1 N u m e r i c al E xp e r i m e n t al A n al ys i s D at a f or t h e Y e ar of 2002

D a

- L i n Z ha ng a nd S hun l i Z ha ng D e pa r t m e nt of A t m os phe r i c a nd O c e a ni c S c i e nc e , U ni ve r s i t y of M a r yl a nd
C ol l e ge P a r k, M D 20742

T e l

. ( 301) 405

- 2018; E m a i l : da l i n@ a t m os

. um d

. e du

1. I n t r od u c t i on

A t ot a l of 128 num e r i c a l e xpe r i m e nt s , i n 3

- da y s e gm e nt s , f or t he ye a r of 2002 ( i

. e

. , f r om 0000 U T C 14 D e c e m be r 2001 t o 0000 U T C 1 J a nua r y 2003) ha ve be e n c onduc t e d

on our ne w l y pur c ha s e d C l us t e r us i ng t he ne s t e d

- gr i d ( 36/ 12 k m ) V e r s i on 3. 6 o f t he

P S U / N C A R m e s o s c a l e m ode l ( i

. e

. , M M 5)

. T h e N C E P ’ s E t a a na l ys i s w i t h 40

- km

r e s ol ut i on w a s u s e d t o i ni t i a l i z e t he m ode l i nt e gr a t i ons a nd s pe c i f y t he out m os t l a t e r a l
bounda r y c ondi t i ons

. T o m i ni m i z e t he i n f l ue nc e of m ode l e r r or s but r e t a i n a s m a ny

m e s os c a l e c i r c ul a t i ons a s pos s i b l e , t he dyna m i c a l nudgi ng or f ou r

- di m e ns i ona l da t a

a s s i m i l a t i on ( F D D A ) t e c hni que w a s a dopt e d t o i n c l ude obs e r va t i ons of t he s ur f a c e w i nds

a nd uppe r

- l e ve l m e t e or ol ogi c a l i nf o r m a t i on. M or e a t t e nt i on w a s pa i d t o t he a c c ur a c y of

s ur f a c e w i nds due t o t he i r i m po r t a nt r ol e s i n oz one t r a ns por t

. T he m ode l i nt e gr a t i ons

w e r e r e

- i ni t i a l i z e d e ve r y 3

. 5 da ys , a l l ow i ng a 12

- h pe r i od f or t he m ode l s pi n

- up ( i

. e

. , t he
f i r s t 12

- h da t a c oul d be t r unc a t e d i n t he a ppl i c a t i on of t he da t a s e t s )

. H our l y m ode l

out put s w e r e a r c hi ve d f o r t he pe r i od of 12. 5 m ont hs

. T hi s f our

- di m e ns i ona l hi gh

r e s ol ut i on ( i n t i m e a nd s pa c e ) a na l ys i s da t a s e t s o a s s i m i l a t e d w a s ge ne r a t e d f or a i r qua l i t y

m ode l i ng a nd f o r r e gi ona l ha z e s t udi e s

. T he s e i nt e gr a t i ons yi e l de d a t ot a l o f 830 G byt e s

a na l ys i s da t a

.
2. M od e l d e s c r i p t i on

T he V e r s i on 3. 6 of M M 5 w i t h a L a m be r t c onf or m a l m a p pr oj e c t i on , a n M P P
V e r s i on de ve l ope d f or c l u s t e r s , w a s us e d f or t hi s pr oj e c t

. T he ( x, y) di m e ns i ons of t he

c oa r s e ( 36 km ) a nd f i ne ( 12 km ) m e s h dom a i ns a r e 149 x 129 a nd 175 x 175,

r e s p e c t i ve l y. T he ve r t i c a l di s c r e t i on us e s t e r r a i n

- f o l l ow i ng σ

- c oor di na t e s , but t he pr e s s ur e

a t t he σ

- l e ve l s a r e de t e r m i ne d f r om a r e f e r e n c e s t a t e t ha t i s e s t i m a t e d us i ng t h e hydr os t a t i c e qua t i on f r om a gi ve n s e a

- l e ve l pr e s s ur e a nd t e m pe r a t ur e w i t h a s t a nda r d
l a

ps e r a t e

. T he r e a r e 30 une ve n σ l e v e l s , gi vi ng 29 l a ye r s , w i t h hi ghe r r e s ol ut i on i n t he pl a ne t a r y bounda r y l a ye r ( P B L )

