J

NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 463

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards

MATERIALS INFORMATION PROGRAMS

An Interagency Review

of Federal Agency Activities

on Technical Information about Materials
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology

and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts

research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology,

the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs.

THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United

States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system

with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry,

and commerce. The Institute consists of the Office of Measurement Services, the Office of Radiation Measurement and the following Center and divisions:

Applied Mathematics — Electricity — Mechanics — Heat — Optical Physics — Center

for Radiation Research: Nuclear Sciences; Applied Radiation — Laboratory Astrophysics - — Cryogenics - — Electromagnetics - — Time and Frequency

THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of well-characterized

materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides

advisory and research services to other Government agencies; and develops, produces, and

distributes standard reference materials. The Institute consists of the Office of Standard

Reference Materials, the Office of Air and Water Measurement, and the following divisions:

Analytical Chemistry — Polymers — Metallurgy — Inorganic Materials — Reactor

Radiation — Physical Chemistry.

THE INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED TECHNOLOGY provides technical services to promote

the use of available technology and to facilitate technological innovation in industry and Government; cooperates with public and private organizations leading to the development of

technological standards (including mandatory safety standards), codes and methods of test; and provides technical advice and services to Government agencies upon request. The Insti- tute consists of the following divisions and Centers: Standards Application and Analysis — Electronic Technology — Center for Consumer

Product Technology: Product Systems Analysis; Product Engineering — Center for Building

Technology: Structures, Materials, and Life Safety; Building Environment; Technical Evaluation and Application — Center for Fire Research: Fire Science; Fire Safety Engineering.

THE INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts research and provides technical services designed to aid Government agencies in improving cost effec- tiveness in the conduct of their programs through the selection, acquisition, and effective utilization of automatic data processing equipment; and serves as the principal focus within

the executive branch for the development of Federal standards for automatic data processing

equipment, techniques, and computer languages. The Institute consists of the following

divisions: Computer Services — Systems and Software — Computer Systems Engineering — Information Technology.

THE OFFICE FOR INFORMATION PROGRAMS promotes optimum dissemination and

accessibility of scientific information generated within NBS and other agencies of the Federal Government; promotes the development of the National Standard Reference Data System and

a system of information analysis centers dealing with the broader aspects of the National Measurement System; provides appropriate services to ensure that the NBS staff has optimum

accessibility to the scientific information of the world. The Office consists of the following

organizational units:

Office of Standard Reference Data — Office of Information Activities — Office of Technical

Publications — Library — Office of International Relations — Office of International Standards.

' Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, Maryland, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, D.C. 20234.

- Located at Boulder, Colorado 80302.
MATERIALS INFORMATION PROGRAMS

An Interagency Review of Federal Agency Activities

on Technical Inforniation about Materials

Proceedings of a Conference

held at the National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, Maryland

April 16 and 17, 1974

Edited by

S. A. Rossmassler

Office of Standard Reference Data

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

Sponsored by

Interagency Council for Materials

Organized by

Working Group on Materials Information and Data

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Elliot L. Richardson, Secretary

Edward O. Vetter, Under Secreiary

Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assisfanf Secreiary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director

Issued January 1977
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Conference on Materials Information Programs,

Gaithersburg, Md., 1974. Materials information programs.

(National Bureau of Standards special publication ; 463)

Supt. of Docs, no.: C 13.10:463

Includes index.

1. Materials-Information services-United States-Congresses. I. Rossmassler, Stephen A. II. United States. Interagency Council for Materials. III. United States. Working Group on Materials Information and Data. IV. Title. V. Series: United States. National Bureau of

Standards. Special publication ; 463. QC100.U57 vol. 463 [TA403.6] 602Ms [353.008'242] 76-51310

National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 463

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 463, 271 pages (Jan. 1977) CODEN: XNBSAV

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON; 1977

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

(Order by SD Catalog No. CI3. 10:463). Stock No. 003-003-01701-9 Price $3.35

(Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing).
FOREWORD

The Conference on Materials Information Programs was held on April 16 and 17, 1974, at the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg,

Maryland. It was planned, with sponsorship by the Interagency Council

for Materials (ICM), as an interagency review of Federal agency activities

on technical information about materials. The program was organized by

the ICM Working Group on Materials Information and Data. Members of the

Working Group are identified on the following page. The intent of the review

was to develop a common awareness, among operators, and sponsors of information activities, of opportunities to help each other solve problems and

to improve their services to users.

The papers in these Proceedings are presented, for the most part, as submitted by the authors in the form of camera-ready copy. New work

assignments for some of the authors interfered with the submission of their

texts, and caused unfortunate delays in the present publication. On behalf

of the ICM Working Group, the Editor apologizes for this situation. Some

agency reorganizations which occurred after the Conference have led to

archaisms in the text, not readily correctable. Readers should have no difficulty in substituting ERDA for AEC, and in making similar adjustments

as needed.

Appreciation is extended to the NBS Office of Information Activities,

especially Mrs. Sara Torrence and Miss Jo Ann Lorden, for the meeting

arrangements. Mrs. Helen Johnson, of the NBS Office of Standard Reference

Data, prepared the pre- conference material and handled financial matters.

Mrs. Mary Schlager of the same Office prepared the final text of the

Proceedings.

S. A. Rossmassler

Editor

Office of Standard Reference Data

National Bureau of Standards

iii
ICM Working Group on Materials Information Data

DoD Alternates

Dr. John J. Burke, Acting Chief Mr. George A. Darcy, J Planning Directorate

Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center Mr. Samuel Valencia

Watertown, MA 02172

NASA

Mr. George Drobka

Code KSI

NASA Headquarters

Washington, DC 20546

NSF

Dr. Lawrence Eicher Mr. James H. Joy

Office of Science Information Service

National Science Foundation

Washington, DC 20550

Library of Congress

Mr. Harold Bui lis

Science Policy Research Division

WM203, Library of Congress

10 First Street, S.E.

Washington, DC 20540

USDA

Miss Mary B. O'Hara

Technical Information Specialist

Forestry Service, Department of Agriculture

Room 605, 1621 N. Kent Street

Arlington, VA 22209

Interior

Mr. A. S. Prokopovitsh

Staff Metallurgist

Bureau of Mines, Department of Interior

Washington, DC 20240

Commerce

Dr. S. A. Rossmassler

Office of Standard Reference Data

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

iv
Table of Contents

Foreword

I. Introductory Session

1. Welcome. Emanwzt Horowitz

2. Keynote Address: The National Significance of Materials

Information. Franklin v. Huddle

II. U. S. Department of Agriculture Session

1. Materials Information in the Forest Service

John I. Zevbe

2. The Current Research Information System (CRIS) as a Source

for Materials Information in the Agricultural and Allied

Sciences

Fhilip L. Dopkowski

3. How the Extension Service-Land Grant University-ARS-USDA

Information Exchange Functions

Ovid Bay

III. Atomic Energy Commission Session

1. Materials Information in the Radiation Shielding Information

Center

B. F. MaskewitZj D. K. Trvbey^ R. W. Roussin

2. Rare-Earth Information Center (RIC)

K. A, Gsahneidner, Jr. and B. L. Evans

3. The Research Materials Information Center

T. F, Connolly and J. ¥. Cleland

4. Materials Information Services of the Environmental

Information System Office and the Toxic Materials

Information Center

Emily D, Copenhaver and G. V. Ulrikson

5. Government- Industry Data Exchange Program

Francis M. Nelson

V
IV. Department of Defense Session

1. The DoD Program for Technical Information about Materials

Joseph L. Blue

2. Metals and Ceramics Information Center

James F. Lynoh and H. Dana Moron

3. Plastics Technical Evaluation Center (PLASTEC)

Harry E. Pebty

4. Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information

Analysis Center [TEPIAC]

y. S. Touloukian

5. Machinability Data Center - Data Publications and Services

John F, Kahles

6. Nondestructive Testing Information Analysis Center

George Daroy

7. Concrete Technology Information Analysis Center (CTIAC)

Bryant Mather

8. The Mechanical Properties Data Center Products, Services

and Informational Content

R. C. Braden

V. Department of Interior Session

1. Water Resources Scientific Information Center (WRSIC)

Wanda Z. Ignatieff

2. Materials Activity in the Office of Saline Water

Francis H. Coley

3. Bureau of Mines Information-Publication Program

Robert P. W-illing

VI. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Session

1. Materials Information in the NASA Scientific and Technical

Information System

F, George Drobka

vi
VII. Department of Commerce Session

1. The National Standard Reference Data System as a Materials Information Resource

David R. Lide^ Jv.

2. The Flammable Fabric Accident Case and Testing System

(FFACTS)

Allan K. Viokers

3. National Technical Information Service--Its Products and

Servi ces George K. Kudravetz

4. Standard Reference Materials -- The Data and The Material

Richard W. Seward and H. Thomas Yolken

5. NBS Standards Information Services - Description of Data,

Information System and Services

William J. Slattery

VIII. Library of Congress Session

1. The Library of Congress MARC System

Lucia J. Rather

2. The National Referral Center

John F. Price

IX. Summary Session

1. Increased Demand for Information and Data in the

Materials Cycle

Emanuel Horowitz

APPENDIXES

1. Index

2. List of Participants

vii
!

1

I

i

i
I. Introductory Session

Chairman: S. A. Rossmassler

National Bureau of Standards

1.0

Welcome Address to Attendees of Materials Information Programs

Symposium, April 16, 1974

E, Horowitz

I want to welcome you to the National Bureau of Standards on behalf

of Dr. Richard W. Roberts, the Director of NBS and Dr. John D. Hoffman,

the Director of the Institute for Materials Research. On my own behalf,

as Chairman of the Interagency Council for Materials, and as Deputy

Director of the Institute for Materials Research, I am very pleased to

open this Conference on Materials Information Programs in the Federal

Government.

In announcing this conference, Dr. Rossmassler stated that materials

information and data have assumed a position of greater importance than ever before in the total materials cycle because of the increasing demand

for more materials, more reliable materials, better performing materials,

and safer materials -- at a time of current materials shortages and when

forecasters are predicting the age of the materials- limited society.

The program has been arranged to provide a review of Federal agency

activities on materials information and data and is a major undertaking

of the Interagency Council for Materials Working Group on Materials

Information and Data. This conference is in accord with the original

charter of I CM which states that it "will provide forums for the discussion

of materials-related issues and promote cooperation and coordination among

Federal agencies with materials programs." ICM, which was established in

1971 by Dr. Edward David when he was Science Advisor to the President,

traces its origin to the Coordinating Committee for Materials Research and

Development which was set up in 1959 under the Federal Council for Science

and Technology. If we go back to the minutes of the meetings of CCMRD, we find that materials information and data figure prominently in the discussions and deliberations of the committee members. This interest was continued by the Interagency Council for Materials and led to establishment

of the Working Group on Materials Information and Data less than a year ago.

1.1.1
This review will serve a number of important objectives. We will

all come away better informed of the programs on materials information

in other agencies. We will see more clearly those areas where, by working

together, we can accomplish more than by going it alone, and perhaps where

greater utilization can be made of existing facilities and resources. The

proceedings of this conference can serve as an important source document

on materials information activities in the Federal Government and should be

useful to the materials managers and directors as well as policy-makers.

I commend all those on the Working Group for Materials Information and Data

for planning and arranging this conference. It is a fine example of

government departments and agencies working together to solve materials

problems. My special thanks also to the speakers and conferees for taking

the time to participate in this very useful and unique meeting.

1.1.2
The National Significance of Materials Information

Franklin P. Huddle

Congressional Research Service

Library of Congress

Washington, D.C.

The management of scientific and technical

information, an endless frontier, has its roots in

the emergence of Homo sapiens, and in the

achievement of symbolic communication. Computers

have enlarged the human capacity for management of

information. Materials management—^which means

the management of information about materials—is

bound up with energy needs, environmental quality

and our national economic health. National

programs for materials information expanded

greatly during the 1950' s, and many current

information programs have resulted from those

early efforts. Present interest is focusing on national materials policy, programs for technology

assessment, and a better definition of today's

materials information needs.

Materials information, management, policy,

national programs, technology assessment, energy,

environmental quality.

1,2,1
I have four topics to discuss. First, the opportunities that

lie before us into the next century in the proper management of

scientific and technical information. Second, the social importance

of materials science and engineering. Tlaird, some historical

recapitulation about materials information management since 1950. And

fourth, an account of some recent developments to strengthen our national posture in the important subject this symposium was convened

to address.

I, The information function seems to me the next great

frontier. Possibly, it is so vast and intractable that it will remain

forever a frontier. As Vanever Bush called it: "the endless

frontier." Whether finite or infinite—and I am inclined to share the

latter view—the information function is perhaps the greatest

challenge yet to confront mankind.

How can we rationalize, bring order and rationality to, man's

knowledge of his universe? That is the cosmic question. The nation

that best answers tliis question will exercise world leadership in the

21st century. The way this leadership irLll be attained is by a stepby-step process.

Step One will be a development of sound information theory in

which the relations of every fact to every other fact are accurately

recorded and made accessible.

Step Two will be the development of means for the identification

of users of facts, on a preferential basis, so that those persons and

institutions best able to use particular facts and clusters of facts are quickly assured their possession.

Step Three will be the devising of institutions to apply the

capabilities developed under Steps One and Two.

Step Four, less obvious but of great importance in maintaining a continuity of excellence in information management, will be the

establishment of an institution to detect flaws and erosion or decay

in the national system of information management and to correct or arrest them.

Step Five, also of great importance and difficulty, will be the

elimination from the system of outworn, obsolete, and superseded facts

and clusters of facts; the replacement of unsound structures of

information with better structures.

I state this concept of a national objective vn.th the thought

that it can provide a framework within which the myriad of elements of

information mana^^eraent can be coherently organized toward a unified

national purpose.

1.2.2
The history of information management began with the emergence

of Homo sapiens as the dominant species on our planet. Communication

and concerted action and transmission of tribal behavior are not

unique to man: they are evident in schools of fish, the flight of

birds, the protective behavior of herds of herbivores. But man's

achievement of symbolic communication enabled him to achieve a subtlety and detail of communication unattainable by the other

animals. Written symbols could convey intelligence to persons remote

in space or time. They could store information beyond the human

capacity to retain. They could be subjected to verification or correction from one person to another. Bodies of written information

could be enlarged by succeeding generations. By means of the

priceless tool of the printed symbol man progressed.

Then, starting about 1950, man invented the electronic brain.

Since then it has become increasingly apparent that the human capacity

for the management—the collection, storage, retrieval, manipulation,

and dissemination—of information has no necessary limits in quantity

or scope. The technology is available for total information management. All that remains to be done is for man to apply this technology

systematically and rationally, by assembling the hardware and

software, devising the taxonomies of knowledge, and organizing the

human institutions to manage and use the product.

To be sure, there still remain a few gaps. Our computers need

to be able to scan and record pictorial patterns and recognize them

when they see them again. Our data banks need further compression.

We need to teach them learning processes so that they can discard what

is incorrect or superfluous. A better marriage of microfilm to the

computer is needed.

But most of all, the human mind and the computer both need to

learn how to work in closer harmony.

One of the great unanswered questions is whether there are functions that man's brain can perform that are inherently impossible

to the computer. So far there is no record of a computer printout

that said "Dammit—I goofed!" Nor has a computer responded to a question with its own question: "Why do you want to know that?" Nor

is there any record of a computer bursting out enthusiastically with

"isn't that a great problem?" "What a beautiful solution!" or: "This

doesn't make sense to me either." Or—even more to the point—'"I don't like the direction we're taking." The computer brain cannot

tolerate radioactivity or heat, but we have yet to hear one say

"ouch!"

Some of these responses would be easy to program. Others would

not. But as we and the computer progress together, I am sure we will

teach each other how to cooperate more closely, to share the work, and

possibly to share even the frustrations of defeat and blind alleys.

1.2,3
Meanwhile, what shall we do about the management of information?

As we search for ways of improving our systems of intelligence in

1974, how can we at the same time move positively toward goals a century in the future?

II, The subject of this conference is Materials Information

Systems. I have already made the case, I hope, that information

management is central to human development. No less is it important

that man learn to improve his management of materials.

No matter x-zhere we look, we find that materials provide the

opportunities and the obstacles to human progress. In the field of

energy, for example, every alternative to fossil fuels as the source

of heat, light, and motive power calls for innovative materials technology. Every proposed technology to improve our efficiency in the use of fossil fuels is materials-limited.

The national quest for environmental quality is another case in

point. Pollution itself is nothing more nor less than materials

mismanaged. Threats to human health from toxic materials in commerce

are evidence of our want of knowledge about the materials in everyday

use.

The economic challenges of Japan and Germany come not from any

inherent skill or resources, but from a better management of knowledge

of the production, fabrication, and design of everyday implements and

devices—using materials more skillfully than we. Compelled by their

own deficiencies, they have planned ahead, designed more attentively

to human needs, learned to recyle materials more completely, and

developed nmre effective techniques of basic materials processing from

lower grade ores. All these achievements were based ultimately on technical information, much of which came from the United States.

Thus, we have relinquished our superiority in the use of industrial

materials and at the same time have allowed ourselves to be surpassed

in the management of materials information, IJliile insisting that we should be second to no nation in our military strength, we have

permitted a deterioration in the industrial skills needed to earn the

taxes to support this military strength as well as to provide the

technology to sustain it.

In the short terra, we have passed, this winter, through the

traumatic experience of an insufficiency of petroleum. The certainty

that we will be unable to afford previous profligate consumption of

imported petroleum has not yet struck home. Nor have we yet grasped

the equal truth that material abundance is a tiling of the past. The

buyers' market for tin, nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, and

bauxite is inexorably turning into a sellers' market. We must pay for

what we need, and X'je v/ill be in competition with many other developed

nations in what we buy. VTliat we have to sell must be better and

cheaper, if we are to compete for sales in order to have the

wherewithal to compete for materials.

1.2.4
In this future competition, our management of materials will be

the decisive element. And to manage materials effectively requires

our best use of materials information.

III. Back in the late 1950' s, and up to 1963, the institutions

for the management of technical information in materials were mainly

funded by the Department of Defense. That agency sponsored the

Defense Documentation Center, the Titanium Metallurgical Laboratory

precursor to the Defense Metals and Ceramics Information Center, the

Electronic Materials Information Center, the Plastics Technical

Evaluation Center, and the Thermophysical Properties Research Center.

During my stint in ODDR&E, I developed a "grand design" for an interlocked set of four materials centers, on metals, polymers,

ceramics, and composites. I had in mind an experiment under which one

of these would be managed by a not-for-profit, one by a military field

establishment, one by a university, and one by a private industrial

corporation. This experiment would serve the double purpose of

advancing our management of materials information while at the same

time it would reveal the strengths and weaknesses of four different

kinds of management. I left the Department of Defense v/ith my grand

design only half completed. We had set up the metals center at

Battelle and Plastec at Picatinny Arsenal; we had obtained funding

support for a ceramics center which the Air Force agreed to manage;

but the composite materials center never really got underway, and the

ceramics center was coupled in with DMIC at Battelle.

You might be interested in some of the background that led to

this burst of activity in materials information management in the late

1950's.

One element was a report of a program in the Soviet Union that

was about to centralize the management of all technical information.

This was the "All-Union Institute of Scientific and Technical

Information." A PSAC panel at the time, headed by Bill Baker of Bell

Labs, recommended against any such center in this country, but urged a great increase of attention to the information function on a decentralized basis, with the support of the National Science

Foundation.

1.2.5
Another element was the enormous expansion, at the time, of DOD

support for materials research and development. It had become evident

to the R&D leadership in the Department that every advanced weapon

system in development or in concept was constrained in achievement of

required levels of performance because of the limitations of

materials. The limitations included jet engine hot spots, leading

edges of supersonic aircraft, ablating surfaces of reentry vehicles,

jetovators and rocket nozzles, the joining of titanium, and many other

strategic and tactical requirements. As we tripled or quadrupled our expenditures for materials R&D, we were particularly concerned that

R&D results should become promptly available to users. We were

distressed, for example, to learn that after all our efforts to

support a refractory metal sheet rolling program, the designers of the

B-70 were content to use tool steel in sheet form for leading edges.

It was evident that a closer coupling of high performance materials

and engineering design was needed.

As the funding of materials R&D began to fall off somewhat, in

the later 1960's, it seemed evident to me that an even larger effort

was needed in the management of materials information. As the R&D

product becomes more scarce, efficiency of its use grows in importance. But in practice, we reduced our effort in information management, consolidated our institutions, and began to apply the principle

of making them self supporting through user charges.

Our original concept had been that information management was most important to exploit rapidly advancing technologies. The

information needed analysis and evaluation by experts, so that

information centers should also be operating research laboratories.

We wanted to collect not only research findings but also the practical

experience of materials engineers in industry, so we insisted that our information center personnel should go on the road from time to time,

to pry data out of the engineers' little black books. We

distinguished between useful information and published literature; we were concerned with the former rather than the latter. We believed,

in short, that a knowledgeable scientist or technologist could read a report and pick out what v/as new and important in it; rather than

building files of documents, we wanted to build files of up-to-theminute infoirmation. Moreover, these files could be used to prepare

valuable state-of-the-art reports in rapidly advancing fields. Our

main concern, in short, was not with the building of large information

repositories but with expediting the flow of useful new information

into use.

IV, My fourth topic concerns V7here we stand today. When the

Office of Technology Assessment began gearing up its program of

studies, one of the four or five major areas it decided to concentrate

on—with the approval of the Technology Assessment Board—was

materials. In the process of formulating its program in materials the

first topic to be taken up by OTA was materials information

management.

1.2.6
Emilio Q. Daddario, Director of OTA, wrote president M. Eugene

Merchant of the Federation of Materials Societies, asking the

Federation to "undertake a survey of existing institutions providing

the kinds of U.S. materials information services, with an appraisal of

the services provided with respect to scope, quality, accessibility,

completeness, and adequacy, relative to national need."

Mr. Daddario considered it "significant" that the Henniker

Conferences on national materials policy in 1970 and 1972 "...

stressed the need for a national materials inventory ... and called

for legislation to support such a program ...." Then his letter

continued:

"The need for a strong national program to generate, manage, and

make accessible materials information and data appears to be well

documented. The question from the point of view of the Office of

Technology Assessment is whether this issue merits priority attention

among the various claimants for OTA consideration. How urgent is it

that action be taken to strengthen all or some particular aspects of

materials information, management in the United States, and what

priority attention should be assigned to the various categories of

such information? Among the categories we have in mind are the

following:

"New science and technology in materials discovery

Patterns of technology of materials use

New science and technology of materials in application

Physical occurrence of minerals

Quantities and location of waste materials

Technology of waste recycling

Latent technology of substitution

Foreign data on materials supply and demand

Characterization of materials properties

Interactions of materials and energy

1.2.7
Interactions of materials and environment

Interactions of materials and the national economy

"A sense of urgency is communicated to this broad problem,

first, by the current energy shortage and the important relationship

to it of the availability of energy materials in the ground and

materials aspects of new energy technologies; second, by the ongoing concern for the environment with its implications for disposal versus recycling of waste materials; and third, by the emergence of present

and prospective shortages of numerous mineral and petrochemical

materials with all the industrial and economic consequences that such

shortages imply."

In response to the OTA invitation, the Board of Trustees of FlIS agreed to undertake this task and delegated it to Dr. Jack Westbrook

of the General Electric Company, and Chairman of the FMS Committee on Materials Information. Dr. Westbrook, Dr. John Wachtman, and Gene

Merchant subsequently met with Director Daddario and his staff to

develop the format for the study. The plan adopted v/as for the

preparation of a questionnaire to be sent out to some 7500 materials

scientists and teclinologists dealing with every aspect of materials

information. The responses to the questionnaire would be machine

coded and tabulated, in order to develop statistical information about

the subject. In addition, they would be analyzed by Dr. Westbrook'

s

Committee for qualitative information. From these two operations, a report would be prepared.

It was agreed that a report wotild be completed, at least in

draft, in time for presentation on the opening day of the third

Henniker symposium on national materials policy, to be held at New

England College, August 11-16, 1974.

At this conference it is also planned that two parallel task

forces will conduct workshops on national materials information

policy. The terms of reference of their task are set forth as follows:

TASK ONE

THE MANAGEMENT OF MATERIALS INFORIIATION

What can be done to improve the availability of pertinent,

timely, reliable, and adequate information in all aspects of the

materials life cycle to those who need this information in the conduct

of materials programs, projects, application, and policy formulation?

1.2.8
Rationale

Decisions on the management of materials depend on the collection and analyses of many kinds of information. Global management of

materials implies many kinds of information from many countries. Many

systems of materials information have been established, such as the

Canadian resources inventory, the ACS and ASM abstracts, journals,

technical evaluation centers, translations, critical tables, standards

and specifications, materials characterization, alloy tables, process

data, state-of-the-art reports, corrosion and deterioration data, and

reports of materials research completed and in progress. The volume

of all these data is increasing at an exponential rate. Access to

needed information is becoming more difficult, even while the

literature becomes more abundant and duplicative.

Questions

1. What technical information should be available to users?

2. Is it possible to approach on a systematic basis the problem

of consolidating and codifying materials data and information?

3, How can this body of knowledge be structured for storage,

analysis, and access for retrieval to be more efficiently responsive

to established consumer needs?

4, What methods of information management could ensure the

international compatibility, and exchange of materials information?

Ivhat first steps would be most cost/effective toward a global system for materials information management?

6. \niat would be a reasonable and feasible set of long range

goals for materials information management?

7. Where should the initiative be located for a positive

program in this field?

I hope that the findings of your ICM Conference here at the

National Bureau of Standards will be made available to the "Henniker

III" conference. I earnestly solicit your help in obtaining the

fullest possible responses to the FMS inquiry for the OTA. And, of

course, I hope that some of those here today will be able to attend

the Henniker Conference to carry further the evolution of a sound and

strong national policy for materials information management.

1.2.9
Conclus ion

There is much to be done, not only in the short range to restore

the industrial and technological superiority of the United States, but

to build toward the preservation of this superiority in the next

century.

Among the questions I hope this symposium will come to grips

with are these:

Who should pay the costs of information management?

How can the social and economic value of information services be

demonstrated?

How can the computer be sensibly incorporated in our information

systems?

How can the information content of individual papers or deposited units be increased?

How can the information storage bank be purged of obsoletes?

and.

How can the volume of papers be reduced without reducing

information content?

For the longer range future, I hope that we can revive in the

National Science Foundation the program started back in the 1950' s by

Bert Adkinson to build a sophisticated understanding of the theory of

scientific information management. We need a better rationale for

what we are trying to do,

I hope, also, that we can learn to solve the problems I identified at the outset of my paper: to learn how the users of facts can

be better coupled with the purveyors of facts. Not least of our problems is the circumstance that our technical schools and universities too often take for granted that information flow is a natural

function that needs no attention. I submit that users of information

need to be trained quite as much as do those who collect and

disseminate it.

A national system of information management may or may not be

appropriate for this individualistic nation. But surely there is

unity to all scientific knowledge about our universe. There is a unity in our knowledge about materials. We must build a unity also

into the institutions that manage that knowledge.

1.2.10
Our skills in the laboratory, in the design of new technologies,

and in our industrial processes lag behind v^hat we ought to be capable

of, because we have not designed the institutions and systems to bring

needed information to the user.

There will always be room for improvement in any human endeavor.

But I can think of no one field where improvement in our performance

can have as consequential results for the public benefit as in the

management and efficient use of materials information.

1.2.11

U. S. Department of Agriculture Session

Chairman: Mary B. O'Hara

Forest Service

II.

Review of Agriculture Information Program

Materials Information in the Forest Service

John I . Zerbe*

Forest Service

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Washington, D.C.

Development and dissemination of wood and other forest products

materials has been a major function of the Forest Service from its

beginning in 1876, almost a century ago. An early report by

Dr. Franklin B. Hough discussed wood use in railroad ties, fuel,

paper-making, and charcoal, together with naval stores and tannins

obtained from wood.

This first report preceded a long line of piiblications which

cover all aspects of forest products materials production, processing, and usage, as well as physical and chemical characteristics.

Technology transfer is also accomplished through forest products

specialists in the State and Private Forestry Arm of the Forest

Service and by participation of research scientists in public

information forums and, in some cases, consultations with individuals and small groups.

An example of a comprehensive coverage of wood as a material

is Agriculture Handbook No. 72, the "Wood Handbook." This has been

a good seller at the Government Printing Office, and the most recent

1955 edition has been sold out for several years. Many requests

are on hand for a new edition which will be out during the next year.

Another extensive treatment of wood as a material is the two-volume

work, "Utilization of the Southern Pines," by Dr. Peter Koch of the

Southern Forest Experiment Station, Agriculture Handbook No. 420.

An example of the State and Private Forestry work in disseminating information on forest products is a program for showing

sawmill operators possibilities for using research results to gain

greater efficiency in their conversion of logs to lumber. In this

effort, called the Sawmill Improvement Program, about 200 sawmills

have been studied to demonstrate how production output from a given

quantity of raw material may be higher through the use of better

machinery, such as scanners and computers, and better quality control,

leading to more accurate sizing of logs and reduction of waste in

sawing and planing the finished product. Programs such as this can

* Director, Division of Forest Products and Engineering Research

Keywords: AIDS; bark; forest products; glues and gluing; information

service; lumber; mechanical properties; paper; pulp; timber; wood;

wood products

II. 1.1
be pilot projects of what might be done. It is possible, for

example, that the application of new technology could significantly

raise the number of board feet produced from one log.

An example of a research service function to disseminate

infomjaation is the fulfillment of many requests for identification

of wood specimens as to botanical species. It is not too difficult for the layman to separate oaks from walnut or cherry; but,

identification of an obscure tropical species often requires a scientist with specialized knowledge and wide experience.

Person-to-person contact and consultation programs are effective

in transferring technology on a limited scale, but affordable broad

scale coverage is, of course, dependent on publication. Cataloging

and classifying piiblications so they are more readily identifiable

and accessible to the potential user is a field in which we have

limited experience, but one in which we are making good progress

through the work of Mary O'Hara and specialists working with her.

To simplify the selection of publications, we have various lists

such as "List of Available Publications of the United States Department of Agriculture," "List of Forest Service Publications by Subject,"

"List of Publications of Interest to Architects, Builders, Engineers,

and Retail Lumbermen," "List of Publications on Wood Chemistry,"

"List of Publications on Wood Preservation," "List of Publications

on Fire Performance," and "List of Publications Relating to Wood

Finishing Subjects." We can provide these lists to people who are interested in these publications.

Another aid in simplifying searches for forest products materials

publications by title and keywords in titles is a so-called "KWIC"

index. This keyword in content index contains keywords from titles

arranged alphabetically in printed columns. In addition to the keyword, each printed line contains the remainder of the title up to a total of 60 characters and spaces.

Retrieval of publications by authors is facilitated by an author

card file index.

Our next step is to abstract Forest Service research publications

and provide for an automated retrieval system of titles and abstracts.

We are working with the Atomic Energy Commission to incorporate our information into their operating system. International dissemination

will probably be handled through AGRIS , which is a new effort being

sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Another Forest Service scientist is cooperating with the Forest

Products Research Society in expanding an existing information system.

II. K2
Called AIDS, for Abstract Information Digest Service, it covers piablished information on wood as a material and solid wood products

throughout the world, with emphasis on North America. A part of the

system is a detailed abstract of items pi±)lished in English. Abstracts are from journals and university and government publications,

books, and U.S. and Canadian patents. Foreign language publications

are usually included in the system by title only.

Retrieval of AIDS titles and abstracts is through computer

access or microfiche indexes. Abstracts disclosed by a search are available for purchase.

The AIDS infoannation system covers subject matter in the

following 23 areas

1. Hardwood and Softwood Lxamber

2. Treated Wood Products

3. Construction and Decorative Plywood and Veneers

4. Hardboard, Insulation Board, Particleboard, and

Molded Products

5. Pulp and Paper

5. Furniture, Dimension Stock, Turned Stock, Millwork,

Cabinets, and Fixtures

7. Wood Engineering, Mechanical Properties, Laminated

Construction, Engineered Structures, and Mechanical

Fastening

8. Residential and Commercial Construction

9. Pallets and Containers

10. Tropical Woods

11. Bark and Residues

12. Production Management and Quality Control

13. Economics, Financial, and Research Management

14 . Marketing

15. Timber Production

16. Drying and Storage

17. Glues and Gluing

18. Milling and Machining

19. Finishing and Overlaying

20. Pollution Abatement and Control

21. Biology

22. Chemistry

23. Physics

We believe that extension of computerized information retrieval

systems will be effective in providing needed forest products information to the industrial user as well as the researcher. In addition,

we regularly develop publications of broad general interest. An

example of such a publication is a Current Information Report on the

Outlook for Meeting Future Timber Demands. This consumer-oriented

II. 1.3
piablication is a very brief abstract of a much larger publication

which is developed periodically. With abstracts such as this we fe

that we are getting our story across , but we look forward to doing

better job in the near future.

II. 1.4
The Current Research Information System (CRIS) as a Source for

Materials Information in the Agricultural and Allied Sciences

Philip L. Dopkowski

Current Research Information System

U.S. Department of Agriculture

VJashington, D.C.

The Current Research Information System (CRIS) is

described as an available source for project summary

information on current research on agricultural and

related materials. An overview of the system is provided and a characterization is given for features relating to system inputs, the nature and size of the data

base, information sources, the user population, and types

of output generated. Summaries of the results of selected

searches provide indications as to level of effort for

research on properties of food and non-food products, in'

terms of scientist man years and number of projects, by

field of science and agricultural commodity. The form

and content of the CRIS Standard Technical Printout are illustrated, and user instructions for requesting CRIS

searches are detailed.

Agricultural materials, agricultural research, biological

properties, chemical properties, engineering properties,

food products, information retrieval systems, management

information systems, materials, non-food products,

physical properties, research information

II. 2.1
The Current Research Information System (CRIS) as a Source for

Materials Information in the Agricultural and Allied Sciences

Philip L. Dopkowski*

Current Research Information System

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Washington, D.C.

Overview . The Current Research Information System (CRIS),

established by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1966, is

designed to serve basically two purposes: to improve communications

among scientists with regard to research presently underway; and to

provide more effective management information on the total research

programs of the State agricultural experiment stations and the U.S.

Department of Agriculture (1)^. Specifically, CRIS is a computerbased retrieval system that provides technical and management

information about on-going and recently completed research con- ducted by the six USDA research agencies, the State agricultural

experiment stations at 53 locations, and 30 forestry schools and

other cooperating institutions, including the colleges of 1890 and

Tuskegee University. The system services mainly research scientists and research administrators at these institutions, as well

as other Federal agencies and certain other governmental agencies

and organizations. Systems outputs include both narrative sum- maries or abstracts of individual research projects, and financial

and manpower information that indicates level of research effort

by program, location, problem area, or by type of administrative

division or subject category.

Input . Input consists of both technical and management information for each research project at the work-unit level. Technical

input includes, for example, title, objective, plan of worV:

,

investigators' names, performing institution, department, and location. Also included as input are classification data describing

the subject matter of the research by percentage of effort

* Technical Information Specialist

1 Figures in parenthesis indicate the literature references at the

end of this paper

II. 2.

2
according to plant or animal commodity, resource, and field of

science, and by activities and problem areas that are keyed to

the Department's long-range programs in agricultural research.

Other special categories, such as pollution, health, or povertyrelated, are coded and weighted by means of percentages if applicable. Progress made during the course of the most recent annual

or semi-annual reporting period, and citations to publications

generated during the same period are also included as input.

Management information entered for each project includes the

amount of money allocated from each source of funds and manpower

allocations by type of manpower--scientist , professional support,

technical and clerical support. The start to termination date of

each project normally runs from three to five years, so that three

to five financial and progress updates are processed for each

project during the life of a work-unit.

Output , Products are varied, ranging from standardized formats carrying narrative project write-ups, to customized summaries of funds and manpower, totaled and sorted by subject, organizational division, or otherwise as specified by the user. Most

outputs are provided on demand and are based on a master file of

active and recently completed projects. However, a number of

recurring reports are generated annually, including the "Inventory

of Agricultural Research," which is issued yearly as a publication

by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (2). Retrospective searches

of previously terminated projects, including progress and publications from prior years, are also made available on special request

Nature and Size of the CRTS File . CRIS maintains an average

of approximately 26,000 active and recently completed projects on

the master file annually, with purging performed at completion of

yearly financial and progress updates. Subject coverage includes:

soils, land, water and related natural resources; all plant and

animal commodities, including those raised for food, feed, and

fiber; fish and wildlife; trees and forest products; and human and

man-made resources, communities, and institutions. Fields of sci- ence represented include all the biological and agricultural sciences, the physical sciences, economics, sociology, psychology and

related. While activities and problem areas are oriented toward

applied and developmental aspects, a significant portion of the

total effort is on basic research. Retrievals are based on Boolean logic, using both keyword and classification searches,

alone or in combination. Added capability permits the use of

percentages or weights in conjunction with classification searches

At the present time, over 500 broad subject classification codes, some 14,000 individual keywords and over 100 data elements are available for use as search parameters.

II. 2.
CRTS as a Source for Materials Information . Broadly viewed,

agricultural materials occur in the form of raw commodities, processed products, or natural or man-made resources. These include:

crop and animal commodities in their natural state; processed farm

and forest products in marketable or consumable form; soils, land

and water; supplies and equipment; agricultural pollutants; crop

and animal wastes; and the entire range of agricultural chemicals

such as fertilizers, pesticides, and growth substances. Virtually

every phase of the agricultural production, distribution and mar- keting cycle involves some aspect of materials performance and

properties

.

The value of information about characteristics and properties

of agricultural materials is addressed by Mohsenin (3) in his book on this subject:

Modern agriculture has brought about the handling and

processing of plant and animal materials by various means such as mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical

and even sonic techniques and devices. Despite these ever increasing applications, little is known about

the basic physical characteristics, and properties of

these materials. Specific heat and other thermal characteristics, electrical conductivity and dielectric

constants, light transmittance characteristics, and

such mechanical properties as stress-strain behavior,

resistance to compression, impact and shear, and co- efficient of friction are a few examples of these

unknown properties. A knowledge of these properties

should constitute important and essential engineering data in design of machines, structures, processes

and controls; in analyzing and determining the efficiency of a machine or an operation; in developing

new consumer products of plant or animal origins; and

in evaluating and retaining the quality of the final

product. Such basic information should be of value

not only to engineers but also to food scientists and

processors, plant and animal breeders, and other scientists who may exploit these properties and find new

uses. To understand and appreciate the need for information on physical properties of plant and animal

products . .

.

II. 2.

4
To illustrate the nature and size of the CRIS file in

selected areas of materials research, the results of two searches

on properties of food and non-food products are suinmarized in

Tables 1 and 2. These show the results of broad classification

searches for all projects classified to CRIS Activity 5400

(Chemical and physical properties of food products) and CRIS

Activity 5600 (Chemical and physical properties of non-food products). Leyel of effort for FY 73 is shown by scientist man years

(SMY's) committed to each of these activities by commodity and

field of science. The total number of current projects (FY 73 and

new) is also given for each commodity and field of science.

Table 1 shows that for research in the physical sciences on properties of food products, level' of effort in terms of FY 73

SMY's was about the same for deciduous fruit and tree nuts

(33 SMY's) and dairy products (32 SMY's). Following in order by

SMY's in the physical sciences are: poultry products; citrus and

subtropical fruit; vegetables and wheat; soybeans, food (general)

and cottonseed; potatoes; swine, peanuts and corn; fish and game;

and beef. A total of 252 SMY's for FY 73 was committed for re- search in the physical sciences with over 700 current projects

classified to properties of food products.

For research in the physical sciences relating to properties

of non-food products. Table 2 shoves that 173 SMY's, or 69% of the

level of effort for FY 73 on this activity was committed to cotton

(93 SMY's) and trees and forest products (80 SMY's). A total of

172 current projects was retrieved from the search on these two

commodities, which represents 57% of all projects resulting from

the search. Following in order by level of effort are: oilseeds

and oil crops; sheep and wool; miscellaneous and new crops; clothing and textiles; and forage, cottonseed, and soybeans. The total

of 250 SMY's for FY 73 represents the combined level of effort on chemical and physical properties of non-food products, with a corresponding total of 300 current projects for this activity.

It should be noted that the summaries of the results of these

searches do not reflect the total CRIS file on materials research

nor do they characterize all the system's output capabilities.

Further searching would be necessary to explore other areas con- cerned with materials research, such as that dealing with characteristics and properties of soils, water, fertilizers, pesticides,

pollutants, wastes, and so on. A recent search, for example, re- trieved on the basis of keywords containing the term, "properties"

"rheological properties," "thermal properties," "electrical

properties," "mecnanical properties," etc. -- indicates that close

to 1,000 current projects, covering all activities, commodities,

fields of science and problem areas, are contained on the master

file. This, together with indications based on in-house indexes.

II. 2.
TABLE 1 Level of Effort and Size of File for Projects Classified

to CRTS Activity Code A5400 Chemical and Physical Properties of

Food Products

FY 73 Scientist Man Years

by Field of Science

General

Commodity

03

(UU

en •H u OO u

4-1 CO C CO

03 U •H U -H -H l-l .-1 -o

4-1 B CO CD <U W (U >^ u u C

•r-l J2 ^ c •H •H -i-l u

B O CL •H CO CO J3 <u 0) O O OC S>s E

•H t4 c ^ o 4J CO CQ w o

Current

Projects

Deciduous fruit &

tree nuts 10 17 6 33 8 70

Dairy Products 15 16 1 32 6 73

Poultry 14 11 4 29 5 67

Citrus 6t subtropical

fruit 11 10 2 23 4 29

Vegetables 11 8 3 21 11 88

Wheat 11 10 21 2 40

Soybeans 14 1 15 1 23

Food, general 6 7 1 1 15 3 48

Cottonseed 9 2 4 15 12

Potatoes 5 4 2 11 3 25

Swine 2 7 9 4 52

Peanuts 7 1 1 9 1 16

Corn 6 1 2 9 3 21

Fish 6c game 2 2 1 5 3 21

Beef 4 4 6 66

Subtotal 127 97 27 1 252 60 651

Other 10 6 3 19 6 76

Total 137 103 30 1 271 66 727

II. 2.

6
TABLE 2 Level of Effort and Size of File for Projects Classified

to CRIS Activity Code A5600 — Chemical and Physical Properties

of Non-Food Products

FY 73 Scientist Man Years

by Field of Science

00s u u

c General ^ c ^ .5 ? ^ g Current

(0(Uo

c

•Hu

4-1 m

CO V

•p4 •H l-l -O

CO E CO CO 0)

fj a; u c

•l-l x: l-l m u a CO .O o o f>s e

x: •H J= o

CQ (X, O o

16 93 1

12 2 80 31

17 3

1 2 10

B

(Uc Commodity " " fr. cQ cq ti^ u b Projects

Cotton 63 14 16 - 93 1 53

Trees & forest

products 26 40 12 2 80 31 119

Oilseeds & oil

crops 16 1 - - 17 3 16

Sheep 6e wool 4 3 1 2 10 - 3

Miscellaneous &

new crops 8 - - - g - 3

Clothing & textiles 4 1 117 3 39

Forages 4 1 116 3 2

Cottonseed 6 - - - 6 1 6

Soybeans 6 - - - g - 6

Subtotal 137 60 30 6 233 42 247

Other 10 3 - 4 17 15 53

Total 147 63 30 10 250 57 300

II. 2.
search histories, and user interaction, suggests that the CRIS

system could serve as an available source for information on materials research.

Example of the Standard Technical Printout . In conjunction

with the two selected searches described above, one particularly

relevant project by Mohsenin and Morrow, titled "Physical Properties of Agricultural Materials," was retrieved. This project is

shown in figure 1 to illustrate the form and content of the CRIS

Standard Technical Printout. This form of output provides the

title, investigators' names, performing department, institution,

location, objective, approach, keywords, and the most current

progress. Although no publications were cited during the last

progress reporting period shown (January 1973 to December 1973),

a retrospective search of this project retrieved the previously

noted reference, "Physical Properties of Plant and Animal

Materials." The narrative in this work-unit is informative and

indicated a wide range of materials being studied, such as small

grains, corn, vegetables, soybeans, fruit, forage and meals.

Materials range from fluid foods and wastes to solid feed and

food products.

Request Procedure , CRIS services are provided at no charge

to all USDA and State experiment station personnel, forestry

schools, and certain other institutions and colleges which provide

input to the system. Other qualified users include the Federal

agencies, and certain state agencies, private institutions, and

foreign governments. The method for requesting searches is preferably by means of a request form which solicits information

regarding both general and detailed narrative statements as to

subject coverage and type of information desired. Requests may

also specify period covered, extent of narrative desired, nature

of financial and manpower information, or sort sequence. User

supplied keywords are solicited, as well as indications as to the

particular subject classifications that may be relevant. Classification categories are obtained from the CRIS "Manual of Classification of Agricultural and Forestry Research" (4) which is also

used as a guide for preparing CRIS inputs. For those not having

access to the request form or the manual, a request may be submitted in letter or narrative form that provides as much detailed

information as possible, both as to subject matter and type of

information desired. For those needing only the narrative project summary, it is only necessary to request that the output be

provided in the form of a Standard Technical Printout, Requests

should be addressed to: Director, Current Research Information

System, U, S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250.

II. 2.

8
At3-357 y 5_ DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COOPERATIVE STATE RESEARCH SERVICE RESEARCH WORK UNIT/PROJECT ABSTRACT

CURRENT RESEARCH INFORMATION SYSTEM

CRIS ID. NO. IH10D4

DATE

11 APS 197*^

START DATE 01 JAN 1971

TERMINATION DATE 31 DEC 1974

ACCESSION NO. 0058730WORK UNIT/PROJECT NO. PENOI9OI

CONTRACT/GRANT 'AGREEMENT NO. HATCH

AGENCY IDENT. CSaS PEN

LOCATION ?fiNN;iyLVANIA :>£k.L^ UNIVEfiSIi'Y

JHIV3HSITY PARK PENNSYLVANIA 16802

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION AGRI ENGINEERIU3

INVESTIGATORS -lOfciENIN N M MORROW C 1 TITLE PHYSICAL PaOPEfiTIES OF AGSICULTUSAL MATEttlALS

C BJtcriVES:

Jtudy paysicdl properties of aqricultural products ani by-proia:;ts which are 3iqnificant in production, handling, processing and utilization.

