### ***********************************************The “officially released” date that appears near the beginning of each opinion is the date the opinion will be published in the Connecticut Law Journal or the date it wasreleased as a slip opinion. The operative date for the beginning of all time periods for filing postopinion motions and petitions for certification is the “officially released” date appearing in the opinion.

All opinions are subject to modification and technical correction prior to official publication in the Connecticut Reports and Connecticut Appellate Reports. In the event of discrepancies between the advance release version of an opinion and the latest version appearing in the Connecticut Law Journal and subsequently in the Connecticut Reports or Connecticut Appellate Reports , the latest version is to be considered authoritative.

The syllabus and procedural history accompanying the opinion as it appears in the Connecticut Law Journal and bound volumes of official reports are copyrighted by the Secretary of the State, State of Connecticut, and may not be reproduced and distributed without the express written permission of the Commission on Official Legal Publications, Judicial Branch, State of Connecticut. ***********************************************WILLIAM MALDONADO ET AL. v.

KELLY C. FLANNERY ET AL.

(SC 20522)

Robinson, C. J., and McDonald, D’Auria, Kahn and Ecker, Js.

Syllabus

The plaintiffs, M and H, sought to recover damages for personal injuries they sustained when a vehicle driven by the defendant F and owned by the defendant T rear-ended the vehicle in which the plaintiffs were traveling. The defendants admitted that the accident resulted from F’s negligence, and the trial was therefore limited to the issues of causation and damages. The plaintiffs introduced into evidence their medical records and bills, including reports by their chiropractor, P, in which P diagnosed M and H with, inter alia, various injuries to and conditionsassociated with their necks and backs that, in his opinion, were permanent in nature and would require future treatment. After the accident, M was treated approximately sixty-two times over the course of two years and H was treated approximately forty-nine times over the courseof eight months, primarily at P’s practice, and they each received chiropractic manipulation of the spine and neck, application of hot and cold packs, electrical stimulation, and, on one occasion, an epidural steroid injection. M received two magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) scans, H receive one MRI, and they both were referred for physical therapy. The defendants’ expert, L, agreed that the plaintiffs sustained injuries to their necks and backs as a result of the accident and that a periodof physical therapy and chiropractic treatment was reasonable and necessary, but he disagreed with P that the length of their treatment was reasonable and that future treatment was necessary. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiffs and awarded them each economic damages but zero noneconomic damages for their pain and suffering. The verdict form indicated that the jury awarded the plaintiffs all of their respective claimed medical expenses for their hospital visits on the day of the accident, as well as their MRIs, X-rays, and physical therapy, but made slight reductions in the expenses claimed for the chiropractic treatment P provided. Thereafter, the trial court granted the plaintiffs’ joint motion for additurs and awarded each plaintiff additional money damages for pain and suffering, concluding that the jury verdictawarding economic damages but zero noneconomic damages was inherently inconsistent because the jury necessarily found that the plaintiffs’medical treatment was reasonable and necessary and because the plaintiffs’ particular medical treatment inherently involved treatment for pain. Although the plaintiffs accepted the additurs, the defendants filed an appeal in lieu of accepting or rejecting the additurs. The Appellate Court reversed the trial court’s judgment, concluding that the trial court had failed to identity the part of the record that supported its conclusion that the jury’s failure to award noneconomic damages was unreasonable, and also concluding that the jury’s verdict was not inconsistent because the jury reasonably could have concluded that the plaintiffs had incurredreasonable and necessary medical expenses but zero noneconomic damages for pain and suffering in light of the conflicting and inconsistent evidence adduced at trial. On the granting of certification, the plaintiffs appealed to this court. Held : 1. Contrary to the Appellate Court’s conclusion, the trial court properly set forth in its memorandum of decision, in accordance with this court’s case law, the evidentiary and logical basis for its decision to grant the plaintiffs’ joint motion for additurs, and that explanation was sufficiently specific to allow appellate review for an abuse of discretion: in its memorandum of decision, the trial court observed its obligation to view the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the jury’s verdict, described the specific nature of the medical expenses incurred by the plaintiffs, including the treatment each plaintiff received, and noted the agreement of the parties’ respective experts that each plaintiff had sustained sprains or strains to his neck and back as a result of the accident; moreover, the trial court concluded that, because the juryexplicitly awarded damages based on the plaintiffs’ claimed medical

