>rary, N.W. Bldg B 1 1965

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taken from the library.

^ecknic&l vfete 262

ACCURACY IN MEASUREMENTS

AND CALIBRATIONS, 1965

EDITED BY

W. A. WILDHACK, R. C. POWELL, AND H. L. MASON

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

I
[E NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards is a principal focal point in the Federal Government for assuring maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of

technology in industry and commerce. Its responsibilities include development and maintenance

of the national standards of measurement, and the provisions of means for making measurements

consistent with those standards; determination of physical constants and properties of materials;

development of methods for testing materials, mechanisms, and structures, and making such te-t- as may be necessary, particularly for government agencies; cooperation in the establishment i standard practices for incorporation in codes and specifications; advisory service to government

agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special

needs of the Government; assistance to industry, business, and consumers in the development and

acceptance of commercial standards and simplified trade practice recommendations; administration

of programs in cooperation with United States business groups and standards organizations for the

development of international standards of practice; and maintenance of a clearinghouse for the

collection and dissemination of scientific, technical, and engineering information. The scope of the Bureau's activities is suggested in the following listing of its four Institutes and their organizational

units.

Institute for Basic Standards. Applied Mathematics. Electricity. Metrology. Median i - Heat. Atomic Physics. Physical Chemistry. Laboratory Astrophysics.* Radiation PhyH' - Radio Standards Laboratory:* Radio Standards Physics and Radio Standards Engineering. Office

of Standard Reference Data.

Institute for Materials Research. Analytical Chemistry. Polymers. Metallurgy. Inorgam

Materials. Reactor Radiations. Cryogenics.* Materials Evaluation Laboratory. Office of

Standard Reference Materials.

Institute for Applied Technology. Building Research. Information Technology. Performance Test Development. Electronic Instrumentation. Textile and Apparel Technology Center. Technical Analysis. Office of Weights and Measures. Office of Engineering Standards. Office of Invention and Innovation. Office of Technical Resources. Clearinghouse for Federal Scient < and Technical Information.**

Central Radio Propagation Laboratory.* Ionospheric Telecommunications. Tropospheric

Telecommunications. Space Environment Forecasting. Aeronomy.

•Located at Boulder, Colo., 80301. 'Located at 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va., 22171.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Technical Note 262

ISSUED JUNE 15, 1965

ACCURACY IN MEASUREMENTS

AND CALIBRATIONS, 1965

Edited by

W. A. Wildhack, R. C. Powell, and H. L. Mason

NBS Institute for Basic Standards

NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bureau's regular publications program. They provide a means for making available scientific data that are of transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be

listed or referred to in the open literature.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C., 20402 Price $1

Abstract

NBS estimates of uncertainties associated with physical measurements, and

with some NBS calibration services, are shown by 66 provisional "accuracy charts."

Each chart is accompanied by a facing page giving a brief statement of the state of

the art and tentative plans for NBS work in areas where improvement is needed.

Ill
Foreword

This collection of accuracy charts provides a graphic perspective on the ranges

and NBS estimates of uncertainty for measurements or calibrations of many of the

physical quantities of importance in science and industry. Such charts have been

found to be of value not only in portraying the present state of the art but also in planning the Bureau's programs for improving measurement capabilities to meet

present and developing needs. As a summary collection, without description of

the various devices, methods, and causes of uncertainty involved, the charts must

be considered as provisional. Detailed discussions of some of them have already

appeared in the literature and this may be expected for others. Comments, suggestions, and additional information will be welcomed as aids

both for improving the charts and for identifying important and urgent needs for measurements of greater accuracy or extended range.

R. D. Huntoon, Director

Institute for Basic Standards

National Bureau of Standards

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VIII. Index

Pag*

Lc-dc differences - 26-27,30-33

coustic thermometer 14-15 mpere, legal vs. absolute — - .__

26

ngle calibration - 102-103 ttenuation , microwave (coaxial systems) 88-89

ttenuation , microwave (waveguide systems) 90-91

.ttenuation, 30 kHz to 1 GHz (coaxial systems) - 68-69

.udiometric earphone response 114-115

lalances and scales 4-5

iBrometer, standard. - - 120-121

iarometric pressure 11?7

1 }3

lase-meta! thermocouples 14-15

lolometers and mounts 40-41

[ridge, Wenner 20-21

Irldge, Wheatstone 20-21

Irldge, pneumatic hygrometer 110-111

Iridges, capacitance --- 22-23

Jalorimeter for x-ray beam energy 138-139

!apacltors, standard, calibration of 22-23

lapacitance, 0.03 to 10 MHz 60-61

Japacitance, 10 to 1000 MHz 62-63

ieslum beam frequency standard 10-11

Jlocks 10-11

!olor temperature 16-17 Jondenser microphone response to sound pressure 116-117

Jurrent (d-c) and current ratio 26-27

current, 30 kHz to 1 GHz (coaxial systems) 38-39

Oead-weight force measurements 108-109

elay time 74-75

larphones 114-115

llastic devices (weighing) 4-5

lectrical power and energy (audio frequency) 32-33

Jlectron beam current 132-133

Slectrostatic vane vacuum gage 120-121 End standards - 6-7

I Energy, electrical (audiofrequency) 32-33

I Ephemeris time 10-11

I Faraday cup 132-133

Field strength, antenna coefficient, 30 kHz to 1 GHz 54-55

Field strength meters 54-55

I Field strength, microwave (horn gain) 86-87

Field strength, near-field, 30 kHz to 1 GHz 52-53

I flow of air, water 104-105

i Plow, liquid hydrocarbon 106-107

' fluorescent lamps 16-17 Frequency measurement 8-9 Frequency standards 10-11

Force measurement -- 108-109 Frustrated reflection (length) 6-7 page block calibration 6-7 Gamma-ray exposure standards 140-141 pasometer — 104-105 generalized uncertainty chart vl Geodetic tapes 6-7 Germanium resistor thermometer 14-15 Helium 4 vapor pressure thermometer 14-16 Humidity 110-111

i Hydrogen maser (frequency) 10-11 Hygrometers, standard 110-111 Impulse spectral density 46-47 Incandescent lamps 16-17 Inductance, 10 to 1000 MHz 66-67 Inductance, 0.03 to 10 MHz 64-65 Inductive voltage dividers 30-31

