NMP residential use exposures: Exposure-Time Course

Scenarios 1 & 2 (coffee table, brush)

Below, in the set of figures for each scenario, the upper panel(s) show the exposure time-course: air concentration (user and rest-of-house/non-user) plus 

periods of dermal exposure (“dermal exposure on”, right y-axis). The lower panel(s) show blood concentration time-courses for a residential user without 

gloves (both dermal and inhalation exposure), residential user with gloves (inhalation only, in the work zone/shop for defined periods), and non-user 

(rest-of-house; ROH). Dermal exposures to the liquid NMP product are assumed to be on 490 cm2 of skin for users without gloves. Dermal exposure to 

the NMP vapor is assumed to be on 6200 cm2 for users with gloves and for users without gloves during periods of application/liquid contact. Otherwise 

6700 cm2 of skin is assumed to be exposed to the vapors.

1
Scenarios 3 (chest of drawers, brush) [right panel below show blood levels to 24 hours]

2
Scenarios 4 & 5 (coffee table, spray-workshop)

3
Scenario 6 (chest of drawers, spray-on workshop) [right panel below show blood levels to 24 hours]

4
Scenarios 7 & 8 (bathtub, brush)

Plot of blood levels from combined inhalation and dermal spray-work exposure for 2 weeks:

5
NMP Residential Scenarios

Assumptions: 

Consumers and non-users exposed to NMP-based paint strippers based on the scenarios descriptions in Tab#1 (Table 3-6 of draft NMP risk assessment)

→→Dermal exposure to the NMP vapor is assumed to be on 5860 cm2 for users with gloves and on 6200 cm2 for users without gloves during periods of application/liquid contact. 

(When gloves are not warn, front of hands are exposed to liquid and backs of hands are exposed to vapor.) Otherwise, 6700 cm2 of skin is assumed to be exposed to the vapors.

Maternal blood AUC or Cmax of parent compound used as a surrogate for fetal dose metric 

Preferred dose metrics:

Average AUC24 (mg-hr/L) is preferred for the fetal bodyweight endpoint assuming that a sustained internal dose of parent compound is needed to induce changes in fetal body weights

maxAUC (mg-hr/L) is preferred for fetal skeletal malformations assuming that a single dose effect is need to induce these effects

Preferred benchmark MOE:

Margin of Exposures (MOEs) were compared to a benchmark MOE of 30 to determine whether risks were present for the different exposure scenarios.

The benchmark MOE of 30 consists of

 3X was used for interspecies variability. The PBPK model was used for interspecies extrapolation.

 10X was used to account for human variability. The PBPK model did not account for human toxicokinetic variability. The data used in the human PBPK model was based on healthy humans. 

 In addition, CYP2E1 is partly involved in the metabolism of NMP in humans. There are large variations in CYP2E1 activity in humans (Ligocka et al., 2003) which supported the retention of the 10X.

 See Ligocka et al., 2003 at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12734639. 

Dermal exposures to the liquid NMP product are assumed to be on 490 cm2 of skin for users without gloves. 

All of the exposure scenarios assumed vapor absorption through skin (i.e., arms, face)

Page 1
NMP Residential Scenarios

0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

AUC (mghr/L)

peak 

(Cmax, 

mg/L)

AUC (mghr/L)peak (Cmax, 

mg/L) MOE for AUC MOE for AUC

1 User Inhalation exposure only / User applying brush-on 

product without face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0.25 0 0.74 0.14 0.75 0.14 332.4 328.0

1 User Inhalation exposure only / User applying brush-on 

product without face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0.25 0 0.74 0.14 0.75 0.14 1587.8 1566.7

1 User Inhalation and dermal exposure / User applying brush-on 

product without gloves and face mask

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0.25 1 3.87 2.70 3.88 2.35 63.5 63.4

1 User Inhalation and dermal exposure / User applying brush-on 

product without gloves and face mask

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0.25 1 3.87 2.70 3.88 2.35 303.3 303.0

1

Non-user in the rest of 

the house (ROH)

Inhalation and dermal exposure / Non-user breathing 

NMP vapors resulting from brush-on application in 

adjacent room

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0 0 0.55 0.08 0.56 0.07 448.1 442.3

1

Non-user in the rest of 

the house (ROH)

Inhalation and dermal exposure / Non-user breathing 

NMP vapors resulting from brush-on application in 

adjacent room

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0 0 0.55 0.08 0.56 0.07 2140.2 2112.7

Benchmark MOE=30 

Note: Underlined MOEs show risk, 

MOE<benchmark MOE

0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

Receptor Exposure Scenario Benchmark Dose Metric and Endpoints

Scenario# 

based on 

Table3-6 of 

RA/Tab#1

Dermal? 

