NBS Special

Publication

480-17

I A11103 DTlMflS

NAT-L INST OF STANDARDS & TECH R.I.C.

,K A1 1103091482

Harold L./Auto headllaht alas QC100 .357 NO.480-, 17, 1978 C?1 Xs-PUB

Auto Headlight

Glass: Visible

Features of

Forensic Utility

Law Enforcement

Equipment

Technology

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF

COMMERCE

National Bureau of

Standards

NBS Special Auto Headlight

Publication Qiass: Visible

Features of

I Bureau Of standard! FOreHSiC Utility

i\PR 6 1978

C166

7^ prepared by

\ Harold L. Steinberg ^ Center for Consumer Product Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

and the

Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

Center for Consumer Product Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D C. 20234

prepared for National Institute of Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U.S. Department of Justice

Washington, D. C. 20531

Issued U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

February 1978 Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

\j .\ ^ NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director
Disclaimer:

Certain trade names and company products are identified in order to adequately specify the experimental procedure. In no case does such identification imply recommendation or endorsement

by the National Bureau of Standards, nor does it imply that the products are necessarily the best available for the purpose.

Library of Congress Catalog Number: 78-600010

National Bureau of Standards

Special Publication 480-17

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 480-17, 137 pages CODEN;XNBSAV

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1978

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

Stock No. 003-003-01857-1 Price $3

(Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing)
Contents

Page Foreword v

1. Introduction 1

2. General Overview 1

3. Visible Features of Headlights 12

3.1. Fluting Patterns 12

3.2. Logos 21

3.3. Mold, Plunger and Other Lens Markings 26

3.4. Beam-Type Markings 31

3.5. Curvature 31

3.6. Headlight Aiming Pads 31

3.7. Reflector Markings 32

3.8. Color 33

Appendix A—Photographs of Headlight Lenses 33

Appendix B—Selected Illustrations of Westinghouse Headlight Lenses 110

Appendix C—Selected Illustrations of General Electric Headlight Lenses 123

List of Tables

Page Tables

1. Some visible features that can have forensic utility 1

2. Sealed beam headlight glass- and lampmakers 3

3. Sealed beam headlight OEM suppliers for each major automaker 4

4. Estimated percentages of OEM and replacement headlights for passenger vehicles 5

5. Basic lamp data 6

6. Sealed beam headlights used as OEM in U.S. passenger vehicles by

make, model and model year 7

7. Sealed beam headlights used as OEM in imported passenger vehicles, by

make, model and model year 9

8. Domestic shipments of sealed beam headlights and motor vehicle factory

sales/imports 11

9a. Interpretive data for code and plunger numbers on Corning 8100 Series,

Par 46 (high beam) lenses 13

9b. Interpretive data for code and plunger numbers on Corning 8200 Series,

Par 46 (low beam) lenses 15

9c. Interpretive data for code and plunger numbers on Corning 8100 Series,

Par 56 (6V, twin beam) lenses 17

9d. Interpretive data for code and plunger numbers on Corning 8200 Series,

Par 56 (6, 12V twin beam) lenses 18

10. Lens mold data for Corning lenses 22

Al. Data for lenses shown in appendix A 34

m
List- of Figures

Page Figures

1. (a) Pre-1961 Guide Headlamps; (b) 1963-1970 Guide Headlamps; and

(c) Recent Guide Lamps 24

2a. Genealogy of Westinghouse Par 46 Sealed Beam Headlights 25

2b. Genealogy of Westinghouse Par 56 Sealed Beam Headlights 26

3a. Westinghouse Logo Details 27

3b. Additional Westinghouse Logo Details 28

4. Dimensions of "1" and "2" on Westinghouse Lamps 29

5. Time Distributions for the Alphabetic Prefixes to Coming's Par 46 and

Par 56 Lens Mold Numbers 30

Al-74. Illustrations of the Various Sealed Beam Headlamp

Fluting Patterns 36-109

Bl-22. Selected Illustrations of Westinghouse Headlight Lenses 110-122

Cl-16. Selected Illustrations of General Electric Headlight Lenses 123-131

IV
FOREWORD

The Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) furnishes technical support to the National Institute of Law Enforcement and

Criminal Justice (NILECJ) program to strengthen law enforcement and criminal justice in the United States. LESL's function is to conduct research that will assist law enforcement and

criminal justice agencies in the selection and procurement of quality equipment.

LESL is: (1) Subjecting existing equipment to laboratory testing and evaluation and (2)

conducting research leading to the development of several series of documents, including

national voluntary equipment standards, user guidelines, state-of-the-art surveys and other

reports.

This document is a law enforcement equipment report developed by LESL under the sponsorship of NILECJ. Additional reports as well as other documents are being issued under

under the LESL program in the areas of protective equipment, communications equipment,

security systems, weapons, emergency equipment, investigative aids, vehicles and clothing.

Technical comments and suggestions concerning the subject matter of this report are in- vited from all interested parties. Comments should be addressed to the Law Enforcement

Standards Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234.

Jacob J. Diamond

Chief, Law Enforcement

Standards Laboratory

V

AUTO HEADLIGHT GLASS:

VISIBLE FEATURES OF FORENSIC UTILITY

This report documents those visible features of sealed beam auto headlights which may be of use in criminal investigations. These visible features include fluting pattern, lampmaker monogram, mold markings, and curvature. Only sealed beam headlights used on passenger vehicles having significant U.S. sales are considered. The data presented are current through 1974. Key words: Auto accident investigation, fluting pattern ; forensic science; headlight glass; hit-and-run

accidents; sealed beam headlights

1. INTRODUCTION

The aim of this document is to aid the work of the forensic scientist in extracting infor- mation from headlight glass fragments for purposes of vehicle identification. Its scope is limited to descriptions of the markings and other visible features of lenses and reflectors from sealed beam headlights used in passenger vehicles having significant U.S. sales. These

markings and other visible features are listed in table 1.

Table 1. Some visible features that can have forensic utility

(a) Fluting pattern

(b) Lampmaker or automaker logo

(c) Mold, plunger, and other lens markings

(d) Beam-type ("1" or "2") marking

(e) Curvature

(f) Type of aiming pad

(g) Reflector markings

(h) Color

This document is the second of a three part series. The first concerns the characterization

of auto headlight glass by its refractive index and density. The third concerns the characterization of auto headlight glass by its trace element content. Section 2 contains general information regarding the companies that manufacture

sealed beam headlights, the processes by which the lamps are fabricated, and other general

data regarding headlights.

Section 3 describes the various markings and other visible features of passenger ve- hicle sealed beam headlights which can assist the criminalist in inferring the age, beam-type

and make of a sealed beam headlight. This information, when taken in conjunction with the production data presented in section 2, can facilitate deductions regarding the make and

model of the vehicle in question.

Appendix A contains illustrations of the lens patterns. Production data regarding each

lens pattern can be found in table Al.

Appendix B gives lens drawings, schematics of selected Westinghouse monograms, and some specifications for early Westinghouse monograms.

Appendix C gives selected depictions of General Electric's Par 46 and 56 headlamp

lenses.

2. GENERAL OVERVIEW

All headlights on motor vehicles intended for use on U.S. highways must be the

sealed beam type.

1
The companies that mold lenses and reflectors—referred to as "glassmakers"—and those

that assemble the component parts into the completed headlights—referred to as "lampmakers"—are hsted in table 2. Lampmakers of original equipment (hereafter referred to as OEM) headlights for the major makes of passenger vehicles presently sold in the U.S. are shown in table 3. Note that some imported vehicles have American-made headlights installed upon entry into this country (e.g., Volvo). Estimates of the overall percentages of OEM

and replacement lamps for each major lampmaker or distributor are listed in table 4. These

data may lend support to deductions as to the OEM or replacement nature of headlights of identified make.

Passenger vehicles intended for use in the United States must use one of the following

systems to be in compliance with Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and U.S. Dept. of Transportation (DOT) standards regarding sealed beam headlights:

(1) Two Circular Headlights—^two 7" diameter twin beams, called "Par 56" headlights

by the industry.

(2) Two Rectangular Headlights—two 5 X 7.5" twin beams, classified as "Par 56,"

Type 2" lamps. Available for the first time in some 1977 passenger vehicles.

(3) Four Circular Headlights—two 5.75" diameter double-filamented low beams, and

two 5.75" diameter single-filamented high beams. These lights are in the "Par 46" class of headlamp, and are referred to as "Type 2" and "Type 1," respectively.

(4) Four Rectangular Headlights—two 4 X 6.5" rectangular, double-filamented low

beams, and two 4 X 6.5" rectangular high beams. These lights, referred to as Type 2A and

lA, respectively, made their first U.S. appearance on 1975 model year Monza, Skyhawk, Starfire and most full-sized GM passenger vehicles. These lamps are also considered by the in- dustry to be "Par 46" lamps.

Sealed beam headlights are typed according to their lamp size, beam type, design volt- age, wattage rating, and duty type. Lamp-type number assignment is generally independent of

the lampmaker, but exceptions exist. Each unique sealed beam headlight type commonly found on domestically registered vehicles is listed, along with its attributes, in table 5. Lamps of the same beam type and voltage rating, but of different lamp types (see column 2, table 5), are interchangeable and may have the same lens patterns. Thus 6012, 6013, 6014, 6015, and 6016

lamps can be interchanged, while a 4002 lamp can be replaced by a 4000 or 4005 lamp.

The types of OEM lamps used in domestically manufactured passenger cars for the model

years 1962 through 1974 are listed in table 6. The numbers in table 6 refer to the listings in

table 5. Table 7 is in the same format as table 6, and lists the headlight types used for imported passenger vehicles. Total sealed beam headlight production, and U.S. factory sales of motor vehicles for the calendar years 1967 through 1974 are listed in table 8. The industrial process by which headlamps are manufactured consists of the following

steps

(1) The glass is formed in a large glass tank into which the raw materials are placed,

along with 20 percent or more of scrap glass ("cullet"). Headlight glass is a borosilicate glass.

Without benefit of mechanical stirring, the glass is formed and slowly passes through the tank

by gravity feed.

(2) At the exit port of each tank, glass is placed into lenses and reflector "molds." These

components are then pressed out by means of "plungers." The mold forms the smooth outer surface of a lens or reflector. The plunger creates the fluting pattern and other markings on

the inner surface of the lens.