. T he σ l e ve l s a r e p l a c e d a t t he f ol l ow i ng va l ue s :

1. 000, 0

. 9974, 0. 994

, 0

. 989, 0. 9820

, 0

. 972, 0

. 9 59, 0. 943

, 0

. 923, 0. 8990

, 0. 871, 0. 839

, 0. 803

, 0. 763, 0

. 718, 0. 668

, 0. 618

, 0. 568, 0. 518

, 0. 468

, 0. 418,
0. 368, 0. 318

, 0

. 268, 0. 218

, 0

. 168, 0. 123

, 0

. 080, 0. 040, 0

. 00

T he s ur f a c e l a ye r i s de f i ne d a t a n a l t i t ude of a bout 10 m , t he l e ve l a t w hi c h s ur f a c e w i nd s

a r e t ypi c a l l y obs e r ve d. T he m ode l t op i s s e t a t 5 0 hP a w i t h a r a di a t i ve upp e r bounda r y

c ondi t i on. T he t i m e s t e ps f or t he 36 km a nd 12 km r e s ol ut i on dom a i ns a r e 75 a nd 25

s e c onds

, r e s pe c t i ve l y.

F i gs

. 1 a nd 2 s how t he ne s t e d

- gr i d ( 36 / 12 km ) d om a i n a nd t he f i ne

- m e s h dom a i n,

r e s pe c t i ve l y, t ha t w e r e us e d f or t hi s pr oj e c t

.
D om a i n 1 i s c e nt e r e d a t 40 0 N l a t i t ude a nd 97 0 W l ongi t ude w i t h a gr i d s i z e of 36
km

, a nd i t c ove r s t h e U

. S

. c ont i ne nt s , M e xi c o, C a na da

, t he G ul f of M e xi c o, a nd pa r t of

t he E a s t P a c i f i c a nd W e s t A t l a nt i c oc e a ns

.2 Fi g

. 1 T h e co a rs e

- mes h (3 6 k m ) d o mai n

. Fi g

. 2 T h e fi n e

- mes h (1 2

- k m) d o m ai n

.

D om a i n 2 us e s a gr i d s i z e of 12 km

, a nd i t c ov e r s t he nor t he a s t e r n, c e nt r a l a nd

s out he a s t e r n U S a s w e l l a s S out he a s t e r n C a na da

.
T he i m por t a nt m ode l phys i c s of t he M M 5 us e d f or t hi s pr oj e c t i nc l ude :
( i ) T he l a t e s t ve r s i on of t he K a i n

- F r i t s c h ( 1993) c onve c t i ve s c he m e w a s us e d f or bot h 36

- a nd 12

- km r e s ol ut i on dom a i ns ;
( i i ) A n e xpl i c i t m oi s t ur e s c he m e ( w i t hout t he m i xe d pha s e ) c ont a i ni ng pr ognos t i c

e qua t i ons f or c l oud w a t e r ( i c e ) a nd r a i nw a t e r ( s no w ) ( D udhi a 1989 ; Z ha ng 1989) ;
( i i i ) A m odi f i e d ve r s i on o f t he B l a c ka da r pl a ne t a r y bounda r y l a ye r ( P B L ) s c he m e ( Z ha ng a nd A nt he s 1982; Z ha ng a nd Z he ng 2004) ;
( i v) A s i m pl e r a di a t i ve c ool i ng s c he m e ( G r e l l e t a l

. 1997) ; ( v) A m ul t i

- l a ye r s oi l m ode l t o pr e di c t l a nd s ur f a c e t e m p e r a t ur e s us i ng t he s ur f a c e

e ne r gy budge t e qua t i on ( D udhi a 1996)

.
N ot e t ha t t he B l a c k a da r P B L s c he m e ha s b e e n m odi f i e d i n or de r t o r e pr oduc e t he
di ur na l c yc l e s of s ur f a c e w i nds a nd t e m pe r a t ur e s , a f t e r pe r f or m i ng a c om pa r a t i ve s t udy
of t he f ol l ow i ng f i ve di f f

e r e nt P B L s c he m e s : t he G a yno

- S e a m a n T K E s c he m e ( S ha f r a n e t

a l

. 2000 )

, B ur k

- T hom ps on ( 1989 )

, B l a c ka da r ( Z ha ng a nd A nt he s 1982)

