NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 710-3

BUILDING

RESEARCH TRANSLATION

New Regulation

On Ventilation of Dwellings,

Fixed Heating Facilities,

And Flues

National

Bureau

of Standards
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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n

Bureau of Standards 8 1974 y a ^c - 9e(

BUILDING RESEARCH TRANSLATION

New Regulation on

Ventilation of Dwellings,

Fixed Heating Facilities, and Flues

A. Chalandon, M. Schumann, and

P. Dechartre

Centre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment

Paris, France

Translated by the Joint Publication Research Service, U.S. Department of Commerce,

Washington, D.C. 20234

M.

^sEes.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Peter G. Peterson, Secretory

Ui5, NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Lawrence M. Kushner, Acting Director

1 i ' Issued May 1972
National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 710-3

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 710-3, 46 pages (May 1972)

CODEN: NBTNAE

Issued May 1972

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Order by SD Catalog No. C13.46:710-3). Price 50 cents.
FOREWORD

The United States/French Cooperative Program on Building

Technology entails an exchange of personnel between the

National Bureau of Standards (Building Research Division)

and the Centre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment

(CSTB) of France. The program also involves the exchange

of information between the two research organizations.

It is felt that some of the documented information can

be usefully shared with the U.S. building industry; and,

therefore, certain papers were selected for reproduction

in media on sale to the public by the Government Printing

Office. It should be understood that the CSTB documents

made public through such media as this TECHNICAL NOTE

do not necessarily represent the views of the National

Bureau of Standards on either policy or technical levels.

At the same time, building researchers at the National

Bureau of Standards consider it a public service to share

with the U.S. building industry certain insights into

French building technology.

/JAMES R. WRIGHT

Chief, Building Research Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

III

NEW REGULATION ON VENTILATION OF DWELLINGS,

1/

FIXED HEATING FACILITIES, AND FLUESprepared by

A. Chalandon , M. Schumann, P. Dechartre

Following studies on the ventilation of dwellings,

the results of which have been published in CSTB "Cahiers,'

the CSTB has proposed certain changes in the regulations

governing the ventilation of dwellings. At the same time,

in the light of recent statistics on secondary emergency

and relief heating, changes in the regulations governing

fixed heating installations and flues were proposed.

These proposals led to a new revised text of the French

regulations, which we publish below, together with a new

chapter on "ventilation" from the CSTB Technical Report.

Key words: Air infiltration and extraction; airtightness

;

discomfort index; duct system, collective and individual

branch; flow rates; noise; pressure-loss-depression; thermal

convection; ventilation.

— This paper is translated from the French original

and is published under the Building Research Division/

Centre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment information

exchange program.
BASIC OUTSIDE TEMPERATURES AT SEA LEVEL

Islands in the English Channel

Atlantic Ocean and

Mediterranean Sea C

Department Boundaries Distance from the sea - 25 km

Mountain ridges south of Aveyron River

Noncircled values shown in the seas and oceans are for a distance inland of less than

3 kilometers from the sea.
Title 8

VENTILATION

Introduction

This Technical Report was prepared by the Scientific and Technical

Center for Building Construction, and presents design solutions for use in

2/

complying with the provisions of the 30 April 1969 decree- on ventilation

of dwellings

.

The purpose of this document is to provide engineering and construction personnel with design (standard) solutions that comply with the

provisions of the decree of 30 April 1969 on ventilation of dwellings.

The number (s) of the pertinent article(s) of the decree are listed in the

chapter headings of this document.

The design solutions presented are not the only possible solutionsThey were retained because they appeared reasonable given the present

state of construction techniques in France. The rationale for these

solutions may be found in studies published in CSTB "Cahiers" No. U78

(issue 59), No. 5^2 (issue 65), No. 550 (issue 66), No. 590 (issue TO),

No. 720 (issue 83), and No. 835 (issue 96). The number (s) of the relevant

"Cahier(s)" which may be consulted for this rationale are indicated at the

beginning of each paragraph in this document.

See Appendix for Decree of 30 April 1969
CHAPTER 1: TYPICAL DESIGN FLOW RATES AND TYPICAL DESIGN

SOLUTIONS RELEVANT TO CERTAIN GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Articles 1, 2 and 3 of the Decree)

1.1 Typical Flow Rates

CSTB "Cahier" No. 5^2, issue 65, outlines the rationale for this

selection of the design flow rates proposed in the paragraphs that follow.

The recommended design solutions presented in this document are

based on consideration of air-supply and air-exhaust flow rates that

are themselves defined. These are the typical flow rates.

Verification of these rates during the acceptance inspection of a

building and its equipment is a valid procedure only in the case of

mechanical ventilation systems and within those tolerances prescribed in

Chapter 3, paragraph 3.11-

In the case of natural ventilation systems , the only verification

possible is whether or not the pressure losses or cross sections indicated

in Chapters 2 and k are being complied with. These pressure losses and

cross sections have been calculated so that in winter time, design flow

rates may be obtained under average thermal-convection and wind-pressure

conditions. Consequently, these flow rates are not obtained at all

moments with a natural ventilation system.
1.11 Typical Design Flow Rates for Air Outlets

The following values were retained for the flow rates at the airsupply outlet

Kitchen

in a dwelling with less than three main rooms. . . . U5-90 m-Yh

in a dwelling with three or more rooms 60-130 td?/Yi

Bathrooms or showers

designed for installation of gas appliances 60 m^/h

also used as a clothes-drying room 30-60 m /h

other cases 30 m^/h

Toilet 30 m

3 /h

Clothes-drying room serviced by the dwelling's general

ventilating system

normal-size room 0-30 m-^/h

large-size room (20 meters or more of clothesline) . 0-60 nP/h

Whenever the dwelling does not contain its own drying room-closet,

it is then assumed that the bathroom serves as such.

Any lavatory having a toilet is likened to a bathroom or shower

room.

Two values are shown for some rooms. This is because the accepted

design solution assumes that the opening of the air outlet can be manually

adjusted. The two values indicated represent the two extreme terminal

positions of this adjustment. In this way, the flow rate can be increased

in the kitchen when meals are being prepared, and in the drying room (or

bathroom serving as a drying room) when clothes are being dried, while

preventing any inordinate increase in heat loss by air change the rest of

the time.