(3) Lenses and reflectors are shipped from glassmaker to lampmaker. The time between

lens formation and reception by the lampmaker is on the order of one or two weeks. The lampmaker aluminizes each reflector, inserts the filaments, ferrules, etc., and then seals the reflector

2
O

o >^ o O „'0

^ V „

f) tfl <JJ 2 IS

I.U eg

.2 .„ .„ ^ X ^ ooo _

'—^ ^ I—I hn^

> > > C

UJ 1) 4j 5 U 0) O

ii ii ki .r: OOO «

bD O- U .2 I—

? c S _= o

OUU.oo.o r

in M wE'SEcjOO

OOOwSSJJS;2

M bH bD-j „ O ^ ca

UCJOOOOh5c/iO

-a

aJ O

") SI

C 4-: .2 £

c c c ^

Q cd "3

H-l u -a ^ I c —

« p 3 S s

"3 I- -

o P

D3

O

oO

E

o

o

Q

H

1-1

03

" u 2 .. c

;i u o o g ^ 2-.2

I—] bCtH'--'— cac/5 nj — •

O ^ ^ O O O H J O

!£ -73

<^ —

5. ^

E

°

• - o

5 SO

q 2 E

o 5 S

1 r T > -i:bn >< O

I- -C

S c - 1 « ^

> 2 " o .a

E -2

- .y <N « iS"^

M « _>'-o g "C ca ^ CO ca c S-.0

^ «^ = - i S

ja S 2- aJ3 <(-. ^> c

cx 3 -5 ca _

m ^ ^ t u S

bB O. C ^

£

bB

CO <u

— g 13 ^ p

u u5 ca o CJ 'c § ^ '£ '£ 5 .i; o cj 5< ca 3 " — E-|oww ^

be

CO

CO O OJ CO

C-t:

3
to an appropriate lens, forming a headlight. This lamp is then gas filled and sealed. Each

lens is stressed during annealing to strengthen the glass against breakage. The time spent by

lenses and reflectors at the lampmakers ranges from 2 to 6 weeks. The headlight may then

be shipped either directly to the automaker, or to an intermediate company that inserts headlamps into appropriate housings and then ships the integrated units to the automaker. All U.S. automakers use the first (direct) approach, but AMC and Chrysler have, upon occasion, also used the latter (2-step) procedure. The 2-step process will, typically, add an additional 10

days to the overall time between lamp production and auto assembly. However, just before

the new model-year production begins, the lamps may be stored at the integrated unit assembler's plant for up to 2 months.

Table 3. Sealed beam headlight OEM suppliers for each major automaker

Quantitative array elements, if available, are given as percentages.

Auto Maker TS West AMC 100 (a) -(b)

Ford --35 ~15

Chrysler ~25 (c) ~25

GM —

Alpha Romeo (e) Anglia

Audi

JDiVl W

Cortina

Datsun

Fiat — 100 nonda

TJaguar

Mazda

Mercedes MG

Morris

Opel

Peugeot

Porsche

Renault y

Saab

Simca

Subaru Sunbeam

Guide GE Lucas Koito Toshiba Hella Other

(h)

100 (g)

'100 (g)

-50 (d) ~50

y (c)

y

y

/ (f)

y (f)

4
Table 3. Sealed beam headlight OEM suppliers for each major automaker—Continued

Auto Maker TS West Guide GE Lucas Koito Toshiba Hella Other

(h)

Toyota

Triumph

Vauxhall VW

Volvo

Capri

^50

~50 ~50 (d) ^50

y

y

y

° All AMC passenger vehicles have used Tung-Sol (TS) headlamps as original equipment since about 1967. The Dash ( — ) symbol means negligible usage as original equipment.

The checkmark ( V ) symbol means a significant, but unquantified, usage as original equipment. These checkmarks generally relate to observations made in the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Area. However,

since many foreign-made motor vehicles do not have their headlamps installed until they arrive in the U.S., the potential for regional dependence in headlamp usage exists. ''Significant use is made of Canadian GE (CGE) headlamps in VW's and in Canadian-assembled Ford and

Chrysler cars destined for the U.S. market. Ford is now purchasing more 7" lamps than 5.75" lamps from GE. A few years back the situation was just the opposite.

" Blanks in the table denote unknown usage factors.

' Leland (British) vehicles taking 7" twin-beam lamps generally have Lucas lamps as original equipment.

Since these lamps are quite expensive, they are frequently replaced with U.S. made equivalents. Imported

Leland vehicles taking 5.75" lamps use U.S.-made lamps as original equipment.

^ GM cars have used 100 percent Guide lamps for at least the last ten years.

'' Stanley headlamps may appear in some Japanese-made vehicles. GE makes some of these lamps and, presumably, Iwaki (see table 2) makes the remainder.

Table 4. Estimated percentages of OEM and replacement headlights for passenger vehicles

Lampmaker/distributor

Percentages

OEM trade Replacementtrade

General Electric (GE) 20% 40%

Guide 50 15-18 Tung-Sol (TS) 20 20

Westinghouse 10 20

Atlas ~0 4-5 Lucas Small ~0

Toshiba ? ~0

Koito ? ~0

Stanley SmaU ~0

5
o

Q

03

o

(N r-H O O CO ^

!5 e c o o

^ j:^ > > nJ

'C 'fc- 'C cr cr <ij W CQ ce H H gj C<

CM

r-H O

O O

1- ^ "Sb

f—

bC

P3

</: m :j) a. O. P. SEE

3 3 3

bi bU bj] C C C

Xi o

iM eg; ctf

<^:l o o

I—I

(N r-H r-H

'to cd

C (D X "

P3 H E

E « 5 "J

0\

2^ o (M irj Lo

r—I r—

LO ^

X c W O

trl E PS K Di oi 03 Pi K o; ec; ffioiffiWoi pSpSoS

lo in

^-C C >J3 J= c c c c c JlIlE-HJffiffiHHHHH

(M M M C-q (N c c c c c

3^ S= ^

bU S

IX! J H

00 CO

c^ c-i CO

c<i cocqc^cococqc>)coco"*co

c4c^^oc^^c^i(N\oc^^c^^\de^

CO CO 00 CO oo

esi c4 c<i (N

CO CO CO

c4 c^i c-i

r-, mm Lo in ininr^r^ininr^r^t^t^t^ 1^

\0 VO VD XXX

O r-H ~ Oinio2<?'~''~'ooovocsi iro-^in^cM 0025'*OO^O^Or-H rtr-HrHr-Hr-H ^ ^

Tj* ^ ^ ^ Lo Lninm^oo vo^oo^oo r-nc^csi ^in^t^coosoi—icviM^ Ln\or-cooN

o «

s «

• fH

C3 C

So

o

""

c E 3 M

SooS

"H

Cd ffi r % 6

J M *- Q

1- -o

_c o

2 ^ g

1)

O

8" o ^

3 E m

CO O ^ 3 S

1) .2 5 aS

.2 u c

4- <D D O iHE c

0) H T.

ffl 6 -a -c o o

U <« 3

03 =d

bfi iH o

_c ca Mi 3 cn go J

bl)<'

Sh5 -

7,- « CO u cog i

ui -a

• e « C C CO Kr a ^

' [T)

vr^ a3

3o

13 e

3

0) *- IH

^ i3

S . «

° -t; X 5

O 3

J 3

3 CO

C3

^ tfi CO < 3 —

E^^ o — ~

CO CO -3 ^ « m P

CO ©

D

--^

CO E J E-2 3 o SP

3 13O u M Ih O

D.

CO . -

CO -H "

.2 « g

E .S

t:. 3

>^-3 3 >

-a 3

CO „

tSi'-'.' CO bC

rtS 3 O 3

^ E E E

3 , M J« CO =

. " " '~ 1)

3 — a^ ^ CO -O 3

0^ a^ C

. O U to

I 3 J=

iH -.^ m o " ^ O. 3

; -o o g -c

1 !? 4^ CO g

) Pi, a; _ Ct,

o 2 '

O O CJ HO

"S."H. a D

XI o <L) -C PiOS OSH

-p ^ 5

O CO Jo

t< ..CO Z «of D,-C ^ 3

(H i ^

O 0) JS _ X J= 4- U H H < PSCSS

3i$2i

•« jr CO

J2 c 3

6
TO CO

. to m CO

CO CO co_^ CO CO CO M e^f csf CO CO CO CO

cm'

CO CO, CO

CM (N

cO_ CO CO CO

CM cm' CM CM

C0_ CO

cm' cm' CO CO

cm' cm'

CO CO

CM cm' ^„ 1 ^ ^ cm' I cm cm' I—I cm cm' CO COCM CM

CO_ CO

cm'(m'

CO CO_ cm' CM "1 Tj- to CO

CvT '—I CM CM I—I CM CM

CO CO CM CMCO CO

cm' cm'

r-( CM

CO ^ CO CO ^ CO CO

CM I CM C<f r-H CM csf CO CO CM cm' CO CO CM c4

-ao

to

CM CM f-H CM

CM CM i-H CM

CO ^ CO CO ^ CO CO_^ cm' ' cm' cm' r—( cm c^

r CO CO -4, , CO

CM rH CM CM 1

CO CO_^ CM C^

co_^ CO

CO CO

cm' cm'

CO CO

cm' C^l

E

3

CM

CM 2 eg

CO CO ,3. CO, cm' CM cm' CO CO CO

cm' eg cm'

VO \0

I CO CO fo to

I eg cm' rsT eg

I

I a\ On ^ On

CM i-H t-H

CO CO^

cm' cm' On CO

r-T CM

On On u-fON

NO NO NO NO

f-H 1—I ,—I I—

- NC ^ ^^ "'l

; NO NO "i NO NO NO ON , NO NO NO NO ^

EX

c — D .H -o 3 _

fcX =1; 2"= S

M H '