, M R F ( H ong a nd

P a n 1996)

, a nd M i l l e r

- Y a m a da

- J a j i ć ( M i l l e r a nd Y a m a da 1974; J a j i ć 1990, 1994 )

. T he s e

c ha nge s a r e gi ve n a s f ol l ow s ( s e e Z ha ng a nd Z he n g 2004 f o r m o r e de t a i l ) :

• K

- c oe f f i c i e nt i s de t e r m i ne d by t he R i c ha r ds on num be r a c c or di ng t o Z ha ng a nd

A nt he s ( 1982)

, w he r e t he c r i t i c a l R i c ha r ds on nu m b e r i s s e t t o be 0. 25. I n a ddi t i on, t he

m i xi ng l e ngt h i s s e t t o be t he t hi c kne s s of t he m od e l l a ye r

.

• U s e of pot e nt i a l t e m pe r a t ur e r a t he r t ha n vi r t ua l pot e nt i a l t e m pe r a t ur e t o c a l c ul a t e

t he bul k R i c ha r ds on num be r R b.

3. N u d gi n g P r oc e s s e s

T he M M 5 pr ovi de s opt i on s f or nudgi ng obs e r va t i ons f or e a c h dom a i n dur i ng t he

c our s e of m ode l i nt e gr a t i on ( S t a uf f

e r a nd S e a m a n 1990; S t a uf f

e r e t a l

. 1991 )

. T he E t a3 a na l ys e s of uppe r

- a i r w i nds

, t e m pe r a t ur e a nd w a t e r

- va por m i xi ng r a t i o a s w e l l a s t he i r

a s s oc i a t e d s ur f a c e f i e l ds

, w e r e nudg e d e ve r y 6 h our s , a nd t he hi ghe r

- r e s ol ut i on s ur f a c e

w i nd f i e l d w a s nudge d e ve r y 3 hour s

. W hi l e onl y t he s ur f a c e w i nds w e r e nudge d, t he i r i nf l ue nc e s c oul d be e xt e nde d i nt o t he P B L ( s e e S t a uf f

e r e t a l

. 1991)

.
B a s e d on our pr e vi ous e xpe r i e nc e w i t h m a ny num e r i c a l e xpe r i m e nt s , t he f ol l ow i ng nudgi ng c oe f f i c i e nt s ha ve be e n us e d:

• U ppe r

- a i r w i nd f i e l ds : 5. 0 E

- 4 f or D om a i n 1

, a nd 2. 5E

- 4 f o r D om a i n 2 ;

• U ppe r

- a i r t e m pe r a t ur e f i e l ds : 1

. 0E

- 5 f o r bot h D o m a i ns ;

• S ur f a c e w i nds : 5. 0E

- 4 f or D om a i n 1, a nd 2

. 5E

- 4 f or D om a i n 2; a nd

• S ur f a c e t e m pe r a t ur e a nd m oi s t ur e : not nudge d d ue t o i ns t a bi l i t y c ons i de r a t i on

.
4. M od e l i n i t i al i z at i on

T he m ode l i s i ni t i a l i z e d w i t h N C E P 's E t a m ode l a na l ys i s ( ds 609. 2) a s a f i r s t gue s s
t ha t i s t he n e nha nc e d by obs e r va t i ons a t uppe r l e ve l s a nd t he s ur f a c e

. ( i ) N C E P ’ s A D P gl oba l uppe r

- a i r obs e r va t i ons ( N C A R a r c hi ve ds 353. 4) a r e us e d t o f ur t he r e nha nc e t he uppe r

- l e ve l E t a a na l ys i s

. ( i i ) T he f ol l ow i ng t w o s e t s of s ur f a c e obs e r va t i o ns ha ve be e n i nt r oduc e d i nt o t he

m ode l i ni t i a l s t a t e t o i m p r ove t he E t a a na l ys i s of s ur f a c e w i nd f i e l ds :

• T he N C E P ’ s A D P gl oba l s ur f a c e w i nd obs e r v a t i ons ( N C A R a r c hi ve d s 464. 0) :
T hi s da t a s e t pr ovi de s 6

- hour l y s ur f a c e obs e r va t i o ns ove r l a nd ( i

. e

. , a t 0000

, 0600, 1200

, 1800 U T C ) i n one s t r e a m , a nd 3

- hou r l y ( i

. e

. , a t 0 300, 0900, 1500

, 2100 U T C ) ove r bot h
l a nd a nd oc e a n s ur f a c e s i n a not he r s t r e a m

.

