OFFICE OF FAIR HOUSING AND 

EQUAL OPPORTUNITY

ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS

FY 2016

Released on January 19, 2017
2 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

TABLE OF

CONTENTS

3

4

5

 9

10

18

 99

About FHEO 12 • Our Mission

• What We Do

Enforcement

• Bases of Complaints

Fair Housing Act Compliant Data

• Complaint Investigations

• Monetary Relief

• Compliance with Notice Requirements

• Adjudication of Fair Housing Act Complaints

• Secretary-Initiated Enforcement

Fair Housing and Civil Rights in HUD Programs

• Oversight of Recipients of HUD Funds

• HUD’s Reporting Responsibilities

Guidance

• Reducing Racial Disparities in Housing 

Opportunities

• Protecting Limited English Proficient Individuals Under the Fair Housing Act

• Using the Fair Housing Act to Reduce Discrimination in Housing

• Expanding Access to Opportunity through 

AFFH

Fair Housing & Equal Opportunity 

Programs

• Section 3: Creating Opportunities for 

Low-Income Residents

• The Fair Housing Initiatives Program (FHIP)

• The Fair Housing Assistance Program (FHAP)

FHEO Events

• Fair Housing Month

Compliance

• Voluntary Compliance Agreements

Fair Housing Initiatives Program Funding

• Private Enforcement Initiative

• Education and Outreach Initiative

• Fair Housing Organization Initiative

• FY 2016 FHIP Grant Recipient Summaries by 

State

28

Appendix

94 Fair Housing Assistance Program
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 3

ABOUT FHEO

OUR MISSION

The mission of the Office of Fair Housing and 

Equal Opportunity  (FHEO) is to eliminate 

housing discrimination, promote economic 

opportunity, and achieve diverse, inclusive 

communities by leading the nation in the enforcement, administration, development, and 

public understanding of federal fair housing 

policies and laws.

FHEO enforces laws that protect people from 

discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, and familial status. In addition, FHEO ensures fair housing compliance by housing providers that 

receive HUD funding.

WHAT WE DO

Conduct compliance reviews

Investigate complaints

Ensure civil rights in HUD programs

Manage fair housing grants

498 full-time employees 10 regional offices

48 field offices

$ 65.9M FHEO Budget 
4 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

FHEO EVENTS

FAIR HOUSING MONTH

The theme of Fair Housing Month in FY 2016 

was “Shared Opportunity in Every Community”. 

FHEO hosted a kickoff ceremony at HUD on April 

4, 2016, featuring remarks from Secretary Julián 

Castro, Deputy Secretary Nani Coloretti, and Assistant Secretary Gustavo Velasquez. Diane Bell 

McKoy, President of Associated Black Charities, 

delivered the keynote address underscoring 

HUD’s critical role in eliminating structural barriers to opportunity in American cities.

(Left) Secretary Julián Castro 

addresses the attendees at the 

Fair Housing Month 2016 Opening 

Ceremony, underscoring the importance of fair housing in HUD’s 

mission to be the “Department of 

Opportunity.”

(Right) The FY 2016 Fair Housing 

Month poster depicts the resources 

that all communities need to foster 

shared opportunity for all.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 5

GUIDANCE

REDUCING RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HOUSING OPPORTUNITIES

On April 4, 2016, HUD released guidance that explains how the Fair Housing Act’s discriminatory treatment and discriminatory effects standards apply in cases where a housing provider’s use of criminal history information is alleged 

to be discriminatory. The Fair Housing Act does not prohibit housing providers from considering the criminal history 

of applicants or tenants when making housing decisions, but the provider may not intentionally discriminate based 

on race, national origin, or another protected characteristic when using criminal history information. A housing provider also violates the Act if the provider uses criminal history information in a manner that disproportionately excludes members of one or more protected classes without a legally sufficient justification. 

“When landlords refuse to rent to anyone 

who has an arrest record, they effectively 

bar the door to millions of folks of color for 

no good reason.”

 – Secretary Julián Castro

Secretary Castro and Attorney General Loretta Lynch meet with participants of the first Annual 

National Reentry Week in April 2016.
6 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

PROTECTING INDIVIDUALS WITH LIMITED ENGLISH PROFICIENCY 

On September 15, 2016, HUD’s Office of General Counsel released guidance on how the Fair Housing Act applies 

to claims of housing discrimination brought by people because they do not speak, read, or write English proficiently. More than 25 million people in the United States have limited English proficiency. The Act prohibits discrimination based on national origin, which is closely linked to the ability to communicate proficiently in English. 

The guidance addresses how various legal approaches, such as discriminatory effects and disparate treatment, 

apply in Fair Housing Act cases in which a housing-related decision – such as a landlord’s refusal to rent or renew 

a lease – involves a person’s limited ability to speak, read, write, or understand English. Discriminatory practices, 

for example, could include applying a language-related requirement only to people of certain races or nationalities; posting advertisements that contain blanket statements, such as "all tenants must speak English;" or immediately turning away applicants who are not fluent in English. Targeting persons with limited English proficiency of 

certain racial or national origin groups for scams related to housing also constitutes intentional discrimination.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 7

USING THE FAIR HOUSING ACT TO REDUCE HARASSMENT IN HOUSING

HUD published a new rule on September 14, 2016, detailing how the Fair Housing Act protects residents against 

harassment from their housing providers and others. Harassment in housing threatens a resident's safety and 

privacy in his or her own home. In HUD's experience enforcing the Fair Housing Act, low-income women—often 

racial and ethnic minorities and women with disabilities—may be particularly vulnerable to sexual harassment in 

housing. HUD's final rule on harassment in housing:

• Formalizes standards for investigating and adjudicating Fair Housing Act cases regarding alleged 

harassment because of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, disability or familial status (protected 

characteristics).

• Defines Quid Pro Quo Harassment as subjecting a person to an unwelcome request or demand because of his or her protected characteristic that makes submission to the request or demand implicitly 

or explicitly a condition related to the person's housing or a residential real estate related transaction.

• Defines Hostile Environment Harassment as subjecting a person to unwelcome conduct that is sufficiently severe or pervasive as to interfere with a person’s right to use or enjoy the housing or engage in 

a residential real estate related transaction.

• Clarifies when housing providers and other covered entities or individuals may be held directly or 

vicariously liable under the Fair Housing Act for all types of discriminatory housing practices.

HUD aggressively pursues violations involving harassment in housing, including, most recently, charging St. Louis 

landlords with sexual harassment against a female tenant. The U.S. Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against 

these landlords.
8 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

EXPANDING ACCESS TO OPPORTUNITY THROUGH AFFH

On July 16, 2015, the Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing (AFFH) Final Rule was issued by HUD. AFFH empowers communities with tools, data, and guidance to ensure that all Americans have equal access to housing, 

transportation, employment opportunities, and quality education. Over the next five years, every community in 

the nation will benefit from this new approach.

The Assessment of Fair Housing Planning 

Process

AFFH provides a new and effective planning 

process that keeps decision-making power in the 

hands of local communities and expands access 

to opportunity for all Americans. Under the new 

AFFH planning process, HUD program participants 

will complete an Assessment of Fair Housing (AFH) 

at least once every five years. HUD has developed 

innovative and intuitive data and mapping tools 

to support communities as they complete an AFH. 

The graphic to the right details the process.

HUD Support for Communities

HUD received the first fifteen (15) Assessments of Fair 

Housing in the first quarter of FY2017. HUD provided the 

following data, tools, and technical assistance to communities to help them reach their goals throughout FY2016:

See more information on AFFH at: https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/affh/

Technical Assistance and Training for Communities

HUD has provided technical assistance, training, and 

thorough guidance to support communities throughout this new planning process.

• 8 regional trainings were provided to 143 distinct 

program participants in FY2016

• 5 program participants received direct technical 

assistance

• HUD developed 6 AFFH fact sheets and the comprehensive AFFH Guidebook 

Data and Mapping Tools 

72 different maps and 18 data tables are 

available for over 1200 American cities and 

counties

In its first year, these tools have already 

allowed more than 25 communities to 

partner together as they complete their 

Assessment of Fair Housing (AFH).
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 9

FHEO enforces the Fair Housing Act by investigating complaints of housing 

discrimination. HUD is assisted in these efforts by the state and local agencies 

in the Fair Housing Assistance Program. 

ENFORCEMENT

$25,247,453

Monetary relief in housing 

discrimination cases

8,342

Completed investigations by 

HUD and FHAP agencies

BASES OF COMPLAINTS

The Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national 

origin, religion, sex, disability and familial status. The majority of complaints filed 

under the Fair Housing Act in FY 2016 were on the basis of disability with 4,908 

complaints. Race was the next most common basis, making up 2,154 complaints 

in FY 2016. National origin became the third most common basis for complaint 

in FY 2016, up from fifth most common in FY 2015. Complaints often allege more 

than one basis of discrimination, and each basis is counted as a complaint.

Basis of Complaint Number of Complaints

Disability 4,908

Race 2,154

National Origin 917

Familial Status 882

Sex 800

Retaliation 785

Religion 204

Color 143

Total 8,385

Retaliation is not one of the seven protected 

classes but it is covered under Section 818 of the 

Fair Housing Act.
10 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

COMPLIANCE

VOLUNTARY COMPLIANCE AGREEMENTS

FHEO regularly reviews recipients of HUD funding for their compliance with civil rights laws. Violations are often 

resolved through Voluntary Compliance Agreements (VCA). Below are examples of VCAs from FY 2016.

City of Phoenix, Arizona, September 2016

• Protected class: National origin and persons with disabilities

• Issue: The Southwest Fair Housing Council (SFHC) and the Arizona Fair 

Housing Center (AFHC) alleged Phoenix’s Housing Choice Voucher 

program did not make its online pre-application process accessible to 

persons with disabilities, did not provide vital documents in languages 

other than English, and failed to notify applicants with limited English 

proficiency (LEP).

• Under the Voluntary Compliance Agreement, the City of Phoenix will:

• Accept both online and paper pre-applications for the Housing 

Choice Voucher program; 

• Provide reasonable accommodations to people with disabilities, 

including accepting pre-applications over the phone, providing 

one-on-one assistance to people with disabilities in completing 

their applications, and providing interpreter services to applicants 

who are deaf or hard of hearing; 

• Provide oral language assistance, including interpreter service, to 

LEP persons who need assistance in the application process; continue ensuring staff are available during business hours to respond 

to reasonable accommodation and language assistance requests; 

• Prominently display on its website the availability of language assistance and reasonable accommodations; post the particulars of 

the Conciliation/Voluntary Compliance Agreement on its website 

in English, Spanish, Arabic, Vietnamese, and Chinese; and obtain 

fair housing training for its staff. 
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 11

Puerto Rico Public Housing Administration (PRPHA), October 2016

• Protected classes: Persons with disabilities

• Issue: A HUD review revealed that PRPHA’s units failed to meet accessibility requirements. A previous 7-year 

voluntary compliance agreement from 2003-2010 did not fully bring PRPHA into compliance.

• Under the Voluntary Compliance Agreement, Puerto Rico Public Housing Administration will commit $65 million for retrofitting 2,560 housing units to make them accessible by December 31, 2021. The five-year agreement also includes flexibility for the housing administration to meet that requirement through a combination 

of actions, including:

• Retrofit up to 1,489 units in housing projects that were built, modernized and/or rehabilitated after July 

11, 1988;

• Create up to 1,108 new replacements or modernized units in 25 project sites that are currently undergoing or which will undergo modernizations in the future. 

• Setting aside $3.6 million each year for five years to cover activities related to this agreement.

• Produce up to 1,209 units in 184 housing projects which were built, modernized and/or rehabilitated 

before July 11, 1988, and/or;

• Create up to 1,108 new replacements or modernized units in 25 project sites that are currently undergoing or which will undergo modernizations in the future. 

• Setting aside $3.6 million each year for five years to cover activities related to this agreement.

East Chicago Housing Authority (ECHA), November 2016

Protected class: Race and persons with disabilities

Issue: The Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law alleged ECHA mismanaged the relocation of residents 

from the West Calumet Housing Complex who were dealing with, or who were facing environmental hazards. Specifically, ECHA did not provide the time or resources for households to make decisions in the best interest of their 

health and safety, made housing unavailable on the basis of race, familial status, and/or disability, and failed to offer 

higher rent subsidies if needed, and to provide reasonable accommodations to households that included members 

with disabilities, in accordance with Section 504.

Highlights of Voluntary Compliance Agreement:

Under the terms of the agreement, the East Chicago Housing Authority agreed to:

• Offer relocation benefits to all eligible residents of the West Calumet Public Housing Complex, including residents who moved out prior to the lead disclosure if they moved out due to health concerns or if they have children under the age of 6. 

• Waive the rent owed by residents residing at the West Calumet Housing Complex from July 22, 2016 through 

March 31, 2017 or the end of their tenancy. 

• Reimburse any rent paid by tenants for November 2016.

• Extend search time for families to find new housing that accepts housing choice vouchers. 
12 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

FAIR HOUSING AND

EQUAL OPPORTUNITY PROGRAMS

SECTION 3: CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR LOW-INCOME RESIDENTS

Every year, HUD funds create thousands of jobs across the country that range from construction to professional 

services like accounting or engineering. Section 3 of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 ensures 

that HUD-funded jobs, training and contracts are provided to local low-income residents, particularly those who 

reside in public housing and businesses that employ them. Section 3 helps foster local economic development, 

neighborhood improvement, and individual self-sufficiency. 

National Business Registry

• Began March 2015, after a 3-year pilot in 

select cities

• 1,200 businesses registered in 

FY2016, nearly doubling the registry’s size

• Registered businesses are located 

in 49 states, 2 territories, and the 

District of Columbia
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 13

The Section 3 program encourages agencies that receive HUD funds to hire companies that employ low-income 

individuals. In FY 2015, $868 million was directed to Section 3 qualifying businesses. The below map shows the 

value of Section 3 contracting in each state.

In contracting to Section 3 New hires and trainees

qualifying businesses

$868 million 28,359
14 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

THE FAIR HOUSING INITIATIVES PROGRAM (FHIP)

FHIP provides funds to eligible organizations through competitive grants under three initiatives that are designed 

to prevent or eliminate discriminatory housing practices and inform individuals of their rights and responsibilities 

under the Fair Housing Act. In FY 2016, the FHIP program awarded $38 million in grants to 155 organizations to meet 

the objectives under one or more of the core program initiatives: enforcing the Fair Housing Act under the Private 

Enforcement Initiative, educating the public and industry stakeholders on fair housing under the Education and Outreach Initiative, and building organizational capacity under the Fair Housing Organizations Initiative. Information on 

individual grants is available in the Appendix.

National Media Campaign

As part of the Education and Outreach Initiative, the 

FHIP program awards up to $1 million for a national 

media campaign each year. In FY 2016, the National Fair 

Housing Alliance (NFHA) received $999,988 to develop 

a comprehensive, centralized multi-media and online 

educational campaign entitled, A Zip Code Should Not 

Determine a Child’s Future. Major deliverables resulting 

from the campaign included: print public service advertisements in seven different languages; television 

and radio public service advertisements in English and 

Spanish; online pre-roll videos in English and Spanish; 

and Zillow banner advertisements.

$30.35 

million

Private Enforcement 

Initiative

$7.45

million

Education and Outreach 

Initiative

$500k

Fair Housing 

Organizations Initiative
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 15

THE FAIR HOUSING ASSISTANCE PROGRAM (FHAP)

HUD provides FHAP funding annually on a noncompetitive basis to state and local agencies that enforce fair housing 

laws that are substantially equivalent to the Fair Housing Act. FHAP agencies support a variety of fair housing administrative and enforcement activities, including complaint investigation, conciliation, administrative and/or judicial 

enforcement; training; implementation of data and information systems; and education and outreach.

FHAP agencies closed 6,858 

complaints in FY16.

50 FHAP agencies serve 

a locality and 35 FHAP 

agencies provide state-wide 

services.

FHAP agencies filed 7,019 

complaints in FY16.

At the close of FY16, there 

were 85 FHAP agencies.
16 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 17

APPENDIX
18 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

FAIR HOUSING ACT COMPLAINT DATA

Complaint Investigations

Number of Complaints Filed

Chart 2.1: Complaints Filed with HUD and FHAP Agencies, FY 20161

Bases for Complaints

Table 2.1 shows the number of complaints filed with HUD and FHAP agencies combined that alleged a violation 

on each basis. If a single complaint alleged multiple bases, it was counted under each alleged basis. The bases are 

shown in reverse order by percentage of complaints filed. 

1 All HEMS data was pulled on December 12, 2016. 

Source: HUD Enforcment Management Systems (HEMS)
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 19

Table 2.1: Bases of Complaints Filed with HUD and FHAP agencies, FY 2016

Basis of Complaint Number of Complaints Percentage of Complaints

1. Disability 4,908 58.5%

2. Race 2,154 25.7%

3. National Origin 917 10.9%

4. Familial Status 882 10.5%

5. Sex 800 9.5%

6. Retaliation 785 9.4%

7. Religion 204 2.4%

8. Color 143 1.7%

Total 8,385 100%

Source: HUD Enforcement Management Systems (HEMS)

Note: Retaliation is not one of the seven protected classes but it is covered under Section 818 of the Fair Housing 

Act.

Trends in Bases for Complaints

Previously identified trends in disability and race complaints continued in FY 2016, with another year-over-year 

increase in the percentage of complaints based on disability and a decrease in the percentage of complaints 

based on race. 

Chart 2.2: 5-Year Trends in Bases of Complaints, FY 2012 – FY 2016

Source: HUD Enforcement Management Systems (HEMS)
20 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

Issues Reported in Complaints 

HUD and FHAP agencies record discriminatory practices in categories known as “issues.” Table 2.2 shows the number of complaints filed with HUD and FHAP agencies in FY 2016, by issue. If a single complaint alleged multiple 

issues, it is counted under each issue alleged.

Table 2.2: Filed HUD and FHAP Cases by Issue, FY 2016

Issue

Number of 

Complaints 

 Percentage of 

Complaints

1. Discriminatory terms, conditions, privileges, or services and facilities 5,859 69.9%

2. Failure to make reasonable accommodation 3,376 40.3%

3. Discriminatory refusal to rent 2,343 27.9%

4. Discriminatory acts under Section 818 (coercion, etc.) 1,424 17.0%

5. Discriminatory advertising, statements and notices 877 10.5%

6. Otherwise deny or make housing unavailable 798 9.5%

7. Other discriminatory acts 475 5.7%

8. Discriminatory financing (includes real estate transactions) 253 3.0%

9. Failure to permit reasonable modification 191 2.3%

10. False denial or representation of availability 177 2.1%

11. Discriminatory refusal to sell 162 1.9%

12. Non-compliance with design and construction requirements 67 0.8%

13. Steering 74 0.9%

14. Discriminatory brokerage service 61 0.7%

15. Using ordinances to discriminate in zoning and land use 24 0.3%

16. Redlining 9 0.1%

17. Blockbusting 8 0.1%

18. Discriminatory acts under Section 901 (criminal) 7 0.1%

19. Refusing to provide insurance 4 0.0%

Total 8,385 100%

Source: HUD Enforcement Management System (HEMS)
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 21

Case Outcomes

Table 2.3: HUD and FHAP Case Outcomes, FY 2016

Case Completion Type

Number 

of HUD 

Cases

Percentage 

of HUD 

Cases

Number 

of FHAP 

Cases

Percentage 

of FHAP 

Cases

Number 

of Total 

Cases

Percentage 

of Total 

Cases

Administrative Closure 220 14.8% 563 8.2% 783 9.4%

Cause (FHAP) NA NA 361 5.3% 361 4.3%

Charged (HUD) 37 2.5% NA NA 37 0.4%

Conciliated 532 35.8% 1,980 28.9% 2,512 30.1%

DOJ Closure 12 0.8% NA NA 12 0.1%

No Cause 560 37.7% 3,474 50.7% 4,034 48.4%

Withdrawn with Resolution 123 8.3% 480 7.0% 603 7.2%

Total 1,484 100.0% 6,858 100.0% 8,342 100.0%

Source: HUD Enforcement Management System (HEMS)

MONETARY RELIEF

$25,247,453

Source: HUD Enforcement Management System (HEMS)
22 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

COMPLIANCE WITH NOTICE REQUIREMENTS

Complainant Notification

The Fair Housing Act requires HUD to serve notice upon the aggrieved person filing a housing discrimination 

complaint. The notice acknowledges the filing of a complaint and provides information regarding important 

deadlines and the choice of forums provided by the Fair Housing Act. In FY 2016, HUD issued notices for all 8,385 

complaints that were filed.

Respondent Notification

Similarly, the Fair Housing Act requires HUD to serve notice on each respondent named in a complaint. The 

notice, which must be sent within 10 days of the filing of a complaint or the identification of any additional respondent, must identify the alleged discriminatory housing practice(s), advise the respondent of all procedural 

rights and obligations, and include a copy of the complaint. In a small number of Fair Housing Act complaints, 

the respondent may not have been notified within 10 days. For instance, pursuant to a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), if a criminal investigation is underway, HUD may delay 

notification to the respondent until DOJ concludes its criminal investigation.

Timeliness of Investigations 

The Fair Housing Act and substantially equivalent state and local fair housing laws require that HUD and FHAP 

agencies complete the investigation of each complaint within 100 days of the date it was filed, unless it is impracticable to do so. 

Table 2.4 shows the number of HUD and FHAP newly-aged complaints, i.e., the number of investigations that 

passed the 100-day mark in FY 2016.

Table 2.4: Newly-Aged HUD and FHAP Complaints, FY 2016

Protected Characteristics

Number Newly 

Aged HUD 

Complaints

Number Newly 

Aged FHAP 

Complaints Total

Newly Aged 896 3,791 4,687

Source: HUD Enforcement Management System (HEMS)
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 23

ADJUDICATING FAIR HOUSING ACT COMPLAINTS

Fair Housing Act Administrative Proceedings and HUD’s Office of Administrative Law Judges 

(OALJ)

When HUD issues a charge of discrimination, the parties may choose to pursue the matter either in an administrative proceeding or in federal district court. In an administrative proceeding, HUD represents the government, 

bringing the case on behalf of the aggrieved person and the public interest. The aggrieved person may intervene 

as a party in the proceeding in order to separately represent his or her own interests. If any party to the case elects 

to go to federal court, HUD transfers the case to DOJ, which prosecutes the case. 

Administrative Law Judges (ALJs) adjudicate the Fair Housing Act complaints that HUD brings on behalf of aggrieved persons when neither party elects to proceed in federal court. The Fair Housing Act requires that an 

administrative hearing begin within 120 days of the issuance of a charge, unless it is impracticable to do so. The 

Fair Housing Act requires that an ALJ issue an initial decision within 60 days after the end of the hearing, unless 

impracticable to do so. ALJs may award actual damages to the aggrieved person, injunctive or other equitable 

relief, and assess a civil penalty against the respondent. The ALJ may also allow attorney fees and costs to be paid 

to a prevailing party other than HUD. Charges may also be resolved by the parties through an initial decision and 

consent order, which is signed by the ALJ.

Any party adversely affected by the initial decision may file a motion with the Secretary of HUD asking that the 

initial decision be modified, set aside, in whole or in part, or remanded for further proceedings. The Secretary has 

30 days from the issuance of the initial decision to serve the final decision on all parties. If a motion is not filed 

with the Secretary, or if the Secretary does not serve a final decision within this time period, the initial decision 

becomes the final decision of HUD. A final decision may be appealed to a federal court of appeals.

In addition to conducting HUD’s administrative hearings, ALJs assist parties with settlement negotiations and 

provide training to the public and attorneys. Table 2.5 shows the HUD ALJ caseload in FY 2016, and Table 2.6 summarizes the outcomes of those cases.

Table 2.5: OALJ Fair Housing Act Caseload, FY 2016

Status Number of Cases

Fair Housing Act Cases Pending on October 1, 2015 11

Fair Housing Act Cases Docketed in FY 2016 24

Total Fair Housing Cases During FY 2016 35

Source: Office of Administrative Law Judges
24 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

Table 2.6: OALJ Fair Housing Act Case Outcomes, FY 2016

Status Number of Cases

Settlement by Consent Order 5

ALJ Decisions 1

Election to U.S. District Court 20

Secretarial Remand 0

Carried Over to FY 2017 9

Source: Office of Administrative Law Judges

Table 2.7: Post-Charge Consent Orders Issued in FY 2016

Status Basis Penalties Damages

DeRomo Familial Status $0.00 $2,330.86

Persaud Bramante Apartments Disability $0.00 $2,500.00

Goodsell General Contracting Sex $0.00 $24,600.00

Lenox Woods Properties Disability $0.00 $30,000.00

Blackacre Familial Status $2,000.00 $5,525.58

Source: Office of Administrative Law Judges 

All of the cases in table Table 2.7 were docketed in FY 2015 but closed in FY2016.

HUD Fair Housing Act cases handled by the U. S. Department of Justice (DOJ)

If any of the parties to a case charged by the Department elect to proceed to federal district court, DOJ represents 

the government, bringing the case on behalf of the aggrieved person. If discrimination is proven, a district court 

may award actual damages for the aggrieved person, injunctive or other equitable relief and attorney fees and 

costs for the prevailing party other than DOJ. Federal district courts may also impose a civil penalty. 

In FY 2016, DOJ achieved 19 outcomes in Fair Housing Act cases that it received following a charge of discrimination by HUD. Table 2.8 shows the outcomes of these cases. The chart is sorted by Outcome, showing the sixteen 

cases resolved by consent decree and the three that were dismissed or closed without filing a complaint. All of 

the consent decrees are available on DOJ’s website. Three of the cases resulted in consent decrees containing 

$100,000 or more in monetary relief. On September 20, 2016, the court entered a consent decree in United States 

v. Kent State University (N.D. Ohio), requiring the university to pay $130,000 in monetary damages to the HUD 

complainants and a $15,000 civil penalty. On August 12, 2016, the court entered a consent order in United States 

v. Encore Management (S.D. W. Va.), requiring the payment of $110,000 to seven adult and four minor victims of 

sexual harassment, as well as a $10,000 civil penalty. On December 17, 2015, the court entered a consent decree 

in United States v. Twin Oaks Mobile Home Park (W.D. Wis.), providing for $40,178 in payments to the two HUD 

familial status complainants, a $45,000 victim fund and a $10,000 civil penalty. In United States v. Westminster 

Asset Corp. (C.D. Cal.) and United States v. Andover Forest Homeowners Ass’n (E.D. Ky.), DOJ agreed to dismiss the 

complaints without obtaining relief for the complainants. In the Southgate matter, the parties informed HUD that 
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 25

they had reached a private out-of-court settlement.