1="yes"

Weight 

Fraction 

(WF)

Page 2
0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

AUC (mghr/L)

peak 

(Cmax, 

mg/L)

AUC (mghr/L)peak (Cmax, 

mg/L) MOE for avg AUC MOE for avg AUC

2 User Inhalation exposure only / User applying brush-on 

product without face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0.5 0 2.97 0.68 3.00 0.61 82.8 82.0

2 User Inhalation exposure only / User applying brush-on 

product without face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0.5 0 2.97 0.68 3.00 0.61 395.6 391.7

2 User Inhalation and dermal exposure / User applying brush-on 

product without gloves and face mask

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0.5 1 9.30 5.55 9.32 4.86 26.5 26.4

2 User Inhalation and dermal exposure / User applying brush-on 

product without gloves and face mask

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0.5 1 9.30 5.55 9.32 4.86 126.4 126.1

2 Non-user in the ROH

Inhalation and dermal exposure / Non-user breathing 

NMP vapors resulting from brush-on application in 

adjacent room

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0 0 1.10 0.15 1.11 0.15 224.0 221.1

2 Non-user in the ROH

Inhalation and dermal exposure / Non-user breathing 

NMP vapors resulting from brush-on application in 

adjacent room

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0 0 1.10 0.15 1.11 0.15 1069.7 1056.0

Benchmark MOE=30 

Note: Underlined MOEs show risk, 

MOE<benchmark MOE

Scenario# 

based on 

Table3-6 of 

RA/Tab#1

Receptor Exposure Scenario Benchmark Dose Metric and Endpoints

Weight 

Fraction 

(WF)

Dermal? 

1="yes"

0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

Page 3
0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

AUC (mghr/L)

peak 

(Cmax, 

mg/L)

AUC (mghr/L)peak (Cmax, 

mg/L) MOE for AUC MOE for AUC

3 User Inhalation exposure only / User applying brush-on 

product without face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0.5 0 8.36 1.38 8.47 1.22 29.4 29.0

3 User Inhalation exposure only / User applying brush-on 

product without face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0.5 0 8.36 1.38 8.47 1.22 140.6 138.7

3 User Inhalation and dermal exposure / User applying brush-on 

product without gloves and face mask

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0.5 1 24.49 10.25 24.54 8.67 10.0 10.0

3 User Inhalation and dermal exposure / User applying brush-on 

product without gloves and face mask

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0.5 1 24.49 10.25 24.54 8.67 48.0 47.9

3 Non-user in the ROH

Inhalation and dermal exposure / Non-user breathing 

NMP vapors resulting from brush-on application in 

adjacent room

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0 0 5.43 0.52 5.50 0.53 45.3 44.7

3 Non-user in the ROH

Inhalation and dermal exposure / Non-user breathing 

NMP vapors resulting from brush-on application in 

adjacent room

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0 0 5.43 0.52 5.50 0.53 216.4 213.7

Benchmark MOE=30 

Note: Underlined MOEs show risk, 

MOE<benchmark MOE

Scenario# 

based on 

Table3-6 of 

RA/Tab#1

Receptor Exposure Scenario Benchmark Dose Metric and Endpoints

Weight 

Fraction 

(WF)

Dermal? 

1="yes"

0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

Page 4
0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

AUC (mghr/L)

peak 

(Cmax, 

mg/L)

AUC (mghr/L)peak (Cmax, 

mg/L) MOE for AUC MOE for AUC

4 User Inhalation exposure only / User applying spray-on 

product without face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0.44 0 1.88 0.42 1.90 0.36 130.9 129.5

4 User Inhalation exposure only / User applying spray-on 

product without face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0.44 0 1.88 0.42 1.90 0.36 625.0 618.4

4 User Inhalation and dermal exposure / User applying spray-on 

product without gloves and face mask

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0.44 1 4.63 2.94 4.65 2.60 53.1 52.9

4 User Inhalation and dermal exposure / User applying spray-on 

product without gloves and face mask

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0.44 1 4.63 2.94 4.65 2.60 253.7 252.6

