U.S. Department

of Transportation

Federal Highway

Administration

Office of Highway

Information Management

Publication No. FHWA-PL-98-015

HPM-40/2-98(20M)

Our Nation’s

Highways

Selected Facts

and Figures
Our Nation’s Highways

The highway system is vital to the Nation’s economy. Ninety-three percent of total

dollars of freight was transported over our highways in 1993.

Air Quality

Most of the reduction in atmospheric concentrations of carbon monoxide, volatile

organic compound, and nitrogen oxide emissions can be attributed to reduced

emissions by motor vehicles.

The Vehicle Fleet

The cost-per-mile for operating an intermediate-size vehicle in 1996 was 44.3 cents.

Licensed Drivers

Of the 180 million licensed drivers in the United States in 1996, the largest number

of drivers falls in the age group of 35-39 year-olds (11.7 percent).

The Highway System

The United States has 3.9 million miles of roadway, of which 3.1 million miles are

rural roads. The Interstate System accounts for only 1.2 percent of total mileage

but carries 23.6 percent of total travel.

National Highway System

The National Highway System consists of over 158,000 miles which includes the

Interstate System and portions of other functional systems.

Conditions Performance and Safety

The fatality rate on the Interstate System has consistently dropped since 1970 and

was at an all-time low in 1996.

Motor-Fuel Use

In 1996, 147 billion gallons of fuel were consumed for highway use, averaging

about 711 gallons per motor vehicle or 16.9 miles per gallon.

Travel

American’s motor vehicle travel in 1996 reached 2.5 trillion vehicle-miles, an

average of 11,807 miles per vehicle per year. Automobiles are responsible for 59.1

percent of this travel.

Financing Our Highways

Although expenditures for highways now exceed $98 billion a year, this amounts to

less than 3.9 cents per vehicle-mile traveled.

Selected Statistics by State

Publication Listing

Glossary of Acronyms

Notes

3

10

12

16

18

22

25

29

31

36

43

50

C

The information in this publication provides a condensed overview of facts

and figures about our Nation’s highways. It is considered to be of interest

to the average citizen. Except where noted, the Federal Highway Administration is the source of the data provided by the States. Unless otherwise

stated, we have used 1996 data. For more detailed data on many of the

subjects covered, refer to the publication series, Highway Statistics, published annually by the Office of Highway Information Management, Federal Highway Administration.

Data for this booklet, the Highway Statistics series, and many other publications may also be viewed and downloaded at our website:

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim

ontents

52

51

You can download files with the raw data used to create each

of the tables, graphs, charts, etc. in each section of this document by clicking on the pertinent section listed below:

Our Nation’s Highways

Air Quality

The Vehicle Fleet

Licensed Drivers

The Highway System

National Highway System

Conditions, Performance, and Safety

Motor-Fuel Use

Travel

Financing Our Highways

Selected Statistics by State
3

Personal Travel by Mode of Transportation

The personal motor vehicle (automobile, light truck, van, and motorcycle) is the predominant form of personal transportation. Privately owned vehicles are used for 90.8 percent of

all personal travel. When school bus (1.3%), bus/streetcar (1.4%), and taxi (.09%) are added

to the Private Vehicle portion, we find that almost 94 percent of personal transportation is

served by highways.

Transportation Expenditures at the Household Level

O

After housing (33.5 percent), transportation (20.3 percent) accounts for the largest single

household expenditure, and 62 percent of transportation expenditures at the household level

are for personal vehicles, gas, and oil.

33.5%

5.6%

6.0%

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditures Survey: Results from 4th Quarter, 1995.

SOURCE: Federal Highway Administration, 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey.

ur Nation’s Highways

Other

19.4%

Other Means (7.1%)

• Airplane - 3.42%

• School Bus - 1.27%

• Walking - 0.32%

• Bike - 0.13%

• AmTrack - 0.05%

• Taxi - 0.09%

• Other - 1.82%

Private Vehicles (90.8%)

Public Transportation (2.13%)

• Bus, Streetcar - 1.41%

• Commuter Train - 0.37%

• Subway - 0.35%

• Auto, Station Wagon, Van - 67.49%

• Utility Vehicle - 6.98%

• Pickup - 13.82%

• Other Private Vehicle - 2.51%

Private Vehicles (90.8%)

15.2%

20.3%

Vehicle Purchases 9.2%

Gas & Oil 3.3%

Other Transportation Expenses 7.8%
Our Nation’s Highways (continued) Our Nation’s Highways (continued)

4 5

Freight Transportation by Mode

The Nation’s highway system carried 25 percent of the total revenue ton-miles of freight in

1995, compared to 19 percent in 1960. More significant is that almost ninety-three percent

of the total dollars of freight in 1993 was transported across these same highways. The

amount of total revenue ton-miles of freight carried across highways has increased from 285

billion in 1969 to 921 billion in 1995—a 223 percent increase.

Freight Transportation by Single Mode and Value — 1993

Highway Indicators

Road and street mileage only increased 2.0 percent since 1976, but the number of vehicles

using those roads and streets has increased 51.7 percent and vehicle-miles of travel increased

by 77.0 percent. Highway capital outlay expressed in constant 1987 dollars has only increased

by 56.4 percent while the percent change from 1976 to 1996 for gallons of motor fuel per mile

has decreased by 35.1 percent.

Federal and State Gasoline Tax Rates

Despite increases in State motor-fuel tax rates during the 1980’s, the weighted average gasoline tax

rate expressed in constant 1970 cents decreased by 34 percent from 7.02 cents per gallon in 1970 to

4.62 cents per gallon in 1996. Over the same 1970 to 1996 period, the Federal gasoline tax rate

expressed in constant 1970 cents increased by 13 percent, from 4.00 cents per gallon to 4.53 cents

per gallon as the rate increased from 4.00 cents per gallon to 18.3 cents per gallon. The Federal tax

on gasoline included 6.8 cents for deficit reduction and 0.1 cent for the Leaking Underground

Storage Tank (LUST) Trust Fund. In October 1995, the amount for deficit reduction decreased to

4.3 cents per gallon. In January 1996, the LUST Trust Fund tax expired and the Federal tax rate

dropped to 18.3 cents. In October 1997, the LUST Trust Fund tax was restored and 18.3 cents was

directed entirely to transportation purposes. State tax rates for 1996 were virtually unchanged.

SOURCE: National Transportation Statistics 1997, Bureau of Transportation Statistics.

NOTE: The survey excludes establishments classified in the Standard Industrial Classification as farms,

forestry, fisheries, oil and gas extraction, governments, construction, transportation, households, and some

retail and service businesses.

SOURCE: Transportation — Commodity Flow Survey 1993, Bureau of Transportation Statistics.

NOTE: On August 5, 1997, the President signed the Taxpayer Relief Act (PL 105-34), which dedicates an

additional 4.3 cents of motor-fuel taxes to the Highway Trust Fund, providing 3.45 cents to the Highway Account.

The 1995 data indicates that State tax rates were virtually unchanged and did not keep pace with inflation.

1970

Year

1975 1980 1985 1990 1996

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Cents Per Gallon

Weighted Average State Gasoline

Tax Rate (Current cents)

Federal

Gasoline Tax

Rate (Current

cents)

Weighted Average State

Tax Rate (Constant cents)

Federal Gasoline Tax Rate

(Constant cents)

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1996

Millions of Ton-Miles

Rail

Pipeline

Highways

Water

Year

Air

15

Road &

Street

Mileage

PopulationLicensed

Drivers

MotorFuel UseMotorVehicle

Registrations

VehicleMiles of

Travel

Capital

Outlay in

Constant

Dollars

Gallons

per Mile

-60

20

40

60

80

100

Percent Change (1976-1996) -20

-40

0

2.0%

21.9%

5.0%

51.7%

33.9%

-35.1%

56.4%

77.0%

0

0.5

Rail Air Highways Water Pipeline

Millions of Dollars

1.0

1.5

.247

.005

4.944

.041

.089
6 7

There is a strong relationship between the Nation’s economy and travel on the Nation’s highway system. Since the 1960’s, growth in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and vehicle-miles

of travel (VMT) reflect strikingly similar patterns, including the period of energy disruptions

during the 1970s.

Gross Domestic Product and Travel Relationship

Our Nation’s Highways (continued) Our Nation’s Highways (continued)

In 1996, highway capital expenditures were 1.87 cents per vehicle-mile of travel (VMT) as

compared to 1.04 cents per VMT in 1970 — an 80 percent increase. After accounting for

inflation, however, 1996 capital expenditures were only 0.54 cents per VMT, a 48 percent

decrease from 1970’s capital expenditures. In 1996, total highway expenditures were

3.95 cents per VMT as compared to 1.88 cents per VMT in 1970 — a 110 percent increase.

After adjusting for inflation, total 1996 highway expenditures were only 1.06 cents per VMT,

a 44-percent decrease from 1970’s total highway expenditures. In effect, 1996’s highway

expenditures by all units of government, with inflation removed, were about 56 percent of

what they were 26 years ago for each vehicle-mile of travel.

Highway Expenditures per Vehicle-Mile of Travel

20

40

60

80

100

120

Index: 1992=100

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1996

GDP

VMT

Year

1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1996

0

1

2

3

4

Cents Per Vehicle-Mile of Travel

Year

Total Expenditures/VMT (Current Cents)

Capital Expenditures/VMT (Current Cents)

Total Expenditures/VMT (Constant Cents)

Capital Expenditures/VMT (Constant Cents)

Commute Profile

Vehicle Occupancy by Purpose

The 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) data show a continuation of

the increase in commute trip length without a corresponding increase in travel time. While

commuting trips are 37 percent longer in miles since 1983, travel time increased only by

14 percent. The three reasons most often cited for this situation are the continued decentralization of metropolitan areas, expansion of the peak travel period, and the shift from transit

and carpool to single-occupant vehicles. All three factors would contribute to commuters

being able to travel longer distances and make those trips at a greater speed than in the past.

Average private vehicle occupancy is 1.59 person miles of travel per vehicle-mile. As expected, the highest occupancy rates are for social and recreational activities and the lowest

rates are for travel to and from work. The survey participants listed their most common

reasons for not carpooling to work: no one to carpool with, working irregular or unusual

hours, needing their own car before, during, or after work.

SOURCE: Federal Highway Administration, 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey.

SOURCE: Federal Highway Administration, 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey.

