FIRST DIVISION

DOYLE, C. J.,

PHIPPS, P. J, and BOGGS, J.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

November 19, 2015

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A15A0960. KEY SAFETY SYSTEMS, INC. v. BRUNER et al. DO-047

DOYLE, Chief Judge.

This appeal arises out of the death of Penney Louise Bruner after the Jeep

Wrangler automobile in which she was riding in the front passenger seat was

involved in a rollover crash, ejecting her despite her wearing the seatbelt, which was

designed, constructed, and integrated into the Jeep by Key Safety Systems, Inc.

(“Key”).1 William A. Bruner, Individually and as Personal Representative of the

Estate of Ms. Bruner (collectively “the plaintiff”), filed suit against Key and various

other private and governmental entities, alleging claims of failure to warn, failure to

recall/retrofit, strict productsliability, and negligence regarding the seatbelt restraint

1 DaimlerChrysler AG (“Chrysler”), which manufactured the Jeep, was not a

party to the litigation.
system installed in the passenger side of the Jeep. The jury awarded over $4.6 million

to the plaintiff, apportioning 80 percent fault to Key and 20 percent to the driver, Mr.

and Ms. Bruner’s daughter, Amanda. Key filed a motion for new trial, motion for

judgment notwithstanding the verdict, and a revised motion for new trial, which

motions were denied by the trial court. 

Key appeals, arguing that the trial court erred by (1) denying its motions for

directed verdict and for judgment notwithstanding the verdict as to the plaintiff’s

failure to warn claim; (2) admitting expert testimony regarding certain seatbelt

retractor mechanism testing over its objection at the motion in limine and at trial; and

(3) allowing the jury to view the video of that same test over its objection at the

motion in limine and at trial. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

The standard for [a] directed verdict is as follows: [If] there is no

conflict in the evidence as to any material issue, and the evidence

introduced, with all reasonable deductions therefrom, shall demand a

particular verdict, such verdict shall be directed. The appellate review

standard of a trial court’s denial of a directed verdict motion is the any

evidence standard. In considering a ruling on a motion for directed

2
verdict, the evidence must be construed most favorably to the party

opposing the motion.2

Viewed in this light, the record shows that Mr. Bruner owned three vehicles at

the time of the instant events, the 2003 Jeep in question, as well as a 2000

Volkswagon Beetle and a Ford F-150 pickup truck. Mr. Bruner testified that among

his family of two adults and two driver-aged children, all four were allowed to

operate the Jeep, but he was the main driver. His daughter, Amanda, was 17 at the

time of the events but driving on a learner’s permit. 

On September 23, 2007, Amanda and Ms. Bruner were involved in a rollover

accident in the Jeep.

3

 Amanda was driving, while Ms. Bruner rode in the passenger

seat, and although both were wearing their seatbelts, Ms.Bruner was ejected fromthe

vehicle, sustaining severe injuries, including having portions of body tissue around

her lower abdomen and upper legs torn off by the lap portion of the seatbelt. Ms.

Bruner survived for a short time after the accident, telling witnesses that she was

2

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Wilson Foods Corp. v. Turner, 218 Ga.

App. 74 (1) (460 SE2d 532) (1995).

3

 Investigators never determined what caused the Jeep to leave the roadway. 

3
confused about why she was ejected because she had been wearing her seatbelt. Ms.

Bruner eventually succumbed to her injuries. 

Mr. Bruner testified that Ms. Bruner was “fanatical” about proper seatbelt

usage, which made it surprising to him that the police at the scene initially reported

that she was unbelted. He testified that in the event of a rollover, he “expected [the

seatbelts] to keep you in the seat” and if he had known that there was a chance of

ejection, he would not have purchased the vehicle. Mr. Bruner testified that he was

not warned that properly belted occupants could be ejected from the vehicle, but if

a warning had appeared on the belt, he would have read it. Mr. Bruner could not

recall whether he “as part of the accident” read the Jeep’s owner’s manual, nor could

he recall what other vehicles he was considering at the time he bought the Jeep. 

Steven Meyer, a mechanical engineer, testified regarding the seatbelt retractor

mechanism and its behavior during a rollover accident. After speaking generally

about the variety of tests he had performed on various types of restraint systems,

Meyer turned to the restraint system in question and his hypothesis of the accident.

Meyer explained that the latch plate at the top portion of the shoulder belt became

loose at various points during the rollover, which allowed slack to form in the lap

belt, which then allowed Ms. Bruner to be ejected from the vehicle. In arriving at his

4
conclusion that the seatbelt restraint system was defective, he examined the belt in

question and compared it to his existing knowledge gleaned from previous

investigations. 