(Inductors, standard, calibration of 24-25 Interferometer-mercury manometer 120-121

Interferometer-oil manometer 120-121

Interferometric comparison of lengths 6-7

jtaterfarometric wavelength measurements.. 130-131

Ionization chamber for x-ray beam energy 138-139

Ionizing radiation 138-143

jKnudsen's pressure division method 120-121

Laser (length) 6-7 Length _ 6-7 Line standards . 6-7

Liquid-in-glass thermometers 14-15 Load cells 108-109 Luminous flux, lamps 16-17 Luminous intensity, blackbody 16-17 Luminous Intensity, lamps 16-17 Magnetic flux density 34-35 Magnetometers 34-35 Manometers 112-113,120-121 Mass 4-5 Mercury manometers - 112-113

P»g#

Micrometer-mercury manometer 120-121 Micrometer-oil manometer 120-121 Microphone response to free field sound pressure 118-119 Neutron emission rate 134-135 Neutron flux density 136-137 Noise, microwave (waveguide systems) 82-83 Noise, 30 kHz to 1 GHz (pulse, coaxial systems) 42-43

Optical pyrometry for thermodynamic scale 12-13 Optical pyrometer, practical temperature scale _ 14-16

Orifice meters - 104-105 Phase shift, microwave (two-port waveguide and coaxial devices)... 92-93 Phaseshlft, 30kHz tol GHz (two-port coaxial devices) 70-71 Photometric standards - 16-17 Piston gages - - 112-113, 120 Platinum blackbody (photometry) 16-17 Platinum resistance thermometer 14-15 Platinum thermocouple Jl*"iS Polygon calibration 102-103 Potentiometer - 28-29 Power, electrical (audio frequency) 32-33 Power, microwave (coaxial systems) - 76-77 Power, microwave (waveguide systems) - 78-79 Power, pulse (waveguide systems). - 80-81 Power, 30 kHz to 1 GHz (cw, coaxial systems) 40-41 Power, 30 kHz to 1 GHz (pulse, coaxial systems) 42-43 Pressure, 10-' to 108 mm Hg - 112-113 Pressure, 10-" to 10» mm Hg 120-121 Pressure, sound — -- 116-119 Proving rings - -- - 10f

_1 2

9 Pulse power (waveguide systems) 80-81 Pyrometry, optical - 12-13-14-15 Pyrometry, photoelectric 12-13 Quartz clock 10-11 Quartz-filament lamps 126-127 Quartz vane vacuum gage 120-121

Reflection coefficient, microwave (coaxial systems) 94-95 Reflection coefficient , microwave (phase angle) 98-99

Reflection coefficient, microwave (waveguide systems) 96-97 Resistance, 0.03 to 10 MHz 56-57 Resistance, 10 to 1000 MHz. - 58-59

Resistors, standard, calibration of 20-21

Salt solutions.... no~V-\ Scales (weighing) - - 4-5 Secondary emission monitor — 134-135 Shortt clock - - 10-11 Sound pressure - 116-119 Spectral irradiance standards... 128-129 Spectral radiance calibrations - 126-127 Spectroscopic techniques for temperature measurement 12-13 Standard cells (voltage) 28-29 Standing-wave ratios — - 95

Steel tapes — — &-'

Tapes, steel and geodetic _ 0-7 Temperature-measuring instruments 14-15 Temperature scale, thermodynamic 12-13 Temperature scales, practical 14-15 Thermal noise 44^5'f?"?? Thermocouples -- 14-15 Thermodynamic temperature scale 12-13 Thermometers, glass — 14-15 Thermometers, resistance 14-15 Thermometry, gas 12-13 Thermometry, magnetic 12-13 Thermometry, ultrasonic 1?~1 Time delay (waveguide systems) 74-75 Time Interval -- 8-9 Transformer, current 26-27 Transformer, voltage 30-31 Vacuum 120-121 Velocity: calibration of wind-speed indicators 122-123

Volt, legal vs. absolute - 30-31 Voltage and voltage ratio (audio-frequency) 30-31 Voltage divider... - 28-29 Voltage dividers, inductive 30-31 Voltage, microwave, cw - - 84-85 Voltage, 30 kHz to 1 GHz (cw, coaxial systems) 48-49 Voltage, 30 kHz to 1 GHz (pulse, coaxial systems) 50-51 Voltage, voltage ratio (d-c) — 28-29 Wattmeters 32-31 Wavelength measurements; ultraviolet, visible, infrared 130-131 Wavemeters, cavity 8-9 Weighing 4-5 Wind-speed indicators, calibration of 122-123 X-ray beam energy.. 138-139 X-ray exposure standards 140-141 X-rays, relative spectral distribution 142-143

145

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