's

atmosphere and the near-space regions. The High-Energy Astronomical

Observatory spacecraft brought new understanding to how stars are

formed and how the universe is aging.

21
The highly successful Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) is helping

expand our knowledge to the edge of the universe. Many years of collaborative efforts between the U.S., the Netherlands and the U.K. culminated in a successful launch on January 25, 1983. IRAS has surpassed

all expectations. Exciting discoveries from IRAS observations include

observations of proto-stars in the very early stage of formation, observations of a previously unobserved long tail on a comet, and the discovery

of a halo of particles around the star Vega. It will take years to fully analyze the data collected by IRAS.

AMERICAN AND SOVIET PRIME CREWS OF APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT

(ASTP)

22
APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT "DOCKING"

LANDSAT-D

FOURTH IN A SERIES OF EXPERIMENTAL SATELLITES DESIGNED TO

EXPLORE EARTH FROM MORE THAN 640 KILOMETERS

23
IRAS is the second cooperative satellite project which NASA and NIVR

have undertaken together, building upon the success of the Netherlands

Astronomical Satellite (ANS).

In developing machines capable of surviving in space, NASA advanced

the state of the art in the area of new materials, such as composites,

polymers, ceramics, and metallics, as well as nondestructive testing,

fracture, and fatigue.

Space Science and Applications Spacecraft included:

1. Ranger

NASA and industry experts used the Ranger program in the early and

mid-sixties to solve the difficult engineering and navigational problems

of reaching a distant body.

RANGER II SPACECRAFT SURVEYOR SPACECRAFT

24
MARINER E SPACECRAFT

2. Surveyor

The Surveyor Program showed that a robot spacecraft could be safely

landed on another planet.

3. Mariner

Mariner spacecraft flew past Venus and Mercury, obtaining closeup

views of the innermost planets. Other Mariners crossed to Mars, precisely fired their engines, and went into orbit.

In twin missions, each having an orbiter and a lander, Viking spacecraft

25
were precisely navigated to Mars. The first of them landed on July 20,

1976. From widely separated landing zones, the two Viking Landers

provided us our first on-the-ground look at our neighbor.

Cameras showed a rock-strewn rusty red terrain and a pinkish sky.

Samples of martian soil were analyzed in one small part of the Viking

Lander. A 0.35 cubic meter unit, a marvel of engineering that contained

miniaturized instruments that would fill a laboratory on earth, analyzed

the soil for signs of life. But it found no life.

4. Pioneer

An unbroken series of successes put Pioneer spacecraft into far-distant

space where they studied the sun, the solar winds, and the radiomagVIKING I VIKING I LANDER

PICTURE TAKEN ON SURFACE

OF MARS

26
VIKING 2 ON MARS' UTOPIAN PLAIN

netic phenomena. More than two years before Viking reached Mars, two

Pioneer spacecraft, launched one year apart, flew past Jupiter obtaining

color images of Jupiter, showing bands of multicolored clouds and strange

spots and swirls in the Jovian atmosphere. Scientists had a closeup look

at the Great Red Spot.

In December 1974, the spacecraft began a five-year journey to its next

goal, Saturn. Pioneer 11 entered the Saturnian system in early September 1979. The spacecraft's imaging system gave earth a closeup look at

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VIEW TOWARDS THE SUN FROM

PIONEER 10

JUPITER'S GREAT RED SPOT AS

VIEWED FROM PIONEER 11

Saturn's fabled rings and its banded cloud patterns. Observers saw a

never-before-seen ring, the F ring, girdled Saturn, and that its broader

rings actually had many components. Instruments recorded new data on

interplanetary magnetic forces, radiation, and weather.

Another pair of Pioneer-class spacecraft headed for Venus. Thought to

be a watery planet, Venus was shown to be a parched furnace, its landscape dry and hot beneath the weight of an atmosphere more than 90

times as dense as earth's. Data which we obtained about the greenhouse effect that traps heat within a planet's atmosphere may have vital

significance for the future of earth.

5. Voyager

With their high-resolution cameras and other instruments, Voyager

found an unsuspected ring around Jupiter and revealed that Saturn's

28
rings are not a few, but thousands of glimmering bands composed of icy

chunks and embedded moonlets.

Voyager 2 is scheduled to reach Uranus in 1986. A subsequent flyby of

Neptune in 1989 is a strong possibility.