Meyer described the restraintsystem in question as having a ball and cup crash

sensor, which was designed to sense when the vehicle wasin an accident and lock the

seatbelt retractor from allowing any movement of the belt; he compared the device

in the passenger side to other crash sensors, such as the web sensor or locking latch

plate, which operated differently than the ball and cup. 

During his testimony, Meyer referred to a video of the internal workings of a

seatbelt retractor mechanism like the one installed in the plaintiff’s Jeep. The video

included a closeup of the mechanism showing when it detached from the belt,

allegedly allowing slack to form in the belt, and in the corner of the screen the front

of a Jeep Cherokee rolling to show the angle of the vehicle during the detachment of

the restraint from the belt. Meyer repeatedly explained that this was not designed to

be a simulation of the exact events of the crash in question, but merely a visual

depiction of how the restraint system operates under rollover forces; he explained

how it would vary given different rates or directions of rotation. 

5
At the close of evidence, Key argued that the trial courtshould grant a directed

verdict on the plaintiff’s claim of failure to warn because (1) the plaintiff had failed

to show causation via evidence showing what product he would have purchased

instead of the Jeep had he been warned; (2) the plaintiff had not produced evidence

of an appropriate warning; and (3) the plaintiff had not produced evidence that

Chrysler would have allowed Key to add a warning to the product. 

After the verdict, Key filed its revised motion for new trial, arguing, among

other things, that the trial court erred by allowing the plaintiff’s expert to present the

retractor rotation test and that the trial court improperly allowed the failure to warn

claim to go to the jury because there was insufficient evidence to support the claim.

The trial court denied the motion, and this appeal followed. 

1. Key first argues that the trial court erred by denying its motions for a

directed verdict and for judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the plaintiff’sfailure

to warn claim because there was insufficient evidence to establish a claim.

[If] a duty to warn arises, as it does in this case, this duty may be

breached by (1) failing to adequately communicate the warning to the

ultimate user or (2) failing to provide an adequate warning of the

product’s potential risks. While failure to read instructions or printed

warnings will prevent a plaintiff from recovering on a claim grounded

on failure to provide adequate warning of the product’s potential risk,

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failure to read a warning does not bar recovery when the plaintiff is

challenging the adequacy of the efforts of the manufacturer or seller to

communicate the dangers of the product to the buyer or user. Failure to

communicate an adequate warning involves such questions, as are here

at issue, as to location and presentation of the warning.

4

Moreover, “such suits are grounded on either a strict liability or negligence

theory, [and] proximate cause is a necessary element of the plaintiff’s case.”5

Questions of adequacy of a warning and proximate cause resulting from a complete

lack of warning or an inadequate warning are “peculiarly questions for the jury.”6

Key contends that the trial court should have granted its motions because the

plaintiff failed to present sufficient proof of proximate cause. Key argues that there

wasinsufficient proof that a warning would have avoided injury, i.e., that the plaintiff

would have purchased a different vehicle. In support of this argument, Key cites

evidence it presented at trial that (1) no other vehicle sold at that time had a different

restraint mechanism such as a locking latch plate; and (2) vehicles with web sensors

sold in the United States at that time were not set to be triggered during a rollover

4

 (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Wilson Foods, 218 Ga. App. at 75 (1).

5

 Id.

6

 Id.

7
crash. Key also contends that Mr. Bruner’s testimony that he would have purchased

a different car had an adequate warning been provided is too speculative to support

his claim. 

As an initial matter, the fact that alternative belting mechanisms may or may

not have been produced at that time is beside the point. Mr. Bruner could have

selected any number of different vehicles that would have been less likely to have a

rollover occur than the Jeep had he been appropriately apprised of the risk of ejection

despite proper belting. The defendant cites to no prior precedent requiring a plaintiff

alleging a failure to warn claim to provide evidence of the particular alternate

products he would have chosen had an “adequate” warning been included, and we

decline to adopt such a requirement at this time.

Despite Key’s argument that Mr. Bruner’s testimony is insufficient, such

testimony has been upheld as legally sufficient to create a question of fact.

7

Moreover, in addition to Mr. Bruner’s testimony, the plaintiff also presented

7 See Morris v. Harley Davidson Motor Co., Case No. 3:09-CV-74 *10 (III)

(M. D. Ga., Jul. 07, 2010); Thomas v. Hubtex Mashinenbau GmbH & Co. KG, Case

No. 7:06-CV-81 *31-34 (II) (4) (M. D. Ga., Sept. 23, 2008) (denying motion for

summary judgment as to failure to warn claim because a fact question existed as to

proximate cause based on the employer’s testimony that it communicated product

warnings to employees and that plaintiff was a safe employee).