5
1.12 Typical Design Flow Rates for Air Inlets

The accepted value for the air-inlet flow rate within a main room

is one air change per hour.

However, for those special cases where it is desired to adopt

standard values, we recommend the following rates: —standard-size main room (up to 18 m^): 30 nP/h —large-size main room (more than 18 m^): 60 m-Vhr

In heating or air-conditioning calculations, the flow rate values

shown above shall he considered as those for air at 20°C.

1.2 Location of an Air Outlet in a Kitchen. Installation of a Range Hood.

It is recommended that the air outlet he placed above that part of

the kitchen designed to hold the range (cooking appliances). This

arrangement has the particular advantage of permitting a range hood to be

installed.

A range hood is especially worthwhile when thermal convection is

weak because of the climate (Mediterranean and Atlantic areas) or because

of the limited height of the stacks or chimneys (single-family houses).

With an efficient range hood the maximum air-outlet flow rate in the

kitchen can be brought from 120 down to 90 nP/h or from 90 down to 75 m^/h.

1.3 Airtightness of Doors and Windows.

The values used in this paragraph are taken from the Joint

Instructions of the European Union for Approved Building Techniques

published in CSTB "Cahier" No. 622 (issue 73) and "Cahier" No. 855

(issue 98)

.
To avoid air infiltration—which has the disadvantage of creating

undesirable drafts of cold air against which the precautions described in

Chapter 5 are not normally taken—all outside doors and windows should be

well-fitted and air-tight, especially in an exposed site. It is recommended

that in such a site, the permeability of the operable parts and of the

movable-louvers of the shutters (roller blinds) not exceed 12 m per hour

3/

per square meter of openings for a pressure difference of 100 Pa. See

paragraph 2.2 for the definition of an exposed site.

Air infiltrating through doors that open into apartment building

hallways, vestibules, etc. can cause odors to pass from one apartment into

another or disturb the ventilation flow in a given apartment. Consequently,

to avoid such air infiltration the permeability of these doors must be

limited. A permeability of the order of 12 m /h for a pressure difference

of 100 Pa seems to be an appropriate maximum.

CHAPTER 2: DESIGN SOLUTIONS FOR THE PERMANENT AND GENERAL VENTILATION

OF A DWELLING WITH AIR BEING EXHAUSTED BY THERMAL CONVECTION

(Articles k and 5 of the Decree)

2.1 Air Outlet

CSTB "Cahier" No. 5*+2 (issue 65) outlines the rationale for the

recommended design solutions described in the following paragraphs. It

also contains the computations that produced the pressure-loss and crosssection values used in these solutions.

3/ 2 Pa = Pascal, Newton/m

1 Pa = 0.00U inches water gauge pressure

T
Article h of the Decree provides for the discharge of foul air by

stacks or ducts connecting the service rooms (kitchen, bathroom, toilet)

with the outside atmosphere. These air outlets have three main parts:

the opening for the air outlet in the room, stack or duct, and the vent

on the roof.

2.11 Opening for the Air Outlet in the Room

For the individual flue or duct , in which the thermal draft gradient

with respect to different floor levels is nearly counterbalanced by the

pressure loss within the flue or duct due to flow, the cross section of

the air-outlet openings may be the same at all floors. This principle

was adopted for the design solution. And a pressure loss of 2.5 to 3 Pa

was accepted as the design flow rate of an air outlet in the room under

consideration.

For a collective flue or duct system the principle governing the

adopted design solution is that the loss of pressure in the flue or duct

is negligible and that the natural convection variation with each floor

level is compensated for by the variation in the pressure loss of the

air-outlet openings. In the interest of simplification, however, only

two pressure-loss values were retained. These values for the design

flow rate of the air outlet in the room under consideration, are: —2.5 to 3 Pa on the last five floors; —10 to 11 Pa on the other floors.

Cross sections corresponding to these pressure losses, in the case

of large-mesh grilles , are
Flow Rate 30 m3/h 60 m3/h 90 m3/h 120 m3/h

Cross section for a pressure

loss of:

2.5 to 3 Pa 80 cm2 150 cm2 220 cm2 280 cm2

10 to 11 Pa ho cm

2 80 cm

2 120 cm

2 150 cm2

Another possible solution is to provide "automatically controlled"

(self-adjusting) air-outlet openings, whereby the flow rate would be

independent of thermal circulation over a wide range of values for the

latter.

2.12 Flue or Duct

Article h of the Decree distinguishes between: —individual flue connected to only one room, and —collective flue or ducts connected to several rooms on the

same or different floors

Described below are typical solutions for each of these two systems

2.121 Individual Flues or Ducts

A. The pressure-loss value of 0.3 Pa per meter of length was

retained as the design flow rate of the air outlet in the room being

serviced, and as the maximum value of this flow rate in the case of an

adjustable opening.
Cross sections corresponding to this pressure loss in flues or ducts

with very limited surface roughness, are:

Flow Rate 30 m

3 /h 60 m

3 /h 90 m

3 /h 120 m

3 /h

160 cm2 200 cm2

{6 Ik. 5 cm) («5 16 cm)

Circular cross

2 00 cm 120 cm2 section (iz5 10 cm) U 12 5 cm)

Square cross 100 cm2 155 cm2 section (1C X 10 cm) (12.5 X 12.5 cm210 cm

2 255 cm2 [lk.5 X lU.5 cm) (16 X 16 cm)

Rectangular 230 cm2 290 cm2 cross section (12.5 X 18.5 cm) (12. 5 X 23 cm)

(as an example)

Any cross section may be computed from a section that is already

known , by applying the following rule

—The area to perimeter ratio is constant.

The side of the square cross section is thus equal to the diameter

of the circular cross section, and we pass from the square cross section

to a rectangular cross section with a length to width ratio equal to e,

by taking as length the side of the square multiplied by (l + e)/2.

However, in the case of a square or rectangular cross section for ease

of cleaning, the smallest dimension should be at least equal to 12.5 cm

for flues or ducts more than 5 meters in height and, in the other cases,

more than 10 meters in height.

A flue or duct is considered to have little surface roughness, for

example , when it is made of metal or asbestos cement and provided the

joints or fittings do not create any bulging or projection. For the other

ducts the cross sections will be larger.