APPBOACH:

Physical properties (shape, size, density, voluma, surface area, porosity,

3er ffleabiiity) and mechanical properties (resistaace to mechanical damaqe, anargy

cequiremants for size reduction, compressional and expansion characteristics,

lero- anJ hydrodynamic properties, frictional characteristics) will be

ietarmiaed and related to various aspects of production, breading, storage, and

processing of aqricultural materials. Materials will range from fluid foods and

jistes to soiid feed and food products.

KEYWORDS:

.^GRICULIURAL-PRODUCli BY-PRODUCTi PEODUCIION HANDLING PH0CESSIN3 UTILIZATION

lECHANICAL-PiiOPEETIES STORAGE FEED FOOD MATEEIAL3-HANDL IN G MATERIALS "rfASTE dECHA^IZAIIOH PHYbICi RHEOLOGY PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES ENGINEERING

PROGRESS REPOitT: 7i/01 73/12

Air permeadiiity ana coating methods were used to detsrmina specific surfaca of

barley, beans, buckwheat, corn, lentil, peas, rye, sorqhum, soybean, wheat,

iuc^j data ara usefuj. in heat treatment, drying, and -oolmg of these grainslieat transfer studies in apple showed limitations bayond which present theocias

Will not be applicable in air or water cooling of apples. A composite material

consisting of tiberized alfalfa hay, ground corn, soybaan meal, and adible

Dinding agents was developed as a convertiole structural material useful in

aaaufacture of packaging containers. with the exception of tansLle streigth,

mechanical properties compared favorably with those of corrugated cardboard,

iesults suggested a need for different fabrication technique to form mastar

containers intended for conversion after shreddings into other usable materials.

A meat analog was developed using egg aloumea-soy fibar and silastic

rubber-cotton thread to determine if the textural characteristics of natural

seat can oe duplicated. Results indicatad faasioility of stimulating meat

texture by controlling riber density and orientation. This information should

da useful in improving the textural characteristics of synthatic meats.

Jevaiopaaat of a computerized information storage and retrival system on Physical properties of aqricultural materials was completed. Tha systam is

being expanded and updated and is expected to serve as a national service for

this tvpa of 3,ar;Qrmation.

PUBLICAIIONS; 02 ADDITIONAL PUBLICATIONS

.^0 PUBLICATIONS iiEPOiilED THIS PERIOD.

FIGURE 1 Example of the CRIS Standard Technical Printout

If this information is reproduced, published, or quoted, credit must be given to the project leader and the organization conducting

the research. For progress reports, it must be clearly stated that the information reflects only the results obtained during the

period specified and final results are subject to the completiori of the investigation.

II. 2.
References

(1) Turnbull, J., "Current Research Information System, USDA's

Newest Development in Information Retrieval," AGRICULTURAL

SCIENCE REVIEW, Vol. 3, No. 3 (1967), 30-33.

(2) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative State Research

Service, INVENTORY OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, Vols. 1-3,

Issued yearly.

(3) Mohsenin, N.N. , PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PLANT AND ANIMAL

MATERIALS, Vol. I: STRUCTURE, PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, New York: Gordon and Breach (1970),

734 pp.

(4) U.S. Department of Agriculture, MANUAL OF CLASSIFICATION OF

AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY RESEARCH, Rev. II, Jan. 1973,

171 pp.

II. 2. 10
How the Extension Service-Land Grant University-ARS-USDA

Information Exchange Functions

Ovid Bay

Extension Service

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Washington, D.C.

The USDA Office of Communication is directed by

Claude Gifford and Chief of the Publications Division

is Nelson Fitton , USDA, Washington, D.C, 20250,

(202-447-6623) . Fitton and his staff can tell you if

USDA has a publication on the material or subject you

are researching.

Extension editorial staffs at the national and

state levels are key people in the Extension ServiceLand Grant information exchange system. They can tell

you what information Extension has on a specific subject

or material. (A list of State Extension Editors is

attached.

The information staff of the Agricultural Research

Service consists of a national staff with Robert B. Rathbone, Director, USDA, Washington, D.C, 20250,

(202-447-4433). The four regional information officers are:

Northeast Region: Alice Shelsey, Agricultural

Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland 20705

(301-344-3530)

North Central Region: Bob Enlow, 2000 W. Pioneer

Parkway, Peoria, Illinois 61604 (309-673-5988)

Southern Region: V.R. Marcley, POB 53326, New Orleans,

Louisiana 70153 (504-527-6708)

Western Region: W.J. Whorton, 2850 Telegraph Avenue,

Berkeley, California 94705 (415-486-3350)

If you are looking for research information on cotton,

contact the Southern office; on corn, the North Central office;

on wool, the Western office, etc- For any subject or commodity, you can start with the national office, of course,

which coordinates the publications and data from all four

regions

Keywords: Agricultural Research Service; agriculture; extension service

information services; land grant university

II. 3.1
How the Extension Service-Land Grant University-ARS-USDA

Information Exchange Fimctions

Ovid Bay*

Extension Service

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Washington , D . C

.

This brief backgroiand may help you imderstand how research

data and information from the scientists at the Land Grant Universities in each State, members of the staff of the USDA Agricultural

Research Service, and other scientific organizations and groups

is retrieved and used by the Extension Service.

In 1862 , President Lincoln signed the Land Grant College Act

authored by Justin Morrill which established a Land Grant University

in each State with low tuition fees to allow more American youth

to attend a imiversity.

In 1875 , Connecticut established the first Agricultural

Experiment Station. Later legislation authored by Col. William

Hatch in 1887 made possible the national Federal-State cooperative

program in agricultural research.

In 1914 , our nation created a new and unique system of

education called the Cooperative Extension Services when it passed

the Smith-Lever Act. It was based on the belief that human progress

could be enhanced if the products of research could be translated

to lay language and made available to all of the people of the

nation for decision-making. The system has developed into a national network of more than 3,000 local offices serving the 3,150

counties in the U.S. with what has become known worldwide as the

"County Extension Agent" and the "County Home Agent. " Extension

programs also include young people (4-H and older youth) and

community and rural development.

* Director of Information

II. 3.2
The Extension Service is often called "the educational arm

of USDA" because it is the only system connected with USDA which

has a State association connected directly with the Land Grant

University and on beyond to local support at the county level.

How does the Extension retrieve information on research and

materials?

1. State Extension Specialists working with the four main

areas of

(a) Agriculture and Natural Resources

(b) Home Economics

(c) 4-H Youth Programs

(d) Community and Rural Development

are located at the Land Grant University in each State and often

officed in the department with their counterparts in research and

teaching. Many Extension Specialists even have "joint appointments"

which means they are carrying a joint responsibility of research

along with performing Extension functions over the State. Some

three-way appointments include teaching part time

Hence, the State Extension Specialist retrieves information

from his research coiinterparts at the State Land Grant University

where he is stationed, from researchers located in other universities,

from ARS-USDA researchers, and from private and other governmental

sources.

2. Area Extension Specialists have developed in recent years,

as agriculture became more complicated, with the Specialist covering

a designated area in a State - usually several counties . For example

this person will have a Ph.D. in entomology to work on pest management programs, etc., and would be qualified to work at the state

and national level in his area of expertise. He knows where to get

information, but relies heavily on his State counterparts.

3. County Extension Specialists are the ones having daily direct

contact with the local people who have problems needing a solution.

These Specialists are supplied educational materials from the State

Specialists as part of the on-going program. This will include

fact sheets, publications, slide sets and other visuals, and radio

and TV scripts and tapes, etc. Workshops with State and National

Extension staff keep the county workers up to date on recent research

developments. The County Extension Agent contacts the State Specialist for answers to questions which may not be adequately covered in

materials at hand.

4. National Extension Specialists are limited in number, but

they analyze subject matter and regulations, etc., available to them

II. 3.3
from all States, government and other sources at the national level,

and digest and route this back to their counterparts at the state

level. National Specialists give leadership to establishing new

national programs in the overall Extension effort.

5. Extension Editorial Staffs at the state and national levels

are key people in the information exchange system. They edit and

prepare. the printed materials, radio and TV scripts, slide sets, take

photos , maintain contact with the media and help plan and conduct

Extension programs at the national, state and local level. They

could be a valuable contact for you and would be the quickest way

for you to find out what information Extension has on a specific

material or subject at the state level. (A list of State Extension

Editors is attached.)

6. Agriculture Research Editors at the Agriculture Experiment

Stations located at each Land Grant University are another valuable

source of information. They handle the publications on research

and know where to find the latest data on all agriculture related

research being carried on at that institution at that time. They

also will know what is available from previous research. You will

reach them by sending your request to the State Extension Editor,

who will route your query to the editor handling the subject matter

you need.

7. The information staff of the Agricultural Research Service

consists of a national staff with Robert B. Rathbone, director,

rm. 5133 S-Bldg. , USDA, Washington, D.C. 20250 (202-447-3530).

II. 3.4
Extension Service

U.S. Department of Agriculture

STATE EXTENSION EDITORS

John Parrott, Chairman

Extension Information Division

Auburn University

Auburn, Alabama 36830

(205) 826-4970

James A. Smith

Extension Editor

University of Alaska

College, Alaska 99701

(907) 479-7571

Gordon J. Graham

Head Agricultural Editor

University of Arizona

Tucson, Arizona 85721

(602) 884-3279

David E . Ryker

Extension Editor

University of Arkansas

P.O. Box 391

Little Rock, Arkansas 72203

(501) 376-6301 x43

Dr. Eric Thor

Information Program Leader

University of California

2200 University Avenue

Berkeley, California 94720

(415) 642-0780

Gary L. Bennett

Extension Editor

Colorado State University

Fort Collins , Colorado 80521

(303) 491-5313

Arland R. Meade

Agricultural Editor

University of Connecticut

Storrs, Connecticut 06268

(203) 429-3334

Jerry L. Webb

Agricultural Editor

University of Delaware

Newark, Delaware 19711

(302) 738-2500

Bud Rose

Assoc. Director of Extension

Federal City College

1424 K Street, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20005

(202) 727-2016

Hervey Sharpe

Extension Editor

University of Florida

GO 2 2 Mccarty Hall

Gainesville, Florida 32601

(904) 392-1771

J . P . Carmi chae

Extension Editor

College of Agriculture

University of Georgia

Athens, Georgia 30601

(404) 542-2561

James Holderness

Extension Editor

University of Hawaii

2500 Dole Street

Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

(808) 944-8346 or 8538

William Stellmon

Agricultural Editor

University of Idaho

Moscow, Idaho 83843

(208) 885-6436

Ed Vernon

Office of Ag. Communications

College of Agriculture

University of Illinois

Urbana, Illinois 61801

(217) 333-4780

II. 3.
E.G. Ferringer, Head

Agricultural Information

Purdue UniversityLafayette, Indiana 47907

(317) 749-2416 or 2006

K. Robert Kern

Extension Editor

Iowa State University

Ames , Iowa 50010

(515) 294-4923

Fred Pannis

Extension Editor

Kansas State University

Manhattan, Kansas 66502

(913) 532-6293

Milton Morris

Chairman, Dept. of Piiblic

Information & Educational Aids

University of Kentucky

Lexington, Kentucky 40506

(606) 257-4756

Arthur V. Patterson, Jr.

Director of Information

College of Agriculture

Louisiana State University

Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803

(504) 388-4141

Ronald H. Knight

Dept. of Public Information

& Central Services

University of Maine

Orono, Maine 04473

(207) 581-7349

Jack Owens, Acting

Agricultural Editor

University of Maryland

College Park, Maryland 20742

(301) 454-3621

Radie H. Bunn

Publications Officer

Stockbridge Hall

University of Massachusetts

Amherst, Massachusetts 01002

(413) 545-0611

Walter Patterson, Editor

Extension & Research Inf.

Dept. of Information Services

Michigan State University

East Lansing, Michigan 48823

(517) 355-2291

Harold B. Swanson, Head

Dept. of Inf. & Ag. Journ.

Institute of Agriculture

University of Minnesota

St. Paul, Minnesota 55101

(612) 373-0710

Ralph Ballew

Extension Editor

Mississippi State University

State College, Miss. 39762

(601) 325-2262

Richard L. Lee

Agricultural Editor

University of Missouri

Columbia, Missouri 65201

(314) 882-2480

Sam D. Rosen

Extension Editor , Montana. State University

Bozeman , Montana 59715

(406) 994-3571

Ralston J. Graham, Chairman

Department of Information

University of Nebraska

Lincoln, Nebraska 68503

(402) 472-2991

t E.A. Powell, In Charge

Agricultural Communications

University of Nevada

Reno, Nevada 89507

(702) 784-6731

Henry W. Corrow, Jr.

Extension Editor

University of New Hampshire

Durham, New Hanpshire 03824

(603) 862-1498

II. 3.6
H. Russell Stanton, Director

Coitimunications Center

Rutgers University

New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903

(201) 247-1766 xl327

John M. White, Head

Dept. of Agricultural Inf.

New Mexico State University

Las Cruces , New Mexico 88001

(505) 646-2701

Charles C. Russell, Chairman

Dept. of Communication Arts

Colleges of Agriculture & Human

Ecology

Cornell University

Ithaca, New York 14850

(607) 256-2111

William L. Carpenter, Head

Dept. of Agricultural Inf.

N.C. State University

Raleigh, North Carolina 27607

(919) 737-2800

R.A. Jamagin, Ass't. Dir.

Communi c ations North Dakota State University

Fargo, North Dakota 58102

(701) 237-7881

Austin E . Showman

Agricultural Editor

Cooperative Extension Service

Ohio State University

Colijmbus, Ohio 43210

(614) 422-2011

Charles N. Voyles

Associate Dir. of Inf.

Oklahoma State University

Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074

(405) 372-6211 x291

Gwil Evans

Agri . Information Chairman

Oregon State University

Corvallis, Oregon 97331

(503) 754-3311

Jack F. Schinagl, Head

Agricultural Communications

Pennsylvania State University

Room 1 , Armsby Building

University Park, Penna. 16802

(814) 865-5486

Francisco Toro

Extension Editor

University of Puerto Rico

Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 00928

(809) 765-8000 x216

Clifford Cosgrove

Information Specialist

University of Rhode Island

Kingston, Rhode Island 02881

(401) 792-2353

L.C. Hamilton

Dept. of Agric. Communications

Clemson University

Clemson, South Carolina 29631

(803) 656-2061

John Pates

Agricultural Editor

South Dakota State University

University Station

Brookings , South Dakota 57006

(605) 688-4187

Ralph L. Hamilton, Head

Dept. of Information

University of Tennessee

P.O. Box 1071

Knoxville, Tennessee 37901

(615) 974-7141

II. 3.7
William Tedrick, Head

Dept. of Agric. Infommation

Texas ASM University

College Station, Texas 77843

(713) 845-2211

Cleon M. Kotter

Extension Editor

Utah State University

Logan, Utah 84321

(801) 752-4100 x7438

John W. Spaven, Head

Office of Information

University of Vermont

Burlington , Vermont 05401

(802) 656-3024

Joseph J. Bryant

Extension Editor

Va. Polytechnic Institute

Blacksburg, Virginia 24061

(703) 951-6668

James Johnson

Extension Editor

115 Wilson Hall

Washington State University

Pullman, Washington 99163

Leighton G. Watson, Director

Information & Educational

Technology

214 Mineral Industries Bldg.

Main Campus, W. Va. University

Morgantown, W. Virginia 26506

(304) 293-3721

LJoyd Bostian

Extension Project Chairman

University of Wisconsin

Madison, Wisconsin 53706

(608) 262-1464

Verne Shelton, Head

Office of Agric. Inc.

Communications Services

University of Wyoming

Laramie, Wyoming 82071

(307) 766-2105

II. 3.8
Atomic Energy Commission Session

Chairman: Joseph G. Gratton

Office of Information Services

III.O

Materials Information in the Radiation Shielding Information Center

B. F. Maskewitz, D. K. Trubey, R. W. Roussin

Radiation Shielding Information Center

Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, Tennessee

The Radiation Shielding Information Center (RSIC) [1],

established in 1962, serves the shielding community by

collecting, organizing, processing, evaluating, packaging,

and disseminating information mainly related to reactor

and weapons radiation. The sooipe inaZudes the physios of

interaction of radiation with matter^ radiation yroduotion^

transport and energy deposition^ radiation detectors and

measurements3 engineering design techniques, shielding

materials properties^ computer codes useful in research and

design;, and shielding data compilations. This information

is analyzed, evaluated, synthesized, and repackaged in a form more authoritative, timely, and useful.

Promoting exchange and improvement of nuclear data,

computer codes, and radiation transport information, RSIC

provides strong support for the technology areas of its

sponsors. The goal is to save time and prevent duplication of

effort, to advance the state-of-the-art, to increase the value

and content of information by correlating it with other information, and to implement government information-dissemination

policy. Materials information is an integral part of all

information in the subject areas covered by the Center.

•

Key words: Computer codes, materials properties, nuclear data, radiation transport, reactor, RSIC, shielding, weapons

1. INTRODUCTION ' . •

The development of nuclear technology has given rise to a multitude of

engineering design tasks in the area of radiation shielding. The technology

includes nuclear power, as well as low-energy and high-energy particle accelerators, medical radiation technology, the processing, storage and transport of

radioactive materials, the handling of radioactive wastes, nuclear weapons

technology, and so on. Thus, there is a variety of shielding problems which

have to be faced by the design engineer. The Radiation Shielding Information

Figures in brackets indicate the literature references at the end of this paper

III. 1.1
Center (RSIC) [1] must be concerned with the overall considerations in the design

of a variety of shield systems, including shipping containers and storage

facilities for radiation sources, medical radiation rooms, enclosed and open

irradiation facilities, high-level radioactivity research facilities, electron

and nucleon accelerators, nuclear fuel processing and radioactive waste

storage facilities, nuclear weapons, and, last but not least, nuclear reactors

for research, electric power generation and ship propulsion. The selection of

materials is obviously an important part of nuclear shield technology.

The design of radiation shields for nuclear facilities is an interdependent

multi-region, multi-phase process. Conceptual layout, choice of materials and

engineering design involve complex engineering considerations to reach a balance between the aspects of safety and economy and the functional (operational

and maintenance) requirements of nuclear facilities. RSIC fills an important

role as an exchange medium between the generator and user of shielding information.

To fully understand the RSIC style, it is necessary to define the information analysis center concept. Panel No. 6 (Information Analysis and Data

Centers of COSATI (Committee on Scientific and Technical Information of the

Federal Council for Science and Technology) adopted the following definition

[2]:

"An Information Analysis Center is a formally structured organizational unit s'geoifically (hut not necessarily exclusively) estab-

lished for the purpose of acquiring^ selecting^ storing^ retrieving

,

evaluating3 analyzing^ and synthesizing a hody of information in a clearly defined specialized field or pertaining to a specified

mission with the intent of compiling^ digesting^ repackaging^ or otherwise organizing and presenting pertinent information in a form most authoritative^ timely^ and useful to a society of peers

and management. "

Since 1962, the RSIC staff has endeavored to make the envisioned concept

come alive. Operating as a technical institute, RSIC serves those engaged in

shielding, radiation analysis, and neutronics research and development.

The Center is sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (USAEC)

Division of Reactor Research and Development (DRRD), the Division of Controlled

Thermonuclear Research (DCTR), and by the Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA). This

multiagency funding has proved to be an effective and efficient way to share

technology v/hich is of benefit to the contractors of each agency. By integrating developments in the various programs, the latest technology is made available to all scientists and engineers doing radiation transport calculations.

RSIC actively supports the Cross Section Evaluation Working Group (CSEWG)

and cooperates with the National Neutron Cross Section Center (NNCSC), Argonne

Code Center, with various working groups, and other centers and agencies to

better serve the shielding community.

II. RSIC OPERATIONS

The RSIC program is directly related to and integrated in the nationwide efforts of the AEC and other agencies to provide data necessary to the analytical so- lution of any radiation transport problem, including reactor shielding design calculations. Such analysis requires the use of large computers and complex computer

codes and associated data libraries. RSIC treats this kind of information as an

III. 1.2
inseparable part of shielding information. The effort made to understand it,

to use it to analyze other shielding information, and to use it as a means

of technology transfer has made RSIC an effective information analysis center.

Computer code and nuclear data exchange has had a tremendous impact on radiation

analysis technology.

By the nature of its functions and the manner in v/hich it implements them,

RSIC contributes substantially to the unification of the various areas of radiation transport and shielding. The dissemination of information to otherwise

unrelated users is in itself a unifying activity. RSIC, however, promotes a closer relationship between Center and user. Communication channels between the

Center and the worker in the field are kept open and extensively used. Many

RSIC projects have benefitted by the active participation of the Center's users. Efforts to improve, update, and increase the code and data library collection

are continually underway, with the shielding community cooperating to improve

the technology by feedback, implemented through the open oode "package concept.

Seminar-workshops, topical meetings', review articles, and data collection

activities point to an industry-wide cooperative enterprise.

Specifically, the Center has developed a number of operations to support

the functions already mentioned. These include computer code activities [3-5],

literature indexing, information storage and retrieval [6], and nuclear data

activities [7-8], These all have direct benefit to work involving nuclear

materials. RSIC collaborates with NNCSC to expedite the acquiring, processing,

testing, and reviewing of "shieliing" data to help assure that shielding requirements are more nearly met by the Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF/B) [9]. In addition, we serve as the clearinghouse for the DNA data activities, being

responsible for the maintenance and dissemination of the DNA Wovking Cross

Section Li-bvary [s ] , and for the establishment and maintenance of processed

data libraries for both DNA and AEC ' s Controlled Thermonuclear Division.

. With the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sponsorship

over an eight-year period, RSIC supplied the shielding information needs for the

space flights. We continue to hold a sizable store of space shielding information, including computer codes and compilations of data. They are available

to all requesters.

In addition to data services, consultations, selective dissemination of

information (SDI), newsletters, and working with government contractors in code

development and data generation, we provide the research community with tested

radiation shielding computer code and data library packages from the RSIC

collection. More than 2600 separate letters of request" were processed during

CY 1973, resulting in more than 5000 separate activities to satisfy the re- quests (approximately 20.2/working day).

III. RSIC COVERAGE OF SHIELD MATERIALS

Let us take a close look at RSIC involvement with shielding materials. We

examine and analyze shielding literature, including that on materials, categorizing and abstracting that selected for inclusion in the RSIC computerized

Storage and Retrieval Information System (SARIS). The system is used to re- trieve information to answer an inquiry, to compile bibliographies, to write

state-of-the-art reviews and/or to routinely disseminate selected information

to fill individual needs indicated by a customer profile. An archival microfiche file of the literature store is maintained and made available on request.

We are interested in materials from several viewpoints, but mainly in their

nuclear and atomic properties and their performance as shields. We watch

particularly for state-of-the-art literature on the properties of materials

for shielding, their radiation transport characteristics, cross sections, density,

cost optimization, resistance to damage, and so on. We maintain a current awareness of data activities and code development as related to materials research.

III. 1.3
Ionizing radiation transport in air is of such concern to weapons programs

that RSIC has treated the theory, techniques, data and computer codes in a major

seminar and published a state-of-the-art review, ORNL-RSIC-33 , which has been

widely distributed. In the context of this conference, we will confine the re- view mainly to materials associated with reactors. We borrow freely from the

description of shield materials written by L. G. Mooney and N. M. Schaeffer,

Radiation Research Associates, Inc., in the USAEC sponsored REACTOR SHIELDING

FOR NUCLEAR ENGINEERS^ N. M. Schaeffer, Editor, 1973, TID-25951, for which RSIC

is credited with providing services and suggestions.

Personnel must be protected within reasonable limits of cost, weight, and

space against the ionizing radiation emitted from reactors and their components.

It is the pixrpose of RSIC to provide the shielding engineer with some tools

and data to accomplish this.

We are much concerned with the basic processes by which reactor radiations

are attenuated. Radiation attenuation analysis enters the process of the

development of a shield design as just a design tool on two stages. The first

stage is to obtain approximate estimates which will provide reasonable accuracy

for a comparative assessment of design alternatives right on the drafting board.

The second stage is to check whether the thicknesses of the various shield

regions of the detailed design are adequate. The mathematical-physical models

and calculational techniques for the latter task have received much emphasis

in the complex task of shield design and engineering. Hence, our interest in

computing technology and in compilations of numeric data is especially keen.

Materials selection and a related task, optimization, together offer the

greatest potential for weight or cost savings. The materials task requires a variety of skills: nuclear interaction, heat transfer, chemical interaction,

structural characteristics, other physical properties, and economics must all

be applied in a thoroughgoing analysis. Calculational methods and computer codes

are important information. There is an active nuclear data collection program

and extensive properties handbooks are available [10 ].

The primary nuclear properties to be considered are obviously neutron and

gamma-ray attenuation. As a rule, good gamma-ray attenuators also produce

secondary gamma rays from neutron inelastic scattering and radiative capture;

thus the production of secondaries is also a consideration. For shields requiring several orders of attenuation, volume and mass affect materials choice.

Structural strength at operating temperatures is also 'involved. Some lowstrength materials having excellent attenuation properties may be rejected be- cause the structure necessary to support them offsets their primary advantage.

Inner layers of the shield usually require some thermal protection; thus

cooling must be considered. Good gamma-ray attenuators are heavy metals and

are usually the highest density material in the shield. To conserve weight and

cost, these materials are in some cases pieced nearest the core, which gives

rise to a cooling requirement.

Different design objectives lead to the selection of different materials.

For a fixed power-reactor system, cost is a primary consideration; thus, the

local concrete aggregate becomes a baseline for comparison with other materials.

Higher attenuation substitutes may be considered only if some cost saving results.

For mobile systems, total weight becomes the primary consideration, and more

exotic materials can be considered.

Concrete is the most commonly used radiation shielding material for fixed

reactors and accelerators. Since concrete is a mixture of elements, the

variation in composition is large. Therefore, when referring to concrete as a

III. 1.4
shielding material, we should state the specific composition in order for its

characteristics to have meaning. RSIC covers 11 major categories of information

about concrete.

Probably more than 90% of the stationary reactor systems designed for power production are shielded with concrete. As an illustration, of twenty-three

test-reactor shields described in a 1958 survey published by the Radiation

Shielding Information Center [ll], six used both heavy and ordinary concrete,

eleven used only ordinary concrete, and five used only heavy concrete. Only

one shield is described without concrete. Foiirteen contained water: eleven were swimming pool reactors, two were boiling-water reactors, and one was a homogeneous solution. Three others included heavy water. Other materials

mentioned were iron, steel, wet sand, boral, graphite, borated graphite, polyethylene, earth, and boric acid. Most of the materials used in the experimental

reactor shields, other than concrete, such as iron, lead, and graphite,

individually have poor structural or radiation shielding properties; but, when

combined in laminated configurations, result in extremely good shields. Other

materials that have been used in large quantity for shielding are compacted

soil, iron, lead, and water. RSIC includes all these materials in its coverage.

The following materials have received much attention.

(a) Water. Because of the success of the swimming pool reactor as a research tool and of its derivative, the pressurized water reactor, as a pioneer power source, water layers are found in reactor-shield analyses almost

as often as concrete. Water is an excellent neutron attenuator because of its

large hydrogen content. It is an inferior attenuator of gamma rays because of

its low electron density.

Considerations when water is used as a shield material include containment,

temperature control, corrosion, and purification (demineralization)

(b) Lead. Best of the conventional materials for gamma-ray attenuation,

lead is exceeded only by uranium. Lead bricks are to be found in almost every

radiation laboratory as portable shield bricks.

Lead shot makes good filler for cavities in plugs and doors in shields.

If provision is made for extracting the filler in place, it becomes a great

convenience should it become necessary to dismantle or remove the door.

(c) Graphite. A good neutron moderator and reflector material, graphite

is used extensively in reactor design. Besides its -use as a reflector-moderator,

it is also found in thermal shields and occasionally as a primary shield material.

(d) Iron. Iron is almost always present in the reactor structure as steel

and is used for thermal shields and pressure vessels.

(e) Boron. This element is used principally to absorb thermal neutrons.

Pure boron has also been used as an additive to polyethylene and graphite to

add neutron absorption properties to good neutron attenuators. It has also

been added to some steels to reduce secondary gamma-ray productions and activation problems of iron.

(f) Concrete. Since concrete is a mixture of materials, the mixture can

be tailored to provide optimum structural and shielding properties.

Weight, rather than cost, is generally the principal design criteria in

the application to mobile reactor systems. The emphasis , therefore, shifts to

the improved shielding provided by the so-called exotic materials used in layered

combination,

III. 1.5
The approach in designing minimiim-weight shields for reactor systems

usually is to select the most efficient of the neutron shielding materials

compatible with the design and to combine this with the most efficient of the

gamma-ray shielding materials rather than to select a single bulk attenuator

medium. These two component materials are usually layered in some manner that

yields minimum weight by providing the proper balance between primary and

secondary radiations and geometric effects on material volume.

The efficiency of a neutron attenuator can be correlated to its hydrogen

density, and the efficiency of a gamma-ray attenuator can be correlated to the

total density of the material. Thus minimum-weight shield component materials

are such combinations as lead plus polyethylene, tungsten (wolf-ram) alloys

plus lithiiim hydride, or depleted \iranium plus titanium hydride.

Although submarines were the first application for nuclear propulsion,

the application to surface ships is also well known. Two such examples are the

U. S, merchant ship N. S. Savannah and the Russian icebreaker Lenin, The

reactor shield of the N. S. Savannah is composed of light water, lead, polyethylene, standard concrete, and heavy concrete. The reactor shields of the

Lenin are composed of water, steel, and heavy concrete [11],

In addition to mobile reactor systems, other mobile or portable sources

of radiation require shielding, e.g., neutron sources fabricated from plutoniumberyllium or polonium-beryllium and radioisotopes (usually gamma-ray emitters)

resulting from high-intensity neutron exposures in reactors.

Shipping and storage casks must be provided for sources of this type, and

they are usually constructed of lead for gamma-ray shielding and contain paraffin

or other hydrogenous material for neutron shielding. These sources are usually

small and present few design problems.

Weight-limited shields are also used for isotope power supplies, which use

the heat generated by the decay of radioactive nuclides to produce electricity.

Such sources have been used to power orbiting satellites and experimental equipment placed on the moon. Shields for these systems must obviously be efficient.

As mentioned, among the top contenders in materials for mobile reactor systems are lead, polyethylene, tungsten alloys, lithium hydride, depleted uranium

(238), and titanium hydride. All of these are covered by RSIC.

The problem of finding the optimum materials arrangement for a shield that

satisfies a given set of design criteria is the most intriguing in the area of

reactor shielding [12], It has challenged many investigators, and currently a general solution has not been found and may not be. Assuredly, a few workable

schemes have been developed, and each study has contributed some insight to the

subject. RSIC follows closely all work on the subject and seeks to add its

support in a combined effort to advance the technology.

IV. RSIC INTEPJSiCTION WITH USERS

In attempting to meet the information needs of the radiation transport

research community, RSIC aims to give a totalscope service. By treating nuclear

data and computing technology as an integral part of the information we handle,

we are able to offer information and tools needed to solve a radiation transport

problem. We fill requests for bibliographies, computer-readable compilations of

nuclear data, and computer code packages. We make ourselves available to troubleshoot, give advice, and consult on user problems. In turn, we expect the user community to work with us in pushing the technology by giving us their feedback

on packaged information, reports of the results of their work, the nuclear data

sets they generate, and exchangeable versions of their code development.

III. 1.6
we are service-onentea ana give quicK response to a requesr. we are hospitable, giving freely of our time to tutor visitors and/or to make available the Center's resources for their use. They, in turn, take a personal

interest in the work of the Center and help us to keep it viable.

We are accessible by letter or by telephone (see brochure appended).

We transmit data and code packages on reels of magnetic tape, furnished by

the requester. We welcome interested individuals to the RSIC Newsletter

distribution. Through it, we keep the community informed about the information

we handle. The reader, then, must take the initiative in securing RSIC materials

and services.

RSIC is embedded in the Neutron Physics Division of the Oak Ridge National

Laboratory, which has long been engaged in shielding and radiation transport re- search and development. This research can be traced back to early work in

nuclear submarine (cir. 1950) and nuclear powered aircraft (cir. 1953-61) programs, applications requiring high performance shields. C\xprently, the

Division is engaged in shielding research applicable to reactors (LMFBR and

GCFBR), to radiation from weapons, accelerators, and to radiation encountered

in space. Our staff is augmented by the consultative services of working

shielding specialists, who, themselves, generate much new information. The

results of ORNL RSD, as well as that of other specialists across the country,

in radiation transport, radiation prote<^tion, shield design and materials re- search is placed at our disposal for analysis, repackaging, and dissemination

to the entire scientific community.

III. 1.7
I

III. 1.8
III. 1.9
REFERENCES

1. D. K. Trubey, "The Radiation Shielding Information Center - A Technical

Information Service for Nuclear Engineers ^'' Nucl. Eng. Pes . 9, 392-395

(1959).

2. Proceedings of the Forum_ of Federally Supported Information Analysis Centers - November 7-8, 1967, Sponsored By Panel 6, Information Analysis and

Data Centers, published by COSATI, PF177051.

3. Betty F. Maskewitz, Francis H. Clark, and D. K. Trubey, "Computer Codes

for Shielding and Related Calculations - 1972," Nucl. Eng. Pes . 22, 334-341

(1972).

Betty F. Maskewitz, "Abstracts of the Pigital Computer Code Packages

Assembled by the Radiation Shielding Information Center," ORNL-RSIC-13

,

Vol. I-III (updated 1973).

5. Betty F. Maskewitz, "Abstracts of the Peripheral Shielding Code Packages

Assembled by the Radiation Shielding Information Center," ORNL-RSIC-31

(1972).

6. J. G. Jones, P. K. Triibey, and J. Gurney,- "RSIC Storage and Retrieval

Information System (SARIS)," ORNL-TM-2719 (1969); J. G. Jones and R. 0.

Green, "Radiation Shielding Information Center Program Set-up Instruction

Manual," CTC-INF-1017 (1971); and J. G. Jones, R. 0. Green, and S. L. Yount, "RSIC User Pocumentation," CTC-48 (1971).

7. R. W. Roussin, "Abstracts of the Pata Library Packages Assembled by the

Radiation Shielding Information Center," ORNL-RSIC-30, Vol. I (1972).

8. R. W. Roussin, "The Pefense Nuclear Agency Working Cross Section Library:

Pescription and Contents," ORNL-RSIC-34 (updated 1973).

9. M. K. Prake, Editor, "Pata Formats and Procedures for the ENPF Neutron

Cross Section Library," BNL 50274 (T-601) ENPF-102, Vol. I (1971), and

P. J. Pudziak, Compiler, "ENPF Formats and Procedures for Photon Production and Interaction Pata," LA-4549 (ENPF-102, Rev., Vol. II).

10. H. E. Hungerford , "The Nuclear, Physical and Mechanical Properties of

Shielding Materials ," in Reaotov Handbook^ Vol. I, Materials, C. R. Tipton,

Jr. (Ed.), Chap. 51, Interscience Publishers, a division of John Wiley

£ Sons, Inc., New York, 1960.

11. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, "Compilations of Pata on Experimental

Shielding Facilities and Tests of Shields of Operating Reactors," USAEC

Report ORNL-RSIC-24 (November 1968).

12. L. G. Mooney and N. M. Schaeffer, Reactor Shielding for Nuclear Engineers

8.3 Shield Materials, pp. 443-456, USAEC Handbook, TIP-25951.

III. 1.10
Rare -Earth Information Center (RIC)

K. A. Gschneidner, Jr. and B. L. Evans

Rare -Earth Information Center

Energy and Mineral Resources Research Institute

Iowa State University

Ames, Iowa 50010 USA

Key Words: Information center, rare earths

THE CENTER

What are "Rare Earths"? Specifically they are the members of the

III A Group of elements in the periodic table: Sc, Y, and the fifteen

lanthanide elements. La through Lu. They are metals and not earths

(oxides), nor are they rare. Cerium, the most abundant of the rare

earths, ranks 28th in abundance of the naturally occurring elements,

while thulium, the least abundant, is more plentiful than silver, gold, or mercury. If you didn't know that, or even if you did, the Rare -Earth

Information Center (RIC) may be for you.

RIC serves the scientific community by collecting, storing, evaluating and disseminating rare earth information from various sources.

It was established at the Ames Laboratory by the U.S. Atomic Energy

Commission's Division of Technical Information in January 1966. In

1968 the support of RIC was taken over by Iowa State University's Institute

for Atomic Research (just recently renamed the Energy and Mineral

Resources Research Institute), through grants from the world-wide rare

earth industry (see Appendix I). The main interest of the Center is the

physical metallurgy and solid state physics of the metals and their

alloys.

III. 2.1
SERVICES

Since its establishment the Center has published the RIC News , a quarterly newsletter containing items of current interest concerning the

science and technology of the rare earths. Subscription to the RIC News

is free. The continued growth in the niimber of RIC News subscribers is

shown in figure 1, and as of January 1, 1974 there were 2 743 subscribers.

The percentage of foreign subscribers is also shown in the figure.

RIC answers requests for information concerning the rare earths.

All inquiries are kept confidential unless otherwise directed by the re- quester and most are answered within one or two work days. Beginning

January 1974 a minimum charge of $25. 00 was set to cover the expenses

involved in answering most inquiries. The rules for assessing service

charges are given in Appendix II. About 200 information inquiries are

answered each year; approximately 25% are from non-U. S. countries.

Internally, an additional 35 information requests are received from Ames

Laboratory personnel. The kinds of institutions served are given in

Appendix III.

At irregular intervals reviews, bibliographies and compilations are

prepared and published by the Center.

In 1969 RIC expanded service to the scientific and technological

community by providing extensive surveys or searches or state -of -the -

^ art reviews, such as IS -RIC -4 (see below), and in-depth analyses or

critical reviews, such as IS-RIC-5 and IS-RIC-6, on a cost recovery

basis. In several instances these surveys or analyses have been published as reports at the request of the sponsoring company. Current

publications available free from RIC are:

IS-RIC-4 "Rare Earth Metals in Steels", Nancy Kippenhan, Karl

A. Gschneidner, Jr., March 1970

IS-RIC-5 "Thermochemistry of the Rare Earth Carbides, Nitrides

and Sulfides for Steelmaking", Karl A. Gschneidner, Jr.,

Nancy Kippenhan, August 1971

IS-RIC-6 "Thermochemistry of the Rare Earths. Parti. Rare

Earth Oxides, Part 2. Rare Earth Oxysulfides, Part 3.

Rare Earth Compounds with B, Sn, Pb, P, As, Sb, Bi,

Cu, and Ag", Karl A. Gschneidner, Jr. , Nancy

Kippenhan, O. Dale McMasters, August 1973

III. 2.

2
In J\ine 1973 the Center initiated a document depository service.

Documents which, because of their nature or length, may not otherwise

be suitable for publication in the scientific journals are eligible for deposit. Articles receive an identification number, are announced in the

RIC News and are made available at a nominal charge. Presently twelve

documents are on file.

INFORMATION RESOURCES

Rare earth information is collected from all available sources (books,

journals, reports, conference notes, etc.). This information ('-^ 1 5, 000

references) is currently being stored on punched cards and on magnetic

tape. In August 1973 we started indexing information for computer

storage and retrieval, and on March 5, 1974 the first sets of references

were retrieved. Presently about one-third of the journal articles are

stored on tape; the remaining information is stored on punched cards.

For the next year or tv^o a dual retrieval system will be in use until the

data on the punched cards are completely converted.

A file of journal articles (~ 10, 000), reports (~ 1, 500), books (~ 200),

abstracts {~ 2, 000) and miscellaneous 1, 000) concerned with the metallurgy, solid state physics of metals and alloys, analytical, inorganic

and physical chemistry, ceramics, technology, geochemistry, and toxicity of the rare earth elements and compounds is maintained by RIC.

Furthermore, the personnel of the Center have access to more than 12, 500

journals and periodicals and more than 300, 000 U. S. Government reports

available at the Iowa State University Library and the Ames Laboratory's

Document Library.

PERSONNEL

The Center's staff consists of one full-time and two part-time technically trained persons and one half-time secretary. The total scientific

staffing level is 1. 67 full-time equivalent man-years.

WHO IS SERVED

The services of the Rare -Earth Information Center are available to

individuals, government agencies, research and educational institutions,

and industry. Requests for information may be made by telephone, in

III. 2.
writing, or by visiting the Center. Visitors should call and make

arrangements before coming to RIC. For telephone requests, dial

515 - 294 - 227Z; and for written requests address correspondence

to: Dr. Karl A. Gschneidner, Jr., Director.

III. 2.

4
2800

C/)

LU

go

01

o

(/)

CD

UJ

2400

2000-

1600 -

1200 -

800 -

400

- 40

- 20

LU

a:

o

Ll.

1966 1968 1970 1972 1974

YEAR

Figure 1. RIC News subscribers since the formation of the Center

to January 1974 (solid line). The percentage of non-U. S, A.

subscribers is indicated by the dashed line.

I III. 2.
Appendix - I

Industrial Companies Who Have Supported RIC Since 1968*

Akzo Chemie NV (formerly Royal Sulphuric Acid Works, Ketjen, Inc. ), The Netherlands (3)

Allied Chemical Corp., U.S.A. (2)

American Metallurgical Products Co., U.S.A. (5)

American Rare Earth &: Foil, Inc., U.S.A. (1)

Atomergic Chemetals Co., U.S.A. (2)

Ban Eng Hong Tin Mining, Malaysia (1

)

British Flint and Cerium, England (2)

Brown, Boveri & Company, Limited, Switzerland (2)

Bulldog Chemical Co. , U.S.A. (1)

Cometals, Inc., U.S.A. (2)

Companhia Brasileira de Tecnologia Nuclear (formerly APROMON), Brazil (2)

Companhia Industrial Fluminense, Brazil (1)

Denis on Mines Limited, Canada (2)

Elettrochimica Italiana, Italy (2) ^ Foote Mineral Company, U.S.A. (2)

General Electric Company, U.S.A.

High Intensity Quartz Department (1

)

Lamp Materials Research Laboratory (4)

Magnetic Materials Product Section (1)

Research &; Development Center (1)

TH. Golds chmidt AG, Germany (5)

W. R. Grace & Co., U.S.A. (6)

GTE Laboratories, Inc., U.S.A. (2)

GTE Sylvania (formerly Sylvania Electric Products, Inc. ), U.S.A. (2)

Indian Rare Earths Ltd. , India (5) i International Energy Co. , U.S.A. (2)

Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp. Rare Earth Div. , U.S.A. (4)

Kolon Trading Co. , Inc., U.S.A. (1)

*The number in parenthesis behind each contributor's name indicates the

number of years that firm has supported RIC, including fiscal year 1974

(July 1, 1973 through June 30, 1974).

III. 2.

6
Appendix - I (continued)

LeiCO Industries, Inc., U.S.A. (5)

Lira Fong Seng Sdn. Bhd. , Malaysia (3)

Lunex Company, U.S.A. (4)

A/S Megon &: Co. , Norway (5)

Michigan Chemical Corporation, U.S.A. (3)

Mitsubishi Chemical Industries Ltd., Japan (1)

Mobil Research and Development Corp., U.S.A. (2)

Molybdenum Corporation of America, U.S.A. (6)

Nippon Yttrium Co. , Ltd. , Japan (4)

Philipp Brothers, U.S.A. (1)

Rare Earth Corporation of Australia, Ltd., Australia (2)

Rare Earth Industries, Inc., U.S.A. (2)

Rare Earth Products, Ltd., England (2)

Reactor Experiments, Inc., U.S.A. (4)

Research Chemicals, U.S.A. (6)

Rhone -Progil (formerly Pechiney - St. Gobain), France (4)

Rikkihappo Oy (formerly Typpi Oy), Finland (3)

Ronson Metals Corporation, U.S.A. (6)

Santoku Metal Industry Co. , Ltd. , Japan (4)

Sawyer-Ade cor International, Inc., U.S.A. (4)

Sel-Rex Corporation, U.S.A. (2)

Shinetsu Chemical Industry Co. , Ltd. , Japan (4)

Treibacher Chemische Werke, Austria (2)

United States Radium Corporation, U.S.A. (4)

Wako Bussan Co., Ltd., Japan (5)

Westinghouse Electric Corporation, U.S.A. (1)

In addition to the above contributors, the Ames Laboratory of the

U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and Iowa State University's Energy

and Mineral Resources Research Institute underwrite indirect costs and

pay a small fraction of direct costs.

III. 2.
Appendix II

RIC's Service Charge Policy*

Effective January 1, 1974, the

Rare-Earth Information Center will collect a service charge for answering most information inquiries. A

minimum charge of $25 has been

set to cover the expenses involved

in answering most typical inquiries.

If a particular inquiry requires more

work the charges will be increased

accordingly. If the charges are ex- pected to be more than $50 the

requester will be notified and we

will proceed with the request only

upon his approval.

There are some exceptions to imposing the service charge: (1) No

charges will be assessed to those

companies which contribute to the

support of RIC-at least up to the

amount of their contribution. (2)

Charges will be waived for those

who certify they do not have re- sources available to pay for the

service, e.g., students. (3) No

charges will be made for (a) routine

requests, such as information about

a rare earth conference, (b) requests

for information about the availability of commercial rare earth products or (c) requests for additional

information on articles or material

presented in the RIC News.

The rationale behind this change

is that the users of the Information

Center benefit from the information obtained, and thus they or

their institutions should be wiUing

to pay for these services. We beheve that one of our

important functions is to make in- formation available to anyone who

needs it. It is for this reason that we

have attempted to keep the service

charges as low as possible and to waive charges when imposing them

would constitute a hardship.