costs, it must have credited those records and found the treatments to be necessary and reasonable, and that, because those specific treatments inherently signified a level of physical pain suffered by the plaintiffs, it was illogical and inconsistent not to award noneconomic damages, especially when the jury awarded the exact amount of the vast majority of the plaintiffs’ claimed expenses; accordingly, on the basis of that articulation, a reviewing court was able to identify the evidence and jury findings that the trial court believed, in the exercise of its discretion, warranted the relief granted, to assess the court’s reasoning for logicalor legal flaws, and to determine whether the court had abused its discretion by ordering additurs. 2. The Appellate Court incorrectly concluded that the trial court had abused its discretion by granting the plaintiffs’ joint motion for additurs, and, because the defendants effectively declined to accept the additurs, the case was remanded for a new trial with respect to the issues of causation and damages: the jury necessarily credited the plaintiffs’ medical bills and/or the testimony of L regarding the injuries sustained by the plaintiffs as a result of the accident and the reasonableness of the treatment they received, and the trial court reasonably concluded that the inherent purpose of the medical treatment credited by the jury, including the chiropractic manipulations, the application of hot and cold packs, and the epidural steroid injections, was to treat pain and suffering and was not merely diagnostic or prophylactic in nature, which may not involve pain; moreover, because the trial court could have reasonably concluded that the jury’s verdict was inconsistent insofar as the jury found, on the one hand, that the plaintiffs suffered personal injuries in the accident that necessitated such medical treatment but, on the other hand, that the plaintiffs experienced no pain or suffering as a result of the accident that warranted an award of noneconomic damages, the court’s decision to grant the plaintiffs’ joint motion for additurs was not an abuse of

discretion. ( One justice dissenting)

Argued April 26, 2021—officially released May 3, 2022

Procedural History
Action to recover damages for personal injuries sustained as a result of the named defendant’s alleged negligence, and for other relief, brought to the Superior Court in the judicial district of Hartford and tried to the jury before Budzik

, J .; verdict for the plaintiffs; thereafter, the court granted the plaintiffs’ motion for additurs and rendered judgment for the plaintiffs, from which the defendants appealed to the Appellate Court, Keller, Bright and Bear

, Js ., which reversed the trial court’s judgment and remanded the case to that court with direction to deny the motion for additurs and to render judgment in accordance with the jury’s verdict,from which the plaintiffs, on the granting of certification, appealed. Reversed ; new trial.

Philip F. von Kuhn , for the appellants (plaintiffs).

Jack G. Steigelfest , for the appellees (defendants).Opinion
ECKER, J. This case presents the scenario, not altogether uncommon, in which a jury awards personal injury plaintiffs economic damages for medical expenses but zero noneconomic damages. The trial court grantedthe joint motion for additurs filed by the plaintiffs, William Maldonado and Geovanni Hernandez, and awarded each plaintiff additional money damages for pain and suffering. The Appellate Court reversed the judgment of the trial court on the grounds that it had failed to articulate the specific facts to justify the additur awards or to construe the conflicting evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the jury’s verdict. See Maldonado v. Flannery, 200 Conn. App. 1, 9, 13, 238 A.3d 127 (2020). We reverse the judgment of the Appellate Court.

I

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On June 6, 2016, at approximately 3:20 p.m., the plaintiffs were traveling in a 2004 Ford Econoline van on Route 4 in Farmington when they were rear-ended bythe named defendant, Kelly C. Flannery, who was driving a Ford Taurus owned by her father. 1 The collision caused serious damage to the defendants’ vehicle, butthe plaintiffs’ van sustained only minimal visible damage.
The plaintiffs declined medical attention at the scene of the accident. A few hours later, they both soughtmedical treatment at the Hospital of Central Connecticut, complaining of body aches and pain in their lowerbacks and necks. At the hospital, both plaintiffs underwent diagnostic testing. Maldonado was diagnosed with a neck strain, a lower back strain, and a contusion on his sternum. Hernandez was diagnosed with back pain and a neck spasm. The plaintiffs each were prescribed anti-inflammatory and pain medications and were released from the hospital later that evening.