Table 2.8: Outcomes in 2016 for Fair Housing Act Cases Sent to DOJ

Name Outcome

Compensatory 

Damages Civil Penalty Victims’ Fund Other

US v. Kent State University Consent Degree 

or Settlement

$130,000.00 $15,000.00 $0.00 $0.00

US v. Encore Management Consent Degree 

or Settlement

$110,000.00 $10,000.00 $0.00 $0.00

US v. Twin Oaks (Gutzmer) Consent Degree 

or Settlement

$45,000.00 $10,000.00 $45,000.00 $0.00

US v. Loecher (Westland 

Apts)

Consent Degree 

or Settlement

$45,000.00 $5,000.00 $25,000.00 $0.00

US v. Noble Homes, Inc.* Consent Degree 

or Settlement

$20,000.00 $40,000.00 $0.00 $5,000.00

US v. Nals Apartments 

Homes, LLC

Consent Degree 

or Settlement

$20,000.00 $0.00 $25,000.00 $0.00

US v. Applewood of Cross 

Plains

Consent Degree 

or Settlement

$40,000.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

US v. Brinson Consent Degree 

or Settlement

$14,000.00 $12,000.00 $10,000.0 $0.00

US v. Brooklyn Park 73rd

Leased Housing Assoc, LLC

Consent Degree 

or Settlement

$35,000.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

US v. Avatar Properties, Inc. Consent Degree 

or Settlement

$25,000.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

US v. Cecil Collier Consent Degree 

or Settlement

$10,000.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

US v. Hillside Park Real Estate, LLC

Consent Degree 

or Settlement

$9,000.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

US v. Christensen, Robert and 

Linda

Consent Degree 

or Settlement

$6,000.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

US v. Pendygraft Consent Degree 

or Settlement

$5,000.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

US v. Blass Consent Degree 

or Settlement

$5,000.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

US v. Schimnich Consent Degree 

or Settlement

$2,000.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00
26 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

Name Outcome

Compensatory 

Damages Civil Penalty Victims’ Fund Other

US v. Westminster Asset 

Corp.

Case Dismissed NA NA NA NA

US v. Southgate Apt Co., LLP Investigation 

Closed

NA NA NA NA

US v. Andover Forest Homeowners Ass’n, Inc.

Case Dismissed NA NA NA NA

Source: U.S. Department of Justice

*In the matter of US v. Noble Homes, Inc, Defendants must deposit $100,000 into an interest bearing escrow account entitled Retrofit Fund. Also, Defendants must inform each homeowner that he or she will be paid $1,000 as 

payment for inconvenience beyond retrofits and a separate payment of $1,000 if the homeowner chose to have 

walkways modified.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 27

SECRETARY-INITIATED ENFORCEMENT

Under 42 U.S.C. § 3610, the Secretary of HUD has the authority to conduct an investigation and file a complaint 

where there is reason to believe that a discriminatory housing practice has occurred or is about to occur. 

Secretary-Initiated Complaints

HUD filed two Secretary-initiated complaints in FY 2016. Table 2.9 provides the breakdown of these complaints 

by bases. 

Table 2.9: Bases of Secretary-Initiated Complaints, FY 2016

Basis Number of Complaints

Race 2

National Origin 1

Total 2

Source: HUD Enforcement Management Systems (HEMS)

Note: While two total cases were filed, one case was filed with two bases: national origin and race.

Secretary-Initiated Complaints Closed

This section includes cases in which HUD entered into a conciliation agreement, or administratively closed the 

case. Table 2.10 shows the outcomes of the Secretary-initiated complaints closed in FY 2016. 

Table 2.10: Secretary-Initiated Complaints Closed, FY 2016

Outcome Number of Complaints

Conciliation Settlement 4

Administrative Closure 2

Total 6

Source: HUD Enforcement Management Systems (HEMS)
28 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

FAIR HOUSING INITIATIVES PROGRAM 

FUNDING

In FY 2016, HUD awarded $38 million to 155 national and local fair housing organizations to confront violations of 

the nation’s landmark Fair Housing Act. Summaries of each grant are provided below organized by year then by 

state, city, and organization.

PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT INITIATIVE (PEI) 

PEI provides funding to private, tax-exempt fair housing enforcement organizations for the investigation of housing discrimination complaints and the administrative or judicial enforcement of federal, state, or local fair housing 

laws. PEI recipients conduct intake, investigation, mediation, and litigation of housing discrimination complaints 

and perform tests of the housing, lending, and insurance markets.

The Multi-Year Funding Component under PEI provides 36-month grants of up to $975,000 ($325,000/year), 

subject to appropriation, to Fair Housing Enforcement Organizations and Qualified Fair Housing Enforcement 

Organizations that meet certain requirements related to the length and quality of their fair housing enforcement 

experience set forth in the Notice of Funding Availability (NOFA). 

EDUCATION AND OUTREACH INITIATIVE (EOI) 

EOI provides funding to develop, implement, carry out, and coordinate education and outreach activities that 

inform the public about their rights and responsibilities under federal, state, and local fair housing laws. 

FAIR HOUSING ORGANIZATIONS INITIATIVE (FHOI) 

FHOI provides funding to help establish new fair housing enforcement organizations and to build the capacity of 

existing organizations, particularly in areas of the country which are currently underserved by fair housing enforcement organizations, including rural areas or areas with a large number of recent immigrants.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 29

FY 2016 FAIR HOUSING INITIATIVES PROGRAM GRANT RECIPIENT SUMMARIES BY STATE

Alabama

Birmingham

Fair Housing Center of Northern Alabama 

FY2016 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $202,816.03

The Fair Housing Center of Northern Alabama will use its grant to provide a systematic approach to combating 

the discriminatory pattern and practices experienced by the seven protected classes under the Federal Fair Housing Act. The services will include: interviewing potential victims of discrimination, taking complaints, test; evaluating test results, conducting preliminary investigations, conducting mediation; conciliation, enforcing meritorious claims through litigation or referral to administrative enforcement agencies, and disseminating for housing 

information. The project will focus on sales, rental, insurance and lending discrimination through systemic and 

complaint based testing, in addition to education and outreach activities, as well as conducting test parts, including insurance, sales, mortgage lending, and accessibility/design/construction, and site assessing REO properties.

Mobile

Mobile Fair Housing Center, Inc. FY15 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Mobile Fair Housing Center (MFHC) will use its grant to provide investigation and enforcement services to 

MFHC’s service area of Mobile, Baldwin, Washington, Clarke, Choctaw, Conecuh, Escambia and Monroe Counties. 

The enforcement activities include addressing impediments to fair housing choice and counseling by way of staff 

training. The MFHC will continue, expand, and/or implement broad investigation and enforcement strategies with 

activities that include: recruiting & training testers and offering refresher training for current testers; providing 

MFHC staff, student interns, and Board of Directors training in fair housing and civil rights enforcement; conducting accessibility workshops; conducting compliance audits for housing for persons with disabilities; partnering 

with one new grassroots/faith-based organization; and conducting one regional fair housing summit during 

National Fair Housing Month. In addition, the organization will undertake the following activities: expanding staff 

training curricula to include insurance discrimination investigations and expanding the MFHC website to include 

informative and useful consumer information in support of the new AFFH Rule. Further, the MFHC will conduct 

new education activities to include: conducting speaking engagements and/or meetings with government staff 

in support of the new AFFH Rule; providing developers with information on universal design and visitability standards to increase supply of affordable housing for persons with disabilities; as well as providing information to 

local zoning officials on obligations to AFFH and the discriminatory impact of legacy residency requirement and 

local preference standards. 
30 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

Alabama, cont.

Montgomery

Central Alabama Fair Housing Center 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $124,979.00

Central Alabama Fair Housing Center (CAFHC) will use its grant for an education and outreach campaign designed 

to raise public awareness of fair housing rights in a 29-county, underserved region of central Alabama. The project 

will augment and enhance CAFHC’s current Private Enforcement Initiative enforcement activities and increase fair 

housing intakes and referrals to HUD by at least 25 percent. CAFHC’s grant activities are targeted to combat discriminatory practices through increasing public awareness. This project will use current social media technology 

to reach a greater number of people than can be reached through a traditional education and outreach campaign. 

Activities will include: a twelve-month social media campaign including a new and expanded website and Facebook page; two fair housing testimonial videos and monthly e-newsletters that will highlight local fair housing 

issues; focus groups, workshops, and traditional outreach events targeted to underserved communities and to 

people working with underserved communities; and a fair housing summit to commemorate Fair Housing Month.

Central Alabama Fair Housing Center 

FY15 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Central Alabama Fair Housing Center (CAFHC) will use its grant to continue and expand full service fair housing activities in Montgomery, Selma, Dothan, the west Alabama “Black Belt”, and other counties in its service area. 

Activities will include: challenging racial steering and other discriminatory housing practices in Montgomery 

tri-county and adjacent counties; combating racial discrimination in the west Alabama “Black Belt”; rental testing 

to combat escalating discrimination against Latino residents; targeting lack of efforts by entitlement jurisdictions 

of AFFH; continuing to investigate and combat race discrimination in small Central Alabama entitlement communities; and breaking down barriers for people with disabilities.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 31

Alaska

Anchorage

Alaska Legal Services Corporation FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - 

$125,000.00

Alaska Legal Services Corporation (ALSC), Alaska’s first HUD funded enforcement organization will use its grant to 

provide outreach and education to Alaskans statewide about their rights and responsibilities under fair housing 

and fair lending laws through presentations, trainings, brochures, public service announcements, an informative 

website, and other activities. ALSC will also consult with agencies representing traditionally marginalized communities, including persons with limited English proficiency (LEP) and Alaska Native populations, to create a fair 

housing campaign that effectively reaches those communities. Further ALSC will maintain a toll-free Fair Housing 

Hotline and provide victims of discrimination with referrals to ALSC fair housing attorneys for advice and representation. The project goal is to increase the level of knowledge of fair housing laws, increase fair housing services to 

traditionally underserved populations, increase the number of enforcement actions referred to HUD, increase the 

number of housing discrimination victims obtaining appropriate remedies, and to affirmatively further fair housing in the state of Alaska.

Alaska Legal Services Corporation 

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Alaska Legal Services Corporation’s (ALSC) Fair Housing Enforcement Project will use its grant to directly assist 

housing discrimination victims and affirmatively further fair housing statewide by screening intakes; investigating 

complaints; conducting preliminary investigations; conducting testing and systemic investigations; providing referral to administrative agencies and legal representation for administrative and judicial relief; engaging with government officials and the community regarding affirmatively further fair housing and Assessment of Fair Housing 

process; and educating the community about rights and responsibilities under fair housing laws. The project will 

address discrimination based on all federally protected classes. The goal of the project is to increase the number 

of enforcement actions referred to HUD, to increase the number housing discrimination victims obtaining appropriate remedies, to elevate the level of knowledge of fair housing laws, and to affirmatively further fair housing in 

the state of Alaska.
32 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

Arizona

Phoenix

Arizona Fair Housing Center

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Arizona Fair Housing Center (AFHC) will use its grant to provide fair housing enforcement activities throughout Arizona including fair housing tests; and intake and investigation of complaints, with referrals to HUD, a local 

Fair Housing Assistance Program (FHAP) agency, or a private attorney. The Center will also provide counseling, 

mediation, and referral services; and it will recruit, train, and retrain new and/or existing testers. The purpose 

of this AFHC project is to carry out a fair housing program to ensure equal housing opportunity to all residents 

living in Arizona. The Center will use up to 13 percent of the grant funds toward education and outreach activities designed to inform the public of its rights and responsibilities under the Fair Housing Act and to increase the 

awareness of potential housing discrimination victims. The project’s educational efforts will specifically address 

the low- to moderate-income and underserved populations, including non-English speaking individuals, minorities, immigrants, and persons with disabilities. The project will also direct media efforts, community educational 

campaigns, and enforcement efforts toward these underserved populations.

Tucson

Southwest Fair Housing Council

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $124,231.00

The Southwest Fair Housing Council (SWFHC) will use its grant to conduct education and outreach activities in 

the Phoenix metro area to inform housing consumers and housing professionals about fair housing rights and 

responsibilities. In addition, the project will raise awareness of SWFHC’s fair housing enforcement program and 

increase the number of meritorious complaints and successful lawsuits. Also, SWFHC will work in collaboration 

with public and private agencies and organizations throughout the Phoenix metro area and assist jurisdictions 

and others to affirmatively further fair housing. SWFHC will continue using tested and proven methods that have 

yielded successful outputs and outcomes including fair housing trainings, fair housing counseling, attending 

meetings of partner organizations, attending public meetings, participating in community events, distributing 

literature, and other activities. Further, SWFHC will employ new and promising methods and activities including 

increasing and improving its online presence and partnering with a local university to expand its Tucson Opportunity Index to reach a wider audience and lead the conversation about creating integrated communities of 

opportunity envisioned by the Fair Housing Act.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 33

Southwest Fair Housing Council

FY15 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Southwest Fair Housing Council (SWFHC) will use its grant to provide statewide enforcement, education, and 

outreach activities. SWFHC will conduct complaint-based investigations to assist individuals who believe they 

have experienced illegal housing discrimination. SWFHC will also conduct systemic fair housing investigations 

using a new site assessment methodology to uncover illegal housing discrimination in the housing market. SWFHC will conduct fair housing tests as part of its investigations. If allegations are meritorious, SWFHC will mediate 

a resolution, file a fair housing complaint, or file a fair housing lawsuit. SWFHC will also develop partnerships with 

attorneys to file fair housing lawsuits. This project will provide fair housing training to housing consumers and 

providers throughout the state to support enforcement efforts. Trainings for housing consumers and providers 

will focus on fair housing rights and responsibilities, recognizing and reporting discrimination, and affirmatively furthering fair housing (AFFH). AFFH is covered in more tasks and in greater depth in this project because of 

growing interest and focus. Outreach also includes distributing fair housing literature, staffing booths at events, 

creating videos, and maintaining a strong internet presence.

California

Bakersfield

Greater Bakersfield Legal Assistance, Inc. 

FY15 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $ 300,000.00

Greater Bakersfield Legal Assistance, Inc. (GBLA) will use its grant to provide fair housing investigation and enforcement activities throughout Kern County, California. GBLA’s activities and services include, but are not limited 

to recruiting testers; conducting or coordinating site assessments; conducting systemic investigations; referring 

complaints to HUD and others; engaging in extensive outreach and education targeting protected populations; 

and other activities. The long term outcome will include increasing community awareness of fair housing law, 

providing a well-publicized easily accessed intake and complaint system, reducing the incidences of housing 

discrimination, and identifying and reducing and/or eliminating systemic barriers to affirmatively furthering fair 

housing (AFFH) in Kern County.

Fresno

Fair Housing Council of Central California 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Fair Housing Council of Central California will use its grant to increase the number of enforcement actions 

and referrals made by complainants; discover and remedy discrimination in public and private real 
34 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

estate markets; detect and remedy subtle and sophisticated forms of housing discrimination; reduce the incidence of steering and other practices perpetuating segregation; and increase the number of complaints filed by 

new immigrants, undocumented persons, and persons with disabilities. Since 1995, the Fair Housing Council of 

Central California has successfully provided broad-based and comprehensive fair housing services, i.e., education, 

outreach, complaint intake, testing, investigation, mediation, and enforcement services to victims of housing 

discrimination. Additionally, the organization is deeply rooted in the region and community and has established 

linkages with a number of community and faith-based organizations in order to promote its mission and goal of 

eradicating housing discrimination in the Central Valley.

Los Angeles

Mental Health Advocacy Services, Inc. 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

Mental Health Advocacy Services, Inc. will use its grant to provide outreach and education to increase awareness 

of fair housing rights and the remedies available under federal and state fair housing and civil rights laws. Activities will include: conducting fair housing workshops and distributing materials for 200 individuals, including 

people with mental disabilities; conducting fair housing workshops and distributing materials for 300 representatives of housing providers and other organizations; disseminating 12 “Fair Housing Tip of the Month” messages 

in English, Spanish and Korean to 2,000 individuals and 200 organizations through e-mail distribution and social 

networking; and provide providing individualized fair housing information to people with disabilities, housing 

and service providers, and community-based organizations. Further, the project will provide access to fair housing information to individuals with Limited English Proficiency (LEP) who speak Spanish or Korean.

Southern California Housing Rights Center 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Southern California Housing Rights Center (HRC) will use its grant to conduct systemic testing in areas within Los Angeles County, in particular to address persistent housing discrimination based on race, national origin, 

familial status, or disability. HRC will also provide intake of allegations of housing discrimination and provide 

resolution for housing discrimination, including mediation and litigation. Other activities include: systemic rental 

tests; design and construction inspections; accessibility surveys of tenants; referring tests that uncover discriminatory activity to HUD; litigation for appropriate enforcement action; fair housing counseling, investigation, and 

resolution for complainants; intakes of fair housing queries; training of new testers; refresher courses; reasonable 

accommodation/modification requests for persons with disabilities; monitoring fair housing settlement agreements and zoning changes; as well as a host of education and outreach activities.

Napa

California, cont.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 35

Greater Napa Valley Fair Housing Center 

FY15 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Greater Napa Valley Fair Housing Center will use its grant to conduct intake interviews; open complaint-based 

allegations (cases); individuals; assist clients with reasonable accommodation/ modification requests; recruit testers; conduct combined complaint-based and systemic-based rental test parts in investigating housing discrimination based on federal and state protected categories; where meritorious claims arise, refer cases to HUD/ DFEH, 

DOJ, or private counsel; complete staff training hours; complete property site assessments; conduct tester refresher course for active testers; assist persons with disabilities, mediate/conciliate complaints; form partnerships 

with local agencies/ organizations; conduct education and outreach trainings; retool and maintain website and 

distribute Tagalog fair housing brochures and educational materials on fair housing; attend speaking engagements and/or meetings with housing industry and/or government staff in support of efforts to AFFH; conduct 

meetings with landlords to inform them of need to AFFH and of their responsibilities under the Fair Housing Act; 

provide information to households on available affordable housing in jurisdictions which have open, diverse, and 

equitable housing patterns and practices; and create and maintain a Facebook social media content calendar to 

promote fair housing awareness.

Oakland

Bay Area Legal Aid

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Bay Area Legal Aid (BayLegal) will use its grant to continue fair housing enforcement services to address the fair 

housing needs of low-income Bay Area residents in the protected classes and build capacity among local, state, 

and regional public and private organizations. Specifically, BayLegal will: conduct intake and investigate complaints; conciliate complaints of housing discrimination; file and/or litigate meritorious complaints for judicial 

enforcement; and conduct complaint and audit-based testing. In addition, BayLegal will submit legal opinions 

regarding the performance of local entitlement jurisdictions in meeting their obligations to affirmatively further 

fair housing under applicable laws and regulations. The organization’s education and outreach activities will 

include fair housing education presentations, fair housing enforcement trainings for staff of local Bay Area government and community-based organizations, and regional trainings on fair housing law and litigation.

California Rural Legal Assistance, Inc. 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

California Rural Legal Assistance, Inc. (CRLA) will use its grant to implement a comprehensive education and outreach campaign, enhanced by traditional and social media content development and dissemination, and backed 

California, cont.
36 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

by a full-service direct assistance component, targeting underserved populations throughout 24 rural California 

counties. Grant activities will include outreach and education, including distributing fair lending materials in at 

least two community-appropriate languages in addition to English, developing radio and TV spots, and conducting workshops. In addition, CRLA will provide compliance based technical assistance and training for public and 

private service providers, provide direct client assistance in discriminatory lending matters.

California Rural Legal Assistance, Inc. 

FY15 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

California Rural Legal Assistance, Inc. (CRLA) will use its grant to provide legal advocacy through enforcement, 

outreach and education in housing, civil rights, employment, health, environmental justice and education. CRLA 

will assist protected classes by referring fair housing complaints and enforcement proposals to HUD or DFEH, and 

filing civil actions in court; reducing systemic housing discrimination against underserved rural agricultural communities and target populations; producing and distributing PSAs to media outlets, participating in fair housing 

talk shows; and providing outreach and training to State, regional and local government organizations, public 

housing authorities, advocates and partners on fair housing rights and affirmatively furthering fair housing in the 

implementation of their policies, practices and programs.

Ontario

Inland Mediation Board

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative –Multi-Year Component - $ 300,000.00

Inland Fair Housing and Mediation Board (IFHMB) will use its grant to continue the enforcement work of its previous multi-year grant, and, additionally, investigate three pattern-and-practice housing discrimination cases in a 

region that ranks in the top 10 of the FBI’s Mortgage Asset Research Institute report for predatory housing discrimination activity. Enforcement activities will include matched-pair fair housing tests, with referrals of systemic 

discrimination cases to HUD for additional review and enforcement, and affirmatively furthering fair housing enforcement monitoring efforts utilizing municipal Consolidated Plans and Analysis of Impediment documents for 

13 jurisdictions. Education and outreach efforts will include workshops in disabled and communities with limited 

English proficiency and fair housing educational literature distribution throughout the service area.

Riverside

Fair Housing Council of Riverside County, Inc. 

FY15 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Fair Housing Council of Riverside County, Inc. (FHCRC) will use its grant to undertake various, enforcement, 

California, cont.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 37

education and outreach activities that Affirmatively Further Fair Housing. The activities are designed to minimize 

and eliminate impediments to fair housing choice. Specifically, FHCRC will conduct systemic investigations, provide technical assistance to municipalities regarding compliance with fair housing laws, and provide fair housing 

education to the population of Riverside County. FHCRC’s proposed activities include conducting fair housing 

tests on rentals, sales and design and construction; hosting, the 2017 Annual Housing Conferences during National Fair Housing Month; creating partnerships with local agencies and three partnerships with universities and 

colleges, conducting town hall meetings to connect the public with housing professionals and industry leaders 

and systemic investigations which will help remove barriers to fair housing.

Santa Ana

Orange County Fair Housing Council, Inc. 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $ 125,000.00

Orange County Fair Housing Council, Inc. will use its grant to expand the agency’s existing education and outreach activities within its broad-based, full-service fair housing services. This 12-month project will primarily serve 

Orange County, California, the nation’s 6th most populous county. While expanding education and outreach generally, it will have a focus on minority, immigrant or disabled individuals. The added activities will help ensure a 

greater understanding of fair housing laws and rights, the lack of which can result in the denial or loss of housing 

opportunities, particularly for this target population. For immigrants, particular attention will be given to those 

with limited English proficiency. Further, additional activities will include: making 80 educational presentations 

to diverse, multi-lingual audiences; distributing about 16,000 pieces of fair housing informational literature in 

English, Spanish and Vietnamese; improving and expanding the agency’s social media presence; conducting 10 

fair housing workshops; educating and training the staff of 2 local housing authorities; holding 4 special events, 

including 1 during Fair Housing Month, April 2017; and, running a 24-week bus poster advertising campaign.

Orange County Fair Housing Council, Inc. 

FY15 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $ 300,000.00

Orange County Fair Housing Council, Inc. will use its grant to expand its existing broad-based, full-service, complaint-driven, private enforcement program to focus on Fair Housing Act violations having particular impact on 

minority, immigrant or disabled individuals seeking housing, while continuing its long-standing enforcement 

efforts. Activities will include, but not be limited to, systemic testing to possibly identify and take action against 

discriminatory rental practices, steering or discouragement by real estate sales agents and brokers, and in the 

3rd year possible lending discrimination. With regard to violations involving immigrants, particular attention will 

be given to those with limited English proficiency. The project will also include education and outreach activities 

directed primarily and the groups or organizations serving them, in order to assist in identifying possible discriminatory practices and victims of those practices.

California, cont.
38 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

Santa Clara

Project Sentinel, Inc.

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Project Sentinel (PS) will use its grant to conduct fair housing investigations and take administrative enforcement 

action. Together with Fair Housing Law Project (FHLP), PS will also work to build inclusive sustainable communities free from discrimination through complaint-based investigation, systemic testing, and legal representation designed to help victims of discrimination access or maintain the housing of their choice. The goals of the 

proposed project are to: enforce fair housing laws; perform systemic investigations of housing discrimination; 

conduct outreach and education in concert with partner agencies to reach individuals still unfamiliar with their 

rights/obligations under the fair housing laws; and investigate local municipalities’ compliance with their obligation to affirmatively further fair housing. The proposed project’s activities will increase community awareness 

of fair housing laws through educational presentations among tenants, landlords, and social service agencies 

and the investigation of municipalities’ compliance with their obligation to affirmatively further fair housing will 

lead to more members of the community becoming educated about fair housing laws, which in turn will lead to 

discrimination becoming more easily identified and becoming less socially acceptable. The goals of the proposed 

project are to: enforce fair housing laws; perform systemic investigations of housing discrimination; conduct 

outreach and education in concert with partner agencies to reach individuals still unfamiliar with their rights/

obligations under the fair housing laws; and investigate local municipalities’ compliance with their obligation to 

affirmatively further fair housing.

San Diego

Legal Aid Society of San Diego, Inc. 

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Legal Aid Society of San Diego, Inc. (LASSD) and partner contractor, Fair Housing Council of San Diego 

(FHCSD) will use its grant to provide fair housing services in the heart of the newly designated Promise Zone in 

Southeastern San Diego (Promise Zone Exhibit). LASSD and FHCSD will utilize its enforcement staff and testers, 

along with the services of experts on testing to conduct enforcement efforts in the San Diego region. LASSD/

FHCSD will implement enforcement activities consisting of testing, litigation, HUD complaints, conciliations, and 

broad-based intake of fair housing complaints. Additionally, the project will conduct systemic testing in the areas 

of nation origin, familial status, and mental health disability, and to address findings that these issues are limiting 

housing choice in San Diego. The secondary and supportive component, outreach and education will implement 

a broad-based multi-lingual educational fair housing community trainings to create further utilization of the PEI 

project to the community.