0 10 20 30 40

1995

1990 Percent

Increase

1983 ('83 - '95)

Avg. Trip

Length

(miles)

Avg.

Travel

Time

(min.)

Avg.

Travel

Speed

(mph)
8 9

International Comparisons of Key Variables - 1995

(Indexed on United States = 100)

Our Nation’s Highways (continued) Our Nation’s Highways (continued)

SOURCE: Prepared from The World Factbook, 1994 and 1995, Central Intelligence Agency, Washington,

D.C. World Road Statistics 1997, International Road Federation, Highway Statistics 1995, FHWA, and

Transportation Energy Data Book, Edition 17, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel per Capita(Automobiles)

Number of Automobiles per Capita

Americans own more vehicles and travel far more than the citizens of other countries.

Only in the U.S. and Canada is the automobile ownership per capita over 50 percent, with

Germany, France, and Sweden close behind at over 40 percent. Annual vehicle-miles for

automobiles follow a more pronounced pattern with per capita mileage for the U.S. exceeding 5,800 and for Canada exceeding 4,800. Sweden, Germany, the U.K., and France follow

each with between 3,000 and 4,000 per capita miles.

Land area, population and the resulting population density, as well the prosperity of the

countries as shown in the gross domestic product (GDP), provide a frame of reference and an

explanation for various transportation indicators. The highest vehicle-miles per capita is associated with the large land areas, high GDP, and low gasoline prices of the U.S. and Canada.

The amount of roadway per land area is highest for small, populous and prosperous Japan;

but gasoline prices are high and vehicle-miles traveled per capita are moderate there. Mexico’s

low GDP overrides all other factors to create a less developed transportation infrastructure

and less travel, but, unfortunately, a very high fatality rate.

0

1

2

3

5

6

7

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Autos Per Capita

Thousands of VMT Per Capita 4

Japan France Germany Sweden U.K. Canada Mexico U.S.

VMT

Autos per Capita
A Air Quality (continued)

10 11

ir Quality

National Emission Trends

Most of the reduction in emissions can be attributed to reduction from motor vehicles.

Emissions controls for cars and trucks have significantly reduced their emissions of CO

and volatile organic compounds (VOC, a primary ingredient of ozone) since 1970 even

though travel more than doubled over the past 25 years. Emissions of these pollutants from

other sources have fallen only slightly. At the same time, motor vehicle NOx emissions—

which contribute to ozone have held at about 1970 levels, while those from all other sources

have increased slightly.

SOURCE: Environmental Protection Agency’s “National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1990–1995,”

Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1996, Publication

No. 454/R-96-007, Tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.

0 10 30 50 90

Carbon

Monoxide

Emissions

(million tons)

Volatile

Organic

Compound

Emissions

(million tons)

Nitrogen

Oxide

Emissions

(million tons)

70

Motor Vehicles

1970

1980

1990

1995

Other Sources

Air Quality Trends

Residents of the Nation’s urban area are breathing easier these days. Atmospheric levels of

ozone and carbon monoxide (CO) have declined consistently for two decades. Violations of

the National Standards for Carbon Monoxide have been virtually eliminated. Controlling

ground-level ozone (or “smog”) has proven more challenging, but violations of the Federal

1-hour ozone standard have also been sharply reduced.

SOURCE: Tabulated from Environmental Protection Agency’s Aerometric Information Retrieval database.

Violation readings for ozone and carbon monoxide include only those recorded at monitors reporting

throughout the 20-year period covered by the figure.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

1

2

3

4

0

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Year

CO

(Left Scale)

Ozone

(Right Scale)

CO Violations/Monitor/Year

O3 Violations/Monitor/Year
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1996

0

100

200

300

Total

Automobiles

Trucks and

Buses

Millions of Motor Vehicles

Year

The Vehicle Fleet (continued)

12 13

T

Motor-Vehicle Registrations

The number of registered motor vehicles continues to increase steadily. However, automobile registrations have decreased slightly (-0.2 percent or 0.3 million vehicles) since 1986

while truck registrations have increased significantly (68.3 percent of 30.8 million vehicles).

Light single-unit trucks have seen a phenomenal growth in popularity and now account for

32.9 percent of total registered motor vehicles. In addition, prior to 1985, automobile registrations included personal passenger vans, passenger minivans, and utility-type vehicles.

However, beginning with the 1985 data, these vehicles are included with truck registrations.

Reference Highway Statistics Summary to 1995 for corrections or revisions made to

previous published data.

Average Age of Cars and Trucks in Use

(as of July 1, 1997)

The trend of keeping cars and trucks for longer periods of time has gradually increased since

1988. The average age of a passenger car in use in 1996 was 8.6 years compared to 6.6 in

1980. The same trend holds true with truck use—the average age of a truck in 1996 was

8.3 years compared to 7.1 in 1980.

1986 1996

Percent

Change

1986/1996

Automobiles 130.0 129.7 -0.2

Buses 0.6 0.7 16.7

Trucks 45.1 75.9 68.3

 P & C Light Trucks 38.8 67.9 75.0

 P & C Truck Tractors 1.1 1.4 27.3

 Other Single-Unit Trucks 5.2 6.6 26.9

 and Publicly Owned Trucks

Total 175.7 206.4 17.5

Motorcycles 5.2 3.9 -25.0

1

1

1 Private and commercial.

2

 Motorcycles not included in total.

1 Mean age — The sum of the products of units multiplied by age; divided by the total units (units in years).

SOURCE: American Automobile Manufacturers Association, AAMA Motor-Vehicle Facts and Figures 1997

(compiled from R.L.Polk and Co., data).

2

he Vehicle Fleet

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

Year

Cars

Trucks

Mean Age1

(in millions)
The Vehicle Fleet (continued)

14 15

The Vehicle Fleet (continued)

Motor-Vehicle Retail Sales

After a slight drop in 1991, total motor-vehicle retail sales are steadily increasing —15,457,000

units for 1996. The all-time high was set in 1986—16,322,000 units. We are still seeing

a decline in retail sales of automobiles—55 percent of total sales in 1996 compared to

76 percent in 1976. Popularity of the light trucks as personal vehicles continues to increase—

retail sales of trucks for 1996 (6,930,000 units).

SOURCE: American Automobile Manufacturers Association, Motor-Vehicle Facts and Figures 1996.

The Federal Highway Administration estimates that combined Federal and State motor-fuel

taxes currently account for only 3.2 percent of the cost per mile of owning and operating an

automobile compared to 4.2 percent in 1994 and 5.1 percent in 1991.

Ownership and Operating Costs By Category-Intermediate Size Vehicle—1996

(Based on Average Cost of 44.3 Cents Per Mile)

SOURCE: Federal Highway Administration estimates based on the 1996 editions of The Complete

Small Truck Guide and The Complete Car Cost Guide, from IntelliChoice, Inc., and sales figures from

Automotive News.

Repairs

Insurance

Registration/

Taxes

Maintenance

Financing

Fuel Cost

(No Taxes)

Fuel Tax

Depreciation

1.1¢

10.1¢

1.2¢

4.9¢

5.1¢

3.5¢

1.4¢

17.0¢

Cost of Owning and Operating Automobiles,

Vans, and Light Trucks - 1996

Subcompact

Compact

Intermediate

Full-size Vehicle

Compact Pickup

Full-size Pickup

Compact Utility

Full-size Utility

Mini-Van

Full-Size Van

32.0

35.8

44.3

46.3

31.3

39.9

40.7

45.4

40.0

48.9

4 cylinder

Avg MPG-33

4 cylinder

Avg MPG-28

6 cylinder

Avg MPG-20

6 cylinder

Avg MPG-19

4 cylinder

Avg MPG-19

8 cylinder

Avg MPG-13

4 cylinder

Avg MPG-22.5

8 cylinder

Avg MPG-12.8

6 cylinder

Avg MPG-18.5

6 cylinder

Avg MPG-12.4

1 Includes depreciation, financing, insurance, registration fees, taxes, fuel maintenance, and repairs.

2 Total costs over 5 years, based on 70,000 miles.

3 Average MPG reflects city, excluding highway.

SOURCE: Federal Highway Administration estimates based on the 1996 editions of The Complete Small

Truck Guide and The Complete Car Cost Guide, from IntelliChoice, Inc., and sales figures from

Automotive News.

Size Cost 2

Cents Per Mile 1

Characteristics3

Fuel Tax

3.2%

Fuel Cost

(No Taxes)

7.8%

Financing

11.4%

Maintenance

11.1%

Registration/Taxes

2.7%

Repairs

2.5%

Depreciation

38.5%

Insurance

22.8%

0

5

10

15

20

1970

Years

Millions of Units

1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994

Trucks

Cars

Total

1996
L Licensed Drivers (continued)

16 17

There were 179,539,340 licensed drivers in the United States in 1996. That is an increase

of 34 percent since 1976 and a 14-percent increase over 1986. As the average age of the

licensed driver shifts upward, we see that 35-39 year-olds contain the largest share of

drivers. There are slightly fewer young drivers—under 20—in 1990 (9,249,000) compared to 1996 (9,234,000).

The number of age 70 and over drivers holding a valid license has continued to increase—

7.2 million in 1976 compared to 17.1 million in 1996.

While the number of female drivers increased 45 percent since 1976, the number of male

drivers only increased 25 percent.

Licensed Drivers By Age and Sex

In 1996, 88 percent of the driving age population was licensed to drive a motor vehicle.

Compared to 1950, which was 57 percent, this is an increase of 117 million drivers on our

highways in the past 36 years. In 1975, the number of registered vehicles surpassed the

number of licensed drivers—that trend has continued to this day. In fact, registered vehicles

have now surpassed the driving age population by 2,578,000 vehicles.

Licensed Drivers, Population, and Motor Vehicles

Average Annual Miles Per Driver by Age Group

Despite significant increases in women’s driving, men still average 6,428 miles more per

year than women. The disparity is closing for younger drivers, and it is expected that this gap

will close considerably in the future.

SOURCE: Federal Highway Administration, 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey.

icensed Drivers

0

50

100

150

200

250

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1955 1965 1975 1985 1991

Millions

Year

Driving Age

Population

Licensed

Drivers

Registered

Motor Vehicles

1996
The Highway System (continued)

Total Road Mileage and Travel by Functional System - 1996

Roads and streets are grouped into functional systems according to the type of service they

provide. The arterial system (including the Interstate System) accounts for about 11.1 percent of the Nation’s total road and street mileage but carries 72.4 percent of total travel.