• T he T D L ’ s U

. S

. a nd C a na di a n s ur f a c e obs e r va t i ons ( N C A R a r c hi ve ds 472. 0) : T hi s da t a s e t pr ovi de s hour l y s ur f a c e obs e r va t i ons ove r t he U

. S

. a nd C a na di a n r e gi ons

.
T he E t a m ode l a na l ys i s ha s a dom a i n c ove r i ng t he e nt i r e U

. S

. c ont i ne nt s w i t h a 40

- km hor i z ont a l r e s ol ut i on. I t i nc l ude s t he f ol l ow i ng t ype s of obs e r va t i ons :

• R a w i ns onde m a s s a nd w i nd;

• P i ba l l w i nds ;

• D r opw i nds onde s ;

• W i nd pr of i l e s ;

• S ur f a c e l a nd t e m pe r a t u r e a nd m o i s t ur e ;

• O c e a ni c s ur f a c e da t a ( s hi p a nd buoys ) ;

• A i r c r a f t w i nds ;

• S a t e l l i t e c l oud

- dr i f t w i nds ;

• O c e a ni c T O V S t hi c kne s s r e t r i e va l s ;

• G O E S a nd S S M / I p r e c i pi t a bl e w a t e r r e t r i e va l s

.
T he C r e s s m a n obj e c t i ve a na l ys i s opt i on w a s u s e d t o e nha nc e t he E t a a na l ys i s

. H ow e ve r , w e a na l yz e d t he r e s ul t s a nd f ound t ha t i t s t i l l c oul d not r e pr oduc e t he r i ght
di ur na l c yc l e of s ur f a c e w i nds a nd t e m pe r a t ur e s

. T hus

, w e r e pe a t e d t he C r e s s m a n
pr oc e dur e s t hr e e m or e t i m e s t o e nha nc e t he s ur f a c e a na l ys e s

. R e s ul t s i ndi c a t e t ha t t hi s
pr oc e dur e s i g ni f i c a nt l y i m p r ove d t he r e s ul t s

.4 N ot e t ha t ( i ) be c a us e of t he i ni t i a l m ode l s pi n

- up, w e r e c om m e nd t ha t t he f i r s t 12

- h

m ode l i nt e gr a t i on of e a c h r un be di s c a r de d; a nd ( i i ) be c a us e t he s ynopt i c

- s c a l e uppe r

- a i r

w i nds a nd t e m pe r a t ur e s w e r e nudge d, t he f l ow f i e l ds a bove t he P B L m i ght c ont a i n l e s s

s m a l l e r

- s c a l e f e a t ur e s ( e

. g. , i n l ow

- l e ve l j e t s , m oun t a i n

- f or c e d pe r t u rba t i ons a nd e t c

. )

.
5. D at a A r c h i ve

A s m e nt i one d a bove

, w e ha ve c onduc t e d a t ot a l of 128 e xpe r i m e nt s , i n 3

- da y

s e gm e nt s , f r om 0000 U T C 14 D e c e m be r 2 001 t o 0000 U T C 1 J a nua r y 2003. T he
f

ol l ow i ng t a bl e l i s t s t he e xpe r i m e nt s a nd t he i r c or r e s pondi ng i nt e gr a t i on pe r i ods :