V

"E ES S > cs :0 a> c 3 a a..z <cqc«OPS

M

a> \(A3

X

3\

c

nJ

O O

5 ¥ i: S

CO ^3 S-^ S

CO _£ w H M ^

V)

t-i 0

0

Motoi

Americi

AMC

General

Buick Chevy

03l^co

—) (/) 32 E CJOO

0) t: e .2 >0 ^^^ c o « g « c E

u t-i a; o 1^ O C hJ Cu H

o 2 C

-ao

7
to to fO CO ^ CO M M i-H

N i-H l-H N

CO CO

CO

CO CO

CO CO

IN (N

CO^CO_^

I I

CO_ CO CO CO CO

co_^ IN

CO

(N 1—1 CM

CO C0__ CO

c-q (N

CO CO

I W2 IN N I IN

1—1 I—I IN

CO^ CO co_ CO CO^

e^^ C^f IN IN IN

CO CO _i CO

CO co_ CO CO CO CO

IN IN IN IN IN (N IN r-( IN CO CO ^ COIN IN 1—1 M

CO CO CO CO CO M IN IN IN IN I 1-4 1-1 IN 1-1 1—1 IN

CO

IN ^CO_ CO CO CO

1—1 IN IN 5^' IN

CO CO

IN egl^q "^l CM, ^ ^ IN

1—I r-H "-I r—I 1—I 1—

I

CO CO CO CO

IN csf csf IN IN IN ^ IN ^ ^

CO CO CO CO

IN IN IN IN )2^CO CO

1—I cvf ci

•^^i^H ^ 'Ji co_ IN

IN IN IN ^ IN IN

CO, IN

CO

•^-l^i,

I VO

iH ta to . "O

<D o c

> c« Cfi 3

5 3 3 C ,g

.S o. « ^ o 5J o J> UD O CO O nj ^

3

CO

fc: ca CO

> o c

4^ ^ 3 _ ^r' - CQ O [jh Q Oh C/3

IN

^ -D

(-1 M

IS 5

1-1 C/3

T3OE

CO3 S

U3 CO 5

C W) O D CI

I £ ^

+

bp

CO «

2 "

3 2

CO S g

ID 3 .-S

3

C O" _.

- _ _ -. <p -d

C o. C

CO 5-E

lU 3 O 3

CO lu >

CO

-a u3 c

o c « • - igs2

CO .a c

"2 £J C COP.

a3 .SS -O C1..3

"S) C m £ W -O ^

8
O

F—

1—3 y-j So

< < m O G

C^J i-( r-H

IM r-H 1—1-H esi

I (M 1—( I—I r—

p—

VO

i-H I—( l» r-H

r—I (M I—

o

["csi N

C/2 c

Q O

13 •<

.So

-a o

c

SO

i:=; S

' 1—1 —

> o o —

> CO CM

I CM (M <
CO.

I—

CO •>* Tj<

^ ^ '^J' CO ^ ^ ^ ^

^ -* CO ;5 i-H r-H

r—

>* "^5}< ^ rj.

M I—I CS) r—( 1—( 1—

CO

l-H \

r-H (M t-H

-a

Oh Oh OS o

<; (u E

I— HJ

O CO —

H > > >

10
IS

SOh-o

pa

en

Oh

Oh

XXor-H Xo

v6X o X I 1—1 I—I 1—1

CO

EDOS

CO J= ^ o 2^ c -of W

-a , !L) ^ <U g (L» J2

CO Oj I ca 03 0' 3 < S E g 3 U? ^ —^ W 3 ^ -73 3

CJ

CO 1/5 ft.* C CO ^ . -n -O 1^ m " _ O 3 J5 -O . X! 2 bD CO 3 u > C 3 bD '-' -Q « <u o g C -5

bD

eft .S

C

C On

<U -tJ CO o I—

(-T\ 1—

CO

ID (M -Q bD >-.

O 3 n, * M ° " a^.S.ii

c=:j S-^ o-S

1—* " _c CO ^ I—

"° bD E -2 ft « C ^ O CO ON

03 S -o c o-P E

ft S c

CO E

CO *J„ ^o.

ftw ^.SP.S E-.-offi s g. „ > y ^ CO CO ^ J? , oOPo-OhHH, E O " -3 • <- "

11
Shipping time for lamps sent 'direct' is nominal. An approximately 10 day backlog of

headlights, or headlight assembly units, is maintained at each auto plant. In the remainder of

this report total times used will be based on 'direct' shipments.

Delivery of assembled vehicles to auto dealers typically takes about 2 weeks. A vehicle may remain at the auto dealer for up to a month. Thus, the overall time between lens/reflector

production and purchase of the car is about 1^ months. The time interval, that may be of greatest interest to the forensic investigator—since it is the interval, that permits deduction of the model year of the vehicle—is the time between lens/reflector production and auto assembly.

This interval is estimated to be about 4-10 weeks.

The above time estimates hold only for American-made cars. For vehicles assembled in Canada which use American-made headlights, or vice-versa, another week or 2 passes be- tween lens/reflector molding and OEM installation. Volkswagen and other European and Jap- anese automakers import headlights from North America and install them in vehicles destined

for export to the U.S. Time intervals for these vehicles are considerably lengthened. For the remaining vehicles imported into the U.S., headlights are installed after arrival in this country.

The evidential utility of headlamp glass in vehicle identification may be reduced if the broken lamp is not OEM. However, most headlights found on the road are OEM. The fol- lowing rules-of-thumb may be helpful:

(1) If it can be ascertained that a lamp is less than 1.5 years old, the probability of it being OEM is about 90 percent. Once a lamp is deduced to be OEM, it follows that the motor

vehicle is as old as the lamp (after subtracting a lamp assembly and delivery delay as de- scribed earlier in this section).

(2) If a lamp is more than 5 years old, it is also likely to be OEM;

(3) If a vehicle is deduced (by any means other than that involving headlamp glass) to be less than 3 years old, there is a greater than 95 percent probability that the lamp is OEM. A failure rate of less than 0.5 percent is claimed for a headlight's first year of normal

service.

(4) If the lamp should turn out to be a replacement, the vehicle is likely to be more than

3 years older than the lamp.

3. VISIBLE FEATURES OF HEADLIGHTS

Each of the items listed in table 1 is discussed in order below.

3.1 Fluting PaHerns

Headlight lenses have patterns consisting of a grid of ridges, or "flutings," embossed

onto their inner surfaces. Each grid rectangle forms a prismatic wedge. This fluting pattern

is pressed into the lens by a plunger. Each lampmaker uses a distinguishing set of fluting

patterns which must conform to SAE/DOT standards. A new plunger or mold produces a smooth, accurate finish. However, within a month or two of use, fire cracks develop in the plunger and mold, and the finished products becomes

rough or distorted. Therefore, plungers are generally discarded or "rescraped" after about

40 hours of use. Since a plunger seldom remains in continuous use, the average life ex- pectancy of plungers is on the order of six months. Both Corning and General Electric make

many plungers for each prescription (see column 5, tables 9a, b, c, or d). Each plunger is numbered as described in paragraph 3.3. When a plunger is modified or rescraped, the plunger number will generally also be altered.

12
o

Tc J c to

.2 H

^ ^ ^

CO o ^

bH

j: Oh CJ UZd, r^z U o

V

bl

<D a

rnis

ites just

platfo

^ZH

3*CJ

^Z

o

mm

m

: ZZ

o « "

J2 &H O CO CO c*^ CO CO CO CO <<<< <

eg r—

CO CO << (M CM < <

V3

CO ^ DS

Oh

1-H O O

A r< M l/p r-H CO CO lO

i-H CO VO r-H r-H

"S. -a

^ cfi 00 vo csi ^ \o ^ ^ ^ r;- ura O in i-H t-^ o LO r- ^ \0 V£5 3

1—I 5}' 1/5 CJ

s:t ^ ^ \o r-;- 3

r-H '-^

CO ^ c^ ^ \0 . "9 "? 0\ I—^ LO I—^ CO ^ =S| -9 vO ^

VO \0 O LO

CM r~eg ^

a. o uijUdijouv -c -73 -c -o -a -a -o -a " " " t;^ 4) c> 4) 4j 4j ^^^^^^ 33333333

oooooooo

c/3 c/) c/] c/} c/: cAi c/: cn CO 3 3 3 ccc

cvicoiovor-eoc^o csicoco'*lo>o OOOOOOOi-H i-HnHi-H,—InHF-Hr-H,— oooooo

COOOCOCOCOCOODCO cocococococo

OD CC O CM r^ O O ^ i-^ CO CO CO CO CO VCO CO CO "—I CM CM — CM CM CM cococococo cococo cococo CO CO CO

13
14
£ I' 2 E

U CO

S .BP

Z 2 2 Z Cu CL, Z r ti.

in o o

'CD—'

tf)

2 S ^2e tc o o

E S

cn 2 ^ E

a; o CO o.

<u «U

O

•Oh

r- C OJ ^ Oh

CM CM <<

ON On 0^ ^ ^

cs

cs

csi CO -5*^05

CO CO o

TO ro CN] CO *

1 1—1 1—I CO in "—I

CM CO (M CO QCONDNOioONOvCt-^j^NC vpCM =

r—liOi^jLoOLOtOvCNOi—INC rtr-l NO f"" nJ

00 CO

NO ^7 * r—I D

lo CO NO c_;

CM CO CO CO NO CO NO ^ ^ ^ !^ CN ^ ri'r^ -H.cOrtCOT? VCMO'TCM

,_„NOC^rHr^(NvOr76^":*l>l

r-l.—ILOlOCAONiPcOr-lONCOl—

NO NO

CO

CO LO CO CM O ' OlonOcO^ '^'^'^i

LO ;P CO r- CO CM NO '

CO'^

NO On

Cn) (M ro

rH CO r- fOOOOOOOO'JOOO ^^^^^

c« CD c/3 cn CD c/) S £ u £

CO-^iONOt^COOOO'—'CO'^CM OOOOOOO'-I'—Ir-Hrtr-I CMCMCNICNICMCMCMCMCMCNICMCM cocoo3oococooococococoas

uo lO no O no O O O O Cs] CM CM CM CNJ CO CO CO 00 00

Oni—ICM'^tSoOCoSq'^CMCNICn) O^r-lrt^r-H^'^CMCMCMCM

c<)cmcmcnj oCmcm oCMcmcmcm

cooooooo ioooo — cooooocc

15
IN

EB

oU

4> >-• bC

-daW

5=3

u

bp C

1

2

2.b -P"

CD

I H

5

pres C/} ^•o

u

'X. ^ o

= !§

>—* Q

o

ther (N

' u

o IN I 00 <; g

3

CO o

823 1 §

*^ .