G. Space Shuttle program

1. Pasf

In 1952, in an article for Collier's Magazine, Werner von Braun restated

the ideas of Oberth and Tsiolkovsky and asserted that the new rockets

that were being conceived at the time would eventually make space

travel possible. He also suggested the idea of a reusable spaceship

which he called a "space taxi" but which we now know as the Space

Shuttle.

Von Braun thought that it would be important to create a new transportation system to carry things and people back and forth to a Space

Station. This transportation system would consist of completely reusable rocket ships (or rocket airplanes) that would "shuttle" back and

forth between the ground and the Space Station. He foresaw that a

Space Station would generate enormous traffic in space and that the

reusable "Space Shuttle" would eventually be the most economical way

to handle the traffic.

Shortly after the successful lunar landings in 1969, NASA proposed

building a Space Station and an associated Space Shuttle. Only the

Space Shuttle was approved. Although the construction of the Space

Station was the ultimate objective, the Space Shuttle was technically

29
more difficult to develop. NASA would concentrate on the Shuttle and

defer the construction of the Space Station until after the Shuttle was

available. Shuttle operations would demonstrate the potential value of

the Space Station and show how it could enhance future space operations.

The proposed cost of a totally reusable system was $ 12 billion in "then

year" dollars. Money of this kind was not available. Thus, the original

VIEW OF SATURN RINGS - PERSPECTIVE SEEN BY VOYAGER 1

AT A RANGE OF 717,000 KILOMETERS

30
VOYAGER SATURN ENCOUNTER DR. VON BRAUN'S CONCEPT OF

"SPACE TAXI"

design was changed, and the familar configuration we use today was

substituted. In February 1972, we planned to build a reusable space ship

for $ 6.5 billion (in 1972 dollars) which would be capable of putting

29545 kg in near-earth orbit in 1979.

It took a decade to make our dreams a reality.

The Space Shuttle orbiter "Columbia" flew for the first time on April 12,

1981. By the end of 1982, the Shuttle was declared operational, and a

31
new era of space flight began with men and women routinely going into

orbit.

Since that historic first flight of Columbia in April 1981, we have flown 10

highly successful Shuttle flights. From the historic first flight and the

return of our astronauts to a landingstrip in California, the first flight of a

reusable space vehicle, the flight of the Spacelab, the deployment of the

Long Duration Exposure Facility through the flight of the Manned

Maneuvering Unit and the Solar Maximum Repair Mission, the Space

Shuttle has proven that it is the most versatile space transportation

vehicle ever built.

The Space Shuttle has demonstrated its flexibility in meeting customer

requirements despite encountering some technical difficulties and

some schedule delays. The inaugural flight of Discovery, STS 41-D, and

the actions that were taken in combining the cargos from two flights to fly

:

ASTRONAUTS CRIPPEN AND YOUNG

FIRST SPACE SHUTTLE CREW

41-C ON-BOARD SCENE RELEASE

OF LONG-DURATION EXPOSURE

FACILITY (LDEF) SATELLITE

32
STS-5 SATELLITE DEPLOYMENT -

"SATELLITE BUSINESS SYSTEM

(SBS-3)

SOLAR MAXIMUM MISSION

SATELLITE (SMMS) REPAIR -

41-C MISSION

on 41-D, have strengthened our confidence in the flexibility of the

Shuttle team and its ability to respond to unforeseen circumstances. The

Shuttle has been successful in the deployment of nine communications

satellites, including the deployment of satellites for Telesat Canada,

Indonesia, and India.

On the STS-6 flight, two mission specialists took the first space walk for

the U.S. since the Skylab program. While tethered to the orbiter, the

specialists conducted exercises to improve our ability to use tools and

perform equipment handling techniques in the cargo bay. The successful test of astronauts, their spacesuits, and the untethered Manned

Maneuvering Unit on the recent 41 -B mission demonstrates an additional EVA capability that shows great promise for repairing satellites and

extending their lifetime.

The Canadian-built Remote Manipulator System performance during the

33
STS-7 mission was flawless as it achieved the first deployment and

retrieval of a spacecraft, the West German Shuttle Pallet Satellite

(SPAS-01), from the cargo bay. It was this spacecraft, which served as a

pallet for several scientific experiments, that gave us the first pictures of

the orbiter in flight.

