THIRD DIVISION

MILLER, P. J.,

MCFADDEN and MCMILLIAN, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

July 14, 2016

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A16A0585, A16A0861. TRUSTGARD INS. CO. v. HERNDON et

al.

MCMILLIAN, Judge.

On April 11, 2013, Charles Herndon shot Vivian Welker on his property.

Welker sustained approximately $55,000 in medical expenses, which she attempted

to collect under a homeowner’s policy (“the Policy”) that Trustgard Insurance

Company (“Trustgard”) had issued to Herndon. After Trustgard denied coverage

under several Policy provisions excluding coverage for intentional acts and for

criminal acts, the company filed this action seeking a declaration that it had no

liability under the Policy in connection with the shooting. The parties filed crossmotions for summary judgment, and the trial court granted Herndon’s two motions

for summary judgment and denied Trustgard’s motion. These appeals followed. 
In Case No. A16A0585, Trustgard argues that the trial court erred in denying

it summary judgment under the Policy provisions excluding coverage for intentional

and criminal acts and further asserts that the trial court erred in granting summary

judgment to Herndon on the intentional acts exclusions. In Case No. A16A0861,

Trustgard appeals the trial court’s grant of summary judgment to Herndon on the

provision excluding coverage for criminal acts. For the reasons that follow, we

reverse the trial court’s orders.

In reviewing the trial court’s ruling on summary judgment, “we construe the

evidence most favorably towards the nonmoving party, who is given the benefit of

all reasonable doubts and possible inferences.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.)

Nguyen v. Southwestern Emergency Physicians, P.C., 298 Ga. 75, 82 (3) (779 SE2d

334) (2015). Moreover, we review the grant or denial of a motion for summary

judgment de novo. Id.

Here, however, the facts are largely undisputed. The record shows that at the

time of the shooting, Herndon, who was married, was engaged in an intimate

relationship with Welker, whom he met in 2012. In addition to their romantic

relationship, Welker helped Herndon with repairs to his rental properties, and

Herndon paid her for this work. Welker had been to Herndon’s house on several

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occasions when his wife was out of town, and she would sometimes go there to pick

up money that Herndon would leave in the mailbox for her. On April 11, 2013,

Welker called Herndon and asked him to leave her $30 in the mailbox. Welker asked

her friend Mark to drive her to Herndon’s house to pick up the money, but when she

arrived, she discovered that Herndon had left only $16. Welker and Mark drove away,

but Welker called Herndon to tell him she was coming back for the rest of the money.

He replied, “Okay.” When they returned, however, Welker discovered that Herndon

had not put any more money in the mailbox, and he did not come outside when they

arrived. Because Welker knew that Herndon’s wife was home, she asked Mark to go

to the door to get the money. 

After Mark approached the door, Herndon, who did not know Mark and who

appeared to have been drinking, came out of the house carrying a gun. Herndon

approached Welker, who wassitting in the passenger seat of Mark’struck, and started

asking questions about Mark. AsWelker and Herndon spoke, Herndon placed the gun

on Welker’sleg. Although Welker did not believe Herndon meant to hurt her, the gun

fired, and the bullet struck Welker in the knee. Welker testified that Herndon said, “I

done messed up,” and Mark sped away to a nearby hospital, where he left Welker.

When the police later questioned Welker about the shooting, she told them that

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Herndon did it, but she believed it had been an accident. Herndon also asserted in his

affidavit in support of his motion for summary judgment that the shooting was

accidental, stating that he was “very surprised” when the gun discharged. 

Herndon was charged with aggravated assault and aggravated battery in

connection with the shooting. He eventually pled guilty to the lesser charge of

misdemeanor reckless conduct under OCGA § 16-5-60 (b)

1

and was sentenced to

probation as a first offender. 

At some point, Welker submitted a claim to Trustgard to recover her medical

expenses resulting from the shooting. Trustgard denied coverage under three

exclusions from personal liability protection expressly set forth in the Policy. The

pertinent sections of the Policy provide that Trustgard’s coverage for personal

liability and for medical payments to others does not include:

6. Bodily injury . . . caused by the willful, malicious, or intentional

act of any person. 