E xp. # P e r i od E xp. # P e r i od

1 00/ 15/ 12

- 00/ 18/ 12*01 2 00/ 18/ 12

- 12/ 21/ 12*01

3 00/ 21/ 12

- 00/ 24/ 12*01 4 00/ 24/ 12

- 00/ 27/ 12*01

5 00/ 27/ 12

- 00 / 30/ 12*01 6 00/ 30/ 12

- 00/ 02/ 01*02

7 00/ 02/ 01

- 00/ 05/ 01*02 8 00/ 05/ 01

- 00/ 08/ 01*02
9 00/ 08/ 01

- 00/ 11/ 01*02 10 00/ 11/ 01

- 00/ 14/ 01*02

11 00/ 14/ 01

- 00/ 17/ 01*02 12 00/ 17/ 01

- 00/ 20/ 01*02

13 00/ 20/ 01

- 00/ 23/ 01*02 14 00/ 23/ 01

- 00/ 26/ 01*02

15 00/ 26/ 01

- 00/ 29/ 01*02 16 00 / 29/ 01

- 00/ 01/ 02*02

17 00/ 01/ 02

- 00/ 04/ 02*02 18 00/ 04/ 02

- 00/ 07/ 02*02

E xp. # P e r i od E xp. # P e r i od

19 00/ 07/ 02

- 00/ 10/ 02*02 20 00/ 10/ 02

- 00/ 13/ 02*02

21 00/ 13/ 02

- 00/ 16/ 02*02 22 00/ 16/ 02

- 00/ 19/ 02*02

23 00/ 19/ 02

- 00/ 22/ 02*02 24 00/ 22/ 02

- 00/ 25/ 02*02

25 00/ 25/ 02

- 00/ 28/ 02*02 26 00/ 28/ 02

- 00/ 03/ 03*02
27 00/ 03/ 03

- 00/ 06/ 03*02 28 00/ 06/ 03

- 00/ 09/ 03*02

29 00/ 09/ 03

- 00/ 12/ 03*02 30 00/ 12/ 03

- 00/ 15/ 03*02

31 00/ 15/ 03

- 00/ 18/ 03*02 32 00/ 18/ 03

- 00/ 21/ 03*02

33 00/ 21/ 03

- 00/ 24/ 03*02 34 00/ 24/ 03

- 00/ 27/ 03*02

35 00/ 27/ 03

- 00/ 30/ 03*0 2 36 00/ 30/ 03

- 00/ 02/ 04*02

37 00/ 02/ 04

- 00/ 05/ 04*02 38 00/ 05/ 04

- 00/ 08/ 04*02

39 00/ 08/ 04

- 00/ 11/ 04*02 40 00/ 11/ 04

- 00/ 14/ 04*02

41 00/ 14/ 04

- 00/ 17/ 04*02 42 00/ 17/ 04

- 00/ 20/ 04*02

43 00/ 20/ 04

- 00/ 23/ 04*02 44 00/ 23/ 04

- 00/ 26/ 04*02

45 00/ 26/ 04

- 00/ 29/ 04*02 46 00/ 29/ 04

- 00/ 02/ 05*02

47 00/ 01/ 05

- 00/ 04/ 05*02 48 00/ 04/ 05

- 00/ 07/ 05*02
49 00/ 07/ 05

- 00/ 10/ 05*02 50 00/ 10/ 05

- 00/ 13/ 05*02

51 00/ 13/ 05

- 00/ 16/ 05*02 52 00/ 16/ 05

- 00/ 19/ 05*02

53 00/ 19/ 05

- 00/ 22/ 05*02 54 00/ 22/ 05

- 00/ 25/ 05*02

55 00/ 25/ 05

- 00/ 28/ 05*02 56 00/ 28/ 05

- 00/ 31/ 05 *02

57 00/ 31/ 05

- 00/ 03/ 06*02 58 00/ 03/ 06

- 00/ 06/ 06*02
59 00/ 06/ 06

- 00/ 09/ 06*02 60 00/ 09/ 06

- 00/ 12/ 06*02

61 00/ 12/ 06

- 00/ 15/ 06*02 62 00/ 15/ 06

- 00/ 18/ 06*02

63 00/ 18/ 06

- 00/ 21/ 06*02 64 00/ 21/ 06

- 00/ 24/ 06*02

65 00/ 24/ 06

- 00/ 27/ 06*02 66 00/ 27/ 06

- 00/ 30/ 06*025 67 00/ 30/ 06

- 00/ 03/ 07*02 68 00/ 03/ 07

- 00/ 06/ 07*02

69 00/ 06/ 07

- 00/ 09/ 07*02 70 00/ 09/ 07

- 00/ 12/ 07*02
71 00/ 12/ 07

- 00/ 15/ 07*02 72 00/ 15/ 07

- 00/ 18/ 07*02

73 00/ 18/ 07

- 00/ 21/ 07*02 74 00/ 21/ 07

- 00/ 24/ 07*02

75 00/ 24/ 07

- 00/ 27/ 07*02 76 00/ 27/ 07

- 00/ 30/ 07*02

77 00/ 30/ 07

- 00/ 02 / 08*02 78 00/ 02/ 08

- 00/ 05/ 08*02
79 00/ 05/ 08

- 00/ 08/ 08*02 80 00/ 08/ 08

- 00/ 11/ 08*02

81 00/ 11/ 08

- 00/ 14/ 08*02 82 00/ 14/ 08

- 00/ 17/ 08*02