The Interstate System accounts for only 1.2 percent of the Nation’s total miles of roadway;

however, 23.6 percent of total travel occurs on this system. Conversely, local functional

system roads account for 68.8 percent of the Nation’s total road and street mileage but serves

only 12.7 percent of total travel.

Functional Classification

1 Interstate System — The Interstate System consists of all presently designated freeway routes meeting the Interstate geometric and construction standards for future traffic, except for portions in Alaska and Puerto Rico. The Interstate System is the highest

classification of arterial roads and streets and provides the highest level of mobility, at

the highest speed, for a long uninterrupted distance.

2 Other Arterials — These consist of limited-access freeways, multi-lane highways, and

other important highways supplementing the Interstate System that connect, as directly

as practicable, the Nation’s principal urbanized areas, cities, and industrial centers; serve

the national defense; and connect at suitable border points with routes of continental

importance.

3 Collectors — The collectors provide both land access service and traffic circulation

within residential neighborhoods, commercial and industrial areas, and downtown city

centers. Collectors connect local roads and streets with arterials and provide less mobility than arterials at lower speeds and for a shorter distance.

4 Locals — The local roads and streets provide a high level of access to abutting land but

limited mobility.

18 19

T

4

Locals

1

Interstate

System

3

Collectors

2

Other

Arterials

he Highway System
The Highway System (continued)

20 21

Road and Street Mileage by Surface Type

Currently, about 60.5 percent of all roads and streets are paved, compared with about

30.4 percent in 1956. The total paved mileage has increased 140 percent since 1956, but the

total road and street mileage has increased by only 18 percent. Nearly all of the unpaved

mileage is on lightly travelled rural roads.

The vast majority (75.2 percent) of the Nation’s roadways are under the jurisdiction of local

governments (town, city, county). Only 4.3 percent are under the jurisdiction of the Federal

Government which includes roads in national forests and parks and on military and Indian

reservations. The rest of the roadways (representing 20.5 percent of the total 3,933,985

miles and including the entire Interstate System) are controlled and maintained by the State

governments.

Jurisdictional Control of U.S. Roads and Streets

Rural

Mileage

Urban

Jurisdiction Mileage

State

Local

Federal

Total

Percent Percent

Total

Mileage Percent

693,141

2,238,308

168,913

3,100,362

22.4

72.2

5.4

100.0

113,199

718,950

1,474

833,623

13.6

86.2

0.2

100.0

806,340

2,957,258

170,387

3,933,985

20.5

75.2

4.3

100 .0

The Highway System (continued)

Total mileage has increased only 1.1 percent since 1986, while travel has increased

36.1 percent during the same time period. The urban travel increase of 41.1 percent has

outpaced the rural 28.9 percent increase due to the Nation’s continued growth in urbanization and expanded urban boundaries, which involves the transfer of heavily travelled rural

facilities to urban. The urban Interstate system has had the greatest travel growth

(53.1 percent) during the 1986 to 1996 time period.

Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel

(Millions)

233,593

--

221,730

158,245

191,654

50,577

--

108,156

963,955

46.5%

--

48.4%

12.5%

16.3%

17.3%

--

19.9%

28.9%

355,196

158,233

380,320

300,658

--

--

129,972

209,567

1,533,946

53.1%

50.0%

32.2%

44.0%

--

--

44.5%

28.4%

41.1%

588,789

158,233

602,050

458,903

191,654

50,577

129,972

317,723

2,497,901

50.4%

50.0%

37.7%

31.3%

16.3%

17.3%

44.5%

25.4%

36.1%

23.6%

6.3%

24.1%

18.4%

7.7%

2.0%

5.2%

12.7%

100.0%

Rural Urban

Functional

System

Interstate

Other Freeways/

 Expressways

Other Principal

 Arterial

Minor Arterial

Major Collector

Minor Collector

Collector

Local

Total

% Change

1986-1996

% Change

1986-1996 Total

% Change

1986-1996

% of Total

Mileage

Roads and streets are grouped into functional systems according to the type of service they

provide, and to some extent, on how much traffic the facility carries. Although functional

classification may change over time to better describe the changing role that a particular road

or street may be playing, the total mileage changes only slightly over time. Except for the

other principal arterial system, the rural systems actually decreased in mileage due to the

expansion of urban boundaries and functional reclassification.

Rural Urban

Functional

System

Interstate

Other Freeways/

 Expressways

Other Principal

 Arterial

Minor Arterial

Major Collector

Minor Collector

Collector

Local

Total

% Change

1986-1996

% Change

1986-1996 Total

% Change

1986-1996

% of Total

Mileage

Functional Systems Mileage

32,920

--

98,232

137,652

432,890

273,876

--

2,124,792

3,100,362

0.2%

--

17.2%

-7.0%

-0.1%

-7.5%

--

-3.0%

-2.6%

13,366

9,070

53,220

89,523

--

--

88,509

579,935

833,623

19.5%

23.3%

5.2%

19.6%

--

--

17.4%

19.3%

18.1%

46,286

9,070

151,452

227,175

432,890

273,876

88,509

2,704,727

3,933,985

1.2%

0.2%

3.8%

5.8%

11.0%

7.0%

2.2%

68.8%

100.0%

5.1%

23.3%

14.8%

2.0%

-0.1%

-7.5%

17.4%

1.0%

1.2%

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

1966 1976 1986 1996

Year

Miles (millions)

3.0

Paved

Unpaved

1956

30.4%

62.8%

37.2%

51.1%

55.6%

39.5%

69.6%

48.9%

44.4%

60.5%
22 23

National Highway System (continued)

The National Highway System (NHS) is the network of nationally significant highways

approved by Congress as required by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act

(ISTEA) of 1991. It includes the Interstate System and over 100,000 miles of arterial

and other roads. Designation of the Interstate System was completed on November 28, 1995,

when President Clinton signed the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995

(Public Law 104-59).

The NHS represents only about 4% of the Nation’s total public road mileage and 6% of its

lane miles, but carries over 43% of the travel. Approximately 79% of the Combination Truck

Travel is on the NHS (as represented by the entire Principal Arterial System).

Although there is about three times as much NHS mileage in rural areas than there is in

urban, the NHS percentages of the total U.S. mileage in rural and urban areas, respectively,

are similar.

A majority of the travel on the NHS takes place in urban areas even though more mileage

exists in the rural areas.

Of the 158,878 NHS miles, 29 percent is made up of the Interstate System (IS). The NHS

encompasses all of the Strategic Highway Network (STRAHNET) (about one fourth of which

is on the IS), and other highways. As shown on the following page, 2,032 miles of intermodal

connectors have been NHS designated.

National Highway System (NHS)

N

National Highway System

Rural Urban

32,920

84,892

117,812

Interstate

Other NHS

Total NHS

13,366

27,700

41,066

Total

46,286

112,592

158,878

NHS Mileage

Rural Urban

0.8

2.2

3.0

Interstate

Other NHS

Total NHS

0.3

0.7

1.0

Total

1.2

2.9

4.0

NHS Percent of Total Mileage

Rural Urban

233,593

198,672

432,265

Interstate

Other NHS

Total NHS

355,196

297,126

652,322

Total

588,789

495,798

1,084,587

NHS Travel (millions)

Rural Urban

9.4

8.0

17.3

Interstate

Other NHS

Total NHS

14.2

11.9

26.1

Total

23.6

19.8

43.4

NHS Percent of Total Travel

Traffic Lanes and Access Control for the NHS

(Rural and Urban Miles)

Other NHS Total NHS

<=3 lanes (includes 1-way streets)

>=4 lanes (undivided)

>=4 lanes (divided-no access control)

>=4 lanes (divided-partial access control)

>=4 lanes (divided-full access control)

Total

1,080

770

34

140

44,262

46,286

% in

Category

69,684

9,419

15,027

8,277

10,185

112,592

Category Interstate*

70,764

10,189

15,061

8,417

54,447

158,878

44.5

6.4

9.5

5.3

34.3

100.0

* Includes Alaska and Puerto Rico, which account for much of the non-freeway and less than 4-lane mileage.

ational Highway System

* Estimated. The High-Priority Corridors category contains some mileage also found in other categories.
24 25

Intermodal Facility Connections

(Approved and Proposed)

Associated Mileage

Airport

Intercity Bus

Ferry

Truck/Pipeline

Multipurpose

Port

Truck/Rail

Amtrak

Public Transit

TOTALS

228

99

59

61

43

247

211

71

388

1,407

Facility Type Number of Facilities

401

63

293

112

35

378

336

80

334

2,032

As defined by ISTEA, the NHS includes highways that provide connections to major

intermodal terminals. Section 101 of the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995

required the Secretary of Transportation to submit NHS connections to “...major ports, airports, international border crossings, public transportation facilities, interstate bus terminals,

and rail and other intermodal transportation facilities.”

Public transit facilities have the most NHS connections with high associated mileage while

airport facilities have a substantially fewer number of connections but have the most associated mileage.

National Highway System (continued) C

Other Characteristics

Mileage

Bridges

Railroad Crossings 1

Border Crossings

 Canada

 Mexico

Full Access Control

Interstate 2

Other

126,910

3,004

32

21

Characteristics Number

44,262

10,185

The FHWA estimates that the NHS contains the following number of bridges, railroad crossings, major border crossings with Canada and Mexico, and full access control mileage.

1 The number of NHS railroad crossings in an estimate based on expanded HPMS sample data.

2 The interstate mileage does not include some mileage subject to full access control — notably designated

Interstate mileage in Alaska and Puerto Rico.

Thirty-one percent of the Nation’s estimated 581,863 bridges are structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. Twenty-six percent of the 127,736 bridges on the NHS (Interstate and all

other principal arterials) are structurally deficient or functionally obsolete.

A structurally deficient bridge is closed or restricted to light vehicles only because of deteriorated structural components. Structurally deficient bridges are not necessarily unsafe. Strict

observance of signs limiting traffic or speed on bridges will generally provide adequate safeguards for those using the bridges.

A functionally obsolete bridge is one that cannot safely service the volume or type of traffic

using it. These bridges are not unsafe for all vehicles, but have older design features that

prevent them from accommodating current traffic volumes and modern vehicle sizes and weights.