4 Non-user in the ROH

Inhalation and dermal exposure / Non-user breathing 

NMP vapors resulting from spray-on application in 

adjacent room

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0 0 1.43 0.20 1.45 0.19 172.4 170.2

4 Non-user in the ROH

Inhalation and dermal exposure / Non-user breathing 

NMP vapors resulting from spray-on application in 

adjacent room

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0 0 1.43 0.20 1.45 0.19 823.3 812.8

Benchmark MOE=30 

Note: Underlined MOEs show risk, 

MOE<benchmark MOE

Scenario# 

based on 

Table3-6 of 

RA/Tab#1

Receptor Exposure Scenario Benchmark Dose Metric and Endpoints

Weight 

Fraction 

(WF)

Dermal? 

1="yes"

0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

Page 5
0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

AUC (mghr/L)

peak 

(Cmax, 

mg/L)

AUC (mghr/L)peak (Cmax, 

mg/L) MOE for AUC MOE for AUC

5 User Inhalation exposure only / User applying spray-on 

product without face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0.53 0 4.63 1.09 4.69 0.97 53.1 52.5

5 User Inhalation exposure only / User applying spray-on 

product without face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0.53 0 4.63 1.09 4.69 0.97 253.8 250.5

5 User Inhalation and dermal exposure / User applying spray-on 

product without gloves and face mask

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0.53 1 8.02 3.82 8.07 3.38 30.7 30.5

5 User Inhalation and dermal exposure / User applying spray-on 

product without gloves and face mask

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0.53 1 8.02 3.82 8.07 3.38 146.5 145.6

5 Non-user in the ROH

Inhalation and dermal exposure / Non-user breathing 

NMP vapors resulting from spray-on application in 

adjacent room

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0 0 1.72 0.24 1.74 0.23 143.1 141.2

5 Non-user in the ROH

Inhalation and dermal exposure / Non-user breathing 

NMP vapors resulting from spray-on application in 

adjacent room

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0 0 1.72 0.24 1.74 0.23 683.4 674.6

Benchmark MOE=30 

Note: Underlined MOEs show risk, 

MOE<benchmark MOE

Scenario# 

based on 

Table3-6 of 

RA/Tab#1

Receptor Exposure Scenario Benchmark Dose Metric and Endpoints

Weight 

Fraction 

(WF)

Dermal? 

1="yes"

0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

Page 6
0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

AUC (mghr/L)

peak 

(Cmax, 

mg/L)

AUC (mghr/L)peak (Cmax, 

mg/L) MOE for AUC MOE for AUC

6 User Inhalation exposure only / User applying spray-on 

product without face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0.53 0 12.50 2.13 12.67 1.85 19.7 19.4

6 User Inhalation exposure only / User applying spray-on 

product without face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0.53 0 12.50 2.13 12.67 1.85 94.0 92.7

6 User Inhalation and dermal exposure / User applying spray-on 

product without gloves and face mask

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0.53 1 21.16 7.60 21.30 6.57 11.6 11.5

6 User Inhalation and dermal exposure / User applying spray-on 

product without gloves and face mask

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0.53 1 21.16 7.60 21.30 6.57 55.5 55.2

6 Non-user in the ROH

Inhalation and dermal exposure / Non-user breathing 

NMP vapors resulting from spray-on application in 

adjacent room

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0 0 8.40 0.81 8.50 0.82 29.3 28.9

6 Non-user in the ROH

Inhalation and dermal exposure / Non-user breathing 

NMP vapors resulting from spray-on application in 

adjacent room

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0 0 8.40 0.81 8.50 0.82 139.9 138.2

Benchmark MOE=30 

Note: Underlined MOEs show risk, 

MOE<benchmark MOE

Scenario# 

based on 

Table3-6 of 

RA/Tab#1

Receptor Exposure Scenario Benchmark Dose Metric and Endpoints

Weight 

Fraction 

(WF)

Dermal? 