Soon after the accident, the plaintiffs sought additional medical treatment from Brian Pollack, a chiropractor at New Britain Injury & Spine. Pollack treatedMaldonado approximately sixty-two times intermittently over the course of the next two years and referred him for two magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Maldonado’s treatment included application of hot andcold packs, electrical stimulation, and mechanical traction. Hernandez underwent similar treatment with Pollack, approximately forty-nine times over the course ofeight months, and was referred for one MRI scan. Pollack also referred both plaintiffs for six months of physical therapy, which they received from another provider.Despite this course of treatment, the plaintiffs continued to experience pain. Subsequently, an epidural steroid injection in the lower back was administered to each plaintiff at Jefferson Radiology.On July 18, 2017, the plaintiffs filed a negligence action against the defendants in the Superior Court. The case was tried before a jury. The issues at trial were limited to causation and damages because the defendants admitted that the collision resulted from Flannery’s negligence. At trial, both Maldonado and Hernandez testified that the collision caused the injuries and pain for which they received the medical treatment previously described. 2 Maldonado testified that he remained unable to do heavy lifting at work and faced difficulties carrying out other tasks he previously was able to perform. He claimed medical expenses in the amount of $18,953.38. 3 Hernandez testified that he had difficulty standing up and difficulty sleeping due to pain caused by the accident. He claimed medical expenses in the amount of $13,254.94.

To corroborate their testimony, the plaintiffs introduced medical records and bills from their health care providers. The plaintiffs also presented lengthy reports authored by Pollack, opining, among other things, that their respective injuries were causally related to theaccident, requiring the medical treatment and supervision he provided. Pollack’s report diagnosed Maldonado, in relevant part, with a disc herniation, radiculitis, nonallopathic segmental dysfunction, muscle spasms in the cervical and lumbar spine, pain in the lumbar and thoracic spine, and a sprain of the left shoulder.Pollack diagnosed Hernandez with nonallopathic segmental dysfunction, pain and muscle spasms in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine, and an ‘‘[e]xtrusion type’’ herniation of the lumbar spine. He also assigned each plaintiff a permanent impairment rating as a result of the accident. 4 Pollack further opined that the plaintiffs’ injuries were permanent in nature and rendered each of them highly susceptible to future aggravationsand exacerbations, which would require future chiropractic treatment at least twice a month at a cost of$150 per visit, and future medical supervision at a frequency of three times per year and a cost of $250 per
evaluation.
The defendants challenged the plaintiffs’ claims on multiple fronts. They attacked the credibility of the plaintiffs’ testimony5 and medical evidence by adducing conflicting evidence as to the dates of treatment, the extent to which Maldonado’s reported injuries were directly caused by the 2016 accident, as opposed to a prior accident in 2014; see footnote 3 of this opinion; and the duration of the plaintiffs’ chiropractic treatment. In addition, the defendants observed that the emergency room records from Maldonado’s visit on the day of the accident indicate that Maldonado’s last visit to thehospital was on July 16, 2015, ‘‘for chronic pain/sciatica . . . .’’

The defendants also presented the jury with expert testimony from an orthopedic surgeon, Jonas V. Lie-ponis, who disputed the etiology and permanency ofsome of the plaintiffs’ injuries, testifying that the plaintiffs’ medical records demonstrated that they both suffered from preexisting degenerative disc disease prior to the accident. Nonetheless, Lieponis agreed that both of the plaintiffs sustained injuries to their necks and lumbar regions as a result of the accident and that a certain period of physical therapy and/or chiropractic treatment was reasonable and necessary to treat those injuries. Lieponis disagreed, however, that the length of treatment was reasonable or that future treatment was necessary. Specifically, in Lieponis’ expert opinion,the evidence was insufficient to conclude that the plaintiffs had suffered permanent impairments as a result of the accident. Lieponis did not provide any testimonyregarding the pain suffered by the plaintiffs as a consequence of their injuries but, in response to a question posed by the plaintiffs’ counsel, did state that each plaintiff underwent an epidural steroid injection to treathis injury, which, ‘‘like any injection, [entails] an element of pain.’’

The jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiffs and awarded economic damages in the amount of $17,228.38 to Maldonado and $11,864.94 to Hernandez. The award consisted of full payment for all expenses related to the plaintiffs’ hospital visits, radiologic/MRIservices, physical therapy, and epidural steroid injections. The only reduction made by the jury was for chiropractic care; Maldonado was awarded $7035, which was $1725 less than the total amount billed by Pollack, and Hernandez was awarded $5670, which was $1390 less than the total amount billed by Pollack. The jury also awarded Maldonado $1800 in future economic damages. It did not award any future economic damages to Hernandez. The jury did not award either plaintiff any noneconomic damages for pain and suffering, past or future.

The plaintiffs timely filed a joint motion to set asidethe verdicts and for a new trial. They also filed a contemporaneous joint motion for additurs pursuant to General Statutes §§ 52-216a and 52-228b. The defendants timely objected. The trial court issued a written memorandum of decision granting the plaintiffs’ motion for additurs
and to set aside the verdicts. The trial court concluded that the jury verdict awarding economic damages to each plaintiff but zero noneconomic damages was inherently inconsistent because ‘‘the jury necessarilyfound that the plaintiffs’ medical treatment was reasonable and necessary and because the plaintiffs’ particular medical treatment inherently involved treatment for pain . . . .’’ The trial court recognized that ‘‘the jury could have reasonably concluded that [the plaintiffs] were [not] credible witnesses’’ but pointed out that ‘‘the jury must have credited and relied on some evidence’’ because it ‘‘explicitly awarded damages based on the plaintiffs’ medical costs . . . .’’ Indeed, the jury’saward of economic damages reflected an ‘‘exactitude’’ demonstrating that it necessarily ‘‘concluded that the treatments set forth in [the plaintiffs’ medical] bills were necessary and reasonable and that the injuries being treated during those visits were proximately caused by the defendant’s negligence.’’ The trial court reasoned
that the nature of the medical treatment deemed reasonable and necessary by the jury for injuries caused by the defendant’s negligence and the ‘‘underlying symptoms’’ requiring that treatment ‘‘bespeak a level of physical pain suffered by [the plaintiffs].’’ Accordingly, the trial court awarded past noneconomic damages in the amount of $8000 to Maldonado and $6500 to Hernandez. The trial court explained that these amounts were ‘‘based on the amounts of past economic damagesawarded by the jury for medical costs inherently involving treatment for pain, more specifically, the medical bills from New Britain Injury & Spine [for chiropractic treatment] and Jefferson Radiology [for epidural steroidinjections that] the jury necessarily credited in its verdict.’’ 6 The court’s order concluded: ‘‘The parties shall have twenty days from the date of this decision to file their written acceptance or rejection of the additur with the clerk’s office. If the additur is accepted, judgment will enter for the plaintiffs in the amount of $27,028.38 ($19,028.38 + $8000) for . . . Maldonado and $18,364.94 ($11,864.94 + $6500) for . . . Hernandez. If the additur is not timely accepted by both parties, a new trial is ordered.’’