While the Shuttle flights have been demonstrating a large number of

engineering accomplishments, the capabilities of the Shuttle to provide

outstanding scientific benefits have also been illustrated. The greatest

example of this was the resounding success of the first Spacelab mission on STS-9. This joint NASA-European Space Agency (ESA) mission,

flown last November, was an immense success, demonstrating the

versatility and broad applicability of this new space research facility.

This historic flight represented the fruition of an international effort of

individuals representing a broad spectrum of governments, industry,

STS-6 EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY (EVA) 41-C MISSION SPECIALIST,

JAMES VAN HOFTEN, MAKING

NEEDED REPAIRS ON SOLAR

MAXIMUM MISSION SATELLITE

34
SPACE SHUTTLE REMOTE

MANIPULATOR ARM GRASPS

SHUTTLE PALLET SATELLITE,

SPAS-01, DURING PROXIMITY

OPERATIONS

STS-9/SPACELAB ON-BOARD SCENE -

ULF MERBOLD, SPACELAB 1 PAYLOAD

SPECIALIST

and the scientific community over a ten-year period. More than 100

investigators from 11 European nations, Canada, Japan, and the United

States, provided over 70 experiments in seven scientific disciplines.

Never before has so much scientific data been brought back from a

Shuttle flight. All of Spacelab's verification objectives were accomplished. For the first time during a flight, principal investigators were able

to communicate directly with the crew, monitor real time data, and give

instructions for their experiments through the Payload Operations Control Center. Once again, the flexibility of manned space flight operations

was demonstrated by the STS-9 crew's ability to modify experiments,

improvise, and even make dramatic equipment repairs.

Additional scientific experimentation was accomplished on STS-7 with

NASA's Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications payload (OSTA-2)

which remained fixed inside the payload bay to perform materials processing experiments. These four instrument packages, developed by

35
U.S. and West German scientists, investigated the mixing, melting, and

crystallizing of such substances as metal alloys and glass.

Because of its reliability and flexibility, and in accordance with the President's space policy, the Shuttle is the primary launch system for U.S.

government missions and will be used for a number of exciting missions

in the near future, including the retrieval mission in November to return

the Palapa-B and Westar communications satellites which failed to

achieve their planned geosynchronous orbits.

With all of the successes of the Shuttle, we are deeply committed to assisting our customers and their suppliers in any way possible using all

of the technical expertise we have developed in over 25 years in the

space business, enhancing our ability to provide customer services and

ensuring that the capability is available to meet not only our nation's

needs but also those of our customers.

We are looking at ways we can continue to reduce costs, improve quality,

increase productivity, ensure greater customer satisfaction, and explore avenues to enhance commercial opportunities in space.

The Shuttle revolution has also made it possible for us to offer space experimentation opportunities to new classes of investigators through our

Small Self-Contained Payload Program - better known as Getaway

Specials (GAS). Over 400 reservations for these Specials have been

booked and, during the past year, 19 experiments have been carried on

Shuttle missions. The investigations have included experiments with

plants, seeds, metals research, snow crystals, ants, and soldering, to

name a few.

36
STS-7 ON BOARD SCENE - VIEW OF FIVE GETAWAY SPECIAL AND STUDENT

EXPERIMENTS IN THE PAYLOAD BAY

37
The mid-deck of the Orbiter also offers experimental opportunities for

the science community. We have performed mid-deck experiments on

monodisperse latex spheres, studies of lightning associated with thunderstorms, and plant experiments.

On the last five flights we have sent up 27 crew members who performed

their duties with a level of excellence that has again and again proven the

value of having people in the loop to conduct mission activities and to

initiate corrective action when necessary. This brings the number of

crew members who have participated in Shuttle missions to 42, including 20 astronauts, 19 mission specialists (including the first female

and the first two blacks), and the first three payload specialists - two

from the United States and our first from Europe - Ulf Merbold. It also

includes the first commercial endeavor payload specialist.

We will continue to expand opportunities for space flight both within and

outside the United States. Several countries are currently conducting

their own selection procedures for payload specialists to fly on missions

carrying their country's spacecraft and experiments.

Our goal is to make the Space Transportation System fully operational

and cost effective in providing routine access to space for all users. Our

primary concern and objective is that each mission is safe and successful. As NASA's Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel reported, our safety

record has been 100% so far, and the Shuttle has performed superbly

during each mission.