Bridge Conditions

(as of December 31, 1996)

Structurally Deficient

Functionally Obsolete

All Other Bridges

Total Bridges in Inventory

9,690

23,230

94,816

127,736

National Highway

System 1

Other FederalAid Highways 2

Non-FederalAid Highways 3

Total

Highways

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

7.6

18.2

74.2

100.0

22,597

24,025

124,334

170,956

13.2

14.1

72.7

100.0

69,231

33,953

179,987

283,171

24.4

12.0

63.6

100.0

101,518

81,208

399,137

581,863

17.4

14.0

68.6

100.0

1 Includes all Interstate and other principal arterials.

2 Includes all other highways except minor collectors and local roads and streets.

3 Includes rural minor collectors and local roads and streets.

SOURCE: Federal Highway Administration, Office of Engineering, National Bridge Inventory Data.

The preservation of the Nation’s highways is a priority at all levels of government. Although

pavement conditions and trends vary significantly among the States, average conditions on

the Nation’s arterial systems appear to have stabilized, or perhaps even improved, in recent

years. This has diminished a continuous downward trend in physical condition that was

evident in the 1970’s and early 1980’s. This is due primarily to increased attention and fiscal

resources assigned to the preservation of pavement during the mid to late 1980’s.

The International Roughness Index (IRI), an objective instrument-based rating system, has

been used as an indicator of pavement surface condition and therefore rideability. Pavements with IRI<170 are considered to have an acceptable ride quality, while those with an

IRI<95 are considered to have a good or very good ride quality.

Pavement Surface Condition of the NHS and Interstate System

(percent of miles)

onditions, Performance, and Safety
Conditions, Performance, and Safety (continued) Conditions, Performance, and Safety (continued)

26 27

Motor-Vehicle Fatalities and Travel

Overall, fatalities decreased from 1976 to a low of 39,230 in 1992. However, over the past

4 years the number of fatalities has risen slightly.

Of the 41,907 1996 fatalities, 5,231 (or 12.5 percent) occurred on the Interstate System. An

estimated 40.9 percent of highway fatalities in 1996 were alcohol-related.

Fatality Rates

The fatality rate — fatalities per 100 million vehicle-miles of travel (VMT) — on all highway systems continues to decline. In 1996, the fatality rate reached 1.69, a 48-percent

decrease from 1976. The decrease in the fatality rate occurred despite a 77-percent increase

in highway travel and a 48-percent increase in motor-vehicle registrations during the 1976 to

1996 time period. The fatality rate (0.90) on the Interstate System is about one-half the rate

on all highway systems.

Travel Congestion on the Urban Interstate System

and Urban NHS

Travel congestion on the urban Interstate System and urban NHS appears to have stabilized

at a level of about 54 percent and 45 percent, respectively. The trend for the periods shown

reflect the updated HPMS capacity calculation procedures. The measure of congestion

used in this analysis is called the Volume/Service Flow (V/SF) Ratio. As this ratio gets

larger, traffic slows and eventually stops as the theoretical value of 1.00 is approached (the

volume of traffic = service flow capability of the facility). A V/SF ratio of greater than or

equal to 0.80 was used here to indicate congestion.

Urban

Interstate

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1996

Year

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

% of Peak Period

Vehicle-Miles of Travel Occuring

Under Congested Conditions

1995

1993 1994 1995

0

10

20

30

Urban

NHS

% of Peak Period

Vehicle-Miles of Travel Occuring

Under Congested Conditions

40

50

1996

Year

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1980 1985 1990 1996

Fatalities (Thousands)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Travel (Trillion Vehicle-Miles)

Year

1976

Fatalities

2.5

2.0

Travel

SOURCE: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Fatality Analysis Reporting System.

SOURCE: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Fatality Analysis Reporting System.

0

1

2

3

4

1980 1985 1990 1996

Fatalities per 100 Million VMT

1976

Interstate

All Systems

Year
28 29

Conditions, Performance, and Safety (continued)

Highway Fuel Use

From 1970 to 1996, highway fuel consumption increased 59 percent to 146.7 billion gallons.

The highway use of motor fuel, which includes gasohol, is predominately by automobiles

while the highway use of diesel fuel is predominately by trucks.

During this period, the highway use of motor fuel increased 39.6 percent from 85.6 to

119.5 billion gallons. As population and the number of automobiles increased, the highway

use of motor fuel increased overall through the 1980’s and into the 1990’s despite improved

automotive fuel economy.

Gasohol was originally defined to be a blend of 90 percent gasoline and 10 percent fuel

alcohol. This definition was expanded in 1993 to include blends varying from 5.7 to

10 percent alcohol. The lower-alcohol blends are often used as “clean air fuel” to reduce

carbon monoxide emissions.

Fatalities Involving Medium/Heavy Trucks1

There were 5,126 fatalities in crashes involving medium and heavy trucks in 1996. Occupants in other vehicles accounted for 4,072 or 79 percent of the fatalities involving medium

and heavy trucks.

There were 453 less fatalities involving medium and heavy trucks from 1986 to 1996. Occupants in other vehicles showed a decrease of 16 of the fatalities involving medium and heavy

trucks while the non-occupant fatalities decreased by 132 over that same period of time.

1 Medium/Heavy Truck—Single-unit truck with gross vehicle weight greater than 10,000 lbs., tractor-trailer

combination, truck with cargo trailer(s), or truck-tractor pulling no trailer.

SOURCE: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts 1996.

M

Principal Classes of Motor-Vehicle Deaths

In 1996, 59 percent of motor-vehicle deaths occurred in places classified as rural. In urban

areas, nearly one-third of the victims were nonoccupants; in rural areas, the victims were mostly

occupants of motor vehicles. Fifty-one percent of all deaths occurred in nighttime crashes.

41,907 Total

Deaths

Total Vehicle Occupants 35,580

Total Nonoccupants 6,327

Total Day 20,642

Total Night 21,265

Urban

17,307

Vehicle

Occupants

12,915

NonOccupants

4,392

Rural

24,600

Vehicle

Occupants

22,665

NonOccupants

1,935

Day

6,180

Night

6,735

Day

1,679

Night

2,713

Day

12,116

Night

10,549

Day

667

Night

1,268

Day

12,783

Night

11,817

Day

7,859

Night

9,448

Occupants in

Other Vehicles

Truck Occupants

Non-Occupants

1986 1996

4,088

(73.27%)

926

(16.60%)

565

(10.13%)

433

(8.45%)

621

(12.11%)

4,072

(79.44%)

SOURCE: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Fatality Analysis Reporting System.

otor Fuel Use

0

50

100

150

200

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1996

15

10

5

0

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

Billions of Gallons

Gasohol Sales

(Billions of Gallons)

Highway

 Use of Special

Fuels

Highway Use

of Motor Fuel

(Includes

Gasohol)

Total Fuel Use

Year
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1996

0

50

100

150

200

250

Travel

Highway

Fuel

Miles per

Gallon

Year

Indexed on 1970=100

30 31

Motor Fuel Use (continued) T

Vehicle-Miles of Travel, Highway Motor-Fuel Use & Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel

Miles Per Gallon of Fuel for All Vehicles

Indices for vehicle-miles of travel, highway fuel use, and average vehicle fuel economy

(miles per gallon) have increased significantly through the last decade. Average fuel economy

for all vehicles has increased from 12.0 miles per gallon (mpg) in 1970 to 16.9 in 1996, a

41 percent increase. This improved fuel efficiency made it possible to have a 124 percent

increase in vehicle-miles of travel with only a 59 percent increase in fuel use.

Annual travel on the Nation’s highways reached an estimated 2.5 trillion vehicle-miles in

1996, or about three times the level in 1960. Travel grew about 47 percent during the 1960’s,

another 38 percent in the 1970’s, and another 37 percent in the 1980’s.

Annual travel on roads and streets in urban areas accounted for 1.5 trillion vehicle-miles in

1996 or 61 percent of total travel compared to 44 percent in 1960. Compared to the urban

travel growth of 45 percent in the 1980’s, rural travel grew 27 percent. Much of the urban

travel growth can be attributed to expanding urban boundaries.

(Base Year)

1970 1996

VMT (in Billions of Vehicle-miles) 1109.7 2482.2

MF (In Billions of Gallons) 92.3 146.7

MPG (Miles Per Gallon) 12.0 16.9

ravel

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1996

Trillions of Miles

Year

Total

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Rural

Urban
Travel (continued)

32 33

Rural

Urban

Travel (continued)

Rural Interstate Travel by Vehicle Type

1 Equivalent axle loads provide a means of measuring vehicle wear on pavements by relating them to an

80 kilonewton (18,000 pound) single axle load.

2 All 2-axle, 4-tire trucks. Includes pickup trucks, panel trucks, vans, and other vehicles (such as campers,

motor homes, etc.)

3 All vehicles on a single frame have either 2 axles and 6 tires or 3 or more axles (including camping and

recreational vehicles and motor homes).

On rural Interstate routes in 1996, combination trucks with 5 or more axles accounted for 17

percent of average daily traffic but 91 percent of equivalent axle loads. All other vehicles

accounted for 83 percent of average daily traffic but only 9 percent of traffic loads. From

1986 to 1996, traffic on rural Interstate routes increased by 47 percent and equivalent axle

loads increased by 55 percent.

Distribution of Average Daily Traffic and Loadings1

On the Rural Interstate System as a Percent of Total

Travel by Vehicle Type

Travel by all motor vehicles has increased by 124 percent compared to 1970. Truck travel

has increased 194 percent since 1970. This includes travel by combination trucks and singleunit trucks. Combination truck travel is up over 238 percent and now accounts for 4.8 percent of total annual vehicle-miles of travel versus 3.2 percent in 1970. The most dramatic

increase in travel has been by other 2-axle, 4-tire vehicles with an increase of 561 percent

since 1970. This rapid increase is due to the popularity of minivans, pickups and sport/utility

vehicles. The percentage of annual travel by passenger cars in relation to travel by all vehicles has decreased from 82.6 percent in 1970 to 59.1 percent in 1996.

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1996

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Travel Index (1970=100)

Combo

Trucks

2-Axle, 4-Tire

Trucks

Passenger

Cars

All Motor

Vehicles

All Trucks Single Unit

Trucks

Year
Travel (continued) Travel (continued)

34 35

Distribution of Person Trips and Person Miles by Purpose

Walk/Bike Trips by Purpose

Travel for Work

Trips by Time of Day and Work/Nonwork Purpose

The 1995 NPTS data provides information on the reasons for travel. Family and personal

business, which includes shopping and services such as haircuts, car repair and banking, account for 46 percent of all person trips and about 35 percent of person miles. Social and recreational trips, which include visiting friends and relatives, attending movies and parties, and

participating in sports, comprise 25 percent of all trips and account for 31 percent of all miles.