B. Bends or slopes in the flues cause additional pressure losses

and can impede cleaning. In the approved design solution it is assumed

that there are no more than two bends , in other words not more than one

10
nonvertical part with an angle generally no greater than 20°. However

if the flue or duct has no surface roughness and is less than five meters

in height, this angle can be greater than 20° but no more than k^°

2.122 Collective Ducts

Article k of the Decree provides for a collective duct system

consisting of individual branch ducts as high as one floor with each

branch duct connecting a room to a main (collector) duct. Recommended

design solutions for these are given below.

2.122.1 Individual Branch Ducts

In the interest of simplification we adopted the same cross sections

for individual ducts. Therefore, paragraph 2.121A should be consulted.

2.122.2 Main (Collector) Duct

r The adopted design solution assumes, as stated above, that the

pressure loss in the main duct is very limited. A maximum value of

0.15 Pa per meter of length was adopted for a flow rate equal to the sum

of the design flow rates of the rooms being serviced, it being understood

that when the opening is adjustable, the average of the extreme flow rates

is used in this computation.

Figure 1 gives the cross sections corresponding to the above

pressure loss in ducts having very little surface roughness. It is

possible to pass from these cross sections to rectangular cross sections

by applying the rule given in paragraph 2.121A. However, for ease in

cleaning, the smaller dimension should be at least 20 cm.

11
2.13 Vent Outlet on the Roof

CSTB "Cahier" Wo. 720 (issue 83) provides some information on this

problem. It also outlines the rationale behind the recommended design

conditions for cap.

Article k of the Decree prescribes that the location of the vent on

the roof and its cap must be such that the pressure depression created by

the wind in the duct advantageously counteracts that created on the

outside wall.

For the location, we propose to comply with the provisions of the

regulations on flues or chimneys which the reader may therefore consult.

Wo recommended design solution is given for the cap, but we propose

to retain the following design conditions:

A. The depression factor at zero flow rate or the ratio of the

pressure depression created in the top part of the duct to the wind's

dynamic pressure, is greater than 0.5 for all incidences of the wind

forming an angle of less than 60° with the horizontal plane;

B. The pressure loss in the absence of any wind and for a flow rate

equal to the sum of the design flow rates of the room serviced, is less

than h Pa.

2 . lU Special Case of a Flue or Chimney Connected to a Gas Appliance .

Article 5 of the Decree prescribes that a chimney exhausting

combustion gases from gas appliances of Liquified-Petroleum-Gas

appliances may be used as a duct for exhausting ventilating air. Actually

some ventilating air is always exhausted through a gas appliance, but this

air outlet may possibly be insufficient. We recommend the following

12
various solutions in such a case: —provide a second duct separate from the first

;

—provide a second individual branch duct to the same

main (collector) duct; —provide a second opening below the first opening within

the individual branch duct , or the individual duct

connected to the gas appliance.

It should be remembered that where flues or chimneys are concerned,

those provisions of Article 2k of the 15 October 1962 Decree on flues or

chimneys used for exhausting combustion products from connected gas

appliances, must be complied with. This means that these flues must meet

the specifications of the lk November 1958 Decree on fixed heating

facilities, and chimneys or flues, and the circular on flues or chimneys

designed to service several fireboxes unless the flues in question are

special flues designed to exhaust products of combustion solely from

gas-fired appliances.

Instructions outlined in paragraph 2.12 are still applicable for

computing cross sections.

2.2 Air Inlets

CSTB "Cahiers" No. kfQ (issue 59), No. 5^2 (issue 65) and No. 720

(issue 83) outline the rationale behind the recommended design solutions

in this paragraph. They also contain the calculations that produced

pressure-loss and cross-section values adopted in these design solutions.

13
Air inlets must make it possible to obtain the design flow rate of

entering air under average thermal-circulation and wind conditions , while

at the same time precluding any excessively high flow during a strong

wind, thereby avoiding disagreeable cold drafts and inordinate heat loss

by air change.

In the various design solutions described below, the data given

varies with the different exposures to wind. In this connection,

distinction is made between three types of sites: the "sheltered" site,

the "exposed" site, and the "exceptionally exposed" site.

In the absence of any obvious evaluation data, the following

guidance is applicable: —First and second floors are in an exposed site only when

in very windy locations and in the absence of nearby buildings; —Levels between the second and seventh floors are in a

sheltered site only when the building is surrounded by

equally high or higher buildings; —All floor levels above the seventh floor are in an

exposed site

;

—The exceptionally exposed site is found along some

coastlines, on the edges of some plateaus, on isolated

elevations, and in very high buildings.

Three types of air inlets are considered in this document.

2.21 Air Inlets on an Outside Wall

These inlets are openings that directly interconnect the outside

and inside. We do not propose to use this solution in exceptionally

exposed sites. In other cases the flow rate is required to be:

14
—at least equal to the design flow for any pressure

differential between the outside and inside greater

than 10 Pa; —and at the most, quadruple the design flow rate for

any pressure differential below 60 Pa in a sheltered

site, and below 2l+0 Pa in an exposed site.

With fixed (nonadjustable) openings, this second solution is

applicable only in a sheltered site. In this case, satisfactory results

are obtained with cross sections having the following orders of magnitude:

Flow Rate 30 m3/h 60 m

3 /h

Cross Section 35 cm^ 70 cm^

In an exposed site "self-adjusting" openings should be used. The

cross section of these openings varies with the wind pressure so that the

flow rate is nearly constant throughout a wide range of values for this

wind pressure.

2.22 Air Inlet "by Horizontal Duct"

A second solution approved for air inlets is the one called "by

horizontal duct." Its principle involves capturing the air in a

horizontal duct that opens out on two outside walls and is located on the

same floor level as the dwelling (apartment) or in the lower part of the

building. In the latter instance the air is fed into the apartment via a

vertical duct. The approved characteristics for this design solution are

as follows

.

15
eg6

u

Z.400 DM

urn

MOO

z.ooo

1.500

1.800 1.700 U00

1.500

1.400

1500 uoo

1.100

1000

•H 50

800

w (00 oO 500

<50

<oo

550

500

no

1 ! !