The plaintiffs accepted the additurs within the prescribed time period, but the defendants filed an appeal ‘‘in lieu of an acceptance or rejection of the [additurs].’’ 7 See General Statutes § 52-228a (‘‘the party aggrieved by the order of . . . additur may appeal as in any civil action’’). The Appellate Court reversed the trial court’s judgment, concluding that the trial court had failed ‘‘toidentify the part of the record that supported its conclusion that the jury’s failure to award noneconomic damages was unreasonable . . . .’’ Maldonado v. Flannery

, supra, 200 Conn. App. 9. The Appellate Court further determined that the verdict was not inconsistent because the jury reasonably could have concluded thatthe plaintiffs incurred reasonable and necessary medical expenses, but zero noneconomic damages for pain and suffering, in light of the conflicting and inconsistent evidence adduced at trial. See id., 10, 13. This certified appeal followed. 8

II

LEGAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING MOTIONS TO SET ASIDE JURY VERDICTS AS INADEQUATE OR EXCESSIVE

A
Legal Principles Governing the Trial Court’s Review

There is an inherent tension in the legal principlesgoverning our resolution of this case because the operative considerations demand great deference to two different decision makers: the trial judge and the jury. The judge and the jury each serve essential and elemental functions in our civil justice system and must be accorded wide discretion in the discharge of their respective duties. For the most part, judges and juriesoccupy separate but coordinate spheres and work cooperatively to produce a harmonious outcome integrating the facts found by the jury and the legal rules set forth by the judge. However, these fields of operation are not entirely separate and distinct, and there occasionally is conflict between the two decision makers—as when a trial court sets aside a jury’s verdict. Such moments of conflict have always been present in Connecticut and, indeed, in the English common law going back at least to the mid-seventeenth century. See Bartholomew

v. Clark , 1 Conn. 472, 480 (1816) (‘‘To all courts acting on the principles of the common law, the power is incidental to grant new trials for various causes, among which one is, that the verdict was against evidence. This has ever been done in England, as well as in sundry states in the union. Courts in this state, then, acting according to the common law, have this power unless prohibited by positive law.’’ (Emphasis omitted.)).

A reviewing court confronted with an appeal challenging a trial court’s decision on a motion to set aside a jury’s verdict therefore must navigate a path between two different cardinal principles. The first is that the right to a jury trial is enshrined in our constitution andcounts among the most vital checks against governmental overreach. See Conn. Const., art. I, § 19 (‘‘[t]he right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate’’); see also Seals

v. Hickey , 186 Conn. 337, 350, 441 A.2d 604 (1982) (‘‘[l]itigants have a constitutional right to have questions of fact decided by a jury’’). The second, firmly embedded in the common law as a constitutive aspect of the jury right, is the essential role that the trial judge plays in dispensing justice and, of particular relevance here, the fact that the trial judge does not become a merespectator once the jury returns its verdict. To the contrary, the trial court has not only the power but the ‘‘duty to set aside the verdict when it finds that it doesmanifest injustice, and is . . . palpably against the evidence.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Fazio v

. Brown , 209 Conn. 450, 454, 551 A.2d 1227 (1988); see Roma v. Thames River Specialties Co. , 90 Conn. 18, 19, 96 A. 169 (1915) (‘‘[i]t was the [trial] court’s duty to set aside the verdict if its manifest injustice was so plain and palpable as to justify the suspicion that thejury or some of its members were influenced by prejudice, corruption or partiality’’). See generally Saleh v

. Ribeiro Trucking, LLC, 303 Conn. 276, 280, 32 A.3d 318 (2011) (‘‘[o]ur review of the trial court’s grant of remittitur [or additur] is dictated by, on the one hand, the high bar that must be met before a trial judge mayset aside a jury verdict, and, on the other hand, the necessarily broad authority that the trial judge has to oversee the trial process’’); Turner v. Pascarelli , 88 Conn. App. 720, 722–23, 871 A.2d 1044 (2005) (‘‘[Thereare] two competing jurisprudential principles that additurs bring into play. On the one hand, deference to the ruling of the trial court is warranted because that court, having observed the trial proceedings in their entirety, is in a better position than an appellate court to assess the credibility of the witnesses and the appropriate weight to be accorded their testimony. . . . On the other hand, deference is problematic because the trial court’s exercise of its discretion impairs the litigants’ constitutional right to designate a jury, rather than acourt, to be the fact finder in their case.’’ (Citation omitted.)).