California, cont.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 39

San Rafael

Fair Housing of Marin

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Fair Housing of Marin (FHOM), will use its grant to strengthen existing programs while expanding into new areas 

of investigation. FHOM activities will include fair housing intake, mediation, complaint referral, and investigation. 

The activities include weekly onsite bilingual fair housing counseling for immigrants, counseling for protected 

class clients with loan modifications, short sales, assisted foreclosure, administrative complaints, and/or lawsuits 

for Fair Housing Act violations, and deaf/hard-of-hearing, national origin/familial status, race/Section 8, and real 

estate owned (REO) systemic investigations. FHOM will serve people of all protected classes in Marin, Sonoma, 

and Solano counties through newspaper ads, distribution of fair housing literature, presentations, predatory lending and foreclosure prevention counseling and workshops, and annual Fair Housing Law and Practice seminars. 

The organization also will make presentations at a local disability rights agency and hold reasonable accommodations conferences in Solano and Marin/Sonoma counties.

Colorado

Denver

Denver Metro Fair Housing Center

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $124,999.72

The Denver Metro Fair Housing Center (DMFHC) will use its grant to expand fair housing education and outreach 

activities in the Denver Central Metropolitan Area (CMA) and throughout Colorado. DMFHC will serve all persons 

covered by Fair Housing Act to inform people of their rights and responsibilities under the Fair Housing Act. DMFHC will partner with the State of Colorado Division of Housing, and the Civil Rights Education and Enforcement 

Center (CREEC) to conduct community educational training events for housing consumers and the general public, 

conduct educational training events for housing providers, conduct fair housing workshops for housing consumers, the general public, and local municipality, conduct in-person one-on-one fair housing counseling across 

Colorado, and to advocacy organization staff, and distribute 5,000 fair housing brochures to the general public, 

individuals and families seeking housing counseling services, and other underserved populations, and partner 

with community service providers that work with persons with disabilities and households with limited English 

proficiency. DMFHC will place Public Service Announcements in the community, develop fair housing materials 

for posting on its website, maintain a protocol for referral of complaints of discrimination, and refer meritorious 

housing discrimination complaints to HUD/FHAP, DOJ and private attorneys as appropriate. Lastly, DMFHC will 

work with agencies such as disability rights community organizations, HUD-certified housing counseling agenCalifornia, cont.
40 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

cies, local municipalities, and other community services organizations to reach protected classes and other underserved populations to increase knowledge of rights, responsibilities, and remedies under the Fair Housing Act.

Denver Metro Fair Housing Center 

FY15 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Denver Metro Fair Housing Center (DMFHC) will use its FHIP grant to conduct systemic testing investigations 

involving lending, REO maintenance, home sales, insurance, disability accommodation/modification, new construction of multi-family housing for design and construction violations, and rental housing. These investigations 

affirmatively further fair housing and serve people and communities by investigating and examining differences 

in treatment and services based on race national origin, disability or familial status. DMFHC will also provide education to individuals with disabilities who need accessible housing to avoid displacement from their homes and 

provide education and outreach. Services will be in English, Spanish, and Chinese.

Connecticut

Hartford

Connecticut Fair Housing Center, Inc. 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

The Connecticut Fair Housing Center will use its grant to provide the full range of core fair housing services 

including intake, investigation, testing, and litigation of fair housing cases and systemic testing and investigations. The organization will perform enforcement activities to include: conducting intakes for callers who allege 

violations of the fair housing laws, referring meritorious complaints to attorneys, and conducting and requiring 

attendance of refresher course for experienced testers. Education and outreach related activities include providing an informative and useful website that allows users to find and use the fair housing and fair lending materials 

developed by the Center as well as targeted outreach to disability groups. Other activities to affirmatively further 

fair housing include counseling for complaints by new immigrants and on discriminatory housing practices and 

providing information to households on available affordable housing jurisdictions which have open, diverse, and 

equitable housing patterns and practices.

Colorado, cont.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 41

Wilmington

Community Legal Aid Society, Inc. 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Community Legal Aid Society, Inc. (CLASI) will use its grant to reduce the instances of housing discrimination in 

Delaware through increased enforcement efforts. All services and activities under this project will be available to 

the class members protected under the federal, state and local fair housing acts; and all activities, facilities and 

materials funded by this program will be fully accessible to persons with disabilities. The project will continue activities conducted under previous PEI grants, including continued action on systemic complaints filed. The project 

will emphasize the investigation of systemic fair housing violations through testing and will include an investigation of real estate owned (REO) property maintenance in Delaware, conducted with the assistance of the University of Delaware’s Center for Community Research and Services (CCRS). CLASI will also collaborate with other housing advocates in the state to implement recommendations in the Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing Choice 

in Delaware. Activities will include fair housing tests, intake and investigation of complaints of discrimination in 

housing-related activities; filing of housing discrimination complaints with HUD and/or the Delaware Division of 

Human Relations for any meritorious claims; and outreach via fair housing presentations in the targeted community.

District of Columbia

Washington

Equal Rights Center

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

The Equal Rights Center (ERC) will use its grant to benefit individuals in all federally protected classes: race, color, 

religion, sex, familial status, disability, and national origin, as well as some locally protected classes that serve as 

proxies for discrimination against federally protected groups. Additionally, the ERC will produce an informative, 

compelling video about housing accessibility issues that will help diverse audiences understand the significance 

and extent of accessibility requirements in housing. Other activities include conducting at least ten “Know Your 

Rights” style fair housing trainings in community-based settings throughout the area and providing quarterly 

expert fair housing guidance to ERC members and visitors to the ERC’s website by publishing a web-based fair 

housing advice column, tailored to fair housing issues as they arise in the greater Washington Metropolitan area.

Equal Rights Center

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Delaware
42 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

The Equal Rights Center (ERC) will use it grant for projects that will benefit individuals protected by all federally 

protected classes as well as many locally protected classes in the District of Columbia and surrounding areas. The 

projects activities include: assist individuals with submitting requests for reasonable accommodation or modifications to their housing provider(s); continue work on or initiate work on at least two systemic housing investigations, complete rental test parts based on intake allegations, and/or information ERC becomes aware of regarding 

trends or systemic issues in the local housing market indicating the possibility of fair housing violation; complete 

sales test parts on the basis of specific allegations, local trends, systemic issues, or as part of ongoing investigations conducted in prior grant years, as is allowable in consideration of statute of limitation issues, and other 

enforcement related actions. ERC will also recruit and train testers to conduct rental tests, and will provide refresher tester training or training in an advanced or specialized testing methodology, provide fair housing guidance to 

individuals in the greater Washington, D.C. metro area.

Housing Counseling Services

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

Housing Counseling Services (HCS) will use its grant to conduct fair housing outreach and education activities 

targeted to low- and moderate-income households and underserved populations, including the LEP community, 

minorities, and persons with disabilities; encourage housing industry professionals, landlords, housing providers, 

community-based service providers, and community and faith-based leaders to play a more active role in promoting equal housing opportunity; curtail housing discrimination; and increase the number of complaints filed 

with fair housing enforcement agencies throughout the DC Metropolitan area (including suburban MD and VA). 

The primary goal of this initiative is to educate consumers on fair housing, financial literacy, credit management, 

and how to avoid high-cost loans and abusive lending practices that violate the Fair Housing Act.

National Community Reinvestment Coalition 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $124,999.06

National Community Reinvestment Coalition’s (NCRC’s) National Training Academy (NTA) will use its grant to conduct fair housing education and Assessment of Fair Housing (AFH) technical assistance in the southern states of 

Mississippi and Alabama. Project staff will utilize its local partners, who have submitted letters of support and firm 

commitment, to provide meeting space, assist with recruiting participants, and promote affirmative marketing 

strategies. NCRC fair housing experts will travel to these locations each quarter to train and provide local community partners with the necessary AFFH and fair housing expertise to deploy a comprehensive outreach strategy. 

This project will focus on the following goals and activities: 1) increase Social Media reach by creating fair housing 

specific Facebook and Twitter accounts and post fair housing information every week; 2) increase the knowledge 

of government officials by providing fair housing training to minimum of 40 government officials; 3) increase 

knowledge of fair housing by distributing 1,000 fair housing brochures in multiple languages; 4) increase knowl

District of Columbia, cont.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 43

edge about the AFH process by hosting an AFH meeting in each city; 5) increase access to those with limited 

mobility by providing fair housing webinars quarterly for no less than a total of 50 people; 6) increase knowledge 

of fair housing by training no less than 50 college or high school students and collaborating on outreach activities; and 7) increase the access to persons with Limited English Proficiency LEP by conducting 4 trainings and 4 

webinars in Spanish.

National Community Reinvestment Coalition 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The National Community Reinvestment Coalition (NCRC) will use its grant to complete an estimated 200 

matched-pair rental site and telephonic tests, 100 matched-pair sales site tests, and 160 matched-pair site and 

telephone lending tests. NCRC’s deliverables will produce a cutting-edge, comprehensive, fair housing audit, 

documenting how rental-housing providers are providing access to rental units to members of protected classes 

in historically segregated communities that are hard-hit by the foreclosure crisis and how real estate companies 

and lenders are treating home seekers reentering the sales and lending markets. NCRC will test in the following 

jurisdictions based upon foreclosure, demographic, and rental indices data: Washington, D.C. metropolitan statistical area (MSA); 2) Baltimore, MD MSA; 3) Houston, TX MSA; 4) Las Vegas, NV MSA; 5) Phoenix, AZ MSA; 6) Naples, 

FL MSA; 7) Atlanta, GA MSA; 8) Detroit, MI MSA; 9) Los Angeles, CA MSA; and 10) Cleveland, OH MSA. NCRC will 

also draft, publish, and distribute comprehensive white papers discussing audit results, best practices, and policy 

recommendations. Work will be coordinated from NCRC’s office in Washington, D.C.

National Fair Housing Alliance

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative - National Media Campaign Component – 

$ 1,249,997.00

The National Fair Housing Alliance (NFHA) will use its grant to enhance a centralized, coordinated multi-media 

and web-based effort. The campaign elements will be cohesive and complementary. NFHA will subcontract 

with The Causeway Agency (a public service marketing and advertising firm). The campaign will be distributed throughout the United States and utilize social media efforts such as Google Adwords advertising, YouTube 

TrueView online video campaign, micro-targeted Facebook marketing, mobile marketing through real estate web 

giant Zillow.com, and Twitter Promoted Tweets. Two videos will feature persons who have experienced discrimination and reached a successful resolution through the complaint process. A third video will describe the process 

of HUD investigations in order to meet consumer demand to understand what happens when a complaint is filed. 

NFHA will also capitalize on existing resources by adapting 12 PSAs into 192 national and localizable formats 

designed for use as billboards, mall posters, and various forms of public transit advertising. Other project activities include creating PowerPoint training programs and fair housing informational brochures that can be localized 

District of Columbia, cont.
44 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

and downloaded, webinars, and fair housing posters.

National Fair Housing Alliance

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Lending Component - $324,999.00

The National Fair Housing Alliance (NFHA) will use its grant to implement two major lending and enforcement 

activities. First, NFHA will develop broad-based investigations of mortgage lenders. The organization will analyze 

Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data for 100 lenders in the target area markets to identify lenders for in-depth 

testing or other investigations focusing on identifying market share disparities, geographic distribution of loans, 

and population penetration for access to mortgage credit. Also, NFHA will examine if redlining or other practices 

are limiting access to mortgage credit by training 12 testers to conduct 60 lending test parts. Second, NFHA will 

conduct 100 investigations of foreclosed homes in the targeted areas and provide intensive follow-up collaboration with HUD investigators in five HUD Regions and Headquarters that are currently working on systemic HUD 

complaints filed by NFHA. Further, NFHA will contract through legal counsel to provide analysis and expert reports to the HUD investigators working on more than the 3,900 foreclosed homes in 65 cities that are part of the 

current HUD complaints.

National Fair Housing Alliance

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The National Fair Housing Alliance (NFHA) will use their grant to conduct rental, sales, lending, insurance, and 

design and construction investigations. NFHA will conduct these tests in multiple Community Development 

Block Grant (CDBG) jurisdictions across the country, focusing on underserved cities where no private, non-profit, full-service fair housing centers are located. These systemic investigations will provide CDBG recipients with 

more knowledge about how discrimination occurs in their localities so they can design better remedies in their 

consolidated plans for eliminating barriers to fair housing. NFHA will develop systemic investigations based on 

initial testing evidence and bring administrative or legal enforcement actions. The service areas include Albuquerque-Santa Fe, New Mexico; Louisville, Kentucky; and at least three additional CDBG communities where residential segregation continues unchallenged. NFHA’s project has five related testing and investigation activities 

designed to provide a strategic, systemic approach to challenging illegal activities by rental management companies, real estate brokers, insurance agents, mortgage lenders, servicers and banks, and builders and developers. 

NFHA will recruit and train rental, sales and lending testers to help conduct the investigations. NFHA will collaborate with FHAP agencies and local non-profits to identify companies for investigations.

Florida

Daytona Beach

District of Columbia, cont.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 45

Community Legal Services of Mid-Florida, Inc. 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Community Legal Services of Mid-Florida, Inc. (CLSMF) will use its grant to serve residents of Brevard, Citrus, 

Flagler, Hernando, Lake, Marion, Orange, Osceola, Putnam, Seminole, Sumter and Volusia Counties in Central Florida who may be victims of housing discrimination, lending discrimination, or mortgage rescue fraud. The full-service project will perform fair housing outreach/education throughout Central Florida in order to identify victims 

of housing and lending discrimination or mortgage rescue scams. Materials will be distributed in English, Spanish, 

Vietnamese and Creole; and CLSMF staff will conduct fair housing/fair lending/mortgage rescue educational 

workshops in English, Spanish and Creole to educate area residents on discriminatory housing practices. The project will also continue or initiate at least 30 systemic investigations over a three-year period; project staff will work 

with local counties and municipalities on identifying and overcoming impediments to fair housing choice, and 

will build the capacity of local jurisdictions to affirmatively further fair housing through annual training for state/

local government staff and housing providers; and CLSMF will enforce the Fair Housing Act and fair lending laws 

against violators through complaints filed with HUD or substantially equivalent agencies and through conciliating, mediating and litigating appropriate cases in administrative forums and state/federal court.

Jacksonville

Jacksonville Area Legal Aid, Inc. 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $424,979.00

The Jacksonville Area Legal Aid, Inc. (JALA) will use its FHIP grant to increase compliance with the Fair Housing 

Act and fair housing laws through education, outreach, testing, and filing/litigation. JALA will investigate systemic 

complaints; investigate discriminatory practices and litigate property maintenance, zombie foreclosure, and GarnSt. Germane cases (loan modification for widows). Enforcement will include requesting reasonable accommodations or modifications, mediation, and conciliation or voluntary resolution of housing discrimination complaints 

prior to filing or after the case has been filed. Services and activities will be expanded to additional systemic investigations including zoning restrictions that discriminate against persons with disabilities, and apartments that 

may have been constructed in violation of the Fair Housing Act’s Design and Construction standards. Additional 

systemic investigations may include testing for discrimination in rental, sales, lending, public and private housing 

providers. The service area includes Florida northeast counties: Baker, Bradford, Clay, Duval, Nassau, and St. Johns.
46 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

Lantana

Fair Housing Center of the Greater Palm Beaches, Inc.

FY15 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Fair Housing Center of the Greater Palm Beaches, Inc. (FHC) will use its grant to address housing discrimination throughout 36 municipalities to include the Cities of West Palm Beach, Riviera Beach, Boynton Beach and 

others. FHC will also provide comprehensive services to persons with limited English proficiency and persons with 

disabilities. The organization’s enforcement and education and outreach activities will include: complaint intake, 

completing systemic or complaint based investigations, recruiting and training testers, conducting refresher/

advanced tester training, conducting complaint-based and/or survey test parts, conducting workshops geared 

towards LEP new immigrants; distributing fair housing educational material, and other activities. FHC’s private enforcement and education and outreach efforts will address impediments to fair housing choice and Affirmatively 

Further Fair Housing.

Melbourne

Fair Housing Continuum, Inc.

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Fair Housing Continuum, Inc. (Continuum) will use its grant to start a new systemic investigation of senior/

assisted living facilities and continue two systemic investigations of REO maintenance and a deaf/hard of hearing 

test program throughout its six-county area. The Continuum will provide the full range of fair housing enforcement activities to all persons protected under the Fair Housing Act. The organization will recruit and train testers; 

conduct test parts; provide a website; present at speaking engagements; conduct site assessments and market reviews; provide AFFH to households; initiate systemic investigations with other fair housing organizations; and assist persons with reasonable accommodations/modifications and other activities. The Continuum has added the 

City of Orlando to its geographical operating area and will continue services to the underserved communities of 

homeless persons while focusing on the issues of immigrant populations (limited English speaking) and persons 

with disabilities. Testing investigations indicate that the design and construction of 80% of condominiums have 

not come into compliance with the accessibility requirements of the Fair Housing Act; and with new construction 

on the rebound, the Continuum will continue its investigation of new construction accessibility under this grant.

Miami

Housing Opportunities Project for Excellence, Inc. 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Florida, cont.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 47

Housing Opportunities Project for Excellence, Inc. (HOPE) will use its grant to conduct a full-service project providing culturally competent and accessible fair housing services to all members of protected classes in Miami-Dade 

and Broward Counties, with the goal of increased numbers of complaints from south Florida’s immigrant population, other minorities, persons with disabilities, and other underserved populations. Annually, HOPE will conduct 

the following project activities: conduct fair housing intake and investigate allegations of housing discrimination; 

assist clients requesting reasonable accommodations; provide fair housing counseling to households, including 

immigrant families, on discriminatory housing practices; recruit and train testers; conduct review of housing 

markets and the practices of businesses for the development of systemic investigations; conduct site assessments 

and other methods of investigation; conduct rental, sales, accessibility design/construction, and lending tests; 

test parts; evaluate housing discrimination complaints for enforcement and refer enforcement proposals to HUD, 

private attorneys, and other administrative agencies for appropriate action; establish/ maintain partnerships with 

agencies/organizations; provide fair housing information to local officials on obligations to Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing (AFFH); and conduct targeted outreach to specific groups, including landlords, to inform them 

about fair housing rights and obligations.

Tampa

Bay Area Legal Services, Inc.

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Bay Area Legal Services, Inc. will use its grant to provide services to underserved, vulnerable populations in nine 

high needs, including Plant City, Ruskin, Gibsonton, Wimauma, and the City of Tampa. The project will address 

communities: 1) educational activities to residents with lack of knowledge of fair housing rights, and to housing 

providers about fair housing obligations; 2) discriminatory practices in rental, sales and lending against African 

Americans, Hispanics, Asians, the elderly and persons with disabilities; 3) the preservation of affordable, decent 

housing and create more inclusive communities especially for populations at increased risk of discriminatory 

housing practices; and 4) reasonable accommodations and accessibility for disabled persons. The project will 

affirmatively further fair housing rights through investigation and/or enforcement of 100 cases, 100 paired tests, 

and 12 educational events.

West Palm Beach

Legal Aid Society of Palm Beach County, Inc. 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

The Legal Aid Society of Palm Beach County, Inc., will use its grant to explain to the general public and local housing providers what “equal opportunity in housing” means and what housing providers need to do to comply with 

Florida, cont.
48 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

the Fair Housing Act. Through this project, the organization will address the subtler and technical forms of housing discrimination, such as racially discriminatory lending, discrimination against seniors and persons with mental 

illness, and discriminatory targeting of persons of limited English proficiency.

Legal Aid Society of Palm Beach County, Inc. 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Legal Aid Society of Palm Beach County, Inc. (LASPBC) will use its grant to address local discriminatory housing 

practices by increasing compliance with the federal FHA and with substantially equivalent state and local fair 

housing laws through the following enforcement activities: 1) systematically investigate at least 70 cases, of which 

it is estimated that approximately 15 will be litigated; 2) recruit and train 30 new testers; 3) conduct 75 tests of the 

local housing market, of which 15 will be sales, 45 will be rental, and 15 will target accessibility/reasonable accommodation/modification; 4) conduct at least 12 education and outreach activities targeting underserved communities of immigrant populations, persons with disabilities, veterans and seniors; 5) conduct at least 3 fair housing 

workshops; and (6) refer at least 15 complaints to HUD or the local FHAP agency. The project will concentrate on 

resolving fair housing complaints through mediation or other voluntary resolution processes whenever possible, 

practical, and in the best interest of the client. The service area includes Palm Beach, Martin, Okeechobee and 

Hendry Counties.

Georgia

East Point

Metro Fair Housing Services, Inc. 

FY15 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Metro Fair Housing Services, Inc. (Metro) will use its grant to continue its core fair housing activities in the greater 

Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) by maintaining a satellite office in the northern region of Gwinnett 

County to provide greater access to Georgia residents in bordering areas with large Latino communities that 

include Forsyth, Hall, Cherokee, Cobb Counties and the northern end of Fulton and DeKalb Counties. Metro will 

perform 598 rental, sale and lending tests based on race, national origin, familial status, and disability. Metro will 

collaborate with faith-based and community organizations to conduct 132 education events to reach 2,500 persons. Metro expects to receive 600 housing inquiry intakes from residents throughout the MSA. Metro will file 36 

bona fide fair housing allegations with HUD. Metro will mediate or conciliate a minimum of nine complaints and 

recruit and train a minimum of 40 new testers. Metro will sponsor three Fair Housing Month events in April.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 49

Hawaii

Honolulu

Legal Aid Society of Hawaii

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative –Multi-Year Component - $350,000.00

The Legal Aid Society of Hawaii (LASH) Fair Housing Enforcement Program will use its grant funds for a statewide 

project. Project activities will include materials development; conducting intakes, mediating complaints, assisting with requests for reasonable accommodations and/or modifications; referrals for representation; training for 

testers; conducting tests; and education and outreach programming/activities. The full-service enforcement program for fair housing will focus on increasing education and outreach; increasing disability testing and enforcement; increasing systemic testing for accessibility and structural violations; and expanding the testing program 

statewide, as well as concentrating on increasing recruitment and training for testers on islands other than O’ahu.

Idaho

Boise

Intermountain Fair Housing Council, Inc. 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $119,890.00

The Intermountain Fair Housing Council (IFHC), the newly full-time fair housing enforcement organization in 

Boise, Idaho, will use its grant to provide a statewide, full-service fair housing education and outreach program, 

focused on low-income rural persons, recent immigrants (LEP), persons with disabilities, single-female headsof-households with children, and offer a full-spectrum of fair housing services to all Fair Housing Act protected 

persons. The IFHC will provide various activities of which some include produce and provide two radio Spanish 

fair housing programs or written articles; provide fair housing outreach and education “interpreted” events for LEP 

households in the Treasure and Magic Valleys in Spanish, Arabic, Swahili and Somali; conduct a Hispanic youth 

(HY) outreach project; utilize trained fair housing HY Coordinator & college students to teach 200 Latino youth fair 

housing for dissemination to their families and communities through Hispanic Youth Symposium, Future Hispanic Leaders of America (FHLA), and other methods; and in turn, they teach other community youth in protected 

status groups, including lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender; and implement the New Social Media Strategy, 

Mobile Mondays, and Wednesday Web Chats as well as on-line training.

Intermountain Fair Housing Council, Inc. 

FY15 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00
50 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

The Intermountain Fair Housing Council (IFHC), will use its grant to provide a statewide full-service fair housing 

enforcement program designed to address systemic housing issues across agencies and industries; focused on 

low-income rural, recent immigrants (LEP), persons with disabilities, and single female heads-of-households with 

children, LGBTQ persons, veterans, and homeless; and providing a full-spectrum of fair housing services to all protected persons protected by the Fair Housing Act.

Illinois

Chicago

Access Living of Metropolitan Chicago 

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Access Living of Metropolitan Chicago (Access Living) will use its grant to advance the housing rights of people 

with disabilities within its service area. Investigation and enforcement services will include work on behalf of 

individuals with disabilities to combat discrimination, expand fair housing opportunities and choice, assist individuals’ transition from institutions into community-based housing, improve rental housing, promote accessible 

housing, and foster compliance with fair housing laws. Access Living will recommend policy changes to expand 

housing opportunities and advance fair housing protections for people with disabilities, ensure interagency 

coordination to further fair housing, and educate and collaborate with public and private partners on developing 

affordable, accessible, and integrated housing. The organization’s education assistance activities will include empowering consumers to solve fair housing disputes on their own, instructing housing providers on how to comply 

with fair housing laws, and teaching architects and developers about new construction requirements.

Chicago Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Inc.

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Chicago Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights (CLC) will use its grant to conduct intake; investigation, including 

testing and systemic investigation; mediation and litigation; and outreach, education, and training. Specifically, 

CLC will receive discrimination complaints and refer cases to a panel of 35 pro bono lawyers from Chicago law 

firms. CLC will also recruit testers and conduct complaint-based and systemic testing for housing rental, sales, or 

lending. Lastly, CLC will reach people through its education and outreach efforts with fair housing brochures and 

presentations in English, Spanish, and other languages. CLC will also hold events in collaboration with the Illinois 

Department of Human Rights.

The John Marshall Law School

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $ 124,972.75

The John Marshall Law School will use its grant to expand its Fair Housing Legal Support Center’s (Center) ef-
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 51

forts to inform and educate persons in the Chicago Metropolitan area, especially college and university students 

in protected classes, about fair housing and fair lending laws and their rights under these laws. The 18-month 

program, Fair Housing/Fair Lending: The Next Generation, will target its audiences with age-appropriate presentations and materials. Further, the program will consist of two components. First, the Center will teach two, 3-credit 

hour one-semester fair housing/fair lending courses at the law school to a total of 24 college and university students. A purpose of the course is to create a new generation of fair housing advocates. Students will be allowed 

to take the Fair Housing/Fair Lending course at no cost to them. John Marshall will establish scholarships to cover 

their full tuition and fees. Second, the Center will schedule a minimum of 15 education and outreach events at 

which 24 fair housing/fair lending law presentations will be made specifically targeting audiences ranging from 

students to seniors and all protected classes.