CO

1

— B O o ^

"«

V, U Cj

(N IN CO << <

r- ON lO in

r-H \0 03

^ 1—1 3 ^ 3 3

CJ

\o6^6 r- CO CO i- vc \o 3

CSl uo CO CJ

\o CO >d o

CO "9 CTv Ov lO

i-Hi-H ^Ovcgco'-;*'* o CO -rCsl rH ^

LO On f~ CO r"

IN CO uO

CO VO

^r (N o o>

CO <N (N * LO CO

CO uO (N NO ^ 6 ON M IN 00

o\ LO CO ;p r-H CM r—I CO

cA) tA) c/i

I I I I

"G "C "O '"3 "C -S-S-S-S-S-S C/^ CD CAI CAj 33 333333 lllll

(-HIN COi-HCnJCnJcOCO i-hCMCvJCO-^ coco COcOcOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO

IN IN C-q !N1 IN IN (>q CM IN CM CM CM Cvli COCO COCOCOCOCOCO cococococo

I CM CO

^- r~- cg CM CM

CO CO 03

r-H CM CO CO

00 CO CO CO

CM CM CM CM CO OD CO CO

r—I CM CO ^ CO CO CO CO

CM CM CM CM 00 00 CO CO

-a _,

2 ^ 3 • ? 3

O U 3 O o -3

•J u o

E l-< n3 S E 'is!-3

" .S -C

c/^ S -S .2

J G IH <D O O

I-

' H bl) S

3

3

c/)

c

t> 1) w 2 —, M O"

3 3 bD S

u —

-a

a; 53 > ,

CO 2'3

3

.s

c o „ 5

"3 E^

o E

^ Ij <N J

) -a

-T3 O f o

i: ox

3 ^

3

c o 3-«

o S

<u ^

"£ 4)

.s —

3 4)o 5 1)3

bJJ O

c

c .H

!t:c^

E .

b£3 n 3 T

'J3 «l

, 3

bBC Ih 3 nJ -3

ft 3 ^

S b

3 ^

3 .EL

^ iE.2

IB ID . DC —

J3 .S I-

; 5 S

16
CO

c

W

CO< C CO CO J-*

^ E 2 o

00

0-t U -o

CO ON r-< ro

VO vo r-;- t-;- r-H I—I O CO LO O o o ^ O ^ r-<

3333333333 oooooooooo

cooococooocooocooDco

SB C

C CO IS ^

3 .Hp ffi O 0) H S

" §

° "7

u a V

cO CD c

J-l

2

-d 3

4j

3

(X S <^ ^ _Q

0)

O 3

o -ao

CO CO E g E

>

3 E

" >.

-a -Q

E I'

I C

1 i

7 *

E 0) 3 -a

15 9 3 ''^

C >,_c tti C 1=1 c

CO CO 3

OJ IH O ,—

IHu O

bfi

bC-S ^ lo

3 <u « E

1 li 4) >-

> " bj) co- C 13

17
e

EoU

£ o 2

- o „

la- S (0

' CJCL, &h2

I

U g U

o

o+

-pi,

a= -

O (MCO

3 bll CO

(J c lZ C (1h CJ

^ 2

o

^f*

On On O J-i « "S- CO CO 1-^ IM

.-H rH VO ^ >o ,A

IM

NO

r—I cononovovo i~~jj:,'*NO>ONor^ NOOr-Hf-lOCO'"* ^ ^NOOvlMci C^CnJ^lO^OO S

Vnoi—irtCOONirj No^^cofOi—ic^ii—ir'f-r^r'LOi—i(MON(Nf—ir~ V

3 3 3 3 3 D 3 | OOOOOOOH I

I

I I

I I I I I I I I I I

-ao

CJ OOOOOOOO p—icsifO^LO^r^^ LnNONDoooiM"*NONONC«Nooor^ONp=Hrot^ON rtcsico^uONO

CNJCMCMCMOg. OqCMC-q OOOOi—ii—

(^JC^IC^lCg(^g(^IC^C^C^^C^^(NC^^CSlC^IC^I(NC^^CMCM

ii—irHc-Hr—irti—(1—lOOl— ii—11—I ooocoo CSC-IIMC-JCnI.CM COCOCOCOOOCOCOCO COCOCOCOOOCOCOCOCOCOOOCOCOCOCOOOCOMOO cococooococo

18
a

r~- o o o (M IN 00 CO 00

E E E

O ^ n3

t-i (/) i/i U) ^ p 2 2 2 CL, Z; CL,

o ^ ^ 22

o is

72 S

3o

Oh J

2

c «i t;

=3 Ph

LCLOLOlOLOlOl-CLOLC LOLO LOLO <<<;<<;<;<<<; <<; <<; <

O CTn »-C ON CO CO CO ON On

00 CO ON On f-H rj<

CNJ CNJ 00 t« c/j On

NO NO NO ^ ja -c ^ CO CO Ov On O O NO

1-H r—( f—I CO 'S' NO ON nonONDNOnolonono

c^r-LsoON-^^t-HO

CSCNJ'—''"Ticsiroroc^O'-HCN^co COCOLOONc6c6rHrHr~r~r'r~

NO CO coS> O CO ON

r- CO NO r-^c^i^^rr Tt- r—I CO CO rM

CO CO On r-^

CO

. . . . CD OJ 3O HO

r^coo^Or—iCNjcO"*^'*Tf-* OOOi—^1—^1—^1

i I—^1—I'—^1—^1—

c-qc-ac^, CN4csl(^^(^^(^^(^q(^g(MJ^ eococococococococccocooo ^ Cn) CO I—I CM

r-l Cn) (N cm CO CO

Cq CM CM CM CM CM oo CO CO CO CO CO

I Cn) CO * CO CO CO CO 10 M CM CM CM CM

CO 00 CO CO 00

19
o

CSI

CMCOe

<

3 c «^

J2 CL,

4) >H

=° ^ ^

CJUCJ

P

Oh Oh CJ U

^Jt22DH0H

(N LO LO LO <<<

^ CO CO LO cr' \o ^ vp ^ _Q

cf\ O ^ yi O

f~- 3

CO t^T r^CMrA ^^^r^ C6^CM0C<1 vo

3o

c/) CD cn c/] c/)

^ ^ <<<< <<<<<

N CO

c^j c^) CO CO 00

CO

CO 00 OD CO

CViCM CM CM

CO oo CO CO

CO CO CO CO On

CM CM eg CM CM

CO 00 CO CO CO

bj) O, .S E

Co PSJ 3

" 2 •

.5 1'' ^

^ «^

Jri ^ >

C C m

• i 1 ^ ^ cr D o

3 ^ bC

J3 -C

J5 "

"3-s

o c U -5

.2 „

C 't> o o

o

^

03 CM ^

0) .2 ^ 3^ ? o o

E ^ c 3-a £

O u; I)

0) (/) ^

a) _ &

c -° _, E

O 3 tU a o

bD o

s ^

cms

b£ w u 3 M M f—

bB .

5 ^ I- ° «

0)

CO 3

.S2 c j; > ^ OJ

iH ^ O) O) . S -Q Ji E t:

•= f-^ oj ta- -S E

20
The wide diversity of sealed beam fluting patterns is seen from the lens illustrations presented in appendix A. If a sufficiently large piece of headlight can be recovered and ex- amined, it may be possible to identfy the fluting pattern. A fluting pattern can generally be

associated with a lampmaker, a lamp type (high, low or twin-beam) and an age range on the order of a few years (see tables 10 and Al). Once lamp type and lamp age have been deter- mined, tables 6 and 7 may be used to narrow down the possible makes, models, and modelyears of a vehicle. Prior to 1962, all headlights used 1/4" wide flutes.^ Starting in 1962, Atlas lamps were made with y^" flutes. Between 1962 and 1972, Westinghouse converted various members of

its headlight family (including Atlas) to flutes. Tung-Sol began using ^/s" flutes in 1970,

and in mid-1972 Ford began using flutes in its passenger vehicle headlights. Ford trucks,

however, still use Vl" flutes. In early 1974, Chrysler introduced i/g" flutes into some of its models. GM (Guide Lamp) still uses only y^" flutes (note figs. A20 through A29). AMC currently uses T-S lamps which have flutes. The number of Corning lens prescriptions for the past 10 years, including all major and

minor modifications, is estimated to be about 75. Of these, appendix A contains representations of about 40 unique patterns. Those Corning fluting patterns not included in appendix A

represent, for the most part, older prescriptions or minor modifications to recent patterns. No

examples of Atlas/Westinghouse lamps could be obtained.

3.2 Logos

All recently manufactured headlights designed for use in American passenger vehicles include the manufacturer's name or trademark on the lens in accordance with SAE Standard

J571c.

3.2.1 Guide

In 1963, Guide lamps had a triangle in the center (e.g., figures la and A23). In 1971,

the triangle was removed and "T-3" "GUIDE" was located in the bottom of the lens (figs, lb

and A25). The "T-3" was subsequently removed and a circle containing the words "POWER

BEAM" was embossed on the inner surface of the center of the lens (figures Ic and A26).

Headlights having this last change were used on 1970 Monte Carlos having 7" lenses, on all 1973 GM models having 7" lamps and on all 1973 GM models having type 1 or 2, Par 46

lamps.

3.2.2 Westinghouse

The genealogy of Westinghouse lamps is displayed in figures 2a and 2b. Modifications made

in the Westinghouse monogram design and position are dated in these figures. Correspondence

between these modifications and changes in Westinghouse lamp code numbers given in tables

9a, b, c and d should be apparent. Lens drawings and schematics for selected Westinghouse

lenses, and specifications for early Westinghouse logos. The designs of selected Westinghouse

lenses are presented in appendix B. Details for early Westinghouse logos are shown in figures

3a and 3b. Details of the beam-type markings on Westinghouse lenses, as discussed in section

3.4, are found in figure 4.