This doctrinal tension does not signal an underlying weakness in the applicable legal framework or a fatal flaw in the principles that, at times, seem to vie for preeminence in the analysis. Rather, it is a sign of health and vigor reflecting a properly functioning arrangement of checks and balances within our civil justice system. Former Chief Justice Zephaniah Swift described the arrangement and extolled its virtues in the seminal case of Bartholomew v. Clark , supra, 1 Conn. 472: ‘‘I think a discreet and prudent exercise of th[e] power [to set aside a verdict] can be attended with no inconvenience or danger; that it is necessary to adopt it to complete the fabric of jurisprudence, and to give to courts all the powers essential to a due execution of the law. It should be exercised only in clear cases, which will rarely occur. It will leave to juries an important and valuable power in the trial of civil causes; and when it is understood that an erroneous verdict can be corrected, the public confidence in the trial by jury will be increased, instead of being impaired.’’ Id., 482; see Howe v. Raymond , 74 Conn. 68, 71–72, 49 A. 854 (1901) (‘‘[The] power of supervision and correction [that] the judge has over the verdict is an essential part of the jury system. . . . Trial by jury, in the primary and usual sense of the term at the common law and in the American constitutions, is not merely a trial by a jury of twelve men before anofficer vested with authority to cause them to be summoned and empanelled, to administer oaths to them and to the constable in charge, and to enter judgment and issue execution on their verdict; but it is a trial by a jury of twelve men, in the presence and under the superintendence of a judge empowered to instruct them on the law and to advise them on the facts, and (except on acquittal of a criminal charge) to set aside their verdict, if in his opinion it is against the law or the evidence.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.)).

Of the great many cases over the past two hundredyears involving appeals from trial court decisions granting or denying a motion to set aside a jury’s verdict, a large number involve claims of excessive or inadequatedamage awards, and, within that category, many involvechallenges directed at the jury’s failure to award noneconomic damages, as in the present case. 9 At the most general level, the fundamental question for a trial court deciding whether to set aside a jury verdict on the basis of an excessive or inadequate damages award is very simple: In light of the evidence presented at trial, is the jury’s verdict unreasonable? See, e.g., Munn v. Hotchkiss School , 326 Conn. 540, 575, 165 A.3d 1167 (2017)(repeating oft cited principle that one immovable limitation on power of trial court to set aside jury’s verdict is parties’ constitutional right to have jury determineamount of damages ‘‘when there is room for a reasonable difference of opinion among fair-minded persons as to the amount that should be awarded’’ (internal quotation marks omitted)); Burns v. Metropolitan Distributors , 130 Conn. 226, 229, 33 A.2d 131 (1943) (concluding that trial court improperly set aside jury’s verdict because ‘‘[t]he jury might reasonably have arrived at the verdict [it] did’’). Reasonableness is the lodestar:if the jury’s verdict and award of damages are reasonable, then they ‘‘should stand; if [they are] not, [they] should be set aside.’’ Steinert v. Whitcomb , 84 Conn. 262, 264, 79 A. 675 (1911).

Our cases have articulated the following principles to guide the trial court’s reasonableness inquiry and to assist it in deciding a motion to set aside a damages award as excessive or inadequate. It is axiomatic thatthe trial court must conduct its own independent assessment of the full evidentiary record to determine whether the jury reasonably could have reached its verdict on the basis of the facts and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom. As we have explained, ‘‘[i]n passing [on] a motion to set aside a verdict, the trial judge must do just what every juror ought to do in arriving at a verdict. The juror must use all his experience, his knowledge of human nature, his knowledge of human events, pastand present, his knowledge of the motives [that] influence and control human action, and test the evidence in the case according to such knowledge and renderhis verdict accordingly. . . . The trial judge in considering the verdict must do the same . . . and if, in the exercise of all his knowledge from this source, he finds the verdict to be so clearly against the weight of the evidence in the case as to indicate that the jury did not correctly apply the law to the facts in evidence in thecase, or [was] governed by ignorance, prejudice, corruption or partiality, then it is his duty to set aside that verdict and to grant a new trial.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Birgel v. Heintz , 163 Conn. 23, 27, 301 A.2d 249 (1972); accord Schroeder v. Triangulum Associates , 259 Conn. 325, 329–30, 789 A.2d 459 (2002); Wichers v. Hatch, 252 Conn. 174, 186–87, 745 A.2d 789 (2000).

