National Bureau : Library, N.W. , x. APR 4 1966

is i\

X

^&cltnlcciL v2ote 283

NUCLEAR AND RADIATION STANDARDS OF IMPORTANCE

TO THE NATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY PROGRAM

H. W. KOCH, H. J. DONNERT, W. W. HAVENS, JR., G. L. ROGOSA, AND L. ROSEN

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards is a principal focal point in the Federal Government for assur- ing maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology

in industry and commerce. Its responsibilities include development and maintenance of the national

standards of measurement, and the provisions of means for making measurements consistent with

those standards; determination of physical constants and properties of materials; development of methods for testing materials, mechanisms, and structures, and making such tests as may be necessary, particularly for government agencies; cooperation in the establishment of standard practices

for incorporation in codes and specifications; advisory service to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Govern- ment; assistance to industry, business, and consumers in the development and acceptance of commercial standards and simplified trade practice recommendations; administration of programs in cooperation with United States business groups and standards organizations for the development

of international standards of practice; and maintenance of a clearinghouse for the collection and

dissemination of scientific, technical, and engineering information. The scope of the Bureau's

activities is suggested in the following listing of its three Institutes and their organizational units. Institute for Basic Standards. Applied Mathematics. Electricity. Metrology. Mechanics. Heat. Atomic Physics. Physical Chemistry. Laboratory Astrophysics.* Radiation Physics. Radio Standards

Laboratory:* Radio Standards Physics; Radio Standards Engineering. Office of Standard Reference

Data. Institute for Materials Research. Analytical Chemistry. Polymers. Metallurgy. Inorganic Materials. Reactor Radiations. Cryogenics.* Materials Evaluation Laboratory. Office of Standard Refer- ence Materials. Institute for Applied Technology. Building Research. Information Technology. Performance

Test Development. Electronic Instrumentation. Textile and Apparel Technology Center. Technical

Analysis. Office of Weights and Measures. Office of Engineering Standards. Office of Invention and

Innovation. Office of Technical Resources. Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical

Information.**

*Located at Boulder, Colorado, 80301. **Located at 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia, 22171.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Technical Note 283

ISSUED MARCH 31, 1966

NUCLEAR AND RADIATION STANDARDS OF IMPORTANCE

TO THE NATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY PROGRAM

H. W. Koch, H. J. Donnert, W. W. Havens, Jr., G. L. Rogosa, and L. Rosen

Institute for Basic Standards

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C.

This report was compiled by the

Standards Committee of the

Nuclear Cross Section Advisory Group to the AEC

NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bureau's regular publications program. They provide a means for making available scientific data that are of transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be

listed or referred to in the open literature.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C, 20402 - Price 35 cents

Nuclear and Radiation Standards of Importance

to the National Atomic Energy Program

H. W. Koch

H. Jo Donnert

W. Wo Havens, Jr„

Go Lo Rogosa

L, Rosen

A systematic approach to physical measurements

in nuclear physics requires the establishment,

availability, and use of standards „ The standards

of measurement may consist of standard cross sections,

foils, counters, and evaluated nuclear datao Be- cause of the fundamental importance of measurement

standards, the Nuclear Cross Section Advisory Group

has examined the definitions, requirements, characteristics, and availability of nuclear and radiation

standards of importance to the national atomic energy

program.

A. Introduction

A systematic approach to physical measurements in nuclear physics

requires the establishment, availability, and use of standards. The

standards of measurement may consist of standard cross sections, foils,

counters, and evaluated nuclear data. Because of the fundamental importance of measurement standards, the Nuclear Cross Section Advisory

Group has examined the definitions, requirements, characteristics, and

availability of nuclear and radiation standards of importance to the

national atomic energy program. This report presents the results of

the examination and a statement of future needs. Although most of the

research, development, and calibration services on the relevant standards are available at the National Bureau of Standards, the study

covered the characteristics of all national standards work in the

nuclear and radiation fields in the United States o The general availability of laboratory standards, calibrations, and services is not

covered here.

BLUiliUlill
Bo Explanation of Terms

The more important terms as used in this report are defined and

explained as follows:

1„ Standard - A standard of measurement is the physical representation

in a characteristic, object, or device of the unit of a physical

quantity,,

(a) Unit - A unit is a particular sample of a physical quantity of

such magnitude that it is assigned to measure "1". Units are either prototype or derived units o A prototype unit is one of

the units for the five physical quantities upon which are based

the measurement systemo The five quantities are length, mass,

time, temperature, and luminous intensity. The derived units

are combinations of the prototype units, such as the unit for

energy flux density, ergs per centimeter square per second.

(b) Classification of Standards - Standards can be classified into

a two-dimensional array according to categories and orders. The

categories indicate the nature and use of the standards and the

orders indicate the "authority" of the standards of each kind.

The identification of a given characteristic, material, object,

or device in a given category does not specify the quality,

reliability, or authority of the standard. This specification

is accomplished by the orders » Examples of categories are atomic or nuclear characteristics, standard instruments, or standard materials o Examples of the order of standards are national-prototype, national-reference, national-working, interlaboratory-reference, laboratory-reference, and laboratoryworking standards

o

2. Radiation - Radiation includes charged particles (electrons, protons,

alpha-particles, etc.) having sufficient kinetic energy to produce

direct ionization by collision. Radiation also includes uncharged

particles or photons which can liberate directly ionizing particles

or can initiate a nuclear transformation. However, it does not include sound or radio waves, or visible, infrared, or ultraviolet

light.

3. Radiation Standard - A radiation standard is the physical representation in a characteristic, object, or device of the unit of a fundamental radiation and non-nuclear quantity. Radiation standards

are usually derived standards that can be expressed in terms of the

five prototype standards for the quantities of length, mass, time,

temperature, and luminous intensity. Examples of radiation standards are free-air ionization chambers for the measurement of x-ray

exposure in roentgens and x-ray attenuation coefficients. The

category of radiation standards does not include nuclear standards.
4, Nuclear Standard - A nuclear standard is the physical representation

in a characteristic, object, or device of the unit of a fundamental

nuclear quantity. Nuclear standards are usually derived standards

that can be expressed in terms of the five prototype standards for

the quantities of length, mass, time, temperature, and luminous

intensity. Nuclear standards may represent a specifically designated

unit for a nuclear energy level, transition probability, reaction

cross section, Q value, threshold, mass, charge, magnetic moment,

nuclear shape, or other nuclear quantity. Examples of nuclear

standards are:

(a) (n,a) reaction cross section in centimeters squared for boron

10 at a neutron velocity of 2200 meters/cm .

(b) Neutron emission rate of a specific beryllium photoneutron

source.

(c) Photoneutron threshold of beryllium 9 at 1.6665 MeV and of

deuterium at 2.2261 MeVo

(d) Electric quadrupole moments in centimeters squared of carbon,

aluminum, tantalum, and gold.

(e) Uranium isotopic mass standards,

(f) Standard foils of indium, gold, rhodium, etc, for neutron

activation measurements,

C. Nuclear and Radiation Standards

The activities included in this survey of standards are neutron

physics, radioactivity, x-ray and gamma-ray sources, isotopic mass

standards, and data compilation and evaluation. The characteristics,

availability, and statement of future needs are provided under the

categories (sources, foils, detectors, chambers, cross sections, etc.)

in each activity,

1. Neutron Physics

(a) Neutron Sources - The National Bureau of Standards possesses

two radium- beryllium photoneutron sources of neutron emission

rate about 10 neutrons/sec which serve as the national- standard

and the national reference standard source. The national

standard source has been absolutely calibrated three times at

NBS, and is now known to an uncertainty of about 1 percent [1-4],

This source has been compared directly or indirectly with all of

the national standard sources in the world, usually by the method

of activation of a manganous sulfate bath, the agreement with

the international mean value being better than 1 percent. Intercomparisons of these sources with other national standard

sources are shown in Table 1 [5-ll]„

3
In addition, five plutonium 239-beryllium neutron sources are used as working standards. An americium 241-beryllium neutron

source is on hand and is being studied as a possible future

standard source. This source is of the sintered type to in- sure maximum stability with time„ Curium 244 and californium

252 have been promised to NBS by the AEC for testing as possible

spontaneous fission standard neutron sources. The sources,

obviously, cannot play a significant role as standard neutron

sources until the radioactive isotopes are available in reasonable quantities.

Sources are calibrated for the public by comparison with the

national-standard source by activation of a manganous sulfate

bath, except when the source strength of the submitted source

is too small, in which case a calibration is made based on

thermal neutron flux density measurements in a standard graphite pile [12]. (See Table 2a„ ) The errors quoted for the

calibrations are 2.5 percent to 5 percent depending chiefly on

the strength of the source. NBS has calibrated RA-Be(Q;,n),

Pu-Be(a,n), RaDEF-Be(a,n), Sb-Be(7',n), Po-Be(a,n), and

Am -Be(Q;,n) sources with most of the work on the Pu-Be

sources.

(b) Standard Thermal Neutron Flux Density - The National Bureau of

Standards maintains a neutron moderation geometry with radioactive neutron sources which produce a thermal neutron flux

density of about 4,000 neutrons/cm -sec. This facility is used

by activation of foils, usually gold, but others such as indium

and manganese may be used for special purposes. Up to 4 foils

of size 2x3.4 cm may be calibrated at one time. Special ar- rangements for larger foils and other kinds of detectors are possible. Since the standard flux is located in an air cavity,

the flux depression for gold foils of thickness less than

3 mils is negligible. Upon special requests other detectors

such as thermal neutron pocket dosimeters may be calibrated

[12]. (See Table 2b, c.) This standard thermal neutron flux

density has been absolutely calibrated by two independent

methods and compared with several laboratories. The uncertainty in the absolute calibration of this flux density is about

1,5 percent. An international comparison also shows agreement

of about 1,5 percent,

(c) Standard Neutron Cross Section Materials -

(1) Boron Isotopic Standards , A stock of standard boric acid

(H3BO3) is being distributed by NBS which was originally

prepared for the U,S, Argonne National Laboratory and has

been analyzed chemically and isotopically at Argonne [13],

(See Table 2.) The boron 10 content of this lot (called

Argonne II) has been found at Central Bureau of Nuclear
Measurements, Geel, Belgium, to be 19.8 atomic percent and

to be identical in isotopic composition to within ±0.02

atomic percent to the stock being distributed by them.

(2) Uranium and Plutonium Isotopic Standards. Sixteen uranium

isotopic standards are available from NBS [12]. (See

Table 2.) They represent the following nominal weight

percent uranium 235: 0„5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 35,

50, 75, 80, 85, 90, and 93. Each isotopic standard is

issued in a unit containing a quantity of uranium oxide

(UoOc^) equivalent to 1 g of uranium.