The John Marshall Law School

FY15 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,0000.00

The John Marshall Law School will use its grant to conduct a broad-based, full-service project under the Private 

Enforcement Initiative (PEI) Multi-year Component (MY) to affirmatively further fair housing by assisting persons 

who have been discriminated against in housing with legal representation. The work of the Clinic is certified to be 

consistent with Sustainable Communities Planning and Implementation. The Clinic employs an executive director 

and a project manager who are attorneys, two additional experienced full-time attorneys, one part-time attorney, 

a test coordinator, two project assistants, intake and financials and a bookkeeper/office manager. The grant project includes training approximately 25 interns each year. The law interns work in the Clinic under the supervision 

of practicing attorneys. Over 500 persons are expected to contact the Clinic each year for assistance. Interns or an 

attorney reviews each case and, if the case presents a matter that is potentially covered by the fair housing laws, 

interviews the complainant and make a recommendation whether the case can be effectively handled by the 

Clinic. The attorneys collectively make the final decision on whether the claim is meritorious and falls within the 

Clinic’s guidelines. In appropriate cases, the Clinic conducts testing to determine if discrimination has occurred. 

The Clinic also conducts testing to uncover systemic discrimination. When necessary, the Clinic seeks appropriate 

remedies for its clients in state and federal administrative and judicial proceedings. It will maintain an active caseload of approximately 40 cases a year and will conduct 80 tests a year under this grant.

Homewood

South Suburban Housing Center

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

South Suburban Housing Center (SSHC), which has served over 100 municipalities in the south Chicago metropolitan region for the last 41 years, will use its grant to address activities needed to assist with recovery from 

Illinois, cont.
52 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

the mortgage foreclosure crisis. It will provide education, counseling and advocacy assistance for mortgage 

distressed households victimized by prior discriminatory practices, to prevent predatory lending, mortgage and 

short sale fraud and mortgage modification scams. SSHC will also create partnerships with local organizations, 

governments and FHAP agencies to build capacities to overcome these mortgage lending problems through 

regional efforts to Affirmatively Further Fair Housing.

South Suburban Housing Center 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

South Suburban Housing Center (SSHC) will use its grant to address the continuing need for comprehensive fair 

housing enforcement activities in over 100 municipalities in the south Chicago metropolitan region and in underserved areas of northwest Indiana and central Illinois to treat historic impediments to fair housing causing 

patterns of segregation and assist with the recovery from the mortgage foreclosure crisis. This will be done by 

implementing fair housing complaint intake, strategic testing with increased capacity to conduct systemic investigations, dispute resolution, and when necessary, the filing of HUD and federal court Fair Housing Act violation 

actions. The project also features education and outreach efforts for persons with disabilities, general population, 

and municipal and public housing providers to provide awareness of Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing obligations.

Rockford

Prairie State Legal Services, Inc. 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Prairie State Legal Services, Inc. will use its grant to 1) recruit/train more testers, including developing a base 

of testers in the Peoria area; 2) conduct market reviews and determine testing sites for both audit and complaint-based testing and conduct paired and phone fair housing tests at those sites; 3) conduct investigations 

of systemic discrimination against Hispanics or African-Americans in rental, sales or lending markets to identify 

barriers to housing choice, and file enforcement proposals with HUD or DOJ; 4) intake and represent clients experiencing unfair housing practices, including assistance to persons with disabilities with requests for reasonable 

accommodations; 5) file complaints with HUD, the Illinois Department of Human Rights (IDHR) or the courts and 

represent clients in those proceedings; 6) negotiate, monitor, and enforce settlement agreements; 7) sign formal 

partnership agreements with community agencies and faith-based groups; 8) conduct fair housing education 

and outreach presentations to targeted groups and housing consumers, train housing providers and entitlement 

jurisdictions and their sub-grantees about standards that affirmatively furthering fair housing; and 9) raise public 

awareness of housing discrimination, legal protections and project services through a media campaign reaching Spanish-speaking households, community-wide fair housing month events, PSA’s, the distribution of written 

Ilinois, cont.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 53

materials and brochures, and social networking sites. In years two and three, PSLS continue these activities but 

also: 1) increase its systemic investigations, 2) represent more people with disabilities, and 3) offer communities a 

training session on how zoning laws and building codes can limit housing choice.

West Chicago

H.O.P.E. Inc., dba HOPE Fair Housing Center 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $124,893.00

H.O.P.E. Inc. dba Fair Housing Center will use its grant to create a fair housing presentation that highlights the 

elimination of discrimination and the promotion of integrated living patterns and informs youth about current 

Fair Housing Act protections for young people. The project purpose is to instruct, nurture, inspire, and give young 

people and new immigrants learning English useful fair housing information and resources. HOPE will develop an 

accompanying curriculum appropriate for English as a Second Language (ESL) classes and a before and after survey tool to assess audience knowledge and attitude towards fair housing. HOPE will conduct 80 in-person presentations at selected high schools and ESL classes in the service area. HOPE will also review and analyze the before 

and after fair housing surveys and create a report documenting that information.

HOPE Fair Housing Center

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

HOPE Fair Housing Center’s will use its grant to conduct rental, accessibility, and real estate sales investigations. 

HOPE will also continue to provide the complaint intake, testing, and investigation services it has offered to housing consumers for the past 18 years. This grant will allow HOPE to continue to expand its systemic investigations, 

conduct activities to increase voluntary compliance with fair housing laws, and continue its nationally acclaimed 

education and outreach programs.

Winnetka

Open Communities

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Open Communities will use its grant to serve 16 northern Cook and southern Lake County suburbs north of 

Chicago by conducting a full-service, broad-based fair housing enforcement project. Comprehensive enforcement activities will be provided through systemic and complaint-based investigations that monitor and act upon 

discriminatory practices in the housing industry to ensure that all people have an equal opportunity to apply for 

and retain housing of their choice. Open Communities is currently engaged in complaint intake and investigation, 

testing for fair housing violations, and enforcement of meritorious claims.

Ilinois, cont.
54 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

Indiana

Indianapolis

Fair Housing Center of Central Indiana, Inc. 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $87,513.00

The Fair Housing Center of Central Indiana (FHCCI) will use its grant to provide fair housing education on the 

federal Fair Housing Act throughout the FHCCI service area. To this end, the goal is to provide fair housing education and outreach through trainings, webinars, new publications, PSAs, and outreach mailings across the FHCCI’s 

24 county service area. Project activities will include the following: (1) conducting 10 fair housing trainings with 

three of these trainings being in counties outside of MSAs; (2) conducting two Spanish language fair housing 

trainings; (3) conducting four fair housing disability trainings; (4) conducting three fair housing LGBT trainings; (5) 

conducting five fair housing webinars; (6) conducting a fair housing legal seminar; (7) conducting a fair housing 

training for Columbus city staff; (8) conducting three topic specific trainings on fair lending, AFFH, and disparate 

impact (emphasis on affordable housing placement); and (9) creating new fair housing publications and Public 

Service Announcements in English, Spanish, and Burmese.

Fair Housing Center of Central Indiana, Inc.

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Fair Housing Center of Central Indiana (FHCCI) project area will use its grant to serve over 1.8 million residents, primarily the 13 counties of central Indiana (Boone, Clinton, Delaware, Hamilton, Hancock, Hendricks, 

Johnson, Madison, Marion, Monroe, Morgan, Rush, and Shelby). This area encompasses the Indianapolis Metro 

Area, surrounding counties, and two rural counties. The primary purposes of this grant are to: continue current 

efforts to affirmatively further fair housing; expand the public’s knowledge of the services of the FHCCI to uncover 

incidents of housing discrimination; conduct testing and other investigation tools to effectively address identified 

unlawful discrimination; support a variety of training programs on fair housing and further diversify the types 

of programs; and continue projects related to the investigation of systemic predatory lending allegations and 

other systemic investigations begun under previous FHIP awards. Activities include: conduct intake and investigations of housing discrimination; complete rental test parts; conduct systemic investigations; partner with other 

fair housing organizations on systemic investigations; file meritorious fair housing complaints with HUD/FHAP/

courts; conduct fair housing trainings; and conduct an accessibility training seminar, an attorney training seminar, 

an Olmstead/fair housing training, and yearly April fair housing conference.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 55

Kentucky

Lexington

Lexington Fair Housing Council, Inc. 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Lexington Fair Housing Council will use its grant funding for the purpose of continuing its successful enforcement program. The funds will be used to conduct the following tasks: an expanded program of systemic paired 

sales and rental testing throughout Kentucky; reasonable accommodation testing; accessibility surveys; a hotline 

for housing providers seeking legal advice on fair housing laws; fair housing trainings for housing providers; trainings for housing providers on working with the mentally ill; continue to staff and advertise a program to provide 

immediate advice to those under pressure to take out predatory loans; providing education and monitoring for 

local homeownership programs; outreach to the community (including workshops in languages other than English); promotion of language access by housing providers; partner with Kentucky State University (a Historically 

Black College) to educate their students about fair housing laws; intake on housing discrimination issues; obtaining reasonable accommodations/modifications; filing fair housing complaints; litigation; and mediations.

Louisiana

New Orleans

Greater New Orleans Fair Housing Action Center, Inc.

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

The Greater New Orleans Fair Housing Action Center (FHAC) will use its grant to concentrate on educating protected class members and housing providers throughout the state of Louisiana about their rights and responsibilities under the Fair Housing Act and applicable local and state fair housing regulations. Activities will include: 

1) host one fair housing summit for at least 100 participants, 2) host three educational events for Fair Housing 

Month 2017, 3) provide education and outreach services and materials in English and at least two other languages (French, Spanish, Vietnamese, and/or Portuguese) regarding the rights and responsibilities afforded by the Fair 

Housing Act; 4) update fair housing educational material to include information on HUD’s criminal background 

guidance and the 2015 Louisiana Violence Against Women Act; and 5) create webinar, website, or other online 

learning tools to provide housing providers with information about their responsibilities under the Act.

Greater New Orleans Fair Housing Action Center, Inc.

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00
56 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

The Greater New Orleans Fair Housing Action Center (FHAC) will use its grant to continue providing fair housing 

services to individuals and families in the service area of southeast Louisiana. This project is designed to serve all 

individuals protected under the federal Fair Housing Act. Activities will include: intake and investigate new housing queries; conduct rental test parts and additional test parts; conduct investigations of alleged discrimination 

that is pervasive or institutional in nature or where the collection and analysis of data to develop a complaint will 

involve complex issues, novel questions of fact or law, or will potentially affect a large number of persons; make 

fair housing presentations to first time homebuyers; conduct targeted outreach about fair housing; evaluate 

business practices of businesses covered by housing discrimination laws; and conduct a variety of other activities 

such as analysis and the provision of technical assistance to help covered entities meet their obligation to AFFH, 

including the Housing Authority of New Orleans and the City of Baton Rouge.

Maryland

Baltimore

Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc.

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Baltimore Neighborhoods, Inc. (BNI) will use its grant funds to address the need for meaningful fair housing enforcement, education, and outreach services in Maryland. BNI will utilize a comprehensive approach of fair housing investigation and enforcement, providing technical assistance and training to fair housing organizations, and 

providing education and outreach to the public. Specifically, BNI will recruit and train testers; coordinate and conduct fair housing tests; conduct intake and investigation of allegations of housing discrimination and file applicable enforcement referrals of complainants to HUD; conduct MFD surveys; conduct “Fair Housing Matters” trainings; respond to fair housing inquiries; and conduct “Fair Housing 101” events to Metropolitan Baltimore Quadel 

(MBQ), its staff, landlords, and tenants, and introduce audiences to their fair housing rights and responsibilities.

Maine

Portland

Pine Tree Legal Assistance

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Pine Tree Legal Assistance will use its grant to represent individuals who have been victims of discriminations; advocate for protected classes in local, regional, and statewide forums; educate the community about fair 

housing; and affirmatively further fair housing. In addition, testing will be used to identify systemic discrimination 

against all protected categories, education and outreach efforts will be designed both to strengthen awareness 

of fair housing laws and protections among individuals vulnerable to discrimination and to strengthen capacity 

among government and nonprofit partners to enforce and extend fair housing protections for all vulnerable indi-
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 57

viduals around Maine.

Massachusetts

Boston

Fair Housing Center of Greater Boston 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $124,999.98

Fair Housing Center of Greater Boston (FHCGB) in cooperation with its partners will use its grant to undertake 

its “Fair Housing for All” Campaign to inform the general public about their rights, duties and obligations under 

the Fair Housing Act. Activities include (a) providing 60 fair housing trainings for protected class members with a 

special focus on fair lending, families with children, Section 8 voucher holders, domestic violence, lead paint, harassment, criminal background checks and Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing (AFFH) policy; (b) marketing “Fair 

Housing for All” campaign by selecting segments of its Fair Housing trainings to be recorded and used to create 5 

webinars on the FHCGB website which end with a short advertisement urging people to host fair housing trainings and file complaints; (c) upgrading all of the organization’s educational materials (brochures and factsheets) 

and produce new materials in the 12 languages of the region for every federal protected class and special issues 

such as Section 8 voucher holders, domestic violence, lead paint, harassment, criminal background checks and 

AFFH policy; (d) distributing 1000 brochures throughout the region in the 13 prominent languages of the region; 

(e) conducting outreach to its regional audience by designing and implementing a regional media campaign to 

parallel its educational work by utilizing print media (writing 10 op-eds/articles for local newspapers, newsletters, 

websites and housing blogs), electronic media (appearing on 10 television, radio, cable shows, YouTube shows 

and distributing 50 PSAs) and social media (Facebook, Twitter, creating a YouTube channel for videos), and upgrading the FHCGB website to be more user-friendly, accessible to the visually impaired and inter-active in the 13 

prominent languages of the region; (f) continuing to strengthen and expand its participation in various partnerships; and (g) participating in a major Fair Housing Month event during April 2017 and 2018.

Fair Housing Center of Greater Boston 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Fair Housing Center of Greater Boston (FHCGB) will use its grant to provide services in Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, 

Suffolk and Plymouth Counties; and the project will serve members of all protected classes under the FHA and 

substantially equivalent state law. Planned activities include: intake of housing discrimination inquiries; investigate individual and/or systemic housing discrimination complaints and refer complaints to HUD/MCAD; utilize 

a full-service testing program for rental, sales, mortgage and insurance housing discrimination; assist 10 cities, 

towns and/or municipalities with their Analysis of Impediments Plans, providing 10 Affirmatively Furthering Fair 

Housing trainings to non-profit organizations, cities, towns and/or municipalities; cultivate current/new partnerships with coalitions; provide education and training sessions to housing seekers and housing providers in 12 

different languages; distribute 2000 brochures as a part of fair housing trainings; and provide housing counseling 
58 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

sessions for individuals/families.

Suffolk University

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $123,778.00

The Suffolk University Law School Housing Discrimination Testing Program (HDTP) will use its grant to engage 

in a number of activities designed to provide fair housing information to large groups of people. HDTP’s grant 

activities will build upon the work that the organization has already completed in previous grants, and provide 

an excellent complement to the organization’s ongoing fair housing work in the areas of testing, enforcement, 

and academic studies, to allow HDTP to maximize the impact of its fair housing activities. Activities will include: 

providing fair housing trainings for members of community groups, with a special focus on the most common 

languages in the project area: English, Spanish, and Chinese; offering an online and/or hybrid fair housing course 

for law students; exploring platforms for an online and/or hybrid fair housing course for housing professionals; 

reaching out to housing authorities regarding problematic language on websites; continuing to host quarterly 

meetings for fair housing professionals; offering a fair housing conference for those who work in the fair housing 

field; continuing to offer various other fair housing training sessions; and developing an assessment form or survey to measure presentation effectiveness and have the tool translated into languages other than English.

Suffolk University

FY14 Multi-Year Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Suffolk University Law School (SULS) Housing Discrimination Testing Program (HDTP) will use its grant to 

continue and expand its fair housing work, which includes systemic and complaint-based testing, intake, investigations and representation of people with fair housing complaints. SULS students, particularly those in the Accelerator Practice (formerly known as the Housing Clinic), will have significant live client contact and will interview 

and counsel clients with fair housing matters; prepare pleadings, discovery, and memoranda; prepare and argue 

motions; and conduct negotiations, administrative hearings, and trials. Students will also assist clients with reasonable accommodation or modification requests. Student s handle administrative matters before various housing authorities, housing discrimination matters before the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination, 

and housing cases in Boston Housing Court and Chelsea District Court. Clients have the benefit of not only working with a dedicated student, but also an experienced attorney who supervises the student’s work. The service 

area will be the Greater Boston area; however, testing may be done in other areas of Massachusetts based on 

ability and test requests.

Holyoke

Massachusetts Fair Housing Center, Inc. 

Massachusetts, cont.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 59

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Massachusetts Fair Housing Center, Inc., (MFHC) will use its grant to expand its capacity to conduct systemic testing investigations for language access, steering practices, and discrimination based on family status and disability. MFHC will build on the success of its Housing Mobility Support Program (the only housing mobility program 

operated by a FHIP agency in Massachusetts) through a new collaboration with HAPHousing. To increase public 

awareness of fair housing rights, MFHC intends to increase its education and outreach program through collaboration with public and private partners and by shifting costs onto those liable for discrimination. MFHC will 

conduct 750 complaints intakes and conduct 1,090 tests. Included in the testing are four special systemic testing 

investigations to uncover discriminatory treatment of: (1) victims of domestic violence who have limited English 

proficiency; (2) Hispanics and African Americans in the sales market; (3) families with children; and (4) people with 

disabilities. MFHC will also undertake policy advocacy with six (6) municipalities for zoning policies that promote 

inclusive communities.

New Bedford

SouthCoast Fair Housing, Inc.

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative General Component – $125,000.00

SouthCoast Fair Housing (SCFH) will use its grant to implement fair housing education and outreach activities in 

underserved Rhode Island and Bristol and Plymouth Counties, in Massachusetts. SCFH’s education and outreach 

activities will include training for public housing authorities, housing counselors and housing providers; outreach 

to first-time homebuyers, linguistically-isolated individuals, and disabled individuals; enhancement, translation to 

Portuguese and Spanish, printing and distribution of fair housing informational materials; enhancement of SCFH’s 

website and social media presence; and development of a complaint referral protocol with Rhode Island Commission on Human Rights. Further, SCFH will leverage its existing partnerships and develop new ones to specifically 

target education and outreach activities that have the most impact in the region as well as continue its participation in the Massachusetts Statewide Fair Housing Coalition.

SouthCoast Fair Housing, Inc.

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative Multi-Year Component – $300,000.00

SouthCoast Fair Housing (SCFH) will use its grant to continue and expand its fair housing enforcement and education and outreach activities in underserved Bristol and Plymouth Counties, in southeastern Massachusetts, and 

in the underserved state of Rhode Island. This project will expand SCFH’s capacity to meet the fair housing needs 

of a region that experiences substantial rates of housing segregation. SCFH will expand its service area to include 

Rhode Island, doubling the population of its service area to approximately 2 million. SCFH’s full service project will 

include fair housing intake, evaluation, and enforcement; audit- and complaint-based fair housing testing; sysMassachusetts, cont.
60 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

temic investigations; and monitoring of rental real estate advertisements. Education and outreach activities will 

include adding to SCFH’s current fair housing brochures, website, and press kit to appropriately reference Rhode 

Island; printing and distributing 15,000 brochures in English, Spanish, and Portuguese; conducting outreach and 

workshops/trainings; informing local officials about their obligation to affirmatively further fair housing; and 

building on SCFH’s current website and social media presence. Lastly, SCFH will support efforts to hold a fair housing training event in Rhode Island and to organize the Annual Fair Housing and Civil Rights Conference in Springfield, Massachusetts as well as participate in the Massachusetts Statewide Fair Housing Coalition.

Springfield

HAP, Inc.

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative General Component –$125,000.00

HAP, Inc., in partnership with the Massachusetts Fair Housing Center will use its grant to provide services to more 

than 825,000 individuals living in Hampden, Hampshire, Franklin, and Berkshire counties in Massachusetts. HAP’s 

fair housing education program will provide a variety of outreach, education and counseling services to increase 

the understanding of fair housing rights among members of all protected classes as well as help housing providers gain a better understanding of fair housing and reasonable accommodation obligations.

Worcester

Community Legal Aid, Inc.

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Community Legal Aid, Inc. (CLA) of Worcester will use its grant to perform fair housing investigation and enforcement activities throughout central Massachusetts. Specifically, CLA will conduct outreach and investigate 

complaints of housing discrimination, recruit and train testers, and litigate meritorious cases, obtaining monetary 

damages and injunctive relief for clients. In addition, CLA will educate the region’s public housing authorities 

on their obligations to limited English proficiency applicants and tenants and their fair housing responsibilities 

during the admissions and eviction processes. In addition, CLA will develop and distribute fair housing materials, 

and hold community legal education workshops for vulnerable populations, housing providers, local government, and human service providers. Lastly, CLA will participate in a working group of the U.S. Department of 

Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Fair Housing Initiatives Program-funded organizations and the Commonwealth’s largest HUD Fair Housing Assistance Program agency.

Massachusetts, cont.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 61

Michigan

Ann Arbor

Fair Housing Center of Southeastern Michigan 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Fair Housing Center of Southeastern Michigan (FHC-Southeast) will use its grant to provide fair housing enforcement services and systemic testing in Washtenaw, Clinton, Eaton, Ingham, Jackson, Lenawee, Livingston, and 

Monroe Counties in southern mid-Michigan. Project activities will include: developing a plan for taking new fair 

housing complaints; completing test parts, including systemic testing; rental testing, sales testing, lending testing, and investigating the accessibility of new construction; training new testers; and gaining reasonable accommodations or modification for complainants with disabilities.

Detroit

Fair Housing Center of Metropolitan Detroit 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Fair Housing Center of Metropolitan Detroit (FHCMD) will use its grant to conduct the following fair housing 

related enforcement activities: recruit and train testers; conduct complaint intake; assist individuals in filing complaints with HUD or the Michigan Department of Civil Rights (MDCR); refer complaints to HUD; conduct complaint 

based tests including rental, sales, and tests of mortgage lenders, and conduct systemic tests of housing providers in the metropolitan Detroit area. FHCMD anticipates receiving and investigating a number of complaints of 

discrimination involving affordable rental housing primarily involving properties in Wayne, Oakland and Macomb 

Counties. These will be complaints alleging discrimination based on any of the characteristics protected under 

the Fair Housing Act or substantially equivalent fair housing laws. Testing will be conducted in relation to those 

complaints, complainants will be advised of their right to file their complaint with HUD, and, if adequate evidence 

of unlawful treatment is present some complainants will choose to be referred to attorneys.

Flint

Legal Services of Eastern Michigan 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component -$300,000.00

Legal Services of Eastern Michigan (LSEM) will use its grant to support the Fair Housing Center of Eastern Michigan, which offers comprehensive fair housing services in Bay, Genesee, Midland, and Saginaw Counties, as well 

as conducts complaint-based testing in the remainder of LSEM’s 14-county region. Fair housing services include 

testing, enforcement, outreach, education, and research. While testing and enforcement activities are the heart 
62 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

of the fair housing services the Center provides, the Center also readily responds to housing discrimination complaints from community members.

Grand Rapids

Fair Housing Center of West Michigan 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

The Fair Housing Center of West Michigan (FHCWM) will use its grant to provide technical fair housing education 

and training to housing providers, local governments, landlords, and developers; provide general fair housing education and outreach to homeless and disability support organizations, home seekers, community members and 

social service agencies; provide translated materials and the use of translation services and interpreters to help 

ensure meaningful access to information on fair housing rights and protections; and develop and provide new 

and innovating fair housing curricula and materials to further awareness of fair housing rights and expand equal 

housing choice and access for families with children.

Fair Housing Center of West Michigan 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Fair Housing Center of West Michigan (FHCWM) will use its grant to provide comprehensive fair housing 

enforcement services throughout a 12-county service area in west Michigan to include the counties of Allegan, 

Grand Traverse, Isabella, Ionia, Kent, Muskegon, Mecosta, Montcalm, Newaygo, Oceana, Osceola and Ottawa, as 

well as other areas without services. FHCWM will work within all aspects (i.e., sales, rental, lending, insurance, etc.) 

of the housing market to provide fair housing enforcement and related services to people within all federally protected classes. This project will enforce compliance of the Fair Housing Act; detect, address and remove systemic 

barriers to fair housing choice and equal housing opportunity; promote inclusive patterns of housing occupancy; 

and educate those in the service area on fair housing rights. Among FHCWM’s planned activities include providing fair housing enforcement services; providing complete site and allegation investigation; providing fair 

housing education via outreach, training, publications, documents, and a website; and partnering with local and 

national fair housing organizations/groups to provide technical assistance and guidance, promote knowledge 

sharing and capacity building, increase compliance with fair housing laws, and affirmatively further fair housing.

Kalamazoo

Fair Housing Center of Southwest Michigan 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

Michigan, cont.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 63

The Fair Housing Center of Southwest Michigan (the Center) will use its grant to conduct five “Mobile Meet-Ups” 

forums designed to bring community members together in each of the entitlement cities in the organization’s 

service area to work together to create a culture of housing opportunity. The Center’s emphasis will be to increase 

the knowledge and understanding of the root causes of segregation and housing discrimination and to help prepare community members to engage in the process of eliminating barriers to housing choice in their community. 

In particular, the Center will continue to work directly with local governments and non-profit organizations to 

understand and meet their affirmatively further fair housing obligations.