83 00/ 17/ 08

- 00/ 20/ 08*02 84 00/ 20/ 08

- 00/ 23/ 08*02

85 00/ 23/ 08

- 00/ 26/ 08*02 86 00/ 26/ 08

- 00/ 29/ 08*02

87 00/ 29/ 08

- 00/ 01/ 09*02 88 0 0/ 01/ 08

- 00/ 04/ 09*02
89 00/ 04/ 09

- 00/ 07/ 09*02 90 00/ 07/ 09

- 00/ 10/ 09*02

91 00/ 10/ 09

- 00/ 13/ 09*02 92 00/ 13/ 09

- 00/ 16/ 09*02

93 00/ 16/ 09

- 00/ 19/ 09*02 94 00/ 19/ 09

- 00/ 22/ 09*02
95 00/ 22/ 09

- 00/ 25/ 09*02 96 00/ 25/ 09

- 00/ 28/ 09*02

97 00/ 28/ 09

- 00/ 01/ 10*02 98 00/ 01/ 10

- 00/ 04/ 10*02
99 00/ 04/ 10

- 00/ 07/ 10*02 100 00/ 07/ 10

- 00/ 10/ 10*02

101 00/ 10/ 10

- 00/ 13/ 10*02 102 00/ 13/ 10

- 00/ 16/ 10*02

103 00/ 16/ 10

- 00/ 19/ 10*02 104 00/ 19/ 10

- 00/ 22/ 10*02

E xp. # P e r i od E xp. # P e r i od

105 00/ 22/ 10

- 00/ 25/ 10*02 106 00/ 25/ 10

- 00/ 28/ 10*02

107 00/ 28/ 10

- 00/ 31/ 10*02 108 00/ 31/ 10

- 00/ 03/ 11*02
109 00/ 03/ 11

- 00/ 06/ 11*02 110 00/ 06/ 11

- 00/ 09/ 11*02

111 00/ 09/ 11

- 00/ 12/ 11*02 112 00/ 12/ 11

- 00/ 15/ 11*02

113 00/ 15/ 11

- 00/ 18/ 11*02 114 00/ 18/ 11

- 00/ 21/ 11*02

115 00/ 21/ 11

- 00/ 24/ 11*02 116 00/ 24/ 11

- 00/ 27/ 11*02

117 00/ 27/ 11

- 0 0/ 30/ 11*02 118 00/ 30/ 11

- 00/ 03/ 12*02
119 00/ 03/ 12

- 00/ 06/ 12*02 120 00/ 06/ 12

- 00/ 09/ 12*02

121 00/ 09/ 12

- 00/ 12/ 12*02 122 00/ 12/ 12

- 00/ 15/ 12*02

123 00/ 15/ 12

- 00/ 18/ 12*02 124 00/ 18/ 12

- 00/ 21/ 12*02

125 00/ 21/ 12

- 00/ 24/ 12*02 126 00/ 24/ 12

- 00/ 27/ 12*02

127 00/ 27/ 12

- 00 / 30/ 12*02 128 00/ 30/ 12

- 00/ 02/ 01*03

T he da t a s e t s l i s t e d a bove i nc l ude t he M M 5 out p ut s f r om D om a i n 1 ( 36 km ) a nd

D om a i n 2 ( 12 km )

, t he a na l ys i s da t a us e d f or F D D A

, a nd i ni t i a l a nd l a t e r a l bounda r y

c ondi t i ons

. I f ne c e s s a r y, a ny of t he e xpe r i m e nt s l i s t e d a bo ve c oul d be r e

- r un. T he M M 5

out put s i nc l ude t he t hr e e

- di m e ns i ona l f i e l ds o f t e m pe r a t ur e , hor i z ont a l w i nds

, ve r t i c a l

m ot i on, pr e s s ur e pe r t urba t i ons , m oi s t ur e , c l oud w a t e r / r a i n w a t e r / i c e w a t e r / s now w a t e r

m i xi ng r a t i o, a nd r a di a t i on t e nde nc y; a nd t he t w o

- di m e ns i ona l f i e l ds of t he m a p

- s c a l e f

a c t or , l ongi t ude a nd l a t i t ude

, C or i ol i s pa r a m e t e r , l a nd us e c a t e gor y, t e r r a i n he i ght

, P B L
de pt h, a c c um ul a t e d c onve c t i ve / non

- c onve c t i ve pr e c i pi t a t i on, s ur f a c e s e ns i bl e / l a t e nt he a t f l ux. A F O R T R A

N pr og r a m t o r e a d t he da t a s e t s ha s a l s o be e n i nc l ude d.