* * * *

1 Herndon pled guilty to reckless conduct in connection with the charge of

aggravated assault; the aggravated battery charge was nolle prossed. 

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8. Bodily injury . . . expected or intended by any insured person.

This includes bodily injury . . . :

a. caused intentionally by or at the direction of an insured

person; or

b. which resultsfromany occurrence caused by an intentional act

of any insured where the results are reasonably foreseeable.

 (collectively, the “Intentional Acts Exclusions”). 

* * * *

18. Bodily injury . . . arising from a criminal act or omission which

is committed by . . . an insured person. This exclusion applies

regardless of whether the insured person is actually charged

with, or convicted of a crime.

 (the “Criminal Act Exclusion”). 

Herndon moved for summary judgment on the Intentional ActsExclusions, and

Trustgard moved for summary judgment under the Criminal Act Exclusion. On

September 15, 2015, the trial court granted Herndon’s motion, finding the record

lacked evidence to support a finding that the shooting was intentional and thus the

Intentional Acts Exclusions did not apply as a matter of law. The trial court also

denied Trustgard’s motion for summary judgment under the Criminal Act Exclusion,

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finding that Trustgard had failed to present “any admissible evidence to support its

contention that the shooting was a criminal act” (the “First Order”). 

Three days after the trial court entered this order, on September 18, 2015,

Herndon filed a second motion for summary judgment,seeking judgment in hisfavor

on the Criminal Act Exclusion. Subsequently, on October 9, 2015, Trustgard filed a

timely notice of appeal of the First Order (Case No. A15A0585) and later opposed

Herndon’s second summary judgment motion on the ground that its appeal from the

First Order divested the trial court of jurisdiction to consider Herndon’s motion.

Despite the pending appeal, the trial court considered Herndon’s motion, excluded

Trustgard’s proffered evidence of Herndon’s guilty plea, and found that the record

lacked any other evidence to establish that the shooting was a criminal act.

Accordingly, the trial court granted summary judgment to Herndon on the Criminal

Act Exclusion as well (the “Second Order”), and Trustgard filed a notice of appeal

from that order (Case No. A16A0861). 

Case No. A16A0585

1. We first address Trustgard’s argument that the trial court erred by denying

its motion for summary judgment on the Criminal Act Exclusion. As noted above, the

Criminal Act Exclusion excludes from coverage any bodily injury “arising from a

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criminal act or omission which is committed by . . . an insured person,” and it is

undisputed that Herndon pled guilty to criminal charges in connection with the

shooting that resulted in Welker’s injuries.

2

Nevertheless, the trial court held in the First Order that it could not consider

evidence of Herndon’s criminal history, finding that evidence that Herndon had been

charged with a criminal offense was inadmissible and that because Herndon’s plea

was entered under Georgia’s First Offender Act, OCGA § 42-8-60 et seq., no

adjudication of his guilt had occurred. Although the trial court is correct that evidence

of charges filed against Herndon, standing alone, would not be admissible,3 we find

2 We note that while Herndon objected to the admissibility of the sentencing

documentation relating to this plea on hearsay grounds, he does not dispute the fact

of his plea, asserting in his appellate brief that “there is no dispute that for the

incident in question . . . [he] entered into first-offender probation.” (Emphasis

supplied.) Additionally, the sentencing documentation reflecting the crimes

associated with that guilty plea is signed by the same trial judge presiding over this

civil litigation and was entered in the same superior court.

3 Our Supreme Court has held that a criminal charge, judgment of conviction,

or an acquittal cannot be used as evidence “in a purely civil action, to establish the

truth of the facts on which it was rendered.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.)

Pierce v. Pierce, 241 Ga. 96, 100 (3) (243 SE2d 46) (1978) (excluding evidence that

child abuse charges had been dismissed against the husband in a divorce case).

However, because this case involves a guilty plea and not merely charges or a

conviction or acquittal arising out of contested charges, Pierce and its progeny are not

implicated. 

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that evidence of Herndon’s guilty plea to reckless conduct is admissible even though

he was sentenced under the First Offender Act.