1 The spacing between vertical grooves in a lens pattern.

21
H-1

o2

O

13

a a. Q, o. o. Q. o. a'V

CD c/) c/j c/) t/) c/j c/j c/} D. D. o. a, D. a o. D.H o o o SEEEcESS ,5SVSS

:2333333333 :s :5 :^ :e :s 3 :2 :2 cn

1 | | OOOOOOOOOHHH

W O U CJ U O

y2

'5 '3 'o 'o 'o '5 'S

0, 0^ c a_ w !L o. Q. a a. cl. a, o,

c/i cn c/j cn cAi c/j c/;

CJ !U ^ 0;

Cj CJ CJ Q (/> t/> t/j CO t/) c/j t« iX:tC<J=<^3333333

'C 'G 'o '3 _g _g J _2 J J _g

a. D. o. a. '=£1 M bD tc m bL cn CD c/2 c/2 .S .S .5 .E .S .S .S

ON irt o LO ^ \o

rH CO

CO ON O Ov < OOLnONOvONLOO ^VOCOCOOOOOnlOOOOi , O rH

w

l-l pa

u o a o o

tc « tc tn < 'o 'o 'o '3 '3 '

<L> ^ 4) <LJ a fi. Q. a a

cA) cn c/3 c/) c/i

in, o. a a o< E E E E E

cd CO

O 0^ O 0- -73 -73 "O "TD 3 3 I 3 3 !00

t3 rs o o

E EcDc/5^*

M « I loo

\ ^ o. a

OJ ^ O c/) c/^ :| :| :h :2 c/2 c« « «

O O O O O

O O "LJ O

a. o. o. o, o.

c/) en C/j t/)

4J O

O t/J to CO

I en 3 3 3 3 3

; O O O O O

i "bt bl) bI)"biTE

^ C C C C C

to CO U> 4> a; o o 4^

On On LO O up ITS ^ \0 NO rH 2 ^ "

HQ On 00 ON CO CO cocoooooooONONiooirscoONiriiriLOONONO LOLOLOLOinLom*;, ^ALrt^A^/A^LnNO'-Hf-Hf-H - c^CJO t i_'\onOnO

o2

+4. °

22
OJ (D OJ a o. o,

C/) C/) O. D. O. EES

OJ 1)

t« (/; O O O O

3 d (x: y= '

S. J. o o o o

oooooooooooo

3 3 3 ooo

.„ t/) C/j C/) CA) S £ C/} CAl CAl

M(-HtH^;xkH^I-<l-Ht-4l-.3

>>>>>>>>>>>

^3 c c c e c C B PP c c o PPZ

.£ 5 E

"2 . O IM <N t, S. 6 3 ^ CO 00 r—I 1—

to ^ irt io.

\0 ro

I—I \o

oU 1— (M m-^t^t^coo

\0 I— —^Oi\ ^ I—"I—"I—'I— —li—

OJ t/3 J£

D. D. 0.-0 2

CO c/) H H H

12 2 ooooooooooo oooooooo ooo'

Lh ti L-i Lh

t/3 Cfi Cfi C/3 tfi </; tfi C/) t/} — —

Im t-( t-i ;h tM ;3 p< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>-

3 3 3 C C OOOPP c c c c c PPPPP PPP c c c PPP C 3 PP c c c PPP c c :jP

c c e PPP c c c PPP

-c 5 o u

£ .S E E aP

4

O eg ^ r-;- r-;- 3 r- PU CO

CO 0^0^0'—• CnI

+1, o

J§2QWfeCi'-^'-^UdP§D-a;c/^H><<i:QUQWbHO<CCCJQW

23
Figure 1. (a) Pre-1961 Guide headlamps; (b) 1963-70 hedlamps; and (c) Recent Guide lamps.

3.2.3 General Electric

From 1953 until 1956, General Electric embossed a 1" logo in the center of each 7"

lens (e.g., figure AlO). In 1956, GE changed to a -/^cj" logo centered on each 7" lens as in figure All. Some of these lenses also have the words "All Weather" embossed in script letters, just above the "SEALED BEAM" inscription. The present General Electric logo, shown for example in figures A9 and A15, became standard beginning in 1961. The dimensions of this logo are given in figures CI and Cll for Par 46 and 56 lamps, respectively.

Seven-inch lenses made at GE's Mahoning plant for use in Canada were an exception.

From about 1968 until 1973, some such lenses were pressed without any GE logo (as in figures A13 and A14). Those unlabeled lenses had a %6" GE logo sandblasted into them, as shown in figure A12. In late 1973, such logos on their 7" lamps were phased out in favor of the standard embossed GE logo.

3.2.4 Tung-Sol

Prior to 1961, the TUNG-SOL logo was formed by molds, so that the letters appeared

raised on the outside at the bottom of the lenses. In 1961, their logo was transferred to plungers, so that "TUNG-SOL" was depressed on the inside bottom of the lenses, as in figure

A35. Starting in 1964 and continuing to the present, Tung-Sol lamps are pressed with a "TS" monogram just above the words "SEALED BEAM" on the inside of the lenses, as in figure A36. This TS logo is enclosed in a 0.38" circle. Some Tung-Sol lenses contain no logos

(see, for example, fig. A34). These lenses are for incorporation into lamps to be distributed under a trademark other than Tung-Sol.

3.2.5 Atlas

There are several companies (e.g.. Sears, Atlas, Eveready, etc.) that market or distribute auto headlights made by one or more of the big four American lampmakers. Of these, only

the Atlas Supply Company has its lamps specifically embossed with its logos. These lamps,

made for Atlas by General Electric, Tung-Sol or Westinghouse, are used primarily as replacement equipment. A major distributor of Atlas lamps is the Standard Oil Company.

24
ijiHipi1

s

iiis il! 3-5

''if

'

-iiillii

li.? J Mr''

ii'

25
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORP.

SPECIALTY LAUP DIVISION SEALED BEAM HEADLAMPS

PAR 56 LENS CHANGES

6-21-74 JS. GORECKI LAMP

»5O40 <6 Volt)

LAUP 04030 <6 Volt) t939 ll»6I

NBSIHi MOVE HADE IN USt FIOM BOTTOM TO TOP LAUP

ff5400 (12 Volt)

LAMP

S6006 (6 Volt) 19S8

neSGIlPIC II

I 1959

HBSG»P3C ff STIPPLED ASOUiO

9 HONOGGIH

I 1960

1STIS2 01 HEW PARI HUHBEB

MORE D£T«ILS «DD(D

TO DRAWING

I lS]7gZ D9 HE* KITERING

FORMAT OH LENS REMOVE ffHOHOGGIM

INSEflT 9 LOGO

MBS6ISC 1 HOROGRAH ID CENTER OF lEKS

MBS6f4C

f LOGO

I 1956 ^moHOsaiM

CENTER Of lEHS MBS6r7C

I 1958

HBSGFI40

CHIHGE DliMEIEl OF FLUTMC

MB5GF4C

FOMOCO LOGO

I 1956 DELIST LAUP

fteoi2 ^^2 volt) 1958

HBS6APIC N

I 1959

HBSG1P3C «

STIPPLED ABOUND

f MONOGRAM

I I960

ISTI67'DU6

ATLAS MONOGRAM

SPREAD FLUTES ARE FOLDED OOHBLE IAOIUS<a)

isiri2 09 Mini ;i f LOGO i 1060 SPREAD FLUTES ARE FOLDED DOUBLE RA01US<

1971 1971

LSGL0W2 LSGFDRZ

IT PUT HUMIEB NEK PART NUMBER

157)8209 FOMOCO MONOGRAM

SAKDBLASIEO ON

CENTER OF LENS

157JB2 II FOMOCO MONOGRAM

MOLDED ON CENTER » OF LENS

I 157TB2'D3 NEW LETTERING fOSMlI ON LENS REMOVE MONOGRAM

INSERT LOGO

IS77B2 01

I w, MONOGRAM

HEM PART NJNBER

MORE DETAILS ADDED

TO DRAtlNG 1962

)J7481 FOMOCO MONOGRAM

SANDBLASTED OH CENTER OF LEHS

I 1962

1SJ7B2 OIU

ATLAS MONOGRAM

SPREAD FLUTES ARE FOLDED DOUBLE RADIUS «

1SI782 09 1 LOGO

IS77B2 09 FOMOCO MDHOGRAM

SANDBLASTED ON

CENTER or LEHS

ISI7B2 09 1577B2 21 i LOGO f LOGO SPREAD FLUTES ARE FOLDED DOUBLE RADIUS<

1971 1971

LSGLOW! LSGrDR2 NEW PART NUMBER NEW PART NUMBER

15T7B2 71 FOMOCO HONOGIAM

MOLDED ON CENTER

>» OF LENS

(b)

LAMP

ff6014 (12 Volt)

- CURRENT TO 1 - CURRENT TO 1974

L5SFOfi2 I'lOGO

SPBEtD FLUTES *IE FOLDED DODIIE IIDIUSIa:

CURRENT TO 1974 -

lSGkT2

ITLIS MONDHAII

SPREAD FLUTES klE

FOLDED OOUBU lADiUS (a)

I

Figure 2b. Genealogy of Westinghouse PAR 56 sealed beam headlamps.

Atlas lenses have an Atlas logo pressed into the center. Typically, the lampmaker's logo

is imprinted at the bottom of the lens—just above the words "SEALED BEAM." Examples of the Atlas logo are shown in figures A55 through A64, figures BIO and Bll, and figures C7 and

C14.

3.2.6 Ford

From about 1955 until about mid-1971, all Ford motor vehicles had OEM sealed beam

lamps with a "FoMoCo" logo, made by General Electric, Tung-Sol or Westinghouse. At that

time, these lamps were phased out in favor of standard lamps. Replacement lamps carried by

authorized Ford service stations also carried the FoMoCo logo. The phasing out of these re- placement lamps probably took one to two years. In some cases (see figs A44 and A52, for example), the Ford logo was embossed onto the

front surface of the lens by means of special molds. Dimensions of this logo found on Westinghouse lamps made for Ford are found in figures B18 and B22. In other cases (see, for example,

figures Al, A35 and A36), the logo was etched or sandblasted onto the outer surface of the

lens using Ford's in-house facilities.

3.3 Mold, Plunger and Other Lens Markings

General Electric and Corning use additional markings to identify their lenses.