Fair Housing Center of Southwest Michigan 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Fair Housing Center of Southwest Michigan (the Center) will use its grant to continue promoting integration 

and eliminating housing discrimination in nine counties of southwest Michigan. Project emphases will be to increase systemic investigation activities, particularly in the areas of disability, race and familial status; and to continue to work with local governments and non-profit organizations to understand and meet their “Affirmatively 

Furthering Fair Housing” obligations. With the assistance of the Center, people will realize their rights and responsibilities and we will be on the road to increasing integration and eliminating housing discrimination in southwest 

Michigan.

Minnesota

Minneapolis

Mid-Minnesota Legal Assistance 

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Lending Component - $325,000.00

Mid-Minnesota Legal Assistance (Legal Aid), and Southern Minnesota Regional Legal Services (SMRLS) will use 

its grant to address discriminatory lending and related unfair practices affecting persons in all protected classes 

in the Twin Cities metro area. The activities include: partnering with homeownership groups and their clients 

to educate clients, detect and investigate violations and enforce fair lending rights of home seekers; partnering 

with homeownership groups, legal and social science experts, community members and others to investigate 

the specific sources of home lending disparities and develop systemic responses to fair lending violations; providing fair lending enforcement services including investigation, testing, legal advice, negotiation, and litigation 

using Fair Housing Act and consumer protection rights to at least 150 complainants, including victims of lending 

discrimination and financing scams, mortgage servicing errors, equity stripping and other violations, with the 

goal to affirmatively protect and extend the homeownership interests of protected class persons; establishing 

partnerships to develop and support public and private policy actions that affirmatively further fair housing by 

increasing homeownership for protected classes and, more broadly, increasing housing choices throughout the 
64 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

region; and sharing knowledge and expanding capacity by training homeownership counselors, attorneys, other 

professionals, government officials and community groups on best practices to address lending discrimination 

and other causes of home ownership disparities in the region.

Mid-Minnesota Legal Assistance 

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Mid-Minnesota Legal Aid (Legal Aid) will use its grant to partner with Southern Minnesota Regional Legal Services 

to improve Fair Housing Act enforcement in 53 southern and central Minnesota counties. Legal Aid will provide 

fair housing enforcement services to complainants, conduct fair housing testing, and collaborate with the St. Paul 

Department of Human Rights to address systemic discrimination through testing, training, and enforcement. 

Legal Aid also will help strengthen area jurisdictions’ efforts to develop the Regional Analysis of Impediments, 

participate in local transit oriented development planning, analyze regional Section 8 voucher utilization data 

and use the analysis to develop and advocate for best practices to increase use and mobility of the vouchers, and 

create a Spanish language mirror site for its web-based fair housing resource guide.

Mississippi

Jackson

Housing Education and Economic Development 

FY2015 Private Enforcement Initiative Multi-Year Component - $233,538.00

Housing Education and Economic Development (HEED) has been conducting fair housing activities that include 

education and outreach, intake, and testing projects, for Mississippi residents from across the state, for more than 

26 years from its Jackson, Mississippi office. HEED will use its grant to increase its capacity to perform fair housing 

enforcement as well as to continue to educate persons of all the protected classes, including persons with disabilities, local government officials, housing industry workers, and disability rights advocates as well as the general 

public about the fair housing rights of individuals and federal accessibility guidelines. HEED will conduct a series 

of systemic tests throughout the State to determine if fair housing laws and regulations are being adhered to in 

the State of Mississippi. Complaint interviews will be conducted and fair housing violations will be referred to 

HUD for investigation. In addition, HEED will perform some fair housing education and outreach with this grant. 

This 36-month project will result in more awareness of fair housing laws and regulations and especially an increased number of fair housing complaints being filed in this State to get the message across that fair housing is 

the law.

Mississippi Center for Justice

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 65

The Mississippi Center for Justice, a private, non-profit 501(c)(3) public interest organization with the mission of 

advancing racial and economic justice in the state of Mississippi, will use its grant to conduct a community-based, 

statewide fair housing education and outreach project targeting underserved populations living in rural areas. 

Specifically, the project will conduct 15 fair housing educational workshops in the following rural counties: Chickasaw, Clarke, Franklin, Greene, Holmes, Humphreys, Jasper, Jefferson, Marion, Neshoba, Panola, Perry, Sharkey, 

Smith, and Tishomingo. The organization’s project activities are designed to advance the Affirmatively Furthering 

Fair Housing (AFFH) Assessment to be conducted by the Entitlement City of Hattiesburg, Mississippi in 2017. The 

project includes providing education to municipal officials regarding HUD’s new AFFH assessment process, and 

the AFFH assessment tool provided by HUD. Lastly, the project will identify community stakeholders and provides 

assistance and tools designed to maximize stakeholder engagement and participation in the AFFH assessment 

process.

Mississippi Center for Justice

FY16 Fair Housing Organization Initiative Continuing Development Component - $86,473.00.00

The Mississippi Center for Justice will use its grant to provide for the expansion and/or creation of systemic investigations of housing discrimination throughout the State of Mississippi. The Project will provide full service, 

broad-based comprehensive fair housing enforcement services to all protected classes in all markets, with special 

emphasis upon education and enforcement service delivery to underserved populations living in rural areas. The 

organization will conduct systemic testing and testing to investigate individual complaints alleging discriminatory housing practices in all markets to determine compliance with the Fair Housing Act, including reasonable 

accommodation and modification policies of the Fair Housing Act.

Missouri

Jefferson City

Missouri Commission on Human Rights 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $124,989.00

The Missouri Commission on Human Rights (MCHR) will use its grant to provide a multidimensional fair housing 

education and outreach program. The focus will be centered on providing education and outreach on fair housing laws and affirmatively furthering fair housing (AFFH) in the Missouri Bootheel and the St. Louis Promise Zone. 

MCHR will promote fair housing through youth programs, advertising, radio public service announcements, a direct mail campaign to rental households, and free educational sessions targeted to housing industry professionals, service providers, government officials, and consumers designed to increase awareness of fair housing rights 

and AFFH obligations and participation process.
66 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

St. Louis

Metropolitan St. Louis Equal Housing and Opportunity Council

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Metropolitan St. Louis Equal Housing and Opportunity Council (EHOC) will use its grant to affirmatively 

further fair housing in Missouri and Southern Illinois by offering fair housing complaint intake and investigation, 

advocacy, education, and systemic and complaint-based testing. Education and outreach will include a newsletter, workshops, “Know Your Rights” sessions/workshops, and speaking engagements in the community. EHOC will 

continue to update its neighborhood housing locator for five counties in Missouri and Illinois that helps people 

move to areas of opportunity and utilize email testing to examine rates of discrimination in the rental, sales and 

lending markets.

Montana

Butte

Montana Fair Housing, Inc.

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $205,838.00

Montana Fair Housing, Inc. (MFH) will use its grant funds to support the citizens of the state of Montana. Planned 

activities include: completion and distribution of its quarterly newsletter; implementation of an educational radio 

advertising campaign; coordination with state and local agencies, and agencies and organizations serving protected class members, to facilitate outreach and education activities; and complete mediations (dispute resolutions) including those involving requests for reasonable accommodations and modifications. MFH will also continue to initiate and complete investigations of systemic violations; train additional testers; conduct systemic and 

complaint-based testing; and refer testing-based enforcement actions to HUD.

Nebraska

Omaha

Family Housing Advisory Services, Inc. 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Family Housing Advisory Services, Inc. (FHAS) will use its grant to continue to operate the Fair Housing Center 

of Nebraska as one of its key programs. The scope of its activities is full-service and broad-based in nature, covering all types of housing transactions and all protected classes under federal, state, and local laws. It expands 

enforcement activities to specific areas in Nebraska and western Iowa, with a focus on systemic issues facing 

new immigrant populations, especially individuals and families with limited or no English skills, and persons with 
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 67

disabilities, including returning veterans. Project activities will include intake and fair housing assessments; conducting matched pair fair housing tests; and investigating all complaints of housing discrimination generated by 

project activities. Additionally, a 24-hour toll free hotline and internet website will be maintained to assist persons 

throughout the states of Nebraska and Iowa with complaints of discriminatory housing actions; and education 

and outreach services will be provided.

Nevada

Reno

Silver State Fair Housing Council 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Silver State Fair Housing Council (SSFHC) will use its grant funds to address the increasing demand for its services 

throughout Nevada, which has no FHAP agency to enforce fair housing laws. SSFHC will continue its current enforcement program and expand capability to conduct systemic investigations of housing discrimination through 

implementation of varied activities. These activities will include: conducting complaint intakes; investigation 

allegations; developing viable enforcement proposals; referring all bona fide claims to HUD; referring at least one 

bona fide complaint to an attorney; facilitating at least two conciliations of client complaints per year; facilitating 

reasonable accommodation/modification requests; recruiting testers and providing tester refresher training for 

experienced testers; conducting rental test parts and additional accessibility testing; identifying and tracking new 

multi-family housing permits and conducting on-site assessments; promoting compliance with fair housing laws 

by conducting yearly trainings for housing consumers, housing providers, and social service providers; and providing fair housing information through the web, advertising, social media, and mail.

New Hampshire

Concord

New Hampshire Legal Assistance 

FY15 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

New Hampshire Legal Assistance (NHLA) will use its grant to sustain and expand its statewide fair housing work 

performed by its Fair Housing Project. NHLA will continue its comprehensive, multi-faceted work plan to address 

and combat housing discrimination in New Hampshire. Further, NHLA will conduct systemic testing and provide 

phone-assisted counsel and advice or full legal representation, as applicable, to those in need of fair housing 

assistance; enhance its capacity to serve Spanish speaking clients by hiring a bilingual intake worker; and engage 

in targeted outreach to persons with disabilities, including those seeking to enter or remain in assisted living 

facilities; survivors of family violence experiencing difficulties in housing; and immigrants. Founded in 1971, NHLA 

is a statewide legal aid organization dedicated to providing high quality legal services to vulnerable low-income 
68 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

and elderly clients. NHLA has received statewide recognition for the expertise of its attorneys in fair housing law, 

landlord/tenant law, state and federal housing subsidy regulations, and homelessness prevention.

New Jersey

Hackensack

Fair Housing Council of Northern New Jersey 

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Fair Housing Council of Northern New Jersey (the Council) will use its FHIP grant to serve the entire state of 

New Jersey. The Council will intake, investigate and refer FHIP funded complaints of housing discrimination to the 

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The Council will work closely with HUD, the U.S. Department of Justice, and the New Jersey Division on Civil Rights on developing and investigating systemic complaints of housing discrimination, including recruiting and training testers and conducting rental and sales tests. 

The Council will provide education and outreach on fair housing and Title VIII by addressing community organizations and distributing 5,000 flyers to faith-based, veterans, religious, and disability advocacy groups, as well as to 

local merchants and grass roots organizations. The Council also will purchase newspaper, print, and journal ads to 

advertise the project and its services.

Newark

Citizen Action of New Jersey

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

Citizen Action of New Jersey (aka NJ Citizen Action/NJCA) will use its grant to educate NJ’s traditionally underserved communities on their rights under the Fair Housing Act and other consumer protection laws, as well as 

help consumers understand, avoid and report housing discrimination in all its forms (i.e. discrimination in rental 

housing, predatory mortgage lending, foreclosure rescue scams, etc.). NJCA will also work to identify new fair 

housing issues and trends that arise (e.g., housing discrimination against displaced homeowners/renters affected by Hurricane Sandy, or mortgage lending discrimination against women on maternity leave). As part of these 

efforts, NJCA will increase knowledge of community leaders on housing discrimination, predatory lending and 

foreclosure rescue scams so they in turn can teach their clients how to avoid and report fair housing violations; increase fair housing knowledge of consumers in communities with high concentrations of minorities, people with 

disabilities, new immigrants, and/or people with Limited English Proficiency across NJ; and increase identification 

and referral of fair housing complaints to HUD and Fair Housing Enforcement Organizations.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 69

New York

Bohemia

Long Island Housing Services, Inc. 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative General Component - $125,000.00 

Long Island Housing Services, Inc. (LIHS) will use its grant to inform people of their rights and responsibilities 

under the Fair Housing Act through four major paths: (1) develop educational and outreach capacities of the 

agency; (2) develop media capabilities; (3) develop partnerships with organizations and jurisdictions to foster 

educational opportunities while providing direct contact with individuals regarding fair housing; and (4) assist 

and support fair housing investigations. LIHS will conduct the following education and outreach activities: train 

staff; develop a protocol on press releases and publish press releases; host “Vivienda Justa/Fair Housing” podcast 

programs in English and Spanish to inform Long Island of their fair housing rights; refine and update training presentations; conduct presentations on LIHS’ fair housing services to the public; identify the 6 most used languages 

on Long Island and develop a language access plan; use agency social media pages and website to communicate 

about fair housing; identify community-based organizations and university/college Chinese and Haitian Creole 

language programs to assist in translating LIHS’ outreach materials; reach out to NYS, Suffolk and Nassau County 

Bar Associations to co/sponsor a fair housing training for attorney Continuing Legal Education Units (CLEs); organize a fair housing Training for 13 of Long Island’s largest Community Development Entitlement Jurisdictions and 

associated sub-grantees to provide updated information and resources on HUD’ s new AFFH rule and AFH tool; 

and conduct a 6 month evaluations of the EOI program to verify that it is effectively affirmatively furthering fair 

housing.

Long Island Housing Services, Inc. 

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Long Island Housing Services (LIHS) will use its grant to provide comprehensive Fair Housing services for the Long 

Island region. Services will include counseling, investigations, and tests for familial status in the rental market. 

LIHS will pursue enforcement actions in cases where evidence supports an ability to challenge discrimination. 

LIHS also will conduct systemic rental and sales investigations of real estate and housing providers for discrimination based on race, national origin, and disability, and investigate lenders’ practices related to real estate 

owned (REO) Quick Sales in communities with disproportionately large African Americans and Latino populations 

identified as impacted by foreclosure crisis and predatory lending abuses. Outreach and education activities will 

include educational events and presentations to raise awareness of rights/resources for vulnerable target groups, 

including limited English proficiency and English language learner populations, Language Line facilitation of 

communication with limited English proficiency requests, and expansion of materials for people with visual and 
70 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

auditory disabilities.

Brooklyn

Brooklyn Legal Services Corporation A 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative - General - $125,000.00

Brooklyn Legal Services Corporation (Brooklyn A) will use its grant to support their Fair Housing Education Outreach Project (the Project). Through the Project, Brooklyn A will provide affirmative, informational, and educational outreach to apprise Kings (Brooklyn) County residents of their protections under the federal and local fair housing laws, and how they can enforce them in the face of housing discrimination. In raising fundamental awareness 

of fair housing laws, these services will empower county residents to assert their rights and prevent fair housing 

transgressions. In addition, Brooklyn A will implement a comprehensive outreach schedule of 142 fair housing 

know-your-rights workshops, community presentations, and informational meetings, scheduled throughout the 

county, expecting the education and outreach efforts to directly reach 2,220 residents of Kings (Brooklyn) County 

and impact an additional 16,160 individuals.

Brooklyn Legal Services Corporation A 

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative - Multi-Year - $300,000.00

Brooklyn Legal Services Corporation will use its grant to work with an experienced coalition of partners to provide 

comprehensive assistance to New York City residents facing foreclosure because of Fair Housing Act violations. 

BLSC will generate and accept referrals of clients at risk of foreclosure and eviction due to fair housing violations 

in New York City; screen, investigate, and analyze all complaints through testing to identify individual and systemic patterns of discrimination; generate maps to support housing discrimination claims; refer meritorious housing 

discrimination complaints to state and federal enforcement agencies; file affirmative enforcement litigation to address systemic fair housing violations; and provide legal and other assistance to help targeted households retain 

safe and affordable housing and access fair credit. In addition, project staff will provide training and support to 

partner local agencies and organizations and education to the public about discriminatory practices and available 

remedies.

Brooklyn Legal Services Corporation (formerly South Brooklyn)

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative - Multi-Year - $300,000.00

The Brooklyn Legal Services will use its grant to provide comprehensive assistance to New York City residents 

facing foreclosure because of Fair Housing Act violations. This project will investigate individual and systemic 

lending and insurance abuses, provision of legal services to redress and eliminate lending discrimination, and 

outreach and workshops to educate homeowners about fair housing; train advocates about complaint investigation, lending and insurance discrimination, and preventing home loss. This project will generate and accept 
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 71

referrals of clients at risk of foreclosure due to lending discrimination in Brooklyn; screen, investigate and analyze 

all complaints; conduct testing and analyze test results; through contractor, New Economy Project, generate computerized maps to support housing discrimination claims; refer meritorious housing discrimination complaints to 

state and federal enforcement agencies; file affirmative enforcement litigation to address systemic lending abuses; provide legal and other assistance to help targeted homeowners avoid foreclosure and access affordable loan 

modifications. In addition, project staff will provide training and support to partner local agencies and organizations; and promote fair housing choice by educating the public about discriminatory practices in lending and 

home sales and foreclosure prevention.

Buffalo

Housing Opportunities Made Equal, Inc. 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi Year Component - $300,000.00

Housing Opportunities Made Equal, Inc. (HOME) will use its grant funds to: conduct intake interviews; record 

allegations of housing discrimination; provide paralegal counseling, emotional support, and referrals to resource 

agencies; assist clients requesting reasonable accommodations or reasonable modifications; and conduct systemic investigations of larger housing providers. HOME will also recruit and select new fair housing testers; train new 

fair housing testers; conduct paired/sandwiched rental test parts; conduct sales test parts; complete 120 hours 

of training for HOME staff; conduct a refresher course for experienced fair housing testers; monitor settlement 

agreements negotiated with respondents; monitor zoning changes/issues in municipalities; mediate validated 

cases of discrimination; refer or prepare cases of housing discrimination under federal, state, or municipal fair 

housing laws; and establish partnerships with a minimum of eight (8) agencies and organizations to promote fair 

housing in western New York. Additionally, a number of outreach and education activities will be undertaken.

Dunkirk

Chautauqua Opportunities, Inc.

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

Chautauqua Opportunities, Inc. (COI) will use its grant to provide outreach and education on discriminatory 

housing practices to minorities, homebuyers, non-English speakers, persons with disabilities, and renters. COI’s 

outreach and education activities include: 4,000 households, 750 Non-English speakers, and 1250 disabled individuals will receive Fair housing information; 50 potential homebuyers and 375 renters will receive one-on-one 

counseling about landlord/tenant fair housing rights and responsibilities, types of discrimination, the signs of 

discrimination in lending and renting, mortgage abuse, fair lending practices, and housing choice; 10 individuals 

will be referred to the Fair Housing Enforcement Organization for fair housing complaints; 12 individuals will be 

referred to legal aid for fair housing complaints; public service announcements on Affirmatively Furthering Fair 

Housing will air on local radio and cable television stations; COI staff will attend public hearings for the develop-
72 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

ment of CDBG Action Plans to support adoption of best practices in fair housing; and impediments to fair housing 

in Cattaraugus County will be researched and published.

New York City

Fair Housing Justice Center

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Fair Housing Justice Center, Inc. (FHJC) will use its grant funds to continue providing fair housing counseling 

and intake, investigative services (testing), and legal and administrative referrals of housing discrimination complaints. In order to affirmatively further fair housing and reduce poverty concentration and racial segregation, 

the FHJC will additionally assist households with federal housing choice vouchers and homeless individuals and 

families with rental subsidies to overcome barriers to housing choice based on source of income discrimination 

(prohibited by the New York City Human Rights Law). The FHJC will focus much of its work on activities that combat systemic housing discrimination based on race, national origin, and disability in the rental and sale of housing through implementation of carefully designed systemic testing investigations. Conducting systemic testing 

to document and challenge discriminatory housing practices will remain a high priority for the FHJC under this 

grant. The FHJC will also conduct legal seminars for cooperating attorneys; provide ongoing legal research/support on fair housing cases; monitor compliance with settlement agreements/ orders; produce and distribute FHJC’s Opening Acts e-Newsletter; maintain the FHJC website (www.fairhousingjustice.org); and conduct in-service 

training for FHJC staff on vital fair housing issues. The FHJC service area includes the boroughs of New York City 

and seven suburban counties of Dutchess, Nassau, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Suffolk, and Westchester.

Rochester

Legal Assistance of Western New York, Inc. 

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Legal Assistance of Western New York, Inc. (LawNY) will use its grant to focus on testing and enforcement in urban/suburban Monroe County and five adjoining rural counties. LawNY’s complaint based and systemic testing of 

the rental housing market will be coordinated with the Geneva Human Rights Commission (GHRC) and systemic 

testing for discriminatory practices related to Section 8 Voucher use with the Rochester Housing Authority. LawNY 

will conduct testing of Low Income Tax Credit projects. Meritorious complaints from the rural area surrounding 

Geneva will be investigated and referred to LawNY attorneys for enforcement in U.S. District Court and administrative forums. The project will assist the Rochester Housing Authority and the City of Rochester to formulate 

strategies to address discriminatory housing practices revealed by systemic testing.

New York, cont.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 73

Syracuse

CNY Fair Housing, Inc.

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

CNY Fair Housing, Inc., which has provided comprehensive fair housing services for 25 years, will use its grant to 

provide wide-ranging fair housing education and outreach services to Central and Northern New York, including 

the counties of Cayuga, Jefferson, Madison, Oneida, Onondaga, Oswego, St. Lawrence and Tompkins. Under this 

project, CNY Fair Housing will conduct a comprehensive education and outreach program aimed at increasing fair 

housing knowledge among housing providers, members of protected classes, human service workers that work 

with protected class members, government officials and sub-recipients of federal housing funding. Further, CNY 

Fair Housing will expand its outreach efforts to underserved populations including the growing numbers of refugees and New Americans. To educate both housing consumers and housing providers on fair housing rights and 

responsibilities, CNY Fair Housing will conduct trainings and public speaking engagements to provide in-depth 

knowledge of fair housing rights and responsibilities. The agency will also provide informational tables at community events targeted to members of protected classes in order directly engage consumers and provide them 

information on their fair housing rights. The organization will also produce and distribute informational materials 

in four languages other than English. CNY Fair Housing will meet with local government officials and other sub-recipients of HUD funding to educate them about their obligation to AFFH and new developments in fair housing. 

Finally, CNY Fair Housing will conduct one regional conference which will include training and technical assistance to ensure municipalities in the service area are meeting their obligation to affirmatively further fair housing 

under HUD’s new AFFH rule and help prepare them for conducting their first Assessments of Fair Housing.

CNY Fair Housing, Inc.

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

CNY Fair Housing, Inc. will use its grant funds to provide comprehensive fair housing services to central and 

northern New York, including the counties of Cayuga, Jefferson, Madison, Oneida, Onondaga, Oswego, St. Lawrence and Tompkins. Under this project, CNY Fair Housing will accept complaints of housing discrimination, 

conduct investigations of complaints including testing, and provide legal representation for victims of housing 

discrimination. CNY Fair Housing will also provide fair housing counseling, advocacy, and legal representation to 

people needing reasonable accommodations and modifications. In addition to complaint-based testing, CNY Fair 

Housing will conduct systemic investigations which will include testing in rentals, sales, insurance, and lending. 

Among the issues to be addressed through these systemic investigations are insurance redlining, steering in real 

estate sales, discrimination against people with disabilities in rentals, and discrimination against families with 

children in rentals, “student housing.” To educate both housing consumers and particularly in units advertised as 

New York, cont.
74 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

housing providers on fair housing rights and responsibilities, CNY Fair Housing will conduct trainings and public 

speaking engagements, distribute informational materials and PSAs, and will maintain a website and active social 

media presence. Finally, CNY Fair Housing will work with local municipal officials and housing providers, to provide training and technical assistance to ensure municipalities in the service area are meeting their obligation to 

affirmatively further fair housing and addressing identified impediments.

White Plains

Westchester Residential Opportunities, Inc. 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

Westchester Residential Opportunities, Inc. (WRO) will use its grant to inform people in Westchester, Rockland 

and Putnam Counties of their fair housing rights and maximize equal housing opportunities through fair housing 

education and outreach. WRO will continue to carry out a robust program of fair housing education and outreach throughout the counties, including the following activities: (1) fair housing workshops for members of the 

Hudson Gateway Association of Realtors ® (“HGAR”) and for landlords, cooperative and condominium boards, 

and management companies, with an emphasis on their duty to allow reasonable accommodations and modifications for persons with disabilities and the important public interest in visitability and universal design; (2) 

education addressing LGBT issues; (3) distribution of bilingual fair housing brochures; (4) co-sponsorship of the 

annual Westchester County Fair and Affordable Housing Expo; (5) predatory lending workshops; and (6) a regional 

symposium on fair and affordable housing. WRO will continue to provide mobility counseling to residents who 

may wish to move into one of the new units developed under the HUD housing settlement. WRO will develop a 

regional multimedia campaign to promote fair housing choice by educating residents about the societal benefits 

of full integration and foster the grassroots “buy-in” necessary to Affirmatively Further Fair Housing.

Westchester Residential Opportunities, Inc. 

FY15 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Westchester Residential Opportunities, Inc. (WRO) will use its grant to continue to implement a systemic fair 

housing testing program and expand its geographic reach by engaging in more comprehensive testing throughout the lower Hudson Valley region of New York, including Westchester, Rockland, and Putnam Counties; place 

emphasis in its testing and enforcement in the following areas: disabilities, lesbian, families with children, race/

national Origin; continue administering its comprehensive fair housing enforcement program, providing assistance to victims of housing discrimination through a vigorous program of complaint intake and investigation, 

and resolution through mediation or litigation; co-sponsor a fair housing training for attorneys, to train regional 

lawyers how to litigate fair housing complaints; and sponsor a Fair Housing Symposium.

Westchester Residential Opportunities, Inc. 

FY15 Private Enforcement Initiative – Lending Component - $325,000.00
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 75

Westchester Residential Opportunities, Inc. (WRO) will use its grant to complete a comprehensive lending testing 

initiative, including addressing allegations of lending discrimination, conducting complaint intake; educating 

the public regarding identification of lending scams and other violations of fair housing and lending laws, and 

providing preventative education about predatory lending. The WRO will also conduct systemic investigations/ 

enforcement through a fair lending paired testing program. In addition, organization staff will also intervene with 

lenders to assist homeowners in default to obtain any or all possible means of relief, including loan modifications, 

refinancing and other workouts.