2. Future

The Shuttle flight rate is scheduled to increase to 24 flights per year by

38
GALILEO DEPLOYMENT FROM SPACE SHUTTLE CARGO BAY

1989 with a four-orbiter fleet and includes 6 flights in 1984 with 13

planned in 1985. An important milestone in the program is expected to

be reached in October 1985 with the first flight from the Vandenberg

launch facility. In 1986, we plan to launch 14 flights. 1986 will be a particularly significant year for the STS, as we will launch our first two Centaurs on the Shuttle for Galileo and Ulysses in May 1986 and, later in

August, place the Space Telescope in orbit.

We are in the middle of a period of evolution from Space Shuttle research

and development activities to full operational status. The full 29545 kg

cargo capability will be demonstrated at KSC in May 1986 with the Galileo mission.

39
We will conduct a few inexpensive, but vital, flight experiments to demonstrate new Shuttle capabilities aimed at developing customer confidence in connection with satellite services and orbital operations with

large structures.

Our major emphasis in advanced programs will be placed on satellite

services, tethers and platforms, advanced transportation systems, crew

systems, and proving generic new space systems capabilities.

Detailed definition of Shuttle-derived launch vehicles will be initiated to

define a potential evolutionary capability for earth-to-orbit payloads

which may capitalize on the STS facilities. We will complete concept

definition (Phase A) studies, begun in 1984, for a proposed reusable

space-based Orbital Transfer Vehicle to be defined in conjunction with

the Space Station requirements for refueling and refurbishment. The

next step, our system definition studies, will be completed next year.

The development of a Tethered Satellite System, in cooperation with the

Italian government, will provide a new facility for conducting space experiments at distances up to 100 kilometers from the orbiter. We will continue the hardware design and development through the Preliminary

Design Review and the Critical Design Review early in 1986 with an engineering verification flight in December 1987.

The Space Shuttle will, of course, play a vital role in the development and

eventual operation of the Space Station. In the near term, we will use the

Shuttle's research capabilities to gain experience and insight into

designs and systems that are essential elements of any Space Station

concept. Since the Shuttle will be the primary vehicle that will allow us to

40
TETHERED SATELLITE SYSTEM

41
carry personnel and equipment to build and maintain a Space Station,

those of us connected with the Space Shuttle have a special incentive to

insure routine and reliable space transportation, both now and for the

future. We are proud of our contributions and the Space Shuttle's role in

the revolution in space that is clearly underway, and proud of our friends,

especially here in Europe, who are assisting in this revolutionary undertaking.

H. Space Station

On January 25, 1984, in his annual State of the Union message, President Reagan announced a new national commitment to take the next

important step in space operations. The President directed NASA to

develop plans for the establishment of a permanently manned orbiting

Space Station to be deployed within the decade. He also invited our

friends and allies around the world to join with the United States in this

new venture. This initiative marks the beginning of the next new era in

space.

Although the Space Station proposed by President Reagan is very

modest, it will give us the ability to expand our operations in space and

will eventually lead to larger-scale activities, such as developing automated manufacturing processes in space and, ultimately, the use of

extraterrestrial materials for these factories.

The Space Station is not a new idea. In 1869, a Boston clergyman, Edward Everett Hale, wrote a story that appeared in the Atlantic Monthly

called "The Brick Moon". The story is a fantasy about the creation of a

large earth-orbiting sphere, built of brick, 61 meters in diameter, in which

people lived and worked. Decades later, the idea was picked up by Kon42
VON BRAUN SPACE STATION

CONCEPT

SPACE STATION DESIGN

CONFIGURATION

stantin Tsiolkovsky (1903) and Hermann Oberth (1924). In the early

years of this century, both speculated extensively on space travel and on

orbiting Space Stations. Their work had a decisive influence on two

young engineers, Robert H. Goddard in the United States and Werner

von Braun in Germany, who developed the concepts on which all of the

liquid-fueled space booster rockets in use today are based. It was Goddard, Von Braun, and their followers who produced the propulsion systems that make the Space Shuttle possible and, with the Shuttle, the

Space Station.