26
Figure 3a. Westinghouse logo details ( all dimensions are in inches). Monogram used on Westinghouse 4001, 4002. and 5400 lamps from 1956 to about 1959. During the first part of this period the area within the C/o") circle was probably not stippled. Monogram used on Westinghouse 4002 (and probably 4001 and 5400) lamps from about mid-1959 until April 1962. Monogram used on Westinghouse 6006 and 6012 lamps from about February 1959 until May 1962. During the first part of this period the central region was not stippled. From June 1959 until the end of this period the area within

the circle was stippled.

3.3.1 General Elecfric's Lens Markings

General Electric lenses generally have identifying markings at the 10, 12 and 2 o'clock

positions (see figures in appendix C). Lenses pressed in Somerset, Kentcky, for assembly in Lexington, Kentucky, have the letters "USA" embossed onto their inner (plunger) surfaces at the 10 o'clock position. However, lenses made at General Electric's Mahoning plant (Niles,

Ohio) usually are either special types, or are destined for assembly in Canada, and generally

are not embossed "USA". Canadian General Electric (CGE) lamps may still find their way

back to the U.S. when installed in Canadian-assembled Ford, Chrysler, AMC or Volkswagen

vehicles. Each year Canada exports from 800,000 to one million motor vehicles to the U.S. For

example, table 3 shows that about 50 percent of the VW's use GE lamps as OEM. These are us- ually CGE lamps.

27
BORDER TO BE .010 FROM CENTER

Figure 3b. Additional Westinghouse logo details. Center monogram used on Westinghouse 6006 and 6012 lamps from February 1968 to present. Center monogram used on Westinghouse 4001 and 4002 lamps from 1956 to April 1962.

A mold number is embossed onto the outer 12 o'clock position of all GE sealed beam

lenses. These numbers generally run through alphabetic cycles (see table 10 ) . Since GE keeps

logs on when each mold is put in or taken out of service, and since the lifetime of a mold

ranges from about 3 months to a year, the mold number plus the degree of firecracking can be used to estimate the date that a lens was formed, to within about three to four months.

A plunger number can be found at the 2 o'clock position on the inner surface of all GE

lenses. Each plunger is given a unique number, placed within a flute, which consists of sev- eral parts:

( 1 ) A letter designating the GE plant at which the lens was formed. An "S" designates the Somerset, Kentucky, plant; an "M" designates the Mahoning plant.

(2) The next letter or two defines the basic lamp prescription or type, thus:

Designation Lamp Type

N 4001/4006

P 4000/4002/4005

ZA 6006/6012/6013/6014/6015

ZE Special 6012 prescription

X Experimental design

An "X" will generally be followed by a number which corresponds to a prescription drawing for the lens. Parts 3 and 4 below do not appear on experimental lenses. (3) The next two or three digit number identifies the plunger, and the appropriate pre- scription drawing. Each number is assigned sequentially in GE's Cleveland plant where the GE plungers are made. Thus, the portion of a lens containing the GE plunger number indi- cates the lampmaker, the location of the fragment, the fluting pattern and the lamp type.

(4) Occasionally a basic lens prescription or plunger is modified to improve its perfor- mance or its conformance with the SAE/DOT standards. If the modification is minor, the change is noted on the drawing, and indicated on the plunger by the addition of a number

or letter in the flute adjacent and to the right of that containing the basic plunger number.

28
Dots above the number or letter in the right adjacent flute indicate additional modifications to the lens prescription. Dots under a "Z" indicate subsequent plunger rescrapings.

The "code" number, usually located near the left-side aiming pad at the 10 o'clock position, consists of a three part format: [8] [X] [YZ]. The "8" indicates that it is a sealed beam

headlamp. "X" refers to the beam type: X = l, high beam—probably a 4001 or 5001 lamp;

X = 2, low or twin beam—a 4000, 4002, 6006, 6012, 6013, 6014, or 6015 lamp. "YZ" refers

to a specific lens prescription drawing. Coming's present code numbers and their evolution over the past decade are detailed in tables 9a through 9d. The "mold" number is found directly above the beam number at the 12 o'clock position,

and consists of an alphabetic character followed by a one to three digit number. The letter re- fers to the general mold prescription (e.g.. Par 46, 56, etc.), while the subsequent number is unique for each mold. Mold data which could be obtained from Corning are listed in table 10

and are plotted in figure 5. Dates on which specifically labeled molds were either received or

retooled are shown. Separate molds were used to press Guide, Tung-Sol and Westinghouse

lenses until 1961, since each of these lampmakers required distinctive aiming pad configura45"

.070

.040

.070

i .250

.040

-.120

DETAIL OF "1

.070R.

250

DETAIL OF "2"

ALL DIMS. IN INCHES

] UNLESS

FRACTIONS t OTHERWISE

DECIMALS 1 ! ) SPECIFIED

I05R

I05R.

.060

CONSTANT

.2I0R. NUMERAL DETAIL

Figure 4. Dimensions of "7" and "2" on Westinghouse lamps.

Detailed drawings of "1" and "2" numerals used in Westinghouse 4001 and 4002/4000 lamps, respectively. These drawings apply for time period from 1956 to the present. Detailed drawings of "2" numeral appearing in all Westinghouse 6006, 6012 and 6014 lamps since 1958.

29
tions or dimensions. The situation between 1961 and 1964 is unclear. After 1964, Corning

molds were "universal," i.e., any mold could be used with any plunger as long as both were Par 46 or 56. The first mold that is cut in conformance with prescription 'A' is, typically,

given the mold number Al, and so forth. The total mold number thus uniquely identifies a moid. Upon request Corning will provide specific dates for which any mold was placed in service and was subsequently retired. This information should permit dating a lens to with ±3

months, since a mold generally remains in service approximately six months.

The letters "USA" typically appear at the 2 o'clock position below the right side aiming pad of Coming's Westinghouse and Guide lenses. In 1969, Guide added the "USA" to its headlamp prescriptions. Since 1964, Tung-Sol lenses, including those made by Tung-Sol for

Atlas, have not carried this inscription.

The plunger number is located in the flute adjacent and to the right of the USA inscription. On Tung-Sol lamps, it is below the aiming pad. There may be several plungers made to a single prescription. These plungers generally remain in service for three months to a year. Corning engineers can, in some cases, supplement the data presented in tables 9a through 9d.

56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74

TIME (POINTS INDICATED ARE MID-YEARS j

Figure 5. Time distributions for the alphabetic prefixes to Coming's PAR 46 and PAR 56 lens molds numbers (based on the data in table 10).

30
3.3.2 Coming's Lens Markings

Descriptions of Corning-made lenses are sometimes complicated by variations produced

by Coming's associated lampmakers or distributors. As with GE, Corning lenses typically are embossed with three sets of markings in the 10, 12 and 2 o'clock positions. A fourth marking in the 4 o'clock position is peculiar to some Guide lamps. Examples of these markings can

be noted in the Corning lenses illustrated in appendix A. The inscription "SAE" is embossed by the plunger within a flute at the 4 o'clock posi- tion of some recent Guide lamps. The letter "H", designating a SAE headlamp standard, is embossed in the right adjacent flute followed by the year of the SAE standard with which the

lens prescription and lamp construction comply. These standards are infrequently modified.

Therefore, the embossed year may be earlier then the production year by as many as four or more years. Typically, however, the difference between embossed and production years is one

to two years.

3.4 Beam-Type Markings

SAE Standard J571c contains the requirement that all sealed beam headlamps show, at the top of each lens, the type of beam it contains (i.e., either T—high-beam, or '2'—low- or twin-beam). The beam-type number is typically produced by the plunger and, therefore, is embossed on the inner surface of each lens. The general dimensions of these numerals are

Beam-Type Type Lamp Numeral

Numeral Beam Diameter Height

"1" High 5.75" 0.250"±0.03r'

"2" Low 5.75" .250" ± .031" "2" Twin 7.03" .375" ± .031"

Additional dimensions of these numerals for Westinghouse lamps are shown in figure 4.

3.5 Curvature

Lens curvature can be used to distinguish headlight glass from other types of glass. The

three principal brands of headlights have external surface curvatures either between 4.94" and

5.18", or between 6.00" and 6.125" in accordance with SAE Standard J571c. For example,

Corning aims for radii of curvature of 5.00" and 6.125", respectively.

The curvature may be determined with an inexpensive instrument called a lens gauge, used by lens makers and opticians. Lens gauges are also referred to as "lens clocks," "dioptometers," "diometers" or "lens measures." They are available in sizes that permit measure- ment of lens fragments as small as 0.5" in length.

3.6 Headlight Aiming Pads

Aiming pads project from the lenses of headlights, and are used for aligning headlights

to obtain correct lighting patterns. They are referred to by the industry as "aiming points,"

"aiming platforms," "nubbins" or "gizmoes." SAE Standard J571c requires these pads, and

specifies their dimensions and positions. They were adopted by the entire headlight industry about 1955.

Until 1961—64, Corning used different sets of molds for Guide, Tung-Sol and Westinghouse lenses. After 1964, universal molds were used at Corning. Most Corning-supplied lenses have teat-shaped pads. General Electric, Lucas, Koito, Stanley and Toshiba pads are wedge

31
shaped. Illustrations and specification sheets for Westinghouse and GE lenses give aiming pad

positions and dimensions, and are shown in appendices B and C, respectively. Tung-Sol

changed from thick cross-section pads to slim, tapered ones in 1966. Guide lamps, whether for original or replacement use, have their pads ground flat. To

see the difference grinding makes, compare figures A25 and A26. Lens :^49 in figure A26 does not have its pads ground flat, since it was never incorporated into a lamp. Grinding the pads

flat facilitates headlamp alignment by means of special GM equipment. Westinghouse also grinds some of their lamp pads, (e.g., lens ^^105, figure A44), but these may be the exception

rather than the rule. Lamps which are not intended for use as headlights in automobiles (e.g., spot or fog lights or lamps for motorcycles) do not have these pads.

3.7 Reflector Markings

Reflectors generally have a mold number, similar in origin and utility to a lens mold

number, and an inked imprint containing some or all of the following information: lampmaker's identity, type of lamp, lamp voltage, month and year of lamp assembly, year of SAE

or DOT Standard with which the lamp conforms, and where the lamp was assembled.