Trips to work and for work-related purposes, such as attending a meeting, constitute 20 percent

of person trips and 28 percent of person miles. The average person trip length, encompassing all

trip purposes is 9.1 miles, and the average commute to work is 11.6 miles.

The data from the 1995 NPTS shows that there are approximately 56 million daily walk trips in

the U.S. Shopping and other family and personal business trips, which are usually the shortest

trips, account for just over 43 percent of all walk trips. Visiting and other social and recreational

activities share another 34 percent, and the remainder are for going to school, church or work.

The majority of bike trips, 60 percent, are for a combination of visiting friends and relatives and

other social and recreational activities. Another 12 percent are for shopping and 11 percent for

other family and personal business. Only 8 percent are for travel to and from work, which is not

surprising given increasing work trip lengths and weather considerations.

Although work travel is not the most prevalent travel in our very mobile society, and over the

years its share of travel has decreased slightly, its impact on the economy is very important

and its predictable concentrations at certain times of the day are important. More than

90 percent of work trips take place in privately owned vehicles (POVs) (increasingly this is

in single-occupant vehicles instead of car pooling and transit). Somewhat more than

3 percent take place on transit and another 2 percent are walk trips. They average 12 miles in

POVs and 13 miles on transit; walk trips average less than a mile. The preference for the

POV is clearly linked to the travel times for these modes. While the average travel time

for the POV is 20.1 minutes at an average speed of 35 mph, that for public transit is

42.0 (average speed of 18 mph). The overall average travel time is 20.7 minutes with an

average speed of 33.7 mph.

There is a general perception that most trips during the traditional “rush hour” are for work.

Data from the 1995 NPTS show that the share of trips for work does not support this perception. Only 36 percent of all trips starting between 6 AM and 9 AM are for work, and this

share drops to 20 percent in the 4 PM-7 PM time period.

Note that the NPTS defines a trip as travel from one address to another. Those incidental

trips we make on the way to work are classified as their own purposes.

SOURCE: Federal Highway Administration, 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey.

Male Female All

POV 13.49 9.58 11.84

Public Transportation 14.10 11.47 12.88

Walk 0.81 0.66 0.74

All Modes 13.28 9.35 11.60

Worktrip Length by Mode

Average Length in Miles

Male Female All

POV 22.09 17.40 20.10

Public Transportation 43.41 40.38 41.95

Walk 10.86 10.87 10.86

All Modes 22.44 18.22 20.65

Worktrip Length by Mode

Average Time in Minutes

SOURCE: Federal Highway Administration, 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey.

SOURCE: Federal Highway Administration, 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey.

SOURCE: Federal Highway Administration, 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey.
Most receipts from the Federal taxation of motor fuel, along with a number of other highway-related taxes are deposited in the Federal Highway Trust Fund. The Trust Fund is made

up of two accounts—highway and mass transit—and is dedicated for the funding of Federal

surface transportation programs. In this way, taxes on highway users are used to fund highway facilities. The Trust Fund has provided a stable funding source for highway programs

since it was established in 1956.

Motor-fuel tax receipts accounted for $21.500 billion in Fiscal Year (FY) 1996 or 87.2 percent of all Trust Fund tax receipts. Other taxes accounted for $3.151 billion. The balance in

the Trust Fund earned interest income of $1.323 billion.

F Financing Our Highways (continued)

The balance in the Highway Trust Fund has grown from $9.581 billion at the end of FY 1983

to $21.642 billion at the end of FY 1996. At the end of FY 1996, the Highway Account held

a balance of $12.118 billion and had unpaid commitments of $42.452 billion. Funds for

highway projects are committed when the project is initiated and are paid out as the project

progresses. Because construction projects are long term in nature, the highway-user tax

revenues can be committed to projects in advance of actual tax collection.

Federal Highway Trust Fund Receipts Federal Highway Trust Fund Balance and Commitments

36 37

Federal-Aid Highway Obligations by Type of Improvement

1990-1996

Obligations of Federal-aid highway funds totaled $129.0 billion for the 7-year period 1990

through 1996—an average of $18.4 billion per year. Reconstruction work represents the

largest portion of obligations during the period.

NOTE: The Highway Trust Fund was established July 1, 1956; the Mass Transit Account was established

April 1, 1983.

Federal Highway Trust Fund

Net Receipts - FY 1996

Source Receipts

($1,000,000)

Percent

of Total

Motor fuel $21,500 87.2

 Gasoline (15,122) (61.3)

 Gasohol (897) (3.6)

 Diesel and Other (5,481) (22.2)

Trucks and Trailers 1,879 7.6

Heavy Vehicle Use 740 3.0

Tires 532 2.2

Total Tax Receipts 24,651 100.0

Interest Income 1,323

Total Receipts $25,974

1

2

1 Includes transfers of $2,617,027,000 to the Mass

Transit Account. 2 Includes $664,782,466 credited to the Mass Transit

Account.

inancing Our Highways

Fiscal Year

0

10

20

30

40

50

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1996

Billions of Dollars

Mass Transit

Account Balance

Highway Account

Unpaid Commitments

Highway Account

Balance

Mass Transit Unpaid

Commitments
Total highway funding by all units of government reached $101.5 billion in 1996—a

218-percent increase compared to 1976. At 62.9 percent, highway-user fees make up the

largest share of revenues used to fund highways. When compared to the 65.2 percent in

1976, the present shares has slightly decreased. The General Fund share of highway funding

has decreased from 15.2 percent in 1976 to 12.6 percent in 1996. Other taxes, investment

income and bond proceeds account for 24.5 percent of the total highway funding as compared to 19.6 percent in 1976.

Capital expenditures currently account for 47.4 percent of highway expenditures compared

to 47.5 percent in 1976; maintenance accounts for 26.3 percent compared to 26.4 percent in

1976. Expenditures for administration, highway patrol, and bond interest also account for an

increasing share of total expenditures—21.7 percent in 1996 versus 20.7 percent in 1976.

38 39

Financing Our Highways (continued) Financing Our Highways (continued)

State governments account for the largest shares of highway funding and highway expenditures, but the shares attributed to local units of government have increased significantly since

1976. Local governments now account for 26.4 percent of total highway funding and

37.6 percent of total highway expenditures compared to 20.9 percent and 35.4 percent,

respectively, in 1976. Highway funding by the Federal Government has increased

154.3 percent compared to 1976; however, the relative share of Federal funding to total

highway funding has decreased from 28.6 percent in 1976 to 22.9 percent in 1996.

Highway Funding by Category

Highway Expenditures by Function

Highway Funding and Expenditures

by Governmental Unit

Highway Expenditures by Function

(1976 - 1996)

Highway Funding by Category

(1976 - 1996) Bond Proceeds ($9.3)

Investment Income ($7.1)

Other Taxes ($8.5)

General Funds ($12.8)

Tolls ($4.1)

Other

HighwayUser Fees

($59.7)

HighwayUser

Fees

Debt Retirement ($4.5)

Administration, Highway

Patrol, and Bond Interest

($21.3)

Maintenance and Traffic

Services ($25.8)

Capital Expenditures

($46.5)

(50.5%) State $16.1

(20.9%)

Local $6.7

(28.6%)

Federal $9.1

(50.7%) State $51.5

(26.4%)

Local $26.8

(22.9%)

Federal $23.2

(62.2%) State $18.2 (60.8%) State $59.7

(1.6%)

Federal $1.6

(37.6%)

Local $36.9 (35.4%)

Local $10.4

(2.4%)

Federal $0.7

Highway Funding

(Billions of Dollars)

Highway Expenditures

(Billions of Dollars)

NOTE: Expenditures by the Federal Government only reflect direct expenditures by Federal agencies.

Federal transfers are included with amounts shown for State and local governments.

1976 1996

1976 1996
40 41

Financing Our Highways (continued) Financing Our Highways (continued)

Highway Capital Expenditures and Maintenance Expenditures

by All Units of Government1

Highway capital expenditures increased 302 percent from 1970 to 1996. Adjusted for inflation, 1996 capital expenditures (expressed in constant 1987 dollars) were only 17 percent

above the 1970 level. Expenditures for highway maintenance in 1996 increased 447 percent

compared to 1970. After accounting for inflation, 1996 maintenance expenditures were

35 percent above the 1970 level.

Highway Construction Price Trends and the Consumer Price Index

Federal Highway-User Fees1

User Fee Type Rate on October 1, 1997

Motor Fuels

 Gasoline

 Gasohol

 Made with 10% Ethanol

 Made with 10% Methanol

 Diesel Fuel

Liquefied Petroleum Gases

Tires

Truck and Trailer Sales

Heavy Vehicle Use

18.4 cents per gallon

13.0 cents per gallon

12.4 cents per gallon

24.4 cents per gallon

13.6 cents per gallon

0 - 40 pounds, no tax

Over 40 - 70 pounds, 15 cents per pound in excess of 40

Over 70 - 90 pounds, $4.50 plus 30 cents per pound in excess of 70

Over 90 pounds, $10.50 plus 50 cents per pound in excess of 90

12 percent of retailer’s sales price for trucks over 33,000 pounds

Gross vehicle weight (GVW) and trailers over 26,000 pounds GVW

Annual Tax:

 Trucks 55,000 - 75,000 pounds GVW, $100 plus $22 for

 each 1,000 pounds (or fraction thereof) in excess of 55,000 pounds

 Trucks over 75,000 pounds GVW, $550

1 See tables FE-101A, FE-101B, and FE-21B in Highway Statistics 1995 for a more complete description

of Federal highway-user fees.