* Reprinted from the RIC News, VIII, [4], 2 (Dec. 1973).

III. 2.

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III. 2. 

The Research Materials Information Center

T. F. Connolly and J. W. Cleland

Solid State Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory*

Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37830, USA

The function, subject coverage, and use of the

Research Materials Information Center are described.

They are to collect, analyze, index, and store in a coded microfilm system information on the preparation,

availability, characterization, and physical properties

of inorganic, ultrapure solid-state research materials;

and to provide this information in response to inquiries

and by publication of special bibliographies and com- pilations as indicated by the current needs of materials

science centers in private, government, university, and

industrial laboratories.

Key words: Availability, crystal growth, crystal structure,

electronic properties, magnetic properties, optical properties, phase diagrams, research materials, thermal properties .

Introduction

The Center was established in 1963 as a part of the Research Materials

Program in the Solid State Division to collect and provide information on purification, crystal growth, characterization, and availability of highpurity inorganic research quality specimens to both producers and users. Since that time ready access to an up-to-date listing of available materials

has eliminated duplication of effort in attempting to produce materials

already available; and the simultaneous listing of materials desired, but

not available, has served to focus attention on important new areas of

materials research.

It very soon became apparent that coverage would have to be expanded

to include the basic physical properties and methods of characterization

of inorganic research materials, since inquiries often specified only the

desired properties and not a particular material. The RMIC therefore

""Oak Ridge National Laboratory is operated by Union Carbide Corporation

for the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. • III. 3.1
also collects reviews, compilations, text books, published papers, reports,

abstracts, preprints, references, and any other information dealing with

the preparation, characterization, and basic physical properties of re- search materials.

Coverage does not include those properties that might be called

"engineering" or "mechanical", such as those of structural materials.

Information on radiation damage, electronic devices, and isotope production

or technology was not included because of the coverage, existing or an- nounced, of these subjects by other information centers.

Operation and Information Content of the Center

The basic information content of the Center comprises three separate

collections, in an automated microfilm retrieval system. The first con- sists of over 1400 RMIC Data Sheets (see fig. 1), which are filled out

by producers or users to request information on sources or to announce

the availability of materials. Photocopies of these data sheets are mailed by the Center in response to inquiries to indicate which individuals,

research groups, laboratories, or commercial suppliers have listed the re- quested materials. No exchanges, sales, loans, or gifts are handled

directly by the Center; but each recipient of information is asked to

notify the RMIC of the adequacy of the specimens received, so that its

listings can be corrected if necessary. Few do.

Unanswerable requests indicate what materials are needed but not

available, and lists of these materials have been published and distributed

in the hope of stimulating efforts to prepare the needed materials or to

improve the quality of a material to the level needed for a given research

application

.

The second collection includes questionnaires (fig. 2) distributed to

the mailing list of the Center and also added to all mailed responses to

inquiries from those not on the mailing list. Returned questionnaires

indicate research interest, methods and equipment used, materials (if any)

prepared, and the purpose of the work or intended use of the materials

(usually single crystals) produced. These, with the literature collection

to be described, indicate the major current lines of research — and

materials requirements for that research. In 1972 a screening of these

questionnaires was used to produce a materials- and applications-indexed

compilation (ORNL-RMIC-12) listing over 400 crystal growers and crystalgrowth installations in 31 countries. (ORNL-RMIC-12 is now out of print,

but a revision is planned for late in 1974.) The microfilmed questionnaires are also used, in connection with the data sheets, as clues to sources of materials and to establish lines of communication among scientists

working on the same problems.

The third, and major, collection is that of the technical literature,

about 90,000 items (papers, reports, compilations, abstracts, bibliographies,

or references) dealing with materials, methods of preparation, characterization, and physical properties (electronic, optical, magnetic, crystallographic,

thermal , etc . )

.

III. 3.

2
RESEARCH MATERIALS INFORMATION CENTER

SOLID STATE DIVISION OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY

P.O. BOX X, OAK RIDGE. TENNESSEE 37830 PHONE 61 5- 483-8611. EXT. 3-1287 RESEARCH MATERIALS DATA SHEET

1 1 THIS MATERIAL IS AVAIL ABLE ASSAY (%)

1 1 THIS MATERIAL IS NEEDED

MATERIAL IMPURITY (dopant or isotopic enrichment), ppm :

FORM (single crystal, whisker, rod, etc.)

DIMENSIONS

ORIENTATION

STARTING MATERIAL (and purity)

METHOD OF PRODUCTION (REFERENCE PERTINENT REPORT OR PAPER WHERE POSSIBLEI

METHOD OF FINAL ANALYSIS

SPECIFIC PROPERTIES TO BE STUDIED

SPECIFIC RESEARCH INTEREST OR APPLICATION

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS (INCLUDE HANDLINS PRECAUTIONS)

AVAILABILITY FOR EXTERNAL DISTRIBUTION

NAME OF PRODUCER OR REQUESTER SOURCE OF PROJECT SUPPORT

INSTALLATION Fig. 1. Research Materials Data Sheet.

UCN-3696

13 12-71) NOTE: This data sheet is more useful if it is completed in detail.

III. 3.
INFORMATION FOR

"COMPILATION OF CRYSTAL GROWERS AND CRYSTAL GROWTH PROJECTS"

(Rev. 1)

If you wish to be inaluded in the new Compilation^ please complete and vetuvn this questionnaire (even if it olosely dupliaates a recent submission)

Organ i zat Ion

Address

Project Title

Division or Department

Project or Department Head

Person to contact for information

Telephone number

1. What is your major interest In research materials [preparation of start

ing materials, crystal growth, characterization, physical properties

research (if the last Is included, what properties are examined?)]

2. What specific techniques and apparatus are used in your program (Czochralski, mass spectrometry, optical)?

3. What specific crystals or other materials are

a) prepared or grown?

b) exami ned?

(Continued on back of page)

Fig. 2. RMIC Questionnaire .

III. 3. 4
k. What is the purpose of the crystal growth or intended use of the

crystals (e.g., ferroelectric or electro-optic materials, structure

or magnetic studies, study of crystal growth methods)?

5. Are research quality specimens available for sale ( ), loan ( ), c gift ( ) to other research groups?

6. What specific crystals do you need that are not available?

7. General comments or suggestions.

Return completed questionnaire to:

RESEARCH MATERIALS INFORMATION CENTER

OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY

P. 0. BOX X OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEE 37830

Fig. 2. RMIC Questionnaire-Continued

III. 3. 5
This collection, like the other two, is manipulated by a Recordak

Miracode system that stores about 2000 pages in a cartridge of coded microfilm. Materials and properties .are represented by 3-digit numbers, from a short thesaurus, which can be keyed into the system for searches in any

combination of up to 10 descriptors using "and," or," or "not" logic. For

internal use, all pertinent parts of books and data compilations (complete

text, selected chapters, or in some cases only the title page and table

of contents) are filmed, as are complete journal articles, preprints, and

reports. In answering inquiries, however, only the title page, abstract,

and page showing the requested data are sent out; it is up to the inquirer

to obtain the complete text.

There were two reasons for the choice of this system over the usual

computer listing (although a computer is used in the handling of special

bibliographies drawn from the system, to create key-word indexes and the

like) . The first is the desirability of having the complete paper instantly

available, to be sure that the specific question is indeed answered, to see

the graph or curve. The second is the provision of the opportunity for

browsing, and of narrowing or widening the range of the search, particularly

by visitors using the equipment.

The RMIC is used by students and scientists from various materials

science centers, universities, government agencies, industrial and national

laboratories and institutes. Although the Center is supported entirely by

the AEC, a large majority of the inquiries come from those under contract

to other government agencies.

Use of the Center

Inquiries to the Center are usually by telephone or mail, and are answered

by searches of one or more of the collections described. To aid in these

searches several separate external materials and subject indexes to the microfilmed collection are maintained. These indicate, for example, the cartridges

containing references to the crystal growth, synthesis, crystal structure,

and phase diagrams of specific materials, providing rapid access (10 seconds

per cartridge) without search of the entire technical literature collection

of 305 cartridges at present. Another external index lists alphabetically by

subject and by cartridge number all the reviews, bibliographies, and data

compilations that have been filmed, including those produced by the Center

itself.

Lists of related information centers are kept, with supplies of their

descriptive brochures when available, for the referral of borderline or outof-scope inquiries

.

Several special bibliographies in the areas of greatest current interest

in materials research have been commercially published as volumes of the

ORNL Solid State Physics Literature Guides by Plenum Press and are listed

at the end of this paper. Extensive materials-indexed bibliographies on different aspects of optical materials are in various states of preparation.

However, although they are being used internally at the Center, publication

is doubtful without additional support. These are on refractive indices.

III. 3.

6
optical window and filter materials, reflectivities and optical dielectrics,

and electro-optical materials. The first is being used to provide the papers

for a critically evaluated compilation of the refractive indices of selected

materials being done with the cooperation and partial support of the Office

of Standard Reference Data of the National Bureau of Standards.

Over the years, as the coverage and capability has grown, the number of

questions concerning preparation and properties has surpassed those dealing

with available materials. It is difficult to indicate the variety of questions asked, but the following are typical: information on metal reflective

coatings; dielectric materials with a specific refractive index and absorption

coefficient; materials-indexed bibliography on low- temperature specific heats;

identification of an unknown oxide, given the constituents and probable structure.

Potential and Plans

The potential of the RMIC is in the organized document collection and

in the long-established international information exchange network, which

indicates the current and opening areas of materials research. Present plans

include coverage of the literature and the answering of inquiries, and con- tinuation of the bibliography on optical materials. Any other projects, even

the continuation of the ORNL Solid State Physics Literature Guides*, would

require additional support in the terms of money and staff. The potential

exists to undertake many other projects, such as a compilation of the phase

diagrams of semiconducting compounds and some other "newer" materials of

current interest, and documentation of the methods of preparation and the

properties of inorganic materials for energy application.

*Volumes 1 and 6, on ferroelectric materials, although built largely on the

RMIC collection, were published with the assistance of the Libraries and

Information Systems Center of Bell Telephone Laboratories, which provided

the computer services and much more. They would not have been possible without the enthusiasm and hard work of Donald T. Hawkins and the late Errett

Turner of BTL.

III. 3.7
Publications

Connolly, T. F., and Turner, Errett, eds . , "Ferroelectric Materials and

Ferroelectricity," SOLID STATE PHYSICS LITERATURE GUIDES, Vol. 1. New

York: Plenum Press (1970), 685 pp.

Connolly, T. F. , ed. , "Semiconductors: Preparation, Crystal Growth, and

Selected Properties," SOLID STATE PHYSICS LITERATURE GUIDES, Vol. 2. New

York: Plenum Press (1972), 218 pp.

Connolly, T. F., ed., "Groups IV, V, and VI Transition Metals and Compounds:

Preparation and Properties," SOLID STATE PHYSICS LITERATURE GUIDES, Vol. 3.

New York: Plenum Press (1972), 197 pp.

Connolly, T. F. , ed. , "Electrical Properties of Solids: Surface Preparation

and Methods of Measurement," SOLID STATE PHYSICS LITERATURE GUIDES, Vol. 4.

New York: Plenum Press (1972), 96 pp.

Connolly, T. F., and Copenhaver, E. D. , eds., "Bibliography of Magnetic

Materials and Tabulation of Magnetic Transition Temperatures," SOLID STATE

PHYSICS LITERATURE GUIDES, Vol. 5. New York: Plenum Press (1972), 160 pp.

Connolly, T. F., and Hawkins, D, T. , eds., "Ferroelectrics Literature Index,"

SOLID STATE PHYSICS LITERATURE GUIDES, Vol. 6 (Suppl . to Vol. 1). New York:

Plenum Press (in press) , 694 pp.

III. 3.8
MATERIALS INFORMATION SERVICES

OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION SYSTEM OFFICE AND THE

TOXIC MATERIALS INFORMATION CENTER

Emily D. Copenhaver and G. U. Ulrlkson^

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830

The Environmental Information System Office offers

to users "bibliographic references, factual information,

numerical data, and evaluated reviews of data in and for

all of the major environmental research areas active at

Oak Ridge National Laboratory: energy, trace contaminants, human health, environmental impact, radiation

research, land use and planning, ecosystems modeling, and

analysis. The Toxic Materials Information Center is a materials-oriented center dealing with trace contaminants

in the environment with particular emphasis on metals and

organo-metallic compounds.

Fimded by several federal agencies, EISO and TMIC

services are available to all users, with priority accorded

to the funding agency and other governmental agencies in

that order. Limitations to outside use are determined by

funding and staffing levels of the individual center.

Keywords : Air pollution, analysis, ecology, energy,

environmental impact, land pollution, mutagenicity, toxic

materials, toxicology, trace contaminants, water pollution

Work supported by the National Science Foimdation RANN Program under NSF

Interagency Agreement No. Ag 3^9 with the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission at

Oak Ridge National Laboratory operated by Union Carbide Corporation for the

USAEC under Contract No. W-7405-eng-26.

Coordinator, Toxic Materials Information Center, and Director, Environmental

Information System Office, respectively.

III. 4.1
I

i

INTRODUCTION

To complement and augment Its research efforts in environmental areas,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) maintains a large-scale environmental

information network known as the Environmental Information System Office

(EISO). Under the direction of Dr. Gerald U. Ulrikson, EISO offers to ORNL

and other users entry to the inform.ation retrieved in and for all of the

major environmental research areas active at ORNL: energy, human health,

environmental impact, radiation research, trace contaminants, land use and

planning, ecosystems modeling and analysis. The organization is outlined in

figure 1. The Toxic Materials Information Center (TMIC) is one of several

affiliated information centers within this information network, and it

stresses the environmental aspects of trace contaminants; the human health

aspects are covered by other information centers such as the Toxicology

Information Response Center .(TIRC) and Environmental Mutagen Information

Center (EMIC).

EISO has component information centers or data collections related to the areas of biomedical sciences, ecological and environmental sciences, physical

and chemical sciences, and maintains a central services unit.

The Biomedical Sciences Section includes the Biomedical Studies Group

(BMS), the Toxicology Information Response Center (TIRC), and the Environmental

Mutagen Information Center (EMIC). Services rendered by the Biomedical Sciences

Section include toxicology literature collection and evaluation, data extraction

and data base building, state-of-the-art reviews, and consultation. These ser- vices can be used to discern real and potential biologic effects and hazards

due to human interactions with chemicals. Topical subject areas and disciplines

are selected for extensive literature review and reference collection. Stateof-the-art reviews are prepared either internally by BMS or contracted externally to topical experts in selected fields of competence. The reviews are submitted for publication in recognized scientific journals. Longer reviews or those containing an extensive bibliographic section (keyworded and annotated

references) are printed as BMS-ORNL publications. The toxicology data extraction and resultant data base building involve selection and utilization of

basic source references, types and definition of data elements, and correlation with scientific research evidence. The BMS is funded by the Toxicology

Information Program, National Library of Medicine; the U. S. Forestry Service,

U. S. Department of Agriculture; the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission; and the

Environmental Protection Agency.

The Toxicology Information Response Center, sponsored by the National

Library of Medicine's Toxicology Information Program, was formed in the fall

of 1971 to establish a national and international center of toxicology information. It provides information on a wide variety of chemical classes; pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, food additives, pesticides, and environmental pollutants. Requested information may range from a specific toxicologic datum to metabolic, pharmacologic, and other biologic phenomena. The

center utilizes various information sources such as MEDLINE, TOXLINE, and

ORNL computerized data bases and secondary sources including Biological

Abstracts , Chemical Abstracts , Excerpt a Medica , Index Medicus , and others

.

TIRC's resources and services are available to al^ individuals. There is a charge for services, based on the scope, time coverage, and type of product

required - bibliography, annotated bibliography, and others.

III. 4.
The Environmental Mutagen Information Center was organized by the Environmental Mutagen Society (EMS) in 1969. EMIC's mission is to create, maintain,

and disseminate a data base of chemical mutagenesis information. Information

contained in the EMIC data file is either pertinent to the testing of chemicals

in one of the many available mutagenic assay systems or contains data useful

for understanding the known or suspected mutagenic activity of environmental

chemical agents. The information collected for this data base is processed

and disseminated to the scientific community. The Center's citation file

currently contains 12,000 entries for articles published primarily since 1961

in about 1,200 publication sources. This information file contains bibliographic details and keywording of chemicals, organisms, and systems studied.

To make this information easily available, bibliographies with permuted title

and author indices are printed and distributed to individuals active in mutagenesis research. V/hen specific questions arise in the scientific community

or among health officials, special literature compilations are selected and

printed. To make these data more convenient, EMIC has initiated a tabular

abstraction of selected data in its holdings. These data are entered into

computer files linked to the citation file. The staff of the Center also

prepares literature reviews at periodic intervals on urgent problems involving

the widespread occurrence of specific mutagens in the human population. Yearly

reviews of the literature reporting mutagenic action of chemicals are also produced by EMIC. EMIC is funded jointly by the National Cancer Institute and

the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences."

Ecological and environmental sciences information groups include the Toxic

Materials Information Center (TMIC) and the Environmental Response and Referral

Group (ERRG). TMIC collects, stores, and disseminates pertinent information on materials in the environment, with particular emphasis on m.etals and organometallic ciompoimds. TMIC was established as a project support center for NSFRANN funded Ecology and Analysis of Trace Contaminants (EATC) program at ORNL.

The Center's activities have become quite diversified since its inception and

its multiple objectives include the following: to serve as the focal point

for all information acquisition, storage, retrieval, and dissemination for

the 14 EATC task groups; to serve as an information line between EATC task

groups and with external groups with similar interests; to prepare and issue

bimonthly the NSF-RANN Trace Contaminants Abstracts and newsletter covering

the activities of the nationwide Trace Contaminants Program of NSF; to prepare

and publish periodically an indexed directory to all NSF-RANN Trace Contaminants

Program participants; to respond to inquiries for information on toxic materials

in the environment from researchers, administrators, and laymen; to create data

bases from which inquiries can be answered and special bibliographies can be

drawn and published once the need for such has been demonstrated; to maintain

distribution lists and special directories for the EATC Program; to extract

environment data in a tabular format for certain environmental pollutants; to

participate in the preparation of state-of-the-art reviews; and to provide

information services to the EPA/AEC Testing Protocols for Environmental

Transport Study under way at ORNL.

The Environmental Response and Referral Group responds to requests for

environmental information from sources all over the world; provides information

services to ORNL research teams engaged in preparing- environmental impact statements for nuclear power plants; cooperatively exchanges information with USDA

Forest Service in establishing a forest thesaurus, in establishing various

III. 4.
environmentally oriented Forest Service data bases, and in preparing input to

technical documents for publication; maintains a computerized record of all

documents ordered for OML's environmental scientists (Document Acquisition

and Control, or DAC); maintains a small but selective environmentally oriented

resource center with, for example, a complete set of environmental impact

statements for all nuclear power plants, the Great Lakes Bibliography, and a complete set of the Nuclear Science Abstracts ; maintains a directory of technical environmental specialists and centers by location, telephone numbers,

discipline training, and interest; and prepares state-of-the-art or generic

documents as required.

EISO information activities in the area of physical and chemical sciences

center on the Energy Information Center and the Energy Research and Development

Inventory. The current Energy Information Center began as a project support

center for the NSF-RANN funded energy work at ORNL and serves as a nucleus for

the emerging energy information complex at ORNL. This energy data base now includes 2,800 bibliographic entries, covering energy in general: electric power

(generation, transmission, distribution, supply and demand studies, economic

studies, forecasts of supply and demand, use); energy sources (coal, petroleum,

natural gas, shale oil and tar sands, hydrogen, nuclear, solar, geothermal, and

other unconventional sources such as wastes, wood, tidal, and wind); energy

(conservation, supply and demand studies, economic studies, forecasts of supply

and demand, conservation, policy); environmental effects of energy (waste heat,

air and water pollution); and energy uses (residential, commercial, industrial,

agricultural, transportation).

The Energy Research and Development Inventory data base and publication were

first prepared during late 1971 and early 1972 under sponsorship of the National

Science Foundation. It is being updated and expanded under the additional sponsorship of the U. S. Atomic Energj?- Commission. Government agencies, academic

institutions, private industry, and other sponsored research are being covered

in the survey. The scope of research projects of interest is broad, including:

(1) all types of energy sources - fossil fuels, nuclear, hydroelectric, solar,

geothermal, tidal, wind, wood, plant, animal materials, and waste products;

(2) electric power - generation, transmission, distribution, and storage; and

(3) energy uses - residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, agricultural, and specialized applications. In addition to exploration, mining

processing, resources and reserves studies in relation to energy sources, information on any basic or applied research, engineering development, economics,

environmental effects, regulations, and legislation studies relevant to the

above subjects are also of interest. Current efforts include improving format

organization, revising subject categories, and broadening questionnaire and

report dissemination. Based upon the results of this survey, the Energy

Research and Development data base has been updated and released through the

U. S. Government Printing Office.

The information storage and retrieval processes are performed by a centralized data processing and computer production group working in conjunction with

ORNL's Computer Sciences Division. The Data Processing Center is responsible

for the input of bibliographic, abstract, index, numeric, questionnaire, and

other forms of data. Input is done through remote terminals or Magnetic Tape/

Selectric Typewriter with upper and lower case capability to direct access com- puter files. The computer production group has the responsibility for submission,

III. 4.
follow-up, and other activities involved in the computer job aspects of data

management, puhlication and indices production, searches, and other information areas required by EISO and several other ORNL groups.

This brief description of the overall Environmental Information System

serves only to acquaint one with the framework of our consolidated information

activities. Though each of these centers deals with "materials" in some context, our Toxic Materials Information Center is oriented toward the effects of

specific materials being released to the environment. The activities and data

holdings of TMIC will be covered in more detail, bearing in mind that the other

centers in EISO are engaged to a large extent in similar activities relating to

their respective specialities.

For an information system to operate in a relevant and timely manner, it

must be conceived and designed for the user and remain service-oriented throughout its existence. Information needs of the users must be simply stated for the

information system to meet its objectives. Table 1 lists five major general

types of information needs as defined by our users and requested from our information systems.

Table 1. Environmental Information Needs

Bibliographic References

Directory of People, Places, and Projects

Inventory of Current and Proposed Research

Factual Information

Numerical Data

Assessment of Information

BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

In recent years the emphasis of environmental research has changed from

the small, individual disciplinary research projects, where researchers were

aware of the state-of-the-art of a given project. Today many research projects

are multi- and interdisciplinary applied research programs. Researchers of

many disciplines (engineering, mathematics, chemistry, etc. ) are now concerned

with biological and ecological information in relation to the applied environmental programs currently being developed.

Many of the bibliographic services available are oriented toward disciplinary objectives, i.e.. Chemical Abstracts , [1]^ Biological Abstracts, [2]

Engineering Abstracts, 1.3J Physics Abstracts, [4 J Metals Abstracts , [5] In

Figures in brackets indicate the literature references at the end of this

paper.

III. 4.
gathering the needed hibliographic information for a given request or building

an interdisciplinary applied information base, an information system can use

the large computer readable data bases produced by bibliographic services

(Table 2). The repackaging of this information rather than building of new

data bases is extremely cost effective sjid expedient. TMIC uses this method

of data base creation as well as the time-honored method of manually selecting and abstracting pertinent papers for inclusion in certain data files

.

The Toxic Materials general data base contains approximately 9,600 abstracted

citations in trace contaminants ecology, analysis and mathematical modeling.

In addition, several specialized data bases are maintained; they are listed in

Table 3.

Table 2. Examples of Computer Searchable Bulk Data Bases Available

Data Base

Frequency of

Issue

Approx. No. of

Records/Issue

BA (Biological Abstracts)

BRI (Bio-Research Index

Biological Abstracts

CBAC (Chemical-Biological

Activities, CAS)^

CAE (Chemical Condensates - Even Issues, CAS)-^

CAIN (Catalog and Indexing

System, National

Agricultural Library)

CAO (Chemical Condensates - Odd Issues, CAS)^

NSA (Nuclear Science

Abstracts

)

USG (Government Research

Abstracts

24/year

12/year

26/year

13/year

12/year

13/year

24/year

12/year

5,835

8,333

1,150

7,900

11,000

4,900

2,700

2,200

*CAS = Chemical Abstracts Service.

The Toxic Materials Information Center compiles these data bases principally

to meet its obligations as the focal point for information acquisition, storage,

retrieval, and dissemination for the NSF-RANN Environmental Aspects of Trace

Contaminants Program in general and as the project support center for the ORNL

III. 4.

6
Ecology and Analysis of Trace Contaminants Program funded by NSF-MNN. Once

these data bases have been created and computerized, they are available to

others through response to specific inquiries; also, special bibliographies

can be extracted, indexed, and published directly from the computerized data

bases without remachining the data. Examples of TMIC special bibliographies

include Cadmium in the Environment , [6] Trace Elements in Sewage/Sludge , [7]

and Environmental Transport of Chemicals. [8]

Table 3. TMIC Special Data Bases

Subject areas

Environmental modeling

Trace elements in coals ?nd other fuels Trace contaminants in s-jils and sediments Cadmium

Arsenic Mercury

Chlorine Environmental quality inilicators Liquid wastes Environmental transport

Citations Comments

8000 B

800 B

1500 B

2500 B

900 B

1450 B

880 B

600 A.C

250 A.D

1005 E

A - file with abstracts B - file partially with abstracts C - created by W. A. ',Tiomas, G. Goldstein, W. WUcox, ORNL

D - created by W. J. Boegly and W. D. Griffith, ORNL, HUD funded E - support data base for EPA/AEC study on environmental transport

chemicals

DIRECTORIES AND INVENTORIES OF CURRENT RESEARCHERS

AND RESEARCH PROJECTS

A second important need of researchers is a directory of people, places,

and current research projects. We keep this type of information in two

degrees of completeness. The EISO computerized directory lists approximately

20,000 persons by name, address, telephone number, and various types of

identifying labels and/or keywords. This directory is used to maintain

distribution lists and to locate researchers and administrators. More

sophisticated subsets can be prepared and used to maintain and publish

directories for specific programs such as the NSF-RANN Trace Contaminants

Directory. [9] Once these data bases are constructed, thsy can bs used for

searching "geographic locations" by "zip code" or area telephone number and/or

experts by professional or research interest.

Comprehensive data files listing current research projects in detail

are prepared wherever funding is available. This type of information base

is important only if it is kept current. Two of our files (computerized and

subsequently published ) are : Inventory of Current Energy Research and

Development , [10] and the NSF-RANN Trace Contaminants Abstracts . [ 11 J The

Trace Contaminants Abstracts is a bimonthly abstract journal recording where

III. 4.
results are "being reported by the grantees in the NSF-RANN Trace Contaminants

Program. The abstracts are accompanied by a more informal newsletter

containing brief program notes and meeting notices and reviews. This

abstract journal facilitates the exchange of information between the grantees

as well as between the grantees and others interested in this area of environmental concern. If a program or agency will keep this information current,

the contents can be used to produce annual progress reports by programs or agencies. This operation ultimately can save bench workers time in responding

to their administrator needs.

FACTUAL INFORMATION FILES

'

It is becoming increasingly more important for information centers to answer questions rather than build comprehensive bibliographic files

.

Factual information about a chemical substance in the environment is necessary to assess the effects of that chemical. Many factual information

files exist today; however, many of these have been produced with a single

objective. There are desk top reference books such as the Chemical Rubber

Publishing Company's Handbook of Chemistry and Physics [12] for chemical

and physical data and Biology Data Book [13] for biological data.

The need has become pressing to reduce to a more assimilable form the

scientific data contained in the growing volume of literature being generated.

Both scientists and information processors are giving thought to developing

a method of extracting and summarizing pertinent data from technical papers

and reports without destroying the integrity of the data reported.

The necessity for establishing such data files, particularly in the area of toxic chemicals, has been recognized by such groups as the United

Nations Advisory Committee on the Application of Science and Technology to

Development, the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment of the

International Council of Scientific Unions, and the United Nations Conference

on the Human Environment. To date. Dr. Alexander Hollaender (Consultant)

and Dr. F, Schmidt-Bleek of the University of Tennessee have been engaged

in a feasibility evaluation of an International Registry of Potentially

Toxic Chemicals as requested by the United Nations Advisory Committee on

the Application of Science and Technology to Development. [14]

This proposed registry is viewed as a computerized compendiimi of data

by various national and international agencies, designed to coordinate and

stimulate activities at the international level to effectively reduce or eliminate the worldwide hazards from potentially toxic chemicals. The

Toxicology Information Program, National Library of Medicine, under the

direction of Dr. Henry Kissman, is also engaged in feasibility studies of a large-scale toxicology data file of this same general nature.

The Enviro2nmental Information System Office of ORNL is interested in

proving the viability of the concept of such a large-scale system and is

using the efforts of its individual information center -units to construct

various interlocking data files that show promise of conversion to a large

integrated file. For example, the Environmental Mutagen Information Center

(EMIC) has extracted and published data concerning the mutagenicity and

III. 4.

8
teratogenicity of a selected number of food additives. [15] In addition to

published data, the EMIC funding agency now requires data from all its con- tractors to be added to this file. In this manner, MttC will assimilate and

distribute this information to all its users.

The Biomedical Sciences Section of EISO is defining the data field descriptors and beginning to extract toxicologically related information for

the Toxicology Information Program of National Library of Medicine ( figure 2 )

They are also engaged in extracting data for an insecticides file for the

U. S. Forest Service.

The Toxic Materials Information Center is determining the feasibility of

reducing scientific and technical data pertaining to the sources, transport,

and fate of trace contaminants in the environment (figure 3). These data, to

be machine-stored in their reduced form, could be subsequently ordered on any

two subject categories and printed out in tabular form..

When these files are added together, making a comprehensive data file,

information will be available to study the impact of chemicals or substances

in the environment, and more complete information will be stored in one place

for setting standards and criteria to protect environmental quality.

Nm/EERICAL DATA FILES

The last type of data, needed mainly by researchers but also decision

makers, is numerical data bases concerning environmental measurements. With

the growing concern for rational land use and planning, environmental impact

of industrial and federal construction, and economic growth and development

of man-made changes in our environment, there is a need for detailed unanalyzed numerical data that can be merged with other information for final

assessment.

Though TMIC is not yet storing numerical data, information system

specialists can play a major role in knowing where files are located, the

content of the data files, the means of accessing the data, and the shortcomings and strong points of the data in relation to the applicability of

data to the needs of the requestor.

ASSESSMENT OF INFORMATION

The information gathered in the files just described is often passed on

to the requestor for evaluation. However, information systems can play a significant role in the evaluation of data and the subsequent preparation of

reviews and state-of-the-art documents. Senior information specialists with

academic specialities in the area under review can serve to unify the efforts

of the more generally oriented information center staff with those of the

highly specialized research participants or university professors to produce

an extremely useful and accurate state-of-the-art doc\ament. TMIC participated

III. 4.
in the preparation of the review doc\ament Cadmium, The Dissipated Element [16],

and has Just completed a review on heavy metals in the aquatic environment in

conjunction with Dr. Harry Leland of the University of Illinois to he part of

the Journal of Water Control Federation yearly review issue.

CONCLUSIONS

Thus, miC and all of EISO strives to he flexible enough to handle all

types of data needed hy their user communities. Whether providing bibliographic references, factual information, niimerical data, as evaluated reviews,

the user ' s needs must be the keystone to the development and operation of all

information systems.

III. 4. 10
REFERENCES

Chemical Abstracts, The American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio.

[2]. Biological Abstracts, Biosciences Information Service, Philadelphia,

PA.

[3]. The Engineering Index. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

New York, NY.

Physics Abstracts, Institution of Electrical Engineers in Association

with the Institute of Physics and the American Institute of Physics,

London

[5]. Metals Abstracts, (published jointly by) The American Society for

Metals and The Institute of Metals, Metals Park, OH.

[6]. Emily D. Copenhaver, G. U. Ulrikson, W. Fulkerson, and L. T. Newman,

Cadmium in the Environment - An Annotated Bibliography, Toxic Materials

Information Center, Environmental Information System Office, Oak Ridge

National Laboratory, ORNL-EIS-17, 1973.

[7]. Emily D. Copenhaver, Trace Elements in Sewage/Sludge , Toxic Materials

Information Center, Environmental Information System Office, Oak Ridge

National Laboratory, ORNL-EIS-74-55, 197.;.

[8]. Bonnie K. Wilkinson, Lydia S. Corrill, and Emily D. Copenhaver,'' EnvironTrip-ntfl1 Trfl-n.qpnrt of Chemicals. Toxic Materials Information Center,

Environmental Information System Office, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,

ORNL-EIS-74-68, 1974.

[9]. Emily D. Copenhaver (ed.), NSF-RANN Trace Contaminants Directory. Toxic

Materials Information Center, Environmental Information System Office,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL-EIS-62, 1973.

[10]. G. M. Caton, J. M. Chilton, J. K. Huffstetler, B. W. Kline, and D. C.

Michaelson, Inventory of Current Energy Research and Development , Environmental Information System Office, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

ORNL-EIS-73-63, December, 1973; three volumes reprinted imder same title as Congressional Committee Print (Serial J), January 1974,

obtainable through U. S. Government Print Office.

[11] Emily D. Copenhaver (ed.), NSF-RANN Trace Contaminants Abstracts , Toxic Materials Information Center, Environmental Information System

Office, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL-EIS-60, Nos. 1-4, 1973-1974.

[12]. Robert C. Weast (ed. ), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , Chemical

Rubber Com.pany, 53rd edition, 1972-73.

[13]. P. L. Altman and D. S. Dittmen (eds.). Biology Data Book , Federation of

American Society for Experimental Biology, Bethesda, MD.

III. 4.11
[14] Feasibility Evaluation of International Registry of Potentially Toxic

ChemiGals, Appalachian Resources Project, University of Tennessee,

Knoxville, TN, 1972.

[15] The Mutagenicity and Teratogenicity of a Selected Number of Food

Tddltives (EMIC/GRAS Literature Review), ORNL EMIC-1, Environmental

Mutagen Information Center, 1973.

[16] W. Fulkerson, H. Goeller, et al.. Cadmium, The Dissipated Element , Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL-NSF-EP-21, January, 1973.

III. 4. 12
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III. 4. 15
1
Government - Industry Data

Exchange Program

Francis M. Nelson

GIDEP Management Support Office

NOMTF, White Sands, New Mexico

This paper briefly describes the orgin and evolution

of the Government-Industry Data Exchange Program, its

content, method of operation and utilization. It also

identifies major sponsoring and participating government

agencies and provides the methodology to become a program participant.

ALERT, Calibration procedures. Engineering technical data, metrology.

Failure mode. Failure rate, quality, reliability, safety. Technology

transfer. Urgent Data Request

The problems facing both government and industry in the acquisition of hardw^are are many and complex in today's economic environment.

Cost-plus -fixed-fee contracts have been replaced by fixed-priceincentive-fee, design-to-cost, and (some) cost-plus -incentive-fee contracts. These contracts include stringent schedules, reliability demonstration requirements, and proven sub-unit capability requirements.

The growing complexity of hardware being developed is also a major

problem; yesterday's equipment was composed of a few hundred singlefunction parts, whereas today's equipment contains several thousand

multi- function parts. State-of-the-art design requirements create

additional problems, particularly in consideration of the rapidly expanding field of integrated circuitry. There is neither time nor money

available for each project to perform its own independent research and

development; therefore, maximum utilization of existing technology

must be accomplished.

III. 5.1
Technology transfer, or the use of existing knowledge, can be a key factor in meeting the present cost-conscious contracting environment with its many various requirements. GIDEP (GovernmentIndustry Data Exchange Program) is a data program which enables

participating activities to achieve their objectives through the utilization of existing engineering data generated by others. GIDEP provides

a system for the routine collection and dissemination of engineering

data on parts, components and materials, and related technical information. This information is maintained on microfilm and computerized

indexes within the participant's facility and is immediately available

for use by the engineers in-house. Further, GIDEP provides a communication network whereby a participant may query any or all of

hiondreds of other government and industrial participants for assistance

on a specific technical problem.

GIDEP contains information which can (and does ) assist in the

identification and solution of problems, making more intelligent decisions,

improving profitability and reducing costs in such areas as proposal

preparation, research and development, sys tem/ equipment design, reliability and maintainability, production quality, and logistics support.

In the following pages, an overview of GIDEP is provided, including

its evolution, types of data banks, areas of application, and possible

future types of data.

GIDEP was originated in the late 1950s to provide an automatic

interchange of engineering evaluation and qualification test data on parts,

components and materials among the contractors and military agencies

involved in the ballistic missile weapon systems programs. These

activities realized they were each testing similar parts from the same

vendors to similar environments for similar applications. Therefore,

they reasoned that an automatic interchange of this test data would

enable each activity to benefit from the testing previously conducted by

others, thereby resulting in considerable savings in terms of time,

money and facilities. In 1959, the IDEP (Interservice Data Exchange

Program) was chartered by the Army, Navy and Air Force, with the

task of distributing the data inputs automatically to all participants in

the program. The basic concept was to have this collection of data available within the participant's activity for the immediate use of the engineer

when he needed it. The scope of the program was limited to parts, components and materials test data generated by parts users (not parts

manufacturers) with the specific exclusion of proprietary and classified

data. The program was funded by the tri-Ser vices, with no payment for

submission of data and no charge for the receipt of data.

III. 5.
In 1966, NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

and CAMESA (Canadian Military Electronics Standards Agency) joined

the program and it was renamed the Inter agency Data Exchange Program.

This resulted in an increase in both the sources and the users of data.

The ALERT System, established by NASA and incorporated into

GIDEP in 1967, provided for the identification and notification of actual or potential problems on parts, components, materials, manufacturing

processes, test equipment and safety conditions among the participants.

In 1968, the NCSL (National Conference of Standards Laboratories)

transferred their library of test equipment calibration procedures to

GIDEP for a similar voluntary interchange of these procedures among the

participating contractor and government activities. The same concept

applied, vvrherein an activity could benefit in time and money through

utilizing the calibration procedures already generated by others for the

same test equipments.

The Joint AMC/ NMC/AFSC / AFLC Logistics Commanders reviewed

the existing IDEP Program in 1970 with a view toward strengthening its

management, expanding it to cover additional participants, products and

types of information, and consolidating reliability data exchange efforts

among the military departments. The Joint Commanders agreed to

designate the Chief of Naval Material as the single-Service Program

Manager for this DoD and NASA data exchange program (renamed GIDEP).

In early 1973, other government agencies were offered the opportunity

to participate in this program. The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC),

Defense Supply Agency (DSA), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA),

National Security Agency (NSA) and Small Business Administration(SBA)

have designated representatives to the GIDEP Government Advisory

Group. This group consists of representatives from each of the participating government agencies, and provides advice and recommendations

to the Program Manager on management and operation of the program.

The EXACT (International Exchange of Authenticated Electronic Component Performance Test Data) Program is a 13-nation foreign data

exchange program patterned after the GIDEP program. A limited exchange agreement has been established between GIDEP and EXACT,

wherein the entire EXACT data bank has been made available to all

GIDEP participants and selected GIDEP reports (only those parts which

have successfully passed all tests) are transmitted to EXACT. All

III. 5.
failure data on U. S. parts are excluded from transmission to EXACT.

This agreement was established to provide the United States with

visibility of parts testing overseas and to advertise the high quality

of U. S. parts to potential overseas customers.

The FARADA (Failure Rate Data) Program, formerly a separate

tri-Service/NASA reliability data exchange program, was intergrated

into GIDEP as a third major data bank in July 1973. The purpose of

this integration was to consolidate and strengthen its management and

to streamline the failure rate /mode data into a more usable form for

the participating activities.

Project SETE (Secretariat for Electronic Test Equipment) was a separate tri-Service/NASA/ FAA program for the accumulation,

coordination, analysis and exchange of scientific, technical and management information in the specialized field of electronic test, checkout

and support equipment. In order to strengthen the management of this

program and to provide increased visibility and utilization, responsibility

for management and operation of Project SETE was assigned to the

GIDEP Program Manager in early 1973, as a coordinated function with

GIDEP.

Under single-Service program management, GIDEP has proven

highly successful both as a cost avoidance vehicle and as a tool for

achieving greater reliability in military hardware. As a result of this

success, the military services have made participation in GIDEP mandatory for their design, development and production activities. A

Military Standard is presently being prepared for use in contractually

requiring GIDEP participation (both data submittals and utilization) in

selected development and production contracts.

The Air Force recently completed a study on the technical and

economical feasibility of a Defective Parts and Components Control

Program (DPCCP). Major efforts are now in process to develop the

detailed operational methodology of DPCCP, with an implementation

target date of 1 July 1974. The primary objectives of this program are

to: provide specific identification of suspect parts (ALERT); initiate

such action as required to remove defective parts from existing equipments and stock inventories; and preclude the redesign of these defective

parts into new systems under development. GIDEP will provide the

central Failure Experience Data Bank for the collection, processing

111.5.^
and dissemination of the suspect parts data. Assuming the Air Force

DPCCP is successfully implemented, the Army, Navy and NASA have

indicated their intent to establish similar dedicated (and coordinated)

programs for the control of defective parts in current and future systems.

The GIDEP data banks are contained within the Navy's UNIVAC

1108 computer at Corona, California. This information is presently

accessible by remote terminals. A detailed operator's instruction

manual has been developed and a pilot program is established among

a selected number of GIDEP participants enabling them to search and

query the data banks directly by their own remote terminals. If this

pilot program proves successful, other GIDEP participants will be

offered this service.

The meat of GIDEP is in the data banks and services it provides.

These are:

The Engineering Data Bank (EDB) contains engineering evaluation

and qualification test reports, nonstandard parts justification data,

failure analysis data, manufacturing processes, and other related

engineering data on parts, components and materials. These data are

normally generated during the systems development phase of the

acquisition cycle. Test reports received from EXACT are included

in this data bank. The reports are placed on 16 -mm microfilm car t- ridges and distributed to all full participants along with a computer indexed listing of the reports. Partial participants receive the report

index and may ob tain any report upon request to the GIDEP Operations

Center. Cumulative lists are published between updates in order to provide information on reports which have been received at the Operations Center but which have not yet been entered in the report index.

Engineering reports submitted to the Operations Center are assigned

a nine-digit generic code for report indexing. The code identifies specific

parts and certain standard components covered by the reports. Extra

numbers or letters are added to the nine-digit code to provide information on the activity submitting the report. The first three digits of the

generic code identify the major part classification. The next two digits

define the function of a part or its application. The alphabetical listing

of parts and the accompanying part classification five-digit numbers are

provided in a sub-title index in the front of the report index. The re- maining four digits of the nine-digit generic code provide additional

descriptive information with regard to construction of the part. Words

which describe the part follow the generic code in the index. The last

III. 5.
four digits added to the generic code reveal the originator of the report

and the number of the report in the sequence of reports originated on

the part in question.

The Metrology Data Bank (MDB) contains test equipment calibration procedures and related engineering data on test systems, calibration systems, and measurement technology. Major outputs from

Project SETE will be included in this data bank. Output format of

the MDB is the same as the EDB, namely 16 -mm microfilm cartridges of the documents and computerized indexes. In the index,

calibration procedures are tabulated by the manufacturer test equipment model number. Tabular data then indicates the reel on which the

procedure is located and the reel access number.

The Failure Rate Data Bank (FRDB) contains failure rate/mode

data on parts, components and materials based upon engineering

an3,lyses, field performance data and information on operational

systems and equipments. The former FARADA outputs were hardcopy handbooks of computerized failure rate data listings, including

statistically analyzed and -environmentally segregated listings. More

stringent requirements for data inputs will increase the validity of

the data file. Outputs of the FRDB will be computerized listings of

the data structured in such formats as to be of most convenient use

to the reliability engineers needing the data. Also, the source documents supporting the failure rate data entries are available to the

participants on 16 -mm microfilm cartridges, thereby providing the

engineers with complete detailed information for indepth analysis.

Failure summaries identify parts and components by the first five

letters of the generic code major part classification. The failure

information provided included the overall failure experience and the

summaries of failures reported by each activity.

The Failure Experience Data Bank (FEDB) contains GIDEP ALERTs

generated as significant problems are identified on parts, components

and materials. The bank is a computerized file of approximately 35

fields of specific data entries for each ALERT, including complete

part identification (e. g. , Vendor Part No. , Industry Standard No. , Part

Type Designator, Mil-Spec No. , National Stock No. , Part Name),

vendor's cognizant CAS Code, problem summary, problem cause indicator (e. g. , defective part, inadequate specification, improper

application), corrective actions taken by both vendor and user.

III. 5.
corrective action effectivity date (e.g., S/N, lot/date code), source

docuraent reference, etc. The bank is accessible by remote terminal

and may be searched and/or sorted by any of the 35 fields. The

source documents (i. e. , ALERTs) are referenced and are presently

contained in the EDB microfilm cartridges. A separate microfilm

file of these source documents may be established at a later date,

dependent upon volume and need. The FEDB was created to support

the GIDEP ALERT System and to serve as the centralized data bank

for the Air Force Defective Parts and Components Control Program.

There are presently three standard output listings of the FEDB v^ith

other listings planned, dependent upon the requirements of the Air Force

DPCCP. The ALERT Summary is sorted by part number and generic

code and issued quarterly to all GIDEP participants. "ALERTs Sorted

by Cognizant CAS Code" listings are issued quarterly to all DCASRs

(Defense Contract Administration Services Regions) to provide DCAS

with visibility of the ALERTs being generated aginst vendors under

their cognizance. "ALERTs Sorted by Vendors" is an alphabetical

listing of ALERTs by vendors issued quarterly to the procurement and

supply activities of the Defense Supply Agency. These latter two listings are available to GIDEP participants upon request to the GIDEP

Administration Office.