First offender pleas, although they do not necessarily constitute convictions,

are considered guilty pleasto the underlying offenses. City of Albany v. Pait, 335 Ga.

App. 215, 218-19 (1) (780 SE2d 103) (2015). And in Pait, this Court held that a

party’s guilty plea, for which the party was serving a probated sentence as a first

offender, constituted an admission that he committed the underlying crime of theft,

which could be considered by the trial court. Id. at 219.

4

In Georgia, a guilty plea is

“an admission against interest and prima facie evidence of the facts admitted.”

4

 Moreover, although

[f]irst offender treatment allows a defendant’sslate to be wiped clean for

the purposes of recordation of a criminal conviction and its effect on

civil rights or liberties after a defendant successfully fulfills the first

offender terms[, i]t does not prohibit restrictions on a defendant’s civil

rights or liberties imposed during service of the first offender term.

(Citation omitted; emphasisin original.) Pait, 335 Ga. App. at 219 (1). Here, Herndon

was charged with aggravated assault and aggravated battery in connection with the

incident in this case , and on January 6, 2014, he entered a guilty plea to the lesser

included offense of reckless conduct, along with several counts of obstruction arising

out of separate charges. The trial courtsentenced Herndon as a first offender to a total

of 15 years to be served on probation, a sentence that Herndon is still serving. 

8
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Hasty v. Spruill, 207 Ga. App. 485, 486 (428

SE2d 420) (1993). See, e.g., Manning v. Manning, 270 Ga. 86, 87 (2) (508 SE2d 157)

(1998) (copy of guilty plea husband entered to the prior aggravated assault constitutes

prima facie evidence of his commission of that crime against his ex-wife in her tort

claim against him for the assault); Setliff v. Littleton, 264 Ga. App. 711, 714 (2) (264

SE2d 180) (2003) (“a guilty plea [to a traffic violation] is an admission against

interest and prima facie evidence of the facts admitted, [but] it is not conclusive of

negligence and is only a circumstance to be considered with other evidence in a civil

action for damages.”); Miller v. Crumbley, 249 Ga. App. 403, 405 (2) (548 SE2d 657)

(2001) (same).

Applying these well established principles, this Court considered evidence of

an insured’s entry of an Alford plea5of guilty to a charge of child molestation

sufficient to establish a prima facie case that his insurer had no duty to provide

coverage or a defense under the terms of a policy provision excluding coverage for

intentional acts. Harden v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 269 Ga. App. 732, 734 (1)

(605 SE2d 37) (2004). Moreover, we considered evidence of an insured’s plea of

guilty but mentally ill to one count of murder as prima facie evidence that the

5 See North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (91 SCt 160, 27 LE2d 162) (1970).

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insured’s actions fell within an exclusion to coverage for willful and malicious acts

by the insured. Merritt v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 218 Ga. App. 652 (463 SE2d

42) (1995). See also State Farm Fire &Cas. Co. v. Moss, 212 Ga. App. 326, 327 (441

SE2d 809) (1994) (same for plea to aggravated assault). In this case, therefore,

Herndon’s guilty plea was admissible prima facie evidence that he committed a

criminal act. See OCGA § 9-11-56 (c) (requiring that admissions be considered, along

with other pleadings and evidence of record, in addressing motions for summary

judgment).

In addition, “a guilty plea asto which a plaintiff in a civil case has been granted

first offender treatment is admissible in evidence to disprove and contradict such

party’s testimony given in the civil case.” Hightower v. Gen. Motors Corp., 255 Ga.

349, 351 (338 SE2d 426) (1986) (upholding admission of plaintiff’s guilty plea to

arson charge to rebut testimony that plaintiff did not know men he hired to steal his

car were also going to burn it). See also Bentley v. B.M.W., Inc., 209 Ga. App. 526,

529 (3) (433 SE2d 719) (1993) (upholding admission of medical expert witness’s

prior first offender plea to impeach his testimony regarding the only flaw in his 50-

year record was that his hospital privileges had been suspended on one occasion),

overruled on other grounds, Sheriff v. State, 277 Ga. 182, 188 (2) (587 SE2d 27)

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(2003).6 Although Hightower involved contradicted testimony and Herndon has not

expressly testified that he did not commit a crime, we see no reason why Hightower

should not also apply when a civil party takes a litigation position contrary to what

has been previously admitted. Here, Herndon assertsthat the Criminal Act Exclusion

does not apply when he has already admitted that he committed a crime by pleading

to it. Accordingly, the trial court erred in excluding evidence of Herndon’s plea.