Apportionment of Federal Funds Administered by the Federal

Highway Administration1

 for FY 1995, 1996, and 19972

(in Millions of Dollars)

Interstate Construction3 1061 0 0

Interstate Maintenance 2775 2405 2761

Interstate Substitute (Highway) 231 0 0

Reimbursement for non-Federally aided Interstate Segments 0 1651 1896

National Highway System 3344 2909 3345

Surface Transportation Program 3869 3375 3875

Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement 975 850 975

Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation 2549 2200 2536

P.L. 104-59 Restoration Funds4 0 267 155

Metropolitan Planning 139 137 157

Donor State Bonus 495 429 493

90% of Payment Adjustments 0 138 1682

Apportionment Adjustment 905 811 931

Minimum Allocation 1427 502 603

Highway Safety (FHWA and NHTSA) 182 152 157

Total 5 17,952 15,826 19,566

Selected Programs 1995 1996 1997

1 Apportioned pursuant to the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 and the National Highway System

Designation Act of 1995. Does not include funds from the Mass Transit Account of the Highway Trust Fund or the

National Recreational Trails Trust Fund.

2 Fiscal year starts October 1 and ends September 30.

3 Interstate construction funds are made available 1 year in advance of the year for which they are apportioned.

4 Section 203 of the National Highway System (NHS) Designation Act of 1995 rescinded some unobligated balances

remaining from the authorizations under previous highway authorization acts. It also made reductions in authorized

amounts for several programs. These funds are apportioned to the States based on percentages specified in section 202

of the NHS Designation Act.

5 Does not include funds from the following programs: emergency relief, Federal lands highway programs, mandated

projects, national magnetic levitation development, high-speed ground transportation development, and intelligent

vehicle-highway system, among others. These funds are allocated from the Highway Trust Fund.

1 Capital Expenditures include construction, engineering, and right-of-way.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1970

Billions of Dollars

1975 1980 1985 1990 1996

Year

Maintenance (Constant Dollars)

Capital Outlay

(Constant Dollars)

Maintenance

(Current Dollars)

Capital Outlay

(Current Dollars)

50

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Index (1987=100)

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1996

Year

Federal-Aid

Highway

Construction

Consumer

Price Index
S

42 43

Using Data for Comparisons

Even when data are consistently collected and reported, users need to recognize

that highway statistical information is not necessarily comparable across all States.

For many of the data items reported in Highway Statistics, a user should not expect

to find consistency among all States, due to many State-to-State differences. When

making State level comparisons, it is inappropriate to use these statistics without

recognizing those differences that impact comparability.

Use of reported State maintenance expenditures provides a clear example.

Maintenance expenditures per mile can vary between States depending upon a

number of factors including differences such as climate and geography, how each

State defines maintenance versus capital expenditures, traffic intensity and percent

trucks, degree of urbanization, types of pavement being maintained, and the level

of system responsibility retained by the State versus that given to other levels of

government. It would be inappropriate, therefore, when using data from Highway

Statistics to compare per mile maintenance costs across all States to draw any

conclusions without taking into account the differences that should be expected in

these parameters based upon differing State conditions.

If choosing to compare State data, the user must be prepared to thoughtfully select

a set of peer States that have similar characteristics in relationship to the specific

comparison being made. Improperly selected peer States are likely to yield invalid

data comparisons.

Differences that the user needs to consider in determining suitability of peer States

for data comparison purposes include characteristics such as urban/rural similarities,

population density, degree of urbanization, climate, geography, differing State laws

and practices that influence data definitions, administrative control of the public

road system, similarity of the basic State economies, traffic volume similarities, and

the degree of State functional centralization.

Beginning in 1994, FHWA provided a two-page “Peer State” table in each edition

of Highway Statistics that lists some of these characteristics so that the data user

might be made more aware of possible problems that may arise when comparing

State-by-State data.

elected State and Urbanized Area Statistics
44 45

Selected State and Urbanized Area Statistics (continued) Selected State and Urbanized Area Statistics (continued)

Selected Statistics by State

State Resident

Population

(Thousands)

Driving-Age

Population

(Thousands)

Highway Motor

Fuel Use

(Thousands of

Gallons)

Total

Lane

Miles

Total

Road and

Street

Mileage1

Annual

Vehicle-Miles

of Travel

(Millions)

Total

Highway

Fatalities

Fatalities

per 100

Million

VMT

Total

Highway

Injuries

Injuries

per 100

Million

VMT

State Motor

Fuel Taxes

And Other

Related Receipts

Total Highway Capital

Outlay 2

(Thousands)

Total

Disbursements

for Highways 2

(Thousands)

1 This mileage data does not include Puerto Rico.

2 All units of government, 1995 data. Fiscal Year (October 1 - September 30).

3 Includes allocations.

Payments

into the

Federal HTF

(Thousands)

Apportionments from

the HTF 3

(Thousands)

Alabama 4,273 3,325 2,925,306 193,245 93,340 51,433 1,143 2.22 47,963 107.23 530,399 479,737 1,266,350 486,254 327,193

Alaska 607 442 335,932 26,816 13,255 4,115 80 1.94 5,851 70.33 18,756 294,109 561,284 51,114 212,776

Arizona 4,428 3,401 2,591,315 118,005 54,895 42,123 993 2.36 71,806 58.66 478,129 646,351 1,342,003 379,343 250,050

Arkansas 2,510 1,929 1,820,622 158,027 77,746 27,840 615 2.21 19,477 142.94 340,052 414,471 868,271 317,013 243,407

California 31,878 23,862 15,425,685 381,417 170,506 278,043 3,989 1.43 300,104 92.65 2,635,798 4,459,389 9,222,772 2,238,990 1,519,635

Colorado 3,823 2,935 2,054,594 175,391 84,797 36,141 617 1.71 37,743 95.76 439,774 598,126 1,462,425 280,038 225,580

Connecticut 3,274 2,557 1,503,844 43,770 20,600 28,135 310 1.10 48,163 58.42 498,120 667,307 1,374,482 219,462 354,533

Delaware 725 568 407,486 12,369 5,715 7,666 116 1.51 10,115 75.79 93,345 257,892 476,335 63,206 76,895

Dist. of Col. 543 444 182,030 3,444 1,413 3,316 62 1.87 10,378 31.95 32,028 80,377 143,240 27,694 83,366

Florida 14,400 11,329 7,598,846 246,545 114,422 130,004 2,753 2.12 243,320 53.43 1,300,895 2,869,157 4,824,183 1,124,231 762,912

Georgia 7,353 5,617 5,391,750 234,292 111,746 89,132 1,574 1.77 145,057 61.45 412,268 1,326,859 2,338,758 854,673 519,944

Hawaii 1,184 909 413,750 8,927 4,142 8,030 148 1.84 10,994 73.04 67,167 248,534 431,381 56,736 116,844

Idaho 1,189 885 758,436 121,500 59,674 12,961 258 1.99 14,252 90.94 179,514 231,107 447,690 120,424 128,954

Illinois 11,847 9,030 5,770,508 287,275 137,577 96,730 1,477 1.53 144,022 67.16 1,134,506 1,964,005 3,688,748 806,523 694,109

Indiana 5,841 4,519 3,837,370 191,743 92,970 66,220 984 1.49 80,408 82.35 664,718 806,978 1,515,372 574,293 385,561

Iowa 2,852 2,223 1,897,047 230,835 112,708 26,880 465 1.73 30,826 87.20 374,546 697,003 1,360,382 253,833 212,153

Kansas 2,572 1,964 1,613,724 271,400 133,386 25,942 491 1.89 31,342 82.77 296,996 703,252 1,475,775 253,423 210,441

Kentucky 3,884 3,035 2,374,913 151,606 73,158 42,586 841 1.97 56,023 76.02 400,698 829,558 1,482,037 422,780 266,713

Louisiana 4,351 3,264 2,601,051 127,338 60,667 38,095 781 2.05 44,760 85.11 529,232 661,265 1,617,204 386,638 241,237

Maine 1,243 980 755,391 46,142 22,577 12,819 169 1.32 16,812 76.25 145,803 176,773 531,151 114,687 118,904

Maryland 5,072 3,916 2,518,045 65,162 29,680 46,187 608 1.32 48,806 94.63 604,614 760,282 1,692,907 367,322 268,408

Massachusetts 6,092 4,818 2,813,026 73,330 34,725 49,956 417 0.83 47,228 105.78 591,807 1,587,592 2,953,348 404,958 660,902

Michigan 9,594 7,345 5,343,599 247,195 117,620 90,215 1,505 1.67 139,695 64.58 752,129 1,198,982 2,372,198 767,765 478,604

Minnesota 4,658 3,554 2,745,903 267,851 130,613 44,465 576 1.30 47,963 92.71 507,770 1,189,725 2,363,741 312,675 288,527

Mississippi 2,716 2,052 1,811,835 151,279 73,202 30,562 811 2.65 33,144 92.21 334,857 445,621 931,440 290,764 187,609

Missouri 5,359 4,125 3,634,320 251,337 122,748 61,162 1,149 1.88 77,803 78.61 591,526 847,848 1,705,140 566,524 374,754

Montana 879 676 612,508 142,465 69,809 9,446 200 2.12 10,556 89.48 167,857 207,601 429,117 105,043 163,881

Nebraska 1,652 1,262 1,126,001 187,914 92,805 16,238 293 1.80 30,696 52.90 249,759 451,669 802,072 177,024 137,417

Nevada 1,603 1,228 1,008,500 93,623 45,039 14,158 348 2.46 24,023 58.94 233,563 340,578 583,981 140,391 132,872

New Hampshire 1,162 898 638,024 31,093 15,106 10,987 134 1.22 22,934 47.91 116,902 156,244 471,586 89,538 94,846

New Jersey 7,988 6,206 4,182,271 77,643 35,924 62,334 818 1.31 130,308 47.84 463,664 1,337,588 2,804,103 606,735 494,016

New Mexico 1,713 1,269 1,141,879 123,755 59,455 21,510 481 2.24 31,315 68.69 223,780 383,432 627,234 190,339 171,383

New York 18,185 14,115 6,369,283 238,074 112,347 118,641 1,564 1.32 287,074 41.33 1,325,956 3,286,133 7,984,826 956,360 1,101,551

North Carolina 7,323 5,688 4,447,041 204,132 97,509 78,935 1,493 1.89 150,881 52.32 1,184,149 1,123,979 2,162,138 688,975 451,624

North Dakota 644 496 477,738 175,753 86,808 6,741 85 1.26 5,889 114.47 93,112 190,250 339,716 78,866 124,534

Ohio 11,173 8,655 6,033,308 242,051 114,642 103,090 1,395 1.35 220,105 46.84 1,341,859 1,389,871 2,920,770 834,049 605,926

Oklahoma 3,301 2,523 2,329,971 232,158 112,664 39,427 772 1.96 53,378 73.86 367,146 479,727 1,002,583 369,914 242,441