From 1940 through 1963, General Electric used the following code to date their sealed beam headlights:

'56 '57 '58 '59 '60 '61 '62 '63 Year '48 '49 '50 '51 '52 '53 '54 '55

'40 '41 '42 '43 '44 '45 '46 '47 CODES

Jan. 1 13 25 37 49 61 73 85 Feb. 2 14 26 27 50 62 74 86 Mar. 3 15 27 39 51 63 75 87 Apr. 4 16 28 40 52 64 76 88 May 5 17 29 41 53 65 77 89 June 6 18 30 42 54 66 78 90 July 7 19 31 43 55 67 79 91 Aug. 8 20 32 44 56 68 80 92

Sept. 9 21 33 45 57 69 81 93

Oct. 10 22 34 46 58 70 82 94 Nov. 11 23 35 47 59 71 83 95 Dec. 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96

Starting in 1963 and continuing to the present time, the GE date coding has consisted of three groups of characters. The first marks are numbers referring to the month of manufacture, numerically from 1 to 12. The second mark is either a dot (

• ) representing the Trumbull

Lamp Plant or a dash (—) representing the Lexington Lamp Plant. The third mark is the year

of manufacture, using only the last digit of the year. The decade of manufacture must be as- certained by some other means. For example: "4-3," signifies that the lamp was made at the Lexington, Ky., plant in April 19 3. Westinghouse's date codes are similar to General Electric's, except that in some cases the date is printed in the form X-DOT-Y.

Tung-Sol date codes generally are of the form XY, where X is the alphabetic equivalent

of the production month and Y is the last digit of the year. The letter I is never used, so September, October, November and December are J, K, L, and M, respectively.

Guide's date codes are in the alphanumeric sequence [X] [A] [Y] [B] [C]. X represents the production month. For January through September, X takes the values 1 through 9, respectively. For the remaining months, the letters 0, N, and D are used. Y is the last digit of the production year. A, B, and C refer to production lines and work shifts.

32
3.8 Color

Sealed beam headlight glass must be "white," to conform with SAE Standard J578. Thus

colored or non-clear glasses probably are not from headlights. Amber or red glass may occur

in foglights or signal lamp covers. Almost all external automotive light covers (i.e., for tail, back-up, brake, side or signal lights) on recent models are made of plastic, not glass.

Appendix A—Photographs of Headlight- Lenses

The illustrations presented in this appendix represent a significant cross-section of the

lens patterns that have been used in domestic passenger vehicle headlights in the last ten or so

years. Most lens patterns not presented have only minor modifications from those included.

Through the identification of a lens pattern in appendix A, and the use of columns 7 and

8 of table Al, it may be possible to date a lens when its age cannot be determined in other ways. Unfortunately, lens patterns are typically modified gradually and in piecemeal fashion. The inferred lamp age may thus span a decade or more. An attempt has been made to reproduce the lens patterns on a 1:1 basis, but deviations are possible since the illustrations are two dimensional representations of three dimensional objects. The illustrations should not be used to derive measurements to better than 2 mm, or 5

percent of any dimension, whichever is larger.

Some of figures Al through A74 represent lenses that were never incorporated into headlights (e.g., note the lenses with large outer flange, such as A2). The remaining lenses pictured

(such as lens 4^164, figure Al) were removed from assembled headlamps.

33
oU

E E w w u W

o O

c c

2

M 5 5

fl a

c c

CO o

oUo

cn o

^4 c3 1)aJ i ? =^>_

_ t(j 3 C S

-C 3 C «

• - c c ^

^(7) Z<

cd

E o

tn o 2 E'o

3 tc o

cnillE J

c^iMr-Hr—l(^^(^^^-Hl—irt(Ncsc^)Csics](N(racsii-Hr—l(^qcs|c^l(^ql^^(Nl^l^^lc^I^

/I! UiA

JO I—

Of- '

\ll r-^

o —^ fo \o ^ \i\ \n w "9 \n

r-l ^

E = ooooooooo

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOHHHHHHHHH

0§

t;. <C th tc b)j bD bt bt bSj b£ bn bt 60 bfi be bD bf, o o .s --7 .s .s .s .5 .5 .s .5 .5 .5 .s .s .s .s .s .£

-f- -f- 'c d 'c '5 "5 'c 'c 'c 'c 'c 'c 'c 'c 'c 'S 'c 'c rK,k K K ,. ^ ^ K _^;i.-I.^i.J.-i.J.u.^i.cccoooooooooooooooo OOOOOC>OCOOOOOOOCOOO<<UUCJUCJUUCJUUCJUUCJUCJCJ

E^1

ooooooooo cyp c/p c/p c/1 V) c/p c/) t/3 c/p -C -S -C -D -O -C -O -C -C -S bc bt bC bf bt bC bl tt bf. WWUWWWWWWWWWWWUWWWW'5'3'3'3'3'5'3'3'3'3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOCCCCCCCCCHf-HHHHHh-E-

<^-<-<<l<;<;-<5;-<<:'—''—''--1'--'^'—1'-^'—I'—I'—'c^MCNiMc-qc-jM <:<-<<;<;<<:<<<<<;<<<<<<<<<<<<;<<;<<<

34
0\ -a

>-o

3 S c

-Q CO V

, p. g

V» ID

CO b£ la bXI • E'5 6 S 2

to

.5 I*

1—Ji—II—(1—li—Ir—Ir-Hi—Ir—li—llMCvjCMC^C^r-ICvICSI,—lt,J

'J' U /II lo U

3 3 3 3

ro in CO

/I 3 «

-3

3 3

un Nl 1—I CO

L/: LO

CO CO rH f-H UO M r- * r-H o o o o

w

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^ bXl bO bfj Wj bO b£ b£ bl bE bC bE bD-< •< o .5 .S .S .S o .S .S .5 .S .S .£ .S .S "^"^

'c -= '5 'c 'S '5 'c 'c 'c 'c c d

Ti fi tS) CO cQ CO ^ cO CO CO *j rZT^'^'^'Z^'Ti'Z.'^'Z':^ 3 3 o o o OSTM" s

i-i !m ;m ^ ;h l-C >-( h O ;^ 1_( t- ^ 3ooooCob6bbb66_„ c c c c c c

^ t-H U Lh (h . uuuuuuoooo

._, ._ «

o o o o o o

tAi CO cn c/i c/3 c/2 b£ bi b£ b£ bfi b£ S M S S S ° -t: IS c c c c c c,.,^.^.- c3 o.---.t;.t: c c c-= 333333WWWWaaooooiS^i3o

<^o^c^cOTf*iJOsor^ooONO'—icmcot^ cO^'*^t}'^t}'^^^^lolOloiOlO <;<<;<;<;<<;<;<<;<<;<;<<;<;

iovor-coavOi-HCMco'^LO^r^cooNO^<Mco'^ LOLOuotOLOo^vovo^^^^ovot^r^r—t^t^

<;<;<<<<<<<:<;<;<;<<<;<<;<<<;

35

Figure A2. GE, Type 1.

37
38
Figure A4. GE, Type 1.

39
Figure A5. GE, Type 2.

40
Figure A6. GE, Type 2.

41
Figure A7. GE, Type 2.

42
Figure A8. GE, Type 2.

43
Figure A9. GE, Type 2.

44
Figure AlO. GE, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

45
Figure All. GE, Type 2, Twin-Bea,

46
Figure A12. GE, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

47
Figure A13. GE, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

48
Figure A14. GE, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

49
Figure A 15. GE, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

50
Figure A16. GE, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

51
Figure A17. GE, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

52
Figure A18. GE, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

53
Figure A19. GE, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

54
Figure A20. Guide, Type 1.

55
Figure A21. Guide, Type 1.

56

Figure A23. Guide, Type 2.

58
Figure A24. Guide, Type

59
Figure A25. Guide, Type

60
Figure A26. Guide, Type 2.

61
Figure A27. Guide, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

62
Figure A28. Guide, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

63
Figure A29. Guide, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

64

Figure A31. Tung-Sol, Type 1.

66
FicuKE A32. Tung-Sol, Type 1.

67
Figure A33. Tung-Sol, Type 1.

68
Figure A34. Tung-Sol, Type 2.

69
Figure A35. Tung-Sol, Type 2.

70
71
Figure A37. Tung-Sol, Type 2.

72
FiGiiRK A38. Tung-Sol, Type 2.

73
Figure A39. Tung-Sol, Type 2.

74
Figure A40. Tung-Sol, Type 2.

75
Figure A41. Tung-Sol, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

76
Figure A42. Tung-Sol, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

77
FicuRE A43. Tung-Sol, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

78
Figure A44. Westinghouse, Type

79
Figure A45. W'estinghouse, Type 1.

80
Figure A46. Westinghouse, Type

81
Figure A47. Westinghouse, Type 2.

82
Figure A48. Westinghouse, Type

83
J:''ICURE A49. estinghouse. Type 2.

84
Figure A50. Westinghouse, Type 2.

85
Figure A51. IFestinghouse. Type

86
Figure A52. IF'estinghouse, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

87
Figure A53. Westinghouse, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

88
Figure A54. Westinghoiise, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

89
Figure A55. Atlas/Tung-Sol, Type 1.

90
Figure A56. Atlas/ Tung-Sol, Type 1.

91
Figure A57. Atlas/Tung-Sol, Type

92
Figure A58. Atlas/Tung-Sol, Type

93
Figure A59. Atlas/ Tung-Sol, Type

94
Figure A60. Atlas/Tung-Sol, Type 2, Twin- Beam.

95
Figure A61. Alas/GE, Type

96

Figure A63. Atlas/ GE, Type

98
Figure A64. Atlas/GE, Type 2. Twin-Beam.

99
Figure A65. Lucas, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

100
Figure A66. Lucas, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

101
Figure A67. Koito, Type 1.

102
Figure A68. Koito, Type 2.

103
Figure A69. Koito, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

104
Figure A70. Koito, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

105
Figure A7L Stanley, Type

106
Figure A72. Stanley, Type

107
Figure A73. Stanley, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

108
Figure A74. Toshiba, Type 2, Twin-Beam.

109
Appendix B—Selected Illustrations of

Westinghouse Headlight Lenses

ALL DIMS IN INCHES FRACTIONS 1 DECIMALS :

PRESCRIPTION

IDENTIFICATION

I UNLESS

' OTHERWISE

PLUNGER

IDENTIFICATION

032 STROKE

INSERT BRAND NAME

AS PER FIGURE B2

SIZE AND LOCATION OF LETTERING IN ACCORDANCE

WITH SAE STANDARD

(SEE APPENDIX B)

Figure B1. Westinghouse 5040 lamp design.