The plutonium isotopic standard is in the chemical form

of plutonium sulfate hydrate. The weight percent of the

plutonium isotopes in this standard are 91 » 329 (Pu-239),

7. 937 (Pu- 240), 0„7oo(Pu-241), and 0.0334(Pu-242)o The

issue unit contains a quantity of plutonium sulfate hydrate

equivalent to 0.25 g of plutonium. A plutonium metal

standard is also available that is certified to have a plutonium content of 99.97 percent by weight. The issue

unit is 0.5 g.

(3) Laboratory neutron standards of boron glass for neutron

cross sections measurements are available from the Corning

Glass Works o Prepared in a special melt for this purpose,

the boron glass standards are available in the form of

10- inch discs, 1/4 to 3/8 inches thick. Thinner and smaller

samples can be cut and ground to the user's specifications.

While minimum thickness is dependent on overall size,

2X2 inch samples have been prepared as thin a 0.5 mmo The

glass contains approximately 13 percent B2O3. Other

constituents are materials with low molecular weights and

low neutron capture cross sections. Further information

can be obtained from the Business Manager, Research and

Development Laboratory, Corning Glass Works, Corning, New

Yorko Neutron cross section measurements made with this

glass are reported by Gould, et al [14],

(4) Standard Nuclear Foils . A program for the production of

standard nuclear foils has been set up at Oak Ridge

National Laboratory [15]. The ORNL program includes both

the manufacture of foils and their measurement and calibration. These foils may be obtained by writing to E. Kobisk,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee,

(d) Neutron Detectors - The precision long counter of DePangher has

been adopted by many laboratories in the United States and

abroad, and recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements [16] as a standard neutron

detection instrument. Th.is counter has been shown to be very
reproducible in time and is recommended for consideration by

laboratories needing such a fast neutron detector. Design

drawings may be obtained by writing to W. C. Roesch, Hanford

Laboratories, Richland, Washington.

(e) Neutron Cross Sections - The following neutron cross sections

are of widely recognized importance as standards for comparison

of measurements:

(1) H(n,n)H o This is the most basic cross section for neutron

measurents above about 100 keV. Better angular distributions are required above about 15 MeV for highest accuracy

in neutron flux density measurements,

(2) He (n,p), Li (n,a) and B (n,a) . The cross sections of

these reactions should be measured with the highest possible

accuracy above about 1 keV. All of these are already effectively standard cross sections for the < 1 keV neutron

energy region because of their 1/v dependence. However,

in the region between 1 and 100 keV these cross sections

begin to deviate from 1/v and their energy dependence must

be accurately determined. Furthermore, the B^(n,Q;) cross section is often used as a standard by measurement of the

0.478 MeV gamma ray from an excited state of Li and the

branching ratio for the production of this gamma ray needs

to be precisely measured.

The great importance of improved measurements of these

three reaction cross sections is due to large discrepancies

(as great as a factor of two in one instance) existing between cross sections measured by methods which individually

should be good to 5 or 10 percent. Cross sections in the

1 to 100 keV energy range are needed for fast reactor

design which should be good to 1 or 2 percent for reactions

such as U^^^(n,f) and U (n,)-).

OQ "^ 238 2."^ S (3) U and U Fission. Above about 1 keV for U and

about 1 MeV for U

-^° these cross sections are extremely

useful as working standards. For U^^, the region from

1 keV to 200 keV is the least well-known,

(4) Activation Cross Sections . There are many of these cross sections, some being useful as resonance detectors in the

keV region, others as threshold detectors for fast neutron

meagyrements. , Some of the^post the most useful^are useful are Au-*-^'' Au^^'inaX)

Np

„^^(n,r), Rb^ (n,ir),^Mn (n,r),^Co (n,-)r). In .r,(n,n ),

^•^^(n,f), S-^ (n,p), p-^^(n,p), Cu ^(n,2n), and C (n,2n).
2. Radioactivity - The National Bureau of Standards provides alpha,

beta, and gamma-ray emitting artificially-produced radionuclides

of known activity in the micro-curie range [12] „ ^See Table 3.)

Radium standards are available in the range of 10" to 20 \ig/ml.

For most of the calibrated radionuclides now available, it appears

that an accuracy of the order of 1 or 2 percent is obtainable as is

indicated by comparison measurements of the same source at different

national laboratories [17-28]. For some radioactivity standards,

accuracies in the range from 0<,1 to 1 percent are obtainable.

Examples of the radioactivity standards that were made available

during the last two years are solution standards of hydrogen 3-

labeled water and toluene, chlorine 36, calcium 45, strontium 89,

iodine 125, cerium 141, and mercury 203, and gamma-ray point- source standards of cesium-barium 137 and cerium 139 which are additions

to the group of NBS gamma-ray point- source standards. These gammaray point-source standards have been comprised of some eight or nine

different radionuclides emitting gamma rays ranging in energy from

0.166 to lo85 MeV, but because of half-life not all are necessarily

available at the same time [17].

In addition to supplying radioactivity standards, radioactive

sources can be supplied to NBS for calibration. The complete range

of the Bureau's radioactivity standards and testing facilities is

given in the price list shown in Table 3.

In addition, the Bureau engages in a number of national and international comparisons of radioactivity measurements both in the range

of its normal radioactivity standards and also in the low-level

range, the latter including the American Society for Testing

Materials, U.S. Public Health Service, and U. N. International

Atomic Energy Agency intercomparisons of iodine 131, strontium 89,

strontium-yttrium 90, cerium 141, and radium 226, in such media as water, evaporated milk, spinach, and rice flour.

The normal (i.e,, microcurie) range intercomparisons are carried

out in connection with the program of the Bureau International des

Poids et Mesures and have comprised some two to four intercomparisons a year for the last three or four years. They have included

most of the world's radioactivity standardizing laboratories. The

National Bureau of Standards also supplies radioactivity standards

to practically every part of the Western World and a number of

prominent laboratories base their own standards upon the Bureau's,

3. X- and Gamma- ray Sources - The National Bureau of Standards

calibrates x and gamma-ray exposure measuring instruments in

roentgens (R) , radium sources (0.5 to 100 mg) in equivalent radium

content, and cobalt 60 sources (15 to 200 mRh'-'- at one meter) in

exposure rate at one meter. The calibration services available from

the National Bureau of Standards are described in Table 4. These

calibrations are performed by a substitution method with the
national standards. For x rays of 250 kV or less, the national

exposure standards are free- air chambers. NBS Handbook 64 gives

the design criteria for such instruments [29], The International

Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements (ICRU) indicates

[30] that the maximum uncertainty of such a device when used to measure moderately filtered x rays generated by potentials of 60

to 300 kV is about 1 percent. Recent estimates (to be published)

indicate that the maximum uncertainty is about 1.3 percent at

10 kV [3l]o Several direct comparisons of U.S. and other national

free- air chambers have been performed with 60-250 kV x rays since

1950 [32-36]. These are listed in Table 5 together with the maximum differences obtained at any quality.

The UoS. standards for exposure measurement of cobalt 60 and

cesium 137 gamma rays are cavity ionization chambers. It is estimated that the accuracy obtained with such instruments is within

2 percent but experiments are underway to reduce this uncertainty [37].

To reduce major disruption and transport difficulties associated

with taking a national standard to the standards laboratory of

another country, three terminal transfer instruments have been

developed (1960) [33]. Such instruments were used to compare

national standards of the Federal Republic of Germany, France, U.K,.

and U.S.A. [34]. Results obtained by this indirect method agreed

to within 0.5 percent with that obtained earlier for French and

U.K. standards. Together with Dr. F. R. Shonka (St. Procopius

College, Lisle, Illinois), a thin-walled chamber and a thick-walled

conducting plastic chamber have been produced. The thin-walled

chamber shows a variation in its sensitivity of only 3 percent for

the range of qualities generated by 60 to 250 kV x rays. The

thick-walled chamber is useful for energies as high as those for

cobalt 60 and has a variation of sensitivity of about 5 percent

for qualities generated by 60 kV x rays through those from cobalt

60 gamma rays.

Future international exposure comparisons will be coordinated' by

the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in Sevres,

France, To assist them in maintaining uniformity of standards

through the world, NBS is loaning them some of the plastic chambers.

In addition, BIPM, together with the national laboratories, is

endeavoring to reduce the uncertainty of the standards. As a first

step in this direction a direct comparison of 3 or 4 low voltage

(10 to 60 kV) standards is scheduled for the fall of 1965, This

comparison will include a detailed investigation of all of the

correction factors required for such deteirmination and will thus

necessitate active participation by all national laboratories

represented.
The NBS has a set of ionization chambers which are available on

a loan basis to measure total x-ray beam energy between 6 and

300 MeV. They are intended for use with x-ray beams of low to

moderate intensities (from a minimum power of 10 microwatts to a maximum power density of 1 milliwatt/cm ), and are fully described

in NBS Monograph 48 [38]. They were calibrated in two experiments

at NBS [39-40]. Additional calibrations have been obtained indirectly by comparison with replicas of other chambers calibrated

in other laboratories, and by direct experiments at the Max Planck

Institute for Biophysics [4l] and at the University of Illinois

[42], As a result, the calibration has an uncertainty less than

±0.5 percent between 20 and 150 MeV, which rises to ±1.8 percent

at 6 MeV and to ±1.3 percent at 300 MeV. The most recent calibrations and errors were published by Pruitt and Domen [43].

One of these ionization chambers was transported to Europe in 1959

and compared with replicas in Paris, Frankfurt, Zurich, and

Ljubljana [44] » These comparisons not only served to show that

with sufficient care a replica chamber could be constructed with a calibration within a few tenths of 1 percent of that of the original

but also transferred the NBS calibrations to several laboratories in

Europe. In addition, the calibrations have more recently been

transferred by direct comparison to Tohoku University, Sendai,

Japan, and to the Radiophysics Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,

4. Nuclear Data Compilation and Evaluation

(a) The Nuclear Data Group under K. Way (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box X, Oak Ridge, Tennessee) is the most comprehensive of the nuclear data compilation efforts. The current form

of data presentation is the loose-leaf Nuclear Data Sheets [45]

which are periodically updated. (Subscriptions are handled by

the National Academy of Sciences Printing and Publishing Office,

2101 Constitution Avenue, N. W. , Washington, Do Co) The data

sheets cover nuclear level parameters, nuclear decay properties,

reactions, moments, isotopic abundances, and other properties

o

Earlier publications include the Nuclear Data Tables [46,47]

containing data collections systematized according to some specific nuclear property (e.g., Q-values, reaction graphs)

»

A newsletter, prepared by K. Way, entitled, "World-Wide News of

Compilations in Nuclear Physics" is available.