Oregon 3,204 2,490 1,839,934 169,955 83,190 30,319 524 1.73 38,554 78.64 364,425 515,132 1,098,770 290,338 339,721

Pennsylvania 12,056 9,488 5,921,432 247,826 118,952 96,646 1,469 1.52 136,952 70.57 1,314,011 1,553,646 4,102,080 911,597 830,664

Rhode Island 990 780 420,887 12,720 6,001 7,120 69 .97 12,175 58.48 123,518 207,789 333,765 60,314 106,469

South Carolina 3,699 2,870 2,430,956 134,728 64,359 39,756 930 2.34 57,387 69.28 384,942 424,608 803,907 387,354 242,584

South Dakota 732 553 546,724 168,923 83,375 7,817 175 2.24 8,490 92.07 91,273 225,478 419,645 78,351 130,556

Tennessee 5,320 4,151 3,439,352 179,547 85,795 58,435 1,239 2.12 79,658 73.36 662,619 611,213 1,290,265 551,369 328,921

Texas 19,128 14,268 11,526,008 627,311 296,259 185,386 3,741 2.02 350,397 52.91 2,319,576 2,390,350 6,160,875 1,756,156 1,038,661

Utah 2,000 1,405 1,131,464 87,080 41,718 19,539 321 1.64 49,001 39.87 214,380 312,918 554,350 187,683 134,349

Vermont 589 459 400,367 29,199 14,192 6,377 88 1.38 3,568 178.73 67,405 108,849 259,196 57,168 80,238

Virginia 6,675 5,221 4,054,168 149,964 69,384 71,302 875 1.23 82,363 86.57 693,348 1,191,026 2,980,355 623,925 397,176

Washington 5,533 4,256 3,041,375 164,128 79,555 49,405 712 1.44 83,781 58.97 668,487 1,232,488 2,408,953 430,273 435,157

West Virginia 1,826 1,461 957,329 72,255 35,130 17,693 345 1.95 27,590 64.13 261,612 466,062 922,754 176,743 211,482

Wisconsin 5,160 3,976 2,920,969 228,937 111,435 52,782 761 1.44 66,069 79.89 675,345 1,005,410 2,326,650 441,967 321,782

Wyoming 481 366 551,383 70,348 34,115 7,360 143 1.94 6,605 111.43 53,461 193,668 344,604 102,031 125,248

U.S. TOTAL 265,284 203,787 146,675,200 8,177,823 3,919,450 2,482,202 41,907 1.69 3,733,804 66.48 27,617,596 44,228,009 92,582,912 22,033,866 17,653,510
46 47

Selected State and Urbanized Area Statistics (continued) Selected State and Urbanized Area Statistics (continued)

Population, Drivers, Vehicles, Fuel and Travel by State 1

1 Vehicle relationships exclude motorcycles.

State Total

Registered

Vehicles

Total

Licensed

Drivers

Licensed Drivers

per 1,000 DrivingAge Population

Registered

Motor Vehicles

per 1000

Population

Motor

Vehicles per

Licensed

Driver

Persons per

Registered

Motor Vehicle

Gallons of

Fuel per

Vehicle

Miles

per

Gallon

Annual

Miles per

Vehicle

Vehicle-Miles

per Capita

Vehicle-Miles

per Licensed

Driver

Alabama 3,323,683 3,138,237 944 778 1.06 1.29 880 17.58 15,475 12,037 16,389

Alaska 531,017 439,855 995 875 1.21 1.14 633 12.25 7,749 6,779 9,355

Arizona 2,982,523 2,727,312 802 674 1.09 1.48 869 16.26 14,123 9,513 15,445

Arkansas 1,633,343 1,752,229 909 651 0.93 1.54 1,115 15.29 17,045 11,093 15,888

California 25,213,707 20,249,200 849 791 1.25 1.26 612 18.02 11,027 8,722 13,731

Colorado 3,433,287 2,756,807 939 898 1.25 1.11 598 17.59 10,527 9,454 13,110

Connecticut 2,608,831 2,343,779 916 797 1.11 1.26 576 18.71 10,785 8,593 12,004

Deleware 593,007 529,291 932 818 1.12 1.22 687 18.81 12,927 10,576 14,484

Dist. of Col. 237,415 333,445 751 437 0.71 2.29 767 18.22 13,967 6,104 9,945

Florida 10,888,596 11,399,593 1,006 756 0.96 1.32 698 17.11 11,939 9,028 11,404

Georgia 6,282,672 4,966,348 884 854 1.27 1.17 858 16.53 14,187 12,121 17,947

Hawaii 785,917 733,486 807 664 1.07 1.51 526 19.41 10,217 6,784 10,948

Idaho 1,061,125 819,713 927 892 1.29 1.12 715 17.09 12,214 10,898 15,812

Illinois 8,816,876 7,609,618 843 744 1.16 1.34 654 16.76 10,971 8,165 12,712

Indiana 5,215,572 3,704,156 820 893 1.41 1.12 736 17.26 12,697 11,338 17,877

Iowa 2,869,445 1,955,601 880 1,006 1.47 0.99 661 14.17 9,368 9,426 13,745

Kansas 2,109,814 1,788,259 910 820 1.18 1.22 765 16.08 12,296 10,086 14,507

Kentucky 2,695,985 2,566,545 846 694 1.05 1.44 881 17.93 15,796 10,965 16,593

Louisiana 3,318,205 2,624,131 804 763 1.26 1.31 784 14.65 11,481 8,756 14,517

Maine 958,659 873,713 892 771 1.10 1.30 788 16.97 13,372 10,310 14,672

Maryland 3,634,579 3,377,470 863 717 1.08 1.40 693 18.34 12,708 9,107 13,675

Massachusetts 4,702,389 4,355,014 904 772 1.08 1.30 598 17.76 10,624 8,200 11,471

Michigan 8,010,396 6,716,789 914 835 1.19 1.20 667 16.88 11,262 9,403 13,431

Minnesota 3,860,894 2,830,232 796 829 1.36 1.21 711 16.19 11,517 9,546 15,711

Mississippi 2,181,727 1,700,132 828 803 1.28 1.24 830 16.87 14,008 11,252 17,976

Missouri 4,350,440 3,749,348 909 812 1.16 1.23 835 16.83 14,059 11,414 16,313

Montana 973,074 573,754 849 1,107 1.70 0.90 629 15.42 9,707 10,742 16,464

Nebraska 1,478,558 1,159,831 919 895 1.27 1.12 762 14.42 10,982 9,829 14,000

Nevada 1,095,676 1,116,795 910 683 0.98 1.46 920 14.04 12,922 8,831 12,677

New Hampshire 1,112,113 915,451 1,019 957 1.21 1.05 574 17.22 9,879 9,451 12,002

New Jersey 5,821,536 5,485,980 884 729 1.06 1.37 718 14.90 10,707 7,804 11,362

New Mexico 1,544,633 1,179,256 929 901 1.31 1.11 739 18.84 13,926 12,554 18,240

New York 10,635,602 10,483,665 743 585 1.01 1.71 599 18.63 11,155 6,524 11,317

North Carolina 5,759,234 5,187,288 912 786 1.11 1.27 772 17.75 13,706 10,779 15,217

North Dakota 679,047 449,225 906 1,055 1.51 0.95 704 14.11 9,927 10,475 15,006

Ohio 9,770,484 7,852,548 907 874 1.24 1.14 618 17.09 10,551 9,227 13,128

Oklahoma 3,081,723 2,395,825 950 934 1.29 1.07 756 16.92 12,794 11,944 16,457

Oregon 2,851,048 2,612,659 1,049 890 1.09 1.12 645 16.48 10,634 9,464 11,605

Pennsylvania 8,640,238 8,221,143 866 717 1.05 1.40 685 16.32 11,186 8,016 11,756

Rhode Island 695,928 668,940 858 703 1.04 1.42 605 16.92 10,231 7,190 10,644

South Carolina 2,790,575 2,574,575 897 754 1.08 1.33 871 16.35 14,247 10,749 15,442

South Dakota 751,071 518,592 937 1,025 1.45 0.98 728 14.30 10,408 10,673 15,074

Tennessee 4,830,482 3,805,600 917 908 1.27 1.10 712 16.99 12,097 10,985 15,355

Texas 13,486,868 12,568,265 881 705 1.07 1.42 855 16.08 13,746 9,692 14,750

Utah 1,445,088 1,319,263 939 722 1.10 1.38 783 17.27 13,521 9,767 14,811

Vermont 503,139 468,863 1,022 855 1.07 1.17 796 15.93 12,674 10,833 13,601

Virginia 5,576,132 4,692,071 899 835 1.19 1.20 727 17.59 12,787 10,681 15,196

Washington 4,602,920 3,908,217 918 832 1.18 1.20 661 16.24 10,733 8,929 12,641

West Virginia 1,406,285 1,274,453 873 770 1.10 1.30 681 18.48 12,581 9,691 13,883

Wisconsin 3,971,550 3,723,685 936 770 1.07 1.30 735 18.07 13,290 10,229 14,175

Wyoming 562,048 343,093 938 1,168 1.64 0.86 981 13.35 13,095 15,289 21,452

U.S. TOTAL 206,365,156 179,539,340 881 778 1.15 1.29 711 16.92 12,028 9,357 13,825
48 49

Selected State and Urbanized Area Statistics (continued) Selected State and Urbanized Area Statistics (continued)

Urbanized Areas with Populations Above 750,000

Urbanized Area

Location

Prime

State

Other

State(s)

Estimated

Urbanized

Population

(1,000)

Federal-Aid

Urbanized

Land Area

(Sq. Miles)

Persons

per

Square

Mile

Total

Highway

Mileage

Total

Freeway/

Expressway

Mileage

Total Freeway

Miles Per

Urbanized

Population

Total Daily

Highway

Vehicle-Miles

(1,000)

Total Daily

Freeway

Vehicle-Miles

(1,000)

Daily

VehicleMiles per

Capita

Average

AADT*

Total

% of Travel

Served by

Freeways

Average

AADT on

Freeways

• Annual average daily traffic.

1 Some urbanized area data are inconsistently reported; for example, the Pennsylvania portion of Wilmington, Delaware is reported with Philadelphia; portions of Bristol, Connecticut are reported with Hartford or Waterbury; Kissimmee,

Florida is reported with Orlando; and the Illinois portions of Aurora, Danville, Elgin, Crystal Lake, Joliet and Round Lake Beach are reported with Chicago. Other anomalies may exist. 2 FHWA estimates used for District of Columbia portion of the Washington urbanized area.

