# Technological Solutions: Electrical Propulsion Pol

Andreas Klugescheid, Vice President Governmental Affairs 

## 18th Annual meeting of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development New York, 12 May 2010.

# BMW EfficientDynamics .

What we have achieved so far . The BMW Group has achieved a reduction in CO2 - reductions in the EU of 27 % 

## between 1995 and 2008.

> 25 % *

1993 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 2015 * 1995 = 100; BMW Group EU(15) fleet fuel consumption in EU testcycle; Source: BMW AG 

### BMW Group 2008 EU(27) Fleet Fuel Consumption = 156 g CO 2 

### /km Fleet Power Output 

### = 133 kW (!) 

### 105 % 100 % 

### 95 % 90 % 

### 85 % 80 % 

### 75 % 70 % 

### 65 % 60 % 55 % 50 %

# CO 2 

# Regulation Worldwide. 30 % Reduction 2008 – 2020.

Gewichtsklasse, Hubraumklasse)

- 10%

-30% -20% 

## USA EU 27 China Japan Group fleet 2008 CO 2



### - 10%

- 27% - 25% 

### Target: BMW Group fulfills all regulations=> ca. -30% (2008 until 2020) Ca.



### - 15% 2010



### > 20% 2016 2015

2020 

### 2012 2015.ff



## 2020 2020 2020

Assum 

### ptionsHigh Precision Injection in lean - burn mode High Precision Injection with Twin Turbo Technology VALVETRONIC Technology Variable Twin Turbo Diesel Technology 3rd Generation Piezo Common Rail Diesel Technology Brake Energy Regeneration Auto Start-Stop Function Active Aerodynamics Tires with low Rolling Friction Electric Waterpump Electric Steering Shifting point indicator MINI BMW EfficientDynamics measures applied : Some restrictions may apply, depending on individual car configuration 1 Series 3 Series 5 Series 6 Series 7 Series X3 X5 Z4 X6

1.) Direct injection with Twin Scroll Turbo 2.) System comparable to VALVETRONIC 2.) 1.) 

# BMW EfficientDynamics . Always a standard feature - at no extra costs .BMW 320d Coupe: 4.8 l / 128 g BMW 318d Touring: 4.8 l / 125 g

BMW 320d: 4.8 l / 128 g

MINI Cooper Convertible: 5.7 l / 137 g MINI One: 5.3 l / 128 g MINI Cooper:

5.4 l / 129 g BMW 116d

5 -door: 4.4 l / 118 g BMW 118d

5 -door: 4.5 l / 119 g

BMW 320d Touring: 4.9 l / 130 g

MINI Cooper D: 3.9 l / 104 g BMW 120d 5 -door: 4.8 l / 128 g BMW 320d Convertible: 5.3 l / 140 g

BMW 318d: 4.7 l / 123 g BMW 123d 5 -door: 5.2 l / 138 g

BMW 118d 3 -door: 4.5 l / 119 g BMW 120d

3 -door: 4.8 l / 128 g BMW 123d Coupe: 5.2 l / 138 g BMW 123d 3 -door: 5.2 l / 138 g BMW 120d Convertible: 5.1 l / 134 g BMW 120d Coupe: 4.8 l / 128 g BMW 116d 3 -door: 4.4 l / 118 g BMW 520d: 5.1 l / 136 g BMW 520d Touring: 5.3 l / 140 g

MINI Cooper Clubman : 5.5 l / 132 g BMW 118d Convertible : 4.9 l / 129 g 

# BMW EfficientDynamics . The BMW Group „140 g Fleet“ in 2009.

MINI One Clubman : 4.1 l / 109 g MINI Cooper Clubman D: 4.1 l / 109 g
Fuel economy figures : liters/100 km in EU testcycle. CO 2 figures: g/km

# BMW EfficientDynamics .

The next step - BMW ActiveHybrid .

- First two models ready for production in 2009.

- Following a top down approach .



# - Up to 20 % better fuel economy in EU testcycle .

# BMW EfficientDynamics .

The Vision EfficientDynamics Concept Car.

• Maximum (l imited electronically) speed of 250 km/h or 155 mph, 

## • Acceleration to 100 km/h in 4.8 seconds • Average fuel consumption in the EU test cycle is 3.76 litres/100 km • Fuel efficiency of 75.1 mpg 

## • CO2 emission rating is 99 g/km under the EU Test Cycle

# BMW Efficient Dynamics. The Future - Electric Driving .

# MINI E – the first step on a longer journey. Performance Data.

 Curb Weight 1.465 kg


###  Acceleration 0
- 100km/h in 8,5 sec
 Max. Output 150 kW / 204 hp
 Max. RPM (cut off) 13.000 U/min
 Consumption 0.14 kWh/km (at 200km range)
 Torque 220 Nm
 Top Speed 152 km/h, electronically regulated  Range depending on profile : 250 km/ 150mls (FTP 72); eff. 150
- 160 kmInfrastructure and Energy partners 50 units use by customers since 2009 Government Support

500 units for lease on the market since 2009 50 units in field trial Various regional utility companies Scientific and technical partners Field trial *

* co-funded by governmental authorithies **

* * co- funded by governmental authorithies ** *

* ** regular full reports to CARB 50 units use by customer in 2010 

# Global E- Mobility Projects. Organisational Structure .

State Grid China Automotive Technology and Research Center
40 units use by customers since 2009 NDRC MOST MIIT

## Ecological

relevance. Charging. Expectations. 

## User behaviour

. 