(b) BNL Sigma Center o This Center collects, stores, and evaluates

neutron cross sections. BNL-325, 2nd ed., was published in 1958.

A first supplement was published in 1960. A three volume second

supplement is being prepared. Volo I, Z=l-20 appeared in

May 1964o A second volume for Z=88-96 is in press. Data on angular distributions is contained in BNL-400, 2nd ed. , October

1962. A tape storage and retrieval program (SCISRS) has been

developed and all cross section data are being stored in this

format and is available to those who need the data.
The cross section evaluation work of the Center involves

neutron cross sections and other nuclear data of use to reactor

physicists o The Center has issued since 1960 eight Newsletters

and many other reports on cross sections and is preparing a tape storage and retrieval program (ENDF) for reactor cross sections. A computer code for calculating optical model cross sections (ABACUS II) has been developed and is available upon

request. Typical Newsletters are on such topics as (n,2n) cross sections, consistent sets of 2200 m/sec cross sections,

computations of angular distributions, inelastic cross sections.,

and the like.

Further information can be obtained from Murrey Goldberg, Sigma

Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, Long Island,

New York. The compilations are now available from the Superintendent of Documents, U. So Government Printing Office,

Washington, Do C. 20402 (48,49) <> The Newsletters are available from the Clearinghouse for Federal, Scientific and Technical Information, National Bureau of Standards, U. S. Dept.

of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia,

(c) Tabulated Differential Neutron Cross Sections compiled by

Robert Jo Howerton are available from the University of

California, Lawrence, California [50].

(d) CINDA (Computer Index Neutron Data) is a bibliographical index

of information concerning microscopic neutron cross sections

and allied data for specific elements and isotopes. The listing

consists of the targets, quantity reported, range of incident

neutron energy, and reference information. The authors of this

compilation are Herbert Goldstein, Columbia University, and

Melvin H. Kalos, Courant Institute, New York University and

United Corporation [51]. Copies of this report may be obtained

from the Defense Documentation Center, Cameron Station,

Alexandria, Virginia, and from the Division of Technical Information Extension, U.S, Atomic Energy Commission, P.O.Box 62,

Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

(e) Photonuclear Data Compilation - A program of compilation and

evaluation of photonuclear reaction data is in progress under

Eo Go Fuller of NBS, A first step in this program has been a systematic search of the nuclear physics literature from 1956

to data. The results have been abstracted from experimental

papers which dealt with nuclear reactions initiated by photons

or electrons (e.g., (r )T) > (T>n), (e,e ), (e,e'p), or with the

inverse process in which a ground state gamma ray is emitted

following heavy particle capture (e.g,, (p,Y" )). The first

publication of this group will be a quantitative bibliography

of photonuclear reactions in which the following information is

listed: element, reaction, type of cross section information,

10
excitation energy range, source type and energy range, detector

description (detected particle energy range and angular distribution), and additional remarks characterizing the experiment.

This bibliography should be available May 1, 1965, This group

eventually hopes to compile a set of "best values" for photonuclear cross sections for different reactions for different

elements. Further information can be had from Jo S. O'Connell,

Radiation Physics Division, National Bureau of Standards,

Washington, D. C. 20234.

(f) Charged-Particle Cross Sections - A 400-page volume of graphs

and tables on charged-particle cross sections for manganese,

iron, and cobalt, compiled by an Oak Ridge group consisting of

Fo K. McGowan, W. T. Milner, and Ho Jo Kim is available [52].

Cross sections as function of bombarding-particle energy and of

emitted-particle angle, and emitted-particle polarization as function of angle are presented for the three elements mentioned

above. Later volumes will cover the region from cobalt through

uranium. Reports LA- 2014 and LA- 2424 [53,54] will be brought

up to date by the ORNL group through supplements similar in

style to the present volume [55]

o

5 24

(g) Energy-Levels of Light Nuclei (He to Ne ) are compiled by

Fo Ajzenberg-Selove (Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania)

and T. Lauritsen (California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,

California) o The last complete review was published in 1959

[56]. An addendum was issued by the Nuclear Data Group in

May 1962 [57].

(h) National Standard Reference Data System - The general problem

of processing and evaluating technical information has been

under review by a number of executive and congressional groups.

One output of these reviews was the promulgation of a Federal

policy in June 1963 in which a National Standard Reference Data

System was established and in which the National Bureau of

Standards was given the responsibility for its administratiouo

The general objective of this system is to coordinate and

integrate existing data compilation and evaluation activities

into a systematic program, supplementing and expanding technical coverage when necessary, establishing and maintaining

standards for the output of the various groups, and providing

a mechanism for the dissemination of the output as required.

The program will be based on a decentralized operation con- ducted across the country in many organizations by many individuals and groups, with central coordination managed by the

National Bureau of Standards, Account is to be taken of all

existing activities, and no attempt will be made to take over direct operational management of existing groups, nor will new activities be initiated in fields now adequately covered.

11
An initial preliminary survey by E. Lo Brady, Chief of the

NSRDS program, indicated that the field of nuclear physics is

relatively well covered by means of data compilation and

evaluation programs and that perhaps only a few specific

activities need to be added or expanded. Under the financial

sponsorship of the AEC, a number of continuing activities

have been in operation for some years, producing critically

evaluated compilations of values of nuclear properties, re- action cross sections, and reactor physics data. Tentative

conclusions from the preliminary survey are that the present

effort on charged particle cross sections needs to be expanded,

that the various nuclear cross section compilation groups could

benefit by better coordination of their efforts and better

definition of their individual responsibilities, and that the use of machine techniques by all groups should be investigated.

It is to be expected that the detailed survey to be conducted

will reveal additional needs for new or expanded activities

»

12
References

1. R. Ho Noyce, E. Ro Mosburg, Jr., So B. Garfinkel, and R, S.Caswell,

Absolute calibration of the National Bureau of Standards photoneutron source--III. Absorption in a heavy water solution of

manganous sulphate. J. Nuclear Energy A/B JLZ, 313 (1963).

2. Jo DeJuren and J. Chin, Absolute calibration of the National Bureau

of Standards photoneutron standard: II. Absorption in manganese

sulfate. Jo Reso NBS 55, 311 (1955).

3o J. DeJuren, Do Padgett, and L. Fo Curtiss, Absolute Calibration of

the National Bureau of Standards photoneutron standard: I. J. Res. NBS ^, 63 (1955)o

4o Eo R. Mosburg, Jr„, Scintillation counter method of intercomparing

neutron source strengths by means of a manganous sulfate bath.

J. Res. NBS 62, No. 5, 189 (1959).

5o International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements - NBS Handbook 85, Physical Aspects of Irradiation. (UoS. Government

Printing Office, Washington, D. Co 20402) p. 58.

6. National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurements - NBS Handbook 72, Measurement of Neutron Flux and Spectra for

Physical and Biological Applications. (U. S. Government Printing

Office, Washington, D. Co 20402) p. 66.

7. C. Eggler and D. J. Hughes, The neutron spectrum of a radiumberyllium photo source. Uo S. AEC Report ANL 4476 (1950).

8. J. DePangher, Double moderator neutron dosimeter, Nucl. Instr.

Method 5, 61 (1959).

9o R. Richmond, The standardization of neutron sources. Progr. in

Nucl. Energy, Series I, Phys, and Math. II, 165 (1958).

10. Ko Eo Larsson, Present status in the field of neutron source calibrations. Jo Nuclo Energy 6, 322 (1958).

11. K. Wo Geiger, The status of the Canadian neutron standard. Can.

J. Physo ^, 569 (1960).

12. The descriptions, conditions, charges, and instructions for obtaining calibration services and standard materials from the National

Bureau of Standards are to be found in two NBS publications entitled

NBS Miscellaneous Publications #241, Standard Materials, and #250,

Calibration and Test Services. These publications are obtainable

from the U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, Do C. 20402.

13
Updated excerpts from these publications are to be found in

Tables 2, 3, and 4 of the present report « General questions re- garding the availability of standards, services, and research in

nuclear and radiation physics are to be directed to the Chief,

Radiation Physics Division, National Bureau of Standards,

Washington, D. C. 20234.

13. The boric acid standards can be obtained in the United States by

writing to Dr. R. So Caswell, National Bureau of Standards,

Washington, D. C. 20234. Reference should be made to the detailed

description of the standards in Table 2d„

14. F. To Gould, T. I. Taylor, W. Wo Havens, Jr., B. M. Rustad, and

E. Melkonian, Long wavelength crystal spectrometer and the neutron

absorption cross sections of gold and boron. Nuclear Science and

Engineering's, 453 (1960) o

15 o A recent description of the special targets and foils available

from Oak Ridge are to be found in Table 2g. Any special requirements will be considered by the ORNL group by directing communications to Mr, E. Kobisk, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,

Tennessee,

16 « International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements - NBS Handbook 85, Physical Aspects of Irradiation. (UoS. Government

Printing Office, Washington, D, C. 20402) p, 48,

17. NBS Circular 594, Preparation, Maintenance, and Application of

Standards of Radioactivity (U.S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, D. C. 20402) Section 10, International Comparisons of

Radioactivity Standards, p. 38.

18 o NBS Handbook 78, Report of the International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements (1959). (U.S, Government Printing

Office, Washington, D. C. 20402) Section 17, Comparisons of Radium

Standards, p. 75.

19. May 6, 1963 Report of Comite Consultatif pour Les Etalons de Mesure

des Radiations lonisantes (Gauthier-Villars & Cie, Paris), p, 29,

35, 47, 53, and 59.

20. International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements - NBS Handbook 86, Radioactivity. (U.S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, Do C. 20402) Section 1.3, International Comparisons,

p. 4.

21. A recalibration of the National Bureau of Standards tritiated water

standards by gas counting. W. B. Mann, W. R. Medlock, and 0. Yura,

Int. Jo Appl. Rad. Isotopes 15, 351 (1964).

14
22. W. B. Mann and Ac Spernol, A recalibration of the National Bureau of

Standards tritiated water standards by gas counting. Int. J. Appl.

Radc Isotopes _15, 628 (1964).

23. L. A. Currie, G« Mo France, III, and Ho L. Steinberg, Radioisotope

dilution and its application to the radioassay of Ce-'-'^'^. Int. J.

Appl. Rado Isotopes 1_6, 1 (1965)o

24. S. Bo Garfinkel, W. B, Mann, R. W. Medlock, and 0. Yura, The

calibration of the National Bureau of Standards ' tritiated toluene

standard of radioactivity. Into J. Appl. Rad„ Isotopes 16, 27

(1965)o

25. S. B. Garfinkel and J. M. Ro Hutchinson, The absolute standardization of cobalt-57. Work completed and paper in preparation.