While the GIDEP communication network is not an actual "data

bank" per se, it is an extremely effective and valuable system of

obtaining needed technological information. The UDR (Urgent Data

Request) System enables a participant to query all other participants

in GIDEP on his specific problem. When a participant has exhausted

all internal sources of information on a particular topic, a UDR defining the topic is initiated which the GIDEP Operations Center

distributes to all participants. Those participants having additional

information on the topic transmit their data directly to the originator

of the UDR. A roster of the participants, including name and phone

number of all GIDEP Representatives, is also provided enabling each

participant to communicate directly with any of the hundreds of government and industrial participants throughout the nation.

A series of Area Indoctrination Clinics are being conducted in key

geographic points across the nation. Both government and industrial

activities in each area are invited to these Clinics for indepth briefings

ou the content and use of GIDEP. These Clinics are intended to accelerate the implementation of GIDEP within the many activities currently becoming participants as a result of the mandatory regulations

and the forthcoming contractual Military Standard.

III. 5.
Those government activities v/ho have need for the type data

handled in GIDEP and those industry activities who need and generate

such data are invited to become participants. Requests for participant status should be addressed to: GIDEP Operations Center

c/o QIC, FMSAEG Annex Code 862

Corona, California 91720

III. 5.
Department of Defense Session

Chairman: Joseph L. Blue

Defense Supply Agency

IV.

Introductory Remarks

"The DoD Program for Technical Information about Materials"

Joseph L. Blue

Defense Supply Agency

I wish to express my appreciation for having been invited to address

this group and to serve as Conference Leader for the DoD portion of the

program. During the next three hours you will be provided specific information regarding each of the DoD Materials Information Analysis Centers by

representatives of those Centers. In view of that fact, I will not attempt

at this time to review the operations or services of the Centers but will

confine my remarks to some of the considerations which are involved in the

development and maintenance of a viable Information Analysis Center Program.

First of all, and in recognition of the interagency aspect of this

meeting, I would like to place the Information Analysis Centers in their

proper context within the DoD Scientific and Technical Information Logistical Support System.

At the hub of this system is the Defense Documentation Center, or DDC as it is commonly known. DDC's predecessor was ASTIA - the Armed Services

Technical Information Agency and, at that time, it was essentially a large

bookstore operation - receiving, storing and filling requests for technical

reports. In the last twelve years, DDC's role has changed to what is now essentially a computer center designed to answer three important questions

of the DoD R&D community: What research has been completed? What is

currently on-going? and, What research is planned? Scientists and engineers

need this information to ensure that new research builds on the documented

base of what has already been accomplished and to preclude unwarranted

duplication of effort. To provide this information, DDC maintains several

data banks including the traditional technical report collection, a work

unit data bank containing information pertaining to on-going in-house and

contractor research efforts and a planned file consisting of summaries which

document planned projects and related tasks.

While the DDC exists primarily to serve the needs of DoD, certain DDC

services are available to other Federal Agencies, consistent with security

and other applicable considerations. Any Agency representatives desiring

additional information are encouraged to contact DDC at Cameron Station,

Alexandria, Va.

I will defer discussion of the Information Analysis Centers for now

since I will discuss this aspect of the system in more detail later. On

the outer ring we have depicted the Scientific and Technical Library functions

and the Research and Development Laboratories which are integral to the

system, both in terms of receipt and input of information.

IV. 1.1
The libraries provide unique support for the R&D missions of their

parent activities by circulating books and periodicals, performing bibliographic searches and generally rendering personal library services to a wide variety of specialists in their organizations. DDC and lAC services

are usually procured thru these libraries which thus serve as retail stores

in the total S&TI support system.

The role of the generators - users in the R&D laboratories cannot be

over-emphasized since they are producing as well as using information. As

in any Agency, the scientist or engineer is the key to the effectiveness

of the DoD S&TI support system. It is the technical report of his findings,

given through primary distribution to selected colleagues in his field, to

DDC for subsequent secondary distribution, and to the lACs for evaluation

and retention, that makes the system work. Thus the contribution of the

individual is vital both for the information he provides and for the feedback he gives to the system as to ways to improve it.

Increasing the productivity of these scientists and engineers is the

primary reason for the existence of the other part of the system - the

Information Analysis Centers.

The Centers attempt to accomplish this productivity increase through

the timely dissemination of authoritative information in certain well defined

areas of technology. The Centers collect, store, review, analyze, and

synthesize the results of research and development effort in these areas.

As a result of this activity the Centers are able to provide evaluated, upto-date information in the format most useful to the ultimate users. As

depicted on the slide, this processing is essentially a smelting operation

in which the "ore" from the world^s raw research literature is mined, and

then refined in the lAC to produce the "gold", evaluated, synthesized

information needed by the technical community. The refining process is

accomplished in the lACs by scientists and engineers whose basic jobs are research and development and who are recognized experts in their fields.

With the rapid growth of science and technology we have experienced

increased emphasis on Information Analysis Centers. I believe this emphasis

is extremely well placed. A busy research scientist or practicing engineer

has neither the time nor the physical means to sift through all the isolated

references to his specific interests. To search through the thousands of

journals and reports which might contain such information is time consuming

if not impossible for any individual or small group of individuals, even if

all other work is brought to a halt.

Research workers and design engineers must, as a matter of course,

accept the consequences - working with incomplete information, repeating

tests which have already been done and results published, eliminating a potentially useful material for lack of time to test it adequately or failing to consider a new material which might be useful in the specific

application.

IV. 1.2
Technical librarians and information specialists also must endure long

interruptions in their professional work to pore through indices and catalogs

searching every entry on a little known topic. Even if the search is

successful the data are usually in a form that is not directly usable and

substantive advice on the value and reliability of the information is still

not available. These are the conditions that the Information Analysis Centers

are intended to correct, and, by serving as central sources of evaluated

information, minimize the requirement for unwarranted duplicative search

efforts

Having established this background, we can now move to consideration of

the factors which will, I believe, determine the success or failure of an Information Analysis Center Program. First, what type of Centers should we have? I believe that we need full service Centers. By that I mean Centers

located in research and development atmospheres with immediate access, on an as needed basis, to scientific and engineering expertise in the full

range of subject matter within the Center's mission. Without outside assistance, the Centers should have the capability to produce the full range of

products and services required by lAC users. Anything less runs the risk of

not meeting the user's needs.

Of course having the capability to produce a full range of products is

not sufficient to meet user needs unless the products produced have the

quality of technical excellence. All of us involved with Information Analysis

Centers should keep in mind that the Center puts its reputation and its

credibility on the line each time it releases a product, be it a handbook,

an inquiry response, or whatever. The Center is responsible for insuring

the technical adequacy, indeed the technical excellence of its products.

That requirement for technical excellence is an essential ingredient which

sets lACs apart from documentation Centers and technical libraries.

Our second consideration is also related to user needs, but in this

case I have reference to identification of those needs. For the DSA

administered Centers we identify the user communities which the Centers will

serve in priority order. First priority, of course, is given to DoD components, contractors and grantees. Secondly, where appropriate, the Centers

are to serve other U. S. Government Agencies and their contractors. Finally,

to the extent practical without impairment of service to those users, the

Centers serve the private sector, consistent with security and other limitations. But while we have defined user groups in these and other ways,

including user groups within technologies, we have not sufficiently addressed

the question of what these users really need. All of the Agencies are investing large sums of money each year in generating information, in

information evaluation, and in producing information products and services.

Yet, no concerted effort has been made to assess the need and the usefulness

of the products thus developed. The final determination to produce products

should be made on the basis of firm evidence of the contribution these

works could make in terms of increasing productivity. In recognition of

this condition we at DSA are planning to conduct an in-depth study of the

need for materials engineering reference works for defense scientists and

engineers at the bench level. We would encourage other Agencies to undertake the same kind of effort.

IV. 1.3
During the discussion of the products and services available from the

lACs which you will hear this afternoon I am sure that there will be

references to the service charge program. The requirement to recoup costs

through service charges is not new but is still not understood in some quarters. During the last meeting of managers and users of DoD lACs,

Mr. Makepeace of ODDR&E made some comments in this regard which are worth

quoting. He said, "The service charge program is now an essential and

integral part of the DoD policy with regard to the Information Analysis

Centers. From our point of view this policy is necessary and desirable for some very specific reasons. The service charge policy assures that the

products of the Centers are in fact oriented to the needs of their user communities. Users simply will not buy services they do not want or need.

A properly administered service charge program is fair - the user pays for

the work done and the benefits he receives. Service charges, furthermore,

provide a dependable means of assessing the viability of the Information

Analysis Centers. We have recently learned that the DuPont Company has

instituted an internal service charge policy for its information services,

an indication of coming industry acceptance of this concept. Service charges

are and will continue to be a basic policy for the lAC program."

Mr. Makepeace has very clearly and concisely stated the basic considerations involved in the service charge policy. Additionally, this policy has

enabled us to extend the Centers' services to other Government Agencies such

as the ones represented here today, as well as to the public sector. In

each case the result is increased authoritative information transfer.

In the transfer of Scientific and Technical Information, as with other

programs, standing still is tantamount to falling back. This is no less

true of the lACs . We must, therefore, stay abreast of new developments in

technology which may have potential for application in improving lAC operations,

products and services. For example, new developments increasing the availability of remotely accessable data bases may be exploited to reduce the

costs of acquiring, cataloging, storing and retrieving documents. Any savings

realized in this end of the operation can be used to improve and increase

output products. Also, in recognition of the increasing inter-disciplinary

nature of the needs of our user communities we should look toward more

products developed as a cooperative venture between two or more lACs as opposed to development of inadequate products due to disciplinary or technological restraints in our scopes of operations. These are but two examples

of the opportunities open to us. There are, of course, many more, not the

least of which is the reason for our meeting, i.e., greater use of each

other's information.

In summation I would like to return to my earlier comments on the primary reason for the existance of lACs, that is to increase productivity. Productivity is the measure not of how hard we work but of how well we use our intelligence, our imagination and the capital resources available to us. Productivity will improve to the degree that we are able to use our management

skills to organize work more efficiently and use our ingenuity to develop

improved information transfer techniques. This meeting is obviously intended

IV. 1.4
to optimize the use by all the Agencies of the information available within

each separate agency. That is a worthwhile goal, for the challenge facing

each of us is to use all the intelligence, ingenuity, and skill at our command to increase the productivity of those we serve.

IV. 1.5

Metals and Ceramics Information Center

James F. L/nch and H. Dana Moron*

Battel le's Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio

This paper presents a description of the Metals and Ceramics Information

Center (MClC). MClC is a Department of Defense Information Analysis Center which collects, evaluates, and disseminates technical information on the

characteristics, processing, and application of the advanced metallic and

ceramic materials. Discussed ore the origin, mission, materials scope,

organization, information operations, publications, and services of the

Center.

Ceramic technology, current awareness services, dotabooks, information

analysis center, inquiry services, metals technology, structural materials,

technical reports

Origin

One of the oldest — and largest — of the DoD Information Analysis Centers, the Metals

and Ceramics Information Center (MClC) is now in its twentieth year of continuous service

to the materials community. The program was Initiated in 1955, when the Office of the

Director of Defense Research and Engineering, concerned with technical delays in the development of titanium for military systems instituted the Titanium Metallurgical Laboratory

(TML) at Battelle's Columbus Laboratories. TML was instrumental in the intensive efforts

of the 1950s which brought titanium from the status of a relatively unknown engineering

material to its current wide use in aerospace and commercial applications.

In 1958, the scope of the Center was expanded to include most of the advanced metals,

and the program retitled "Defense Metals Information Center (DMIC)". Its services to government and industry included preparation of a large variety of engineering reports,

handbooks, technical bulletins, and advisory services. DMIC served as the prototype for a number of other information analysis centers including the Ceramics and Graphite Technical Evaluation Center, established at the Air Force Materials Laboratory in the mid

*Associate Manager and Manager, respectively.

IV. 2.1
1960s. Later chartered as a DoD lAC, this program was assigned to Battelle in 1967 as the

Defense Ceramic Information Center (DCIC).

The present Metals and Ceramics Information Center resulted from the merger of these

two concurrent programs in August 1971 . The scope was further broadened to include

metal and ceramic based composite materials, and the current policy of fees for publications and services was implemented. At the same time, contract responsibility was transferred from the Air Force to the Defense Supply Agency, and technical monitorship from

the Air Force Materials Laboratory (which had monitored the program since 1955) to the

Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center.

Mission and Scope

MClC's primary function is to provide timely, authoritative technical information on

the characteristics and utilization of the advanced metals and ceramics. Although its first obligation is to serve Department of Defense components, contractors, and grantees,

MClC's resources also are available to the private sector and industry at large. Materials

in the Center's scope include:

Metals: titanium and titanium-base al loys, beryllium and beryl I ium-base al loys,

high-strength steels, high-strength aluminum al loys, superalloys, refractory metals,

coatings for these metals, magnesium, rhenium, and other metals and alloys used

in critical structural applications

Ceramics: single crystal and polycrystal I ine metal oxides, sulfides, carbides,

borides, nitrides, silicides, intermetal I ics, metalloid elements, glasses, carbons,

graphites and coatings for these materials.

Composites: combinations and composites having metallic and/or ceramic

elements.

To accomplish these purposes, the MClC program consists of the following four basic

functions:

1 . Maintenance o^ a comprehensi ./e, up-to-date, authoritative technical

information base

2. Response to requests for technical advice and assistance from government agencies, contractors, suppliers and the public sector

3. Issuance of a series of timely Reviews of Recent Technical Developments on a variety of subjects within the MClC scope

4. Publication of technical reports, handbooks, and related documents

apprising the state of the art of metals, ceramics, and processes

within the MClC scope.

IV. 2.
In addition, MClC provides capabilities for special assignments, such as preparation,

publication and maintenance of engineering handbooks, conduct of critical surveys,

materials technology assessments, etc.

Organization of MClC

The Center employs a full-time staff of approximately twenty engineers, information

specialists and secretarial assistants. These provide the basic day-to-day functional

operations, including maintenance of the information files and administration of the Center services. But the technical substance of the program depends on the utilization of more than 100 engineers and scientists on the Bottelle staff who contribute on a parttime basis as required. It is this select coterie of qualified authorities in the metals and

ceramic technologies which constitutes the principal strength of MClC; their experience

and daily participation in advanced materials research provide the Center's users with expert advice and authoritative state-of-the-art publications.

MClC maintains an office on the West Coast, located in Battel le's Long Beach,

California, facility. This office provides personal and quick-response services to that

major segment of the Center's user community in the western states.

Information Operations

The principal purpose of the MClC technical information base is to provide its staff and the user audience with a comprehensive, readily accessible source of current information on the materials within the Center's scope. With a coverage of nearly two decades,

the current MClC files include more than 100,000 accessions, technically reviewed,

evaluated, and indexed. This represents the largest collection of its kind in this country.

Additions to the files are made at the rate of about 3500 accessions per year.

Primary attention in the selection of input is given to government contractual R&D

reports, which constitute about two-thirds of the MClC collection. Another 25% consists of journal articles, 7% is unpublished technical papers and the remainder comes

from internally generated reports, contributions from industry sources, manufacturer's

literature, etc.

All MClC accessions are reviewed by specialists with background in the subject content. Each reference source is evaluated for applicability to the scope, for quality of

information, for completeness and for usefulness to the mission of the Center. Indexing

uses a controlled but open-ended thesaurus which at present employs about 35,000 terms,

with generic up-posting to permit maximum flexibility in search strategy. The Center's

current files are automated (conversion to a computer storage/retrieval system was made

three years ago), using an interactive, time-shared program developed by Battelle. The

system employs CDC 6400 and Cyber '73 equipment, with remote access via high-speed

CRT terminal

IV. 2.
MClC's own information files ore supplemented by the extensive collections of the

several technical libraries in Battel le's facilities. These provide broad coverage of the

open literature, both US and foreign. Recently, a further important enhancement of

MClC's information and data resources has resulted from installation of a direct, on-line

connection to the automated information of the Defense Documentation Center — the only

such capability in any nongovernment facility.

Although MClC's files are designed primarily to serve as a tool for its own staff and

ad'visory engineers, recent experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of direct on-line

access from user locations as distant as Southern California. It is anticipated that future

developments may lead to a network of industrial and government agencies, clients, utilizing this information base on a personal, real-time basis, via telephone/CRT connection.

Services and Publications

MClC serves its user community both through personal technical advisory service and

with a variety of authoritative publications in metals and ceramics technology. Excepting

only sensitive information, the Center's services and publications are available without

restriction to industry and individuals, as well as to all government agencies. As with

most similar information programs, MClC has found it necessary to charge agencies for its services.

Technical Inquiries

The philosophy of MClC management is that the most important service which may be

provided Is assistance in the solution of urgent, immediate technical problems. Thus,

quick response to technical inquiries has always been given high priority. The approach

is to put the inquiring engineer or scientist directly in touch with a contemporary, professionally qualified engineer in the particular technology of concern. Most often, assistance can be given by telephone or informal letter report. Inquiries handled by MClC range

from those requiring only a few minutes for response to studies calling for several months of

professional time. For example, the question may be simply, "What are the preferred

titanium alloys for die forging?" or, on the other hand, the inquiry may call for the

analysis of the source of material failures and the writing of a series of process specifications.

Charges for MClC's technical inquiry services are made on the basis of costs incurred.

Payment may be made through either MClC or National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Also, technical service agreements may be established with MClC.

Special Studies

The resources of MClC have been employed by DoD, other government agencies, and

industry for a variety of special analyses, updating compilations and standards, and stateIV. 2.
of-the-art reports. Such special tasks generally are supported through supplemental funding.

The following titles indicate some of the special tasks which have been conducted recently

byMCIC.

• Comparison of Soviet versus US Materials Technologies

• Report on High-Temperature Materials for TTCP

• Analysis of US Research on Advanced Materials for TTCP

• US versus USSR Technology Assessments on Submarine Hull Materials

Low-Drag Polymers

Reentry Vehicle Materials

Superconductor Materials

Silicon Nitride for Gas-Turbine Applications

• Current Awareness Service on Applications for Composites

• Program Analyses on NDTI Standardization

•' Revision of MIL-STD Handbook on Titanium

• Survey of In-Situ Composites for AGARD Handbook

• Preparation of Chapter on NDT for AGARD Handbook

• Planning Surveys of Materials Technologies for USAF

• Status of the Titanium Industry — 1974

4 Classified Planning Papers for ODDR&AT(ET)

Structures Technology

Materials Technology

Publ Icotions

These comprise state-of-the-art reports, reference handbooks, and bulletins on recent

developments in metals and ceramic technologies. MClC's publications are intended to provide timely, reliable technical information to the engineering community.

The Center regularly issues comprehensive reports on topics of current concern; titles of

recent state-of-the-art publications include

• Oxidation of Iron- Nickel-, and Cobalt-Base Alloys

• Impurity Effects In Beryllium

• Electrodeposited Metdls as Materials for Selected AppI icotions

IV. 2.
• Fracture Analysis with the Scanning Electron Microscope

• Crock Behavior in D6ac Steel

• Processing of Superalloys

• Advances in Welding Technology

• Bioceramics

• Metallic Prosthetic Materials

Reference handbooks published and maintained by MClC are

• The Titanium Al loys Handbook

• Damage Tolerant Design Handbook

• Forging Practices Manual

• Engineering Properties of Ceramics

These manuals, providing the engineer with design data, properties, and processing

information, are supplemented regularly as new data become available. Several additional major handbooks are in preparation.

MClC's Reviews of Metals and Ceramic Technology are two series of technical newsletters, issues on metals being distributed weekly and those on ceramics published monthly.

Written informally, addressed to the active materials, process, and design engineer, the

bulletins summarize recent reports and research studies which have resulted in significant

advanced technology.

Publications of the Center are distributed through MClC and the National Technical

Information Service (NTIS, Springfield, Virginia 22151). Prices of the technical reports

range from $7.50 to $22. Handbooks are priced in the $35 to S40 range. The Reviews of

Metals and Ceramic Technology are offered by subscriptions; $95 and $25 per year, re- spectively. Discounts are available on quantity orders.

MClC recently ventured into other forms of technical communication, with the preparation of two state-of-the-art files on "Fracture Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy"

and "Biomedical Applications of Metals and Ceramics". Both are intended as introductions

to the subject, to be supplemented by the related MClC engineering reports. Additional

films are planned and consideration is being given to the preparation of reports on materials

technology via video-tape presentations. These new forms of documentation are available on a loan basis or purchase.

IV. 2.
MClC Newsletter and Film

The Center issues a monthly newsletter to its users and members of the materials community. It includes reports of significant developments in materials technology, announcements of new MClC products and services, reviews of pending government R&D contract

programs, and notices of technical meetings. The Newsletter is available without charge

to any interested individual or company engaged in materials research, development,

ond/or utilization.

An eight-minute film introduction to MClC operations, products, and services also is available for loan at no charge.

For additional information on how you may benefit from use of MClC's technical resources write or call the Center at either qf the addresses given below:

Metals and Ceramics Information Center

Bottelle-Columbus Laboratories

505 King Avenue

Columbus, Ohio 43201

Telephone: (6 1 4) 299-31 51 , Extension 2758

Battel le-Columbus Laboratories

Long Beach Ocean Engineering Facility

965 Harbor Scenic Way

Long Beach, California 90802

Telephone: (213) 435-6242 or 436-1241

IV. 2.

Plastics Technical Evaluation Center (PLASTEC)

Harry E. Pebly*

Keywords: Adhesives; composites; computerized information system; foams;

plastics information; Plastics Technical Evaluation Center; specifications;

technical reports; testing methods; tooling.

The Plastics Technical Evaluation Center (PLASTEC) is one of approximately twenty technical information analysis centers sponsored by the

Department of Defense (DoD) to provide the defense community with a variety

of authoritative information services. Located at Picatinny Arsenal,

PLASTEC has been serving this community since 1960 via state-of-the-art

reports, handbooks, newsletters, current awareness studies, engineering

assistances, bibliographies, literature searches, technical inquiries, and

special investigations on plastics, composites, and adhesives.

Its library houses over 25,000 selected holdings from government and

private industry which have been evaluated, indexed, and abstracted. These

holdings include technical reports and conference papers, trade literature,

specifications, selected bibliographies and periodicals as well as government and commercial indexes to the general literature. The library welcomes

visitors but is not staffed to provide loan service. Printouts of computer

searches of our holdings of non-proprietary information containing citations,

abstracts, and index terms are available. PLASTEC has developed a relationship with DDC which permits PLASTEC access to the Defense RDT & E on-line

network, and input, storage, and retrieval from its own collection using

the same on-line terminal.

PLASTEC 's staff of specialists offers professional services in a wide

range of interests such as packaging, electronics, deterioration (e.g.,

weathering, microbiological, compatibility), new materials, composites,

foams, adhesives, specifications, test methods, tooling and processing, etc.

At the direction of DoD these technical services are available to the entire

U.S. scientific and technical community on a fee basis. The charge, determined by the nature of the inquiry, runs about $30 per specialist manhour.

Such charges enable this center to recover a part of its operating expense

and make funds available for improved and expanded services. Minor inquiries

which can be handled in a routine manner are presently accomplished without

charge. Service charges for inquiries can be paid directly to PLASTEC.

* Director, Plastics Technical Evalution Center, Picatinny Arsenal,

Dover, New Jersey 07801

IV. 3.1
From time to time PLASTEC specialists publish technical reports and

notes on information felt to be of interest to the technical community.

These reports are sold by the National Technical Information Service of

the Department of Commerce (NTIS) located at 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 2Z151 at a price commensurate with their handling and

printing cost. A complete list of PLASTEC reports and notes is available

upon request.

The PLASTEC staff of ten calls upon the Arsenal's Materials Engineering

Division for consultation when appropriate and is also assisted by an on- site contractor for literature processing services.

Telephone numbers at the Center are 201-328-4222, -3189 or -5859.

IV. 3.2
Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information

Analysis Center [TEPIAC]

A DoD Information Analysis Center

Operated By

Center for Information and Numerical Data

Analysis and Synthesis [CINDAS]

Y. S. Touloukian

Keywords: Computerized information system; data bank; electrical properties;

electronic properties; magnetic properties; optical properties; Retrieval

Guide; technical reports; Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information Analysis Center; thermophysical properties.

General Information

The Thermophysical and Electronic Properties Information Analysis

Center (TEPIAC) was established in 1973 as a result of a merger of the DoD

Thermophysical Properties Information Center, established in 1960 and the

Electronic Properties Information Center, reactivated in 1973. CINDAS

operates TEPIAC for the Department of Defense under a DSA contract and

serves all DoD contractors and others on their need for thermophysical,

electronic, electrical, magnetic, and optical property data for a broad

range of materials.

Briefly stated, TEPIAC's activities consist of the following: locates,

obtains, catalogs, codes, and evaluates research documents; makes literature

searches; stores, retrieves, and makes available technical papers (on microfiche); performs data analyses, syntheses, estimations, and recommendations;

generates reference data tables; performs theoretical and experimental

research; and provides technical advisory and consulting services.

Current Scope of Coverage

Approximately 130,000 unclassified technical papers from worldwide

sources have been identified, secured and coded in depth. This bibliographic information is computerized for detailed literature searching and

periodic publication of Retrieval Guides, About 12,000 new technical papers

are added to the properties file each year.

IV. 4.1
Information and data on more than 70,000 different substances and

materials are currently coded for the following properties:

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES

1. Thermal conductivity 8.

2. Accommodation coefficient 9.

3. Thermal contact resistance 10.

4. Thermal diffusivity 11.

5. Specific heat at constant 12.

pressure 13.

6. Viscosity 14.

7. Emittance

Reflectance

Absorptance

Transmi ttance

Solar absorptance to emittance ratio

Prandtl number

Thermal linear expansion coefficient

Thermal volumetric expansion

coefficient

ELECTRONIC, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES

(1) Absorption coefficient

(2) Dielectric constant

(3) Dielectric strength

(4) Effective mass

(5) Electric hysteresis

(6) Electrical resistivity

(7) Energy bands

(8) Energy gap

PROPERTY

(9) Energy levels

(10) Hall coefficient

(11) Magnetic hysteresis

(12) Magnetic susceptibility

(13) Mobility

(14) Refractive index

(15) Work function

PROPERTY GROUPS

(16) Electron emission properties

i , Field emission

ii. Photoemission

iii. Secondary emission

iv. Thermionic emission

(17) Luminescence properties

i. Cathodol uminescence

ii. Electroluminescence

iii. Mechanical luminescence

iv. Photol uminescence

V. Thermo! uminescence

(18) Magnetoelectric properties

i. Ettingshausen effect

ii. Magnetoresistance

iii . Nernst effect

iv. Shubnikov-de Haas effect

(19) Magnetomechanical properties

i. Anisotropy energy

i i . Magnetos tri ction

(20) Photoelectronic properties

i . Dember effect

i i . Photoconducti vi ty

iii. Photomagnetic effect

iv. Photopiezoelectric effect

V, Photovoltaic effect

(21) Piezoelectric properties

i. Piezoelectric effects

ii. Py.roelectric effect

(22) Thermoelectric properties

i . Pel tier effect

ii. Seebeck effect

iii . Thomson effect

IV. 4.
For further information on technical services or publication, write

or call

Mr. Wade H. Shafer, Assistant Director

Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis

Purdue Industrial Research Park

2595 Yeager Road

West Lafayette, Indiana 47906

Telephone: 317/463-1581

IV. 4.

Machinability Data Center - Data Publications and Services

John F. Kahles

Machinability Data Center, Metcut Research Associates Inc.

Cincinnati, Ohio

This paper identifies the annual high costs of machining in the USA ($60 Billion) and the Government's cost

recovery contractual goals as principal environmental

factors which presently influence the Machinability Data

Center's operations. MDC's machining data publications

are identified. Cost" savings as a result of the dissemination and use of MDC publications and specific technical

inquiry services are estimated to total more than $158 Million. A national numerical machining data bank is considered as an important file for implementation and support

of modern manufacturing systems and a methodology for

developing such a data bank is suggested.

Data banks, information analysis centers, machining costs, machining

data banks, Machinability Data Center, Machining Data Handbook, machining

data publications, machining costs

Principal Environmental Factors

Operational functions and the products and services of Information

Analysis Centers are determined largely by the environment in which a particular center is fxinctioning. In the case of the Machining Data Center (MDC),

a favorable economic environment looms as one of the most important characteristics. Table 1 shows that over $60 Billion are estimated to be spent

annually in the United States to cover labor and overhead costs in the metal

working industry. Table 1 also lists substantial annual expenditures for

machine tools and cutting tools:

IV.S.l
Table 1 Machining Costs in the USA

The statistics below are for the purpose of providing

perspective concerning the economic importance of metal

cutting (machining and grinding) in the USA.

Approximate Annual Labor and Overhead Costs for

Operating Metal Cutting Machine Tools in Industries

in the United States:

Total number of metal cutting machine tools = 2, 692, 000*

Estimated labor cost + overhead = $10-12 per hour

Average vv^orking day = 8 hours

Number of working days per year = 250

Average number of direct labor personnel

per machine = 1 Total cost of labor + overhead:

2, 692, 000 X $10 X 8 X 250 X 1 = $53,840,000,000

2, 692, 000 X $12 X 8 X 250 X 1 = $64,608,000,000

It appears reasonable to conclude that the cost of labor + overhead

for machining required for manufacturing in the USA is of the

order of

$60, 000, 000, 000 annually

-''Based on American Machinist Eleventh Inventory (1973)

Total Shipments Including Exports of Metal

Cutting Type Metalworking Machinery:

$1, 169, 000, 000 (1972) $1, 500, 000, 000 (1973 Estimate)

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce

Machine Tool Accessories Industry:

Small cutting tools for machine tools and metalworking

machinery in the amount of:

$670, 000, 000 (1970) $830, 000, 000 (1973 Estimate)

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce

A random sampling of the current state of the art in machine tool plants,

both large and small, in the United States indicates that considerable cost

savings can be achieved with an increased and judicious use of improved

IV. 5.2
machining data. It is interesting to reflect that a mere one percent acrossthe-board savings can develop an annual savings of $600 Million, It should be

pointed out, however, t^iat such savings are not directly recoverable by agencies

responsible for funding. These savings are diffuse and would ordinarily be

diverted for improving product quality, increasing research and development

to meet foreign competition, providing better manufacturing facilities,

accommodating other costs, and for yielding a more realistic profit margin.

|[ Attitudes and policies of funding agencies also play a large role in determining the functional priorities of an Information Analysis Center. In the

case of MDC, yearly funding at the present time is at a level of $150, 000 per

year, MDC's contract includes a very important item, namely, a cost recovery

goal designed to develop income in the amount of 90 percent, i. e. , $135, 000,

through sale of products and services. It is significant to note that funds of

j this order of magnitude can be developed only through sale of "best sellers"

I and not from sale of specialized technical data publications which usually sell

I approximately 500 to 1500 copies per edition. In other words, cost recovery

goals have had considerable influence in establishing work priorities - -in this

case, an emphasis on data publications which have high income potential.

Data Publications of MDC

The principal publication of the Machinability Data Center is its Machining

Data Handbook, now in its second edition. This 1000-page handbook provides

approximately 41,000 starting machining recommendations for 1100 alloys and

for more than 55 material removal operations such as turning, milling, drilling,

reaming, tapping, grinding, electrical discharge machining and electrochemical

machining. A typical data page is shown in Table 2.

In the period May 1, 1972, through April 11, 1974, 11,290 copies of this

handbook have been sold. This and previous editions of the handbook have

generated cost savings estimated at $92, 370, 000. Table 3 provides details of

the method used for approximating savings from publications as well as from

specific inquiries.

Major savings, as indicated in Table 3, resulted from the distribution of

the Machining Data Handbook. It should be pointed out that while savings from

specific inquiries were significant, most of the specific inquiries were processed before the cost recovery program was put into effect, that is, before

charges were made for inquiries. Of the 7144 inquiries made to date, 6842

occurred in the period from 1965 to 1972. Since January 1, 1972, only 128

inquiries were paid for, and these developed an income of about $10, 000.

Typical additional data publications of the Center, including a computer

program, are listed in Table 4.

IV. 5.
Table 2 «. ^

MACHINING RECOMMENDATIONS I . I Turning, Single Point and Box Tools

MATERIAL

HARDNESS

Dtinl CONDITION

DEPTH

OF PUT

inches

HIGH SPEED STEEL TOOL

CAST ALLOY

TOOL

CARBIDE TOOL

arttU

fpm cccn rtbU

ipr MATERIAL

dr ecu

fpm

r C C U

ipr

SPEED -fpm FEED

ipr TOOL BRAZED THROW- MATERIAL AWAY

16. STAINLESS

STEELS, CAST (cont.)

Martensitic ASTM A296:

Grades CA-15, CA40

ASTM A426:

Grades CP7, CP9

1

1

i

275

to 325

Quenched

and Tempered

.150 60 .015 T15, M33, M41 Thru M47

75 .015 265 305 .015 C-6

.025 70 .007 T15, M33, M41 Thru M47

85 .007 300 340 .007 C-7

375

to 425

Quenched

and Tempered

.150 40 .010 T15, M33, M41 Thru M47

55 .010 140 165 .010 C-6

.025 50 .005 T15,M33, M41 Thru M47

65 .005 165 190 .005 C-7

17. PRECIPITATION !

1 HARDENING 325 STAINLESS STEELS, Solution Treated

.150 45 .015 T15, M33, M41 Thru M47

55 .015

1

225 260 .015 C-6

j CAST

1 ACI Grade CB-7Cu

1 ACI Grade CD^MCu

i

lO 375 .025 50 .007 T15, M33, M41 Thru 60 .007

1

275 300 .007 C-7

400

to 450

Solution Treated

and Aged

.150 35 .010 T15, M33, M41 Thru M47

45

1

.010 140

1

1 175

1

.010 C-6

.025 40 —.005 T15, M33. M41 Thru M4'

50 .005 175 210 .005 C-7

[l9. GRAY CAST IRONS

j Fenitic

1 ASTM AJ8: Qass 20

] SAEG1800

i

120

to 150Annealed

.150 145 .015 M2,M3 155 .015

1 500 550 .020 C-2

.025 185 .007 M2,M3

1 200 .007 650 725

1 .010 C-3

Pearlitic-Ferritic ASTM A48: Qass 25

S.AE G2500

160

to 200As Cast

.150 90 .015

1

M2,M3

1

'

100 .015 365 400 .020 C-2

.025 140 .007 M2,M3 150 .007 460 540 .010 C-3

Pearlitic ASTM A48: Qasses 30, 35 and 40 SAE G3000

190

to 220

As Cast

.150 80 .015 T15.M33, M41 Thru M47

90 .015 300 340 .015 C-2

.025 120 .007 T15,M33, M41 Thru M47130 .007 360 410 .007 C-3

1 Pearlitic + Free Carbides

1 ASTM A48:Classes45 and 5C SAE G3500, G4000

1

220

to 260As Cast

.150 55 .015 T15, M33, M41 Thru M4765 .015 225 265 .015 C-2

.025 85 .007 T15,M33, M4i Thru

M4-' 85 .007 275 325 .007 C-3

Pearlitic or Acicular + Free Carbides ASTM A48: Classes 55, 60

and 60+

250

to 320

As Cast

or Quenched

and Tempered

.150 35 .010

1 1 O, MiJi, M41 Thru M47

40 .012 125 150 .012 C-2

.025 50 .005 TIS, M33, M4) Thru

M4:'

55 .005 175

\

190 .005 C-3

Austenitic (NI-RESIST) ASTM A436:

Types 1, lb, 5

i

100

to 215

As Cast

.150 75 .015 M2, M3 100 .015 —250

285 .015 C-2

.025 100 —.007 M2,M3 150

i

.007

1

350

i

395 .007 C-3

1 Austenitic

1 (NI-RESIST)

1 ASTM A436:

1 Types 2, 3,6

;

120

10 175

As Cast

.150 65 .015

1

M2, M3 80

[

.015

1

200

1

225 .015 C-2

.025

1

85

1

.007

i

M2,M3

i

130

1

i

.007 i 300 1

1

340 .007 C-3

See Sections 2.1 and 2.2 lor Tool Geometry.

See Section 3 for Cutting Fluid. IV. 5.4
Table 3

Estimated Cost Savings from MDC's Operations

(January 1, 1965 - April 11, 1974)

Specific Inquiries

Total Number of Specific Inquiries 7 , 144

Estimated Total Number of Machining Situations Included in

the 7. 144 Inquiries x 5 - 55, 720

Estimated Savings per Machining Situation Response - $800

Estimated Total Savings Resulting from Specific Inquiries - 35,720 Machining Situations x $800 = $ 2^ 576, 000

Publications

Total Number of Data Publications Copies Distributed

(excluding Machining Data Handbook) - 22, 599

Estimated Number of Machining Situations Utilized per

Data Publication Copy - 5 Estimated Total Number of Machining Situations - 22, 599 Data Publication Copies x 5^ - 112, 995

Estimated Savings per Machining Situation - $300

Estimated Total Savings Resulting from Data Publications

(excluding the Machining Data Handbook) - 112, 995 Machining Situations x $300 = $ 33, 898, 500

Total Number of Machining Data Handbook, 2nd Edition,

Sold through April 11, 1974 - 11, 290

Total Number of Machining Data Handbook, 1st Edition,

Distributed^:^ 9, 000 hardbound + 6, 000 softbound - 15, 000

Total Number of ORDP 40-1 softboiind (forerunner of

Machining Data Handbook) Distributed* - 4, 500

Total Number of Machining Data Handbooks Distributed - 30, 790

Estimated Number of Machining Situations Utilized per

Machining Data Handbook - 1

Estimated Total Number of Machining Situations - 30, 790

Handbook copies x j_0 - 307, 900

Estimated Savings per Machining Situation - $300

Estimated Total Savings Resulting from Machining Data

Handbook - 307, 900 Machining Situations x $300 = $ 92, 370, OOP

Grand Total = $15 4, 844, 500

=:=These data products were sponsored by the U.S. Army under separate

contracts which were issued to Metcut prior to MDC becoming operational.

The 4, 500 copies of ORDP 40-1 and the 6, 000 softbound 1st Edition of the

Handbook were sold by the U.S. Government.

IV. 5.
Table 4

Typical Additional MDC Data Publications

MACHINING OF HIGH STRENGTH STEELS WITH EMPHASIS

ON SURFACE INTEGRITY, AFMDC 70-1, 268 Pages, 8V2 X 11 in.. Hardbound.

DETERMINATION AND ANALYSIS OF MACHINING COSTS AND

PRODUCTION RATES USING COMPUTER TECHNIQUES,

AFMDC 68-1, 124 Pages, 8V2 x 11 in., Paperbound.

1968 SUPPLEMENT TO MACHINING DATA FOR NUMERICAL

CONTROL, AFMDC 68-2, 104 Pages, 8V2 x 11 In., Paperbound.

MACHINING DATA FOR NUMERICAL CONTROL, AFMDC 66-1,

270 Pages, 8V2 x 11 in., Paperbound.

GRINDING RATIOS FOR AEROSPACE ALLOYS, AFMDC 66-2,

20 Pages, 8V2 x 11 in., Paperbound.

MACHINING DATA FOR BERYLLIUM METAL, AFMDC 66-3,

26 Pages, 8V2 x 11 in., Paperbound.

MACHINING DATA FOR TITANIUM ALLOYS, AFMDC 65-1,

56 Pages, 5V2 x 8V2 in., Paperbound.

NCECO -N/C MACHINING COSTS

A computer program which calculates and prints out the in- dividual cost elements, total cost and operation times for analyzing various alternative machining conditions. The

program is written in FORTRAN IV for the IBM 1130 computer system and includes software and documentation.

The publications listed in Table 4 are of a more specialized nature, with

average sales per title approximating 1000 copies except for NCECO where

sales of this new product total 5. The importance of these "low sale" publications to the technical community should not be overlooked. For example, the

text on Machining of High Strength Steels with Emphasis on Surface Integrity

has had an important influence on improving the machining practices used on

high strength steels. This kind of information helps avoid surface damage

which can lead to structural failure of aircraft. Machining Data for Numerical

Control and NCECO -N/C Machining Costs are examples of publications which

supply specialized data and systems for those manufacturers who are better

prepared to accept more refined data than the starting data recommendations

provided in the Machining Data Handbook.

IV. 5.6
Specific Inquiries

MDC furnishes data and other related information to help clients in the

solution of specific m.aterial removal problems. Experienced machining data

analysts are supported by IBM 1130 computer files consisting of about 25, 000

documents, 8100 specific inquiries and approximately 2500 documents in a surface integrity satellite file. Inquiry services under the Government's cost

recovery program are subject to charges with the ^.verage inquiry costing

$50-$100. Telephone and brief letter inquiries are answered at no charge.

User File

MDC maintains a User File consisting of about 5500 key people in U.S.

industry and government. There is no User File charge; also, all Users

receive a bimonthly newsletter, "Machining Briefs, " free of charge.

Services for the Future

Undoubtedly, there will be a continuing need for updated editions of the

Machining Data Handbook, including a metric version at some time in the

future.

Other very important machining data needs are also indicated. In modern

manufacturing, we are now at the threshold of new and important developments

which require the creation of a national numerical machining data bank in support of many of the new technologies, such as computer aided manufacturing,

adaptive control, etc. Considering the large number of alloys, machining

operations, and metal cutting conditions which may be demanded from a data

bank, it is obvious that there is neither sufficient time nor is there any possible

chance that funds will be available to experimentally generate all of the data

required for a complete data bank. As almost a sole alternative, a computer

based system must be developed which with limited hard data can provide

reliable interpolations and possibly even extrapolations for all the essential

parameters in a data bank. Additionally, provision must be made for a system

which will effectively handle feedback of shop experience for upgrading of data

quality.

On an experimental basis, MDC is using mathematical modeling techniques

to provide numerical data based upon existing hard data for a particular material

group and specific machining operation. One of the most exciting information

problems presented is to develop a modeling system which will take fragmentary

data- -that is, isolated data in the literature and from manufacturing plants -- and make it meaningful for serving a much broader range of parameters. However,

developing a modeling system for closing numerical gaps is a difficult information processing problem. Several other major problems which require

solutions for making data relevant to the requirements of machining centers are (1) modeling to satisfy parameter requirements for tools performing

multiple operations and (2) modeling to develop systems for utilization of tools

exposed to a variety of conditions in completing a job function- -for example,

IV. 5.
a spectrum of depths of holes in the case of drills instead of holes of the same

depth.

If funds can be made available, it appears that it will be feasible to

develop a viable national numerical machining data bank. It is anticipated

that this data bank and other supporting files will be utilized by companies

mainly interested in using it to set up their own stand-alone systems. Use

will be made of MDC's system design along with data supplied for selected

materials and machining operations. If industry requirements for on-line

machining data increase, then the system can also be operated to fulfill such

demands. Finally, a national numerical machining data bank will be invaluable

for rapid updating of the Machining Data Handbook. The system as now conceived could accommodate to changing format and parameter requirements,

and, in fact, additional handbooks could be generated to service the specialized

needs of various industries. As an example, the feed rates and the depths of

cut used in the automotive industry differ widely from those used in steel

rolling mill machine shops.

A new service o£ MDC which will be initiated shortly is a seminar program.

In spite o£ extensive conpetition in the field of seminars, it appears that

MDC has access to personnel and information to help in planning unique curricula.

The first seminar which will be held is titled "Practical Machining Principles

for Shop Application." Others to follow are "Manufacturing Update for Management Planning," and Conputer Analysis of Machining Costs."

Summary

The largest source of cost recovery funds for MDC has been through the

sale of publications, primarily from the Machining Data Handbook. This handbook and other MDC specialized data publications are considered to be extremely

important for helping upgrade machining technology in the United States and are

thought to be of great value for developing substantial cost savings. The development of a national numerical machining data bank is considered necessary for

implementation and support of modern manufacturing systems. Significant

income to MDC is anticipated as a result of the operation of a national numerical

machining data bank; however, for some years to come, MDC will look to updated

versions of the Machining Data Handbook for supplemental funds to help support

its present level of operation.

IV. 5.
Nondestructive Testing Information Analysis Center

George Darcy

Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center

Keywords: Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center; electromagnetics;

materials testing; nondestructive testing; Nondestructive Testing Newsletter

radiography; technical reports; ultrasonics

In 1964, the Department of Defense, through Headquarters, U. S. Army

Material Command, recognized as operational the Nondestructive Testing

Information Analysis Center (NTIAC) of the Army Materials and Mechanics

Research Center (AMMRC) . As a consequence, and in compliance with DoD

Instructions, this operating center was then officially established within

the framework of the DoD Scientific and Technical Information Program as the

DoD Center for the Analysis of Nondestructive Testing Information.

The mission of NTIAC is to collect, maintain, and disseminate information in the field of nondestructive testing (radiography, ultrasonics,

electromagnetics, and other nondestructive testing methods). Information

is collected from technical reports, the open literature, and other sources,

and is stored in a rapid retrieval system. Such information is disseminated

upon request, to government installations and others. A Nondestructive

Testing Newsletter and Report Guides to Literature in various subfields of

nondestructive testing are also published.

In addition to the NTIAC staff of nondestructive testing experts who

are directly responsible for operation of the center, the full resources

of a distinguished staff of scientists, engineers, and technicians are available at AMMRC to provide assistance in those areas requiring augmented

technical support.

The NTIAC acquires and stores, under bibliographic control, not only

the world's literature on nondestructive testing, but also unpublished

reports J memoranda, and miscellaneous documents related to technical aspects

of nondestructive testing. Periodic contact is developed and maintained,

through personal visits and correspondence, with senior investigators and

practitioners engaged in technical work related to nondestructive testing.

An important aspect of NTIAC current awareness is the participation in and/

or the planning of technical conferences or symposia in the field of non- destructive testing attractive to senior investigators or practitioners.

IV. 6.1
All documents and other source material (items) on nondestructive

testing are indexed, abstracted, coded, and filed for reference and use.

use. A register of sequential accession numbers is kept for assigning index

identification to items. Abstracts are generally limited to one hundred

words or less, and are coded to reflect title, author (s) , source information,

and content. The cards are then filed and the coded information is put on

the master descriptor cards of a special visual coordinate indexing system.