During the Apollo program, a number of studies were conducted by

NASA on the subject of Space Stations. Late in 1968, a committee was

43
established to look at the future of NASA and to develop a "Post-Apollo"

program. The early plans for Apollo called for a staging from earth orbit. A

small orbiting plans for Apollo called for a staging from earth orbit. A

small orbiting station would be placed into earth orbit, and the vehicle

destined to go to the moon and back would be launched from this

station. In addition to being a feasible way to go to the moon, this method

of "earth orbit rendezvous" had the advantage that it could evolve to the

construction of an earth-orbiting Space Station. However, the "earth

orbit rendezvous" method was more expensive and would take longer to

achieve than the alternative of the "lunar orbit rendezvous" proposed by

Dr. John Houbolt of the NASA Langley Research Center. Dr. Houbolt

proposed that the lunar landing ship go to the moon from a small

"station" placed in orbit around the moon and then return to the lunar

orbiting station for the trip back to earth. Because of the pressures imposed by a tight time schedule and limited funding, the more time-efficient method recommended by Dr. Houbolt was adopted by NASA in the

summer of 1962.

There are three compelling reasons to construct a Space Sation:

(1) A Space Station is a laboratory in earth orbit on which a great

many scientific experiments can be performed that would be impossible

to do on the ground. Included among these are biological experiments to

determine the reaction of living things to zero gravity; certain chemical,

physical, and fluid processes that can be carried out only in zero gravity;

and many astronomical and astrophysical observations for which the

absence of an atmosphere is an advantage. We have had considerable

experience now in conducting experiments in space with the Skylab, the

Shuttle with Spacelab, and the Salyut. There is no doubt that very

44
valuable scientific work will be done on the Space Station on this experience.

(2) A Space Station is a repair and maintenance base from which important satellites could be reached, retrieved, and maintained or repaired.

The United States now has deployed in earth orbit well over 150 satellites, many of which perform missions of great importance to our national

security and others that are scientifically or economically very important. Right now, all of these satellites are eventually discarded when they

run out of fuel or when various components reach the end of their lifetimes. The Space Station and the associated orbital transfer vehicles will

eventually make it possible to maintain and service all of these satellites

while they are in orbit. Satellites will evolve into "permanent orbital facilities" that will be repaired, maintained, and upgraded as required. The

Shuttle flight conducted this April, during which a failed satellite "Solar

Max" was retrieved, repaired, and redeployed foreshadows, in a small

way, the kind of operation that will become routine once the Space

Station is completely operational.

(3) A Space Station is a necessary staging base for more ambitious missions that will be carried out in the future. In the coming years, we will

definitely want to return to the moon. It has been speculated that we will

establish a small permanent colony on the moon before the year 2000

and will want to conduct more ambitious missions such as sending

people to explore Mars and possibly to visit some asteroids. Such missions can be executed much more easily if the starting point is a Space

Station that permits refueling and resupply before the journey to Mars or

some other distant objective actually gets underway.

45
SPACE STATION CONCEPT - CREW MEMBER SHOWN PERFORMING

EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY (EVA)

IV. INTO THE 21ST CENTURY

We have explored many options in an attempt to predict what the future

will likely hold in the next century. It has been speculated that our activities in space will advance in three phases:

1. easy access to and return from space,

2. permanent presence in low earth orbit, and

3. limited space-based self-sufficiency of man in space.

46
We feel reasonably certain that we will have assembled an advanced

Space Station in low earth orbit, have begun launching serviceable commercial communications satellites, have an orbital maneuvering vehicle

for servicing and refueling satellites, have an orbital transfer vehicle to

deliver communications satellites to geosynchronous orbit from low

earth orbit, and may have placed a manned platform in geostationary

orbit.

Flight crews will operate not only between earth's surface and low earth

orbit, but also at geostationary orbits, between orbits, and, later on, at

lunar and planetary distances.

The orbital maneuvering vehicles and the orbital transfer vehicles will

provide the necessary mobility to support the necessary satellite servicing functions from the Space Shuttle and the Space Station including

deployment, on-orbit assembly of some elements, retrieval, orbit change

(including reboosting the satellite), replenishment, and repair.

In addition to delivering communications satellites to geosynchronous

orbit, orbital transfer vehicles can deliver large structures such as space

platforms to higher orbits. Orbital transfer vehicles may be used for

transportation for a lunar base and for planetary projects such as those

recommended by the Solar System Exploration Committee of the NASA

Advisory Council. These include a recommended core program with a

Venus Radar Mapper, Mars Geoscience/Climatology Orbiter, Comet

Rendezvous, and Titan Probe missions. Additional possible planetary

missions such as Mars Surface Science, Mars Sample Return, and

Comet Sample Return would also benefit from the orbital transfer

vehicle.