North Carolina

Raleigh

Legal Aid of North Carolina, Inc. 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Legal Aid of North Carolina (LANC) will use its grant to provide a full-service fair housing project to residents 

throughout North Carolina, targeting underserved populations including racial and ethnic minorities, people with 

disabilities, individuals with LEP, low-income rural residents, and immigrants. Each year LANC will provide complaint intake and referral services, assisting people with fair housing matters and making referrals to HUD, FHAPs, 

state and federal courts, and private attorneys; conduct matched pair tests; conduct systemic investigations; 

conduct education and outreach events; conduct events for local governments and Public Housing Authorities; 

conduct trainings for shelter providers; conduct a Fair Housing Month conference; convene a Fair Housing Working Group consisting of FHAP agencies and local advocates; distribute 5,500 pieces of literature in English and 

Spanish; distribute PSAs to media outlets; and maintain and update its website. In addition, LANC will conduct 

CLE [continuing legal education] seminars on fair housing and disability law (Year 2) and advanced fair housing 

litigation practice (Year 3).

North Dakota

Grand Forks

High Plains Fair Housing Center

FY16 Fair Housing Organization Initiative – Continuing Development Component - $163,718.00

High Plains Fair Housing Center will use its grant to develop a lending testing and investigations program while 

continuing to strengthen the organization’s rental and design and construction testing capacity. This grant is a 

continuation of the organization’s development of testing, investigation and enforcement abilities in the state of 

North Dakota. The grant project will train High Plains’ staff on lending testing and investigations, and the staff will 

use the skills acquired to conduct lending investigations of over 80 banks throughout the state of North Dakota. The investigations will include document data, interviews and testing. High Plains will also continue support 
76 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

complaints of victims of discrimination through testing, advocacy and investigations, and provide education and 

outreach to lending institutions, the ND bar and non-native English speakers.

Ohio

Akron

Fair Housing Contact Services, Inc.

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

Fair Housing Contact Service, Inc. (FHCS) will use its grant to conduct fair housing education and outreach activities throughout Summit, Stark, Portage, and Medina Counties in Northeastern Ohio. Further, FHCS will expand 

current activities to include development of public awareness advertisements, campaigns, billboards and banners 

as well as conducting housing rights clinics and trainings and redesign of non-English brochures.

Fair Housing Contact Services, Inc. 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Fair Housing Contact Service, Inc. (FHCS) will use its grant to conduct fair housing investigation and enforcement 

activities throughout Summit, Stark, Portage, and Medina Counties in northeastern Ohio. FHCS will expand its 

activities to include systemic housing investigations, promoting AFFH, lending testing, and identification of local 

policies to remove identified impediments to fair housing choice.

Cincinnati

Housing Opportunities Made Equal of Greater Cincinnati, Inc.

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative General Component - $125,000.00

Housing Opportunities Made Equal of Greater Cincinnati (HOME) will use their grant to effectively communicate 

the fair housing message to various audiences in a variety of media. For example, in-person education will be 

provided for people with disabilities and their families. Consumer presentations will be arranged through partnerships with local agencies that support people with physical and mental disabilities. Further, a television advertising campaign will raise awareness of fair housing rights and encourage people to report discrimination. The 

campaign will include both paid advertising and a significant amount of time donated by a local television station 

partnering with HOME. H OME also plans to use social media and online tools such as Google Adwords to ensure 

that local people doing online searches related to housing see HOME’s fair housing related ads. Lastly, HOME 

is partnering with the Legal Aid Society of Southwest Ohio to host an Emerging Issues in Fair Housing Summit 

geared to educating service providers of the fair housing rights of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and 

Questioning (LGBTQ) communities and the needs of ex-offenders.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 77

Housing Opportunities Made Equal of Greater Cincinnati, Inc.

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Housing Opportunities Made Equal of Greater Cincinnati (HOME) will use its grant to provide comprehensive fair 

housing enforcement services to all protected classes under state and local civil rights laws, including investigating client concerns and advising clients on enforcement options, and conducting systemic testing of the housing 

market. HOME will audit new multifamily construction to ensure compliance with the accessibility requirements 

of the Fair Housing Act and review condominium and homeowner association rules for discrimination against 

families with children. HOME also will train local government departments on fair housing law and conduct 

advertising and presentations in the community to ensure that residents know their fair housing rights and are 

aware of HOME’s services. Lastly, HOME will help families with Housing Choice vouchers make integrative moves 

to neighborhoods of opportunity and sponsor a roundtable to share best practices in building stable integrated 

communities.

Cleveland

Housing Research & Advocacy Center 

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Housing Research & Advocacy Center (HRAC) will use its grant to provide services to all protected class members 

in Cuyahoga and Lorain Counties and will focus on activities designed to reduce race, national origin, familial 

status and disability-based discrimination. Service delivery will be targeted to reach underserved populations. 

HRAC’s grant activities include: 1) performing 435 fair housing audits for rental, sales, lending, insurance and accessibility; 2) reviewing rental policies and procedures; 3) conducting fair housing trainings for real estate professionals and local government employees; 4) conducting trainings for HUD-funded transitional housing residents 

and/or providers; 5) assisting potential victims of housing discrimination through intakes, investigation of complaints, direct advocacy, and assistance with the filing of complaints with administrative agencies; 6) monitoring 

housing advertisements for illegal statements; 7) completing 6 fair housing related research reports; 8) providing 

a quarterly newsletter; 9) creating a new brochure, updating existing brochures, and having brochures translated; 

10) creating and implementing a social media plan; and 11) participating in 6 community resource fairs.

Columbus

Central Ohio Fair Housing Association, Inc. 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative General Component - $125.000.00

The Central Ohio Fair Housing Association (COFHA), the only comprehensive fair housing education program in 

the Columbus metropolitan area, will use its grant to inform the general public about their rights and obligations 

under the Fair Housing Act and substantially-equivalent state fair housing laws. COFHA will use professional 
78 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

curricula, brochures, fact sheets, and Public Service Announcements for radio, television, and internet, utilizing 

localized materials from HUD’s national fair housing ad campaigns whenever possible. COFHA will provide Limited English Proficiency (LEP) individuals with information about and access to program benefits through translation and interpretation services in accordance with HUD’s published LEP Guidance. The public will be educated 

through COFHA’s fair housing and fair lending workshops and will be informed about how to file fair housing 

complaints in order to assert their rights under the Fair Housing Act. The project will reach underserved populations including: people with disabilities and recent immigrant populations. The project’s professional educational 

symposia will focus on the effective implementation of affirmative fair housing and fair lending strategies and will 

target property management staff, real estate agents, social workers and discharge nurses who coordinate housing needs, local governments and subsidized housing providers as well as architects, developers and others who 

make decisions on accessible design and construction.

Ohio State Legal Services Association 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative General Component - $125,000.00

Ohio State Legal Services Association will use its grant to bring comprehensive fair housing education and outreach to 35 Appalachian/rural counties in southeast Ohio. The project will bring together highly experienced rural 

legal services attorneys, statewide experts working with marginalized populations, and local community groups 

in an effort to provide both broad-based and targeted fair housing education and outreach throughout rural 

Appalachian Ohio. Through the expertise of statewide advocacy partners, Disability Rights Ohio and the Ohio 

Poverty Law Center, the project will provide targeted fair housing education and outreach to individuals with 

disabilities, minority and immigrant communities, and offenders (and their service providers) who are reentering 

southeast Ohio communities following incarceration. Seventy-five outreach events are planned to provide fair 

housing education to these targeted groups.

Dayton

Miami Valley Fair Housing Center, Inc. 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

The Miami Valley Fair Housing Center (MVFHC), the only comprehensive fair housing education program in the 

Dayton metropolitan area, will use its grant to inform the general public and housing professionals about their 

rights and obligations under the Fair Housing Act and substantially-equivalent state fair housing laws. Further, 

MVFHC will use professional curricula, brochures, fact sheets, and Public Service Announcements for radio, television, and internet, using whenever possible materials from HUD’s national fair housing ad campaigns that are 

localizable. MVFHC will conduct fair housing and fair lending workshops for the public and will provide information on how to file fair housing complaints. The project will reach underserved populations including: people 

Ohio, cont.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 79

with disabilities, people living in rural areas of the MSA and contiguous counties, homeless people and people in 

self-sufficiency programs, and immigrant populations. The project’s professional educational symposia will focus 

on the effective implementation of affirmative fair housing and fair lending strategies and will target financial 

services staff, property management staff, real estate agents, social workers and discharge nurses who coordinate 

housing needs, local governments and subsidized housing providers as well as architects, developers and others 

who make decisions on accessible design and construction. MVFHC will provide Limited English Proficiency (LEP) 

individuals with information about and access to program benefits through translation and interpretation services in accordance with HUD’s published LEP Guidance.

Miami Valley Fair Housing Center, Inc. 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Miami Valley Fair Housing Center, Inc. (MVFHC), will use its grant to provide a full-service project to support its 

enforcement activities, with the goal of addressing housing discrimination through enforcement and education 

activities. The project will also support MVFHC’s work on conducting investigations of systemic housing discrimination issues, and litigation of fair housing cases, including procuring expert witnesses. The target service area is 

the Dayton MSA, comprised of Montgomery, Greene, Miami, and Preble Counties in Ohio, including, in particular, 

expanded activities in underserved areas of the MSA. The project will reach individuals and families in the residential housing market and private and public housing professionals, as well as underserved individuals and all of 

the protected classes under federal, state and local laws.

Painesville

Fair Housing Resource Center, Inc.

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

Fair Housing Resource Center Inc., will use its grant to implement a broad based proposal that includes an aggressive and full-service education and outreach project in the Tri-County region of Lake, Geauga and Ashtabula 

Counties, Ohio that will be completed over the course of a 12-month period. These activities will promote fair 

housing and fair lending awareness among all persons in the Tri-County area which include: a two-day multi-track 

conference on fair housing and fair lending; fair housing webinars that will provide a comprehensive overview of 

key issues related to discrimination in housing; and a Reasonable Accommodation and Assistance animal awareness event. FHRC will expand their seminars to include one intermediate course and one advanced course; host 

a motorcycle run to raise awareness of discrimination, fair housing and fair lending; and create a Housing Hollie 

YouTube channel to help encourage fair housing compliance and bring awareness to the current housing issues 

and rally supporters.

Ohio, cont.
80 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

Fair Housing Resource Center, Inc. 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Fair Housing Resource Center, Inc. (FHRC) will use its grant to continue to conduct a comprehensive enforcement 

effort within the Lake, Geauga and Ashtabula County Ohio region that will involve conducting the following types 

of testing: rental, REO sales, lending, homeowner’s insurance, and new construction. FHRC intends to update its 

methodologies and expand its rental testing program, with a focus the specific protected classes of: deaf/hard of 

hearing individuals, visually impaired individuals, and Housing Choice Voucher recipients. In addition, FHRC will 

conduct an aggressive review of all homeowner association rules and/or condominium association rules for compliance with the FHA throughout 83 communities. FHRC will hold meetings with local stakeholders and provide 

information on the obligations to affirmatively further fair housing and the discriminatory impact of some legacy 

siting standards, legacy residency requirements, and local preference standards. FHRC also plans to expand its 

educational and outreach services to help promote fair housing and fair lending awareness among all persons 

within the tri-county area; and this monitoring project will increase the number of meritorious claims submitted 

to HUD to increase its enforcement efforts.

Toledo

Fair Housing Opportunities, Inc. dba Fair Housing Center

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component $125,000.00

The Toledo Fair Housing Center (TFHC) will use its grant to conduct activities in order to educate the general 

public about their rights and responsibilities under the Fair Housing Act, counteract discrimination, and ensure 

broader knowledge of and access to TFHC’s services. TFHC’s education and outreach activities will include developing translated educational materials; engaging in increased outreach efforts to individuals with limited English 

proficiency (LEP individuals); revamping and conducting new and innovative trainings independently and in collaboration with community organizations; redesigning a website to ensure that it is accessible to individuals with 

disabilities and limited English proficiency; developing a “know your rights” social media campaign; and providing 

all brochures and advertisements created under the grant to fair housing organizations free of charge through 

the NFHTA Clearinghouse.

Fair Housing Opportunities of NW Ohio, Inc. 

FY15 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component $300,000.00

Fair Housing Opportunities of NW Ohio, Inc. will use its grant to continue to conduct intake of complaint-based 

and systemic housing discrimination allegations; research of housing practices to monitor market activities and 

identify systemic patterns of housing discrimination, including the coordination of testing as part of investigaOhio, cont.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 81

tions; resolve housing discrimination complaints through mediation, negotiation, administrative complaints, 

or litigation; assisting persons with disabilities with the submission and successful resolution of reasonable accommodation and modification requests; conduct fair housing education activities, including as a result of cases 

involving prohibited acts under the Fair Housing Act including case settlements and resolutions; build the organizational capacities of TFHC and other fair housing centers; and monitor outcomes to ensure that respondents/

defendants are in compliance with fair housing laws and settlement agreements.

Oklahoma City

Legal Aid Services of Oklahoma, Inc. 

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative-Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Legal Aid Services of Oklahoma, Inc. (LASO) will use its grant to provide private enforcement of the Fair Housing 

laws in Oklahoma. LASO’s enforcement efforts will work with HUD to implement/achieve the HUD Policy Priorities 

of Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing, capacity building, knowledge sharing, and applicable Strategic Goals. 

LASO will provide full service, state-wide comprehensive fair housing enforcement services to all protected classes in Oklahoma, emphasizing services for underserved populations. Enforcement via service delivery will include 

housing-related issue analysis, complaint intake, investigation of alleged discrimination, complaint-based and 

systemic testing; mediation services, and enforcement of meritorious claims through litigation and/or referrals to 

HUD, the Oklahoma Attorney General’s office of Civil Rights enforcement, attorneys, and/or Department of Justice(DOJ). While enforcement through education will include activities such as development/distribution of literature/PSA’s in English, Spanish and Vietnamese, workshops on Fair Housing Laws to subsidized housing developers, public and private renters and present/potential homeowners, Latino advocacy groups, 38 Oklahoma tribes, 

disability rights advocates, ex-offenders, and persons served by LASO Medical Legal Partnerships; and three (3) 

CLE presentations on lending/fair housing. Lastly, areas of special concentration include complaint-based/systemic testing/remedial methodology for: patterns of lenders with foreclosed properties; difference in property maintenance based upon race; compliance with requirements of the FHAA; and discrimination in the rental market 

targeting the Latino, African-Americans and Choctaw, Cherokee and Comanche Nations.

Metropolitan Fair Housing Council of Oklahoma City

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative - Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00 

The Metropolitan Fair Housing Council of Oklahoma, Inc. (MFHC) will use its grant to increase complaint referrals 

to HUD using fair housing testing and other HUD-approved enforcement tools to gather evidence and investigate 

complaint-based and systemic complaints. In addition, MFHC will educate low-and-moderate income persons 

with disabilities, the LGBT community, veterans, the elderly, minorities, housing providers, faith-based communities, families with children, persons who are non-English speaking or have limited English proficiency (LEP), 

Oklahoma
82 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

persons from low-opportunity areas, and natural disaster victims about fair housing opportunity to reduce the 

impact of historical segregated housing patterns, prevent foreclosure and homelessness, expand knowledge of 

renter’s rights and increase rental and home ownership opportunities.

Portland

Fair Housing Council of Oregon

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

The Fair Housing Council of Oregon (FHCO) will use its grant to reinforce and promote the latest developments 

on emerging issues into its education and outreach activities in Oregon. Further, the organization will expand fair 

housing awareness and increase housing choice through strategic areas of focus. FHCO’s education and outreach 

activities will include: promoting and implementing developments related to HUD’s guidance on use of criminal 

records into education and outreach activities throughout Oregon, increasing awareness of and providing education about best practices related to fair housing issues for emergency shelters and transitional housing providers, 

and collaborating with qualified fair housing organizations in Region X to share resources and develop strategies 

for regional fair housing education and outreach.

Fair Housing Council of Oregon

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - 300,000.00

The Fair Housing Council of Oregon (FHCO) will use its grant to conduct a full service fair housing enforcement-related project throughout Oregon and SW Washington State, serving housing providers, housing consumers (in 

particular those with limited English proficiency, people with disabilities, and the homeless), and advocates serving the targeted consumer populations. FHCO’s activities will include: identification, investigation, and referral 

of alleged fair housing violations to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development; continued development and expansion of current systemic investigations efforts; increased fair housing enforcement, including 

expanding intakes from groups who are least likely to report discrimination; and increasing housing choice for 

protected class groups through identification and elimination of community policies that perpetuate segregation.

Pennsylvania

Fort Washington

Fair Housing Council of Suburban Philadelphia, Inc.

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Oregon
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 83

The Fair Housing Council of Suburban Philadelphia (FHCSP) will use its grant funds to affirmatively further fair 

housing and reduce discrimination against protected classes in Greater Philadelphia and Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania. Project objectives include: recruit and train new sales, rental, disability access, and insurance testers; intake/

investigate allegations of housing discrimination; assist persons with disabilities and people requesting reasonable accommodation/modification; conduct paired tests; refer complaints to HUD, U.S. Department of Justice 

(DOJ), Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission (PHRC) or private attorney; mediate and monitor settlements; 

conduct racially identifiable voice-based, paired rental phone tests; conduct systemic housing investigations; 

review zoning ordinances in Montgomery, Lehigh, and Northampton Counties; engage in agency partnerships; 

website outreach; conduct education/outreach with subcontractors Lutheran Children and Family Service and 

Self- Determination Housing Project, including three (3) trainings on HUD-funded program access for limited 

English proficiency (LEP) persons; conduct fair housing speaking engagements meetings; and conduct consumer 

workshops for disabled/LEP populations. FHCSP will serve all protected classes under the Fair Housing Act, with 

particular focus on persons with disabilities, new immigrants, refugees and LEP individuals, racial/ethnic minorities, and families with children.

Philadelphia

Fair Housing Right Center in Southeastern Pennsylvania

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Fair Housing Rights Center in Southeastern Pennsylvania (FHRC) will use its grant to conduct a fair housing 

enforcement project in southeastern Pennsylvania (SEPA) serving all protected classes under the Fair Housing Act, 

focusing on vulnerable and underserved populations. The project will be conducted in the geographic areas of 

Philadelphia and surrounding counties: Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery. The fair housing enforcement 

project will focus on intake, investigation, testing and enforcement activities regarding fair housing violations in 

the sale or rental of housing; increasing access to housing opportunities for persons with disabilities by enforcing 

design and construction; filing meritorious complaints with HUD, the Pennsylvania FHAP agency, and in court; 

and working collaboratively with city planners, entitlement communities, offices of Housing and Community 

Development, and Philadelphia promise zones to affirmatively further fair housing. FHRC provides a full service, 

broad-based program of systemic housing investigations and enforcement of fair housing laws.

Reinvestment Fund

FY16 Fair Housing Organization Initiative – Continued Development General Component - $249,809.00

The Reinvestment Fund in partnership with the Housing Equality Center of Pennsylvania (HECP) will use its grant 

to expand testing experience and expertise with a strategy based on quantitative investigation of Home Equity 

Conversion Mortgage (HECM) patterns including foreclosures. The Reinvestment Fund’s will: identify where reverse mortgage foreclosures are concentrated and refer actionable cases under the Fair Housing Act; help sustain 

Pennsylvania, cont.
84 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

minority populations in racially integrating areas subject to gentrification pressures; support the stability of racial/

ethnic minority communities; refine investigation and testing protocols that can be used across the country to 

address similar problems. All of the grant activities, taken together, will affirmatively further fair housing in the 

Philadelphia region. Further, the Reinvestment Fund will streamline and enhance client services and targeted education and outreach efforts to increase awareness of and attention to fair housing considerations around reverse 

mortgage products. This will be achieved by holding five public meetings in areas where minority populations are 

determined to be at risk from reverse mortgage foreclosures.

Pittsburgh

Fair Housing Partnership of Greater Pittsburgh 

FY15 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Fair Housing Partnership (FHP) of Greater Pittsburgh will use its grant to address housing discrimination in 

neighborhoods and work to affirmatively further fair housing to the City of Pittsburgh and the Pittsburgh MSA. 

The FHP will provide the enforcement and advocacy services that are desperately needed. Through this project 

FHP will conduct intake of allegations of housing discrimination, carry out both audit and complaint based testing and assist in the enforcement of alleged violations of the Fair Housing Act and substantially equivalent State 

and local fair housing laws.

Washington

Southwestern Pennsylvania Legal Services, Inc. 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

Southwestern Pennsylvania Legal Services, Inc. (SPLAS), which has provided comprehensive legal assistance, representation, education and outreach for forty-nine years will use its grant to renew its education and outreach effort in Western Pennsylvania and northern West Virginia. Through this Initiative, SPLAS will address two problems 

identified in the target region: the fair housing implications for people denied or terminated from housing as a 

result of their criminal records and the discrimination people that disabilities face as a result of a lack of education 

regarding reasonable accommodations and modifications.

Southwestern Pennsylvania Legal Services, Inc. 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Southwestern Pennsylvania Legal Services, Inc. (SPLAS), in coordination with four legal services program partners, 

three independent living services partners, and one county fair housing office partner, will use its grant to expand 

its established testing program for housing discrimination and increase the provision of legal counsel and representation on behalf of individuals who, through the project’s information/outreach process, are made aware of 
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 85

illegal acts affecting themselves or others in their community because of their race, color, religion, national origin, 

sex, familial status or disability. The 24 Pennsylvania counties targeted are situated within Appalachia, deemed to 

be a significant area of widespread unemployment, low per capita income, and poverty. SPLAS will be expanding its protection and enforcement services into Brooke, Hancock, Ohio and Marshall Counties in West Virginia. 

Through this project, SPLAS and its partners will recruit and train new testers; maintain a protocol for referral of 

complaints of discrimination; review complaints made and litigate appropriate complaints in state and federal 

court; conduct educational outreach meetings; and conduct special events.

Puerto Rico

Cieba

Corporacion de Desarrollo Economico de Ceiba 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $87,177.00

Corporacion de Desarrollo Economico de Ceiba (CDEC) will use its grant for dissemination of information, outreach, and to provide education and assistance to potential victims of housing discrimination under the Fair 

Housing Act. CDEC’s activities will include workshops, conferences, one-on-one counseling, public service announcements and any other education and outreach activities. The program will educate and inform audiences in 

regards to the fair housing law and its protection when renting, buying, financing housing for ownership, predatory lending activities and modification scams. Activities will be focused in impacting low and very low income 

individuals, protected classes and the general population. Program activities will include outreach, education 

workshops, conferences, counseling, and dissemination of information through various means including flyers, 

brochures, posters, radio, and newspapers. It will also provide fair housing training to private and public housing 

providers and lenders. The program will also establish collaboration agreements with entities such as universities, 

local government agencies and other organizations with purpose of expanding knowledge to other areas thus 

furthering fair housing and promoting inclusion and diversity in communities.

South Carolina

Greenville

Greenville County Human Relations Commission 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $122,090.00

Greenville County Human Relations Commission (GCHRC) will use its grant to expand its current fair housing program beyond Greenville County into the larger Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson Combine Statistical Area (CSA) 

in South Carolina. The GCHRC will achieve this by developing and/or maintaining partnerships with agencies 

that serve the target population, including nonprofits housing developers, disability support organizations, and 

government agencies that represent the six jurisdictions which form the Greenville Spartanburg-Anderson CSA. 
86 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

Further, the GCHRC will partner with the South Carolina Human Affairs Commission to reach underserved jurisdictions of the state for the purpose of building fair housing capacity through shared resources and knowledge. 

The GCHRC will also provide fair housing outreach, education, and information to residents with an emphasis on 

traditionally underserved populations, including persons with physical and mental disabilities, immigrants and 

other limited English proficiency populations, low- and moderate-income level persons, persons subject to predatory lending practices, prospective homebuyers, and persons in need of foreclosure prevention counseling. Lastly, 

the GCHRC will launch a public awareness campaign consisting of literature distribution throughout the target 

communities and use mass media to advise individuals of fair housing and housing counseling services available 

through GCHRC, including HUD opportunities.

Tennessee

Jackson

West Tennessee Legal Services, Inc. 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

West Tennessee Legal Services, Inc. will use its FHIP grant to implement a project that includes analyzing housing 

related issues; complaint intake; investigation of allegations of discrimination; complaint-based and systemic 

testing; mediation services; and enforcement of meritorious claims through litigation, administrative processes, 

and/or HUD, DOJ referral. Special focus will be placed on examination of (with testing) and remedial methodology for: 1) difference in services provided to REO properties by race/ethnicity; 2) discrimination in the rental market 

targeting a Hispanic population in rural development properties; 3) discrimination toward persons with disabilities/agencies/entities that assist them to reside in group homes; 4) requests for Reasonable Modification and/or 

Reasonable Accommodation (RM/RA) by military personnel seeking medical attention at locales with VA medical 

facilities focusing on large management companies; 4) assisting (with testing) victims of domestic violence in 

danger of or having lost housing and/or are denied housing due to past violence in the home; and 5) development/implementation of a fair housing program for survivors of domestic and sexual violence.

Nashville

Tennessee Fair Housing Council, Inc. 

FY15 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Tennessee Fair Housing Council will use its grant to engage in intake, case investigation, filing of complaints 

with HUD and/or substantially equivalent agencies, and litigation when appropriate. The Council will have a 

broad-based testing program and also intends to engage in a number of education and outreach projects, including an annual one-day Tennessee Fair Housing Matters Conference; a technical assistance effort, consisting of a 

South Carolina, cont.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 87

handbook and on-site training designed to help jurisdictions understand and fulfill their new obligations under 

HUD’s Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing rule; trainings for case managers and others on disability; trainings 

for Drug Court operators on discrimination against group homes; trainings for affordable multifamily owners/operators; training on sex discrimination; and face-to-face contact with consumers at various festivals.