The files of NTIAC contain, therefore, descriptor cards, abstracts, and

items. Search and retrieval are accomplished by searching the descriptor

cards by code, identifying and locating the abstract, and, if the abstract

warrants, locating the original item.

In addition to identifying, collecting, abstracting, indexing, and

filing the items, NTIAC also prepares critical reviews, monographs, and

other publications on the state-of-the-art in selected areas of nondestructive testing.

Periodically, Report Guides to Literature on the various fields of

interest in nondestructive testing are published. These guides reflect the

new and significant publications in a particular field of interest, and

consist of copies of abstracts, together with the pertinent descriptors and

accession numbers, from the files of NTIAC. The guides are essentially

literature searches and provide users with a miniature retrieval system on specific subjects. A Nondestructive Testing Newsletter is published as the

volume of news warrants. Other services include: providing brief and

detailed answers to technical inquiries; consulting and advisory services;

preparation of analyses and evaluations; providing short lists of literature

citations in response to specific requests; furnishing locations of hard-tofind bibliographical materials; extensive literature-searching services;

and on-site use of NTIAC holdings.

Services and on-site use are available free of charge to all qualified

requesters. Documents are not loaned; requesters receive abstract-card

copies on which document source information is provided.

All requests for information or services should be addressed to:

Director, Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center

ATTN: Nondestructive Testing Information Analysis Center

Watertown, Massachusetts 02172

Telephone requests can be made by calling:

(617) 926-1900, Extension 343 or 552

The AUTOVON number is:

684-8343 or 684-8552

IV. 6.
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION ANALYSIS CENTER (CTIAC)

Bryant Mather*

Key Words

Analytical procedure; bibliographies; computerized information system; concrete;

concrete technology; construction material; construction methods; portland

cement; state-of-the-art summaries; technical reports; test methods

Introduction

1. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has been deeply involved in concrete

technology - the intelligent use of concrete as a construction material - for over a century. Such involvement in concrete technology inevitably includes

analysis of information on concrete technology. Since concrete technology

is an important element of the technological base of the civilian economy as well as of military technology, there has necessarily been an interchange of

information between the military and civilian sectors and the public and

private sectors. The research and development center for concrete technology

of the Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station (WES), has been and is the principal point of contact for information

exchange within the Federal establishment, the defense establishment, and

between these and the civilian and private sectors of the economy. It was,

therefore, highly appropriate that when a Department of Defense (DOD)

Concrete Technology Information Analysis Center (CTIAC) was established on

18 April 1968, it was established at the WES and that its Director be the

Chief, Concrete Laboratory, WES.

Background

2. Under date of 17 March 1965, the Office, Chief of Engineers (OCE),

requested the Director WES, to review AR 70-22 "Centers for Analysis of

Scientific and Technical Information" and comment on the extent to which

WES was already engaged in work of this sort, areas for which establishment

of centers at WES should be considered, and related topics. In reply, it

! was stated that WES was rather deeply engaged in this sort of activity and

recommended consideration of the establishment of several centers, one of

which was in the area of concrete technology which would deal specifically

;| with (a) mass concrete materials and construction methods, (b) analytical

procedures and test methods, and (c) portland cement grout mixtures; with

initial service responsibility to the DOD. It was noted that the WES

*Di rector, CTIAC; Chief, Concrete Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180

IV. 7.1
Concrete Laboratory had gathered, analyzed, evaluated, condensed, and

published reports on the state-of-knowledge or state-of-the-art in a number

of areas, and that the capability of its staff is superior to that found

elsewhere in the world for treating some of these areas. Estimates of

needed funds and spaces were made.

3. In August 1965, in accordance with AR 70-22, proposals for establishment

of six centers were sent from WES to OCE. It was proposed that the CTIAC

draw upon the work of other groups such as the Centre Internationale du

Batiment (CIB), CEMBUREAU, Portland Cement Association (PCA), American

Concrete Institute (ACI), Highway Research Board (HRB), American Society

for Testing and Materials (ASTM), RILEM, National Bureau of Standards (NBS),

etc.

4. In April 1966, OCE submitted proposals to the Office, Chief of Research

and Development (OCRD), for approval of the establishment of eight centers

to serve the DOD.

The CTIAC was established by memorandum dated 18 April 1968 from

the Director, Defense Research and Engineering (DDRE), to the Assistant

Secretary of the Army, R&D.

5. On 29 April 1970, TISA Project 02/07, "Cost Analysis of Information

Centers," was activated to develop information relative to the level of

effort being expended by the Waterways Experiment Station Technical Library

and the staff of the Concrete Division in the operation of the Concrete

Technology Information Analysis Center. Information collected was to include

the activity that was conducted and its nature, the clientele served, and

the cost. This information was to serve as a basis for cost distribution

comparison with other Information Analysis Centers (lAC) in which document

acquisition, storage, etc., is chargeable wholly to lAC accounts rather than

to other supporting studies. A member of the technical staff of the CD was assigned as project leader. The CD staff and the WES Library were to maintain records of all requests for services from CTIAC, action taken, response

made, difficulties encountered, time expended, and elapsed time required to

complete the necessary action. Reports were submitted to the Project Leader

for analysis and assembly. Problem areas were studied with a view to

improving the services. The need for supporting funds and personnel spaces

on a regular basis was evaluated. The report on this project was published

in December 1972, entitled "Concrete Technology Information Analysis Center,

Evaluation of Pilot Study," WES Miscellaneous Paper C-72-24, TISA Project

Report No. 41 (Project 02-07), and CTIAC Report No. 11.

Objective and Approach

6. The technical objective of the CTIAC is stated as follows:

"To collect, analyze, evaluate, and disseminate information in

the broad field of concrete technology and perform all functions

of a DOD Information Analysis Center as prescribed in AR 70-22."

IV. 7.2
7. The approach is stated to be:

"Information is collected; the 'International Exchange of Information

Scheme' in concrete technology is participated in; queries are responded to; reports covering the state-of-the-art and annotated

bibliographies are prepared and distributed; reference searches and

loans are provided."

Data Base

8. The CTIAC is supported by the Library Branch, Technical Information

Center, WES, which contains approximately 200,000 items including books,

periodicals, reports, pamphlets, standards, microforms, unpublished matter,

and other data. The Library is a bibliographic center, containing a dozen

catalogs of other libraries in related fields of interest, capable of

supporting research on the doctoral level. Library resources are supplemented by services of the Defense Documentation Center; the installation

of a Defense RDT&E On-Line computer terminal in the Library has greatly

facilitated the flow of information between DDC and WES.

FY74 Program

9. Despite a deliberate decision not to publicize widely the existence

of the CTIAC, the volume of inquiries and requests for service continues to

increase. A major element in CTIAC plans for FY74 must therefore be to

prepare to provide answers to inquiries and services to users as requested.

In providing services it is often necessary to provide to the inquirer,

directly from the CTIAC, copies of one or more relevant bibliographies or summaries of the state-of-the-art. To date, with very few exceptions, these

documents have been produced and published using other funds. It is planned,

as a method of increasing the efficiency of response of the CTIAC, to produce,

publish, and reprint such of these reports as may be necessary to meet user requirements, as resources permit. Many users will still need to be referred

to DDC or NTIS because of unavailability here of copies of relevant documents

in print, a condition that often precludes providing the required information

in a timely manner. In some cases this situation is mitigated by the use of

library loan copies of relevant documents. Revision of the CTIAC portion of

the WES microthesaurus to put it in COSATI format and to add relevant new

terms to keep up with the state-of-the-art will be initiated. The data

base will be reviewed and steps taken to enhance its capabilities by recom- mending additional purchases, subscriptions, and exchanges. Reference

searches will continue to be provided in cooperation with the Library Branch,

Technical Information Center. Plans for automated search and retrieval will

be developed jointly with other WES TIAC's in cooperation with the WES

Technical Information Center. It is estimated that about 500 technical

queries will be responded to and that five state-of-the-art reports will

be published.

IV. 7.
International Exchange of Information

10. During the period 2-6 March 1970, the Director, CTIAC, was a member

of a delegation of six individuals from the United States, and the only

representative of the U.S. Government, at the Conference on International

Exchange of Information on Cement and Concrete Research, held at the

Institution of Civil Engineers, London, England. There were 30 registrants

from 18 organizations in 10 countries. The host was the Cement and Concrete

Association (C&CA) in conjunction with the Concrete Society. U.S. participation was coordinated by the ACI. A full report was distributed by the ACI

in April 1971.* As a result of informal agreement at this conference, the

CTIAC has received a very substantially increased amount of useful information from the other organizations that participated.

Relation of CTIAC to the Civil Works Mission

of the Corps of Engineers

11. The justification for the operation of a CTIAC of limited scope

solely to serve the Civil Works mission of the Corps of Engineers was stated in 1971, in part as follows:

a. Statement of the Problem : The CW mission in managing the nation's

water and related resources involves the design and construction of a variety of concrete structures, the use of portland-cement-based grouts in

foundation work, and other technological and engineering activity based on concrete and cement technology. Related to this mission is the need to

accomplish the necessary R&D so these activities will be conducted efficiently,

reliably, and economically - in accordance with the current standards of good

practice, and to know and set forth these standards in specifications and

manuals. There needs to be a Corps facility charged with responsibility to

keep aware of the state of knowledge in the several aspects of concrete

technology to which designers, planners, specifiers, researchers, constructors, and contract administrators can turn to learn what the state-of-theart is in this area. This facility will also provide output of assistance

in planning R&D and in preparing specifications and manuals.

b. Present Procedure and Possible Improvements : At present the sort

of need mentioned above is not met because no such facility is functioning

effectively. When a question arises as to the state-of-the-art or the

state-of-knowledge it may be and often is addressed to a variety of agencies

in the hope that among those addressed an answer may be found. Depending on the nature of the problem one seeks assistance of technical societies.

*American Concrete Institute, Conference on International Exchange of

Information on Cement and Concrete Research, London, England, March 2-6,

1970 , Detroit, Michigan.

IV. 7.4
other federal or state agencies, universities, corporations, research organizations in other countries, individual experts, etc. Often the information

is not located. The most complete collection of data in concrete technology

in the Department of Defense is at the WES.

c. Urgency : It is believed especially urgent that this project be

initiated promptly. One previous source of much valuable assistance of

this nature, the Portland Cement Association, has drastically reduced its

activity in this area, to about 10 percent of that which was formerly

provided. The volume of requests for such service is increasing as the

concrete technology community both within and outside the DOD becomes

increasingly aware of the existence of the CTIAC.

d. Sequential Phasing of Tasks : The project will be undertaken in

steps. The first phase will involve establishment of priorities for the

creation of the several functioning elements. This will be followed by

the creation of these elements. Finally, there will be the expansion as required by demand for services and available funding. The functions to

be served include:

(1) Bibliography compilation.

(2) Consultant.

(3) Data compilation.

(4) Identification service.

(5) Indexing.

(6) Literature surveys.

(7) Loans.

(8) Referral.

(9) State-of-the-art studies.

(10) Technical a^j^ilysis and evaluation.

(11) Technical answers.

e. Estimated Magnitude of Payoff : Analyses of information in the field

of concrete technology that have been made previously, using funding available

for such analyses as a preliminary phase of an investigation, have in several cases revealed that the proposed investigation was not needed, that the

sought-for results were available. When such is the case, there is a tendency

to do the work anyhow if funds have been made available. This can be

avoided by obtaining the information on the state-of-knowledge before

authorizing the investigation. Today it often occurs that CE specifications

and engineer manuals, as they are revised, are updated to a state-of-the-art

that represents only the personal expertise of the revisers and are obsolete

before being promulgated with regard to matters not brought to the attention

of the revisers. These are examples of the payoff to be expected from this

project. It is estimated that the savings to the Corps of Engineers from

avoiding unneeded investigations and from having its specifications and

manuals reflect the current state-of-the-art would be of the order of

$1,000,000 p. a., in the field of concrete technology.

f. Coordination within the Concrete Technology Community : The CTIAC

will not generate new knowledge based on experiments or construction

experience. It will assemble, analyze, and provide such knowledge to others

as needed. It will therefore maintain contacts with and coordinate with the

entire concrete technology community in the United States and in other countries.

IV. 7.5
g. Duplication : This project does not overlay or duplicate work

accomplished or under way by others within or outside the Corps. Others

are accumulating and analyzing concrete technological data but no one is

doing this for the scope of the needs of the CE and the DOD.

h. Remarks : The operation of the CTIAC as here proposed will enable

the reservoir of concrete technological information available and increasingly

collected at WES to be put to use efficiently in assisting the CE to effectively

and economically accomplish its mission. It is not intended that the professional man-years of effort per annum contemplated be individuals who work

full-time conducting the professional part of this project, but rather that

all the available professionals at WES, who jointly constitute the largest

and most expert available pool of talent in the field of concrete technology

available to the CE, in-house, would contribute as required to the accomplishment

of this work assisted by the library and information specialists also available

at WES.

12. For a number of years, two senior members of the Concrete Laboratory

staff served as members of separate panels of The Technical Cooperation Program

(TTCP) involving representatives of the defense establishments of the United

States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. The panels involved were

P-2 on Non-Metallic, Inorganic Materials on which Mr. Leonard Pepper served,

and P-4 on Methods of Test and Evaluation on which Mrs. Katharine Mather

served. The major work of these staff members in carrying out the mission

of the panels, as assigned to them by the Chairmen, has been in information

analysis and evaluation. These activities have been terminated and the

information analysis function previously served thereby is now a part of

the CTIAC function.

Conclusions

13. The following conclusions appear warranted:

a. The WES has operated a kind of CTIAC for many years and will continue

to do so for the foreseeable future.

b. The WES operates a CTIAC because it needs to do so in certain

areas as a necessary part of its mission in concrete technology R&D.

c. The WES, as the DOD concrete technology R&D center, distributes

the product of its R&D activity to interested users as widely as permissible

under security requirements and seeks to receive the product of similar

activity by others throughout the world. Analyzed information on the

state-of-knowledge or the state-of-the-art is a necessary prerequisite to

justifiable and economical initiation of additional R&D effort.

d. Since the concrete technology community of the world is generally

aware of the WES contributions to the advancement of that technology, that

community approaches WES when it needs information and information analysis.

IV. 7.6
e. It is believed proper for the information gathering, storing,

retrieval, analysis, and dissemination activities of WES that are conducted

as integral features of its funded concrete technology R&D projects to be

funded by the sponsors of these projects, as they have in the past.

f. It is further believed proper for those similar activities, unrelated

to any currently funded R&D projects, but which relate directly and

specifically to areas of concrete technology covered by specifications and

manuals issued by the Office, Chief of Engineers, to be funded by OCE.

g. The remaining functions that WES is called upon to perform that

do not represent reimbursable work for a sponsor of R&D nor direct support

of the mission of the Corps of Engineers, should be supported by other

funding. These activities can,. as they have generally in the past, be

conducted in a generally perfunctory, inadequate, cost-minimizing way that

provides very limited response but holds down charges to overhead. Such

a course of action ignores the responsibility to make knowledge usefully

available, that goes with having developed knowledge.

For out of olde feldes, as men seith,

Cometh all this newe corn fro yere to yere;

And out of olde bookes, in good faith

Cometh all this newe science that men lere.

Chaucer,

The Parlement of Foules.

IV. 7.

THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES DATA CENTER PRODUCTS, SERVICES

AND INFORMATIONAL CONTENT

R. C. Braden

Mechanical Properties Data Center

Traverse City, Michigan

This paper presents a brief description of the data content, products

and services of the Mechanical Properties Data Center. Comments regarding user awareness of information services and "better technical

information" are included. Suggestions are made regarding the role

that the Interagency Council for Materials might play in improving the

efficiency and effectiveness of government sponsored or operated information activities.

Data storage/retrieval , handbooks, mechanical properties, Mechanical Properties Data Center, structural metals and alloys, technical information, user awareness.

(The Mechanical Properties Data Center is a DoD Information Analysis Center

under contractual sponsorship of the Defense Supply Agency with technical monitorship

by the Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Planning Directorate, Watertown, MA. The Center is currently operating under Contract DSA900-74-C-1770).

The Mechanical Properties Data Center was established under Air Force sponsorship in 1960 to acquire, store, retrieve and disseminate well defined mechanical properties data on materials of importance to aerospace, defense and other government

needs. In response to this mission the Center has developed a computerized data

storage/retrieval system, currently utilizing an IBM 370 Model 135, to store and

manipulate the measured results from twenty -six (26) standardized mechanical properties test types . A general inventory of the data fHe contents will be included in the

published version of this discussion and, for those of you who may have an immediate

interest, we have provided some handout materials which includes an Inventory Report,

The system now includes approximately one and one -quarter million tests, each

including measured values such as ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, reduction

of area, percent elongation, modulus, Poisson's ratio, etc. Additionally, information

IV. 8.1
MECHAIVICAL PROPERTIES DATA CEIVTER

13919 West Bay Shore Drive

TRAVERSE CITY, MICHIOAN 49684

INVENTORY REPORT 752 DATE:

QUANTITY OF RETRIEVABLE TEST RESULTS BY TEST TYPE

MATERIAL

TYPE OR BASE TENSION

COM- PRESSION SHEAR VESSEL

BEARING BURST CREEP

STRESS CORROSION FATIGUE IMPACT FRACTURE

TOUGHNESS

CRACK PROPAGAI

Low Alloy Steel 40,676 1 , 507 1 , 248 1,079 145 4,014 1,194 20,364 51,651 3,646 147 Stainless Steel 4 1 , 079 2 , 509 4,970 1 ,295 4 , 753 3 ,504 •ick 2 , 973 1 , 842 103 Tool Steel 15 , 699 303 406 256 17 966 338 ff 1 ,476 754 Super Alloys & Maraging Steels 31,294 1,077 1,382 886 13 3,928 1,426 27,045 10,974 3,107

Cast Iron 365 189 *

Nicke 1 or Chromiijm Base 43 ,316 2 ,083 4,720 1,227 17,439 699 ** 1,011 747 25 A luminum 50,357 4,536 5,204 3,790 2,453 20,617 23,954 1,881 3,028 748 Titanium 91,071 6,498 9,853 9,345 7,574 1,374 23,950 15,140 2,026 109 Magnesium 9,000 3 ,024 845 586 542 — 1,735 282 2 27 Cobalt 6,949 558 497 472 3,303 71 92 10 Copper 2,582 49 68 366 138 1,008 420

Silver 93 29 Zinc 40 130 Tungsten 4,239 74 12 7 1,187 Plutonium or Uranium Base 267 106 174 lead and Tin

Base 449 152 574

Tanta lum 4,681 77 211 1,211

Columbiujn 9,090 58 529 21 2,308 20 40 Molybdenum 10,663 170 228 48 2,192 630 48 Beryllium 8,448 528 246 120 447 564 482 Zirconium 425 6 21 125 11 Hafnium 7 Paladium 25 Carbon 184 12 Vanadium 510 8 8 5 Dissimilar Metal

Joints 1,747 364 60

SUPPLEMENTARY DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION AND RESULTS

Alloy Composition 107,891 Supplementary Test Results 63,242

Heat Treat Details 80,944

* Fatigue data for this Material Type are combined with those of Low Alloy Steels. ** " " " " " " " " " " " Super Alloys 6i Maraging Steels.

IV. 8.
on testing variables , composition, material form, heat treatment or condition and data source are stored, when reported, to completely define the test situation. This depth

of detail permits retrieval on the basis of the users' specific needs and in terms that

would normally be used to convey test program instructions to a test lab, including, of

course, definition of those of variables of primary interest to the investigator. Test

results on over four thousand (4,000) structural metals and alloys are available from

the computerized file. Obviously, not all materials are represented by a full range

of test results. This data base is made up of approximately 85% government sponsored

materials investigations, 10% from industry and 5% from other sources, including

foreign. Data are added to the file at a rate of 3-4 thousand test results per month.

Searches may be conducted to retrieve requested mechanical property test results

for a specified alloy product or to identify an alloy which exhibits specified mechanical properties when tested under given conditions.

Information retrieval is accomplished by searching the storage file for the applicable material descriptors or properties and testing variables that have been stored

with the test results. The most efficient computer searches are conducted when all of

the material and testing variables are defined. For this reason we urge our clients

who seek mechanical property test data to specify as many of the material and testing

variables as practicable when submitting their search request. Phrasing a search request should be no different than transmitting requirements to a test lab; the basic considerations are the same.

Inquiries for data may be directed to the Center by letter, telephone or TWX.

Additional information on costs and how to use the data is presented in the handout

material that we have provided.

The MPDC information system recognizes that numerical data does not satisfy all the requirements of those involved in the evaluation and application of metals and alloys.

To serve these diversified needs, the Mechanical Properties Data Center also offers

literature search services, based on the same type of detail as utilized in data retrieval, to identify documents pertinent to very general or very specific mechanical

properties related topics. Approximately 100, 000 documents are indexed to facilitate

computer retrieval and bibliographic printout. New documents are being acquired on

a continuous basis at a rate of 150 to 200 per month. Of these about 75% are indexed

for the technical library and 10% are encoded and added to the data file.

We at the Center have generally considered the data or bibliographic searches to be our most vital service since such response to inquiries can reflect the most recently

generated pertinent information and can be provided on a timely basis. However, the

introduction of service charges and the dependency of most contractor operated Centers on Income from products and services has necessitated a redirection of emphasis.

Sponsors and contractors have generally agreed that handbooks, state-of-the-art reports, special study reports and similar published products are a more efficient and

saleable method of information dissemination. In keeping with this philosophy, the

Mechanical Properties Data Center now regularly publishes two Handbooks and generates

annual Supplements for each.

IV. 8.3
The Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook is our best known and most widely

distributed publication. This document was originated at Syracuse University in 1958

under Air Force Materials Laboratory sponsorship and guidance. In 1968 the responsibility for continued publication was transferred by the Air Force Materials Laboratory to the Mechanical Properties Data Center. Each year since that time we have

published and distributed an annual supplement consisting of from 14 to 20 new or revised alloy chapters each. Chapters for this Handbook are generated by materials

specialists in government, industry and education with data support, graphics, publishing, promotion and distribution provided by the Center.

Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook Consultants

W. F. Brown, Jr., NASA

W. W. Dyrkacz, Consultant

D. C. Goldberg, Westinghouse

C. F. Hie key, Jr., AMMRC

J. R. Kattus, NASA

S. S. Manson, NASA

B . McLeod, Rolled Alloys , Inc

J.G. Sessler, Consultant

J.L. Shannon, Jr., NASA

Dr. R.P. Wei, Lehigh Univ.

This 4-volume set now includes comprehensive properties coverage on 210 ferrous

and non-ferrous materials in 3,000 pages. Over 5,000 graphic displays and 1,600 data

tables are utilized to completely characterize structural materials of importance in

aerospace and defense applications.

Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook - Contents

Chapter Material Designation Chapter Material Designation

Carbon and Low Alloy Steels

1103 T-1

Ultra High Strength Steels

1201 4130 1214

1203 4140 1215

1204 4330 V Mod 1216

1205 4335 V Mod 1217

1206 4340 (4337) 1218

1207 52100 1220

1208 8630 1221

1209 E 9310 1222

1210 17-22 A(S) 1223

1211 17-22 A(V) 1225

HY-Tuf

Nitralloy 135 Mod

5Ni-Cr-Mo-V

300-M

H-11 Mod

18Ni Maraging (250 Grade)

9Ni-4Co

12Ni Maraging

18Ni Maraging (200 Grade)

18Ni Maraging (300 Grade)

Austenitic Stainless Steels

1301 Types 301 and 302 1308

1302 Types 303, 303 Se 1309

1303 Types 304, 304L 1311

1304 Type 305 1312

Type 321

Types 347 and 348

19-9 DL and 19-9 DX

Type 201

IV. 8.
Chapter Material Designation Chapter Material Designation

Austenitic Stainless Steels (con't.)

1305 Types 310, 3108 1313 203EZ

1306 Type 314 1314 21-6-9

1307 Types 316 and 317

Martensitic Stainless Steels

1401 Types 403, 410, 416 1406

1402 Type 420 1407

1403 Type 422 1409

1404 431 1410

1405 Type 400 A, B and C

USS-12MoV

Greek Ascaloy

AM -363

410 Cb

Age Hardening Steels

1501

1502

1503

1504

150C

1506

1507

17-4PH

17 -7PH

PH15-7MO

AM-350

AM-355

HNM

PH14-8MO

1508 AF-71

1509 AFC 77

1510 PH13-8MO

1511 Stainless W

1512 AM 362, Almar 362

1513 15-5PH

1601 A-286

1602 N-155

1603 S-590

1604 Discaloy

1605 16-15-6

1606 16-25-6

Nickel Chromium Steel

1607 Incoloy

1608 V-57

1609 W-545

1610 Incoloy 802

1611 RA 330

Aluminum Alloys

3102 195, B195 3105 356, A356

3104 355, C355 3108 KO-1 Cast

Aluminum Alloys; Wrought, Heat Treatable

3201 2014, Clad 2014 3209 7079

3202 X 2020 and Clad X 2020 3213 2618

3203 2024 3214 X7005

3204 Clad 2024 3216 2021

3205 X 2219 and Clad X 2219 3217 7049 Al

3206 6061 3218 7001 Al

3207 '7075 3219 7175 Al

3208 Clad 7075 3220 X7475 Al

Aluminum Alloys; Wrought, Not Heat Treatable

3301 5052 3303 5456

3302 5056 3304 X5090 Al

IV. 8.
Chapter Material Designation Chapter Material Designation

Magnesium Alloys; Cast

3401 AZ63A 3406 QE22A

3402 AZ91 3407 ZH62A

3403 AZ92A 3408 HZ32A

3404 EZ33A 3409 ZK61A

ZK51A

Magnesium Alloys; Wrought, Heat Treatable

3501 AZ80A 3506 ZK60

EK31XA 3507 LA141A

3503 HK31A 3508 LA91A

3504 HM21A 3509 AMIOOA

3505 HM31A

Magnesium Alloys; Wrought, Not Heat Treatable

3601 AZ31B 3603 AZ61A

3602 ZEIOA

Titanium Alloys

oon< mUi Ti, Commercially Pure 3713 B120 VCA Ti-Alloy

3703 Ti-4Al-3Mo-lV 3714 Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo

3706 Ti-5Al-2.5Sn 3715 Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn

6 l\J i Ti-6A1-4V 3718 Ti -6Al -2 Sn -4 Zr -2Mo

3708 Ti-7Al-4Mo 3719 Ti-lAl-8V-5Fe

3709 Ti-8Al-lMo-lV 3720 Ti-6Al-2Cb-lTa-0.8T

3711 Ti-llSn-5Zr-2.5Al-lMo 3721 Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al

3712 Ti-8Mn 3722 BETA in

Titanium Alloys; Cast

3801 Ti-6A1-4V, Cast

Nickel Base Alloys

4101 Inconel Alloy 600 4111 Hastelloy Alloy 11235

4102 Inconel Alloy 702 4112 Hastelloy X

4103 Inconel Alloy 718 4113 Nimonic 80 A

4104 Inconel Alloy 722 4114 OMR 235

4105 Inconel Alloy X-750 4115 TD Nickel

4106 Inconel Alloy 751 4116 Monel Alloy K~500

4107 Inconel Alloy 901 4117 Inconel Alloy 625

4108 713LC 4118 RA-333

4109 D979 4119 Inco 713C

4110 Hastelloy C 4120 TD NiCr

IV. 8.6
Chapter Material Designation Chapter Material Designation

4201 Ineonel Alloy 700

4202 M-252

4203 Nicrotung

4204 Nimonic 105

4205 Rene' 41

4206 Udimet 500

4207 Udimet 700

Nickel Base Alloys

4208

4209

4210

4211

4212

4213

Waspaloy

Nimonic 115

Nimonic 90

Mar-M-200

IN 100

B-1900

4301

4302

4303

4304

4305

4306

5101

5201

5202

5203

5204

5205

5206

Haynes Alloy No.

L-605

S-816

Stellite 6

Stellite 31

Stellite 21

Cobalt Base Alloys

151

Beryllium Alloys

4307 V-36

4308 WI-52

4309 Mar-M-302

4310 Haynes Alloy No. 188

4311 Mar-M -509

Beryllium, Commercially Pure

Columbium (Niobium) Alloys

Columbium, Commercially Pure

D-31

F-48

D-43

D-36

FS-85

5102 Lockalloy

5207 FS-80

5208 B-66

5209 Cb-752

5210 Cb 132/132M

5211 Cb-129Y

Molybdenum Alloys

5301 Molybdenum, Commercially Pure

5302 Molybdenum Base Alloy

5303 TZM

Tantalum Alloys

5401 Tantalum, Commercially Pure 5403

5402 Ta-lOW 5404

T-111

T-222

5501

Tungsten Alloys

Tungsten, Commercially Pure

5601

Vanadium Alloys

Vanadium, Commercially Pure

5701

Zirconium Alloys

Zircaloy 2

IV. 8.7
Appendices

Abbreviations

Glossary of Heating and Heat Treating Terms

Fracture Properties

Si Conversion Factors and Tables

A

B

C

D

Cross Index of Alloys

The continued publication of this important Handbook has been assisted by partial

funding from NASA. Approximately 50% of the production costs are recouped from

sales.

The second regular publication of the Center is the Structural Alloys Handbook.

This reference is aimed at sectors of the engineering and manufacturing community

whose products generally do not utilize the more exotic and costly materials of construction. Typically, they are designers and/or producers of buildings, bridges, con- sumer items, heavy equipment/machinery and transportation equipment. Our decision

to serve this audience was prompted by many considerations, not the least of these was

the need to broaden our audience for saleable products . It was also apparent that the

need for reliable properties data for most manufacturing activities was becoming increasingly important as the demands for material conservation and product reliability

become significant factors in the general manufacturing process. Rule-of-thumb properties values and overdesign do not satisfy these conflicting requirements. The

Structural Alloys Handbook is presently serving this need in over five hundred organizations including more than twenty government agencies, most of which have regularly

acquired the annual supplements

The Structural Alloys Handbook is generated totally in-house by the Mechanical

Properties Data Center staff with the support of the data file and technical library.

The 1974 edition, which incidently represents the second publishing year of this reference, includes data on several hundred metals and alloys in over 700 pages. Very detailed chapters on over 50 commonly used metals and alloys ranging from cast irons

through wrought aluminums are included.

Structural Alloys Handbook - Contents

Cast Iron

Selector Chart

Gray Iron

Ductile Iron

White and Alloy Cast Iron

Malleable Iron

Cast Steel & Cast Stainless Steel

(no chapters)

Cast Al, Brass, Bronze, Cu & Mg

(no chapters)

IV. 8.8
High Strength Low Alloy Steel

Selector Chart

A~242

A-440

A-441

A-514, A-517

A515, A-516

A-537

A-572, A-5 88

Wrought Stainless Steel

Selector Chart

201, 202 Stainless Steel

410 Stainless Steel

430 Stainless Steel

Wrought Steel

Selector Chart

Low Carbon Steels

1020 Steel

Medium Carbon Steels

High Carbon Steels

4140 Steel

4340 Steel

Wrought Aluminum

Selector Chart

3003, 3004 Aluminum

Appendices

Symbols and Abbreviations A

Test Types B

The Well Defined Test C

Si Conversion Factors & Tables D

This Handbook contains t"wo rather unique features to assist users in the evaluation process. One of these is the section following each chapter, called Report Summaries and Conclusions, which summarizes verbally the findings and conclusions of

the most significant references used in the development of the chapter. These summaries enrich the data by presenting qualitative interpretation of test program results

that may not be obvious from the data alone. The summaries are also employed to present conclusions from programs that did not produce quantitative information.

Selector Charts are another feature of the Structural Alloys Handbook. These

charts provide mechanical, physical and fabrication characteristics in an easy to use matrix format for quick comparison of materials in a "survey" manner. Each material

section, such as Cast Iron, Wrought Aluminums , Stainless Steels, etc. is preceded by

a Selector Chart. A Selector Chart and a Handbook Chapter are included in the handout materials.

The program brochure distributed prior to this meeting, prepared by the Interagency Council for Materials, cites as one of its primary objectives "The provision of

better technical information on materials properties and performance". A second area of concern of the Working Group on Materials Information and Data is the apparent lack of awareness on the part of information specialists of the range of on-going

materials information programs. The need for better information can benefit, at least in the area of mechanical properties, if existing guidelines and concensus standards were more rigidly observed. The quality of poorly defined or carelessly

IV. 8.9
generated information cannot be upgraded by running it through a computer with sophisticated software. In regard to the apparent lack of awareness I think it fair to say that

most DSA sponsored Centers would appreciate the opportunity to increase their promotional efforts, however, to do this on an individual basis would necessarily result

in a decline in available products and services. The Mechanical Properties Data Center presently generates and distributes in excess of 10,000 promotional mailings

annually. In addition to this we participate, as an exhibitor, in at least one major

materials oriented trade show each year. Even this minimal effort puts a strain on

our budget which is complicated by the uncertainty of income from sales.

Awareness and the quality of technical information are concerns that have received considerable attention, at least from the DSA sponsored Centers. Both concerns can be served to some extent by contractual statements that obligate contractors and in-house government materials investigators to conform to minimum levels

of reporting detail and to utilize Centers as first step to determine how much pertinent

information may exist relative to a proposed program. An additional requirement that

contractors provide direct distribution of program results to Centers whose missions

overlap the area of investigation would affect some economies in the acquisition process of the Centers. At the same time the availability of timely information would be

improved. In all fairness it must be noted that some agencies have already incorporated one or more of these requirements in their contracts. Review and recommendations regarding these contractual statements and their effect might be a logical task

for the Working Group on Materials Information and Data. It also seems appropriate

that the Working Group be concerned with the indescriminate use of "distribution limitation statements" in government reports and what appear to be rather excessive

charges for some reports of government sponsored work. These conditions often impose hardships on the Information Centers. Hopefully, the Interagency Council for

Materials through the Working Group on Materials Information and Data can favorably

influence these practices and thus assist in the efficient conservation and utilization

of a very valuable resource — materials information.

IV. 8. 10
Department of Interior Session

Chairman: Andrew S. Prokopovi tsh

Bureau of Mines

V.O

Water Resources Scientific Information Center (WRSIC)

Wanda Z. Ignatieff

Water Resources Scientific Information Center

Office of Water Resources Research

U. S. Department of the Interior

Washington, D. C. 20240

The WRSIC of the Office of Water

Resources Research is the Federal center for

disseminating information dealing with

water-related research. It provides funds or reciprocal services and utilizes existing

information-handling facilities to collect

and organize the material into a machinereadable data base. These include literature centers of competence, state water

resources research institutes, abstracting

services. Federal agencies, and foreign

information centers. The data base is

installed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory as part of the RECON system. In

addition to the water information, seven other data bases may be accessed to provide

service to requesters. The information is

available in various forms including special

searches, topical bibliographies, abstract

announcement journal, listing of research

reports and a catalog of on-going water

resources research. The center disseminates

information with the assistance of a regional

information network and state water resources research institutes which receive funding

from the Office of Water Resources Research.

Plans for the future involve broader coverage

of water- related research and expansion of

the network to service users.

Information exchange, information management, information network,

information retrieval, information services, information systems,

specialized information center, water resources information.

^ Assistant Manager, WRSIC

^

-j -|
As the name clearly indicates, the Water Resources Scientific

Information Center is primarily a "water- oriented" agency not a "materials-oriented" agency. However, because water is a fundamental resource vital to society and has direct bearing on research in all

areas, it is entirely fitting that this organization be included among

the materials information agencies meeting here. The problems encoun- tered in all of the areas represented here today must overlap, and any resources which can be saved by better intercommunication, can be

utilized for the better purposes of attacking problems directly.

After recommendation by the Weinberg report in 1963 the Water

Resources Scientific Information Center was established under the

authorization for water resources research, training and information

dissemination provided by the Water Resources Research Act of 1964.

In 1965 the Office of Science and Technology recommended it be placed

in Department of the Interior and in January 1966, the Secretary of

the Interior placed it in Office of Water Resources Research (OWRR)

It was then designated as the Federal-wide Water Resources Information

Center by the President's Science Adviser. Operations started in the

fall of 1967 with its prime objective to insure prompt flow of scientific and technical information to the water resources community throughout the United States. As the focal point for the water resources scientific information activities it is now actively engaged in coordinating and supplementing existing services and providing such services

as best can be accomplished on a nationwide level in cooperation with

participating agencies.

The operating policy of WRSIC is based on the following principles:

(1) use of existing capabilities of other agencies and organizations,

(2) use of specialized research competencies in universities and elsewhere as sources of processed information, (3) use of existing

information and documentation services, and (4) maintenance of an information base in machine-readable form to enable application of

advances in information-handling technology, integration and development

of national systems, decentralization of processing of input to data

base and computer searching and composition. These "other" agencies

include Federal agencies who participate in water-related research,

state water resources research institutes and literature centers, and

their grantees and contractors as well as publicly owned enterprises

whose interest is water. Recently WRSIC also has begun to tap foreign

government agencies for possible input.

Under the guidance of the center, documentation dealing with all

aspects of water- related research is collected, abstracted and indexed

and processed into a computer data base. To assure that all of this

information generated by all these sources can be retrieved for effective interchange and management, WRSIC has set down certain standards

which are followed in creating input to the data base. A recently

V.1.2
updated abstracting and indexing guide, and the second edition of the

Water Resources Thesaurus, published in 1971, are provided to the

contributing agencies.

Agronomy, bacteriology, chemistry, economics, engineering, geology,

hydrology, law, limnology, mineralogy, physics, soil science and zoology

become associated with water quality, metropolitan water systems, sediment control, conservation of estuarine water resources, and systems

planning and management processes to cover the water resources fields

of research. The subject classification scheme which is used to record

this information systematically, includes the following fields:

The input data worksheets which are used to process the input are similar to those recommended by the COSATl guidelines and used by other

data processing agencies; hov/ever, minor modifications are included to assure that data peculiar to water resources research are recorded

properly.

In accordance with its objectives WRSIC obtains the input from

various sources by special agreements with them to exchange the input

for output services. The contributors to WRSIC data base comprise the

following:

Centers of Competence - These are literature facilities and information

centers who are already reviewing literature in support of certain

aspects of water resources research. Because of the competence of

their personnel and the volume of scientific documents they handle and

process they are able to provide high-quality analyses and review and

index and abstract the material to comprise about 90% of the citations

which are announced in the abstract journal. Ten of these competent

groups are being supported by WRSIC and two more in cooperation with

the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Water Resources Research Institutes - Another source of high-quality

input is the state water resources research institutes and centers

supported by the Office of Water Resources Research (OWRR) . Currently

there are 51 of these, one in each state and Puerto Rico. These

institutes abstract and index the documents they produce, and provide

the input to the WRSIC data base.

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

Nature of water

Water cycle

Water supply augmentation and conservation

Water quantity management and control

Water quality management and control

Water resources planning

Resources data

Engineering works

Manpower, grants, facilities

Scientific and technical information

V.1.3
Federal Agencies - Those engaged in water- related research also

contribute an appreciable portion of the information. Included are agencies in the Department of the Interior such as Geological Survey

as well as others like EPA, Department of Transportation, and USDA

Forest Service.

Abstracting Service - In order to exploit the foreign language and

broad-coverage capabilities of a large discipline-oriented abstract , journal. Biological Abstracts, the WRSIC has an arrangement with the

Biosciences Information Service and Biological Abstracts (BIOSIS)

whereby abstracts related to the biological aspects of water resources

are being selected for inclusion in the WRSIC data base. This is a comparatively new source of input but already the broader coverage has

been found to be very useful in servicing the users.

Foreign Organizations - As mentioned before, in the past year some foreign contacts were made and agreements signed with Environment

Canada in Canada, Commonwealth of Scientific and Industrial Research

Organization in Australia and Department of Water Affairs in

South Africa. Only the initial input has been received from

South Africa and Canada but indications are that these also will be

important additions to the data base.

The WRSIC data bank now has about 70,000 records to which 1,000 are added monthly. It has been found that the input from all sources provides a coverage of literature in forms of journal articles 88%,

reports 10%, and other forms like books, proceedings of symposia, etc.

2%.

The output that results from the retrieval of this information is

varied. There are the conventional publications of an information

center as well as a new on-line search capability for prompt response

to inquiries for answers to specific problems.

At the first of this year by agreement with the Atomic Energy

Commission the WRSIC data base was installed at the Oak Ridge National

Laboratory as a part of the RECON System. In exchange WRSIC and its

network centers will have the capability to search this data bank as well as seven others related to nuclear science and the environment.

Since water-related research interfaces with so many other research

fields, this is considered a major step foi*ward in the effort of intercommunication among information-handling organizations. Projected

endeavors of WRSIC to augment its role as a national water resources information center is to use this RECON system to develop a network of

regional access terminals. They are to be placed strategically at sites

which are best-located to give better and quicker service to users of

water-related information services. Up to this time preliminary

arrangements have been made with three centers Cornell University,

North Carolina State University and University of Wisconsin. These

three terminals will be used to perform searches of the data base in answer to requests in their areas. The terminal at WRSIC will be used

V.1.4
to develop and test new programs and procedures which will maximize

the utility of the system. It will also be used for local searches.

As soon as it is economically feasible plans will be made to expand

the network and get more terminals which will then be able to serve smaller and closer areas more quickly.

In the meantime the center believes that the conventional media

of communication and dissemination of information are still just as important and effective as they ever were.

The abstract journal "Selected Water Resources Abstracts" (SWRA)

which announces documents processed into the data bank is. published

twice a month. It carries bibliographic data, availability, and

abstracts and subject terms so that a user can determine if the document announced is relevant to his research. Periodically, on the basis

of recommendations by the scientists of the Office of Water Resources

Research, or users, or awareness that many requests are coming in for

a certain subject, topical bibliographies are compiled and printed. If

a subject is of exceptionally high interest, sometimes arrangements are made for literature surveys which in addition to the WRSIC information

base, then include other references selected from a broader review of

the subject.

For a more limited distribution, the center publishes an annual

compilation of project summaries of research in progress done in

cooperation with the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange and called

the Water Resources Research Catalog. Last years issue appeared in two

volumes and reported 7,300 research projects being carried on in 50

states, the Canal Zone, District of Columbia, and the Virgin Islands

as well as about 60 foreign countries. This is a valuable tool for

administrators who make decisions concerning the support of research.

Also for those directly associated with OWRR programs, WRSIC

publishes a list of the reports which are generated by the research

which is supported by the Office of Water Resources Research. The

publication is cumulated every quarter with the annual issue appearing

after the 30th of June. The reports are listed and their availability

is given.

Generally, the public not associated with OWRR programs can get

the publications from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

in Springfield, Virginia. This includes the abstract journal and most

of the bibliographies. The Catalog can be obtained from the Government

Printing Office (GPO) . Prices are subject to change. Special data or information searches are provided by the network centers to requesters

from areas which they are authorized to service. Government agencies

and their grantees or contractors may come directly to WRSIC for publications and service. Sometimes extra copies of the bibliographies in

the WRSIC series can be provided by the center as long as the supplies

last. The reports announced in the journal are obtained fi-om the

contractors or from NTIS or GPO if so noted. Those that are reprints

from journals are usually available from the authors. WRSIC does not

have copies of any reports for distribution.

V.1.5
Most of the users who require reference information can best be

serviced by their state institutes or by the centers of competence.

Searches for specific items can always be made on the terminals at the

regional network centers

Plans for the future are concerned with a broader coverage of

material to include in the data base, access to other data bases which

interface water resources research, and quicker and better service to

requesters who have urgent problems. It is the hope of the water

resources community that the fulfillment of these goals will alleviate

or even prevent the problems of probably our most vital natural

resource, water.

V.1.6
MATERIALS ACTIVITY IN THE

OFFICE OF SALINE WATER

Francis H. Coley

Office of Saline Water

U.S. Department of the Interior

Washington, D. C. 20240

Abstract

The two projects still active in the OSW Materials Program are described. The OSW Materials Test Center is discussed, and

the accomplishments of the investigations at the Center are

listed.

Key Words

Corrosion, desalination, distillation, hot sea water and materials.

In 1952, the Office of Saline Water undertook a program of research on methods

for producing potable water from saline waters at low cost. In 1964, in the

belief that materials were vital to the performance and economy of desalting

plants , the OSW initiated a program to generate information on the behavior

of materials in hot saline waters. This program was implemented through

research projects sponsored at universities, government laboratories, notfor-profit institutes, and industrial laboratories. Considerable progress was

made, and the program's potential was beginning to be realized when it was

severely curtailed at the beginning of calendar year 1973.

Midway through FY 1973, the Office of Management and Budget ordered the OSW

to reduce and redirect its efforts. The study of subjects related to the

evaporative processes was stopped completely, and the list of subjects for

continued study did not include materials. Accordingly, except for one

project, the materials investigations in progress were not renewed; and only one

new project has been initiated. This paper is presented to describe these

remaining parts of the OSW Materials Program.

Materials Manual

The only new materials project funded by the OSW since the 0MB issued its

order is a small one in terms of dollars and effort. However, it represents

V.2J
the culmination of a large effort and has great potential value to a number

of industries in addition to the desalting industry. This project, to be carried

out by personnel of the Dow Chemical Company, is to produce a manual or handbook for materials selection for desalting plants. This manual will

present, in useful form, the results of all the OSW projects to study materials

behavior in real sea water. The project will be completed late in 1974.

Materials Test Center

The other on-going project mentioned earlier involves the operation of the

OSW Materials Test Center at Freeport, Texas. This facility is operated for

the OSW by The Dow Chemical Company, and it is undoubtedly unique. A

description of the facility may be useful, since other organizations may be

interested in making use of its capabilities.

The physical plant at the Materials Test Center consists of an administration

building which contains offices, a meeting room, two laboratories, and a control room for the experimental equipment. Adjoining the control room is a large concrete pad for the sea water treating equipment and for the various test units. This equipment is described as follows.