1

1

i . Rectaneular cross section

1

' : with c \

v

'

i \ y*' ,'

-Square cross section \

1 i i i \ Circular cross section

\ -

1 y1

\ .*

• s

, —-^~ ^r \

i

1 -j- —

r

: — 1

.__

in eio m ut m oo m

Flow rate in m^/h

750 500 1.050 I.Z00 1550 1500

Figure 1. Cross section of smooth or slightly rough collective ducts

for a pressure loss of 0.15 Pa/m

16
2.221 Horizontal Duct for Intake of Outside Air .

A. This duct opens out on two outside walls that are opposite each

other or that together form an angle of at least 90°.

B. Its pressure loss per meter of length is not more than 0.15 Pa

for a flow rate double the sum of the design flow rates of the air inlets

served by the duct. The cross section can be calculated as described* in

paragraph 2.122.2, i.e. by using the curves in Figure 1 for ducts or

flues having very little surface roughness and by adding certain augmented

values for other ducts.

2.222 Vertical Air-Intake Duct (where the horizontal duct is in the

lower part of the building) .

This individual or collective duct is designed and its cross section

is calculated according to the provisions prescribed for air-outlet ducts.

When the duct is a collective one, it has individual branch ducts similar

to the individual branch ducts of the air-outlet collective ducts, but in

the reverse direction.

2.223 Air-Inlet Opening in the Room

Generally speaking, fixed openings are satisfactory. Their pressure

loss is from four to five Pa for the design flow rate of the air inlet

in the room under consideration. The cross sections corresponding to

this pressure loss are of the following orders of magnitude.

Flow Rate 30 m3 /h 60 m

3 /h

Cross Section 60 cm 120 cm

In an exceptionally exposed site it could be advantageous to use

self-adjusting openings to avoid excessive flow rates under strong-wind

conditions.

17
2.23 Air Inlets Used with a Mechanical Ventilation System and/or

Associated with the Warm-Air Heating System .

Air inlets utilizing a mechanical system (device) and/or associated

with the warm-air heating system can ensure proper intake of ventilating

air if the following are provided: —openings in all main rooms

;

—sufficient intake of outside air at the beginning of air

distribution so as to provide an air change at least equal to

the sum of the design flow rates of the rooms served by this

air distribution;

and if there is no: —return into main rooms of air drawn from the service

rooms (kitchens, bathrooms, toilets); —return into an apartment of air drawn from another

apartment

.

2.3 Pressure Losses inside a Dwelling

2.31 Air Passages Leading from the Main Rooms into the Service Rooms

Justification for the pressure-loss and cross section values given

in this paragraph may be found in CSTB "Cahier" No. 5^2 (issue 65).

The characteristics of the air inlets and air outlets adopted for

those design solutions described earlier in this document, require that

the pressure loss in the openings that draw air from the main rooms into

the service rooms —openings specifically designed for this purpose or

natural openings around the perimeter of the doors—should not be more

than one Pa for the corresponding design flow rate. It should be

18
understood that for those service rooms having a controllable air-outlet

flow rate, the minimum value of this flow rate is used herein.

The cross sections corresponding to this pressure loss are:

Flow Rate 30 m3/h 60 m

3 /h

Cross Section 100 cm2 200 cm2

To avoid excessive passage of light it is advisable to have, for

example , some sort of baffle or deflector arrangement between the door

and the door frame.

2.32 Airtight Door inside a Dwelling

The value used in this paragraph is taken from the Joint Instructions

of the European Union for Approved Building Techniques , published in

CSTB "Cahier" Wo. 855 (issue 98).

If one wishes to have separate ventilation for each of two parts of

the dwelling (apartment), the inside door separating these two parts must

have a low degree of permeability: a value equal to 12 nP/hm for a

pressure difference of 100 Pa seems to be a reasonable maximum.

As an example , the apartment may be separated into two separate

parts for this purpose: —living room and kitchen as one part, and —bedrooms, bathroom, and toilet as the other.

19
CHAPTER 3: DESIGN SOLUTIONS FOR PERMANENT AND GENERAL VENTILATION

OF A DWELLING WITH A MECHANICAL AIR-EXHAUST SYSTEM

(Articles 6 and 7 of the Decree)

3-1 Air Outlets

Discussions in support of the statements in this chapter may he

found in CSTB "Cahier" No. 590 (issue TO) and also in the foreign bibliography listed therein.

3.11 Overall Air-Exhaust Circuit

The concept of the exhaust circuit is derived from calculation and

not from a design solution. One element of the calculation is the

limitation on flow rate variations caused by the presence of manually

adjustable openings in some rooms (kitchens and drying rooms), and also

by those variations in thermal circulation that occur with changes in

outside temperature.

We recommend that these variations be limited to no more than: —20 percent when due to a change in the flow rate by manual

adjustment of openings (in kitchens or drying rooms), and —30 percent when due to variations in thermal circulation

between winter and summer.

To accomplish this, the pressure loss of the air-outlet openings

should generally be greater than

—1+0 Pa, and —50 percent, and even better 60 percent of the pressure losses

in the overall exhaust circuit involving the opening under

consideration, with the adjustable openings being in the halfopen position. 20
Moreover, once a certain floor level is reached in a "building, other

special measures may have to be taken. These may, as an example, include: —the capability to constrict or throttle flow in the lower

floors during the heating period, —automatically controlled (self-adjusting) air-outlet openings.

3.12 Ducts

Ducts may be vertical, inclined, or horizontal. Circuit simplicity

is always desirable, especially so as to facilitate cleaning. Paragraph

5.1 further discusses such cleaning.

As regards the type and quality of the ducts great importance must

be attached to their airtightness , given the pronounced pressure depression

that prevails within them. We recommend adopting as maximum admissible

air infiltration through ducts and joints, the value of 10 per cent of the

flow rate through the air-outlet openings

.

3.13 Exhaust Fan (extractor)

The choice of the exhaust fan is based on calculation and not on a

design solution.

Certain precautions must be taken in selecting its location. The

contaminated air must be discharged outside of areas through which people

pass, for example, that part of a roof terrace open to the public. If

need be, shields or screens should be provided to avoid all wind

disturbances

.