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testimony of a witness at the scene of the accident who heard Ms. Bruner’s dying

declarations asshe tried to grasp why she had been ejected from the vehicle when she

had been properly belted. Coupled with Mr. Bruner’s testimony that Ms. Bruner was

emphatic aboutseatbelt usage,thistestimony authorized a finding that Ms. Bruner did

not understand that a risk still existed for ejection when an occupant of a vehicle is

properly belted or that an adequate warning by Key would have prevented the harm.

To the extent that Key argues that Chrysler’s warning in its owner’s manual

was adequate and thus, Key had no additional duty to warn, Key failed to raise this

issue at trial. Accordingly, this argument presents nothing for this Court to review on

appeal.

8 And even assuming that this issue was before us, the argument made by Key

is one of adequacy, which would be a fact question for the jury.

9 To the extent that

8 See, e.g., Sherman v. Dev. Auth. of Fulton Co., 320 Ga. App. 689, 695-696

(4) (740 SE2d 663) (2013) (“The law in Georgia is that because the appellate courts

are for correction of errors of law, issues which have not been ruled on by the trial

court may not be raised on appeal.”) (punctuation omitted).

9 See Camden OilCo. v. Jackson, 270 Ga. App. 837, 841-843 (1) (b) (609 SE2d

356) (2004) (failure to adequately communicate a warning is not defeated by a

plaintiff’s failure to read existing warnings); Thornton v. E.I. Du Pont De Nemours

& Co., 22 F.3d 284, 289 (III) (b) (1994) (“The general rule in Georgia is that the

adequacy of the warning is an issue for the jury. Whether adequate efforts were made

to communicate a warning to the ultimate user and whether the warning if

communicated was adequate are uniformly held questions for the jury.”); Beam v.

Omark Indust., Inc., 143 Ga. App. 142, 145 (1) (237 SE2d 607) (1977).

9
Key arguesthat its duty to warn was nullified because Chrysler would have prevented

them from adding a warning, it is without moment. Key’s duty is determined as a

matter of law and not as a matter of Chrysler’s rules.

10

2. In two enumerations of error Key contends that the trial court erred by

admitting Meyer’s testimony about and video of simulations regarding the effect of

certain rotational forces on the seatbelt retractor mechanism over Key’s objection at

the motion in limine and at trial. 

Models, maps, sketches, and diagrams (as distinguished from

duplicates) are by their nature generally not confusable with real

evidence, and are admissible simply on the basis of testimony that they

are substantially accurate representations of what the witness is

endeavoring to describe. Some discretionary control in the trial court is

generally deemed appropriate, however, since exhibits of this kind, due

to inaccuracies, variations of scale, etc., may on occasion be more

misleading than helpful. Nevertheless, when the trial court has exercised

its discretion to admit, it will only rarely be found in error, at least if

potentially misleading inaccuracies have been pointed out by witnesses

for the proponent, or could have been exposed upon

cross-examination.11

10 See Giordano v. Ford Motor Co., 165 Ga. App. 644, 644-645 (1) (299 SE2d

897) (1983).

11

(Punctuation omitted.) J. B. Hunt Transp., Inc. v. Brown, 236 Ga. App. 634,

636 (1) (b) (512 SE2d 34) (1999), quoting McCormick on Evidence, § 213, pp. 12-13.

10
In this instance, the simulation in question was not produced in order to

recreate the exact accident, which Meyer testified was not possible; instead, it was

produced in order to explain certain scientific principals, which Key’s expert agreed

it did. The hypothesized accident variables, such as vehicle roll rate and angle of the

seatbelt retractor at impact, which Key contends the video failed to reproduce, were

thoroughly explained to the jury during Meyer’stestimony and the testimony of Key’s

expert. 

Use of a videotape by an expert to illustrate the expert’stestimony

is generally permissible. Here, [Meyer] created a model to explicate

certain [principles of physics] and taped a demonstration of those

principles in action. The transcript indicates that the video[] was used

for demonstrative purposes only, and contrary to [Key’s] claim, the

record does not reflect its admission in evidence. There was no error.12

Judgment affirmed. Phipps, P. J., and Boggs, J., concur.

12

(Footnote omitted.) Cottrell,Inc. v. Williams, 266 Ga. App. 357, 363-364 (2)

(b) (596 SE2d 789) (2004).

11