6. A c k n ow l e d gm e n t s6 T hi s pr oj e c t w a s f unde d by M a r yl a nd’ s D e pa r t m e nt of E nv i r onm e nt ( M D E ) a nd

N or t he a s t S t a t e s f or C oor di na t e d A i r U s e M a n a g e m e nt

, I nc

. ( N E S C A U M )

. N e w Y or k

S t a t e D e pa r t m e n t of E nv i r on m e n t a l C ons e r v a t i o n ( N Y D E C ) h a s e va l ua t e d t he M M 5’ s
pe r f or m a nc e w i t h T D L a nd C A S T N e t m e a s ur e m e nt s f or t he s um m e r

- s e a s on e pi s ode s of
6

– 16 A ugus t 2002 be f or e t he pr oduc t i on of a c o m pl e t e 5

- m ont h s i m ul a t i on f r o m 1 M a y
t o 30 S e pt e m be r 2002

. S i m i l a r l y , N E S C A U M e va l ua t e d t he M M 5 s i m ul a t i ons o f 23

– 29
J a nua r y 2002 be f or e t he s i m ul a t i on of t he w i nt e r

- s e a s on e pi s ode s a nd t he r e m a i ni ng

a nnua l m ode l s i m ul a t i ons

. W e a r e ve r y g r a t e f ul t o G opa l S i s t l a , M i ke K u , a nd W i ns t on H a o of N Y S D E C

, a nd S ha n H e a nd G a r y K l e i m a n of N E S C A U M f or t he i r c a r e f ul

e va l ua t i ons of t he M M 5 pe r f o r m a nc e

.
R e f e r e n c e s

Bu rk

, S. D

. , an d W

. T

. T h o mp s o n , 1 9 8 9 : A v ert i cal l y n es t ed reg i o n al n u meri cal w e at h er

p red i ct i o n mo d el w i t h s e co n d

- o rd er cl o s u re p h y s i cs

. M o n

. W ea

. R e v.
, 1 1 7
, 2 3 0 5

– 2 3 2 4

. D u d h i a, J

. , 1 9 8 9 : N u meri c al s t u d y o f co n v ect i o n o b s erv ed d u ri n g t h e w i n t er mo n s o o n

ex p eri men t s u s i n g a mes o s cal e t w o

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. J. A t m o s

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- g en e rat i o n Pen n St at e/ N C A R Mes o s cal e Mo d el ( M M5 ). N C A R T ech

. N o t e N C A R/ T N

- 3 9 8 1 S T R

, 1 2 2 p p

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- r an g e fo recas t mo d el

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- mo u n t ai n co o rd i n at e: Ph y s i cal p ack ag e. M o n

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- mo u n t ai n E t a co o rd i n at e mo d el : Fu rt h er d ev el o p m en t o f t h e co n v e ct i o n ,

v i s co u s s u b l ay er an d t u rb u l en t cl o s u re s ch e mes

. M o n

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, 1 2 2
, 9 2 7

- 9 4 5

. K ai n , J

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, an d J

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. Fri t s ch

, 1 9 9 3 : Co n v ect i v e p ara met eri za t i o n fo r mes o s cal e mo d el s : T h e K ai n

Fri t s ch s ch e me

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. M et eo r

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, A m er. Met eo r

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- 1 7 0

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. G ay n o , 2 0 0 0 : E v al u at i o n o f n u meri cal p red i ct i o n s o f
b o u n d ary l ay er s t ru ct u re d u ri n g t h e L ak e Mi ch i g an o zo n e s t u d y

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p l

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as s i mi l at i o n i n a l i mi t ed

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p l an et ary b o u n d ary l ay er

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area m es o s cal e mo d el

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— Sen s i t i v i t y t es t s an d co mp ari s o n s w i t h S E S A M E

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