26. W. B. Mann, H. Ho Seliger, W. Fo Marlow, and Ro W. Medlock,

Recalibration of the NBS carbon-14 standard by Geiger-Muller and

proportional gas countingo Revo Scio Instr. _31, No. 7, 690 (1960).

27. S. B. Garfinkel and J. M. R. Hutchinson, Determination of source self-absorption in the standardization of electron-capturing radionuclideso Int. J. Appl. Rad. Isotopes J^, 629 (1962).

28. NBS Handbook 80, Report of the National Committee on Radiation

Protection and Measurements, A Manual of Radioactivity Procedures

(1961).

29. H. Go Wyckoff and F. H. Attix, Design of free-air ionization

chambers NBS Handbook 64 (1957) (U. S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, D. C. 20402).

30. International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements - NBS Handbook 85, Physical Aspects of Irradiationo (U.S. Government

Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402)

31. P. J. Lamperti and H. 0. 't\tyckoff , NBS free-air chamber for measurement of 10 to 60 kV X rays. NBS Jo Res„ 69C (Engo & Instr ») No, 1,

39 (1965).

32. H. 0. ^^ckoff and G. Ho Aston, A comparison of x-ray standards.

Acta Radiologica Suppo 117 , 17 (1955).

33. H. 0. Wyckoff, Comparison of national standards for roentgen

measurement. IXth Int. Cong, of Radiology, 1315 (1960)

»

34. H. 0. Wyckoff, A. Allisy, G. H. Aston, Go Po Barnard, W. Hubner,

To Loftus, and G. Taupin, Intercomparison of national roentgen and

gamma ray exposure-dose standardso Act& Radiologica _!, No. 1,

57 (1963).

15
35., R. Thoraeus and H. 0. Wyckoff, Calibration of the portable Swedish

free-air chamber equipment at the U. S, National Bureau of Standards,

ActaRadiologica 46, 742 (1956)

„

36. A. Allisy, L. DeLaVergne and H. Oo Wyckoff, An intercomparison of

the French and U. So roentgen ray standards „ Acta Radiologica 48 , 486 (1957),

37 o F. H. Attix and V. Ho Ritz, A determination of the gamma-ray

emission of radium. J„ Res. NBS 59' ^93 (1957).

38. J. S. Pruitt and S. Ro Domen, Determination of total x-ray beam

energy with a calibrated ionization chamber. NBS Mono. 48 (1962).

39. J. S. Pruitt and S. R. Domen, Calorimetric calibration of an ionization chamber for determination of x-ray total beam energy,

J. Res. NBS _66A (Phys. and Chem. ) , No. 5, 371 (1962).

40. Eo G. Fuller and E. Hajn^^ard, Calibration of a monitor for use in

bremsstrahlung beams, J, Res. NBS 65A (Phys„ and Chem.), No. 5,

401 (1961),

41. Jo S. Pruitt and W, Pohlit, Vergleichsmessungen Mit Intensitatsstandards fur Energiereiche Bremsstrahlung. Z„ Naturforsch. 15b , 9 (1960)o

42. W. P. Swanson, R. A. Carrigan, Jr., and E. L. Goldwasser,

Extension of the NBS P2 chamber calibration to 260 MeV. Rev, Sci.

Instro 34, No. 5, 538 (1963).

43. J. So Pruitt and So Ro Domen, Intercomparison of high energy x ray

intensity measurements. J. Res. NBS 68A (PhySo and Chem.), 703

(1964).

44. J. S. Pruitt, Ao Allisy, G« Joyet, Wo Pohlit, Mo Tubiana, and

Co Zupancic, Transfer of NBS x-ray beam calibrations. J. Res.

NBS 66c (Eng. and Instr.), No. 2, 107 (1962),

45 o Nuclear Data Sheets, compiled by K. Way, et al. (Piinting and

Publishing Office, National Academy of Science - National Research

Council, Washington, Do C.)

46. Nuclear Data Tables (1959), compiled by K. Way, et al. (Printing

and Publishing Office, National Academy of Science - National

Research Council, Washington, D. C.)

47. Nuclear Data Tables (1960), compiled by K. Way, et alo (Printing

and Publishing Office, National Academy of Science - National

Research Council, Washington, D. C.)

16
48. Neutron Cross Sections, Second Supplement to Second Edition of

BNL 325, Brookhaven National Laboratory.

49. Angular Distributions in Neutron- Induced Reactions, Second Edition,

BNL 400, Brookhaven National Laboratory.

50. R. J. Howerton, Tabulated Differential Neutron Cross Sections.

UCRL-5226, UCRL-5351, and UCRL-5573, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory.

51. H. Goldstein and M. H. Kalos, CINDA (Computer Index Neutron Data).

DASA 1535, U.So Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory,

52. F. K. McGowan, W. T. Milner, and H. J. Kim, Nuclear Cross Sections

for Charged-Particle Induced Reactions, ORNL-CPX-1 (1964).

53. Charged Particle Cross Sections, LA-2014, Los Alamos Scientific

Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico.

54o Charged Particle Cross Sections Neon 2 Chromium, LA-2424, Los Alamos

Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New MexicOo

55 o World-Wide News of Compilations in Nuclear Physics, Vol. _1, NOo 2,

(1964), ed, Ko Way,

56. F. Ajzenberg-Seloveand T. Lauritsen, Energy Levels of Light Nuclei,

Nuclear Phys . jj., 1 (1959).

57. Energy Levels of Light Nuclei (1962), Nuclear Data Sheets, sets 5 and 6, compiled by Ko Way, et al. (Printing and Publishing Office,

National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, Washington, D. Co)

17
Table la

Standard Neutron Source Data

Name and address of source location National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.

Name of scientist

in charge V. Spiegel, Jr.

Type of source. Identification numbers,

composition, dimensions

Radium-Beryllium (Yj^), designated teS-I.

Radium source material enclosed in platinumiridium capsule 0.2 mm thick, in shape of

right circular cylinder 0.8ii cm diameter,

0.86 cm height. Capsule is enclosed in

beryllium sphere ii.OO cm diameter.

Absolute

calibration

Date June 1961

Methods Heavy-water manganous-sulfate bath, lightwater manganous sulfate bath, calibrated

manganese and indium foils in a light water

bath.

Results

and

accuracy5'-

1.2^7 X 10° n/sec ±1 percent (June I96I),

weighted average of 3.methods above. Heavywater bath 1.252 -^ ^^ - -'•i percent.

Light-water bath 1.25z: x^lO - 2 percent.

Foils in bath 1.2^2 x 10 ±3 percent.

(Errors are sum of standard error and systematic error)

Where

published?

Noyce, Mosburg, Garfinkel, Caswell, Jour. Nucl

Energy A/B 17, 313 (1963); DeJuren and Chin,

Jour. Research Nat'l. Bur Stds. I4O, 311 (1^55)

DeJuren, Padgett, and Cartiss, J. Res. NBS

iiai.63 (1955).

Neutron

spectrum

determination

Date

Method

Results

and

accuracy-"-

Presum.ably similar to spectrum of companion

source NBS-11.

Where

published?

18
Table lb

Standard Neutron Source Data

^ame and address of source location National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C

!^ame of scientist

Ln charge V. Spiegel, Jr.

Type of source. Identification numbers,

composition, dimensions

Radium-Beryllium (Y,n), designated NBS-II.

The radium source material is enclosed first

in a platinum-iridium capsule of 0.2 mm

thickness and then in a monel capsule of

thickness 1.0 mm. in shape of a right circular cylinder 1.00^ cm diam by 1.018 cm. height. Capsule is enclosed in a beryllium

sphere 14.00 cm diameter.

A.bsolute

calibration

Date 1958

Method Graphite sphere with BF- thermal neutron

counters

Results

and

Accuracy

An absolute source strength of 1.21 X 10

neutrons/sec with an error of ± 2 percent

quoted for the detector efficiency.

Where

published?

J. H. Gibbons and R. L. Macklin, Phys. Rev.

nil, 571 (1959)

Date 1959

Methods Activation of manganous sulfate bath

Relative

calibration

Results

and

Accuracy

Relative source strength to NB;:d-I is

0.939-5 ± .only. This gives absolute source strength of l.l8x x 10° neutrons/sec ±1.1

percent (standard error plus systematic

error) as of June 1961.

Where

published?

E. R. Mosburg, Jr., J. Research Nat'l Bur.

Stds. 62, 189 (1959)

Methods

Neutron

spectram

dete rmination

Cloud Chamber, Double Moderator Neutron

Dosimeter _^_____

Results

and

Accuracy

Wliere

piiblished?

Maximum neutron energy 700 keV, Spectrum

reported in NBS Handbook 85, page 58 or NBS

Handbook 72, page 66. Cloud chamber gives

0.31 MeV average energy while moderation

method gives 0.2 MeV. . .. . i 'Eggler and Hughes AWL I^U/g (ivyu; uerangner,

Nucl, Instr. Method^, 6l (1 959)

19
Table Ic

Comparison of NBS Neutron Sources

With Sources from Other Institutes

Description of

source to which

the NBS source has

been compared

Type

Identification numbers

composition, dimensions

Name and address

of Institute

Neutron output and

accuracy.

Method of measurement

This page refers to a number of comparisons

made at Hanirell in

1955 by R. Richmond,

referred to present

value for NBS source

II.

See below

See below

Date of comparison 1955

Method Activation of

manganous sulfate bath

Result and accuracy Laboratory X Source strength

laboratory standard

Q„. (neutrons /sec)

Ratio

for

'X' '*NBS same source Oxford (RdTh-D^O) 6.18 x 10^ ± 1.6;

Basel (B2) 1.5l5 x 10^ ± 2.i

Ra-Be(a,n)

Harwell

Ra-Be(a,n)

Stockholm

RA~Be(a,n)

9.66 X 10 ± k.^%

(1951)

2.65 X 10^ ± 2%

(Oct. 195^4)

0.996

.973

1.060

1.002

Where published? R. Richmond Progr. in

Nucl. Energy, Series

I, Phys, and Math, II

165 (1958)

20
Table Id

Comparisons of NBS Neutron Sources

With Sources from Other Institutes

Description of source

to which the NBS

source has been

Type

Identification numbers

composition, dimensions

Name and address of

institute

Neutron output and

accuracy--.

Method of measurement,

RA>Be(a,n)

A. B. Atomenergi,

Stockholm, Svreden

2J6 X in^ t 2%

(neutrons /sec)

(Oct. 195a). Various

methods (see

reference )

.