Westinghouse 5040 lamps used in this pattern in 1955. The possible inserts are shown

figure B2.

Insert 1

Insert 2

ALL DIMS. IN INCHES FRACTIONS i DECIMALS i

UNLESS OTHERWISE

SPECIFIED

Insert 3

Figure B2. Inserts relevant to 1955 Westinghouse 5040 and 5400 lens patterns.

110

o w

.£

CM

•a IT) ^ 4) C ^20

<0 ^ §.£ D - O 3 ^ S c c g

_«

— g2 « MO ^ « O mt c

3|a c o u o > C « T3 2? = ^ ^ £c B § °i - " S SoE X! Mi la « ,S c

_, 

C B IDO

112
113
C5 — C

o „

c - oil

oa ""-Si

u Si » S

114
Figure Bll. Westinghouse 6006 lamp made for Atlas Mfg. Co.

This general layout (fluting pattern omitted) had been used on Atlas 6006, 6012 and 6014

lamps, assembled by Westinghouse, since about 1962.

115
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION

LAMP DIVISION SPECIFICATION

SPEC NO 'ISeTaZ-OI Pg.1 DATE Sep. 28, 1960 SUPERSEDES MB46R12C-W Pg.1 DATED 5/15/59

Number "2" R H in pig'j

.I09R

Prescription ident 3/32 R.H. in pig'r.

PIg'r- ident. 3 32 R.H.

in pIg'r. mark 1.2, etc.

KEY*»I

NOTE

No lettering shall appear

inside a circle of 3.600 mm. dia. "WESTINGHOUSE"

lettering shall not appear

outside a circle of 4.640 max. dia. — 17/32

ALL DIMS, IN INCHES

| UNLESS

FRACTIONS 1 OTHERWISE

DECIMALS i

) SPECIFIED

SECTION A-A

' INDICATES A CHANGE

Figure B12. IFestinghouse 4002 lamp lens design.

This general design was used from 1960 until April 1962.

116
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION

LAMP DIVISION SPECIFICATION SPEC NO 156782-01 Pg.2 DATE Sep. 28, 1960 SUPERSEDES MB46R12C-W Pg.2 DATED 5/15/59

.010 STIPPLED FIELD

,018 LETTER

ALL DIMS. IN INCHES

| UNLESS

FRACTIONS i [ OTHERWISE

DECIMALS 1 ) SPECIFIED KEY #2,#3,

Figure B13. Westinghouse 4002 lamp lens detail. These specifications were valid to at least 1962.

117
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION SPEC. NO. 156782-04 Pg. 1 LAMP DIVISION SPECIFICATION SMALL KEYWAY

Number "2" R.H m pig'r

DATE Apf- 27, 1962 SUPERSEDES 156782-01 Pg.1 DATED 9/28/60

Prescription iiJent 3/32 R.H. in pIg'r

Name on plg'r. logotype Westinghouse 1.250- 250 fieir)

1 ,970 from centerMne

NOTE:

There shall be no raised

letters or embossing on

outsirle surface ot lens between a mm dia. of 1.500 and a max dia. of 3.600

ALL DIMS. IN INCHES

| UNLESS *INDICATES A CHANGE

FRACTIONS 1 OTHERWISE [Complete! DECIMALS i ' SPECIFIED

SECTION A-A'

Figure B14. Westinghouse 4002 lamp lens design.

This general design was used from April 1962 until 1971 (see fig. 2a for clarification).

118
in ^

:2

o.ii St:

\o •a

05 I oS .5

i> ^ "« SS c ^ u S S£assg 3 s i ^ P3 .

.C c ; o>

to c

ffj > «5 a 3 no

at u- (N

tyi

O 4> f o.H

119
liJ ° c

COI Z o z o

IT o 1- *

»- V) < u > u UJ a u.

UJ a.S o UJ < liJ v> Q.

no (ft Xaz

1-(0

lU

'i

"<3 sZ ^ o

sot: « D.

«) ao ^•1

00 c 1—( M

PQ-5; 3 2

1^ 5

s|

-22 °

So -

120
121

Appendix C—Selected lllustraHons of

General Electric Headlight Lenses

FOR PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS SEE

* INDICATES A CHANCE LENS DETAIL - MB46-5

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE OUTSIDE AND IN INCHES

Figure CI. General Electric PAR 46 lamp lens design.

it

123
*

124
125
126
EOmPMENT DRAWINGS M-DBI209-2

P- DBI2I3

R -0BI2I5-1

Numeial 1 to appeal for lype 1 lenses and numeral 2 lo appear

lor type 2 lenses rn upper part ot lenses tor lenses eo»eiefl by SAE specilrcatrons Numerals to be 141 1/32 bigh

tlMP ClOSS D£P>IIIM!HT GENERAL O ELECTRIC

COMPtNT

CLEVELAND. OHIO

DATE Msfch 30, 1971

'-5 120*^ 60

/ SPH

•5 259DIA.- 4340DIA Norn , 4.570 mA Max

5-515 DIA.

5.526 DIA.

•-015 C^35

SECTION B-B

Sealeil beam <n letters 5 32 1 1 32 hrgh lo appear o

(01 lenses covered by SAE specilicatrons.

^KEYJ

402 ^

02pR. .020R. L-.277-J 020R.

1X15° I "sy \|/32R. i/^fo ijSrisF N|/

I '"X ^l/32R. ,/22R-P^]^ ^l/32R

h.235-1 -J.109^—

* INDICATES A CHANGE

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE OUTSIDE AND IN INCHES

SECTION C-C

KEYS 2-3-4 ALIKE SECTION D-D SUPERSEDES

PART LENS DETAIL

NUMBER MB 46-5

DATE Dec. 5,1970

Figure C8. General Electric PAR 46 lamp lens detail.

LAMP GLASS DEPARTMENT GENERAL 0 ELECTRIC

COMPANY

CLEVELAND. OHIO

DATE Jtjne 15. 1972

.036 SECTION B-B

Sealed beam in letters 5 32 ; 1 32 high to appeal

lor lenses cpyered by SAE specrlicalrons.

> INDICATES A CHANGE

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE OUTSIDE AND IN INCHES

/32R.^J=^ ,,C V* »ir Ni/ I/32R. p^, "K ^1/32"

iL^ SECTION C-C

KEYS 2-3-4 ALIKE SECTION 0-D SUPERSEDES

NUMBER NEW

Figure C9. General Electric PAR 46 lamp lens detail.

Ill
128
129
ATE Jan. 20, 1973

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE OUTSIDE

Figure C14. G.E. design for PAR 56 lamp lenses pressed for Atlas Mfg. Corp.

130
Numeol 1 to appear tOF type I lenses and numeral 2 to appear

for type 2 lenses rn upper part of lenses foi lenses coveiei] by SA£ specrfrcatrons Numerals to be 3 8 i I 32 bigb. EQUIPMENT OBAWINGS M -DB I 193 P- DB342

R-DB1096-2

LAMP G(>S$ DfPtRIMiHI GENERAL (3 ELECTRIC

COHP«NI

CLEVELAND, OHIO

DATE March 31, 1971

Sealer] beam In letters I 4 ^ I 32 hrgli to appeal o

for lenses covered by SAE specillcations.

' INDICATES A CHANGE

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE OUTSIDE AND IN INCHES

lower pait of lens

\

) 020R,~^ niZOR (

I/32R KEY 1

020R| 020H

I/32R l^'f*^3

SECTION B-B

SECTION D-D

• 277-H KEYS 2,3,4 ALIKE SECTION C-C

SLIPERSEDES PART LENS DETAIL

NUMBER MB 56-5

DATE Dec. 5, 1970

Figure C15. G.E. PAR 56 lamp lens detail.

Numeral ) to appear for type I lenses and numeral 2 to appear

for type 2 lenses in upper part of lenses for lenses covered by SAE specifications. Numerals to be 3/8 t f/32 bigb

LAMP GLASS OtPARIMSNI DATE June 15, 1972

EQUIPMENT DRAWINGS M-DB I 193-4 P-DB342

R -0B1096-2

Sealed beam rn letters 1.4 1 t,32 hrgh to appear o lor lenses covered by SAE specrfications

* INDICATES A CHANGE

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE OUTSIDE AND IN INCHES

i_

1/32 R. KEY 1

I 020R.I .020R- (

/32R l\«P 4571 \l/ 3

SECTION B-B

•.277 KEYS 2,3,4 ALIKE SECTION D-D SECTION C-C

Figure C16. G.E. PAR 56 lamp lens detail. This modifies specifications in figure CIS.

SUPERSEDES

NUMBER NEW

131

M U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE; 1978 O 248-135

ANNOUNCEMENT OF NEW PUBLICATIONS ON

NATIONAL CRIME AND RELATED SUBJECTS

Superintendent of Documents,

Government Printing Office,

Washington, D.C. 20402

Dear Sir:

Please add my name to the announcement list of new publications to be issued on the above subjects (including this NBS series): Name

Company

Address

City State Zip Code

(Notification Key N-538)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This report was prepared by the Law Enforcement Standards

Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards, under the direction

of Robert Mills, Program Manager for Investigative Aids, and Jacob

J. Diamond, Chief of LESL.

The author wishes to express his appreciation for the cooperation and assistance of the lamp and glass makers and their industrial

representatives. Acknowledgments are also due to the NBS employees

who donated headlamps to this project, to Michael Thomas who pre- pared the lenses for photography, and to Robert Hendrickson who

assisted in editing the manuscript.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

Washington. D.C. 20234

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

Penalty for Private Use, $300

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE COM-21S

SPECIAL FOURTH-CLASS RATE

BOOK