1="yes"

0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

Page 7
0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

AUC (mghr/L)

peak 

(Cmax, 

mg/L)

AUC (mghr/L)peak (Cmax, 

mg/L) MOE for AUC MOE for AUC

7 User Inhalation exposure only / User applying brush-on 

product without face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0.5 0 62.62 13.29 63.38 12.05 3.9 3.9

7 User Inhalation exposure only / User applying brush-on 

product without face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0.5 0 62.62 13.29 63.38 12.05 18.8 18.5

7 User Inhalation and dermal exposure / User applying brush-on 

product without gloves and face mask

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0.5 1 88.20 21.50 88.83 18.42 2.8 2.8

7 User Inhalation and dermal exposure / User applying brush-on 

product without gloves and face mask

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0.5 1 88.20 21.50 88.83 18.42 13.3 13.2

7 Non-user in the ROH

Inhalation and dermal exposure / Non-user breathing 

NMP vapors resulting from brush-on application in 

adjacent room

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0 0 19.20 1.58 19.42 1.60 12.8 12.7

7 Non-user in the ROH

Inhalation and dermal exposure / Non-user breathing 

NMP vapors resulting from brush-on application in 

adjacent room

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0 0 19.20 1.58 19.42 1.60 61.2 60.5

Benchmark MOE=30 

Note: Underlined MOEs show risk, 

MOE<benchmark MOE

Scenario# 

based on 

Table3-6 of 

RA/Tab#1

Receptor Exposure Scenario Benchmark Dose Metric and Endpoints

Weight 

Fraction 

(WF)

Dermal? 

1="yes"

0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

Page 8
0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

AUC (mghr/L)

peak 

(Cmax, 

mg/L)

AUC (mghr/L)peak (Cmax, 

mg/L) MOE for AUC MOE for AUC

8 User Inhalation exposure only / User applying brush-on 

product without face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0.5 0 36.81 7.16 37.27 6.64 6.7 6.6

8 User Inhalation exposure only / User applying brush-on 

product without face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0.5 0 36.81 7.16 37.27 6.64 31.9 31.5

8 User Inhalation and dermal exposure / User applying brush-on 

product without gloves and face mask

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0.5 1 61.32 17.42 61.67 14.92 4.0 4.0

8 User Inhalation and dermal exposure / User applying brush-on 

product without gloves and face mask

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0.5 1 61.32 17.42 61.67 14.92 19.2 19.1

8 Non-user in the ROH

Inhalation and dermal exposure / Non-user breathing 

NMP vapors resulting from brush-on application in 

adjacent room

BMDL internal dose values for 5% reduction in 

fetal BW--Inhalation developmental study 

(Saillenfait et al. 2003)--Preferred metric: 

average AUC24

0 0 11.36 0.94 11.49 0.95 21.7 21.4

8 Non-user in the ROH

Inhalation and dermal exposure / Non-user breathing 

NMP vapors resulting from brush-on application in 

adjacent room

BMDL internal dose values for 5% increase in 

fetal skeletal malformations -- dermal 

developmental studiy (Saillenfait et al. 2002)--

Preferred metric: max AUC24

0 0 11.36 0.94 11.49 0.95 103.5 102.3

Benchmark MOE=30 

Note: Underlined MOEs show risk, 

MOE<benchmark MOE

Scenario# 

based on 

Table3-6 of 

RA/Tab#1

Receptor Exposure Scenario Benchmark Dose Metric and Endpoints

Weight 

Fraction 

(WF)

Dermal? 

1="yes"

0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

Page 9
BENCHMARK DOSE METRICS

Rat internal metrics for GD 6-20 inhalation exposures reported in Saillenfait et al. (2003) 

External air 

conc (mg/m3)

Average AUC24 (mghr/L) Cmax (mg/L) Fetal BW (g) ±Std Dev

0 0 0 5.67±0.37

122 94 12 5.62±0.36

243 191 24 5.47±0.25

487 397 50 5.39±0.45*

*Significant difference from the control (air), P<0.05

BMDL values calculated with internal doses (Values used for MOE estimates)

BMCL05 

average AUC 

24-hr (mghr/L)

246

BMCL05 

Cmax (mg/L) 30.7

Rat internal metrics for GD 6-15 dermal exposures, but averaged over GD 6-21 reported in Becci et al. (1982)

mg/kg-d Average AUC 24-hr (mghr/L) Cmax (mg/L)

0 0 0

75 359 202

237 1385 641 237 mg/kg-day is the NOAEL for maternal and fetal toxicity (increased resorption, fewer

750 6000 2050 live fetuses, reduced body weight, skeletal abnormalities)

Combined Becci et al. (1982) dermal and Saillenfait et al. (2003) inhalation data for vertebrae/incomplete ossification

BMCL05 

Cmax (mg/L) 27

Saillenfait et al. (2002) skeletal malformations

BMCL05 max 

AUC24 (mg/L) 1175

Page 10