Date of comparison Hay 1957

Method

Baron coimters in

water or boric acid

solution.

Result and accuracy^-

1.167 X l'")" neutron

sec ± 3% intercomparison error

(strength for NBS-II

Ratio Stockholm /NBS

for sane source = 0.986 ± "}%

Where published?

K.-E. Larsson, J.

Nuclear Energy 6^

322 (1958)

21
Table le

Comparisons of NES Neutron Sources

With Sources from Other Institutes

Description of

source to which

the NBS source

has been compared.

Type

Identification numbers, coraposition,

dimensions

Ra-Be(a,n)

NRC source N-200-1

Name and address

of institute

National Research Council

Ottawa, Canada

Neutron output and

accuracy. Method

of measurement.

(3.2O0 ± 0.05) X 10^

n/sec (July 1958)

Date of comparison July 1959

Method Activation of MnSO, bath

Result and accuracy

Canadian value for NBS-II

is 1.176 X 10*^ neutrons /sec

± 1 percent (July 1959)

corrected to June 1961,

this is 1.175 X 10° neu- trons/sec. This gives

ratio NRC/NBS for same source = 0.995

Where published? K. V/. Geiger, Can. J.

Physics Vol. 33 56^^ (l^^oo)

22
Table If

Comparison of NBS Neutron Sources

With Sources from Other Institutes

Description of

source to which

the NBS source

has been compared.

Type

Identification numbers

composition, dimensions

Ra-Be(Y,n)

NFL Source 2C

Name and address of

institute

National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Ehgland.

Neutron output and

accuracy, Ifethod of

meavsurement.

1.66i4 X in-' neutrons /sec

± 2 percent, manganous

sulfate bath

Date of comparison November I960

Method Activation of manganous

sulfate bath

Result and accuracy

1.686 X 10 neutrons /sec

.

Intercomparison uncertainty

0.2W. Ratio IffL./NBS 0.988

for same source.

V/here published? Not published

23
Table 2a

Neutron Sources

Item Description Fee

204.701a Determination of ratio of neutron emission rate of unknown source to primary standard in MnSO* bath or graphite column $385. 00

Table 2b

Neutron Instruments

Item Description Fee

204,702a CaUbration of a set (one to three) of thermal neutron dosimeters $78. 00

Table 2c

Neutron Irradiation of Foils

Item

204.703a

Description

Activation of a set (one to four) of foils in the NBS standard thermal

neutron flux geometry

Fee

$59. 00

24
Table 2d

Boric Acid Standard

The Nuclear Cross Section Advisory Group of the United States

Atomic Energy Commission and the European American Nuclear Data Commit

tee have obtained the cooperation of the Centra] Bureau of Nuclear

Measurements in Geel, Belgium, and the National Bureau of Standards in

the United States in acquiring stocks of standard H3BO.3. These committees announce the availability of the stocks and emphasize the desirability of measuring boron neutron cross sections with boron from these

standard stock materials.

The determination of many neutron cross sections is based on the

thermal cross section of the &^ (n,a) reaction which is now knovm to

0.3^. However, the B^° isotopic content of boron found in nature varies

widely. For example, the Central Bureau of Nuclear Measurements of

EUMTOM at Geel, Belgium, has recently investigated samples of standard

boron stocks taken from the various countries and has found that while

most of the standard boron samples used have about 19.8^ B^", the standard samples used at Fontenay-aux- Hoses, France, and Harwell, England,

contain 20.]^ B^° . The results of these investigations are presented in

a European American Nuclear Data Report, EANDC(E)-36, which is available

from the Central Bureau of Nuclear Measurements, Geel, Belgium.

These stocks at the CBNM and NBS have been thoroughly analyzed both

isotopically and chemically. The stock at the NBS is the lot called

Argonne II, which was originally prepared for the Argonne National

Laboratory and was analyzed at Argonne. This stock is being distributed

at present with no further analysis by NBS. The results of the Argonne

analysis will, however, be supplied with the NBS samples. Work is now

undeiT^ay which will lead to NBS certification of this material. Both

the CBNM and NBS stocks have a boron 10 content of about 19.8 atomic

percent and both have been checked at CBNM and have been found identical

in isotopic composition to within ± 0.02 atomic percent. At the present

time the CBNM has a stock of 100 kilograms and the NBS has 300 kilograms

of this HaBOa. If the results to be obtained justify the effort, the

Central Bureau of Nuclear Measurements will supply standardized solutions and films with a certificate giving details, such as isotopic and

chemical composition.

European scientists should write to:

Dr. G. H. Debus

Head of Mass Spectrometry Group and of

Target and Sample Preparation Lab.

Central Bureau of Nuc±ear Measurements

EURATOM

Steenweg naar Retie

Geel, Belgium

In the United States scientists

should write to:

Dr. R, S. Caswell

Chief, Neutron Physics Section

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 2023I4

25
Table 2d (Cont'd)

NBS Boric Acid Sample Specifications

CHEMICAL

99.5 ^

Ref.

HjBOj 1

Insoluble in alcohol Pass ACS Test

Non volatile with methanol 0.02 i

Chloride 0.001 i

Phosphate .0002 i

Sulphate 0.005 I0 Arsenic .00005 I0 Calcium 0.002 i

Heavy Metals (as Pb) 0.0005 i

Iron 0.0005 i

ISOTOPIC

Per cent B 19.8i^±O.Oi^- ^

19.81±0.02

19.7to.17

19.8±o.l

19.8±0.1

2

2

3

4

5

CROSS SECTION AT 0.0255 eV.

Cross section at 0.0253 eV. 76l±5 barns

764±5

758±1<- 757±6

3

6

7

8

This sample Is from the lot of boric acid known as New Argonne Standard

Boron, Argonne II, and ANL-BNL boron.

26
Table 2d (Cont'd)

1. J. T. Baker Chemical Co., Phillipsburg, N. J. Analysis of Lot 92511.

2. G. H. Debus et al. EANDC(e) 56 and Reactor Sci. and Tech. 12 5^9 (I965)

.

5. G. I. Safford et al. Phys. Rev. U^ I29I (I960) and Nuclear Sci.

and Eng. 2 132 (I96I)

.

k, F. T. Gould et al. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. (Ser. 11) 2 42 (1957).

5. Haas et al. KAPL-2062 (1959) (unpublished).

6. F. T. Gould et al. Nuclear Sci. and Eng. 8 k^"^ (I960) .

7. J. W. Meadows and J. F. Whalen Nuclear Sci. and Eng. £ 152 (I96I)

.

8. H. W. Schmitt et al. Nuclear Phys. 12 109 (I960)

.

27
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o

tH

CU c 13 •H 1—1 X)

CUc XI ^

•I-I

•1-4 to

5-1 CO o o 1—1 CU C CO c M •H •r-l 4-1 XI -3 o }-i K^ X

CO u

CU

CO CU »\ CO CO 3

X3

CO

4-1 CO

CU <U

4-1 w o 00 c M-l in X CO <; •r-l 4J CU to X •H

<; M-l 5-1 •1-4 CU 00 CO in e 4J 3 CO CU 3 0) CO Oi Csl 1-4 (U 00 CO 1—1 •1-1 X 4-1 D

o

4-1 C

cw

4-1 X

CO XI

1 enw

IS

1—

t

•1-1 eg

CO

pa

4-1

• a

•

>-3

CO 3

•1-1

4J

4J

CO3

B

M-l u

o

to

4-1

(U(U

l-c bO <

•1-1 i

4J <

CO

C4-I

u

CO X)C

CO

CO X3

t-l CO X) XI

CO CUa

a

•HX

4-1 to

ft4

CU

to

•1-1

>-l

4-1 CO

4-1 U

CU

I-I X

CO

CO

CU3

CO

CU

4-1 CO

5-1 G 4-1 C CU P^ ^ CO I—

1

CU CL >N 4-1 X3 O c 14-4 1—1 CO c CO Ch CO CU X CO to 4-1 U o CO CO 4-1 a 3 u CU 4J 3 &. •r^ CO o T3 CO

•1-1 >4-t x>

CO •1-4 X

•H

CO XICO

CO CU B

CU XI

<d

01 (U

CO

CUa. 3

CU i

to XI

(U

C4-4

14-) 3

CO

P-, COCO

4-1 XI

CO u CO

4-1 o 4-1 t3 CO CO

CU

CO

1-1

•1-1 C

CU CO <; r-l

CO CU

r-4 B CUCO

CO

4-1 C 1—1 d f-i a CO 1-4 1—1 to 3 3 CU CU CU

(U •H 3 ^•4 1—1 <u & CO -3 3 4J X X X > pa CU t3 1—1 3 U •1-4 00 E^^ XJ

1—1 X >

•1-4 CU

r-l X •1-1 5

(U 4a •1-1 to X)

4-1 CO •3 3

•1-1 % u CO 1—1 •H

CO

CO X

X 4J

COB

(U

COc

•r-l

4-) CO3

B

3 CO XI

}-l

CO 4-1 CO3

4-) COc

J-l

3

CO

4-1 CO

3

CU

4-1

3

CO

4-1 XCO

CO

3

B

CO

• CU3

CO

CU

1—1 >

CO o•H 00c X

4-1

4J

CO COu

CO X)CO X)3

B

CO

CU

4-1 3 §

3M3

CUB pa

5-4 <U XI

CO X

CO

cu •H CO CU CO CO

!-i h-l •I-I >N (X 5-4 CO CO M C 3 •N X) 4-) 4-1 <U 3 X •H Pm a,

CO CO U B <U V-i CO CO XI <4-4 to X 3 4-1 Q) u U »\ CO »\ c •H X)

CO T3 C

CU c

CO T3

^•1 CU

M-4 1 c D CO

CO X)

0) 00

•r-l X) CO

CO 1

^•1 CO 1

•1-1 4-1 3 C 3

ot •r-f • V4

CO

COCU

5-4 3

CUu

(U

5-4 CO Xl 5-1 T3 CO CO •1-4 to in "3 CO CO H CU C 0) u c CU CU 4-1 0) •rW -0" 3 5-1 3 M-l 3 4-) CO > C CO B !-i 3 M > in CO CU •H cr CO

4-J o c J-3 >-w c ^ r—

1

•H 4-J > 3 M-l (U 4-1 CO bO e fS a pa a P4 G eg CO c 3 5-1 CO

28
Table 2f

PLUTONIUM SULFATE I30T0PIC STANDARD

T . TD 239 ^ 240 1/^ 241 ^ 242

Isotope Pu Pu — Pu Pu

Atom

Percent 91.365 7.907 0.695 0.0330

±0.010 ±0.010 ±0.002 ±0.0003

Weight

Percent 91.329 7.937 0,700 0.0334

\_l The value for plutoniuin-241 will slowly (half-life

13 years) decrease^ and the other values increase

proportionately^ because of the decay of plutonium241 to americium-241 . The value given is for June \,

1964, and was obtained on samples from which the

americium was removed. Satisfactory values averaging

11.55 for the atom ratio plutonium-239 to plutonium240 were obtained without the removal of americium.