The question, then, is after properly considering Herndon’s guiltyplea,whether

summary judgment is appropriate. Because Herndon has failed to point us to any

evidence rebutting the evidence of his guilty plea, we find that the trial court erred in

denyingTrustgard’smotion forsummary judgment undertheCriminal ActExclusion.

In Merritt, thisCourt found that an insured failed to reasonably explain the difference

between his plea of guilty but mentally ill to murder, which included an admission of

malice aforethought, and his later testimony that he was insane and did not intend to

shoot the victim or anyone else, noting that the insured did not contend “that there

6 Compare Davis v. State, 269 Ga. 276, 277 (2) (496 SE2d 699) (1998) (“[F]irst

offender record of one who is currently serving a first offender sentence or of one

who has successfully completed the first offender sentence may not be used in a

criminal case to impeach the first offender on general credibility grounds (i.e., by

establishing that the first offender has been convicted of a felony or crime of moral

turpitude) because no adjudication of guilt has been entered.”).

11
was an infirmity in the plea proceedings or that he was incompetent at the time the

plea was entered” nor was there evidence that he ever sought to withdraw the plea.

218 Ga. App. at 654. See also Prophecy Corp. v. Charles Rossignol, Inc., 256 Ga. 27,

30 (2) (343 SE2d 680) (1986). We concluded, therefore, that the trial court properly

granted the insurer’s motion for summary judgment on its claimseeking a declaration

that it had no obligation to provide coverage to the insured under the policy, which

excluded coverage for “malicious” as well as intentional acts. Merritt, 218 Ga. App.

at 653.

Further in Moss, this Court found that the insured “utterly failed to explain the

contradiction between his prior admission against interest in the form of a guilty plea

for aggravated assault and his subsequent deposition and affidavit stating that the

shooting in question was merely an accident resulting from mere ‘horseplaying.’” 

212 Ga. App. at 327. We held that the trial court erred in denying the insurer’s motion

for summary judgment on the ground that the policy did not provide coverage for the

incident, which was excluded from coverage under a “willful and malicious acts”

exclusion. Id.

Therefore, neither Herndon’s affidavit claiming the shooting was an accident

nor Welker’s testimony that she believed the shooting was an accident is sufficient

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to rebut the fact that Herndon admitted to criminal conduct in connection with that

incident.

7 Herndon’s affidavit does not even mention his guilty plea, and neither

Welker nor he have argued, or pointed usto any evidence demonstrating, that the plea

was somehow invalid. Moreover, Herndon has failed to explain how he can take the

position that the Criminal Act Exclusion does not apply to the facts of this case when

he previously pled guilty to a crime in conjunction with the incident. Accordingly, we

reverse the trial court’s order denying summary judgment to Trustgard under the

Criminal Act Exclusion.

2. Given this holding, we need not address Trustgard’s argument that it was

also entitled to summary judgment under the Intentional Acts Exclusions.

Case No. A16A0861

3. In its companion appeal, Trustgard contests the Second Order granting

Herndon summary judgment under the Criminal Act Exclusion. Based on our holding

in Division 1 above, the trial court’s grant of summary judgment to Herndon under

the Criminal Act Exclusion also must be reversed, and we need not address

Trustgard’s additional arguments. 

7 We note that the Criminal Act Exclusion does not distinguish between crimes

based on mens rea, and it is undisputed that reckless conduct is a crime as defined by

OCGA § 16-5-60 (b) even though it may not involve an intentional act. 

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Accordingly, we remand this case to the trial court with direction that it vacate

the order granting summary judgment to Herndon on the Criminal Act Exclusion and

instead enter summary judgment in favor of Trustgard.

Judgments reversed and cases remanded with direction. McFadden, J.,

concurs. Miller, P. J., concurs in judgment only. 

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