# Initial results of the field trial in Berlin. These guiding questions were put at the start of the 

# study.

How important is the ecological added value of an e-vehicle to MINI E users? What has to be addressed in future in relation to charging and infrastructure? What expectations do users have of the technology? How is the MINI E actually used on an everyday basis? Who applied? - Applicant profile - Who uses the MINI E? 

## User profile.60

100 120

80

20 40

0 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70 70 - 80 80 - 90 90 - 100 100 - 110 110 - 120 120 - 130 130 - 140 140 - 150 150 - 160 160 - 170 170 - 180 180 - 190 190 - 200 200 - 210 210 - 220 220 - 230 230 - 240 240 - 250 250 - 260 260 - 270 270 - 280 280 - 290 290 - 300 300 - BMW 116i MINI Cooper MINI E Berlin BMW 530dA - All -

- All -

- All -

- All - 

# Initial results of the field trial in Berlin. Day-to-day driving behaviour does 

# not vary within a vehicle segment.

Source: Berlin data logger. Average distance travelled per day: 42 km Average distance travelled per day: 43.5 km Average distance travelled per day: 37.8 km Average distance travelled per day: 103.2 km

Route [km] Share [%] Daily trip .

06 - 11/200935 % 66 %



# Initial results of the field trial in Berlin. Assessment of range in connection 

# with everyday mobility.

MINI E users feel less guilty and derive more pleasure from driving.

Source: Berlin user survey. as not acceptable. 150 km as acceptable. < 100 km 200 km as optimal. 250 km The average maximum range of users is 150 km. Users would see a electric vehicle range of: 90 % The range is sufficient for over 90 % of users. Around 66 % of users rate flexibility as least as highly as that of a conventional vehicle. Mobility behaviour changed for 35 % of users.

# Initial results of the field trial in Berlin.

Which trips cannot be undertaken in the MINI E?

14 %

54 % 28 %

4 % 14 %

Source: Berlin user survey. According to the route diary, users cannot use the MINI E for 14 % of trips (often at the weekend). Reasons for non - use: Limited storage space . Limited number of passengers . Limited range . Insufficient battery charge level . Only a small number of trips cannot be undertaken in the MINI E.Berlin Public charging station. -

-

- 33 stations have already been set up. 27 on private land (private premises but accessible 24/7). 6 on public premises. 

# Initial results of the field trial in Berlin. MINI E users and Autostrom sites in Berlin.

Private users. There are plans for 50 Vattenfall charging stations in Berlin.

# Initial results of the field trial in Berlin.

Charging - where do users charge the vehicle?

Increase density of network and select appropriate locations for charging stations. Information on locations, e.g. in navigation system. Information on availability. Users obtain parking privileges . Reduced charge duration . Possible ways of increasing use:

-

-

-

-

- 94 % 56 % 46 % 40 % 26 % 23 % 21 % 9 % Autostrom Box. Unfavourable location . Not enough stations . Parking too long . Charging sessions might be interrupted. Dirty cable . Cable not in car

. Station in use .

Source: Berlin user survey. 56 % 56 % of users have never used a public charging station. They mainly use private Autostrom boxes. Reasons for non - use of public charging stations:

# Initial results of the field trial in Berlin.

Ecological relevance .

How should energy for electric cars be generated? Coal -fired power

station. Nuclear power station. Wind energy. Hydroelectric power station. Solar energy. 8 % 33 % 95 % 98 % 98 % 93 % 18 %

95 % 97 % Share of MINI E users who regard renewable energy for charging electric vehicles as important.

Before use. After 3 months.

Source: Berlin user survey. Only 18 % of users rate energy from the German “energy mix” as environmentally compatible. 93 % of users rate electrical energy from renewable sources as environmentally compatible.

# Initial results of the field trial in Berlin.

Summary. Vehicle usage of the MINI E only differs marginally from that of comparable MINI Cooper and BMW 116i users . Before the test, limitations were expected in terms of range and charging times. During the actual experiment these 

### were only felt to be limitations in very few specific cases . The data collected indicates that a Megacity Vehicle with a 

### slightly larger range and with expanded interior space would meet virtually 100 per cent of the mobility needs of city- dwellers . 1 . 2.
3.

# Electric Mobility.

Support Measures – Policy Options. Established approaches: 

##  Effective R&D subsidies,  Exemption from motor vehicle excise tax. 

##  Purchase incentives for customers. Additional options:  Use of depreciation tools for business and commercially vehicles.  Favorable taxes on company cars used for private purposes .  Differentiated tax treatment (e.g. depriciation) of vehicle and battery.  Promotion of the combined use of electric and conventional vehicles.  Financial support for establishing a battery
- charging infrastructure at home, in the workplace and in the public domain.

# Sustainable Mobility.

The need for a comprehensive policy framework Political leadership is needed: 

##  Assure customers that switching to electric driving does not merely shift the burden but really benefits the climate  Avoid a repetition of the communication desaster around biofuels  The lines of responsibility have to be drawn between the motor Industry , 

## the oil and the electricity industry.  A mechanism is needed that will comprehensively ensure CO 2 

## emissions from road traffic are cut and that the reduction of CO 2 

## emissions is comprehensively regulated on a competitively neutral basis between the various sectors. 

##  Emissions Trading should be considered as an option in order to
• Replace the current “patchwork” of regulations for different fuels.
• Put top
- down pressure for decarbonisation on all fuels.
• Manage the coexistence of conventional and new options.
• Enable customers to take informed choices according to their needs.

# Thank you very much for your attention .