The sample was prepared in the form of plutonium sulfate tetrahydrate from high-purity metal at the New Brunswick Laboratory

of the Atomic Energy Commission. The values given above were obtained from mass-spectrometry measurements at the National

Bureau of Standards by Ernest L, Garner and William R, Shields,

using chemical preparations by Lawrence A, Machlan, Rolf A.

Paulson, and Martha S. Richmond. The values were calculated

from measurements made on a multiplier-equipped spectrometer of

the ratios Pu-239 to Pu-240, Pu-241 to Pu-240, and Pu-242 to Pu240, corrected for discrimination effects from measurements under

similar conditions on known mixtures of uranium isotopes. The

limits indicated were calculated from the data obtained at NBS

and are for a 95-percent confidence level for a single determination. They are dependent on uranium and plutonium exhibiting

similar behavior since high-purity plutonium isotopes were not

available in quantity to prepare synthetic mixtures.

29
Table 2g

Special Targets and Foils

Many of the measurements made to obtain nuclear data require use of

thin foils and special targets fabricated from isotopes. The ORNI.

Isotopes Development Center offers enriched isotope foils and targets to

meet the requirements of experimenters engaged in this vital research.

Various fabrication techniques are used, depending upon the physical properties of the elements involved. The major methods include vacuum evaporation, rolling, electrolytic deposition, pressing, and

casting. Vapor plating is occasionally used to reduce compounds to

elemental form for further processing by rolling or evaporation. In the case of enriched C^* targets, acetylene prepared with C^* is polymerized

in a glow discharge produced between tv/o plates. These plates also

serve as a backing for the deposit.

Evaporated foils are prepared on metal plates up to 2 x 3 in. This

backing material can be adjusted in thickness, shape, and composition to

meet the parameters of the experiment.

Self- supported foils prepared by evaporation are often deposited

on glass plates in sizes up to 3^ ^ ^ in. The glass plates are coated

with a parting agent which permits stripping of the film from the glass

In some cases the plates are shipped without stripping to permit transport of fragile films, and stripping in a water bath is carried out at

the laboratory of the experimenter. Nomnal carbon foils prepared in

this manner can be used without further treatment, or used as backing

for enriched isotopes which are amenable to the evaporation technique.

The size of rolled foils has been standardized at 1 x 1 in. In

special cases larger sizes can be prepared. Pressed and cast targets

range from f to 2^ in. in diameter in increments of f in. Reactive

materials are often encapsulated to permit normal handling.

The cost for fabrication varies from $12^ to $l50 for standard

forms. Quotations will be proAdded for special shapes after a review

of specifications.

Mass and spectrochemical analyses of the isotopic material used in

the fabrication are included with each shipment. Foils prepared by

evaporation are produced to a tolerance of ±20^, rolled foils to a tolerance of ±^%,

30
Table 2g (cont •d)

The follovd.ng

and type of backing

table provides thickne;

available

3s range, method of preparatior

Element

H (as hydride of

Zr, Y or 11)

Ran^e of Thickness Method of Preparation Backing

100 to 5000 M-g/cm^ Zr, Y, Ti on 10-mil Metal

Pt followed by H^

sorption

D (as deuterated

polyethylene

)

>0.2 mil Pressing or blowing Selfsupporting

Li 1 mg/cm® to any cast

size

Casting or rolling Selfsupporting

Li (as LiH) 20 to 500 ug/cm® Vacuum evaporation Carbor

Be 25 to $nn |ig/cm^ Vacuum evaporation Carbon

B 20 to 200 ixg/cm^ Vacuum evaporation Selfsupporting

or metal

500 to 1000 |ag/cm^ Vacuum evaporation Metal

C Normal Isotopic 10 to 100 iJ-g/cm^ Vacuum evaporation SelfPolymerization of supporting

acetylene Metal

F(as fluoride) 25 to 500 !ig/cm^ Vacuum evaporation Metal

Na 7.5 mg/cm^ to any

cast size

Rolling or casting Selfsupporting

Mg 5 to 8000 |ig/cm^ Vacuum evaporation Carbon

Al 5 to 12,000 ug/cm^ Vacuum evaporation Metal

Si 30 to 100 [ig/cm" Vacuum evaporation Selfsupporting

10 to 100 iig/cm®- Vacuum evaporation Metal

S 5 mg/cm^ up Pressing or casting Selfsupporting

CI (as compound) 5 mg/cra^ up Vacuum evaporation Metal

Pressing or casting Self- 2 supporting

31
Table 2g (cont 'd)

JELement

K

Range of Thickness Method of Preparat]

7.5 mg/cm^ to any cast Rolling or Gastii

Lon Backing

ig Selfsize supporting

Ca 1 mg/cin^ up Rolling Selfsupporting

Sc 1 mg/cm^ up Rolling Selfsupporting

Ti 1 mg/cm^ up Rol 1 i ng Selfsupporting

V 1 mg/cm^ up Rolling Self,

supporting

Cr 10 to 5000 M-g/cm^ Electrolytic

deposition

Metal

Fe, Co, & Ni 1 mg/cm^ up Rolling Selfsupporting

800 mg/cm^ up Casting Selfsupporting

10 to 1000 vig/cm^ Electrolytic

deposition Metal

Ni - Selfsupporting

(100 to

1000

y.g/cm^ )

Cu 1 mg/cm^ up Rolling Selfsupporting

10 to 1000 M-g/cm^ Electrolytic

deposition Metal

200 M-g/cm' up Vacuum evaporation Self9 supporting

Zn 1 mg/cm up Rolling Selfsupporting

10 to 1000 VLg/cnf Electrolytic

deposition Metal

Ge 10 to 200 iig/cm^ Vacuum evaporation Metal

As 10 to 2000 [xg/cm® Vacuum evaporation Metal

Se 300 to 5000 (ig/cm^ Vacuum evaporation Selfsupporting

10 to 5000 |ig/cm^ Vacuum evaporation Metal

32
Table 2g (cont 'd)

Element Range of Thickness

5 mg/cm up

Method of Preparation Backing

Br (as bromide) Vacuum evaporation Metal

Casting Selfsupporting

Rb (salt) 10 to 1000 y,g/cm^ Vacuum evaporation Metal

kO mils up Pressing Selfsupportirig

Y 10 to 5000 M-g/cm^ Vacuum evaporation Metal

Zr 1 mg/cm' up

10 to 5000 'g/cm^

Rolling Selfsupporting

Vacuum evaporation Metal

Nb 2 mg/cm^ up Rolling Selfsupporting

Mo 10 to 1000 iig/cm^ Vacuum evaporation Metal

Tc 10 to 1000 Hg/cm* Vacuum evaporation Metal

Pd 1 mg/cm^ up Rolling Selfsupporting

Ag 1 mg/cm' up

100 to 5000 M-g/cm'

10 to 1000 p,g/cm'

Rolling Selfsupporting

Vacuum evaporation Selfsupporting

Vacuum evaporation -Metal

1^0 mils up Casting or pressing Selfsupporting

Cd

In

Sn

1 mg/cm' up

5 mg/cir? up

3 mg/cm' up

10 to 1000 p-g/cm'

Rolling Selfsupporting

Rol 1 i ng Selfsupporting

Rolling Selfsupporting

Vacuum evaporation Metal

Sb

0.5 to 3 mg/cm'

10 to 1000 M-g/cm'

Vacuum evaporation Selfsupporting

Vacuum evaporation Metal

33
Element

Te

Cs (salt)

Ba (salt)

La (metal) and rare 10 to 1000 iig/cm*

earth (as oxides)

Table 2g (cont'd)

Range of Thickness Method of Preparation Backing

Vacuum evaporation

Vacuum evaporation

Vacuum evaporation

Vacuum evaporation

10 to 1000 M-g/cm^

10 to 1000 |Jig/cm*

10 to 1000 tig/cm*

Metal

or carbon

Metal

Metal

Ta

W

Pt

Hg

Tl

Pb

2 mg/cm' up

10 to 1000 ^Lg/cm^

In Cu matrix - > 2

mg/cm^

3 mg/cm^ up

1 to I4 mg/cm*

8 mg/cm* up

8 mg/cm^ up

1 to 8 mg/cm^

10 to 1000 txg/cm^

Rolling

Vacuum evaporation

Rolling or pressing

Rolling

Metal

or carbon

Selfsupporting

Metal

Selfsupporting

in Ctt Selfsupporting

Electrolytic deposition Gold

Rolling Selfsupporting

Rolling Selfsupporting

Vacuum evaporation Selfsupporting

Vacuum evaporation Metal

34
Table 3a

UNIiro STATES juiUfAHTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Radioactivity Standard Samples

November, 1964

FURCHASINO AND SHIPPING INFORMATION

U.S.A. AND CANADA ; Radioactivity standarde are shipped express collect only to destinations In the United States and Canada.

OTHER COUNTRIES: In the case of shipments to other countries, consignee should apply to the National Bureau of Standards for pro forma Invoices, and establish credit

In advance at any bank In the United States, or send payment by International money order or UNESCO coupons, to cover the cost of the standards. Consignee can either appoint an agent in the United States to handle shipments abroad., or shipments can be made by air freight or express (shipping charges collect) subject to the laws end regulations of the importing country.

GENERAL INFORMATION

CERTIFICATION : A certificate containing pertinent information is sent under separate cover. Information concerning the standard appears on the standard or container.

PRICES : Prices of certain standard samples may change as current stocks are depleted and are replaced by new issues. In these instances, buyers will be notified

before orders are filled.

Sample Radionuclide

No.

U900 Polonium-210

U9OI Polonlum-21C

i^902 PoXonlum-210

1+904 -A Americtum-24l

ALPHA STANDARDS

Approximate a-Particle Emission Rate in 2it Geometry

Price per Footnote

Sample

$50.00 (a)(c) 50.00 (a)(c) 50.00 (a)(c) 60.00 (b)

100 05)5 250 ape

500 ops

20 Ops

(a) Samples Nos. 4900, U9OI, and J+902 consist of practically weightless deposits of polonlum-210

on monel disks 2.54 cm in diameter and O.16 cm thick. The activity per sample is restricted

to a 0.3 cm-di£uneter area in the center of the disk.