47
ORBITAL MANEUVERING VEHICLE (OMV)

By the end of this century, there will be a need for routine operation of unmanned earth to low earth orbit vehicles with larger payload capability

than now exists. Processing materials, such as Pharmaceuticals, high

purity advanced semiconductors, and unique glass materials and metals

in space is expected to become a major contributor to the betterment of

life here on earth and will result in relatively large manufacturing facilities in space.

I believe that commercial space enterprises may be just over the horizon.

Perhaps the best example is the zero gravity continuous flow electro48
phoresis experiment that has been carried out on several Shuttle flights

by the McDonnell Douglas Corporation and a subsidiary of the Johnson

and Johnson pharmaceutical house. The continuous flow electrophoresis process works much more effectively (by more than a factor of a

thousand) in zero gravity than it does on the ground. Certain very valuable materials, which probably would not otherwise be available, could

be made in commercially significant quantities in space.

I can foresee that with the help of our international partners, by the turn

of the century, our space programs could include a complex of advanced and very large scientific and industrial facilities in low earth orbit,

permanently manned scientific and communications facilities in geosynchronous orbit, a permanent base on the moon, and a manned expeAEROASSIST ORBIT TRANSFER VEHICLE -

WOULD CARRY PAYLOADS TO ORBITS

HIGHER THAN THE SHUTTLE IS CAPABLE

OF REACHING

CONTINUOUS FLOW

ELECTROPHORESIS SYSTEM

- FIRST EXPERIMENT BY A

COMMERCIAL FIRM CARRIED

ON STS-4

49
dition to Mars. Routine checkout, refueling, repairing, and upgrading of

space facilities, as well as debris removal in all orbits, and other innovative Shuttle uses and missions such as large space tether applications

for power generation, nonpropulsive transportation, and satellite constellations, are easily possible.

Many space developments will be very expensive and will require international cooperation in space ventures because the costs are so large

that, unless several nations participate over a relatively long period of

time, the project could be postponed almost indefinitely or never started.

Cooperation will be essential for some of the more expensive projects.

The establishment of a manned lunar base during the early years of the

decade after the year 2000 could well become a major goal of this nation

and its partners in space for a number of persuasive economic, sociopolitical, cultural, and philosophical reasons. There are very attractive

scientific reasons for returning to the moon. There are also indications

that mining operations on the moon's surface may be more economical

SBS-4 DEPLOYMENT SYNCOM DEPLOYMENT

50
ARTIST'S CONCEPT -

LUNAR SUPPLY BASE

CONCEPT - CHEMICAL

PROCESSING PLANT IN SPACE

in terms of outfitting or refueling a geosynchronous spacecraft or Space

Station than comparable earth-based operations.

The moon provides very low gravity isolation from earth, particularly

earth-based radio frequency interference and atmospheric diminuation,

very low magnetic field, large temperature excursion, long day-night

cycle, and unique geologic features. The moon would be not only a base

for scientific studies which would include radio and possibly optical and

other photometric astronomical observations, but would be the subject

of intensive study itself. The origin of the moon remains a very puzzling

question, despite our many visits there. A scientific base on the moon

would be as fruitful as our Antarctic science stations and would offer the

additional advantages of opening up this new locale for other scientific

uses.

The moon is also a prime source of oxygen, silicon, and aluminium, as

well as other metals and bound gases. For some time, NASA has been

studying the prospect of using these ores in some fashion, either to

extract the oxygen and other elements or to use the material to produce

51
building materials and fuels for the lunar base. There have even been

some extremely imaginative suggestions as to how we would go about

these operations, including launching the finished materials off the surface of the moon using an electromagnetically driven "mass driver" with

an orbital "catching net" near our geosynchronous Space Station.

It is not difficult to imagine that the initial revisit could establish a small

lunar staging operation, probably of no more than two or three persons

with geoscience instruments who could conduct some preliminary

mining experiments. Such a lunar base would be the first permanent

human activity on another natural body in space, a landmark in human

history, and could be the foundation for a much larger lunar scientific

colony and mining operation.