3.2 Air Inlets and Pressure Losses within a Dwelling .

The statements in paragraphs 2.2 and 2.3 of Chapter 2 are still

valid here. However, in view of the powerful draw (draft) available with

21
the mechanical exhaust system, values greater than those indicated in

Chapter 2 can be allowed for pressure loss in air inlets and in the air

passages leading from main rooms into service rooms.

Specifically, the pressure loss in air passages leading from main

rooms into service rooms may reach 3 Pa for the corresponding design flowrate. The following cross sections correspond to this pressure loss:

Flow Rate 30 m3 /h 60 m3 /h

Cross Section 60 cm

2 120 cm

3.3 Presence of Flues or Chimneys

Article 7 of the Decree defines the general requirements whenever

there are flues or chimneys in dwellings equipped with a mechanical air

exhaust system.

In certain cases—listed in paragraph 3.31—these requirements are

met without it being necessary to make any special arrangements for the

chimneys. On the other hand, in some other cases it is necessary to

take special measures. A few design solutions to this problem are given

in paragraph 3.32.

3.31 Case in Which Only the Customary Measures Need Be Taken.

3.311 This is the case, first of all, when the air intake is supplied

mechanically. In this instance, the overpressure caused by the blast

(insufflation) of the entering air counterbalances the reduced pressure

caused by the exhaust of the outgoing air.

22
This assumes, however, that:

A. The air-intake flow rate in a dwelling is close to the air-outlet

flow rates ;

B. The intake of "pulsed" air operates at all times when the

mechanical exhaust system is in operation, and, in the event of a breakdown in the "pulsed"-air system, the mechanical exhaust system

automatically shuts down.

3.312 Then there is the case of a chimney connected to a heating unit

located in a room or space that is not ventilated by the dwellings'

ventilation system, e.g. cellar, storeroom or wine cellar. ... In such

cases the door between this room or space and the dwelling proper must be

very airtight.

3.313 It is also the case in individual facilities, where, if difficulties

arise at the moment of ignition (lighting), the mechanical exhaust system

can be momentarily shut down without difficulty.

3.32 Design Solutions for Those Cases Where It Is Necessary To Take

Measures That Differ from Those Customarily Adopted .

In all cases, other than those described in paragraph 3-31,

measures must be taken to insure that

:

—there is no danger whatever of backflow (backdraft ) particularly

at the moment of ignition, despite the constant suction of the

ventilation ducts or conduits , both when the dwelling is being

heated and when it is not.

23
—when the fumes or smoke are drawn off mechanically, there is

no danger whatever in the event of a breakdown in this

mechanical exhaust system.

The following design solutions satisfy these conditions.

3.321 Use of Apparatus with "Excluded" Combustion Circuit

This is the case, for example, of gas appliances connected to

"S.E. -Ducts."

4

3.322 Individual Outside-Air Inlet into the Firebox, and Flue Operating

by Thermal Circulation (chimney effect) under Normal Conditions.

This solution is applicable, for example, to fireplaces. In this

case

A. The flue or chimney is constructed as for normal conditions

(it should be recalled that fireplaces require a separate flue)

;

B. The air inlet and the smoke or fume outlet must be equipped

with adjustable dampers

;

C. The fireplace has a movable register or shutter by which the

firebox (hearth) can be excluded from the dwelling's atmosphere when

lighting the fire.

3.323 Flue Operating with Assistance of a Mechanical Exhaust System

Independent of the Ventilation.

This solution may, for example, consist in installing an exhaust fan

at the top of the chimney. In this case the following measures should

be taken:

24
A. If no heating unit has yet been connected to the chimney, a

sealed plate specifies that such connection must be made by qualified

specialists

;

B. Measures are taken so that in the event of a breakdown in the

mechanical smoke and fume system: —either the connected heating unit shuts down, something

that is not possible with all fuels; —or the connected heating unit continues to function by

thermal circulation, this implies that:

1. The reduced pressure created in the dwelling by

mechanical ventilation disappears, and thus that this

ventilation automatically stops in case of a breakdown in the mechanical smoke exhaust system;

2. There is no excessive pressure loss at the top of the

chimney. This condition should normally be obtained

with a fan that works by induction. With a fan working

by extraction: —a first solution is to provide a device that in case of

breakdown, cuts off the mechanical exhaust duct, and

opens a natural exhaust duct

.

—a second solution is to use an exhaust fan that in

the event of a breakdown has a small pressure loss.

3.32^4 Use of Exhaust Fan To Extract Smoke and Fumes

This solution is applicable, for example, to fireplaces. In this

case

:

25
A. The flues—individual separate flues because fireplaces are

involved—can be grouped at their tops into a collective flue opening

into the extraction chamber;

B. An adjustable damper is installed at the base (start) of each

flue

C. Measures are taken so that if there is a breakdown in mechanical

extraction, fireplaces continue to function by thermal circulation. The

statements on this subject in paragraph 3-323-B-2 are still applicable

here.

3.323 A Smoke and Fume Extraction System Associated with a Mechanical

Ventilating Air Exhaust System .

This solution is applicable, for example, to connected gas appliances.

In this case:

A. Connecting the appliance to the duct entails an adequate pressure

loss, calculated for the appliance's operating flow rate.

B. If the air-outlet design flow rate needed to ventilate the room

in which the appliance is located, is greater than the appliance's

operating flow rate—which may be the case in a kitchen—provision is

made for another air-outlet opening calculated to supply the additional

flow rate

C. The duct meets specifications for flues used to exhaust the

products of combustion from connected gas appliances, given in Article 2h

of the 15 October 1962 Decree. This means that the flue conforms to the

provisions of the lU November 1958 Decree on fixed heating facilities, and

flues or chimneys, and to the circular on flues designed to serve several

26
fireboxes, unless it is a flue especially designed to draw off the

products of combustion from only gas-fired appliances.

D. An automatic device is provided to halt combustion in the event

of a breakdown.

CHAPTER k: DESIGN SOLUTIONS FOR PARTIALLY INTERMITTENT

VENTILATION AND FOR VENTILATION BY SEPARATE ROOMS

(Article 8 of the Decree)

Article 8 of the Decree provides for the possible use in certain

cases of natural ventilation arrangements that differ from those for

which design solutions were offered in Chapter 2. The following design

solutions are recommended for these new arrangements.

k.l Kitchen Ventilation by Means of an Air Inlet and a Vertical-Duct

Air Outlet, Both Located in the Kitchen.