(b) Sample No. k^Ok-A consists of a practically weightless deposit of amerlclum-24l on a platinum foil 1.27 cm in diameter, 0.015 cm thick. This foil is cemented onto a monel

disk 2.54 cm in diameter and O.16 cm thick. The activity is restricted to a 0.3 cm-diameter

area in the center of the foil. This sample can now be distributed under the general

licensing provisions of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954. (Please refer to Amendments to Title 10, Chapter 1, Part 30, Licensing of By-Product Material, General Licenses for

Amerlclum-24l, 29 Federal Register 5882, May 5, 1964).

(c) Total activity of these standards is such that they may be ordered under the general licensing

provisions of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954.

BETA, GAMMA AND ELECTRON -CAPTURE SOLUTION STANDARDS (e)

Sample

No. Radionuclide Calibration Radiation

(d)

Approximate Activity

or Emission Rate at Time of Calibration

(month, year)

Approximate

Weight of Solution

Price per

Sample Footnote

4921-C Sodlum-22 P^ 1 X lo'* p+pe/g (8/64) 3 g $37-00

4922 -D Sodium-22 7 1 X 105 p+ ps/g (6/64) 5 g 37.00 4924 Carbon-l4

(water

)

P* 1 X 105 dps/g (7/58) 25 g 52.00 (f)

4925 Carbon -l4 (toluene)

r 2 X lo'* dps/g (7/58)

35

3 8 32.00 (f)
Table 3b

BETA, GAMMA AM) ELECTRON -CAPTUBE SOLUTION STANDARDS (e)

Sample

No. Radionuclide Calibration

Radiation

(d)

1*926 Hydrogen -3 (water

)

&'

1*927 Hydrogen -5 (water

)

p1*929 -B Iron-55 X

1*952 -C Mercury-203 7

1*91*0 Promethlum-ll*7 P"

1*91*1 -B Cobalt -57 7

1*91*5 Chlorlne-36 P"

1*91*1* -B Iodlne-125 X

1*91*5 -B Strontluni-89 P"

1*91*6 Cerlum-ll*l P1*91*7 Hydrogen5

(toluene)

P"

Approximate Activity

or Emission Rate at Time of Calibration

(month, year)

Approximate

Weight of Solution

Price per

Sample Footnote

9 X 10^ dps/g (9/61)

9 X io5 dps/g (9/61)

2 X 10*^ dps/g (5/6I*)

5 X 10^ dps/g (5/61*) 8 X 10 dps/g (5/61)

5 X lo'^ dps/g (7/62)

1 X lo'* P"ps/g (1962)

7 X 10** dps/g (i*/61*)

5 X io5 dps/g (9/ 61*)

3 X 10^ dps/g (2/ 61*)

25 g $1*5.00 (f)

i g 1*5.00 (f)

5 g

1*6.00 (f)

5 g 1*9.00 (g)

5 g

1*0.00 (f)

5 g

21*. 00 (f)

5 e 26.00 (f)

5 6 50.00 (f) 5g 50.00 (f) Temporarily Out of Stopk

i*g 30.00 (f)

(d) This is the radiation for which the nuclide is intended to be used as a standard.

(e) Samples are contained In flame-sealed glass ampoules.

(f

)

Total activity of these stemdards is such that they may be ordered singly under the general licensing provisions of the Atomic Energy Act of 1951* • (Please refer to Federal

Register, Volume 21, p. 215, January 11, 1956. ) (g) These standards can be issued only under the special licensing provisions of the Atomic Energy Act of 195'*, and It is therefore required that a copy of the pxirchaser's current

AEC By-Product Material License be on file at the National Bureau of Standards.

BETA GAS STAUBARD

Sample Radionuclide Calibration

No. Radiation

(d)

Approximate Activity

at Time of Calibration

(month, year)

Volume Price per Footnote

Sample

1*955 -B Krypton-85 P" 6 X lo"^ dps per gram mole (10/62) 10 ml $25.00 (h)

(h) Sample No. 1*955-B contains approximately 10 ml of krypton-85 In inert krypton at a pressure of approximately one atmosphere in a break-seal glass ampoule.

POINT -SOURCE GAMMA-RAT STAMDAHDS (i)

Sample

No. Radionuclide Approximate Emission Rate Price perat Time of Calibration Sample

(month, year)

Footnote

1*991 Sodlum-22 1 x lo'* 7P8 (12/59) $52.00 (f)

1*992 tE Zinc -65 1* X lo'* 7ps (1/62) 30.00 it)

1*997-0 Manganese -5l( 5 X 10'* 7PB (1/61*) 51*. 00 (f)

1*998 Yttrium-88 Temporarily Out of Stock

1*999 -B Cerium-159 2 X lo'* 7PS (6/61*) I15.00 (f)

1*200 CeBlum-137 5 X 10** 7P8 (8/63) 1*6.00 (f)

(1) These standards are deposited between two layers of polyester tape approximately

0.006 cm thick aad mounted on aluminum annuli, 0.8 cm wide and 5.5 cm outside

diameter.

36
Table 3c

Sample

No. Rook

RADIUM ROCK SAMPLES (j)

Average radium content (plcogram of radium per gram of rock) Price per Sample

4970

1+982

1+981+

Columbia River Basalt

Gabbro-Dlorlte

Trlasslc Diabase

0.33 ± 0.03

0.18 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.03

$11.00

11.00

11.00

(j) Each sample consists of 100 g of pulverized rock taken from bulk material analyzed

for radium content. Petrographlc data and the chemical analysis of a specimen of the rock is also given in a certificate accompanying each sample. These samples are shipped parcel post prepaid.

RADIUM SOLUTION STANDARDS (FOR RADON ANALYSIS) (e) RADIUM GAMMA-RAY SOLUTION STANDARDS (e) Sample Radium Content Approximate Price per Sample Radium Content Approximate Price per

No. (in grams)

as of 1956 Weight Sample No. (in micrograms)

as of I9I+7 Weight Sample

1+9 50 -A 10-9 100 g $1+2.00 1+955 0.1 5 g $32.00

1+951 10-11 100 g 32.00 1^956

1+957 0.2

0.5

5 g

5 g 32.00

52.00

1+952 Blank Solution 100 g 7.50 1+958 1.0 5 g 32.00

1+959 2.0 5 g 32.00

1+960 5.0 5 g 32.00

1+961 10 5 g 52.00

1+962 20 5 g 52.00

1+963 50 5 g 52.00

1+961+ 100 5 g 52.00

1+990-A Contemporary Standard for Carbon-ll+-Dating Laboratories (sample consists of 1 lb of oxalic acid). No specific activity is given. These samples are shipped parcel post

prepaid. $l+.00

DISCONTINUED RADIOACTIVITY STAMDARDS : The National Bureau of Standards has discontinued distribution

of the following radioactivity standards: Radium D+E, cobalt-60, phosphorus -52, lodine-131, gold-196,

6trontium-yttrlum-90, thallium-20l+, 30dium-2l+, gulphur-35, zlnc-65, cesium-137> potasslum-1+2,

tantalum-lB2, lron-59 and calclum-1+5, numbered respectively I+9IO, I+91I, 1+912, I+915, 1+911*, 1+915, 1+916, 1+917, 1+918, 1+919, 1+920, 1+925, 1+928, 1+930, 1+931, 1+953, I+93I+, 1+956 and 1+91+2. Sources of these radionuclides may now be obtained commercially.

The stocks of standard samples of nioblum-95, strontium-85, and scandlum-1+6, Nos. 1+957, 1+958, 1+959, respectively, have been depleted. Due to the relatively short half -lives of these radionuclides, and the low demand for standard samples of them, it is not economical to maintain a stock. No date has been set for the next distribution, but inquiries will be filed for notification of such. Meanwhile, chemically stable solutions of these and other radionuclides, can be submitted to NBS for calibration as described In the accorapetnylng listing of calibration services: --

NOTE -- REQUESTS FOR THESE TESTS SHOULD BE SUBMITTED , WITH FULL DETAILS ,

FOR APPROVAL OF SUITABILITY.

37
Table 3d

UHITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

November, 196it

CALIBRATION SERVICES

REQUESTS FOR TESTS SHOULD BE SUBMITTED, WITH FULL DETAILS, FOR APPROVAL.

20l».201 Calibration of gnnmiH-emlttlnj; radioactive sampleB

Calibration of ganana-enilttlng radioactive saaiples that conform to the physical, chemical, and activity level specifications for measurement In the National Bureau of Standards calibrated 4«)'-lonlzatlon chamber.

Item Description Fee

20U.201a (l) 100-500 micrograms radium, calibrated In terms of micrograms of radium content mefisured relative to the National Radium Standard $63'00

(2) Chemically stable solutions of the following radionuclides in the specified activity ranges can be measured , 63.00

1. 5O-IOO microcuries sodl\mi-22, sodium-aJt, scandium-46,

cobalt-60, yttrlum-88.

11. 150-300 microcuries manganese-5'*, lron-59. zinc-65,

strontium-85, nloblum-95j lodine-131, cesium-137, tantalum-182,

gold-198, mercury-203t

ill. 300-600 microcuries potasslum-42, cobalt-57'

Solutloaif ahould be 5 ml in volume and flamei-sealed In glas^

vial? or aaipoules of O.D. 16.O ± 0.5 mm, wall thlcknoss approximately 0.5 mm.

20i4-.201b Chemically stable solutions of the following radionuclides in the specified

activity ranges can be measured 80.00

1. 10-20 microcuries sodium-22, 3odlum-2it, 3candlum-46,

cobalt-60, yttrlum-88.

11. 30-60 microcuries manganeBer5l4-, iron-59, zlnc-65, strontlum-85,

niobium-95, lodine-131, ceslum-137, tantalum-l82, gold-198,

mercury-203.

ill. 60-100 microcuries potassium-42, cobalt-57. Solutions should be 5 ml In volume and flame-sealed in glass

vials or ampoules of O.D. 16.O ±0.5 mm, wall thickness approximately O.5 mm.

20l*.201z For tests not covered by the above schedule, fees will be charged dependent on

the time Involved in making the tests.

38
Table 3e

20^.202 Calibration of alph»-eml8Blon rate of sources

Calibration of alpha-emitting radioactive saniples that oonform to the physical and activity level spec ifl cations for measurement in the National Bureau of Standards

2jO(-proportlpnal counter.

Item Deacrlption Fee

20l+.202a Chemically stable saniples that conform to the physical and activity level specifications listpd below can be measured ,..,.,,.,,..,,,,...., $51.00

1. Source diameter should not exceed 10 cm.

ii. Source thickness should be such that more than 99-55' of the emitted alpha particles have an energy greater than UOO kev,

3 ill. Emission rate should not exceed 5 x 10 Q(ps.