Texas

Austin

Austin Tenants Council

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Austin Tenants’ Council (ATC) will use its grant to identify discrimination and enforce violations under the Fair 

Housing Act. Specifically, ATC will provide intake and referral of fair housing complaints, source of income, minority homebuyers’, and accessibility of new multi-family rental housing audits, conduct fair housing testing and refer 

bona fide complaints to the City of Austin Equal Employment/Fair Housing Office, the Texas Workforce Commission Civil Rights Division, or the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) for enforcement 

and/or to legal services, and refer enforcement proposals to HUD. ATC also will partner with the Housing Authority of the City of Austin to train new Section 8 voucher holders on their fair housing rights and promote fair housing and the availability of ATC’s services on television and radio and in print advertisements focused on disability 

and minority homebuyers.

Garland

City of Garland

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

The City of Garland Fair Housing Services will use its grant to provide concentrated education and outreach to 

persons with physical and mental disabilities; underserved populations, including immigrants and others with 

Limited English Proficiency; persons at risk for abusive lending practices; low- and moderate-income persons; 

homeless and near homeless persons; prospective homebuyers, and persons in need of foreclosure prevention 

counseling. Additionally, all protected classes will be reached through outreach practices. The project will utilize the Shared Housing for All campaign, including A Zip Code Should Not Determine a Child’s Future message, 

consistent with HUD’s national outreach campaign. The geographic location of the program will be the City of 

Garland, Dallas County, Texas.

Houston

Greater Houston Fair Housing Center, Inc. 
88 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Greater Houston Fair Housing Center (GHFHC) will use its grant to provide fair housing enforcement services. 

The activities will include complete bilingual full service enforcement capability in English and Spanish; intake 

and investigation of complaints or allegations of housing discrimination; conducting investigations; development 

of systemic investigations; recruitment and training of testers; performance of fair housing tests; performance of 

accessibility and design audits; conducting Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing (AFFH) capacity building programs for local partners(jurisdictions, non-profit and faith based organizations); conducting new media campaigns to promote AFFH/fair housing enforcement; referral of appropriate cases to HUD for enforcement actions; 

assisting complainants in determining their rights and remedies; and assisting other agencies in discovery of fair 

housing enforcement evidence.

San Antonio

San Antonio Fair Housing Council, Inc. 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $375,000.00

The San Antonio Fair Housing Council, Inc. (SAFHC), doing business as the Fair Housing Council of Greater San 

Antonio, will use its grant to provide fair housing enforcement activities in Bexar County and an additional 36 

counties in South Texas. Among other fair housing activities, SAFHC will conduct intake interviews; receive and 

evaluate allegations of housing discrimination; assist clients requesting reasonable accommodation or reasonable modification requests; conduct systemic investigations; train new fair housing testers; conduct rental test 

parts; conduct sales test parts; conduct lending test parts; conduct design and construction site assessments; assist persons with disabilities; mediate/conciliate complaints; and refer housing discrimination complaints to HUD. 

Additionally, in collaboration with the Texas FHAP, SAFHC will conduct one fair housing seminar in Bexar County 

to affirmatively further fair housing in the area.

Utah

Salt Lake City

Disability Law Center

FY16 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $282,830.00

The Disability Law Center (DLC) will use its grant to continue to provide information and referrals, short term 

assistance, technical assistance, legal representation, and assistance with administrative complaints to Utahans 

who have experienced housing discrimination. The DLC will educate communities, organizations, consumers and 

policy makers about fair housing laws, with an emphasis on AFFH and continue to partner with other agencies 

with an investment in fair housing to address systemic issues.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 89

Vermont

Burlington

Champlain Valley Office of Economic Opportunity, Inc.

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $124,999.00

Champlain Valley Office of Economic Opportunity, Inc. (CVOEO) will use its grant to support a comprehensive 

statewide fair housing education and outreach campaign with an Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing (AFFH) 

focus. CVOEO’s program, Building a Vibrant Inclusive Vermont, will collaborate with a range of agencies to address AFFH and systemic barriers to fair housing. As Vermont’s only program exclusively dedicated to fair housing 

education, outreach, and training, they will continue essential ongoing efforts to educate governments, organizations, and the general public about fair housing compliance and AFFH responsibilities. Working with partners the 

program will deliver a campaign aimed at mitigating barriers to fair housing choice via training as well as broad 

public education and outreach.

Vermont Legal Aid, Inc.

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Vermont Legal Aid, Inc. (VLA) will use its grant to provide a statewide, full-service project of systemic and complaint-based testing; complaint intake and fair housing counseling; representation of complainants in private enforcement actions; targeted outreach including mobility counseling; and land use planning and policy advocacy 

with state and local officials. Systemic testing will focus primarily, though not exclusively, on Chittenden County in 

northwest Vermont. VLA will conduct complaint-based testing, represent complainants, and do systemic advocacy statewide. 

Virginia

Newport News

Hampton Roads Community Action Program 

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $65,271.95

The Hampton Roads Community Action Program, Inc. (HRCAP) will use its grant to provide fair housing and minority homeownership education and outreach activities in the Newport News, Virginia geographic area. Specifically, HRCAP will provide information on fair housing issues to local residents and housing professionals, assisting them in recognizing, reporting and preventing incidents of housing discrimination within our services area. 

Activities include education and outreach as well as a complaint referral process for those facing housing discrimination issues. The organization will also provide fair housing education and complaint referral services to the 
90 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

growing Spanish speaking population within our service area; develop or obtain appropriate materials (English 

and bi-lingual handbook and brochures) for distribution to local resident, increasing knowledge of fair housing 

issues in the community; organize and lead two discussion forums with Newport News city government, faith 

and community based organizations (to include bi-lingual population that work with low-income individuals in 

target area) who may need Fair Housing Education or Homeownership advice; coordinate and provide additional 

training to local governments and agency staff to develop policies that will affirmatively further fair housing with 

regards to site and neighborhood standards and in the implementation of HUD Programs.

Richmond

Housing Opportunities Made Equal of Virginia, Inc.

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

Housing Opportunities Made Equal of Virginia, Inc. (HOME) will use its grant to serve the Commonwealth of Virginia with targeted education, outreach, and engagement efforts in the City of Portsmouth and Loudoun County. HOME will educate a variety of audiences about HUD’s Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing Rule and their 

rights and obligations under the law; educate, prepare, and assist community members in two jurisdictions with 

upcoming AFH due dates (Loudoun County and the City of Portsmouth, both due October, 2018) to participate 

meaningfully in the Assessment of Fair Housing process; and based on community needs, implement targeted 

outreach campaigns in Loudoun and Portsmouth, Virginia.

Housing Opportunities Made Equal of Virginia, Inc.

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative –Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Housing Opportunities Made Equal of Virginia, Inc. will use its grant to serve residents of the Commonwealth of 

Virginia who still suffer from housing discrimination. Many instances of illegal discrimination continue to be underreported, especially among vulnerable populations, including people with disabilities, Latino/Hispanic families, and LGBTQ individuals, thus delaying the promise of fair housing. Discrimination in Virginia occurs not only 

through individuals, but through institutions that have policies or practices that result in unequal opportunities 

for housing. The Commonwealth has a great need for more robust enforcement of state and federal fair housing 

laws to address inequities and serve as examples that prevent individual and systemic discrimination. The primary 

purposes of this grant project are to: uncover allegations of housing discrimination, especially among vulnerable 

populations; conduct thorough and comprehensive investigations into allegations, including systemic investigations designed to examine the incidence of extensive discrimination; and execute robust enforcement of state 

and federal fair housing laws when evidence of discrimination is established.

Virginia, cont.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 91

Washington

Spokane

Northwest Fair Housing Alliance

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

Northwest Fair Housing Alliance (NWFHA) will use its grant to continue providing comprehensive fair housing 

education and outreach for all protected classes across 17 counties throughout Washington state. Activities 

include: 1) increase outreach to limited English proficient population by translating fair housing brochures into 

Russian, Vietnamese, Chinese, Korean, Arabic, and Laotian; 2) producing three video PSAs in Russian and distributing brochures and videos via NWFHA’s website, HUD’s FH Clearinghouse, NWFHA social media sites, and email; 

3) educate policymakers on Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing and the Fair Housing Act through coordinated 

training with Region X FHIPs to inform policymakers about Assessment of Fair Housing plans; 4) educate housing 

consumers, providers, and health care professionals about reasonable accommodations by localizing existing reasonable accommodation materials for medical and therapeutic professionals, and creating a brochure for tenants 

about reasonable accommodations in English, Spanish and Russian; 5) provide community outreach via six public 

outreach events, conduct interviews on English and Spanish outreach via 6 public outreach events, and conduct 

interviews on English and Spanish radio programs; and print, radio, and TV PSAs and 5) continue sex discrimination education.

Northwest Fair Housing Alliance 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Northwest Fair Housing Alliance (NWFHA), the only fair housing advocacy organization in east Washington, will 

use its grant funds to continue and expand its systemic enforcement activities. NWFHA will provide services for 

all protected classes in 17 counties in east/central Washington (Spokane, Whitman, Garfield, Columbia, Asotin, 

Walla Walla, Franklin, Benton, Yakima, Grant, Adams, Lincoln, Douglas, Ferry, Okanogan, Stevens and Pend Oreille) 

through intake, counseling, reasonable accommodation requests, mediation interventions, complaint referral to 

HUD, continued advocacy for complaints previously referred to HUD, targeted outreach and education activities, 

and updating NWFHA’s website.

Tacoma

Fair Housing Center of Washington

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative – General Component - $125,000.00

The Fair Housing Center of Washington (Fair Housing Center) will use its grant to focus on persons represented by 

federal protected classes and enhance their ability to successfully negotiate reasonable accommodation/modifi-
92 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

cations, consider key opportunity factors as they choose the best location for their families to live, increase community-based involvement in fair housing planning, and increase elected officials’ understanding of and involvement in the key principles to the Assessment of Fair Housing (AFH). Amongst other activities, the Fair Housing 

Center will: provide fair housing information, with specific emphasis on reasonable accommodations/modifications; conduct fair housing training and outreach in underserved areas; coordinate, plan, and hold the 30th Annual Fair Housing Conference in partnership with Fair Housing Assistance Program (FHAP) partners; collaborate with 

Tacoma Housing Authority to develop an online guide for tenants; provide existing Branch mobility materials to 

HUD-assisted renters of 45 housing authorities; partner with the White Center Community Development Corporation/Regional Equity Network and three FHIP partners to develop a community participation manual; expand 

outreach to new immigrant and refugee populations through the region utilizing existing translated brochures in 

Chinese, Arabic, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Russian, Spanish, Korean, and English and further translate material into 

Somali, and ensure referral of bona-fide discrimination complaints to HUD or a FHAP.

Fair Housing Center of Washington 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

Fair Housing Center of Washington will use its grant to serve 22 counties in western and central Washington. 

Planned activities include: intake and investigation of complaints, with a focus on systemic investigations; filing of 

complaints and enforcement proposals; test parts; recruit and train testers and provide refresher trainings; assist 

with reasonable accommodation/modification requests; education and outreach; and collaboration and partnerships.

West Virginia

Morgantown

Northern West Virginia Center for Independent Living

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Northern West Virginia Center for Independent Living (NWVCIL) will use its grant to complete complex systemic investigations currently underway in West Virginia surrounding lack of compliance with design and construction requirements, discrimination against families with children, and denials of reasonable accommodations 

for people with disabilities. In total, NWVCIL’s enforcement work will include conducting rental, design and construction, insurance, and sales test parts. NWVCIL will also conduct extensive outreach through statewide networks of groups working with protected classes to generate intakes and to file enforcement proposals with HUD. 

Enforcement work is expected to uncover the presence of discrimination, assist individuals who are experiencing 

discrimination, and allow NWVCIL to document and analyze patterns of discrimination.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 93

Wisconsin

Milwaukee

Metropolitan Milwaukee Fair Housing Council

FY16 Education and Outreach Initiative - Testing Coordinator Training Component - $249,938.00

The Metropolitan Milwaukee Fair Housing Council (MMFHC) will use its grant to provide training and technical assistance to FHIP-funded testing organizations throughout the country. The purpose of the project, entitled Investigative Support for Testing and Enforcement Programs (ISTEP), is to achieve greater consistency in the quality of 

testing investigations, enhance the capacity of participating FHIP-funded testing organizations to conduct testing 

and enforcement activities, and assist HUD to enforce the federal fair housing law and affirmatively further fair 

housing. Over an 18-month period, the project will use a variety of instructional methods to provide comprehensive training programs on fair housing testing for Testing Coordinators and offer technical assistance to meet the 

needs of fair housing testing organizations. Additional educational opportunities that will be offered throughout 

the project period include: conducting three video conferences on specialized topics, and access to experienced 

fair housing attorneys and technological tools and resources for Test Coordinators. Lastly, the project will also use 

an array of evaluation tools to assess the impact and effectiveness of the project activities.

Metropolitan Milwaukee Fair Housing Council 

FY14 Private Enforcement Initiative – Multi-Year Component - $300,000.00

The Metropolitan Milwaukee Fair Housing Council (MMFHC) will use its grant to conduct statewide enforcement activities for the purpose of identifying and eliminating discriminatory housing practices and affirmatively 

furthering fair housing. These activities will be implemented in MMFHC’s 10-county service area, as well as 8 

additional Wisconsin counties. Overall, 66% of Wisconsin’s population will be served by the project. MMFHC’s 

service area is: Milwaukee, Waukesha, Washington, Ozaukee, Dane, Brown, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Outagamie 

and Winnebago Counties. Additionally, MMFHC will conduct activities in: Dodge, Jefferson, Kenosha, Manitowoc, 

Racine, Rock, Sheboygan and Walworth Counties. Activities will include systemic investigations; statewide intake, 

investigation and case management of fair housing complaints to expand statewide coordinated enforcement; 

partnership with a statewide disability advocacy agency to conduct inter-organizational technical assistance and 

referral of complaints on the basis of disability; partnership with 50 non-profit organizations in MMFHC’s service 

area to recruit testers and assist in other fair housing activities; specialized training for MMFHC staff; and referring 

complaints to HUD, other administrative agencies, and/or attorneys to increase enforcement and eliminate illegal 

housing discrimination. 
94 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

FAIR HOUSING ASSISTANCE PROGRAM

FHAP Agencies by State, as of September 30, 2016

State Jurisdiction Name of FHAP

Arizona State Arizona Attorney General’s Office

Locality City of Phoenix Equal Opportunity Department

Arkansas State Arkansas Fair Housing Commission

California State California Department of Fair Employment and Housing

Colorado State Colorado Civil Rights Division

Connecticut State Connecticut Commission on Human Rights and Opportunities

Delaware State Delaware Division of Human Relations

District of 

Columbia

State District of Columbia Office of Human Rights

Florida State Florida Commission on Human Relations

Localities Broward County Office of Intergovernmental Affairs and Professional Standards/

Human Rights Section

Jacksonville Human Rights Commission

City of Orlando Office of Community Affairs – Human Relations Department

Palm Beach County Office of Equal Opportunity

Pinellas County Office of Human Rights

Tampa Office of Human Rights

Hawaii State Hawaii Civil Rights Commission

Illinois State Illinois Department of Human Rights

Indiana State Indiana Civil Rights Commission

Localities City of Evansville – Vanderburgh County Human Relations Commission

Elkhart Human Relations Commission

Fort Wayne Metropolitan Human Relations Commission

Gary Human Relations Commission

Hammond Human Relations Commission

South Bend Human Relations Commission

Iowa State Iowa Civil Rights Commission
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 95

State Jurisdiction Name of FHAP

Iowa Localities Cedar Rapids Civil Rights Commission

Davenport Civil Rights Commission

Des Moines Human Rights Commission

Sioux City Human Rights Commission

Kansas Localities Lawrence Human Relations Commission and Human Relations/Resources Department

Salina Human Relations Department

Kentucky State Kentucky Commission on Human Rights

Localities Lexinton-Fayette Urban County Human Rights Commission

Louisville Metro Human Relations Commission

Louisiana State Public Protection Division, Louisiana Department of Justice

Maine State Maine Human Rights Commission

Maryland State Maryland Commission on Human Relations

Massachusetts State Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination

Localities Boston Fair Housing Commission

Cambridge Human Rights Commission

Michigan State Michigan Department of Civil Rights

Minnesota Localities City of Duluth Human Rights Office

City of St. Paul Department of Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission

Missouri State Missouri Commission on Human Rights, Department of Labor and Industrial Relations

Localities Kansas City Human Relations Department

St.Louis Civil Rights Enforcement Agency

Nebraska State Nebraska Equal Opportunity Commission

Localities Lincoln Commission on Human Rights

Omaha Human Rights and Relations Department

New Jersey State New Jersey Division on Civil Rights

New York State New York State Division on Human Rights

Localities Rockland County Commission on Human Rights

Westchester County Human Rights Commission

North Carolina State North Carolina Human Relations Department
96 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

State Jurisdiction Name of FHAP

North Carolina Localities City of Charlotte/Mecklenburg County Community Relations Committee

Durham Human Relations Commission

Greensboro Human Relations Department

Orange County Department of Housing, Human Rights and Community Development

Winston-Salem Human Relations Commission

North Dakota State North Dakota Department of Labor and Human Rights

Ohio State Ohio Civil Rights Commission

Localities City of Canton Fair Housing Commission

Dayton Human Relations Council

Shaker Heights Fair Housing Review Board

Pennsylvania State Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission

Localities Pittsburgh Human Relations Commission

Reading Commission on Human Relations

Rhode Island State Rhode Island Commission for Human Rights

South Carolina State South Carolina Human Affairs Commission

Tennessee State Tennessee Human Rights Commission

Texas State Texas Workforce Commission

Localities City of Austin Equal Employment/Fair Housing Office

City of Corpus Christi Department of Human Relations

City of Dallas Fair Housing Office

Fort Worth Human Relations Commission

Garland Office of Fair Housing

Utah State Utah Anti-Discrimination Division

Vermont State Vermont Human Rights Commission

Virginia State Virginia Department of Professional and Occupational Regulations, Fair Housing 

Administration

Locality Fairfax County Human Rights Commission

Washington State Washington State Human Rights Commission
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 97

State Jurisdiction Name of FHAP

Washington Localities King County Office of Civil Rights

Seattle Office of Civil Rights

City of Tacoma Human Rights, Neighborhood and Community Services Department

West Virginia State West Virginia Human Rights Commission

Source: FHAP Division, Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity

Table 2.12: HUD and FHAP Complaints by State, FY 2016

State

Number of HUD 

Complaints

Number of FHAP 

Complaints

Total Number of 

Complaints

Alabama 62 NA 62

Alaska 9 NA 9

Arizona 12 194 206

Arkansas 1 98 99

California 118 909 1,027

Colorado 9 113 122

Connecticut 7 85 92

Delaware 0 25 25

District of Columbia 0 21 21

Florida 57 457 514

Georgia 174 NA 174

Hawaii 2 41 43

Idaho 36 NA 36

Illinois 11 252 263

Indiana 9 236 245

Iowa 4 192 196

Kansas 34 14 48

Kentucky 5 135 140

Louisiana 17 73 90

Maine 3 35 38

Maryland 0 110 110

Massachusetts 7 301 308

Michigan 18 379 397

Minnesota 46 5 51

Mississippi 25 NA 25

Missouri 20 288 308

Montana 15 NA 15
98 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

State

Number of HUD 

Complaints

Number of FHAP 

Complaints

Total Number of 

Complaints

Nebraska 8 128 136

Nevada 91 NA 91

New Hampshire 15 1 16

New Jersey 10 79 89

New Mexico 37 NA 37

New York 114 410 524

North Carolina 16 150 166

North Dakota 0 26 26

Ohio 18 374 392

Oklahoma 105 NA 105

Oregon 21 39 60

Pennsylvania 6 168 174

Puerto Rico 34 NA 34

Rhode Island 3 65 68

South Carolina 16 66 82

South Dakota 11 NA 11

Tennessee 20 97 117

Texas 35 1,137 1,172

Utah 6 53 59

Vermont 0 7 7

Virginia 2 91 93

Washington 34 148 182

West Virginia 2 16 18

Wisconsin 47 NA 47

Wyoming 11 NA 11

No state selected 3 1 4

Total 1,366 7,019 8,385

Source: HUD Enforcement Management Systems (HEMS)

Note: The states marked “NA” in the FHAP column have neither a state FHAP nor local FHAPs. Kansas has local 

FHAPs but no state FHAP.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 99

FAIR HOUSING AND CIVIL RIGHTS IN HUD 

PROGRAMS

OVERSIGHT OF RECIPIENTS OF HUD FUNDS 

HUD monitors HUD-funded recipients, e.g. state and local governments, to determine their performance under 

the civil rights-related program requirements of HUD’s Office of Community Planning and Development, Office of 

Public and Indian Housing, and Office of Housing.

Complaints Against Recipients of HUD Funds 

HUD investigates discrimination complaints against recipients of HUD funds to determine whether the recipient 

violated civil rights laws or civil-rights related program requirements. At the conclusion of the investigation, HUD 

issues written findings of violations of civil rights laws or program requirements based on its investigation. 

Table 2.13 shows the number of complaints received in FY 2016 that alleged discrimination or noncompliance by 

a recipient of HUD funds and the civil rights law that was allegedly violated. 

Table 2.13: Complaints against Recipients of HUD Funds, FY 2016

Legal Basis for Complaint

Number of 

Complaints Filed

Number of 

Investigations Closed

Section 504 352 462

Title VI 163 202

Title II of ADA 84 170

Section 109 17 49

Age Discrimination Act 0 3

Section 3 2 2

Total 618 888

Source: HUD Enforcement Management Systems (HEMS)
100 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

Compliance Reviews of Recipients of HUD Funds

HUD conducts compliance reviews to determine whether a recipient of HUD funds is in compliance with applicable civil rights laws and their implementing regulations. HUD may initiate a compliance review whenever a 

report, complaint, or any other information indicates a possible failure to comply with applicable civil rights laws 

and regulations. HUD initiates most compliance reviews based on risk analyses, issues raised during a limited 

monitoring review, or when a civil rights problem is detected through HUD program monitoring.

Table 2.14 shows the number of compliance reviews that HUD initiated in FY 2016, and the civil rights law under 

which they were conducted. The table also shows the number of compliance reviews that were closed during the 

fiscal year. These numbers include compliance reviews that were initiated in FY 2016 or in previous fiscal years.

Table 2.14: Compliance Reviews of Recipients of HUD Funds, FY 2016

Legal Basis for Complaint

Number of Compliance 

Reviews Initiated

Number of Compliance 

Reviews Closed

Section 504 2 16

Title VI 3 13

Title II of ADA 1 5

Section 109 0 8

Section 3 1 1

Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing 1 0

Total 8 43

Source: HUD Enforcement Management Systems (HEMS)
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 101

HUD’S REPORTING RESPONSIBILITIES 

The Fair Housing Act requires that HUD annually report to Congress, and make available to the public, data on the 

race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, and family characteristics of households who are applicants for, participants in, or beneficiaries or potential beneficiaries of programs administered by the Department 

to the extent that such characteristics are within the coverage of the provisions of law and Executive Orders set 

forth below:

•	 Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

•	 Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968

•	 Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973

•	 Age Discrimination Act of 1975

•	 Equal Credit Opportunity Act

•	 Section 1978 of the Revised Statutes (42 U.S.C. § 1982)

•	 Section 8(a) of the Small Business Act

•	 Section 527 of the National Housing Act

•	 Section 109 of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974

•	 Section 3 of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968

•	 Executive Orders 11063, 11246, 11625, 12250, 12259, and 12432.

Racial and Ethnic Categories 

Prior to the 2000 census, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) significantly revised standards for federal 

agencies that collect, maintain, and report federal data on race and ethnicity. HUD offices implemented this data 

format on January 1, 2003. 

Under OMB’s policy, individuals responding to inquiries about race have the option to select one or more of five 

racial categories: (1) “American Indian or Alaska Native,” (2) “Asian,” (3) “Black or African American,” (4) “Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander,” and (5) “White.” OMB’s policy treats ethnicity separately from race. Persons must 

choose one of two ethnic categories: (1) “Hispanic or Latino,” or (2) “Not Hispanic or Latino.”

In FY 2016, most HUD programs collected ethnicity separately from race, however, a few programs combined race 

and ethnicity into a single category. The following sections briefly describe HUD-funded programs and report on 

the protected characteristics of beneficiaries of these programs.
102 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

Office of Housing Programs

Federal Housing Administration 

The Federal Housing Administration, generally known as “FHA,” provides mortgage insurance on loans made by 

FHA-approved lenders throughout the United States and its territories. FHA insures mortgages on single family 

and multifamily homes including manufactured homes and hospitals. It is the largest insurer of mortgages in the 

world, insuring more than 34 million properties since its inception in 1934. FHA mortgage insurance provides 

lenders with protection against losses as the result of homeowners defaulting on their mortgage loans. The lenders bear less risk because FHA will pay a claim to the lender in the event of a homeowner’s default provided that 

the application for insurance benefits is acceptable to the Commissioner. Loans must meet certain requirements 

established by FHA to qualify for insurance. 

Table 2.15 provides data on the race and marital status of mortgagors who obtained FHA-insured single-family 

home purchase loans or FHA-insured single-family refinanced loans in FY 2016. The marital status category divides mortgagors into those who are “married,” “separated,” or “unmarried.” 