While not a necessary part of a lunar transportation system, a manned

geosynchronous orbit Space Station could be highly beneficial to a subsequent lunar program concerned with generating lunar material resources of value such as oxygen in gaseous and liquid form. Because of

its high orbital energy, a geosynchronous facility would generally tend to

become an important transportation node for missions to and from cislunar and heliocentric space. The availability of a nonterrestrially supplied resource such as liquid oxygen could substantially reduce its operational costs and increase its effectiveness.

In addition to geosynchronous orbit, a number of other peculiar orbits in

cis-lunar space appear to hold promise.These include pseudo-geosynchronous orbits (for high-inclination coverage of earth), long lifetime

orbits for waste storage, high sunlight orbits outside earth's shadow,

and orbits passing through various portions of the plasma sphere.

52
NASA-S-7L3040 V

LUNAR SURFACE BASE

MODULAR SPACE STATION DERIVATIVE CONFIGURATION

MOBILE

WAREHOUSE

SUPPLY

VEHICLELABORATORY AND

COMMAND CONTROL

MODULE

WATER AND OXYGEN

PRODUCTION PLANT

(H2 REDUCTION

OF ILMENITE

LUNAR SURFACE BASE

Another potential goal in the post-2000 era would be a manned Mars

landing mission.

Mars offers the least severe environment of all the planets for man due to its

atmosphere, its accessible surface, its possible availability of water, and

its relatively moderate temperatures (—120°C to +20°C). It appears to

be the most habitable of all planets other than the earth. Its resources include materials that could be adapted to support human life: air, food,

fuels, fertilizers, and building materials. In addition, Mars could be an ex53
cellent gateway to the asteroid belt, facilitating the scientific exploration

of asteroidal bodies by man in the next century and the eventual use of

asteroidal resources such as water, oxygen, iron, nickel, and carbon.

Even more important in its long-range benefits, with a mission as large

and challenging as a manned Mars expedition, international participation on a large scale would be encouraged. Its scientific, technical, and

sociological benefits, as well as its ultimate value, would undoubtedly be

unprecedented in scope and magnitude.

A manned Mars landing scenario would use the Space Shuttle as well as

the Shuttle-derived launch vehicle envisioned for the year 2000 era, to

assemble an all-chemical multistage mission vehicle in earth orbit. Total

mass in earth orbit of the expeditionary ship at departure would depend

on the particular earth-Mars constellation chosen, that is, on the year of

departure. For some of the options after year 2010, these mass requirements are on the order of only 3.2 million kg for a chemically propelled

spacecraft delivering six crew members to Mars and landing three of

GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT

SPACE STATION

MARS LANDING

54
SHUTTLE DERIVED VEHICLE (SDCV)

BASIC CONCEPTS

• 2-3SSME

»2 X SRB OR 2 X LRB

SHUTTLE-DERIVED LAUNCH VEHICLE

them on the planet's surface. After a 60-day stopover, the entire crew

would return to earth orbit for rendezvous with the Space Station. Total

mission duration would be 600-700 days. Much like the first Apollo lunar

landing, this scenario assumes a one-flight exploration mission, leaving

no usable infrastructure in orbit around Mars or on the surface. It does

not exclude, however, subsequent visits in the further course of time,

with the eventual establishment of a seasonal base camp on Mars.

Other planetary and solar system exploration missions beyond the year

55
2000 we feel worth considering include:

O Multiple main asteroid belt rendezvous missions with sample return

O Mercury surface rover

O Venus balloons

O Unmanned Venus surface station

O Jupiter aircraft and atmosphere balloon

O Advanced orbiters, landers, and rovers on the moons of Jupiter and

Saturn, especially nitrogen-rich Titan.

Some candidate future large space initiatives that have been studied

include: satellite power systems for providing energy to space-based

users and, perhaps, also to earth; nuclear waste disposal in space; large

automated deep space/planetary missions such as an automated Titan

ASTEROID RETRIEVAL MISSION SOLAR PANEL

56
Probe and an Interstellar Space Explorer; space settlement; asteroidal

mining; and others.

"Human" industries in space (such as medical, clinical, and biogenetic

research); space science and space-based educational centers; space

hospitals and sanitariums; as well as activities in areas such as entertainment and the arts are all long-range possibilities that will eventually

be brought within our grasp. Orbital vacation centers may also be somewhere in the future, adding a whole new dimension to space tourism.