3 1995 data used for the District of Columbia and Maryland portions of the Washington, D.C. urbanized area and for all Maryland urbanized areas.

SOURCE: All data reported by States through the Highway Performance Monitoring System. Numbers may differ from subsequently published 1990 Census data.

New York-Northeastern NJ NY NJ 16,320 3,962 4,119 37,513 1,143 70.0 246,964 95,035 15.1 6,583 38.4 83,145

Los Angeles CA 12,222 2,226 5,490 26,663 630 51.5 264,941 117,798 21.6 9,937 44.4 186,980

Chicago-Northwestern IN 1 IL IN 7,961 2,731 2,915 23,642 475 59.7 152,256 46,943 19.1 6,440 30.8 98,827

Philadelphia 1 PA NJ 4,538 1,350 3,361 13,234 345 76.0 73,690 21,383 16.2 5,568 29.0 61,979

San Francisco-Oakland CA 3,890 1,152 3,376 9,295 331 85.1 81,023 42,795 20.8 8,717 52.8 129,290

Detroit MI 3,768 1,304 2,889 12,915 281 74.6 86,811 29,262 23.0 6,722 33.7 104,135

Washington 2 3 DC MD, VA 3,449 999 3,452 9,959 308 89.3 79,506 32,687 23.0 7,983 41.1 106,126

Dallas-Forth Worth TX 3,363 1,712 1,964 17,839 567 168.6 100,272 41,069 29.8 5,621 40.9 72,432

Houston TX 3,059 1,538 1,988 15,443 424 138.6 78,735 35,151 25.7 5,098 44.6 82,903

Boston MA 2,878 1,139 2,526 9,930 215 74.7 57,605 21,375 20.0 5,801 37.1 99,418

San Diego CA 2,561 727 3,522 5,939 240 93.7 55,622 28,983 21.7 9,366 52.1 120,762

Atlanta GA 2,449 1,757 1,393 12,117 298 121.7 89,530 35,086 36.5 7,389 39.1 117,738

Phoenix AZ 2,340 1,054 2,220 9,233 132 56.4 50,430 13,344 21.5 5,462 26.4 101,090

Minneapolis-St. Paul MN 2,263 1,192 1,898 10,397 306 135.2 51,946 22,932 22.9 4,996 44.1 74,941

Baltimore 3 MD 2,107 712 2,959 6,420 270 128.1 42,214 19,772 20.0 6,575 46.8 73,229

Miami-Hialeah FL 2,058 546 3,769 5,607 118 57.3 36,233 11,548 17.6 6,462 31.8 97,864

St. Louis MO IL 1,968 1,057 1,861 8,069 295 149.9 56,082 23,764 28.4 6,950 42.3 80,555

Seattle WA 1,948 844 2,308 6,937 250 128.3 47,735 22,098 24.5 6,881 46.2 88,392

Tampa-St Petersburg-Clearwater FL 1,862 1,294 1,438 7,406 121 65.0 38,720 7,843 20.7 5,228 20.2 64,818

Denver CO 1,770 720 2,458 6,681 201 113.6 37,262 14,882 21.0 5,577 39.9 74,039

Pittsburgh PA 1,768 1,112 1,589 8,433 283 160.1 35,557 10,309 20.1 4,216 28.9 36,427

Cleveland OH 1,767 838 2,108 5,562 224 126.8 38,349 16,019 21.7 6,895 41.7 71,513

San Jose CA 1,593 358 4,449 4,081 126 79.1 35,425 14,930 22.2 8,680 42.1 118,492

Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood- FL 1,485 489 3,036 4,208 109 73.4 31,397 10,497 21.1 7,461 33.4 96,302

 Pompano Beach

Norfolk-VA Beach-Newport News VA 1,429 952 1,501 5,390 167 116.9 32,004 10,664 22.3 5,938 33.3 63,856

Portland-Vancouver OR WA 1,355 469 2,889 5,545 136 100.4 29,305 11,610 21.6 5,285 39.6 85,367

Kansas City MO KS 1,339 1,034 1,294 7,411 364 271.8 37,329 16,937 27.8 5,037 45.3 46,530

Riverside-San Bernardino CA 1,325 513 2,582 4,738 138 104.2 29,388 14,986 22.1 6,203 50.9 108,594

Milwaukee WI 1,250 512 2,441 4,966 114 91.2 30,681 8,803 24.5 6,178 28.6 77,219

Sacramento CA 1,217 382 3,185 4,059 105 86.3 26,583 10,755 21.8 6,549 40.4 102,428

San Antonio TX 1,193 485 2,459 5,139 211 176.9 29,581 13,279 24.7 5,756 44.8 62,993

Cincinnati OH KY 1,161 630 1,842 5,217 169 145.6 30,974 13,871 26.6 5,937 44.7 82,076

Orlando 1 FL 1,084 667 1,625 3,578 149 137.5 26,777 7,694 24.7 7,484 28.7 51,637

Las Vegas NV 1,074 270 3,977 2,894 72 67.0 16,779 5,504 15.6 5,798 32.8 76,444

Buffalo-Niagara Falls NY 1,073 564 1,902 3,946 139 129.5 19,729 5,647 18.3 5,000 28.6 40,625

New Orleans LA 1,070 270 3,962 3,288 76 71.0 14,387 5,358 13.4 4,376 37.2 70,500

Oklahoma City OK 1,027 711 1,444 4,657 146 142.2 25,683 8,498 25.0 5,515 33.0 58,205

Indianapolis IN 993 422 2,353 4,106 130 130.9 27,653 10,896 27.8 6,735 39.4 83,815

West Palm Beach-Boca Raton- FL 967 556 1,739 2,595 86 88.9 18,510 6,814 19.1 7,133 36.8 79,232

 Delray Beach

Memphis TN AR, MS 964 409 2,356 3,205 87 90.2 20,940 5,725 21.7 6,534 27.3 65,804

Providence-Pawtucket RI MA 900 516 1,744 4,324 117 130.0 17,705 7,331 19.6 4,095 41.4 62,658

Columbus OH 898 476 1,886 3,400 149 165.9 23,947 10,980 26.6 7,043 45.8 73,691

Salt Lake City UT 862 353 2,441 2,946 81 94.0 18,558 6,947 21.5 6,299 37.4 85,765

Jacksonville FL 819 727 1,126 3,649 139 169.7 21,522 8,150 26.2 5,898 37.8 58,633

Louisville KY IN 782 384 2,036 3,362 138 176.5 23,327 9,310 29.8 6,938 39.9 67,463

Tulsa OK 757 395 1,916 2,749 113 149.3 16,729 5,631 22.0 6,085 33.6 49,831
AADT Average Annual Daily Traffic

AAMA American Automobile Manufacturers Association

AV/SF Average Volume/Service Flow

BTS Bureau of Transportation Statistics

CAAA Clean Air Act Amendments

CO Carbon Monoxide

DOT Department of Transportation

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

FHWA Federal Highway Administration

FY Fiscal Year

GDP Gross Domestic Product

HS95 Highway Statistics 1995

HTF Highway Trust Fund

POV Privately Owned Vehicle

IRI International Roughness Index

IS Interstate System

ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991

MF Motor Fuel

MPG Miles Per Gallon

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standard

NHS National Highway System

NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

NPTS Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey

O3 Ozone

PM-10 Particulate Matter less than 10 Microns

PSI Pollutant Standards Index

STRAHNET Strategic Highway Network

US United States

VMT Vehicle-Miles of Travel

P

50 51

The following Office of Highway Information Management printed publications may be

obtained by contacting Federal Highway Administration, R&T Report Center, FAX number

(301) 577-1421, telephone number (301) 577-0818. If you have questions concerning the

contents of any of these reports, please call (202) 366-0180. The reports with an ‘**’ can be

found on the Office of Highway Information website at: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim

1. Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009**

2. Highway Statistics 1996, (Annual), FHWA-PL-98-003**

3. Highway Taxes and Fees, How They Are Collected and Distributed, 1995

(Biennial), FHWA PL-95-036

4. Traffic Monitoring Guide, February 1995, FHWA PL-95-031**

5. Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey Reports:

1990 NPTS:

5.1 Data Volume Books I FHWA PL-94-010A**

5.2 Data Volume Book II FHWA PL-94-010B**

5.3 Urban Travel Patterns FHWA PL-94-018

5.4 Travel Mode Special Reports FHWA PL-94-019

5.5 Demographic Special Reports FHWA PL-95-032

5.6 Special Report on Trip & Vehicle Attributes FHWA PL-95-033

5.7 Summary of Travel Trends FHWA-PL-92-027

5.8 Travel Behavior Issues in the 90’s FHWA-PL-93-012

1995 NPTS:

5.9 Our Nation’s Travel - 1995 NPTS Early Results Report FHWA-PL-97-028**

5.10 Transportation User’s View of Quality FHWA-PL-98-013**

Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey Electronic Media:

1983-1990 NPTS CD-ROM (For copies: FAX (202) 366-3640)

1995 NPTS CD-ROM (FHWA-PL-97-034) (For copies: (301) 577-0818,

or FAX (301) 577-1421)

1990 NPTS Website: http://www-cta.ornl.gov/npts/1990/index.html

1995 NPTS Website: http://www-cta.ornl.gov/npts

6. Driver License Administration Requirements and Fees, 1996, FHWA PL-96-011**

7. Journey-to-Work Trends in the United States and its Major Metropolitan Areas

1960-1990, FHWA PL-94-012**

8. New Perspectives in Commuting , 1992, FHWA PL-92-026

9. A Customer’s Guide to Using Highway Statistics, 1996, FHWA-PL-96-028

These reports may be obtained from the Office of Highway Information Management, Federal

Highway Administration, FAX number (202) 366-7742, telephone number (202) 366-0180.

1. Monthly Motor Fuel Reported by States, (Monthly), FHWA PL-97-005**

2. Toll Facilities in the United States, 1995, FHWA-PL-95-034**

3. Traffic Volume Trends (Monthly)**

4. The Highway Performance Monitoring System (Brochure), FHWA PL-94-031**

5. Bulletin—Highway Funding 1992-1995, FHWA**

ublication Listing G lossary of Acronyms
52

Notes