Table 2.15: Protected Characteristics of Mortgagors Who Obtained FHA-Insured Single Family Home Purchase 

Loans or FHA-Insured Single Family Refinanced Loans, FY 2016

Protected Characteristics

Number of 

Purchase Loans

Value of 

Purchase Loans

Number of 

Refinance Loans

Value of 

Refinance Loans

Race

 White 59.1% 56.7% 58.3% 56.7%

 Black 11.2% 11.1% 10.2% 9.8%

 American Indian or Alaska Native 0.3% 0.3% 0.5% 0.5%

 Asian and Hawaiian 3.2% 4.3% 2.9% 4.1%

 Hispanic 19.6% 20.5% 12.6% 13.8%

 Not Disclosed 6.5% 7.0% 15.5% 15.1%

Mixed Race

 Yes 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3%

 No 99.8% 99.8% 99.7% 99.7%

Marital Status

 Married 52.6% 57.1% 64.5% 68.3%

 Separated 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5%

 Unmarried 46.9% 42.5% 35.0% 31.2%

Total 879,517 $171,633.16 378,541 $73,773.69

Source: Single Family Data Warehouse (SFDW) as of 4/30/2016

Note: Value of loans provided in millions. 
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 103

Multifamily Subsidized Housing Programs

The housing subsidies described below are paid to owners on behalf of tenants to keep their rents affordable. 

This assistance is tied to the property and differs in that respect from tenant-based rental assistance program (e.g. 

housing choice vouchers), where the subsidy follows the tenant when the tenant moves to another property.

Project-Based Section 8

Through Project-Based Section 8, HUD provides rental assistance to families in assisted FHA-insured and non-insured properties to ensure that these properties remain affordable to low-income families. 

Rent Supplement Contracts

The Rent Supplement program was established by the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 and was the 

first project-based assistance program for mortgages insured by HUD’s Office of Housing. These contracts were 

available to Section 221(s)(3) BMIR, Section 231, Section 236 (insured and noninsured), and Section 303 properties for the life of the mortgage. The program was suspended under the housing subsidy moratorium of January 

5, 1973. The moratorium stopped the funding of any additional projects, although previously funded projects 

continue to receive funding. 

Rental Assistance Payment (RAP) Contracts

RAP was established by the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 to provide additional rental assistance to property owners on behalf of very low-income tenants. RAP is available only to Section 236 properties 

and was the predecessor of the Project-Based Section 8 program. 

Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly

Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly helps expand the supply of affordable housing with supportive 

services for the elderly. Section 202 housing provides elderly persons with options for independent living in an 

environment that offers services such as cooking, cleaning, and transportation. Once the project is developed, 

funding is provided through the Section 202 project rental assistance contract (PRAC) to cover the difference 

between the HUD-approved operating cost for the project and the tenants’ contributions toward rent. 

In order to live in Section 202 housing, a household must be very low-income (below 50 percent of the median 

income for the area) and must have at least one member who is age 62 or older.

Section 811 Supportive Housing for Persons with Disabilities

Section 811 Supportive Housing for Persons with Disabilities allows persons with disabilities to live independently, by providing a supply of rental housing that has supportive services. Once the project is developed, funding is 

provided through a Section 811 project PRAC to cover the difference between the HUD-approved operating cost 
104 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

for the project and tenants’ contributions toward rent. 

In order to live in Section 811 housing, a household, which may consist of a single qualified person must be very 

low-income and at least one member must be at least 18 years old and have a disability such as a physical or developmental disability or chronic mental illness. 

Direct Loans

Section 202 Direct Formula Interest Rate Loans

The Section 202 Direct Formula Interest Rate Loan Program replaced the Section 202 Direct Low-Interest Loan 

Program. Both programs provided long-term, direct loans to finance housing for elderly persons or persons with 

disabilities. However, formula interest rate loans carried an interest rate based on the average yield on 30-year 

marketable obligations of the United States, and properties were developed with 100 percent Section 8 assistance to help keep units affordable to low-income families. This program is commonly referred to as Section 

202/8. While no new projects have been developed under this program since 1991, previously developed projects 

are still in operation.

The Direct Formula Interest Rate Loan Program ended in 1991, becoming the Section 202 Capital Advance Program and the Section 811 Capital Advance Program. Both programs have PRAC funding which is described above. 

The Section 202 Capital Advance Program serves elderly persons, while the Section 811 Capital Advance Program 

develops housing for persons with disabilities. 

Table 2.16: Protected Characteristics of Households Provided with Housing Assistance from Rental Subsidies and 

Direct Loans, for the 18-month period ending September 30, 2016

Protected Characteristics

Section 8 

ProjectBasedRent 

Supp.

Rental 

Assist.

(RAP)

Section 

202/8

Section 

202/

PRAC

Section 

811/

PRAC

All 

Programs

Race of Head of Household

White 50.3% 47.3% 43.5% 64.0% 58.8% 65.5% 52.8%

Black or African American 35.8% 32.9% 39.5% 22.2% 23.5% 24.3% 33.0%

American Indian or Alaskan Native 1.0% 0.2% 0.7% 0.5% 0.6% 1.0% 0.9%

Asian 4.4% 1.8% 8.3% 6.2% 8.2% 1.2% 4.9%

Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3%

Other 7.3% 16.6% 7.2% 6.1% 7.8% 6.8% 7.2%

Multiple Race 1.0% 1.0% 0.7% 0.6% 0.7% 0.9% 0.9%

Ethnicity of Head of Household

Hispanic or Latino 15.8% 32.7% 18.3% 11.2% 14.4% 6.2% 15.0%

Not Hispanic or Latino 84.2% 67.3% 81.7% 88.8% 85.6% 93.8% 85.0%
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 105

Protected Characteristics

Section 8 

ProjectBasedRent 

Supp.

Rental 

Assist.

(RAP)

Section 

202/8

Section 

202/

PRAC

Section 

811/

PRAC

All 

Programs

Age of Head of Household

Younger than 31 years 13.3% 13.3% 11.1% 1.4% 0.0% 9.9% 15.8%

31 - 41 12.6% 12.9% 12.7% 2.1% 0.0% 16.4% 10.5%

42 - 51 9.9% 13.3% 10.2% 4.1% 0.1% 22.6% 8.7%

52 - 61 14.4% 18.8% 14.5% 10.0% 0.3% 32.2% 13.1%

62 or older 43.2% 41.7% 51.6% 82.4% 99.7% 18.9% 52.0%

Sex of Head of Household

Female 73.7% 74.0% 69.8% 64.5% 71.2% 46.5% 71.7%

Male 25.7% 25.9% 30.0% 34.8% 28.2% 52.6% 27.7%

Disability

Any household member with a 

disability

28.0% 30.2% 22.1% 28.4% 6.2% 98.1% 27.6%

Head of household has a disability 27.1% 28.5% 20.6% 28.4% 6.2% 98.1% 26.9%

Familial Status

Households with children 32.1% 30.5% 26.3% 0.4% 0.1% 2.4% 25.0%

Total Households 1,039,440 1,678 5,525 149,556 122,372 32,834 1,368,389

Source: Tenant Rental Assistance Certification System (TRACS)

Note: The data on race, ethnicity, age, and sex were provided for the head of household only, regardless of the 

composition of the household. The number of households represents only those beneficiaries that have submitted data to HUD.

Section 236

This FHA program, established by the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968, combined federal mortgage 

insurance with interest reduction payments to encourage the production of low-cost rental housing. While no 

longer providing insurance or subsidies for new mortgage loans, existing Section 236 properties continue to 

receive interest subsidies. Under this program, HUD provided interest subsidies in order to lower a project’s mortgage interest rate to as little as one percent. The interest reduction payment resulted in lower operating costs 

and, consequently, a reduced rent structure. 

The Section 236 basic rent is the rent that the owner must collect to cover the property’s costs, given the mortgage interest reduction payments made to the property. All tenants pay at least the Section 236 basic rent and, 

depending on their income level, may pay rent up to the Section 236 market rent. 

Some Section 236 properties experienced escalating operating costs, causing the basic rent to increase beyond 

levels readily affordable to many low-income tenants. To maintain the financial health of the property, HUD 

may have allocated project-based rental assistance through Section 8 Loan Management Set-Aside (LMSA) to a 
106 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

Section 236 property. Some Section 236 properties receive other forms of project-based rental assistance from 

programs such as the Rent Supplement program. 

Section 221(d)(3) Below Market Interest Rate (BMIR) Program 

This FHA program insured and subsidized mortgage loans to facilitate the new construction or substantial rehabilitation of multifamily rental or cooperative housing for low- and moderate-income families. This program no 

longer provides subsidies for new mortgage loans, but existing Section 221(d)(3) BMIR properties continue to 

operate under it. 

Families living in Section 221 (d)(3) BMIR projects are considered subsidized because the reduced rents for these 

properties are made possible by subsidized mortgage interest rates. Some BMIR projects experienced escalating 

operating costs that have caused the BMIR rents to increase beyond levels that are affordable to lower- and moderate -income tenants. When this occurs, HUD may allocate project-based rental assistance through a Section 8 

Loan Management Set-Aside (LMSA) to these properties to decrease vacancies and improve the project’s financial 

position.

Table 2.17: Protected Characteristics of Recipients of Mortgage Insurance and Mortgage Interest Rate Subsidies, 

FY 2016

Protected Characteristics Section 236

Below Market 

Interest Rate (BMIR) All Programs

Race of Head of Household

White 43.8% 93.8% 52.8%

Black or African American 39.8% 4.2% 33.0%

American Indian or Alaskan Native 0.4% 0.0% 0.9%

Asian 3.3% 0.0% 4.9%

Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 0.3% 0.0% 0.3%

Other 11.4% 2.1% 7.2%

Multiple Race 1.1% 0.0% 0.9%

Ethnicity of Head of Household

Hispanic or Latino 17.3% 87.5% 15.0%

Not Hispanic or Latino 82.7% 12.5% 85.0%

Age of Head of Household

Younger than 31 years 16.3% 0.0% 15.8%

31 – 41 15.1% 0.0% 10.5%

42 – 51 12.9% 0.0% 8.7%

52 – 61 16.8% 4.2% 13.1%

62 or older 38.8% 95.8% 52.0%

Sex of Head of Household
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 107

Protected Characteristics Section 236

Below Market 

Interest Rate (BMIR) All Programs

Female 65.4% 62.5% 71.7%

Male 34.1% 37.5% 27.7%

Disability

Any household member with a disability 15.9% 0.0% 27.6%

Head of household has a disability 15.2% 0.0% 26.9%

Familial Status

Households with Children 30.0% 0.0% 25.0%

Total Households 16,714 48 1,368,389

Source: Tenant Rental Assistance Certification System (TRACS)

Note: The data on race, ethnicity, age, and sex were provided for the head of household only, regardless of the 

composition of the household. The number of households represents only those beneficiaries that have submitted data to HUD.
108 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

Housing Counseling Assistance Program 

The Housing Counseling Assistance program counsels consumers on seeking, renting, owning, financing, and 

maintaining a home. HUD provides counseling services through HUD-approved housing counseling agencies. 

Such agencies and national, regional, or multi-state intermediaries may apply for one-year grants through a notice of funding availability published by HUD. 

Table 2.18 contains information on the race and ethnicity of those participating in the Housing Counseling Assistance Program during FY 2016.

Table 2.18: Protected Characteristics of Households that Participated in HUD-Funded Housing Counseling Programs, FY 2016

Protected Characteristic Percentage of Participants

Race

White 44.1%

Black or African American 33.7%

American Indian or Alaska Native 0.7%

Asian 3.1%

Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 0.4%

Other Multi-Racial 7.4%

Black or African American and White 0.6%

American Indian or Alaska Native and Black or African American 0.1%

American Indian or Alaska Native and White 0.3%

Asian and White 0.1%

Chose not to Respond 9.4%

Ethnicity

Hispanic or Latino 18.5%

Not Hispanic or Latino 73.7%

Chose Not to Respond 7.8%

Total Number of Households 945,096

Source: Aggregate Data from HUD Form 9902 FY 2016

Note: Data above represent the first three quarters of 2016 (September 30, 2015 through June 30, 2016). Partcipating housing counseling agencies have three months after the end of the quarter to report data to HUD. At the 

time of printing, HUD had not yet completed quality control of the fourth quarter data. Upon certification, HUD 

Form 9902 data will be available on HUD Exchange. 
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 109

Office of Community Planning and Development Programs

Community Development Block Grants (CDBG) 

CDBG is authorized by Title I of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, as amended, to provide 

annual grants on a formula basis to states, metropolitan cities, and urban counties for activities that benefit persons of low- and moderate-income and aid in the prevention or elimination of slums or blight, or meet certain 

community development needs that have a particular urgency.

Table 2.19 contains information on the race and ethnicity of households that benefited from CDBG’s owner-occupied housing rehabilitation, rental housing rehabilitation, and homeownership assistance in FY 2016. The number 

of participants represents only those beneficiaries that have submitted data. Additional CDBG activities also had 

beneficiaries.

Table 2.19: Protected Characteristics of Beneficiaries of CDBG’s Owner-Occupied Housing Rehabilitation, Rental 

Housing Rehabilitation, and Homeownership Assistance Programs, FY 2016

Protected Characteristics

Owner Occupied 

Housing Rehabilitation

Rental Housing 

Rehabilitation

Homeownership 

Assistance

Race

White 52.3% 60.4% 59.3%

Black/African American 36.5% 27.6% 30.7%

American Indian/Alaskan Native 0.4% 1.2% 0.4%

Asian 1.9% 5.7% 3.5%

Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander 0.2% 0.3% 0.2%

Black/African American & White 0.3% 0.9% 0.4%

American Indian/Alaskan Native & 

White

0.4% 0.2% 0.2%

Amer. Indian/Alaskan Native & Black/

African American 0.1% 0.1% 0.3%

Asian & White 0.1% 0.0% 0.4%

Other Multi-Racial 7.7% 3.6% 4.5%

Ethnicity

Hispanic or Latino 15.2% 15.5% 24.3%

Not Hispanic or Latino 84.8% 84.5% 75.7%

Total Number of Participants 56,831 15,514 2,603

Source: Integrated Disbursement and Information System (IDIS) 

Note: Percentages are based on those households for which race/ethnicity data were actually reported.
110 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

CDBG-Disaster Recovery Assistance (CDBG-DR) 

In response to disasters, Congress may appropriate additional funding for the CDBG program as Disaster Recovery 

grants to rebuild the affected areas and start the recovery process. Since CDBG Disaster Recovery assistance may 

fund a broad range of recovery activities, HUD can help communities and neighborhoods that otherwise might 

not recover due to limited resources. Disaster Recovery grants often supplement disaster programs of the Federal 

Emergency Management Agency, the Small Business Administration, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 

Table 2.20 contains information on the race and ethnicity of households that benefited from CDBG-DR in FY 2016.

Table 2.20: Protected Characteristics of Beneficiaries of CDBG-DR, FY 2016

Protected Characteristics

Affordable 

Rental Housing

Construction of 

New Housing

Homeownership 

Assistance

Rehabilitation/ 

Reconstruction of 

Residential Structures

Race of Head of Household

White 42.8% 83.7% 67.2% 59.6%

Black/African American 52.7% 13.8% 19.7% 24.7%

American Indian/Alaskan Native 0.1% 0.8% 0.0% 0.1%

Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific 

Islander

0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

Asian 0.8% 1.2% 4.1% 1.2%

Black/African American and White 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2%

American Indian/Alaskan Native 

and White

0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2%

American Indian/Alaskan Native 

and Black/African American 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Asian and White 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

Other Multi-racial 3.0% 0.4% 0.0% 2.7%

Unknown 0.0% 0.0% 9.0% 11.0%

Gender of Head of Household

Female Head of Household 40.7% 39.4% 36.9% 18.0%

Source: Disaster Recovery Grant Reporting System (DRGR)
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 111

Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA) 

HOPWA is authorized by the Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act to assist states, local governments, and nonprofit organizations in addressing the housing needs of low-income persons with HIV/AIDS and 

their families. In addition to providing rental assistance subsidies, funds may be used to develop and operate 

community residences and other housing facilities that offer on-site support for activities of daily living and other 

needed services. 

Table 2.21 provides data on the race, ethnicity, age, and sex of persons receiving assistance from HOPWA in FY 

2016. The total represents only those beneficiaries that have submitted information to HUD.

Table 2.21: Protected Characteristics of Persons Provided with Housing Assistance through HOPWA Formula 

Grants and Competitive Grants, FY 2016

Protected Characteristics Formula Grant Competitive Grant Total Program

HIV/AIDs Status

Persons with HIV/AIDS 68.6% 67.5% 68.5%

HIV+ Family Members 2.7% 2.9% 2.7%

Family Members who are not HIV+ 28.7% 29.6% 28.8%

Race

White 35.1% 50.0% 36.4%

Black or African American 54.9% 40.6% 53.7%

American Indian or Alaska Native 0.7% 1.7% 0.8%

Asian 0.7% 1.4% 0.7%

Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 0.4% 0.9% 0.4%

Black or African American and White 0.8% 0.2% 0.7%

American Indian or Alaska Native and White 0.2% 0.4% 0.2%

American Indian or Alaska Native and Black or African 

American 

0.1% 0.1% 0.1%

Asian and White 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%

Other Multi-Racial 7.1% 4.6% 6.8%

Ethnicity

Hispanic/Latino 17.0% 12.0% 16.0%

Non-Hispanic/Latino 83.0% 88.0% 84.0%

Age

Younger than 18 1.0% 1.0% 1.0%

18-30 13.0% 12.0% 13.0%

31-50 49.0% 50.0% 49.0%

51 or older 37.0% 37.0% 37.0%

Sex
112 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

Protected Characteristics Formula Grant Competitive Grant Total Program

Female 35.3% 31.0% 34.9%

Male 63.4% 67.0% 63.7%

Transgender M to F 1.3% 1.8% 1.3%

Transgender F to M 0.04% 0.1% 0.1%

Area Median Income

Extremely Low Income (0-30% of Area Median Income) 76.0% 78.0% 76.0%

Very Low Income (31-50% of Area Median Income) 15.0% 15.0% 15.0%

Low Income (51-80% of Area Median Income) 9.0% 7.0% 9.0%

Number of Recipients of Housing Assistance 48,804 4,304 53,108

Source: Integrated Disbursement and Information System (IDIS)

Note: Data on the number of beneficiaries of HOPWA Competitive and Formula Projects in FY 2014 with corresponding demographic data comes in reports submitted on less than the full number of grants. Percentages may 

not equal 100% due to rounding. Denominator may vary slightly for Race, Ethnicity, Age and Sex due to Grantee 

reporting errors.

HOME Investment Partnerships Program (HOME) 

HOME is authorized by the Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act to provide annual grants on a 

formula basis for state and local governments to provide affordable housing for low-income and very-low income 

households. States and localities may use their HOME allocations to construct or rehabilitate housing for sale 

or rental, rehabilitate eligible owner-occupied properties, and provide financial assistance to first-time or other 

qualified homebuyers. Under certain circumstances, a state or local government may use HOME funds to provide 

tenant-based rental assistance (TBRA). 

Table 2.22: Protected Characteristics of Beneficiaries of the HOME Investment Partnership Program, FY 2016

Protected Characteristics TBRA Rental Units Homebuyer

Homeowner 

Rehabilitation

Race or Ethnicity

White 62.9% 44.8% 55.4% 63.4%

Black or African American 29.2% 43.6% 30.8% 30.1%

American Indian or Alaska Native 2.2% 0.7% 0.3% 0.5%

Asian 0.8% 2.2% 3.4% 1.1%

Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 1.1% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3%

Black or African American and White 0.9% 0.4% 0.6% 0.5%

American Indian or Alaska Native and 

White 

0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%

American Indian or Alaska Native and 

Black or African American 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.3%

Asian and White 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 113

Protected Characteristics TBRA Rental Units Homebuyer

Homeowner 

Rehabilitation

Other Multi-Racial 2.3% 7.4% 8.6% 3.4%

Ethnicity

Hispanic or Latino 9.6% 16.8% 24.1% 12.3%

Non-Hispanic or Latino 90.4% 83.2% 75.9% 87.7%

Familial Status

Families with Children 49.9% 28.4% 59.2% 25.7%

Total Assisted Households 15,809 14,820 10,802 5,026

Source: Integrated Disbursement and Information System (IDIS)

Neighborhood Stabilization Program

The Neighborhood Stabilization Program (NSP) was established for the purpose of stabilizing communities that 

have suffered from foreclosures and abandonment. Through the purchase and redevelopment of foreclosed and 

abandoned homes and residential properties, the goal of the program is being realized. 

Table 2.23 contains information on the race and ethnicity of households that benefited from NSP in FY 2016. 

 Table 2.23: Protected Characteristics of Beneficiaries of NSP, FY 2016

Race

Construction of New 

Housing

Homeownership 

Assistance to Low 

and Moderate Income 

Households

Rehabilitation/ 

Reconstruction of 

Residential Structures

White 47.6% 80.6% 42.3%

Black/African American 39.8% 14.9% 47.3%

American Indian/Alaskan Native 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

Asian 2.1% 0.0% 2.2%

Black/African American and White 0.2% 1.5% 0.3%

Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander 0.0% 0.0% 0.6%

American Indian/Alaskan Native and 

Black/African American 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%

American Indian/Native and White 0.0% 1.5% 0.0%

Asian and White 0.6% 1.5% 0.2%

Other Multi-racial 4.3% 0.0% 3.2%

Unknown 5.5% 0.0% 3.6%

Total 513 67 2,036

Source: Disaster Recovery Grant Reporting System (DRGR)
114 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

Continuum of Care Program

The Continuum of Care program (CoC) is designed to assist sheltered and unsheltered homeless people by providing the housing and/or services needed to help individuals move into transitional and permanent housing, with the 

goal of long term stability.

1. Promote community-wide commitment to the goal of ending homelessness

2. Provide funding for efforts by nonprofit providers, States, and local governments to re-house homeless individuals and families rapidly while minimizing the trauma and dislocation caused to homeless individuals, families, and communities as a consequence of homelessness

3. Promote access to and effective use of mainstream programs by homeless individuals and families

4. Optimize self-sufficiency among individuals and families experiencing homelessness

The CoC Program is the consolidation of HUD’s former competitive homeless assistance grants programs: Supportive Housing Program, Shelter Plus Care, and Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation Single Room Occupancy Program. 

There are still some projects operating with grants funded under these programs that have not yet renewed under 

the CoC Program.

Supportive Housing Program. The Supportive Housing Program helps develop housing and related supportive services for people moving from homelessness to independent living. The Supportive Housing Program helps homeless persons achieve residential stability, increase their skill levels and/or income, and obtain greater self-determination.

Shelter Plus Care Program. The Shelter Plus Care Program provides rental assistance combined with social services 

for homeless persons with disabilities and their families. The program allows for a variety of housing choices, such as 

group homes or individual units, coupled with a range of supportive services (funded by other sources).

Single Room Occupancy Program. The Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation Single Room Occupancy Program provides rental assistance to homeless individuals in connection with the moderate rehabilitation of residential properties that, when rehabilitation is completed, will contain multiple single room dwelling units. These units may contain 

food preparation or sanitary facilities, or both. SRO housing contains units for occupancy by one person. A public 

housing agency makes Section 8 rental assistance payments to the landlords on behalf of participants.

Protected characteristics data are not available for Continuum of Care programs in FY 2016 due to a reporting system issue.
FHEO Annual Report FY 2016 115

Office of Public and Indian Housing Programs

Housing Choice Vouchers 

The Housing Choice Voucher program is authorized by the U.S. Housing Act of 1937 to provide rental subsidies to 

low- and very-low income families to help them afford decent, safe, and sanitary housing in the private market. 

The participant pays the difference between the subsidy and the rent charged by the landlord. Under certain 

circumstances, a participant may use his or her voucher to purchase a home.

Public Housing 

The Low-Rent Public Housing program is authorized by the U.S. Housing Act of 1937 to provide safe and decent 

rental housing for low-income families, the elderly, and persons with disabilities. Public housing comes in a variety of forms, from scattered-site single-family houses to high-rise apartments.

Moderate Rehabilitation 

The Moderate Rehabilitation program provides project-based rental assistance for low-income families. This 

program began in 1978 as an expansion of the rental certificate program after HUD determined that at least 2.7 

million rental units had deficiencies requiring a moderate level of upgrading. The program was repealed in 1991, 

but assistance is provided to properties previously rehabilitated. 

Table 2.24 provides data on the race, ethnicity, age, sex, disability, and familial status of households receiving assistance from Housing Choice Vouchers, Public Housing, or Moderate Rehabilitation in the 18-month period ending 

on September 30th, the last day of the fiscal year. The data for race, ethnicity, age, and sex were provided for the 

head of household only, regardless of the composition of the household. The number of households represents 

only those beneficiaries that submitted data to HUD.
116 FHEO Annual Report FY 2016

Table 2.24: Protected Characteristics of Assisted Households in PIH Programs, for the 18-month period ending 

September 30, 2016

Protected Characteristics

Moderate 

Rehabilitation Public Housing

Tenant-based 

Vouchers All Programs

Race of Head of Household

White 52.8% 48.4% 46.6% 47.2%

Black or African American 43.6% 47.3% 48.2% 47.9%

American Indian or Alaskan Native 1.2% 0.7% 0.8% 0.8%

Asian 1.3% 2.4% 2.5% 2.5%

Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6%

Multiple Race 0.5% 0.6% 1.3% 1.1%

Ethnicity of Head of Household

Hispanic or Latino 27.4% 23.7% 17.2% 19.3%

Not Hispanic or Latino 72.6% 76.3% 82.8% 80.7%

Age of Head of Household

Younger than 31 years 13.9% 17.1% 11.9% 13.5%

31 – 41 14.2% 17.4% 24.9% 22.5%

42 – 51 18.0% 14.5% 19.0% 17.6%

52 – 61 29.1% 19.2% 20.9% 20.5%

62 or older 24.8% 31.9% 23.2% 25.9%

Sex of Head of Household

Female 52.6% 74.4% 79.6% 77.7%

Male 47.4% 25.6% 20.4% 22.3%

Disability

Any household member with a disability 51.3% 40.5% 48.3% 45.8%

Head of household has a disability 50.1% 37.0% 43.3% 41.3%

Families with Children

Households with Children 20.3% 38.6% 45.2% 42.9%

Total Households 31,157 1,021,114 2,208,088 3,260,359

Source: PIH Information Center (PIC)

Note: All data are from the PIC system for the 18-month period ending September 30, 2016. The table excludes all 

records showing heads of household under 15 years of age of over 105 years of age, as well as any record showing type of action to be either “End of Participation” or “Portability Move-Out”.