NASA's Space Flight Participant Program, announced by President

Reagan in August, is really the beginning of the space tourism industry.

The opportunity for the growth of new worlds in space with all of the advantages that humans have gained from fresh starts appears to be among

the most intriguing of all the potentials of space.

We are at the threshold of a new frontier. The space program has the

potential of demonstrating that there are no tangible limits to humanity's

future in the universe. Helping to demonstrate this apparently limitless

potential could be our most important contribution to the future.

57
VOTE OF THANKS

BY PROF. IR. H. WITTENBERG,

PROFESSOR IN AEROSPACE ENGINEERING, VICE-DEAN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF

AEROSPACE ENGINEERING OF DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Mr. Moore,

On behalf of all present here, and of those who will read the text of your

lecture afterwards, I thank you very much for your interesting and

challenging presentation.

As your lecture clearly shows, already today space activities of all kind

are playing an important role, not only in the world of the scientists and

the engineers, but even in everybody's life, as is well illustrated by communication services through satellites. .

Compared with aviation, space flight is still in the years of its adolescence, but your lecture has indicated ways along which it will grow to become a mature part of the human society. Many applications of space

science and technology will serve mankind's needs on Earth. But on longer terms, your outlook makes it clear that we can still compare our present space activities with Columbus' journey to discover a New World,

which will lead to the exploration of our solar system and its resources.

I do hope sincerely, that your lecture will inspire many of us in our own

small country to participate in the great efforts to make use of all the possibilities which the era of space flight offers.

Until now, the Netherlands have taken an active part in space science

and technology. Not only by participation in the international programs

of the European Space Agency, ESA, but also by the development and

operation of two scientific satellites you have referred to: the Astronomi58
cal Netherlands Satellite ANS and the Infra-Red Astronomical Satellite

IRAS. I am pleased to recall here the fine cooperation of our scientific

and technological community with NASA on these projects.

Your lecture challenges us to continue our efforts in space activities.

Many of us here are convinced with you, Mr. Moore, that taking part in

these activities is of the utmost importance for every country which

scientific, economic and cultural health largely depends on its participation in advanced fields of science and technology.

The Delft University of Technology wishes to thank all guests, both from

our country and from abroad, who have shown their interest this afternoon. May I especially mention in this respect the younger ones among

us, on which the space activities in the Netherlands will depend in the

years ahead.

In closing this Ninth Memorial Lecture I thank Mr. Moore again for sharing

his views on the future of space flight with us and I wish him and the

NASA organization great success in all space projects to come, culminating in the manned space station and its transport system in the nineties.

All those, who have known Dr. Albert Plesman personally, will be convinced that should he be alive today, he would have fostered a keen interest in all possibilities of space flight to the benefit of mankind. We are

grateful that this Dr. Albert Plesman Lecture enables us to pay tribute to

the memory of this great pioneer in Dutch civil aviation.

59
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THE FUTURE OF SPACE FLIGHT

BY JESSE W. MOORE

I Introduction 8

II Historical Perspective 10

III NASA programs 11

A. Mercury 11

B. Gemini 14

C. Apollo 15

D. Skylab 19

E. Apollo-Soyuz 21

F. Science and Application 21

G. Space Shuttle Program 29

H. Space Station 42

IV Into the 21st Century 46

61
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PREVIOUS LECTURES

1955 J. D. Pearson

Managing Director, Aero Engine Division, Rolls Royce Limited

• The development and future of turbine engines for civil aircraft

1957 Arthur E. Raymond

Vice-President Engineering, Douglas Aircraft Company

The oceans of the air

1959 Hall L. Hibbard

Senior Vice-President and Vice-President Engineering, Lockheed

Aircraft Corporation

Supersonic flight

1961 Georges Hereil

President du Sud Aviation - President Fondateur de I'AICMA

La cooperation europeenne en matiere de recherche, de

developpement et de production en aviation et en astronautique

1966 Edward C.Weils

Vice-President - Product Development - The Boeing Company

Some economic aspects of air transport design

1969 Frits Besancon

Deputy-President of KLM, Royal Dutch Airlines

Airline industry heading for 2000

1

 1973 Emile van Lennep

Secretary General of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation

and Development

Aviation needs and public concerns

1979 Knut Hagrup

Former President of Scandinavian Airlines System

The World Airline- and Aerospace Manufacturing-Industry

63