I . Sea Water Treating Plant

The function of this plant is to remove dissolved carbon dioxide and oxygen

gases from the incoming sea water. Raw sea water, after skimmming and

screening, is acidified by addition of sulfuric acid to a pH of 4.0; this

destroys bicarbonates . It then passes through a vacuum deaerator countercurrent to stripping steetm . The degassed sea water is collected in a storage tank to be forwarded to the various test units. Final water chemistry

adjustments are made at the individual test units.

All wetted portions of this treating plant are made of fiber-reinforced plastic,

noble alloys , or plastic-lined pipe. It has a capacity of 200 gallons per

minute and produces treated water containing less than 3 PPM dissolved

carbon dioxide and less than 5 PPB dissolved oxygen.

II . Sea Water Softening Unit

The function of this unit is to provide softened sea water to permit evaluation

of materials at temperatures that would otherwise result in deposition of calcium

sulfate scale. It consists of an ion exchange contactor and an independent

treating plant. The contactor is a commercially available unit in which ion

exchange resin is hydraulically pulsed around the inside of a closed loop. In

this loop, undesirable ions are absorbed from the sea water and the resin is

regenerated and rinsed. The independent treating plant is used to remove

dissolved gases from the softened sea water.

V.2.?
This unit also utilizes fiber -reinforced plastics, plastic-lined pipe, and

noble alloys throughout. It has a capacity of 100 gallons per minute, and

it removes 85-90% of the calcium ion and 45% of the magnesium ion in sea water. Resin regeneration is by a sodium chloride brine.

III. OSW Research Units

These units are used to study , on metallic coupons , the effect of water chemistry on the behavipr of alloys in desalting environments. They are useful in

screening alloys for desalting service, in exploring new techniques for

predicting alloy behavior, and in the appraisal of commercial instruments

lor servcice in monitoring corrosion.

The installation consists of two "loops" for the exposure of metallic coupons.

One unit contains a flash evaporator to concentrate sea water, and either

loop can be operated in a once-through or circulating mode. Both units have

separate controls permitting variation of temperature, pH , flow rate, and

dissolved oxygen over a wide rsinge of conditions; these variables are

controlled automatically. The equipment is constructed of non-corroding

materials including plastic-lined pipe, titanium, Hastelloy-C and Alloy-20

stainless steel.

IV. Metallic Materials Test Units

These units (5) provide the opportunity to simulate, on a pilot plant scale,

the conditions encountered in desalination plants of the distillation type.

These units have independent and versatile controls for temperature, pH

dissolved gases, and liquid flow.

Unit 1 is constructed of mild steel and consists of a brine heater , a flash

chamber, a vertical-tube evaporator, a heat-recovery exchcinger, and a number

of test sections for tubes , panels , and probes . It is useful at temperatures

up to 250°F.

Unit 2 consists of a titanium brine heater and a flash chamber with teflon-lined

piping . It is used to test materials at temperatures exceeding 300 F

Unit 3 consists of 3 once-through flow units that can be utilized in a variety

of ways . One of the three units has been modified to permit studies on high

velocity erosion and cavitation of metals in hot sea water. An apparatus for

impingement testing of metals is also operating in this area. Unit 3 is constructed of Teflon-lined and other plastic-lined pipe.

V. Non-Metallic Materials Test Unit

The function of this unit is to permit evaluation of the performance of such

non-metallic construction materials as fiber-reinforced plastics , thermoplastic

systems, paints, coatings, cements and linings in flowing sea water.

V.2.3
The unit includes six test cells, each 20-feet long by 12-in . OD, with a capacity of 120 samples 8"xl4" in size, and four pipe loops each capable of

testing 15 10-ft . spools of 2 in . OD . In constructing these units , maximum use was made of non-metallic materials.

This unit can be used to expose materials to a variety of feed conditions at temperatures of 110°? . 160°F , 210°F , and 250°F.

VI. Stainless Steel Pilot Plant

This pilot plant was installed by the Committee of Stainless Steel Producers

of the American Iron and Steel Institute amd was used for three years to demonstrate the applicability of stainless steels to desalination plant service.

This pilot plant is an actual distillation unit with a capacity of 3,000 gallons

per day. It matches portions of typical conventional plants and can be operated

at a variety of feed and effluent conditions

VII. Aluminum Pilot Plant

This plant was installed and operated by the Aluminum Association to determine

the potential of aluminum alloys for desalting plant service. This plant also

incorporates the designs found in large commercial desalting plcints

It has a product water capacity of 3,000 gallons per day and can operate

at a variety of feed and effluent conditions

VIII . Copper Pilot Plant

This small distillation plant was installed and operated by the Copper Development Association to allow studies of copper alloys under conditions found in

large multiple-effect distillation plants.

This plant incorporates all features of larger plants and provides for a wide

range of feed £ind effluent conditions. It has a capacity of 6,000 gallons of

product water per day

The foregoing descriptions are, of necessity, brief. Space and time do not

permit complete discussion of the units and their capabilities , but potential users are invited to inquire for further details

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

During the period of operation of the Materials Test Center, much significant

information has been obtained. A number of key items are listed as follows:

V.2.4
1. Assessment of factors affecting the behavior of aluminum, stainless

steel, mild steel, and copper alloys.

2. Demonstration of the importance of fully controlled sea water chemistry.

3. Demonstration that contaminative gases (H2S , NH^. CO^) have major

influence on metal performance in submerged and vapor zones.

4. Demonstration that a low-cost sea water inhibitor may permit use

of conventional steel throughout the plant

5. Demonstration that specific aluminum, copper, stainless steel, and

low-alloy steels are candidates for desalination construction materials.

6. Demonstration of automatic techniques for monitoring materials

behavior in ein operating plant.

7. Demonstration of the detrimental effect that chlorination has on the

performance of copper alloys.

8 . Demonstration of factors influencing film repair of alloys undergoing

impingement attack

9 . Demonstration of the independent and interactive effect of sea water

concentration upon materials behavior .

10. Demonstration of a method to predict the pitting Susceptibility of

alloy families

11. Demonstration of analytical techniques to accurately and quickly

measure a wide variety of heavy metal ions, gases, and organic constituents

in sea water

12. Demonstration of the undesirable role that cystine (in sea water) plays

in the performance of copper alloys

13. Demonstration of the relative impingement, cavitation, and erosion

resistance of alloy families to hot sea water

14. Recognition of role that sea water alkalinity plays in the performance of

alloy families

15. Determination that both dissolved oxygen and sulfides can coexist in

elevated-temperature seawater

16. Determination of the manner in which deaeration affects ammonia ion,

residual chlorine , and hydrogen sulfide entering a plant with the incoming

sea water

V.2.5
17 . Preliminary testing of new alloy compositions

18. Acquisition of guideline information on the performance of alloys at sea water temperatives above 250°F.

19. Compilation of information on a "Galvanic Series" for alloys in hot sea water

20. Compilation of information on galvanic- coupling of alloys in hot sea water

21. Demonstration of the behavior of alloy families in stagnant or quiescent

sea water (with particular emphasis on the stainless steels).

22. Data acquisition on the behavior of titanium (alloys) in the desalination

environment

23. Determination of the factors affecting the behavior of non-metallic

materials of construction in the desalination environment.

24. Development, fabrication and testing of a low PPB copper analyzer.

25. Development, fabrication, and testing of a low PPB dissolved oxygen

analyzer.

26. Acquisiion of performance data on a 100 gpm sea water ion-exchange

softening unit.

27 . Acquisition of data relating aggressive sea water chemistry conditions

to the overall heat transfer coefficients of representative alloys.

FUTURE PLANS

Although much has been accomplished, it is obvious that many things remain

to be done before complete information is available on the behavior of materials

in hot sea water. For the Office of Saline Water, however, it appears that time

may have run out. At this time there is no assurance that any materials

studies will survive beyond June 30, 1974. In the meantime, the OSW is most

anxious to find any organization that might be interested in acquiring its

Materials Test Center or in offering even partial support for its continued

operation .

V.2.6
BUREAU OF MINES INFORMATION-PUBLICATION PROGRAM

Robert P. Willing^

Bureau of Mines

U.S. Department of the Interior

Washington, D.C.

ABSTRACT

The Office of Mineral Information, whose Chief reports directly

to the Director, is responsible for all public information activities of

the Bureau of Mines, including its scientific and engineering publication

program. The central office in Washington initiates new Bureau-industrysponsored informational films, prepares press notices and popular-type

pamphlets and brochures, and approves, edits, and arranges for the printing and distribution of reports in the Bureau's several official series.

The Pittsburgh branches print and distribute publications, prepare drafting and photographic work, and handle the booking and shipment of Bureau

motion picture films.

The paper covers the authority to publish in the Organic Act of

1910 of the Bureau of Mines, as amended in 1913, tells where reports in

energy, mining, metallurgy, health and safety, and economics and statistics originate, and describes the various publications, journal articles,

and motion pictures. The paper also discusses contract reports, distribution outlets for sales and free reports, and mailing lists.

Kejrwords: Bureau of Mines; energy; health and safety; metallurgy; mining

Office of Mineral Information

Chief, Division of Technical Reports, Office of Mineral Information.

V.3.1
OFFICE OF MINERAL INFORMATION

1. Responsibility . The Office of Mineral Information is responsible

for all information activities of the Bureau of Mines. Its Chief

reports directly to the Director and advises and assists the Director

on all information matters.

2. Informational film program . The Bureau has been cooperating with

industry and private organizations in the production of motion picture

films since after World War I. These films are produced at no expense

to the Government and prints are made available to the Bureau of Mines

by the cooperator for distribution on short-term loan from the Bureau's

film library in Pittsburgh, Pa. The Bureau also places selected films

in depositories at leading universities, school systems, and libraries.

Two basic types of films produced concern mineral commodities and the

natural resources of various States. A film catalog telling about the

program is available from the U.S. Bureau of Mines, Motion Pictures,

4800 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213.

3. Press releases and pamphlets . A Division of Public Information is

responsible for preparing press notices on important research developments and other activities of the Bureau, and for the preparation of

popular-t5rpe pamphlets and brochures. This Division also is responsible

for contacts with the press and all other information media.

4. Publications . A Division of Technical Reports is responsible for

approving for presentation and for publication manuscripts originating

at the Bureau's 19 research centers, four field operation centers, and

in Washington. An editorial staff edits the manuscripts for clarity,

grammar, style, completeness of references, reproducible illustrations,

and other details. The Division arranges for printing and distribution

of reports. It also maintains central control of the publication mailing

lists.

5. Pittsburgh operation . A Division of Production and Distribution

operates a GPO field printing plant, photographic and drafting shops,

a motion picture film library, and a publication-distribution office.

V.3.2
BUREAU OF MINES PUBLICATIONS

1. Authority to publish . By its Organic Act of 1910 (30 U. S.C.I, §1), as amended in 1913, the Bureau of Mines is authorized to publish and

distribute the results of its research and investigations. Hence, it

is the Bureau's policy to allot funds for this purpose. The publication

is the final product, making known the results of the Bureau's research

to the scientific community and the general public. It must represent

the highest standards of scientific truth, accuracy, objectivity, and

clarity.

2. Where reports originate . Reports are prepared by the Bureau's scientists and engineers at 19 research centers and laboratories throughout

the United States and by the Bureau's mineral commodity specialists and

economists at four field operation centers and in Washington. The reports

concern research in energy, mining, metallurgy, and health and safety, as well as economic and statistical information on all mineral commodities.

After thorough technical review, reports are approved for editing and

publication by the Bureau's Office of Mineral Information.

3. Types of Bureau publications . There are two principal types of Bureau

publications: Nonperiodic series consisting essentially of publications

issued after a specific study or research project has been completed, and

periodic series published weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually, biannually,

triannually, or quinquennially

A. Nonperiodic Publications .

(1) Bulletins report the results of broad and significant projects

or programs of scientific, historical, or economic research, or other investigations, including comprehensive and important mineral resource studies

and compilations. Bulletins are usually prepared after all laboratory and

field work has been completed, but they sometimes report a major phase of a larger or continuing investigation or research study. They rarely represent the first public report on the subject. As a rule, they encompass

published work together with essential unpublished data and detail.

(2) Handbooks are instruction or information manuals designed to

improve efficiency in the mineral industries or to promote the wise use

of mineral resources. Based on research and the practical experience of

Bureau personnel, they cover a wide range of subjects, such as questions

and answers on boiler-f eedwater conditioning.

(3) Reports of Investigations present the results of research and

investigations conducted by the Bureau at its research centers or laboratories, or in mines, quarries, smelters, refineries, oilfields, plants,

and other non-Bureau properties. They differ from Bulletins in that they

describe the principal features and results of individual experiments

V.3.3.
(single or multiple); minor research projects; or a significant coordinated

phase of a major project or program. Reports of Investigations may include

a summary of several projects or activities in a given subject area that are not necessarily related directly to each other, new technical or eco- nomic theory, mineral resource studies that emphasize original evaluation

of deposits, results of laboratory analyses of an unusual nature, and com- parative and nonroutine testing of cores, explosives, and other commodities

(4) Information Circulars differ from Reports of Investigations

in that they are not concerned primarily with original Bureau research or investigative work. They cover surveys of mineral resources and related

mining and operating activities; guides to marketing of mineral commodities

compilations of historical or statistical and economic data on minerals;

summaries of scientific and technical meetings and symposiums; bibliographies; descriptions of instrumentation and techniques; and descriptions of new industrial mining methods and metallurgical processes (as

distinguished from those developed by the Bureau)

(5) Technical Progress Reports present highly significant and

newsworthy developments in Bureau of Mines programs and are intended for use in conveying information that, to be of maximum value, must be published in a matter of days. No longer than 25 double-spaced pages, including tables and illustrations, they are expanded fact sheets giving

the technical background and details necessary to supplement a press

release that reports important progress in an area of Bureau activity

meriting widespread public interest. They follow the style and format

of Reports of Investigations, and a more comprehensive treatment of the

subject may be reported later in that series.

(6) Cooperative Publications result from investigations conducted cooperatively by the Bureau of Mines and another Government or outside

organization. Although usually written either wholly or in part by Bureau

personnel, they are published by the other organization. They must be

transmitted through channels for approval for publication by the Office of

Mineral Information. They are also edited by the Division of Technical

Reports unless a cooperating Federal agency requests that it edit the report. Cooperative publications include Monographs and Joint Reports.

(a) Monographs report research and investigations conducted

under a formal cooperative agreement with Federal, State, or local government agencies, or with colleges, scientific and technical societies, trade

associations, or private industries. They are printed by an outside publisher with the consent of the Bureau. Publication costs are borne by the

cooperator, who also handles the sale and any free distribution of printed

copies. Monographs follow Bureau style and format similar to Bulletins or Reports of Investigations.

V.3.4
(b) Joint Reports may be issued in lieu of Monographs when

another Government agency is the cooperating organization. Usually they are jointly prepared, financed, and published.

(7) Special Publications include popular-type pamphlets prepared

for the general public and distributed in response to requests for information on specific subjects, such as air pollution ("Clearing the Air")

and mineral waste reclamation ("Wealth Out of Waste") . Special publications also include certain long and detailed publications that do not fall

into one of the other series, such as "A Dictionary of Mining, Mineral,

and Related Terms," and "Automobile Disposal: A National Problem."

(8) Annual Reports of the Director or of the Secretary of the

Interior describe research in progress and other activities of the Bureau

of Mines reported by calendar or fiscal year.

B. Periodic Publications .

(1) Minerals Yearbooks summarize annually, on a calendar-year

basis, the significant economic and technologic developments in the mineral industries. They present, by mineral commodity, the salient statistics on production, trade, consumption, and other pertinent data; review

the U.S. mineral industries by States, island possessions, and the Canal

Zone; and present for more than 130 foreign countries and areas the latest

available mineral statistics and review their importance to the economies

of these nations. Three separate volumes are issued each year as follows:

Volume I, Metals, Minerals, and Fuels; Volume II, Area Reports: Domestic;

and Volume III, Area Reports: International. Chapters in these volumes

are issued separately as preprints or reprints from the bound volumes.

(2) Mineral Facts and Problems , issued every 5 years as a Bulletin,

contains comprehensive information on all important metals, minerals, and

fuels. Each commodity chapter covers industry patterns, technology, reserves,

supply-demand relationships, consumption patterns, economic factors, environmental considerations, possible advances in technology, alternative future

mineral supply-demand relationships, and future uses of commodities.

(3) Mineral Industry Surveys contain timely statistical and eco- nomic data on minerals and fuels. The surveys are designed to keep Government agencies and the public, particularly the minerals industry and business community, regularly informed of trends in the production, distribution, inventories, and consumption of minerals and fuels. Frequency of

issue depends on the need for current data. For example, the bituminous

coal report is issued weekly; other reports are issued monthly, quarterly,

and annually.

V.3.5
(a) Preliminary annual data on commodities are published

as soon as possible after the close of each calendar year and comprise

statistics that are later finalized in the Minerals Yearbook.

(b) Preliminary annual area reports also contain data on mineral production by States, and final figures are published in Volume

II of the Yearbook.

(c) Petroleum product surveys include data on properties

of aviation gasolines and aviation turbine fuels produced in the United

States, on burner-fuel oils manufactured for sale, on diesel fuels produced, and on motor gasolines sold by service stations in the United

States. Usually about five reports are issued annually.

(4) Foreign mineral reports are issued to help domestic producers and consumers of mineral commodities keep abreast of developments

in the mineral industries and markets abroad, and provide a brief summary

of significant information from U.S. Foreign Service offices and other

sources, which may otherwise not be made available to the general public.

(a) Mineral Trade Notes , issued monthly, provide selected news and economic items on production, consumption, distribution, and

noteworthy industrial technological developments on various mineral com- modities, except fuels, throughout the world.

(b) International Coal Trade , issued monthly, summarizes

the latest statistical and economic data on worldwide coal trade.

(c) International Petroleum Annual presents statistics on crude petroleum and refined products, arranged according to country, and

includes information on imports and exports.

(5) Lists of Bureau of Mines Publications, Journal Articles,

and Motion Pictures .

(a) Monthly List of New Publications—Bureau of Mines . This list gives titles and abstracts of publications, open file reports,

journal articles by Bureau authors, and reports placed in the National

Technical Information Service. The list also shows where the reports

can be obtained or inspected, and indicates the cost of the publication

if it is for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, or the National Technical Information Service.

(b) Annual and 5-year Lists of Bureau of Mines Publications

and Journal Articles . The annual list includes titles and abstracts of

most reports, along with subject and author indexes. Every 5 years the

preceding four annual listings are combined with the fifth-year listing

V.3.6
into a 5-year list, complete with information on the various series, depository libraries, open file reports, outside publications, patents, and

reprints, and with subject and author indexes.

(c) Film Catalog . Every 2 years the Bureau issues a new

film catalog of educational motion picture films made in cooperation

with public-spirited industrial firms and organizations. The catalog

tells how to obtain the films on short-term loan from the Bureau's Pittsburgh office and gives distributing centers at educational institutions

and libraries in States where the films are on deposit.

C. Outside Publications are journal articles, papers in proceedings

and transactions of symposia and society meetings, and other non-Bureau

publications published by technical and trade journals, scientific organizations, and publishing houses. Such publications must have at least

one Bureau author to be included in the Bureau's listings of publications.

4. Contract Reports . These reports describe research and other v/ork

prepared for and funded by the Bureau of Mines under contract by an outside organization. A final report to the Bureau is usually approved by

the Director for open filing in the Department of the Interior Library

in Washington and in selected Bureau of Mines libraries. It is generally

made available to the public through the National Technical Information

Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Va.

5. Other reports . The Bureau occasionally performs work funded by another

Government agency, which publishes the results. The Bureau also sometimes

funds v7ork by another Government agency, which publishes the results.

6. Policy on Sales and Free Reports . In keeping with the user charges

policy of the Office of Management and Budget, the Bureau of Mines sells

its reports to the general public through two major outlets. They are the

Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,

D.C. (and regional sales offices), and the National Technical Information

Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Va.

A. GPO Sales Reports . Reports that are sent to the Government Printing Office for printing by the Public Printer or by a private printer under

a GPO contract include Bulletins, Minerals Yearbooks, certain Information

Circulars such as mineral resource surveys. Handbooks, and certain Special

Publications

(1) These reports are offered for sale by the Superintendent of

Documents, GPO.

(2) Many of these reports are also sold in microfiche, and when

out of print at GPO in paper copy by the National Technical Information

Service.

V.3.7
(3) The Branch of Publications Distribution, Pittsburgh, Pa.,

where the Bureau's main publication stock Is maintained, and the Division

of Technical Reports, Arlington, Va., receive some stock of all sales items

for official use.

B. Free Reports . Reports that are sent to the Bureau's Pittsburgh

printing plant for printing or to a GPO Regional Printing Procurement

Office for printing by a commercial printer Include Reports of Investigations, some Information Circulars, Technical Progress Reports, and Mineral

Industry Surveys.

(1) Publications that present the results of research and that

further the cause of science are generally offered to the scientific com- munity and the taxpayer free of charge by the Bureau of Mines. These

reports are also sold in paper copy or in microfiche by the National Technical Information Service, and remain available from that source when the

publication Itself is out of print.

(2) Publications that are designed to educate persons in the

minerals and allied industries in health and safety practices are made

available free of charge for this purpose. The recipients are engaged

in nonprofit activity designed for public health, safety, or welfare.

A few of these reports, such as "First Aid for the Mineral and Allied

Industries," are also sold by the Superintendent of Documents.

(3) Reports on highly technical subjects of limited interest

that would not be good sales items are Issued as free publications.

(4) The Branch of Publications Distribution, Pittsburgh, Pa.,

maintains the Bureau of Mines official stock and distributes reports

to the public from this location. The Division of Technical Reports,

Arlington, Va., also receives a small supply for official use.

C. NTIS Sales Items . All free Reports of Investigations, Information Circulars, and Technical Progress Reports are placed in the information storage and retrieval system of the National Technical Information

Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Va . , publicized by NTIS,

and made available for a fee to the public in paper copy or in microfiche.

Certain Open File Reports and selected out-of-print reports are also sold

to the public through NTIS. GPO sales publications usually are available

in microfiche only.

7. Mailing Lists . Mailing lists for publications and press notices are centrally controlled by the Division of Technical Reports. All requests

for the establishment of new mailing lists and for additions, changes,

and deletions in the mailing lists should be made in writing to the Chief.

The lists are physically located and maintained at the Pittsburgh printing

plant and the Interior Departmental printing plant.

V.3.8
A. Mailing lists are broken down by subject for Bulletins, Reports

of Investigations, Information Circulars, Technical Progress Reports, and

press notices, and by commodity and State for the Mineral Industry Surveys

and Minerals Yearbook chapters.

B. The Division also controls mailing lists for "New Publications

Bureau of Mines," "Mineral Trade Notes," "International Coal Trade," "International Petroleum Annual," and petroleum product surveys.

8. Distribution of Publications . Bureau of Mines reports are available

from the following sources:

A. Free reports ;

(1) The Bureau's Branch of Publications Distribution , 4800 Forbes

Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213, maintains the official stock of Bureau publications, both sales and free reports, and Is the Bureau's main office of

contact with the public In meeting requests. It receives the bulk shipments

of all reports.

(2) The Bureau's Division of Technical Reports , U.S. Department of

the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240, keeps a small stock of all new publications to meet requests from the Congress, Secretary, Director, and other

officials. This Division also maintains a single-copy Master File of all

major publications published since 1910, and when warranted, the Division

will Xerox a copy of an out-of-print report for official use.

B. Sales Items :

(1) The Superintendent of Documents , U.S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, D.C. 20402, or another designated GPO sales outlet, sells Bureau

of Mines reports to the public.

(2) The National Technical Information Service , U.S. Department of

Commerce, Springfield, Va. 22151, also makes available for a fee Bureau

reports placed In the Information storage and retrieval system of that agency.

V.3.9

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration Session

Chairman: George P. Drobka

NASA

VI.
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Materials Information in the NASA Scientific and Technical

Information System

F, George Drobka

NASA Headquarters

Scientific and Technical Information Office

Washington, DC 20546

The NASA Scientific and Technical Information System

is primarily organized to serve the aerospace community

and does not specifically focus its coverage of the onemillion items currently in the data base on materials

information. Information on materials is highlighted in

two specific categories as well as sprinkled throughout

the remaining thirty-two subject categories. Information

is controlled and made more useful by the NASA Thesaurus,

a highly structured vocabularly listing. A prime method

of access to the data base is via NASA RECON, an on-line

interactive search capability. RECON permits flexible,

simple or complex searching of the data base and is oriented

for user hands-on operation. Findings from a recent system

analysis study made by NASA show that the system is generally responsive to user needs, but that there are areas for

improvement (e.g. , speed-up of RECON response time,

better visibility for the products and services available,

better coverage of very current information).

Key Words

Aerospace; computer information system; International Aerospace Abstracts;

materials ; mechanical properties ; metallic materials ; nonmetallic materials

physical properties; RECON; Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports;

thesaurus

The NASA Scientific and Technical Information System has existed

in its present configuration, without basic change, since 1962, Today,

the size of the information store numbers about 1, 000, 000 references

under machine control. The system, by legislation and need, is

limited to aerospace science and technology. This is a little like

saying that Webster's Unabridged Dictionary is limited by words.

VI. 1.1
Because of the relative newness of aerospace science and

technology a precise definition is difficult if not impossible. At

best we can describe rather than define the scope. We have tried

to do this in a brochure last published in March 1970 entitled,

"The NASA Scientific and Technical Information System ... Its Scope and Coverage, " Properly, I should have copies to give to

each of you but anticipating a needed revision the 1970 edition is

being permitted to go out of print.

In trying to describe aerospace science and technology we

have divided the pie into thirty-four subject categories. As an

aside I'll mention that these subject categories too are currently

undergoing revision and expansion. These categories now range in

content from biosciences and biotechnology to mathematics and computers; from masers and lasers to aerodynamics and aircraft; from

space vehicles and space sciences to materials -- metallic and nonmetallic with a significant amount of the classic disciplines of

chemistry, physics and engineering sprinkled over the whole pie.

And just to make sure we didn't miss anything we have a category

that we use with some trepidation called "General. "

The NASA Scientific and Technical Information System is not

directly geared to, nor zeroed in on a comprehensive coverage of

materials per se. Information on materials may be found in practically all of the subject categories. Our problem in NASA is much

like the problem that all of us here face today regarding materials

information -- what do we mean when we say "materials information" and once known, even in a cloudy fashion, how do we get it and

from whom ?

For NASA's purposes it was best for us to make a very simple

distinction as a first cut at describing the field. We setup a category

called "Materials comma Metallic" and a category "Materials comma

Nonmetallic, " Like fooling the psople, this satisfied some people

all of the time and others some of the time. However, we then took

advantage of descriptive scope notes which layered or set a priority

on our interest in or approach to materials. We have told those who

wish to use the NASA system as a source of information on, for example, nonmetallic materials that we have tried very hard to give

exhaustive coverage to "physical and mechanical properties, production, handling, testing, and evaluation of nonmetallic materials and

VI. 1.2
compositions of demonstrated and direct interest to designers of

aircraft, rockets, space vehicles, reentry vehicles, launch vehicles,

and supporting facilities such as cryogenic tanks. " We have further

advised the user that we have given only selective coverage to "research and development on nonmetallic materials having potential

aerospace applications, studies under extreme conditions, unusual

applications, new synthesis and production methods, and weight

saving materials. " And just to show the user that there is some

aspect of nonmetallic materials we don't care a whit about, we've

gona on record saying we have negative interest in "routine developments in the plastics and ceramics industry, " I should pass quickly

over that last quote because the use of the word "routine" is an

obvious red flag and is a beautiful and painful example of the problem

we are facing. In the near infinite world of materials who's to

say what's routine or non-routine, or who can say with a high degree

of certitude that what's routine today may not be the basis for the

exotic breakthrough tomorrow. How can we afford to have "negative interest?" Yet, how can we afford to have "exhaustive interest?

The answer is not easy.

We resisted the temptation to throw up our hands and say there

is no answer. Our approach, in the NASA system, was to pursue

the matter to another level of specificity and provide the user a list

of concepts under each of our broad subject categories. I'll not bore

you with more quotes but merely mention that the number of concepts

under our nonmetallic materials subject category is forty. Such

concepts, which appear under all of our categories, are not vocabulary or indexing terms as such. Some of them may by coincidence

be, as thesaurians would say, "an accepted bibliographic descriptor.

The purpose of the listing of concepts is to allow the user to sort

of browse within a given subject category, albeit somewhat arbitrarily limited by the description we in NASA gave it. The list of

concepts is to be used as a memory trigger, guidepost. It provides a sort of warm, wet assurance to the user that as he worries

about certain specific nonmetallic aspects of a reentry vehicle for

example the guys that run the information system have indeed picked

up information on epoxy polymers and potting compounds.

To assist further -- hopefully not to confuse -- the managers of

the NASA system determined and decreed that the terms used to describe the information in the store would come from a controlled, set,

interrelated, structured vocabularly listing: The NASA The saurus

VI. 1.3
For those of you who might be interested in examining it, I suspect

a copy may already be available in your local libraries; if not, it's

available for sale from the National Technical Information Service.

Simply ask for NASA Special Publication (SP) 7040.

In constructing the NASA Thesaurus we meant no arrogance.

We were not saying to our users that there is fire, water, earth, and

air and that's it. Quite the contrary we constructed an elaborate

list of terms, words, descriptors -- whatever you want to call them

-- that a user may browse or search through and be certain that if

he uses those words when he is looking for something in our abstract

journals or in our continuing and special bibliographies or on NASA

RECON he will find information.

I will in no way get into a discussion of the philosophy of indexing

but suffice it to say indexing -- the best indexing -- is a subjective

process. Your favorite words or nomenclature may not be mine.

You are going to have a tough time searching my system unless you

know and use my words. Here again the Thesaurus comes to the

rescue. You can probably find your term in the Thesaurus but that

does not necessarily mean that it is a term used in the NASA System.

But you will be referred to the term or terms that are used in the

NASA System and that you should use to structure your question or use

as entry points.

Another feature of the Thesaurus is its term array. For example

if a user is interested in "sizing" he will find it in the Thesaurus.

He will also be admonished to use a more specific term and there

will fowUow a list. For "sizing" one would find "size determination, " "size separation, " "sizing (shaping), " "sizing (surface treatment), " "sizing materials, " and then as an added benefit a referral to a related

term --in this case "body measurement (biol. ). "

The NASA system allows you to approach a massive subject like

"materials" by first providing a description of what NASA means by

the subject; then tells you in some detail where we have exhaustive

interest, a selective interest, or no interest; lists concepts or

subjects pertaining specifically to the prime subject category; and finally

provides a list of terms that will allow you to pinpoint your area of

interest either by going deeper or a referral to related areas.

VI. 1.4
A few minutes ago I mentioned NASA RECON. NASA RECON

(standing for remote console) is our on-line interactive search capability which those of you who wish will see in operation at the NASA

Scientific and Technical Information Facility in College Park tomorrow.

Although you will be told about RECON in as much detail as you'd like by our people in College Park, I would like to take a few

moments now to talk about it, particularly for the benefit of those

of you who will not attend the demonstartion,

RECON is a very powerful system. The interactive retrieval

system with its associated file maintenance system is unusually

flexible in several dimensions. It can accommodate a wide variety

of file types and indexes to them. The system also allows for a variety of file combinations for searching. This feature makes it possible for the system planner to establish collections of files in

such a way as to allow for many combinations. Indeed, any given

file may be simultaneously designated as a separate collection

for independent searching and assigned to any number of other collections in combination with other files.

Another feature of RECON is that it allows the user to search

at his own level of sophistication or understanding of the system.

Although only very basic operations are required to perform a full

search, the number of available operations plus variations provide

the more experienced searcher with increased search and refinement

power. This is primarily because RECON is open in its command

sequence. The system does not prompt and thereby restrict the

user in the sequence of search steps. The user is in complete

control at all times, and may make use of any information he has

obtained at any time, even from the beginning of his search.

Of course when you do not have unlimited computing power

(and we don't) there is a price to pay for this powerful software, and

we pay it in response time. The response time currently varies

between 5 and 80 seconds with the average being 15 seconds, the mostprobable time being 8 seconds, with half of the commands (median)

being less than 12 seconds.

The "command" may be anything from a complete search to a small part of a full subject search. It may be just a document citation look-up or a simple search for documents by a specific author

VI. 1.5
or a part of a full-blown subject search which may take 40 or more

such commands to complete. On the average, about a minute and

a half will elapse between the time a user enters one command and

the time he enters the next one.

As impressive as RECON is our users in the NASA Centers have

told us in loud and clear terms that its too slow. And we must agree

with them. We have very recently made some software changes that

have given us a 40% plus decrease in time-lag but this gain will last

only until we add more terminals. The only long term solution is a bigger computer.

I've talked about just a couple of aspects of the NASA system and

as a member of the team that runs the system. Keeping in tune with

the tenor of the times -- and not misleading you by any "little white

lies" -- I'd like to tell you what our users say about our system.

This can be done with a relatively high degree of accuracy and

currency since we have just recently completed a study aimed directly

at evaluating our system. We were specifically interested in the usefulness of the system to those it is intended to serve -- engineers

and scientists working in their professional roles; and to identify

areas and ways in which the system can be made more effective.

To get the answers we conducted over 100 in-depth personal interviews with mid-level scientists or engineers working in the NASA

Centers and selected NASA contractor organizations, I might well

also mention that the interviewees were picked by the Centers and

contractors, not us. We found that where the system was known it was used and in

most cases heavily used. In a high percentages of instances what

services and products we provided were responsive to user's, assisted

in problem solving, saved money and manpower, assisted in avoiding duplication and were current enough for their needs. Very few

found little of no value; a number made good suggestions for new products and services; and an almost equal number made suggestions

for improvements to what was already available.

The one overriding plea --it certainly was much stronger than

a suggestion -- was to know what is here and now available. What

tools are there that will help the guy that is dependent on information

cope with the enormity of it all. "Information explosion" is trite, a badly worn old chestnut and also one helluva problem for the

working scientists and engineers today. The help that we who are

in the information business give to the users must be very, very

VI. 1.6
carefully provided. We must give them well packaged good information on information without appreciably adding to the already unbelievable amount of information.

Another crying need voiced by the users interviewed was how

can really current information be obtained. We at NASA publish

two abstract journals -- Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports

(STAR) and in cooperation with the American Institute forAeronautics

and Astronautics, the Journal International Aerospace Abstracts.

We will brag on any given occasion that whatever we announce in

either journal takes no longer than six weeks -- most times only

four weeks -- from the time it hits the input desk until the journal

is on the street. But how old is the information that we so rapidly

and efficiently process -- about six to twelve months. The private

sector journals face, in many instances, greater time lags. It is

not at all unusual for a professional journal to have a two-year

time lag from date of receipt of manuscript to date of journal

publication.

Just a moment ago I said that one finding was that our users

found information in the NASA System current enough for their

needs. Well, yes, but only because the poor user can't get anything

more current. It's a mildly defeatest attitude on the user's part.

It falls to us in the information business to find a way to make things

more current. We in NASA have some ideas.

I've purposely touched only lightly on the findings from our

system evaluation study. I wanted to give you at least a flavor of

the reaction. None of the findings really surprised us. They did

confirm a number of things we suspected and thus, we have a valid

basis for making necessary fixes, modifications or enhancements

to existing products and services and, equally important, coming

up with new products that are directly responsive to user nseds.

I believe that the users of the NASA system hardly differ

from the users of any other system. Therefore, those of us in the

information business should remain mindful that whatever services

and products we provide should be geared primarily to user needs

and not simply system compatibility and convenience.

VI. 1.7

Department of Commerce Session

Chairman: S. A. Rossmassler

National Bureau of Standards

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The National Standard Reference Data System as a Materials Information Resource

David R. Lide, Jr.

Office of Standard Reference Data

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C.

The National Standard Reference Data System provides

reliable, accurate data on physical and chemical properties needed by working scientists and engineers. Operating

since 1963 under instructions from the Federal Council for

Science and Technology, the program functions as a decentralized group of data centers and projects with central

management at the National Bureau of Standards Office of

Standard Reference Data. Of the seven technical areas covered by the program, those of thermodynamics and transport data, solid state data, and mechanical properties are most relevant to materials information interests. The

primary output of the program is compilations of evaluated

data on specialized topics, published in the Journal of

Physical and Chemi cal Reference Data .

Critical evaluation, numerical data, physical properties, chemical properties, thermodynamics, transport,

mechanical

VII. 1.1
The National Standard Reference Data System is an NBS program that

has been in existence for about ten years. The objectives of the program

are shown in Figure 1. The primary objective is to provide reliable,

accurate data on physical and chemical properties which are needed by

working scientists and engineers. In addition, the program attempts to

upgrade the quality of data obtained in the laboratory and reported in

the literature. Thus, we regard the program as serving as an interface

between laboratory measurements of materials properties and the application of the resulting data to the solution of various national problems.

Compilation and critical evaluation of data is a long-standing NBS

tradition. . The International Critical Tables was edited by an NBS staff

member, and many contributions were made by members of the national

Bureau of Standards. In the 1940's, Rossini started the systematic

compilation of thermodynamic data, and in 1945, the late Edward Condon

began the atomic energy levels program. Both of these programs are

still in existence, and they have proven their worth over many years.

The formal beginnings of the National Standard Reference Data System

dates from 1963, when the Federal Council for Science and Technology

issued a policy statement, the full text of which is shov;n in Figure 2.

Briefly, it said, "There will be established a National Standard Reference

Data System to provide on a national basis critically evaluated data in

the physical sciences." NBS was designated as the focus for this system.

In 1968 Congress passed legislation (PL 90-396, reproduced as Figures

3a and 3b) that specifically authorized such a program. The preamble

to the act said that "The Congress hereby finds and declares that reliable

standardized scientific and technical reference data are of vital importance to the progress of the Nation's science and technology." Under

this legislation, the Department of Commerce was given primary responsibility for providing such data, with instructions to use the facilities

of other Government agencies and of private institutions.

The central theme of the program is to provide accurate, reliable

numerical data needed to answer technical problems. The program

stresses the judgments of experts, who recommend the best values to use for given properties of specified materials, and who also make an assessment of the accuracy of these values. The need for this critical

evaluation of published data is borne out by many examples of widely

discrepant data found in the literature. Figure 4 shov/s one such

example taken from one of the publications of the Thermophysical

Properties Research Center at Purdue. The scatter of data on the

thermal conductivity of copper is almost random; clearly an uninitiated

user going to the literature has a small chance of coming up with a reliable value. Figure 5 shows a similar example from a recent publication on the elastic properties of iron-nickel alloys. Here again, there

is a very wide scatter of reported data. The recommended curve, as selected by the authors after a very thorough analysis of all of the

data, is indicated.

VII. 1.2
The Standard Reference Data Program is decentralized in its operation. The compilation and evaluation of data is done at data centers

and other data projects that are scattered throughout the country. The

central management office, the Office of Standard Reference Data, is at

the Bureau of Standards. Functions of this office include monitoring of

projects that receive direct financial support from the Bureau of

Standards, and keeping close contact with other data projects v/ithin

the scope of the program. At present, there are about 25 continuing

data centers incorporated under the program. Figure 6 identifies a few selected examples of these centers. These are located at NBS, at

other Government laboratories, at universities, and in industrial laboratories, by continuing data center is meant a group that systematically

covers the literature in a particular field and generates compilations

of data on some regular schedule. In addition to these continuing

centers, there are active at any given time about 20 to 25 short-term

projects that have a well defined mission in turning out a particular

critical review or data compilation. Again, some of these are within

NBS, and others at universities and elsewhere.

The Office of Standard Reference Data works closely with other

Federal agencies that have similar activities. The relationship is

particularly well defined with the Atomic Energy Commission, which

has a long-standing tradition of data evaluation programs. OSRD

provides joint support with the AEC for several data compilation projects

in the nuclear area. OSRD also maintains membership in the U.S. Nuclear

Data Committee which advises the AEC on needs for nuclear data from

various segments of the user community.

OSRD interacts with professional societies, with private publishers,

and with international organizations and other countries that have

organized data programs. Figure 7 shows a list of organizations in

which OSRD staff members are particularly active through holding offices

or committee membership. There is a significant ongoing relation with

groups in the Soviet Union that are concerned with property data. We

receive most of their publications, and in many cases, have arranged

for translation of these and distribution in the United States.

For convenience in management, the scope of the Standard Reference

Data Program is divided into seven technical program areas, listed in

Figure 8. The largest area at the present time is thermodynamics and

transport properties. This perhaps reflects the fact that thermodynamicists were among the earliest of all scientists to recognize the need

for systematic efforts to compile and evaluate data. There is also a sizeable program in atomic and molecular data; this includes spectroscopic data of all sorts, molecular structure, scattering cross sections,

and the like. There are smaller programs in chemical kinetics and solid

state data; at the moment, a very small program in colloid and surface

data: and in nuclear data, we collaborate with the AEC as I mentioned

previously. Mechanical properties is listed on the slide, although, in

VII. 1.3
fact, we have only a little work in this area. However, a series of

critical surveys of data sources on mechanical properties and other

properties of commercially important materials has been started

recently. The first of these surveys dealt with mechanical properties

of metals and alloys and is now in press (NBS Special Publication 396-1).

We have started a similar survey on mechanical properties of ceramics,

and in the near future hope to initiate surveys on electrical and

magnetic properties of metals and perhaps on plastics. In these surveys,

we are attempting to locate the major sources of compilations of such

data and to make some critical commentary on the quality of the data in

each source.

Figure 9 presents some of the current projects that are of particular

interest to this audience. One component of the system is a continuing

data center that deals with properties of alloys. This center compiles

from the literature an extensive list of properties and concentrates on

a few of these in producing critical reviews and compilations. The

Diffusion in Metals Data Center deals with diffusion in a variety of

metals and alloys. The Crystal Data project has as its major output a widely known book, the Crystal Data Determinative Tables . The third

edition of this compendium, published in the last year, contains data

on approximately 24,000 single crystals. The project on elastic properties of metals has led to an exhaustive review of the iron-nickel system

and this group is currently covering copper-zinc alloys. The Thermophysical Properties Research Center at Purdue, which has been discussed

elsewhere on this program, is one of the external data centers associated

with the Standard Reference Data Program. The part of their activities

supported by NBS concerns thermal conductivity of metals and alloys.

We also have a project on properties of superconductors and another on x-ray and gamma-ray attenuation coefficients. There are others which

could be added to this list, but it provides a flavor of the current

program.

For the future, we are attempting to get funds to expand the scope

of the program to include more materials of commercial importance. Some

of the areas which we are currently requesting money are given in

Figure 10.

The primary output of the program has been in the form of printed

books-~compilations of data, critical reviews, and the like. For the

first several years of activity, we published a series through the

Government Printing Office, the so-called NSRDS-NBS series, which now

has about 50 titles. More recently, v^/e have gone outside of Government

channels to establish the J ournal of Physical and Chemical Reference

Data , which is published jointly for us by the American Chemical Society

and the American Institute of Physics. This quarterly journal is now

in its third year. In addition to subscriptions to the journal itself,

individual compilations are sold. At present, most of the content of

this journal come from the Standard Reference Data Program; although it

VII. 1.4
is open to contributions from the general public and we are doing all we can to encourage such outside contributions. We have also published

a number of bibliographies, mostly through Government channels; although

in the future we will probably go to commercial publishers for such

bibliographies. Most of these bibliographies are highly indexed and

annotated so that they provide an entry point in a detailed manner to

the literature containing quantitative numerical data.

The individual data centers within the program receive many inquiries

for specific data and they attempt to answer these to the extent that they

can. We also have a limited inquiry service in the Office of Standard

Reference Data itself. We maintain a library that contains not only our

own publications, but a reasonably complete collection of data compilations from all sources throughout the world. We do not have the personnel

needed to offer a formal consulting or advisory service; however, the

library is open to use by anyone.

Finally, I should mention our plans for an on-line data bank. It

is still in a pilot stage, but it has been given a name--NSR Data.

Hopefully this data bank will become operational within the next year.

For the immediate future, it will concentrate on thermodynamic data,

rate constants of chemical reactions, and related data. The contents

of this data base will be strictly numerical data, not references to

documents containing data.

VII. 1.5
(

I

j To HELP SOLVE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS BY: [

i (a) Providing reliable quantitative data on the physical ! AND chemical PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES FOR SCIENTISTS

AND ENGINEERS TO USE IN THEIR EVERYDAY WRK^

|

f (b) Upgrading the practices of making measurements in the ; laboratory and reporting them in the literature.

Figure 1. Objectives of the National Standard Reference Data System

VII. 1.6
FEDERAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

COMMITTEE ON SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION

28 May 1963

Federal Policy on National Standard Reference Data System

There will be established a National Standard Reference Data System

(NSRDS) to provide on a national basis critically evaluated data in the physical

sciences. The NSRDS will consist of a National Standard Reference Data Center

(NSRDC) at the National Bureau of Standards and such other Standard Reference

Data Centers as may be required.

The National Bureau of Standards will be charged with the administration of

the National Standard Reference Data System. This assignment will include the

establishment of standards of quality, methodology including machine processing

formats, and such other functions as are required to ensure the compatibility of

all units of the NSRDS.

The National Bureau of Standards will be charged with funding and administering the National Standard Reference Data Center. This Center will be an identifiable part of the National Scientific and Technical Information System (NSTIS).

Standard Reference Data Centers covering certain specific areas of effort may

be established by or be assigned to the various Departments and Agencies in ac- cordance with their specific desires and capabilities. Such Centers will be financed

and administered by the Department to which assigned but will meet the quality

standards and other requirements of the NSRDS. Such Centers will be included

as identifiable components of the NSTIS.

The NSRDS may also include Standard Reference Data Centers at universities, research institutes, and other appropriate non-Government activities. To be

included in the NSRDS, such Centers will meet the quality standards and other

requirements of the NSRDS and v/ill be included as identifiable components of the

NSTIS.