Design solutions adopted for the air outlet are those defined in

paragraph 2.1, Chapter 2. Design flow rates for the air outlet are as

defined in paragraph 1.12, Chapter 1.

Design solutions adopted for the air inlet are those defined in

paragraph 2.2, Chapter 2, with the design flow rate for the air inlet

being 60 m /h.

U.2 Ventilation of Service Rooms Other Than the Kitchen, by a Hinged

Opening into a Vertical Duct

27
Justification for what is said "below may be found in CSTB "Cahier"

No. 5^2 (issue 65)

.

U.21 Hinged Opening

2 A. The cross section of the opening is at least 0.1 m .

B. If the opening is in a vertical duct serving several apartments,

measures must be taken to prevent seeing directly from one apartment into

the other, and to preclude the possibility of a man passing through the

opening, and also to deter, to a practical extent, the throwing of objects

into it. One solution would be to place the opening as high as possible,

fit it out with nontransparent materials, and position it on a horizontal

axis. This axis could be positioned in the middle of the opening so as

to take maximum advantage of the vertical draft present in the duct.

Stops could be provided which would allow the opening to be kept partially

open in an intermediate position, thus making it possible to regulate the

amount of ventilation consistent with requirements.

U.22 Vertical Duct

Since in a vertical duct, the lower the duct the easier it is to

obtain satisfactory air change, we recommend a different principle

depending on whether the duct is in a single-family house or in a

multiple-dwelling building. Moreover, in each of these two categories we

recommend different cross sections that vary with the number of floors

serviced.

U.221 Case of Single-Family Houses Constructed as Separate, Duplex, or

Row (town) houses.

28
The recommended design solution is as follows:

A. The duct opens to the outside in its upper part.

2 B. Its cross section is at least 0.1 m if it serves only one

2 floor, and at least 0.2 m if it serves more than one floor.

C. Specifications for the vent outlet on the roof are as given in

paragraph 2 . 13

•

U.222 Case of Multiple-Dwelling Buildings

The recommended design solution is as follows:

A. The duct opens onto the outside in both its upper and lower

parts

.

2

B. Its cross section is at least 1 m for buildings of less than

six floors and at least 1.5 m^ for others.

C. In the lower part, the opening to the outside is provided by a

horizontal duct of the same cross section as the vertical duct. This

horizontal duct opens onto two outside walls that are opposite to each

other or that together form an angle of at least 90°. As an exception,

this horizontal duct may be eliminated when the vertical duct emerges

above an open passageway or a (covered) school playground. In such a

case the bottom part of the duct is reinforced so as to be able to hold

any heavy objects and thus protect persons underneath.

D. In the upper part, the vent emerging on the roof meets those

specifications listed in paragraph 2.13.

29
CHAPTER 5 : TYPICAL DESIGN SOLUTIONS RELEVANT TO CLEANING FACILITIES , PROTECTION AGAINST COLD DRAFTS, AND NOISE CONTROL

(Article 9 of the Decree)

$.1 Cleaning Facilites

The problem arises mainly with respect to ducts. For these we

recommend adoption of the following principle:

Ducts may he cleaned: —from common-use rooms or spaces , in the case of collective

duct systems; —from common-use rooms or from apartments, in the case of

individual ducts, and of individual branch ducts in

collective systems

.

In a natural ventilation system, the minimum cross-section rules

recommended in paragraphs 2.121 and 2.122.2 of Chapter 2 should permit

compliance with the above principle.

In a mechanical ventilation system, such compliance may present

problems when there are individual branch ducts. We recommend that in

this case: —the smallest cross-sectional dimension of the individual

branch ducts must not be less than 10 cm for the kitchens,

nor less than 9 cm for the other service rooms

;

—the branch ducts must be rectilinear save for an exceptional,

single bend with an angle of less than 30°, unless there are

cleaning traps in the elbows.

30
5.2 Protection against Cold Drafts

CSTB "Cahiers" No. U78 (issue 59) and No. 720 (issue 83) contain

the rationale supporting the general principle and special design

solutions presented in the paragraph that follows.

On this point, we shall first propose a general principle, and then

some special design solutions.

5.21 General Principle

The general principle propounded is that the "discomfort index"

determined with an outside temperature of 0°C, an inside temperature of

20°C, and a flow rate equal to the "practical flow limit in a strong

wind," does not exceed 2°C throughout that zone located at a height of

less than two meters and a distance of more than 20 centimeters from the

vertical walls, with this result being obtained under normal heating

conditions. The discomfort index and the practical flow limit in a

strong wind are defined in the two following paragraphs

.

5.211 Discomfort Index

The discomfort index of a cold draft of air at a given point in a

room is equal to the sum of: —the difference between the average air temperature of

the room at the same level, and the temperature of the

air stream at that given point

;

—and the equivalent drop in temperature expressing the

effect of air-stream velocity at that point; as given in

Figure 2.

31
Figure 2: Equivalent Drop in Temperature Reflecting

the Effect of Air-Stream Velocity

Deviation between still-air temperatures and air stream

temperatures 5

03

CDE

5

CDQ.

& I

I 1

/ /

7—

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OLIO 0.15 0.20 0.M) 0.40 0.50 0.60 W 0.80 Q90 1.00

(Still Air) Air-stream velocity in meters per second

32
$.212 Practical Flov Rate Limit in Strong Wind

A. Air inlets on outside walls.

For fixed inlet openings (which in the adopted design solution are

admissible solely in a sheltered site), the practical flow limit is

equal to four times the design flow rate.

For self-adjusting openings (automatically controlled), the

practical flow limit is equal to the maximum flow rate attained with a

pressure differential between outside and inside amounting to a maximum

of: — 60 Pa in a sheltered site, —2U0 Pa in an exposed site.

B. Air inlets by horizontal duct.

For fixed inlet openings , the practical limit is equal to or double

the design flow rate in a sheltered site , and quadruple the design flow

in an exposed site.

For self-adjusting openings, the practical flow limit is equal to

the maximum flow rate obtained with a pressure loss reaching up to: — 60 Pa in a sheltered or exposed site, —2^0 Pa in an exceptionally exposed site.