204.202z For tests no't covered by the 9.bove scheflule, fees wtll be charged dependent on time involved In making tl»e tests.

201^.20? Calibration of beta-emitting radioactive samplee

Calibration of beta-emitting radioactive samples that conform to the phyalcal, chemioal, and activity level speolfloatlona for measurement In either the Nfitlonftl Bureau of Standards

oal}.^rate(i ?>^-vlnd9wi?pB pivport^-onal flow counter, or tn th« Uatlpn^ Bjireau of Stwdardp

calibrate^ S^f^-r^onl-^atlDn chcvnb^r.

Item Descrlptioc Fee

20li.205a Chemically stable solutions of the following radionuclides in the specified

activity ranges can be measured in the National Bureau of Standards 2nP-windowle8s proportional flow counter , $158.00

i. 1-10 mlorocuries/mllUllter chlorlne-36, strontlum-yttrlum-90.

11. 2-20 microcuries/milllUter thallium-20U.

ill. 5-50 mlcrocurles/mllllliter calcium-45, promethlum-llfT.

iv. 10-100 mlcrocurleB/mllllllter 8ulfijr-35. Solutions should be approximately 5 ml in volume and flame -sealed

in glass vIelIs or ampoules.

204. 203b ChemlcaJJor stable solutions of the following radionuclides in the specified

activity ranges can be measured in the National Bureau of Standards

2jiP-lonlzatlon chamber 90.00

1. 2-20 mlcrocurles/mllllliter phosphorus -52. Solution should

be neutral or weaJc acid with not more than 0.2 mg/ml total

solids.

11. 2-20 mlcrocurles/mllllliter strontium-yttrlum-90. Solution should be weak HCl(lN or less) with not more than 0.2 mg/ml

total solldfl. Solutlops should be approximately 5 ml in volume and flame- sealed In glass vials or ampoules.

2OU.203z For tests not covered by the above schedule, fees will be charged dependent on

the time involved in making the testa39
Table 4a

Radiological Equipment—Gamma-Ray Sources

204.501 X-ray and gamma-ray instruments

Notb: Calibration of radiation beam within :k 2 percent.

Item Description Fee

204.601a Calibration of one X-ray exposiire-indicating instrument of one range,

in international roentgens for lightly or moderately filtered X-rays of one half-value layer from the following selections - ---- $48.00

Lightly filtered X-rays

Technique kvcp

Approx.

inherent

filter Addedfilter Dis- tance

Approx.

first half- value

layer

Homogeneity

coefncient

(l8t HVL/2d HVL)

Instrument

range from

zero

Exposure

rate

min. max. min. max.

mm Be mm AI em mm Al R R R/min R/min

LFD 20 0.25 60 0.06 0.42 100 500 60 200 LFD 2020

20

.25

.25

.26 0.5

70

10050

.07

.08

.20

50

25

10

10050

100

20

7

2

80 LFD 30 LFE .68 8 LFG 30 .25 .6 50 .33 .67 25 250 5 20 LFI 60 .25 1.0 60 .00 .68 25 250 6 25 LFK 75 .25 1.6 50 1.6 .66 25 250 10 22 LFM 100 .25 2.0 50 2.6 .63 25 260 14 25

Moderatelyfiltered X-rays

Technique kvop

Approx.

inherent

filter

Added filter Approx. first half-value

layer Homogeneitycoefficient (Ist HVL/2d HVL)

Instrument

range from

zero

Exposure

rate

Cu Al Cu Al min. max. min. max.

MFB

MFC

MFE

MFG

MFI

MFK

MFM

MFO.....

60

6075

100

150 200 250

250

mm Al

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6 L6

mm

.26 .6

1.0 3.2

mm

2.6

2.6

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.6 3.6

mm

0.09" .11 .20

.66

1.26 2.17

3.20

mm

1.64 2.79

3.41

6.05

10.1 13.2

16.2 1&4

0.67 .77

.73

.73 .87

.92 .94

.98

R

6

6

6

6

6

101010

R

100

100 100

100

100 250

250 260

R/min

0.4.4

.4

.9

1.0 2.0

2.5

1.3

R/min

3.0

2.6 4.0

6.0 &0

13.0

17.0 10.0

Item Description fee

204.601b Calibration of each additional X-ray exposure-indicating instrument of the same range and for the same half-value layer of lightly or moderately filtered X-rays as selected under 204.601a and not requiring a change in setup and when the instruments are submitted at the same

time . $18. 00

204.601O Calibration of one X-ray instrument, either exposure- or exposure-rateindicating, in international roentgens for heavily filtered X-rays of one effective energy from the following selections 60.00

40
Table 4a (Cont'd)

Heavily filtered X-rays*

kvcp 111

Added filter Approximate Instrument

range from

Exposure

rate Technique

Pb Sn Cu Al Effective energy HVL HVL

zero

min- max. min. max.

HFC

HFE

HFG

HFI

HFK

50

100 150

200

250

mm Al

1.5 1.5

1.5

1.5

1.6

mm

.12

.63

.7

2.7

mm

1.5

4.0

1.0

mm

4.0

0.6

.6

mm

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.6

kev 40

70

120

170

215

mm Cu

0.16

.72

2.4

4.1

6.4

mm Al

4.4

11.2

16.8

19.5

21.6

R

0.1

R

155

56

R/min

0.02

.05

.04

.03

.03

R/min

0.09

.27

.22

.21

.21

* ATaUable onZspeclal airangement.

Item Description Fee

204.501d

204.501e

204.601f

204.501Z

Calibration of each additional X-ray instrument of the same exposure

or exposure-rate range, for heavily filtered X-rays of one effective

energy as selected under 204.501c, not requiring a change in setup and

when the instruments are submitted at the same time

Calibration of one instrument:

(1) Exposure-rate-indicating instrument for exposure rates ranging

from 0.01 to 15 R/min; or

(2) Exposure-indicating instrument of range to 0.1 R to to 25 R, in

international roentgens for cobalt 60 or cesium 137 gamma-rays

Calibration of each additional instrument having the same exposure or

exposure-rate range for cobalt 60 or cesium 137 gamma-rays, as \mder

204.501e, when the instruments are submitted at the same time

Calibration of one X-ray or gamma-ray instrument, exposure- or exI)Osure-rate-indicating, in international roentgens:

(1) Calibration of higher accuracy than that routinely furnished; or

(2) Cahbrations on X-rays of energies other than those listed vmder

204.601a, c, or e; or

(3) Calibrations requiring a spedal setup or special procedures. Fees

will be charged dependent upon the nature of the test. Only a limited number of epecial calibrations can be undertaken and requests

for such should be submitted with full details for consideration.

$24. 00

$42. 00

17.00

41
Table 4b

204.502 Gamma-ray sources. Kadioactive preparations submitted to the Bureau for

test are subject to the following conditions:

(a) Financial responsibility: The Bureau assumes no responsibility for loss or damage

to radioactive preparations while in its possession. The risk should be covered by insurance.

(b) Period of measurement: Approximately 10 days are required for measurement of

these radioactive preparations.

(c) Preparation of specimens: Radioactive preparations submitted for test must be

carefully sealed so that there can be no escape of any radioactive material, including any

gaseous decay products. The preparations, shielding, and packaging must be free of contamination. Contaminated or leaking preparations cannot be measured and may cause

considerable loss of time and damage to laboratory facilities. Preparations must have been

sealed for a sufficient time to be substantially in radioactive equilibrium with their decay

products when these contribute to the gamma emission (at least 30 days for radium).

(d) Packaging for shipment: Regiilations of the Interstate Commerce Commission re- garding the shipment of radioactive substances by rail must be complied with. These regulations are enforceable by law and prospective shippers of these substances need to be familiar

with them. Copies of the regulations can be obtained from the Interstate Commerce Commission, Washington, D.C., 20423.

(e) Possession of licensed material: In submitting specimens of cobalt 60 or other licensed source material (except radium, which is not licensed) for calibration, it will be necessary for

the submitter to certify that he is duly authorized to possess the material under license by the

USAEC, except in the case of individuals residing in a State which has entered into agreement

with the USAEC, in which case State regulations are applicable. This certification may be

by letter, by a suitable statement on the purchase order covering the calibration fee, or by a dear copy of the submitter's Possession License for the soiurce material.

(f) Type of measurements:

(1) Radium is calibrated in terms of milligrams of equivalent radium content measured

relative to the National Radium Standard through comparison of the gamma radiation from

the specimen and the standard. Where the details of encapsulation of the specimen are known,

corrections can be made to obtain milligrams of raditmi content. Cobalt 60 is calibrated in

terms of exposure t&te, milliroentgens per hour at one meter, based upon comparison with

derived standards of cobalt 60.

42
Table 4b (Cont'd)

(2) Postal regulations prohibit mailing radioactive materials which require a caution

label under ICC regulations. This effectively prohibits placing radioactive preparations in

the mail.

Item Description Fee

204.502a

204.502b

204.502c

204.502d

204.502e

204.502Z

Gamma-ray measurements of radioactive preparations; measmrements

of milligrams equivalent content to ± 0.7 percent for radium ; and

milliroentgens per hour at one meter to ±3 percent for cobalt 60:

0.5 to 15 mg equivalent radium content or cobalt 60 having gammarays 0.6 to 15 mRhm (milliroentgens per hour at one meter)

15+ to 100 mg equivalent radium content or cobalt 60 having gammarays 15+ to 100 mRhm

100+ to 250 mg equivalent radium content or cobalt 60 having ganama

rays 100 to 200 mRhm --.

For measurements in groups not exceeding 10 preparations, double the

fee for preparations of same content as the total content of the

group.

For handling and examination of a shipment containing contaminated

or leaking preparations the fee will be the same as for measurements

of a preparation having a content equal to the total nominal radioactive content of the shipment.

For special tests not covered by the above schedule, fees will be charged

dependent upon the nature of the test. As only a limited nimiber of

special tests can be carried out, prior arrangements must be made

including submission of full details concerning the required test.

$18. 00

28.00

40.00

43
2Cable 5

Comparison of National Exposure Standards

Years

Other National

Laboratory Method

Percentage of

Maximum

Difference

1953 UK direct a/3.0

1956 UK direct 0.5

1962 Canada direct 0.3

1956 Sweden indirect 0.8

1957 France indirect 0.4

1963 Federal Rep/Germany 0.6

France 0.4

UK fe'i.c

a/ These measurements merely confirmed that the UK chamber

was inadequate for the harder qualities.

b/ This comparison was within . 5 percent of that obtained

for the previous direct comparison.

44

I
ht<c
1

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COM

MERCE postage and fees paid

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20230 us. department of commerci

OFFICIAL BUSINESS