There will be an Advisory Board to review and recommend policy relative to the operation of the NSRDS. It will include among others, representation from

the National Academy of Sciences, National Science Foundation, Federal Agencies

engaged in research and development, and such other representatives of the sci- entific and technical community as the Director of the National Bureau of Standards may determine.

In establishing the NSRDS, the intent is to provide an articulated system of

Centers and activities under such coordination and direction as to ensure an out- put meeting quality standards for national reference data in the physical sciences.

The establishment of the System should not be construed as preventing the establishment of such Federal or Departmental Data Systems as are required for the

collection of raw or evaluated data to serve engineering or operating needs of the

Federal Government or various Federal agencies.

Figure 2. Federal Policy on Nationel Standard Reference Data System

VII. 1,7
Public Law 90-396

90th Congress, H. R. 6279

July 11, 1968

To provide for the collection, compilation, critical evaluation, publication, and

sale of standard reference data. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United Statea of America in Congress assembled.,

DECLARATION OF 'POLICY Section 1. The Congress hereby finds and declares that reliable standardized scientific and technical reference data are of vital im- portance to the progress of the Nation's science and technology. It is therefore the policy of the Congress to make critically evaluated refer- ence data readily available to scientists, engineers, and the general

public. It is the purpose of this Act to strengthen and enhance this pol icy^

Standard Referenoe Data Aot.

82 STAT. 339 DEFINITIONS

Sec. 2. For the purposes of this Act

(a) The term "standard reference data"' means quantitative infor- mation, related to a measurable physical or chemical property of a

substance or system of substances of known composition and structure, which is critically evaluated as to its reliabiuty under section 3 of this Act.

(b) The term ''Secretary" means the Secretary of Commerce.

Sec. 3. The Secretary is authorized and directed to provide or ar- range for the collection, compilation, critical evaluation, publication,

and dissemination of standard reference data. In carrying out this program, the Secretary shall, to the ma.ximum e.xtent practicable,

utilize the reference data services and facilities of other agencies and

instrumentalities of the Federal Government and of State and local governments, persons, firms, institutions, and associations, wLtli their consent and in such a manner as to avoid duplication of those services and facilities. All agencies and instrumentalities of the Federal Government are encouraged to exercise their duties and functions in such manner as will assist in carrying out the purpose of this Act. This

section shall be decerned complementary to existing authority, and

nothing herein is intended to repeal, supersede, or diminisli existing

authority or responsibility of any agency or instrumentality of the

F^ederal Government.

Sec, 4. To provide for more effective integration and coordination of standard reference data activities, the Secretary, in consultation with other interested Federal a<ren< ies, shall prescril)e and publish in the Federal Register such standards, criteria, and pi-ocednres for tlie prep- aration and publication of standard refercni.e data as may be neccs.sary to carry out the provisions of this Act. Sec. 5. Standanl reference data conforming to .standards established by tlie Secretary may be made available and sold by the Secretary or by a person or agency designated by him. To the extent practicable

and appropriate, the prices established for such data may reflect the

cost of collection, compilation, evaluation, publication, and dissemination of the data, including administrative expen.ses; and the amounts

received shall be subject to the Act of March 3, 1901, as amended (15

U.S.C.27l-278e).

Sec. 6. (a) Notwithstanding the limitations contained in section 8 of title 17 of the United States Code, the Secretary may secure copyright luid renewal thereof on behalf of the United States as author

or proprietor in all or any i)art of any standard reference data which

82 STAT. 340

Colleotlon ajid publloation of standard referenoe data.

Standards, eto. Publloation in Federal Register.

Sale of roferenoe data.

Cost reoovery.

31 Stat. 1449J Ante , p. 34,

U. S. oopyrlght

euid renewal

rights,

61 Stat. 655j 76 Stat. 446,

Figure 3a. Standard Reference Data Act—PL 90-396

VII. 1.8a
Pub. Law 90-396

82 STAT. 340 ,

- 2 - July 11, 1968

lie prepares or makes available under this Act, and may authorize

the repioductiou and publication thereof by others. (b) The publication or republication by the Government under tMs

Act, either separately or in a public document, of any material in which

copyright is subsisting shall not be taken to cause any abridgment or annulment of the copyright or to authorize any use or appropriation

of such material without the consent of the copyright proprietor.

Appropriation. Sec. 7. There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this Act, $1.8() million for the fiscal year ending June 30, 19(i9. Notwithstanding the provisions of iiny other law, no appropriations for any

fiscal year may be made for tne purpose of this Act after fiscal year

19(i9 unless previously authorizea by legislation hereafter enacted by

the Congress.

Short title, Skc. 8. This Act may be cited as the "Standard Reference Data Act." Approved July 11, 1968.

LEGISUTIVE HTSTORYt

HOUSE REPORT No, 260 (Comm, on Solenoe and AstronautioB),

SENATE REPORT No, 1230 (Coram, on Commeroe), CONGRESSIONAL RECORDS

Vol, 113 fl967j« Aug. 14, oonsldered ajid passed Houae, Vol, 114 (1958)j June 13, considered and passed Senate,

amended,

June 27, House oonourred in Senate

amendments.

Figure 3b. Standard Reference Data Act (continued)

VII. 1.8b
I
VII. 1.9
2.48x10

E,

dyn / cm

40 50 60

Weight percent Ni

Figure 5. Why data evaluation is necessary--

Young's modulus for iron-nickel alloys

VII. 1.10
1. Chemical THERmDYNAMics Data Center

([IBS)

2. Thermodynamics Research Center

(Texas A & M)

3. Thermophysical Properties Research

Center (Purdue)

Atomic Transition Probabilities

Data Center (NBS)

5. FumAMErrrAL Particle Data Center

(Lavvtremce Lab)

MSRDS supports 26 centers

Hther agencies (AEC^ DOD^ EPA^ NASA) support 15 others

National needs—ISO to 200 active centers in physical and earth sciences

Figure 6. Selected Data Centers in the

National Standard Reference Data System

VII. 1.11

Direct descendatjt of early (19^0)

BIO^owsKI-PossINI project

Long-term APL HCA support

Automotive^ aerospace irjDUSTRiES

ARE SERVED. DOD, IIASA, NSF.

NBS SUPPORT

PlASm DIAGNOSTICS FOR FUSION

RESEARCH

Nuclear PROPERTiEs--fI support
CODATA

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

International Association on the Properties of SteaT'I

ASll^

ANSI

American Institute of Physics

American Society of ^fecHANICAL Engineers

Joint Committee on Atomic and Molecular Physical Data

American Chemical v^ociety

Figure 7. Representative organizations with which the

Office of Standard Reference Data interacts

VII. 1.12
Thermodynamics and Transport Properties

Atomic and fbLECULAR Data

Chemical Kinetics

Solid State Data

f Iuclear Data

Colloid and Surface Properties

Mechanical Properties

Data Systems Design Activities

Information Services

Figure 8. National Standard Reference Data System Program Areas

VII. 1.13
Alloy Data

Diffusion in FIetals

Crystal Data

Elastic Properties of f^ETALs

Thermophysical Properties

Properties of Superconductors

X-Ray and y-Ray Attenuation

Figure 9. Current data projects relevant to users of materials information

VII. 1.14
Fracture and fatigue properties

Elastic constants (microscopic and bulk)

Properties relevant to prediction of

MECHANICAL behavior (e.G.^ PHASE

diagrams)

seleciea conventional mechanical properties

(tensile STRENGTH^ SHEER MODULUS^ ETC.)

Figure 10. Areas proposed for expansion of

Office of Standard Reference Data

program in materials

VII. 1.15

The Flammable Fabric Accident Case and Testing System (FFACTS)

Allan K. Vickers

Center for Fire Research

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C.

The Flammable Fabric Accident Case and Testing

System (FFACTS) is a computerized data system based

on detailed case histories of accidental fabric

fires and laboratory analysis of the fabric products involved in these fires. It was designed and

implemented at the National Bureau of Standards

under the mandate of the Flammable Fabrics Act, as

amended in 1967. FFACTS data have been utilized in

identifying candidate priorities for fabric flammability standards, establishing appropriate test methods for these standards, identifying possible safety

design improvements for common ignition sources, and

providing a general understanding of the many factors

involved in fabric ignition incidents.

Key words: Apparel fires; burn injury; fabric flammability; FFACTS; flammability standards; Flammable

Fabrics Act; ignition sources.

1. HISTORY

The Flammable Fabric Accident Case and Testing System

(FFACTS) is a computerized system of fabric fire accident

investigation reports which was designed and implemented in

1970 in the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) , Department

of Commerce.

With the creation of the Consumer Product Safety Commission

(P.L. 92-573, October 27, 1972) responsibilities under the

Flammable Fabrics Act, including maintenance of FFACTS, were

transferred to that agency.

VII. 2.1
The Flammable Fabrics Act, as amended May 4, 1967, [1]

authorized the Secretary of Commerce to promulgate flammability standards for fabrics and related products when such

standards were deemed necessary to protect the public against

unreasonable risk of the occurrence of fire leading to death,

personal injury, or significant property damage. Under the

Act, each standard, regulation, or amendment promulgated has

to be based on findings that it is needed to adequately

protect the public from these unreasonable risks and that it

is reasonable, technologically practicable, and appropriate.

It was to achieve these goals that the FFACT System was

established. The Act further provided that the Secretary of

Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) cooperate with the

Secretary of Commerce in providing data towards meeting these

goals. Thus, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), HEW,

investigated fabric fire accidents around the country and

supplied reports and fabric remnants, whenever these were

available, to NBS for analysis and incorporation into the

FFACTS data base.

As of May 14, 1973, the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) took over the administration of the Flammable

Fabrics Act [2]. Until December 31, 1974, CPSC investigators

continued to supply accident reports and fabric remnants to

the Office of Information and Hazard Analysis, Center for

Fire Research (CFR) , NBS, and NBS provided analysis and

technical support to the Commission.

2. DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING

The vast majority of the fabric fire accident reports in

FFACTS have been submitted by either FDA or CPSC investigators. While the FFACTS data base is not a statistically

representative sample of all fabric fires in the United

States, the incidents incorporated in FFACTS represent typical fabric fire hazards from all over the country. The geographic distribution of incidents recorded in FFACTS is given

in table 1. The earliest case histories were received primarily from Burn Injury Study Units in the Boston and Denver

areas, the University of Iowa Hospital Burn Unit (under

contract with HEW) and the Lansing, Michigan, Fire Department.

In order to include data from wider areas of the country in

FFACTS, in late 1970 FDA investigators from district offices

around the U.S. began following up and investigating fabric

fire accidents reported through hospital emergency rooms,

newspaper articles and other media. This procedure continued

Numbers in brackets correspond with the literature references

listed at the end of this oaopr

VII. 2.?
Table 1. Geographic Distribution of FFACTS

Fire Incidents (FFACTS, April 1974)

State

Number of

Incidents State

Number of

Incidents

^? 99-/ 2 3 294 ^ ^ *i 2 3

J.\ cW X Ui Js. nXcLDcLllla. JL O

Pennsylvania 266 Kansas 16

California 252 New Hampshire 14

Texas 197 Kentucky 10

Iowa 181 Connecticut 9

Michigan 162 North Carolina 9

Illinois 143 Wyoming 6

Washington 122 West Virginia 6

Florida 112 Maine 5

Ohio 109 Montana 3

Maryland 97 New Mexico 3

Missouri 63 Puerto Rico 3

Louisiana 40 South Carolina 3

Indiana 40 Vermont 3

Georgia 34 South Dakota 2

Wisconsin 30 Nevada 2

District of Columbia 28 Alaska 1

Arizona 27 Mississippi 1

Oklahoma 27 North Dakota 1

Utah 27 Nebraska 1

Virginia 25 Rhode Island 1

New Jersey 25 Unknown 56

Minnesota 23

Total 3,132

VII. 2.
through the transition to CPSC, which investigated fabric

fires both through its nationwide network of inspectors and

through private contractors. These investigations were

reported on forms developed jointly by NBS and CPSC.

These reports, together with the remains of fabric

products involved in the fires, were sent to the Office of

Information and Hazard Analysis, CFR, for processing.

Accident reports were screened for acceptance into the system

based (1) on their relevance (a fire accident must have

involved a fabric product which either contributed to the

spread or retardation of the fire, the production of smoke,

or the development of other fire hazards) ; and (2) on their

adequacy in providing sufficient information to contribute to

an understanding of fabric fire phenomena.

Accident data from accepted reports were coded using a

coding manual developed at NBS. These data include details

on the time and specific location of the fabric ignition;

demographic information about persons involved in the accident; specific activities of persons which led to their

involvement and special circumstances such as handicaps,

intoxication, etc.; a detailed description of the ignition

sequence from the initial heat source through possible

intermediary materials to the fabric product (s); personal

injury information, including detailed thermal burn data and

treatment required; medical cost; work time lost; and property

loss data.

Those fabric remnants received with the case histories

which were of sufficient size were tested in the laboratory

for fabric weight and construction, fiber content, and

flammability (if an appropriate test exists) . These data,

together with data on the role of each fabric product in the

fire, were encoded on fabric item coding sheets, along with

the accident case data, then keypunched, formatted, and read

onto magnetic tape.

3. ANALYSIS OF FFACTS DATA

As of April 1, 1974, the FFACTS data base contained

3,132 fabric fire incident case histories. Over the past

three and a half years, analyses of FFACTS data has had four

main areas of application: (1) to set candidate priorities

for fabric flammability standards; (2) to determine appropriate test methods for these standards; (3) to indicate hazard

associated with common ignition sources and possible areas

for improving their design; and (4) to provide a general

understanding of various accident parameters which may in

turn lead to methods for reducing the hazards involved.

Examples of each of these applications are presented in the

following subsections.

VII. 2.
while the FFACTS data are not derived from a statistically representative sampling of all fabric fires in the

U.S., many indications, which began to develop in the earliest

data, have continued to be consistent while the data base

has doubled and tripled in size. These indications have

remained consistent while the geographic areas sampled, the

investigating organizations and the mode of data collection

have all changed several times. Hence, it appears that the

FFACTS data are reflecting the actual fabric fire experience

in the country.

3.1. Candidate Priorities for Fabric

Flammability Standards

The primary function of FFACTS since its inception has

been to provide information which would identify hazardous

fabric products and set candidate priorities for flammability

standards. While the nonstatistical nature of the sampling

has not permitted valid national estimates of the numbers of

fires involving various fabric products, over-representation

in the frequency of ignition of certain fabric items involving

specific age-sex groups became apparent from the earliest

data analyses.

i One of the first fabric products in FFACTS to appear to

be disproportionately involved in fire incidents was children's

sleepwear. Efforts to reduce the hazard associated with the

ignition of children's sleepwear culminated in the Standard

for the Flammability of Children's Sleepwear for sizes 0

through 6X promulgated on July 21, 1972 [3]. This standard

has been followed by a similar standard for sizes 7 through

14 issued on May 1, 1974 [4] . Though the need for the original standard was supported by only 37 sleepwear fire accidents involving children 0 to 5, the severe over-representation

of children's sleepwear ignition incidents in FFACTS has continued over the years of data collection since 1971.

The highly represented garment-age-sex groups in FFACTS

are shown in table 2 where relative incident frequency index

numbers are displayed for each group. This table was excerpted

from a 1972 paper "Current Status and National Priorities for

Flammable Fabric Standards" [5] . In identifying garment fire

hazards, the data sample was restricted to those garments

which were not contaminated by flammable liquids in the

ignition incident because the role of the garments themselves

in such flammable liquid fires is clouded. Also, only the

first garment ignited in each incident is included in the

sample because f irst-to-ignite garments are generally considered to exert most of the influence on ignition and burn

injury attributable to the garments ignited. The relative

incident frequency index numbers were computed by dividing

VII. 2.
the number of non-contaminated f irst-to-ignite garments in a given age-sex group by the proportion of the U.S. population

represented by that age-sex group. These indices show the

relative frequency of various garment type ignitions for

different portions of the population. The highest index

numbers indicate the greatest hazard areas.

* Table 2. Relative Incident Frequency Index Numbers

for Reported First-to-Ignite Garment Incidents by Age and Sex

Compared with Age-Sex Distribution of the U.S. Population

(based on 551 f irst-to-ignite incidents in the given garmentsex categories reported in FFACTS, December 1972)

Garment Sex

Age Groups

0-5 6-12 13-20 21-45 46-65 66 + Sleepwear Female 98 87 14 24 40 71

Dresses Female 49 29 1 4 9 29

Shirts Male 21 18 26 24 23 35

Sleepwear Male 69 22 5 3 7 23

Pants Male 13 8 4 7 11 13

* Index numbers rank garment-age-sex groups by relative hazard

indicated in FFACTS.

The data in table 2 indicate the greatest hazards for

children's sleepwear, ages 0 to 12; girls' dresses, ages 0 to

12; adult females' sleepwear; shirts for males of all ages;

and nearly all garments for the elderly. These constitute

the most recent candidate priorities for garment flammability

standards. Some of these hazards can be addressed through

flammability standards more easily than others. Apparel

fires present an especially large hazard to the elderly, but

there is no way for a flammability standard to isolate garments for the elderly by size, as can be done for children's

clothes; thus, unfortunately, a standard for garments for the

elderly is not currently feasible from a regulatory standpoint. The technological practicability of imposing a flammability standard on shirts may be questioned. For further

information on this garment data analysis the reader is

referred to the paper listed in reference 5.

FFACTS data have also been used in studies of the hazards

associated with bedding and furnishings fabric products, such

as mattresses, curtains and drapes, upholstered furniture, and

blankets

VII. 2.
3.2. Appropriate Test Methods

Besides identifying hazard areas for which fabric flammability standards may be needed, FFACTS data on the ignition

sources in fabric fires have been analyzed to provide information for the establishment of appropriate test methods for

proposed flammability standards.

In order to fulfill the Flammable Fabric Act's requirement that a standard be appropriate, the test method used in

a standard should approximate the real-life hazard associated

with the fabric product being regulated. For example, the

ignition sources for f irst-to-ignite sleepwear for children

0 to 12 are displayed in table 3. Most of these ignition

sources involve a relatively small flame which came in contact with the sleepwear; for this reason it was decided that

a small flame would be the appropriate ignition mechanism for

the two sleepwear standards.

In another fire hazard, over 65 percent of the first-toignite mattresses in FFACTS ignited from cigarettes. Thus,

the Standard for the Flammability of Mattresses, promulgated

June 7, 1972 [6], requires that mattresses not ignite from a lit cigarette. Similarly, the test method being developed

for upholstered furniture is also based on a cigarette ignition mechanism because cigarettes account for 80 percent of

the upholstered furniture ignitions in FFACTS.

Table 3. Ignition Sources for First-to-Ignite

Sleepwear Incidents Involving Children Ages 0 to 12

(FFACTS, April 1974)

Ignition Source

Number of

Incidents Percent

Matches 83 31

Electric Range 44 16

Gas Range 39 14

Space Heater 37 14

Lighter 23 9

Open Fire 19 7

Candle/Lantern 18 7

Fireworks 4 1

Other 2 1

Total 269 100

VII. 2.
3.3. Ignition Source Design

FFACTS is primarily oriented towards fabric products;

however, analyses of various fabric ignition sequence patterns

have indicated that certain safety design features for some

of the most common ignition sources could substantially

reduce several fabric fire hazards.

A study of the role of matches and lighters in FFACTS

fabric fires revealed that they account for one-fourth of the

accidents in the data base for which the ignition source was

known, with matches outnumbering lighters 6 to 1 [7]. Onethird of these incidents involved children under six years

old. Based on these and other statistics, the Consumer

Product Safety Commission is investigating ways in which

lighters and, especially, matches can be. made "child-proof."

Kitchen ranges are another common ignition source in

fabric fires. They account for 35 percent of the direct

garment ignitions in FFACTS. Females under 16 and over 65

are particularly heavily represented [8] . Most of these

accidents occurred when the victim reached or leaned over a hot burner while cooking, and a sleeve, apron or shirttail

ignited. Several suggested design changes, such as placement

of burners, location of controls and spring-loaded guards

around burners to prevent exposure, are being studied to

reduce this substantial flammability hazard.

A study of hazards associated with space heaters has

been published [9] . Typical accidents studied in the hazard

analysis involve children, dressed in nightgowns or robes,

warming themselves in front of unprotected heaters.

Modification of these and other ignition sources could

reduce the fire hazards which cannot currently be addressed

through fabric flammability standards.

3.4. Understanding Fabric Fire Hazard Parameters

Recent analyses of FFACTS data have been directed

toward understanding the roles of several major factors in

the complex circumstances surrounding apparel fires [10,11].

It is hoped that an understanding of the mechanisms at work

in apparel fires will lead to new approaches to reducing the

hazards involved.

Among the factors which influence garment ignition and

subsequent injuries are: (1) circumstances surrounding the

accident, such as the size of the ignition source, the activity of the victim prior to the accident, and the presence of

VII. 2.
flammable liquids; (2) the flammability of the fabric items

involved; and (3) the reactive capabilities of the victim to

garment ignition. The first and third factors, in turn, are

influenced by human factors, such as age and sex, handicaps,

the availability of help, and the possible influence of

intoxicants; the second is influenced by physical fabric and

garment parameters such as fabric weight, construction,

surface finish, fiber composition, and garment shape and fit.

Apparel fire accidents represent complex interactions of many

of the factors above and it is often difficult to establish

which, if any, plays a dominant role.

FFACTS data, however, have shown some interesting

relationships, including the following.

Among garment and fabric parameters, it appears that

garment configuration and fit have more influence over burn

injury severity than do such parameters as fabric weight,

fabric burning rate, fabric construction and even fiber

content [10] . (It should be noted that 90 percent of the

fabrics in the sample contained cellulosic fibers; hence,

data on all-thermoplastic fabrics were inconclusive.) As

shown in figure 1, loose-fitting garments (dresses, nightgowns, and robes) , which cover a large area of the body,

yielded greater proportions of extensive burn injuries than

did moderatly loose-fitting garments like pajamas; closefitting garments (shirts and pants) , which cover only half of

the body, yielded the least extensive burns. This phenomenon

has obvious implications for fabric flammability standards.

Burn injury severity also varies with age and sex of the

victim. The very young and the elderly generally receive

more serious injuries than middle age groups; females receive

severe burns more frequently than males of the same age

group. Analysis of the victims' reactions to garment ignition

has shown that greater proportions of negative reactions

(i.e., inappropriate or ineffective) predominate in these

same groups [11] . FFACTS data tend to indicate that garment shape and fit,

and age-sex related reactions exert strong influence over

the nature of burn injury in apparel fires. The role of

other parameters is not clear, because of the lack of independence between them.

VII. 2.
4 . REFERENCES

[I] U.S. Congress, Flammable Fabrics Act, 81 Stat. 568, 15

U.S.C. 1191, as amended and revised, December 14, 1967.

[2] U.S. Congress, Consumer Product Safety Act, 86 Stat.

1221, 15 U.S.C. 2064B, May 14, 1973.

[3] The Standard for the Flammability of Children's Sleepwear,

DOC FF3-71, Federal Register, Vol. 37, No. 141 (July 21,

19 72), 14624-14632 (Revised).

[4] The Standard for the Flammability of Children's Sleepwear,

Sizes 7 Through 14, FF 5-74, Federal Register, Vol. 39,

No. 85 (May 1, 1974), 15210-15228.

[5] Sharman, L. J., Tovey, H., and Vickers, A., Current

Status and National Priorities for Fabric Flammability

Standards, Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting,

Information Council on Fabric Flammability, New York,

N.Y., Dec. 7, 1972.

[6] The Standard for the Flammability of Mattresses, DOC

FF4-72, Federal Register, Vol. 37, No. 110, (June 7, 1972)

11362.

[7] Slater, J. A., Buchbinder, B. and Tovey, H., Matches and

Lighters in Flammable Fabric Incidents : The Magnitude

of the Problem, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 750

(Dec. 1972).

[8] Vickers, A. K. , Kitchen Ranges in Fabric Fires, Nat. Bur.

Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 817 (April 1974).

[9] Hayes, Warren D., Jr., Space Heater Involvements in

Fabric Fires, Nat. Bur. Stand (U.S.), NBSIR 76-1014,

Final Report (March 1976) .

[10] Vickers, A. K. , Krasny, J. and Tovey, H. , Some Apparel

Fire Hazard Parameters, Proceedings of the Seventh Annual

Meeting, Information Council on Fabric Flammability, New

York, N.Y., Dec. 5, 1973.

[II] Buchbinder, L. B., Human Behavioral Patterns vs. Injury

Severity for Apparel Fire Victims, Proceedings of the

Seventh Annual Meeting, Information Council on Fabric

Flammability, New York, N.Y., Dec. 5, 1973.

VII. 2. 10
VII. 2.11
I

I
National Technical Information Service--

Its Products and Services

George K. Kudravetz

National Technical Information Service

Springfield, VA 22151

Established in 1970, NTIS is the

central source within government for

the dissemination of scientific, technical and engineering information. NTIS

publishes and makes available on subscription 23 weekly newsletters, a comprehensive semi-monthly bulletin and a companion index, A new weekly newsletter

is Government Inventions for Licensing

which includes all new gover nment -owned

patents and patent applications arranged

by subject. NTIS is also the national

marketing coordinator for various Information Analysis Centers ( lACs ) . The

lACs are mainly concerned with the analysis and communication of highly specialized

technologies

Keywords: Computerized information system; document dissemination;

government reports; NTIS; patent licensing; technical reports.

Enabling Legislation and Mission : NTIS was established by the Secretary of Commerce in 1970

with the purpose as stated in 15 U.S. Code 1151-1157 of making

the results of technological research and development more

readily available to industry, business and the general

public by maintaining a clearinghouse for the collection

and dissemination of scientific, technical and engineering

informat ion

Program : NTIS has become the central source for the public sale

of gover nment - sponsored research and development reports and

other related analyses prepared by federal agencies or their

contractor s

VII. 3.1
Through agreements with government organizations, NTIS

receives over 60,000 new technical reports annually covering

subjects from Agriculture to Space Technology. These include

all of the unclassified technical reports resulting from

research funded by AEC, NASA and DOD as well as the research

reports and studies of the Department of Housing and Urban

Development, the Department of Transportation, the Environmental Protection Agency and many other agencies. All of these

reports are indexed, abstracted and announced to the public

through a variety of publications including a comprehensive,

semi-monthly abstract bulletin.

In addition to published bulletins and announcements,

descriptions of the reports are stored in a computer data

base which can be searched to retrieve all of the reports

on a given subject or by a given author. This search service,

known as NTISearch, provides users with ready access to more

than 360,000 federally sponsored documents published since

1964 and the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange's

file on 180,000 ongoing research projects.

In 1972 NTIS supplied the public with more than 2-1/2

million documents and microfiche from its collection of

813,000 different titles of which 100,000 are in current

stock. NTIS answers more than 180,000 requests for information each year in addition to filling 5,000 orders a day.

NTIS is required by statute to price its products and

services for cost recovery and is largely self-sustaining.

Less than 20 percent of NTIS' funding is from direct

appropriations. Annual sales income from products and

services is $6 million. In addition NTIS received 1.7

million from other agencies for reimbursable services

and $1.5 million in direct appropriations in FY 1973.

Its central staff consists of 400. people of whom forty are

professional

The basic NTIS announcement vehicle is a series of

bulletins known as the Weekly Government Abstracts. They

reach over 20,000 subscribers with new government technical

reports and new government inventions available for licensing. These weekly newsletters are easy to scan with front

page highlights to alert you to reports with the best potential

commercial use. Descriptive subcategory titles quickly

identify specific areas of greatest interest to you. We are

now publishing 23 weekly newsletters some of which are

Materials Sciences, Industrial & Mechanical Engineering,

Chemistry, Elec trotec hnology , Building Technology, etc.

NTIS is the national marketing coordinator for various

Information Analysis Centers ( lACs ) sponsored and partially

VII. 3.2
financed by DOD, AEC , HEW, NASA and the Department of Commerce.

The lAC ' s are mainly concerned with the analysis and communication of highly specialized technologies. Several that are

concerned with materials sciences are Metals and Ceramics

Information Center (MCIC), Plastics Technical Evaluation

Center (PLASTEC), Thermophysical and Electronics Properties

Information Analysis Center (TEPIAC), etc.

lAC ' s generally provide the following three production

services.

o Technical Inquiry Services: The custom searching

of data base for information relevant to specific

queries; combined, by some lAC ' s , with analytical

research and evaluation.

o Data Books and Research Reports: Often these

are state-of-the-art reports; that is, the best information available on subject. Also published in this

category are annotated bibliographies , technical guides

and directories of terms and processes.

o Current Awareness Bulletins: These reflect the

latest technical achievements in brief as they are

observed and recorded for subsequent detailed evaluation; usually available on a subscription basis.

Customers pay for NTIS services by check, or money

order. Another method preferred by over 6,000 customers is

the deposit account of $25.00 or more, against which charges

are debited. Domestic customers also may be billed for material.

At this time we are pleased to announce that NTIS and the

American Express Company have signed a unique agreement permitting commercial credit card purchases of Government products. Anyone who needs Government reports or data should

be able to buy them as quickly and conveniently as possible,

and if he chooses, to charge them. Heretofore, the Government

has not been able to extend credit. But now, the Comptroller

General of the U.S. after finding that NTIS could provide

its customers with more rapid and convenient service or credit,

has made a new ruling permitting contracts such as this one

between NTIS and American Express.

In early 1973 the General Services Administration at

the direction of President Nixon issued new regulations

for the licensing of Government -owned inventions. These

regulations are intended to provide greater incentives for

the licensing of government-owned patents. They allow for

the first time the granting of exclusive licenses for a limited period of time on government -owned inventions. The

interagency Committe on Government Patent Policy, which

developed the licensing regulations, asked the National

Technical Information Service to serve as the central point

VII. 3.3
for processing and publishing information on governmentowned inventions.

In response to this new charge NTIS is now making

information available on new government -owned inventions,

both patents and patent applications, from most agencies

in the same manner as technical reports. These inventions

are announced with abstracts in the Weekly Government

Abstracts series.

NTIS has developed a new announcement service which

is desig-ned expressly for the prospective licensee of government technology; The weekly bulletin, Government Inventions

for Licensing, includes all new government -owned patents

and patent applications arranged by subject. Both abstracts

of the inventions and drawings are included.

NTIS initiated a pilot program to attempt to identify

those government patents which may have commercial potential

and, further, to find an effective means of communicating

these inventions to prospective licensees. NTIS contracted

with two research organizations, Battelle Memorial Institute

and the Illinois Institute of Technology Research, to aid in

screening inventions to select those with commercial potential.

The screening was performed by application oriented scientists

and technologists who culled out any inventions of doubtful

commercial value.

The reviewers also looked at the new technology broadly

and suggested new applications, frequently quite different

from the government application for which the invention was

originally developed.

In addition to evaluating patents, NTIS asked Battelle

to explore new ways of communicating the selected inventions

to prospective licensees. The selected patents were packaged,

not for direct publication, but rather for secondary publication through established channels such as trade magazines,

newsletters and exhibits at trade shows. Articles describing

particular inventions with heavy emphasis on the civilian

application that the reviewers feel offer the most promise

appeared in such publications as Design News and Industry

Week. Over 800 inquiries have been generated by these

ar t ic les

Descriptions of selected inventions, with appropriate

application orientation, have also been included in technical newsletters. For example, 16 inventions related to

materials research and laboratory processing were described

in a newsletter recently mailed to the 4,500 regular users

of the Metals and Ceramics Information Center, an Information Analysis Center whose products are marketed by NTIS.

VII. 3.
In the first tests, over 12 percent of those contacted asked

for more information.

NTIS has initiated a number of efforts to assist in

the dissemination to state and local governments the scientific

and technical knowledge which has been developed at the Federal

level. It has acquired and organized information developed

or sponsored by the Federal Government so that is is easily

accessible. Information acquired includes documented technology, computer software, computer simulation models, and

data files.

Special catalogs describing the availability of Federallydeveloped data files and software packages have been developed,

and through NTIS the Socio-Economic file maintained by the

Economic Development Administration will not become available.

In addition to these efforts, special marketing programs oriented

to managers at the state, city, and local levels are being

developed. Through this program NTIS will organize the information that may be used in the public sector as to applicability

and utility. Regional seminars will be sponsored to demonstrate

software potential by the use of computer simulation models.

It is anticipated that five or six conferences will be sponsored

over the next six months. Through seminars of this type, NTIS

believes that it can promote understanding of this technology

among both elected and civil service officials in the public

sector. This should permit easier transfer of software packages that have applicability in the public sector in terms of

offering improvements and efficiencies in the operation of

government

VII. 3.

standard Reference Materials - The Data and

The Material

Richard W. Seward & H. Thomas Yolken

Institute for Materials Research

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

The comparison between Standard Reference

Materials to Standard Reference Data is discussed

with descriptions of why SRM's are important and

how they are certified and used to provide investigators with accuracy and precision and their measurements. A number of examples are given for

route of certification and the relative merits of

these routes.

Accuracy, certification, precision, SRM, Standard

Reference Data, Standard Reference Materials

VII. 4.1
Basically, two ways exist for an individual to obtain

data. The first is to look in a reference book, while the

second is to perform some type of measurement. The most

persuasive reason to measure is the need to determine a variable parameter. A simple but adequate example of this

involves temperature measurements. In one case the temperature

of the triple point of water must be known, this is found in

a reference book. In another case the temperature of ambient

air for a weather report must be known and in this case a measurement must be made. It is in such cases, where measurements must be made, that Standard Reference Materials

are important.

Standard Reference Materials or SRM's are tools that

help to make measurements accurate and have sometimes been

referred to as "bottled data."

When thought of as "bottled data," Standard Reference

Materials (SRM's) might be compared to Standard Reference

Data. Standard Reference Data are the results of scientific

investigations that have been critically evaluated and published by recognized authorities in a given field. Such

data may then be used based on the reputations of the

investigators and evaluators. For NBS-SRM's, a given material is carefully investigated for its chemical composition,

or a physical property. The investigation or characterization

of the material is performed following one of three routes

that lead to certifying the material as an NBS-SRM. The

results of the investigation, the data, are then certified

by NBS. These data are condensed and issued as a certificate,

a typical example of which is shown in figure 1.

Both the data (on the certificate) and the material

are provided to SRM users to calibrate or evaluate their

methods and instruments thus providing them with a base-line

from which to launch new investigations on similar materials.

An NBS-SRM is defined as a well-characterized material

that is produced in quantity with one or more properties

certified by NBS for use in calibrating measurement systems

and/or developing methods of measurement.

SRM's are easily transported to the site of the user,

where the user may perform on-site calibration of his instrument or measuring process. This eliminates the need for

the user to ship his instrument to a central standardizing

laboratory for calibration. Time and money are saved and

the possibility of damage to the instrument or having it

become uncalibrated in transit is eliminated. That the

values obtained by on-site calibration in widely separated

points may be referred to a common, widely accepted value

is one of the major advantages of SRM's.

VII. 4.
Another major advantage of using NBS-SRM's is to help

assure meaningful data for data to be meaningful it

should be both accurate and precise.

Figure 2 has been used with some success as an analogy

to explain the difference between accuracy and precision:

Three imaginery marksmen fire a rifle at a target,. In

the top target, the marksman is both imprecise and inaccurate

The marksman is quite precise but inaccurate in the middle

target, and in the bottom target, the marksman is both

accurate and precise. Of course, the analogy in all cases

is that the bull's eye corresponds to the target value or

"true" value.

One of the most important facts built into most NBSSRM's is known accuracy. The accuracy of an NBS-SRM is

generally established by one or more of three routes to

certification

These three routes are arranged in order of preference

and are: (1) reference method, (2) two independent methods,

or (3) round-robin tests. The preferred route to certification is by a reference method, which is a method of

known or proven accuracy. Its use assures the accuracy of

the determination if personal bias is eliminated. This is

eliminated by having the measurements made, when possible,

by two or more analysts.

The second route to certification is used when a

reference method is not available. This route requires the

use of two or more independent methods. Each of these

independent methods must have estimated systematic biases

that are small relative to the accuracy goal set for

certification.

The first two routes are subject to critical scientific

review through statistical analysis of the data obtained.

This, however, may not be the case for the third or roundrobin route, which is subject to a somewhat less rigorous

analysis of the data. The proof that this route is valid is

that in a system under good quality control, it works.

The following examples illustrate the certification of

NBS-SRM's using each of these three routes.

NBS has issued a series of glass SRM's certified for

trace elements at levels from 0.02 ppm to 500 ppm. These

SRM's have found widespread use in calibrations involving

geological samples and lunar materials. The lead content of

VII. 4.3
these SRM's was certified using isotope dilution thermal

ion source mass spectrometry, which is a recognized reference

method of known and proven accuracy for lead. Similar

standard deviations were obtained using this method by the

two analysts working 2,000 miles apart. These results are

important as they signify that the system was under control.

The certified value of 426 ± 1 ppm for lead is a conservative

figure that provides for possible unknown sources of systematic

error

As an example of the second route, three independent

methods of analysis were used to determine cadmium in SRM

1577, Bovine Liver. This SRM is certified for trace amounts

of certain toxic metals. Isotope dilution spark source mass

spectrometry (IDMS) , atomic absorption, and polarography

gave 0.28, 0.27 and 0.25 ppm, respectively. Based on these

routes, 0.27 + 0.04 ppm was the value certified. In this

case, IDMS is not a reference method as it was for lead

because its systematic errors have not been exhaustively

studied for Cd.

Figure 5 is an example of the third route to certification. Here, an interlaboratory test program, or roundrobin, involved 6 different, highly competent laboratories

in the determining the carbon content of a steel SRM used by

steel mills to control the quality of steel production.

Although 4 different methods and 6 different sample weights

were used, highly satisfactory results were obtained. It

should be noted, however, that a previously issued NBS-SRM,

(certified by one of the other routes) , similar to the

material under study, was required for internal quality

control in each laboratory. It should be noted that the

round-robin approach should only be used for measurement

systems or fields of science and technology that have

already obtained good quality control. Several reasons

exist for avoiding the round robin approach. First, a field

may not be ready for it, as the field is not in good quality

control. Secondly, the proper constraints, i.e., sampling

procedures, statistical handling of data, etc., may not be

uniformly applied. An illustration of the danger in the

round-robin approach, can be seen in figure 6, which shows

the wide range of values reported by different laboratories

for various elements in the orchard leaves SRM. These data

could not be used for certification! This SRM, which is

used by both agricultural and environment laboratories, was

actually certified using the second route.

For SRM's to be most effective, they need to be integrated into the U.S. measurement system or a similar

system. Figure 7 shows the parts of the U.S. measurement

system and how they tie together.

VII. 4.
The SI base and derived units are the first link in

this Measurement System, and form a common foundation for

all quantitative measurement systems and fortunately have

been agreed upon internationally.

Producing and distributing certified SRM's on a national

basis is the next link to the measurement chain. In the

U.S./ this is mainly the job of NBS, as has been prescribed

by Congressional legislation. Other organizations produce

calibration materials in their particular field of science

or technology. An example of this is the U.S. Geological

Survey, which produces geological samples.

The next link in this System is reference methodology.

A reference method of measurement is defined at NBS as

a method of known and demonstrated accuracy. In addition,

the accuracy inherent in the method has been shown to be

transferable by interlaboratory testing.

The base and derived units and SRM's are the direct

responsibility of NBS. This is not the case for reference

methods. NBS becomes involved in reference methods only

when outside organizations have not or cannot develop reference methods by themselves. However, many collaborative

efforts do exist between NBS and professional societies,

standards bodies, trade associations, and other Government

agencies to provide for SRM's and reference methods. An example of NBS involvement in such work in the development of

a reference method for the determination of calcium in serum

[1] . Primary SRM's and reference methods, do not find widespread daily use in measurement laboratories. But they tie

directly to the next link in the system — the field methods

of test and working or everyday calibration standards.

When used together, reference methods and NBS-SRM's

provide organizations with the means to evaluate their

working standards and field methods of test. As a consequence they place measurements on the basis of accuracy.

From this network measurements are produced that are

meaningful in terms of accuracy and precision. One more

part is needed to insure that the system works smoothly and

produces the desired results over a long period of time. A

quality control assurance program involving interlaboratory

testing with unknown samples and analysis of the results as

evaluated against SRM's and reference methods fulfill this

need.

VII. 4.
Quality control assurance programs are sponsored in the

U.S. by many different organizations. However, they are not

always related to SRM's and reference methods! As a result,

some of these quality assurance programs give a measure of

between- laboratory precision only.

The first NBS-SRM's were issued in 1905, shortly after

Congress established NBS. In the nearly seven decades since

then, the NBS-SRM program has come a long way. Now over 850

SRM's are available from NBS; and last year some 30,000 of

these were sold with about 20% of them going outside the

U.S. Those 850 SRM's cover a wide variety of industrial,

technological and scientific areas and are described in

detail in 1973 SRM Catalog [2] . However a brief look at

these areas shows the diversity of the program.

In the industrial sector, a very heavy concentration of

SRM's exist for the ferrous and non-ferrous metals producers

and users. Rubbers, cements, ores, and glasses are also

well covered. In such areas of health and environment, the

program has expanded over the past few years, and now includes SRM's for clinical chemistry, nuclear medicine, and

pollution monitoring (both chemical and radioactive). SRM's

of interest to the nuclear energy field include a wide range

of materials certified for chemical and isotopic compositions.

For metrology, the niomber of available SRM's has been growing

slowly but steady and now includes SRM's for heat, optics,

and density measurements. For the scientific community, NBS

issued SRM's for Mossbauer spectroscopy, magnetic suscepti

bility, vapor pressure, thermal conductivity, thermal

expansion, and permittivity. In the area of agriculture,

NBS offers several fertilizers, an Orchard Leaves SRM, and a Bovine Liver Standard.

The list of NBS-SRM's is not static; each year some 30-

40 new SRM's are made available and a small number are

discontinued. Current efforts for new SRM's are strongly

focused on health and environmental areas, but not at the

expense of traditional industrial areas.

This description of the NBS-SRM program is quite brief;

a more detailed description can be found in The Role of

SRM's in Measurement Systems [3].

VII. 4.
References

[1] Call, J. P., Mandel, J., Moore, L. , and Young, D.S.,

Standard Reference Materials; A Referee Method for

the Determination of Calcium in Serum, NBS Spec. Publ.

260-36, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,

D.C. 20402 (May 1972)

[2] Standard Reference Materials: 19 73 Catalog, NBS Spec.

Publ. 260, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,

D.C. 20402 (April 1973) .

[3] Cali, J. P., Ku, H. H., Mears, T. W. , Michaelis, R. E.,

Reed, W. P., Seward, R. W. , Stanley, C. L. , Yolken,

H. T. , Standard Reference Materials: The Role of

SRM's in Measurement Systems, NBS Spec. Publ. 260-46,

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

(In press)

VII. 4.7
U. S. Department of Commerce

Frederick B. Dent

Secretary

National Buresa of Standards

Richard W. Koberts, Director Rational ^ureau of ^tmAntds

Certificate af ^nalgsis

Standard Reference Material 989

Assay-Isotopic Standard for Rhenium

Absolute abundance ratio, i^^Re/^^^ 0.59738 ± 0.00039

Rhenium - 185, atom percent 37.398 ± 0.016

Rhenium - 187, atom percent 62.602 ± 0.016

Atomic weight 186.20679 ± 0.00031

This Standard Reference Material is supplied as rhenium metal in the form of a ribbon approximately 0.003 cm by 0.076cm x 1.90 cm.The purityof this metal is 99.9 percent based on impurities

detected by isotope dilution spark source mass spectroscopy. The absolute abundance ratio of

^^^Re/^^^Re was determined by two analysts using two different mass spectrometers. Samples of

known isotopic composition, prepared from nearly isotopically pure separated rhenium isotopes, were used to calibrate the mass spectrometers. The indicated uncertainties are overall limits of error based on 95 percent confidence limits for the mean and allowances for the effects of known sources of possible systematic error. The details of the measurements are described in a published paper: J. Res. NBS (U.S.), 77A (Phys. and Chem.), No. 6, 691-698 (Nov.-Dec. 1973).

Mass spectrometric measurements were made by J. W. Gramlich and E. L. Garner on samples

prepared by T. J. Murphy.

The overall direction and coordination of thi^ technical measurements leading to certification were under the chairmanship of W. R. Shields.

The technical and support aspects concerning the preparation, certification, and issuance of this Standard Reference Material were coordinated through the Office of Standard Reference Materials

by W. P. Reed.

Washington, D. C. 20234 J. Paul Cali, Chief

February 19, 1974 Office of Standard Reference Materials

1. Certificate of Analysis

VII. 4.
VII. 4.
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VII. 4. 13

NBS STJmDAEDS INFOIMATION SERVICES

DESCRIPTION OF DATA, INFORMATION SYSTEM AND SERVICES

William J. Slattery

Keywords: American National Standards Institute; computerized information system; engineering standards; mandatory standards; national

standards; plastics standards; standards; standards information

service; voluntary standards.

Everyone looks to the National Bureau of Standards for

standards information. By virtue of the name of the agency

you are instinctively guided to it. To know what information

you can derive from Standards Information Services (NBS-SIS)

you must first understand what type of Standards NBS-SIS

collects

.

The collection is multidisciplined "but most of the suhjects

fall within the category of engineering standards. The scope of

the collection also encompasses automatic data processing, food,

and drug standards. Now, without attempting to define "standards,"

you must have a clear understanding of what kinds of engineering

standards exist. This explanation should further impress the

type of standards information available from NBS-SIS. An

engineering standard can he written for products, safety, performance, design, processes, installations, analyses, purchasing,

materials, fabrication, systems, sizing, marking, classification

and as guides of practice. Besides specifications and test

methods, engineering standards can also be termed: analyses,

assays, reference samples, recommended practices, nomenclature,

symbols, grading rules, codes and ratings.

Most of the standards in the collection are voluntary in

application. Voluntary standards are developed and promiolgated

by technical and professional societies and trade associations.