C. Air inlets in a mechanical ventilation system and/or inlets

associated with a warm-air heating system.

When air inlets are connected to the warm-air heating system no

problem should normally be encountered with disagreeable cold-air drafts.

For mechanical air inlets not associated with a warm-air heating

system, the practical flow limit with a strong wind should normallly be

equal to the design flow rate.

33
5.22 Special Design Solutions

Generally speaking, adherence to the principle propounded above

implies combining heating and ventilation. Air may be heated before

entering the room or enter the room near a heat-emitting source. In the

latter case, special arrangements are required depending on the type of

heat emission. The following design solutions, among others, are

possible

A. Air inlet combined with radiator heating. The air-inlet opening

is elongated and located behind or above a radiator. A deflector is

mounted on the radiator so as to direct the incoming air upward and thus

mix cold air with the ascending current of warm air produced by the radiator,

Should any shelves or covers be placed on the radiator, they must be such

as not to impede this process.

B. Air inlet combined with floor or ceiling panel heating. The

air inlet is installed under the floor in such a way that the cold air is

diffused within the layer of warm air at or below the floor before reaching

the occupied zone. This result can be obtained by either a series or

strip of openings distributed over a sufficient length, or be a diffuser

of adequate design and shape.

Since these measures may possibly have some effect upon heating

facilities (power of value of the heat emission, danger of freezing or

frost...) it is advisable to take these measures into account when

designing the heating system.

5.3 Noise Control

Those recommendations made in Title 6 of this Technical Report are

reiterated in the following paragraphs along with some additional comment.

34
5.31 Control of Noise Transmission between Apartments

Information on this problem may be found in CSTB "Cahier" No. 590

(issue 79)

The general recommendation on sound insulation given in Title 6 of

this Technical Report (paragraph 2.1) is that standardized sound

attenuation between apartments must be at least equal to 36/kQ/^k

decibels. These values apply to low-pitch, medium-pitch, and high-pitch

frequency bands respectively.

To understand what this recommendation entails for ventilation, we

may reason as follows:

If the type of construction by its very nature permits achieving a

suitable degree of insulation, then the ventilation ducts should not be

the cause of any appreciable attenuation in the quality of the

insulation. If we grant that this attenuation must not exceed one decibel,

and if we consider a building with solid 15 cm thick concrete walls and

floors, we arrive at the practical (working) rule that standard

attenuation corresponding solely to transmission via the ducts must be

at least ^3/55/55 db between different dwellings.

Actually, when ventilation ducts are the cause of insufficient

attenuation, they are so for one of the following reasons: —the sound is transmitted from the opening of an air outlet

or air inlet to another such outlet or inlet by propagation

through the air in the duct

—housing one or more ducts inside a wall separating two

apartments, reduces the mass of the wall and, consequently,

its insulation.

35
1. Transmission by propagation through the air in the duct.

A. In the case of natural ventilation, compliance with the

practical rule given above requires that, with collective ducts, certain

special precautionary measures be taken to absorb sound. For example,

sound-absorbing material can be applied inside the ducts; and the larger

the cross-section area of the ducts, the more such action is required.

B. In the case of mechanical ventilation, the small cross sections

of the openings are generally sufficient to provide the desired insulation

despite the absence of individual "feeders." When this is not the case,

then provision should be made, as an example, for the following: —individual "feeders"; —sound-absorbing material on the inside surfaces of the

ducts

;

—inside surfaces of the ducts; or "mufflers."

It is also important to make sure that the openings do not generate

any whistling or disagreeable vibration when subjected to the velocity of

the air passing through them.

2. Risk of reducing the insulation quality of a wall.

As a general rule, ducts should be built against, and not inside,

those walls that provide sound insulation between apartments. If,

however, the ducts are specially designed for in-wall installations, they

could be so incorporated, but on condition that they provide a degree of

sound insulation between rooms that is consistent with the general rule

mentioned above.

36
5.32 Control of Motor, Fan, and Air- Flow Noises in a Mechanical

Ventilation System .

In this document we shall simply quote the general instructions given

in paragraph k, Title 6 of this Technical Report:

"Noises whose sound level does not exceed 30 db(A) in a "bedroom and

35 db(A) in a living room, are generally acceptable to the occupants.

These levels correspond to 35 db(A) and i+0 db(A) respectively, when the

rooms are hare (not furnished)."

Table 1. Conversion Factors

1 ft = 0.305 m = 30.48 cm

1 m = 39.4 in = 3.28 ft = 1.1 yd

1 cm = 0.39 in = 0.033 ft - 0.011 yd

1 m

2 = 10.8 ft 2 = 1.20 yd

2

1 ft

2 = 0.09 m

2 = 0.11 yd 2

2

l ycT = 0.84

2 m = 9.0 ft 2

1 m = 35.3 ft

3

= 1.31 yd 3

1 yd 3

= 27.0 ft 3

= 0.76 m

3

2 Pa = Pascal , Newton/m

1 Pa = 0.00401474 in water gauge pressure

°C = (F -32)/1.8

37
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38
APPENDIX

DECREE OF 30 APRIL I969

VENTILATION OF DWELLINGS

The Minister of State for Social Affairs, the Minister of Equipment

and Housing, and the Secretary of State for Equipment and Housing;

Considering Executive Order No. 55-139^ » 22 October 1955 prescribing

general rules governing the construction of residential buildings referred

to in Article 92 of the Housing and Urbanism Code, specifically Article 8,

11, and 12 of that Executive Order;

Considering the Decree of 15 October 1962 , prescribing technical and

safety rules applicable to gas or liquefied petroleum appliances

installed inside dwellings or their outbuildings;

Decree

:

Article One. The provisions of this decree are designed to permit

adequate air changes in dwellings so that the levels of contaminants

present, particularly with regard to exhaust gases and moist air, are

compatible with the health and comfort of the occupants , and with the

absence of possible condensation.

Article Two. The ventilation system in dwellings shall be so

designed as to provide continuous ventilation at least during periods

when the temperature requires that windows remain closed. Moreover, the

design will be such that air enters the dwelling via the main rooms

(bedrooms, living rooms) and leaves it mainly via those rooms in which

most of the contaminants and water vapor are produced (kitchens, bathrooms,

39
laundry rooms, drying rooms, toilets), with this air being exhausted

naturally by thermal circulation or "by mechanical means.