(NBS-SIS does not collect company standards.) These voluntary

standards represent their respective industries and are often

considered national in scope. (Currently there are about kOO

such standards-writing organizations.) The reason for this

extraordinary number is that the United States does not have a governmental national standardizing body as do most foreign

countries. To be converted to a national standard, however, a standard must undergo the rigorous examination and refinement

of an American National Standards Committee, and undergo the

development procedures of the system of the American National

Standards Institute (ANSI), before it becomes an American

Nat ional Standard

.

Now we come to the mandatory standards. Regulations are very

often regulatory standards or have standards written into them.

1 VII. 5.1
These are regulations which are either written by Federal Government standards or regulatory agencies or are voluntary industry

standards, that through an act of Congress become public law,

and are adopted as mandates after an adjustment and/or conversion

to read as regulations.

Within the framework of the standards just described, and

in addition to the industry and national standards, are government

standards. NBS-SIS maintains in the system those of 35 States in

addition to the Federal Government standards.

The Department of Defense with over 35,000 Military Standards

and Specifications, is the largest Government standards -writing

group in the U.S. (These standards are mandatory for military

purchasing.

)

Although NBS-SIS does not maintain a collection of these standards

and specifications, the staff identifies appropriate docToments, provides

availability sources as well as possesses the capability of referring

an inquirer to the correct custodial office or to the person or office

actually responsible for the development of the standard or specification in reference. In addition, within a couple of hours, the staff can obtain and have in hand a reproduced copy of the requested

specification or standard for reference purposes.

. The second largest standards writing Government agency is the

General Services Administration, Federal Supply Service, which has over 6,000 documents. NBS-SIS does maintain a collection of these

standards and specifications including their interims (but not the

Qualified Products Lists). NBS-SiS staff is versed in the GSA

Federal Supply Classification code and their system, and is qualified

to answer any inquiry and/or direct an inquirer to the actual

specifier (specification writer) and office responsible for preparation

of the docment

The remaining Federal Government standards are those of Federal

agencies. To date we have acquired approximately 3,500 such standards

but have not yet attempted to establish a mechanical system for

receiving updated material. Until this is accomplished, the documents, although in the system, will not be entered into the data bank

nor be published as an index. The Code of Federal Regulations enables

the staff to answer most inquiries regarding regulations and

regulatory standards of the Government.

To date, the foreign standards in the NBS-SIS collection consist

of those issued by foreign national standardizing bodies - there are

58 represented in the collection; and the international standards of

the: International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC), International Commission

VII. 5.
on Rules for the Approval of Electrical Equipment (CEE) , International

Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR), and the International

Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML).

At this time NBS-SIS is negotiating with ISO in Geneva, to be

connected via a Telex terminal, along with the United Kingdom, U.S.S.R.,

West Germany and France, to collahorate in an international network as

a "node" of the system. Through this system, NBS-SIS will have the

capability of handling within hours, answers to inquiries based on international standards that cannot be provided by the catalogs and

standards in the NBS-SIS collection.

This concludes the standards categories of the collection which

are for the: national and industry organizations; Federal and State

government agencies; foreign national bodies; and international organizations .

The second most important objective of NBS-SIS, the first being

to serve as an information retrieval system and referral service, is

to issue publications on standardization. A full description of

publications issued and in process is provided in the text of the

Proceedings that each of you Vill receive. To date all of the indexes

have been published in Key-Word-In Context (KWIC) fonii.

When "An Index of U.S. Voluntary Engineering Standards," Special

Publication 329 "was published, it was the first time in nearly 25

years that industry was able to identify all existing voluntary

standards for comparison and adoption purposes. This publication

is being used around the world by all concerned professionals.

The Directory of United States Standardization Activities last

issued in 1967, and currently being updated, provides information

on active standards committees and new projects under consideration.

Only through the use of these two NBS documents can standards writers

prevent duplication of effort.

In addition, and of interest, is the consideration of a future

document which, if published, will be at the request of the National

Institute of Governmental Purchasing, Inc. (NIGP), for an index of

limited local government unit standards and specifications. This

effort will add municipal standards to the data bank.

All NBS-SIS indexes are printed with computer-assistance. The

data is key punched on cards, converted to magnetic tape and then

printed. Our data is already semiautomated but this continuous collection and input, this massive data system, obviously leads us to

automatic data processing. NBS-SIS is on the verge of being totally

automated. When the system is completed there could be (l) additional

services such as Selective Dissemination of Information (SDl), and

journal article abstracting; and (2) additional data input such as the

VII. 5.

3
standards of Federal Government agencies, foreign associations, treatygroups, tariff and trade groups, foreign regional "bodies, and those of

foreign standards committees; drafts of standards and specifications

under development ; and the Federal Government personnel serving on standards committees and the committees on which they serve. (NBS-SIS

is already acquiring this data.)

Of course with a constant growth of input and an expansion of

services, comes the possibility of service charges. Today all services

are free

Now that we have examined the type of standards information that

can be expected of NBS-SIS, I will explain its services. Just what

services can you expect from NBS-SIS?

1. The answer to any standards inquiry

2. Identification of existing standards for products, materials,

systems, etc.

3. Complete bibliographic information (including price of documents

when available)

k. Referral services - Since NBS-SIS is not a sales agent,

inquirers are informed of available sources

5- Short bibliographies; with consent, extensive bibliographies

6. Information on existing certification programs (that which

assures that a product, process, convention, or test method,

or the physical functional performance characterisitic thereof,

complies with a standard)

7. Legislative infonnation on standards

NBS-SIS is a reference collection; the loan policy exception is

made when there are two copies in the collection. The entire collection

is in original copy; there are no microforms. Although NBS-SIS is

semi automated, the search continues to be manual until we become fully

automated. The staff does not interpret or analyze the standards.

NBS-SIS maintains a collection of journals and mongraphs on the subject

of standardization and related disciplines. Many journals are received

from standardization bodies all over the world.

A full description of the NBS-SIS collection and its services

cannot substitute your test; so telephone or write for our services.

Also, please relay and share awareness of this service with your colleagues keeping in mind that the library is open to tour groups as well as the public. I wish to extend a personal invitation to each

of you to visit our library in Rooms B151-B159 of the Technology Building.

In conclusion, I might say NBS-SIS is a unique specialized library,

holds the largest standardization collection of engineering, food and

drug standards in the world, and serves as the national standards

information center.

VII. 5.
Handout: "Standards Information Services" a NBS-SIS descriptive brochure

of collection and services.

Standards Information Services

Engineering and Product Standards Division

U.S. National Bureau of Standards

Room B163, Technology Building

Washington, D.C. 20234

Library Location: B151-B159 Technology Building

Telephone: (301) 921-2587

Acronym: NBS-SIS

Head of Unit William J. Slattery, Chief.

Staff 1 management professional; 1 information

and library professional; 2 technicians

and 1 non -professional support.

Description of Services The objective of the Standards Information Services Section is to identify the

availability and source of standards, and

to direct inquirers to the appropriate

standards -issuing organizations. Standards Information Services maintains a reference collection of standards, con- ducts searches by means of computerproduced key-word-in-context (KWIC)

indexes; and issues general and special

indexes of standards.

Subject Standardization; codes, engineering,

food and drug standards , recommended

practices, specifications, and test

methods.

Input Sources and Holdings Standards of: , 23,000 U.S. national and

industry organizations; 9,300 U.S. Federal

and 6,000 State government agencies;

159,000 foreign national standards; and

2,700 international standards; over 100

reference books on standardization and

related disciplines; and 100 periodical

subscriptions on standardization.

Remarks When the Information Section was first

established in 1965, it was known as
the Standards Communication Center.

Later it was known as the Engineering

Standards Information Center. In 1966,

it was redesignated the Information

Section, Office of Engineering Standards

Service; and was changed to its present name in 1972. Information and referral

services - no charge. Open to the public

for reference use only. Hours: 8:30

a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Monday through Friday.

Restricted interlibrary loan service.

Publications

Title: NBS Special Publication 329, An Index of U.S.

Voluntary Engineering Standards, March 1971;

Supplement No. 1, 1972.

Abstract: An index of all existing U.S. industry and national

standards, specifications, test methods, and

recommended practices. These computer -produced

Indexes contain the permuted titles of more than

23,000 voluntary specifications and standards issued

by 380 U.S. societies, professional organizations

and trade associations. The title of each specification and standard can be found under all the

significant key words which it contains. These key

words are arranged alphabetically down the center of

each page together with their surrounding context

The date of publication or latest revision, the

specification or standard number, and an abbreviation

for each organization appear as part of each entry.

A list of these abbreviations and the names and ad- resses of the organizations are found at the beginning

of each index.

Title: NBS Special Publication 352, World Index of

Plastics Standards, 1971.

Abstract: This computer -produced Index contains the permuted

titles of more than 9,000 national and international

standards on plastics and related materials which were in effect as of December 31, 1970. These

standards are published by technical societies,

trade associations. Government and military

agencies and foriegn national standards bodies.

The title of each standard can be found under all

the significant key words which it contains. These

key words are arranged alphabetically down the

VII. 5.
center of each page together with their surrounding

context. The date of publication or last revision,

the standard number, and an acronym designating the

standard-issuing organization appear as part of each

entry. A list of these acronyms and the names and

addresses of the organizations which they represent

are found at the beginning of the World Index.

Title: NBS Special Publication 375, An Index of State

Specifications and Standards, 1973.

Abstract: This computer-produced Index contains the permuted

titles of more than 6,000 State purchasing specifications and standards issued by 37 State Purchasing

Offices thru 1971. The title of each specification

and standard can be found under all the significant

key words which it contains. These key words are arranged alphabetically down the center of each page

together with their surrounding context . The date of

publication or latest revision, the specification or standard number, and an abbreviation for each State

appear as part of each entry. A list of these abbreviations and the names and addresses of the State

Purchasing Officials are found at the beginning of

the Index.

NBS Technical Note 762, Tabulation of Voluntary

Standards and Certification Programs for Con- sumer Products, 1973.

Abstract: This tabulation is a revised and enlarged version of

NBS Technical Note 70S, "Tabulation of Voluntary

National Standards, Industry Standards, International

Recommendations and Certification Programs for Con- sumer Products," issued December 1971.

Technical Note 70S was a revision of the Draft Tabulation compiled by the American National Standards

Institute and issued in April 1970. The categories

and products covered in the tabulation were originally based on those listed in the Consumer Product

Safety Index (CPSI) of the National Commission on Product Safety, published in July 1970. The products and categories in the current revision are based on those developed for the National Electronic

Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) of the Food and

Drug Administration. The NEISS listings are an expansion and revision of the CPSI . NEISS product

VII. 5.
areas were slightly altered to conform to the scope

of this tabulation.

The tabulation lists over 700 product areas and over

1,000 standards titles covering products found in

and around the home. (The major consumer products

areas not included are foods, beverages, and drugs.)

The tabulation also indicates the applicable voluntary national, industrial, and international standards which deal primarily with either safety or performance or both aspects of the products listed.

For some of the product areas, there are no applicable

standards. Available information on certification

programs and standards under development, and the

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) numbers for

the products are also provided.

Title: NBS Special Publication 390, Index of International Standards (At press; expected issue

date: May 1974)

Abstract: This computer-produced Index, based on the Key-WordIn-Context (KWIC) system, contains over 2,700 standards titles of the International Organization for

Standardization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC) , the International Commission on Rules for the Approval of Electrical

Equipment (CEE) , the International Special Committee

on Radio Interference (CISPR) , and the International

Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML)

The purpose of this Index is to identify existing

international standards for a particular product,

the characteristics or parts of products , the safety

or performance of products, any related materials,

vocabularies, symbols, test methods, analyses, and

other aspects of standards.

Xitle: NBS Special Publication (number not yet assigned)

Directory of United States Standardization

Activities (to be issued in 1974.)

Abstract: This directory serves as a guide to standardization

activities in the United States. The activities

include technical and trade organizations representing

industry and commerce; other professional groups,

nontechnical in character; and State and Federal

Governments

VII. 5.
Criteria for inclusion was that the organizations

have standardization activities as standards -writing

groups, contribute toward the development of standards, or disseminate standards or their information.

The Directory should be of particular value to

manufacturers, market analysts, regulatory bodies,

standards writers and others in need of information

on standards.

Title: NBS Special Publication (number not yet

assigned). Index of Foreign English -Language

Standards (in process)

Abstract: Because of universal interest in world trade com- munications, an Index of English -language standards

will serve to assist traders, exporters, manufacturers and all who are interested in foreign standards .

This computer-produced Index will contain the permuted titles of more than 19,000 foreign Englishlanguage standards and specifications from eight

foreign national standards organizations.

The title of each specification and standard will

be found under all the significant key words which

it contains. These key words are to be arranged

alphabetically down the center of each page (permuted) together with their surrounding context.

The latest publication date, the specification or standard number, and an abbreviation for each

organization appear as part of each entry. A list

of these abbreviations and the names and addresses

of these organizations will be found at the beginning of the Index.

All the above issued publications are available

from:

The Superintendent of Documents

U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D. C. 20402

National Technical Information Service

Department of Commerce

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, Virginia 22151

VII. 5.

VIII. Library of Congress Session

Chairman: Harold Bull is

Library of Congress

VIII.

The Library of Congress MARC System

Lucia J. Rather

MARC Development Office

Library of Congress

Washington, D.C.

The MARC System consists of a data base con- taining over 4^*0,000 bibliographic records for

books, serials, maps, and films published from

1968 to the present. Weekly and monthly tapes

are available on a subscription basis. Searches

by subject, classification number, etc. can be

made against the tapes to produce a variety of

products.

Bibliographic information, data bases, information retrieval, library automation, machinereadable, MARC, standards

VIII. 1.1
The Library of Congress has been a major distributor of bibliographic

information in the United States since it began selling catalog cards in

1900, Since that time over 5 million titles have been cataloged and cur- rently some 59 million catalog cards are sold a year.

In 1966, the Library began the MARC Pilot Project, a program to put

the information on its catalog cards into machine -readable form. (MARC

is an acronym for MAchine -Readable Cataloging). The project was suc- cessful and in 1969, the Library began an ongoing system. The current

MARC Data Base contains records for books, serials, films, and maps.

(Journal articles are not covered). The iaooks data base contains over

/^00,000 records in English and French covering the period 1968 to the

present. Approximately 90,000 new records are added each year. Current

plans are to expand coverage to German and the other Roman alphabet

languages in 1975. The serials data base was begun in June 1973 and

includes over 6000 titles in all languages. Titles are added at the

rate of about 10,000 titles a year.

The MARC program is primarily significant in two areas. The first

area is that of standards. The structure of the MARC format has been

adopted as a national and as an international standard. The format for

book materials with some modification is the basis for MARC systems in

most of the Western European countries, Australia and Japan, This standardization makes it possible for agencies in the United States to exchang

bibliographic data and eventually xd-11 make such exchange possible internationally.

The second significant area is in the field of products from the

machine -readable data base. The tapes, themselves, are available on a subscription basis to subscribers. The books distribution service provide

weekly tapes to some 65 subscribers, each tape containing approximately

l600 records. This service costs $1300 a year-basically covering the

costs of duplicating the tapes. The serials tapes appear once a month

\n-th. each tape containing some 800 records. This service costs $4-00 a year. Subscribers supply their own programs for processing the tapes to

produce many different kinds of products including catalog cards, book

catalogs, and microform publications. In some cases a subscriber serves

a single library; in others the subscriber serves a network of libraries.

At the Library of Congress, the tapes are used to produce catalog

cards via a photocomposition device. At present, all film and map cards

are produced in this manner and a significant number of the books cards

are printed the same way.

VIII. 1.2
The data base is also used for information retrieval. Access to

the records is available through any field in the record. In the area

of materials information, the primary access would be by way of the subject headings, the Library of Congress classification number, the Dewey

Decimal classification number, or through any pertinent word in the title.

Other factors that might be used in the search are date of publication,

country of publication, subject geographic area, language, etc, ."Figure

1 shows a listing of books on engineering materials taken from the MARC

data base.

The products from the data base are available in a nuiaber of forms,

tailored to serve the needs of the user. The records can be arranged by

author, title, subject, classification number, etc. They are available

on cards or in book catalog form and each record can be printed either

in full or abridged form at the specification of the user. Searches

may be made against the entire data base or against the most recent

month's records. Most of these runs are made for the staff of the

Library of Congress. However, runs can be made for outside users on a cost and time available basis.

,

VIII. 1.3
Anerican Foundrymen * s Society* Quality Control Coai^ittee*

Control of ductile iron throu^sh m icroexam i nat ioa* Jes

Plaines, III. [between 1961 and 1965]

1 V. (unpaged) illus* 29 cm*

Cover title.

1« Cast— iron—Testing* 2* Cast— 1 ron—Met al Lo^^raptiy • 1*

Ti tie*

TA475 .A38 72-2aSt»2J

Battelle Menorial Institute f Coluabust Ohio* Coluiabus

Laboratories*

Corrosion potential of MTA in detergent formula tiaa.^*

Washington^ [Environmental Protection Agencyy Water Qjality

Office]; for sale by the Supt* of Docs* t U*S* iJovt* Print*

Off*, 1971*

Xf 94 p* illus* 28 cm* (Water pollution control rasearch

aeries) $1*00 "[Prepared] for the Water Quality Office, Environ laent al

Protection Agency *«* [under] contract no* 14-12— Jt.3*"

"16080 GPF 04/71."

Includes bibliographical references*

Supt. Docs, no: EP 2 . 1 0 : 1 6080GPF 04/7

1* Corrosion and ant i — corrosives . 2. N it r i lot r lac a t ic

acid. 3. Deter^^ents, Synthetic* I* Title* (Series)

TA462 *a384 75-61 IJii

620*1/1223

Broutman* Lawrence J*

Fracture and fatigue* Edited by Lawrence J* 3ro^ita^a*

New York, Academic Press [1974]

p* ctB* (Composite materials, v* 5)

Includes bibliographies*

1* Fibrons composites Fracture* 2. Fibrons C0TiJ>:3lte3

Fatigue* 3* Reinforced plastics Fati^^ue* I* Title*

( Series ) TA418.9*C6 B68 74-4 JO I 620.1/1

ISBN 0121365050

Byarsf Edward Ford* 1925-

Entjineering mechanics of deformable bodies [by] Hl<r*r4 F.

FJyars [and] Sobert D. Snyder* 3d ed* New YorK^, Ititact

Educational Publishers [1975]

P»

Includes bibliographical references*

1* Strength of iqaterials* I* Snyder, Robert D. , J^lnt

author. If. Title.

TA405 .B92 1975 74-51

620.1/12

IS«N 0700224602

Chou, Pel Chi, 1924-

Dynamic response of materials to intense impmlsive

loading. Edited by Pel Chi Chou and Alan K. Ho^kii^.

[Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, Air Force jlatarlals

Laboratory, 1973]

V, 555 p. illus. 24 cm.

Includes bibliographical references*

1. Materials. ; 2* Strains and stresses* I* rfopkias, Alan

K., Joint author* II* Title*

TA407 .C6 7J-6l>J2U

620. 1/12

Figure 1. Sample page from a listing on engineering materials

taken from the MARC Data Base

VIII. 1.4
The National Referral Center

John F. Price

Science and Technology Division

Library of Congress

Washington, DC 20540

The National Referral Center of the Library of

Congress has three basic tasks: to inventory all

significant U.S. information resources in science and

technology; to provide information regarding these resources to scientists and their organizations; and

to compile and publish directories and other listings

of scientific and technical information resources. Procedures for carrying out these tasks and evaluating

their effectiveness are described, and a brief review

is given of resources currently available in the field

of materials information and data.

Computerized information system; directories; information resource;

National Referral Center; referral; scientific and technical information

Thesaurus.

The National Referral Center, established in 1962, is currently

operating as a functional part of the Science and Technology Division in

the Library of Congress.

The National Referral Center has three basic tasks:

1. To inventory all significant U.S. information resources in

science and technology;

2. To provide any organization or individual working in science

and technology, on request, with information regarding these

resources;

3. To compile and publish directories and other listings of

scientific and technical information resources.

VIII. 2.1
Regarding the first task, NRC defines "information resource" in

the broadest possible terms to include any facility, collection, or service maintained on a continuing basis that provides data or material

of any kind in any form that may help satisfy the information needs of

members of the scientific community -- in short, any organization, group,

service, library, center, or even individual from which or from whom

authoritative technical information is available.

Regarding the second task, NRC acts as a clearinghouse; it does not

provide substantive answers to questions, but instead serves as a kind of

technical equivalent of the telephone directory's "Yellow Pages," directing

inquirers where to go for reliable, expert information on particular topics.

The third task is actually an extension of the Center's referral

services, although, in a sense, it competes with them. Publication and

dissemination of directories were originally intended to increase general

familiarity with existing services and thereby decrease reliance upon

individual requests to the Center. Experience has shown referral requests

are stimulated by the publication of directories.

The size of the database now exceeds ten thousand resources, with a transaction rate (additions, deletions, or changes) of several hundred

resources per month. Preliminary steps have been taken to place the NRC

Register of Information Resources in the AEC RECON System. Such an arrangement would be particularly advantageous since, at present, there is no disc

space available in-house to provide on-line access to our files. Once this

has been accomplished, hopefully within the next few months, it will permit

a considerable improvement in the Center's direct referral service to the

public.

In its efforts to bring together those who ask and those who know, the

Center handles inquiries covering the widest possible spectrum of science

and technology. Its aim is to establish the most direct contact possible

between the person seeking the information and the places or people who can provide it.

The Center, which typically receives between 350 and 450 requests a month, has established a goal of answering all referral requests within

five working days of their receipt. Some, of course, can be answered in

minutes, particularly if the question, or one closely related, has been

asked previously.

An important "extra" among the Center's referral capabilities derives

from the general knowledge and familiarity that referral specialists have

acquired concerning "informal" resources -- organizations or individual

that for one reason or another are not formally registered with the Center,

and are therefore not part of its database. Included in this category are

a number of specialists in various subject areas who may have been reluctant

to register for fear of being swamped with inquiries too peripheral or

VIIT.?.2
marginal to their subject specialty. This special kind of "invisible

college," built up by the Center's referral specialists through a decade

of experience, is often resorted to in providing a first-rate referral

service. Normally, the referral specialist will call such an expert in

advance, explaining to him the nature of the inquirer's problem, and

securing his permission to refer the inquirer in that specific instance.

To evaluate the effectiveness of its referral services, the Center

conducts a feedback program, using a follow-up letter that asks what

results were obtained from the referral points cited and if the answer

was satisfactory. The rate of response is about 50 percent; of the

respondents, 82 percent rate the Center's effort as successful, 11 percent

are equivocal, and 7 percent indicate that the Center failed to be of help.

For the past several years, much of the Center's efforts have been

devoted to the conversion of the information resources database to

machine-readable form and to the production of revised and updated general

directories with the use of the Library of Congress IBM 370-145. computer and

the Linotron high-speed photocomposition equipment of the Government

Printing Office.

These directories, compiled by the Center and published by the Library

of Congress under the general title A Directory of Information Resources in

the United States , are available through the Superintendent of Documents.

The latest and last of our general directories to be revised is the one on the Federal Government. Advance copies were recently received by LC and

should no w be available from GPO.

A recent innovation on the part of the National Referral Center is

the compilation and issuance of what, for lack of any jazzier name, we called Selected Lists. Since the Center's register files have been put

into the computer, we have had the capability of generating special listings

of information resources on a selective basis, and in the past several years

have had many requests for "quick-and-dirty" services of this kind. These

requests often came from the National Science Foundation Office of Science

Information Service or from the Congressional Research Service of the Library

of Congress, or from one of the federal research and development agencies

of the COSATI community. Such inquiries usually took the form of: "Can

you give us a quick reading as to what you've got on so-and-so?"

It was not difficult to grind out such lists, but there were always

problems of subject indexing, or incompleteness of the record, or duplicate

entry that made us reluctant to have these lists shown around without con- siderable editing effort, which we felt we could ill afford. (I might

point out that the Center classifies its files by the COSATI categories

and headings, and bases its indexing on the Thesaurus of Engineering and

Scientific Terms (TEST) issued by the Department of Defense in 1967 and

resulting from Project LEX of the Office of Naval Research.) In time we

found that we were putting so much work into these one-shot compilations

that we decided to make them publicly available. Quite a number have now

VIII. 2.
been issued, and several are related to the area of materials: hazardous

materials; wood products; and polymers, elastomers, and plastics, etc.

Future plans call for a series of mini directories to be published

on subjects of current interest. These would be somewhat larger than the

selected lists and considerably smaller than the present directories.

Also due for publication in June of this year is a revised edition

of the Directory of Federally Supported Information Analysis Centers . This directory is being published in-house by the Library and will be made

available to the public through NTIS.

A complete list of NRC publications and selected lists is available

along with copies of the NRC brochure. Anyone wishing to visit NRC or desiring additional information may contact me at any time.

VIII. 2.
Summary Session

Chairman: S. A. Rossmassler

National Bureau of Standards

.0

Increased Demand for Data and Information

in the Materials Cycle

E. Horowitz

The natural resources on our planet are limited and the national

and international policies and programs that will be required to

ensure efficient use of these resources to maintain and indeed

improve the quality of life are related to the effective management of the total materials cycle (Figure 1)*. Effective

management of the materials cycle requires materials information

and data that are accurate, meaningful, timely, and readily

available to scientists, engineers, technologists, company

presidents, government policy makers, legislators, and the general

public. However, as you have heard over the last day or two, and

as we all are aware, there are certain problems in the materials

information and data system. I would like to focus my attention

on these problems because they are intertwined with another set

of problems resulting from materials shortages and limited

supplies of materials resources. Here, I am referring to the

onset of a materials-limited society. In addition, the importance

of the role of ecology and the restraints on the materials cycle

due to pollution abatement measures is not fully understood.

Likewise, shortages of energy curtail the processing of materials

and their fabrication and transportation. Today we are faced

with increasing dependency on foreign supplies of vital materials

which further affects the way in which we deal with the materials

cycle

In dealing with the materials cycle we are dealing with a system

that involves materials, environment, and energy (Figure 2). To

understand the interactions in this complex matrix, we require

an adequate base of materials information and data, and a mechanism for providing the information and data in a timely and

efficient manner. The needed data not only are of the scientific

and engineering type dealing with properties and performance of

materials, thermodynamics, and kinetics, but also of the supply-

*Materials and Man's Needs, Summary Report of the Committee on

the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering (COSMAT)

,

National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. 1974.

IX. 1.1
demand kind for materials and materials resources. Some of the

latter data have been used to develop projections for materials

consumption. The two curves in Figure 3 indicating projected

materials consumption in billions of tons and projected minerals

trade deficit in billions of dollars forecasts a problem of

major consequence for the United States. Now the available data

and information are not entirely adequate to permit us to predict

with certainty whether a change in the slope of the projected

lines will occur. Will the decision makers and policy makers

have adequate information to make the proper choice of a number

of possible alternatives, each with its own set of consequences?

The curve for the projected minerals trade deficits in billions

fo dollars — that is , dollars flowing out of the United States

to purchase minerals and materials that are not indigenous to the

United States — follows the form of the materials consumption

curve. Thus, these curves indicate that we are faced with

increasing demands for materials and more of our raw materials

are expected to be imported from abroad. It is the view of many

that we do not have an adequate information and data base to

develop plans and policies for dealing with this situation.

At this time, I want to call your attention to three rather

significant reports that have been published in the past year.

The first I have already alluded to. That is the Report of the

National Commission on Materials Policy, and I will have more to

say about this report shortly. The second report is the Annual

Report of the Secretary of the Interior, which deals with the

minerals deficit question and the shortage question. In addition,

there is the COSMAT Report, known as the Committee on the Survey

of Materials Science and Engineering. Let us go through these

reports very briefly. There were many recommendations in the

National Commission for Materials Policy Report, but one particular

recommendation stated that to achieve coordinated and integrated

materials, energy, and environment policy planning and execution,

the Federal Government must be prepared to cope effectively with

the changing interactions in the total materials cycle. It is a

dynamic system and the important parameters of the system are

continually undergoing change. Therefore, in order to deal with

it effectively one needs up-to-date and reliable information. In

one section, the Commission Report deals directly with information

and data and I would like to quote from this section. "...Almost

every aspect of policy work in this area is handicapped by

inadequate, inaccurate, or inaccessible information...." Some

strong words are used here followed by a further harsh admonishment. "...Much data that are available is structured in ways

that serve past needs . . . .

In turning to the Interior Report, we find general recommendations

which call for an acceleration of technology and transfer of

technology (and this, of course, means information and data as

IX. 1.2
well) in areas of exploration, mining, processing, use, recovery,

and recycling.

The COSMAT Report dealt essentially with four areas : the

importance of the materials cycle concept; research approach,

which is largely inter-disciplinary; research priorities, where

certain areas of materials research requiring attention are

identified (i.e., composites, adhesives, surface science, etc.);

and, finally, attention is directed to materials information

activities. One of the important parts of this report deals with

the concept of the "total materials cycle." In the beginning of

the cycle, ores, oil, and wood are respectively mined, drilled,

and harvested from the earth and then converted into raw materials

which are extracted, refined, and processed into bulk materials

ready for use by industry. Industry converts these bulk materials

into engineering materials such as textiles, concrete, etc., and

finally they are converted into the products that we deal with

in our every day life. At this point in the cycle, we become

concerned with performance, service, and the use of materials.

After they have served their purpose, or often prematurely because

of failure or unreliability, we discard the materials and they

are disposed of in landfills, incinerated, or recycled. The

early part of the materials cycle is largely the concern of the

Department of Agriculture, the Department of Interior, and the

latter part of the cycle is of prime concern to a number of

government departments including the Department of Commerce, AEC,

NASA, and DoD.

Under the total materials cycle are a number of very important

sub-systems. There is a materials research system, which I do

not have time to discuss today. There is also a materials data

and information system depicted by the schematic shown in Figure 4

which is comprised of data generation, compilation, evaluation,

publication and dissemination. It is at the front end and the

back end of the materials data and information system that I

want to devote my remaining remarks this morning. One current

need is for fuller utilization of available data and information

through improvements in the dissemination mechanism; packaging

and repackaging, and coupling between producer and user.

At this time I want to go through a number of examples (about a

half-dozen in number) to indicate several sets of problems where

the materials data and information system can interact with the

total materials cycle at critical leverage points. The first

example (Figure 5) is a case of under-utilization of corrosion

protection information. A study ( Report of- the Committee on

Corrosion and Protection - a survey of corrosion and protection m the United Kingdom) conducted in Britain and published in

1971, reported to the British Ministry of Technology that the

technology for corrosion protection is already available, but

IX. 1.3
was not being used adequately. This was a Delphi type experiment,

where, in addition to scientists in academia and government, more

than 800 companies were included in the study. One of the

conclusions stated that there was a need for better dissemination

of data and information on corrosion. In fact, a recommendation

to the Ministry of Technology called for a budget item which

would assure the proper use of existing data on corrosion protection and could lead to a 22% saving in the cost of corrosion in

Britain. The estimated annual cost of corrosion in Britain

amounts to more than $5 billion. In the United States the cost

of corrosion has been estimated between $10 and $15 billion a

year and one can see that if this study has any validity, a wellmanaged corrosion data and information dissemination system could

have a major impact in this country.

The second example (Figure 6) is a case of repackaging where,

for example, thermodynamic-type data that one finds in NBS Circular

500 ( Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties ) needed

to be converted into a form that was useable in the gas fuel

industry. The original data we are told was not in a form that

was readily useable, and so 54 hydrocarbons were converted to

the temperature and pressure ranges common in this industry.

The former mass basis for the thermodynamic data was converted

to a volumetric basis, and finally a condition known as water

saturation in the fuel-energy generation business was dealt with

specifically to meet the needs of the industry.

A third example (Figure 7) is a case of adequate coupling and

is in the area of electroplated copper. It appears that the

electroplaters of this country found that in the area of copper

they needed data on the properties of the deposited copper; such

data as density, strength, hardness, and so on, and that these

data were not available. It was felt that the availability of

systematic data of this type would make it possible for designers

and producers of items incorporating deposited copper to select

and control optimum operating conditions for their plating

processes which would lead to wider applications and superior

performance requirements. Because the electroplating industry is

a relatively small and fragmented industry with little R&D, the

American Electroplaters Association sent one of their employees

to the National Bureau of Standards as an industrial research

associate to survey the literature and find out what sorts of

data were available and what data were missing. After several

years of work he published his findings in the Platers Journal

and because this journal is directly coupled to the electroplating

community, his information had a considerable impact on the

industry. This is a very good mechanism for affecting rapid

transfer of the information and the data. Hire a specialist,

put him in direct contact with the potential user, let him

generate the needed data, and you can be assured that there will

be a good transfer of information.

IX. 1.4
Another example of coupling between a data center and a customer

was the one involving the American Society of Mechanical Engineers

and the NBS Thermodynamic Data Center (Figure 8) . The incinerator

engineers of this Society found that with all the current emphasis

on incineration and the reduction in pollutants and effluents,

they did not have the required thermodyanamic and combustion data

on various components in the trash stream. Therefore, the

enthalpies of combustion were calculated and put in a form that

was readily useable to these engineers and to the designers of

incinerators

Yesterday I heard a question raised in the audience about when

are data obsolete. Here is a case where the data are not only

obsolete, but in many cases, inaccurate (Figure 9). The intrinsic

viscosity equation for polymers in solution enables one to obtain

the molecular weight of a polymer, in this case polyethylene, in

particular solvent. If you have good values for K and a in the

intrinsic viscosity equation, one can calculate the crucial

property of the polymer by simply measuring the viscosity.

First, a survey of the literature disclosed that there were

very large discrepancies in the values of K and a found in different

laboratories where measurements were made at the same temperature,

in the, same solvent, using polyethylene. As a result, the buyer

and seller could not agree if they used values from different

workers in the polymer field. This problem then led to a study

which related the intrinsic viscosity directly to the molecular

weight for polyethylene in a particular solvent under prescribed

conditions of measurement. The laboratory-generated data

(Figure 10) have been published and the values 0.055 + 0.0064

for K and 0.684 ± 0.010 for a are widely accepted and resolved

the discordant data in the irterature. The previous literature

values for K ranged from 0,018 - 0.138 while the values for a

covered the range 0.58 - 0.78, respectively. This is a case

where a very large industry, the plastics industry, producing

billions of pounds of polyethylene resin each year, gained

improved quality control through improved data for the viscosity

test.

Another example is a case of where data really responded to a

materials catastrophe. The Silver Bridge over the Ohio River

between Point Pleasant, West Virginia, and Gallipolis, Ohio

collapsed suddenly in December, 1967 killing 46 people (Figure 11)

The cause of the collapse was traced to the failure of one of the

54-foot eyebars which formed part of the network from which the

bridge was suspended. But the real question was "how did the

materials fail?" A closeup of the critical 54-foot eyebar

(Figure 12) indicates that this eyebar was unique of all of

those examined after the bridge collapse because it had both a brittle and a ductile fracture. I want to concentrate on the

brittle surface where the crack actually grew. Looking at the

IX. 1.5
left hand corner of that surface one sees something that looks

like an oyster shell. That is actually a crack in that eyebar

that was measured to be 1/8 of an inch. Both at Battelle

Memorial Institute and at NBS, it was calculated that for

this particular type of steel at the temperature that prevailed

that day and the estimated load on the bridge the piece would

fail catastrophically if a crack existed and grew to 1/8 of an

inch. That is what happened. It broke in a brittle manner and

tore the other segment of the eyebar in a ductile tear but the

data were not really available to answer the question as to why

that bridge failed. The laboratory data that were obtained on

analysis and characterization of the brittle surface provided

the necessary information to answer the question. One of the

techniques employed was microprobe analysis of the surface which

revealed the presence of sulfur-containing compounds that contributed to the corrosion of the metal via a process known as stress

corrosion, causing a micro crack to grow to a critical size when

failure of the piece occurred. The vital data consisted of the

nature of the compounds on the crack surface and their relative

concentrations. These data were quickly transferred to the two

States, Ohio and West Virginia, and a sister bridge over the

Ohio River was torn down on the basis of these data and additional

information obtained on the second bridge from nondestructive

tests. Here is a case of where, in response to a materials

failure, laboratory-generated data led to the answer of how the

bridge collapsed and to a decision to remove the second bridge

before it failed.

The final example deals with the question of the possible

destruction of the ozone layer in the stratosphere through

chemical reactions with the effluents coming from supersonic

aircraft (Figure 13) . The chemical species present in the effluent

would be expected to react with ozone (O3) . One school proposes

that the ozone layer would be damaged and depleted irreversibly

allowing large amounts of harmful ultraviolet to reach the earth.

Another school of thought holds that the chemical reaction would

involve an equilibrium reaction and that the ozone will be

replenished. At this time, no one knows the precise answer to

the problem because more than 100 potential chemical reactions

have been identified for this chemical system, the available

data on these reactions are being evaluated, and the missing

data have been identified and are being obtained. As quickly

as the data are generated, they are being dispersed to the users

or recipients and will be the basis of technical recommendations

to policy makers. Whether the SST will fly will depend to some

extent on the chemical data available and the outcome of this

study.

IX. 1.6
The efficient use of technical data requires a variety of coupling

mechanisms between the producer and user and this subject has

been discussed earlier at this symposium. We at NBS have found

that working directly with trade associations who are materialsoriented is a very effective way of disseminating data and

information. I want to mention again the value of having an

association employee in your data centers for a specified period

of time to work on a subject of concern to the association.

Working with professional societies, as many of you do, is another

good mechanism, but perhaps in an even more interactive and

aggressive manner. Symposia involving producers and users is

a key mechanism for disseminating information. We are now at

a meeting largely of managers of data centers and data generators,

and hopefully the Interagency Council for Materials Working Group

will arrange for some meetings in the near future that will have

a larger number of data users. Such meetings will bring us

closer to the point that Dr. Frank Huddle talked about yesterday

in terms of informing and training the user. In addition, more

attention needs to be devoted to specialized publications, and

specialized techniques for materials data and information

dissemination dealing with the whole range of visual aids,

magnetic tapes, hard copy, etc. A better view of the materials

data and information system that I have in mind is shown in

Figure 14 in which the user is intimately linked into the system,

where he has a direct input into the type of data that are

generated, and where he also has an open and direct link to the

output end of the system.

Finally, we return to the total materials cycle and we see more

clearly how materials data and information can be brought to

bear very effectively on the problems confronting the materials

community and the nation. Some examples have been presented

earlier in this discussion, I want to point to one final path

in the materials cycle, the recycling path. A National Materials

Conservation Symposium, which deals principally with the recycling

problem is scheduled for this auditorium in the near future

(Figure 15) . The driving force for organizing this conference

was the need, as stated by the National Center for Resource

Recovery, by the industry involved in the recycling business,

for more information and data to promote the development of

specifications and standards as well as test methods for evaluating

the recycled materials. We found that the materials data information base on the properties and performance characteristics of

recycled material was largely lacking.

That is my message for today. The next phase of the activity

of the Working Group on Materials Data and Information is to

carefully examine the links between the data centers and the

potential users and to strive to improve the effective utilization

of available information, to make a better case for the importance

of the materials data and information, and to perfect our ability

to forecast the needs in the future.

IX. 1.7
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IXJ.21
NATIONAL

MATERIALS

CONSERVATION

SYMPOSIUM

I. Resource Recovery

and Utilization

PROGRAM

SPONSORED BY:

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

BUREAU OF MINES

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE

RECOVERY

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND

MATERIALS

April 29-May I 1974

GREEN AUDITORIUM

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, Maryland

Figure 15. Natior^al Materials Conservation

IX. 1.22

Symposium
APPENDIXES

1. Index

2. List of Participants

INDEX

The Index provided below derives from the keywords which authors

(or the editor) have used to characterize the content of their papers.

Since the depth of keyword assignment varies, some index terms are referenced too seldom. In addition, some slightly different terms may

imply distinctions which the reader will consider unnecessary. It is

hoped that, in spite of such weaknesses, the index created in this way

will prove useful. Numbers following each index term refer to the session

(by agency) and the individual paper within that session, as listed in

the Table of Contents.

Abstract Information Digest

Service II. 1 Accuracy VII.

Adhesives IV.

Aerospace VI.

Agriculture 1 1.

Agricultural Information

Services 1 1.

Agricultural materials I I.

Agricultural research I I.

Agricultural Research Service I I.

AIDS II.

Air pollution III.

ALERT III.

American National Standards

Institute VII.

Analysis I I I.

Analytical procedures IV.

Apparel fires VI I.

Army Materials & Mechanics Research

Center IV.

Availability III.

Bark II.

Bibliographic information VIII.l

Bibliographies IV.

Biological properties I I.

Bureau of Mines V.3

Burn Injury VI I.

Calibration procedures I I I.

Ceramic technology IV.

Certification VII. 4

Chemical properties VI I. 1, I I.

Composites IV.

Computer codes III.l

Computerized information system

. IV. 3, IV. 4, IV. 7. VI. 1, VII. 2,

VII. 3, VII. 5, VIII.l, VIII.

Concrete IV.

Concrete technology IV.

Construction material IV.

Construction methods IV.

Corrosion V.2

Critical evaluation VII.l

Crystal growth I I I.

Crystal structure I I I.

Current Awareness Services IV.

Data banks, bases IV. 4, IV. 5,

VIII.l

Data storage/retrieval IV.

Databooks IV.

Desalination V.2

Directory VI I I.

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NBS-114A (REV. 7-73)

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBS SP 463

2. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Proceedings of a Conference on MATERIALS INFORMATION PROGRAMS

An Interagency Review of Federal Agency

Activities on Technical Information about Materials

5. Publication Date January 1977

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

S.A. Rossmassler Editor

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Same as item 9

13. Type of Report & Period Covered Final

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 76-51310

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) The Conference on Materials Information Programs was held on April 16 and

17, 1974, at the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg , Maryland. It was planned, with sponsorship by the Interagency Council for Materials (ICM)

,

as an interagency review of Federal agency activities on technical infoimation

about materials. The program was organized by the 104 Working Group on

Materials Information and Data. The intent of the review was to develop a common awareness, among operators and sponsors of infoimation activities, of

opportunities to help each other solve problems and to improve their services

to users. Federal agencies which took part in the Conference, and whose

materials information programs are covered in this report, include U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Energy Research and Development Administration

(formerly A.E.C.), Department of Defense, Department of Interior, National

Aeronautics and Space Administration, Department of Commerce, and Library

of Congress. Dr. Franklin P. Huddle, of the Congressional Research Service, was the Keynote Speaker; Dr. Emanuel Horowitz, of the National Bureau of

Standards, gave the Summary address.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons)

Commerce, E.R.D.A. , Defense, Federal agencies,

interagency review. Interior, Library of Congress, materials, materials data,

materials information, N.A.S.A. , U.S.D.A.

18. AVAILABILITY fit Unlimited

I

' For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

I Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office Wa;

!r rrom sup. or uoc, u.b. Uovernment i^rinting ui

hington, D.C. 20402, SD Cat. No. C13. 10;4d3

I I Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

271

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price $3.35

USCOMM-DC 29042-P74
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"lU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1976 240-848/83 1-3
ARE YOU

SPENDING MORE TO

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You could be

"Making the MOST of Your

ENERGY DOLLARS

in Home Heating & Cooling"

Making the Most of Your Energy Dollars

is a new consumer guide from the Commerce Department's National Bureau of Standards, in cooperation with the Federal Energy Administration.

For your climate and the type of energy used

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in your heating and cooling bills over the long

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Bureau of Standards

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SINGLE

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DMA

REVISED! UPDATED!

In 1954, the first edition of CRYSTAL DATA (Determinative Tables

and Systematic Tables) was published as Memoir 60 of the Geological Society of America. In 1960,

the second edition of the Determinative Tables was issued as Monograph

5 of the American Crystallographic

Association, and in 1967, the Systematic Tables were issued as Monograph 6. These editions proved ex- tremely valuable to crystallographers

throughout the world. Recognizing the need for updated crystallographic in formation, the National Bureau of Standards Office of Standard Reference Data has sponsored the issuance of a new

edition.

This, the THIRD EDITION, should be of particular interest not only to crystallographers but also to chemists, mineral

ogists, physicists and individuals in related fields of study. The current edition,

which comprises two volumes, Organic and

Inorganic, is a thoroughly revised and up- dated work, containing over 25,000 entries The entries are listed, within each crystal sys- tem, according to increasing values of a determinative number: a/b ratio in trimetric systems, c/a ratio in dimetric systems, and

cubic cell edge a, in the isometric system. In addition, the following information is given: INORGANIC VOLUME $50.00 ORGANIC VOLUME $30.00

axial ratio(s) and interaxial angles

not fixed by symmetry, cell dimensions, space group or diffraction aspect, number of formula units per unit cell, crystal structure, (whether determined), measured

density and x-ray calculated density. Also listed is the name of the compound and synonym(s),

chemical formula, literature ref- erence and transformation

matrix. When available, the crystal structure type, crystal habit,

^cleavages, twinning, color, optical

properties, indices of refraction,

optical orientation, melting point

and transition point are also

listed. THIS EDITION culminates years of

effort by J. D. H. Donnay, Johns

Hopkins University, Helen M. Ondik,

National Bureau of Standards, Sten Samson, California Institute of Technology, Quintin Johnson, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory,

Melvin H. Mueller, Argonne National

Laboratory, Gerard M. Wolten, Aero- space Corporation, Mary E. Mrose,

U.S. Geological Survey, Olga Ken- nard and David G. Watson, Cambridge University, England and

Murray Vernon King, Massachusetts General Hospital.

Plus shipping and handling

Shipments are made via Insured parcel post. Additional charges for shipments by air or commercial carrier. TERMS: Domestic—30 days Foreign—prepayment required. Address all orders to: JOINT COMMiHEE ON POWDER DIFFRACTION STANDARDS 1601 Park Lane, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081

Please accept my order for CRYSTAL DATA, DETERMINATIVE TABLES, Third Edition, Donnay/Ondik.

Organic Volume

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Ship to:

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Send subscription orders and remittances for the pre- ceding bibliographic services to National Bureau of Standards, Cryogenic Data Center (275.02) Boulder,

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