For implementation of the above provisions, the dwelling may be

treated as one single space or it may be divided into several parts

separated by doors that are sufficiently airtight.

Inside the dwelling, or if it is divided, inside its separate parts,

outlets with an adequate cross-sectional area shall allow the air to

circulate freely and continuously from those rooms where the outside air

enters the dwelling into the rooms where the air leaves it

As an exception, in those special cases described in Article Eight,

separate ventilation may be provided in each room, and in some rooms it

may be intermittent

Article Three. In designing a ventilation system the distrubing

effects of the wind must be taken into account. The building must be

constructed so as to satisfy the system calculation assumptions,

especially by ensuring that the following are more or less airtight to a

great extent: outside metal and woodwork and sashes, landing doors, and

inside doors.

Article Four. The flues or ducts designed to exhaust the air by

thermal circulation may be individual or collective. The former lead

directly outside from only one room. The collective system serves

several rooms on the same or different floors by means of individual

branch ducts leading from each room into the main exhaust duct. Branch

ducts used to exhaust air from kitchens cannot be connected to branch

ducts leading from other service rooms, except other kitchens.

40
The cross section of collective ducts or flues is such that the

pressure loss in them is negligible and the individual branch ducts are

one-story high.

The location of the outlet on the room and its cap are such that

the reduced pressure created by the wind in the duct advantageously

counterbalances the reduced pressures created on outside walls.

Article Five. A flue or chimney used to remove combustion gases

from gas or liquefied petroleum appliances may also serve as a ventilation

air-outlet duct, providing the exhaust from furnaces utilizing other

fuels cannot be connected to that duct.

Article Six. When the ventilation system involves mechanical

extraction of foul air, all rooms in a same dwelling must be connected to

a same exhaust fan or to a few fans that can only function simultaneously.

For those facilities servicing more than two dwellings, two independent

motors are employed or else the exhaust-fan motor is supplemented by a

backup motor that starts up automatically, or very easily, whenever the

main motor breaks down.

Article Seven. In the case of ventilation by mechanical extraction,

if there are flues or chimneys handling smoke or exhaust gases, they must

be designed so that the reduced pressure created in the dwellings for

ventilation cannot entail a downdraft , particularly when fireboxes are

being ignited.

If this result is obtained with mechanical extraction of smoke,

fumes , or exhaust gases , the system must provide that in the event of a

breakdown, all smoke or fumes are removed by thermal circulation or there

is automatic shutdown of combustion.

41
Article Eight. In separate, duplex, or row single-family dwellings,

and in those dwellings located in the following departments and below an

altitude of 200 meters: Alpes-Maritimes , Aude , Basses-Pyrennes , Bouchesdu-Rhone , Charente-Maritime , Corsica, Gard, Gironde , Herault , Landes,

Loire-Atlantique , Pyrennees-Orientales , Var , Vaucluse, and Vendee, unless

there is a mechanical exhaust system in the dwelling, each room may be

ventilated separately and the mandatory requirement for permanent

ventilation remains applicable only for the kitchen.

In such a situation, permanent ventilation of the kitchen shall be

provided by exhausting the air through a vertical flue or duct; the

corresponding air inlet may be located in the kitchen.

If ventilation of the other rooms is nonmechanical and separate, it

will be provided by a hinged opening to the outside or into a vertical

duct.

Article Nine. Air-inlet and air-outlet equipment must be designed

to facilitate cleaning.

All mechanical systems must be inspected periodically.

Air-inlets must be so designed as not to be a cause of thermal

discomfort for the occupants. This implies that heating and ventilation

design studies be conducted simultaneously. To limit disturbing wind

effects, these air inlets may be adjustable or controllable, but it

should not be possible to close them completely.

New air may be heated, cooled, or conditioned before being

introduced into the dwelling.

Article Ten. The decree of lU November 1958 on ventilation of

dwellings is rescinded.

42
Compliance with the provisions of Articles One to Nine ahove shall

not be mandatory in the case of: —those applications for building permits filed prior to 1 January

1970; and also —those applications for building permits based on plans having

been the subject of a building permit issued prior to 1 January 1970, and

likely to be the subject of private contracts in the meaning of the

public contracts code, or constituting the end of a contract extending

over several years and signed prior to 1 January 1970, for which the rules

in force prior to the issuance of this decree may still be applied, on

condition that in that case the provisions of the decree of 1^ November

1958 on fixed heating facilities and flues, as amended by the decrees of

13 May i960 and 5 June I96I , shall likewise be applied.

Article Eleven. The Director of Land and Urban Development, the

Director of Construction, and the Director-General of Public Health, are

entrusted, each within his area of responsibility, with the execution of

this decree that shall be published in the "Journal Officiel" of the

French Republic

.

Done at Paris, on the thirtieth day of April 19^9-

Minister of Equipment and Housing,

Albin Chalandon.

Minister of State for Social Affairs,

Maurice Schumann.

Secretary of State for Equipment and

Housing

Philippe Dechartre

43
FORM NBS-H4A d-711

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEETS

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBS TN T10-32. Gov t Accession No.3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE BUILDING RESEARCH TRANSLATION New Regulation on Ventilation of Dwellings, Fixed Heating

Facilities, and Flues

5. Publication Date May 1972

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S) A. Chalandon, M. Schumann, P. Dechartre

8. Performing Organization

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address Same as No. 9-13. Type of Report & Period Covered Final

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

C.S.T.B. No. 101, July/August 1969 , Cahier 879

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

Following studies on the ventilation of dwellings, the results of which

have been published in CSTB "Cahiers," the CSTB has proposed certain changes

in the regulations governing the ventilation of dwellings. At the same time,

in the light of recent statistics on secondary emergency and relief heating,

changes in the regulations governing fixed heating installations and flues were proposed. These proposals led to a new revised text of the French

regulations, which we publish below, together with a new chapter on "ventilation"

from the CSTB Technical Report.

17. key words (Alphabetical order, separated by semicolons) Air infiltration and extraction, airt ightness ; discomfort index; duct system, collective and individual branch; flow rates; noise;

pressure-loss-depression; thermal convection; ventilation.

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21. NO. OF PAGES

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