In independently reviewing the evidence adduced at trial, the trial court must view the evidence through thesame lens and against the same background of human experience as would a juror, but the trial court is not a juror and may not substitute its own judgment for that of the jury. See Saleh v. Ribeiro Trucking, LLC

, supra, 303 Conn. 283 (‘‘[t]he fact that the jury returns a verdict in excess of what the trial judge would have awarded does not alone establish that the verdict was excessive’’ (internal quotation marks omitted)); id., 284 (appellate review is necessary to ensure that trial court ‘‘did not merely substitute its own judgment for that of the jury’’); Mulcahy v. Larson , 130 Conn. 112, 114–15, 32 A.2d 161 (1943) (‘‘[t]o justify setting aside a verdictas inadequate, something more than a doubt of its adequacy must exist’’). Thus, in arriving at its reasonableness determination, the trial court must view the evidence ‘‘in the light most favorable to the prevailing party . . . .’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Childs v. Bainer, 235 Conn. 107, 113, 663 A.2d 398 (1995); see Saleh v. Ribeiro Trucking, LLC, supra, 290 (‘‘[w]e emphasize that, in reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the verdict, the trial court,and the reviewing court, are bound by the jury’s credibility determinations and all reasonable inferences the jury could have drawn from the evidence’’ (emphasis in original)).

The question for the trial court is not whether the jury exercised poor judgment but, instead, whether thejury’s damages award lies outside the range of reasonableness; mere disagreement is not enough to warrant judicial intervention. For this reason, ‘‘[t]he ultimate test [that] must be applied to the verdict by the trial court is whether the jury’s award falls somewhere within the necessarily uncertain limits of just damages or whether the size of the verdict so shocks the sense of justice as to compel the conclusion that the jury [was] influenced by partiality, prejudice, mistake or corruption.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Munn

v. Hotchkiss School , supra, 326 Conn. 576; see Earlington v. Anastasi , 293 Conn. 194, 207, 976 A.2d 689 (2009) (asking whether verdict ‘‘so shocks the conscience as to compel the conclusion that it was due to partiality,prejudice or mistake’’ (internal quotation marks omitted)). 10 This inquiry is not intended to detect the kind of shock that arises from a moral outrage but, instead,refers to the distress that may be felt when the requirement of reasonableness has been abandoned in a setting in which reason is a necessary element of any legitimate outcome. If the verdict cannot be explained rationally, then the trial court may presume that it is tainted by improper considerations.
Finally, if the trial court concludes that the jury’sverdict and award of damages are excessive or inadequate and that the motion to set aside should be granted, the trial court must provide an explanation setting forththe reasons for its decision in sufficient detail to facilitate appellate review. As we have explained, ‘‘[i]n orderfor us to determine whether the trial court properly reviewed the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the verdict, and did not merely substitute its own judgment for that of the jury, a trial court ordering a remittitur [or additur] must set forth the evidence, viewed in that light, and explain the specific reasons that led the court to conclude that the award shockedthe conscience of the court. We set forth this requirement, not to discourage the trial court from granting remittitur [or additur] in those cases [in which] it is warranted, but rather to aid the reviewing court in itsdetermination of whether the trial court properly exercised its discretion.’’ Saleh v. Ribeiro Trucking, LLC

, supra, 303 Conn. 284. This requirement is not intended to impose an onerous burden on the trial court, and it does not require an excruciatingly detailed explication of the evidence supporting the trial court’s ruling. It requires only that the trial court explain its reasoningwith reference to the evidence and with sufficient specificity to allow an appellate court to review the decision for an abuse of discretion.

B

Legal Principles Governing Appellate Review

We review a decision of the trial court to set aside the jury’s verdict and to order an additur for an abuse of discretion. See, e.g., Ashmore v. Hartford Hospital

, 331 Conn. 777, 781–82, 208 A.3d 256 (2019); Wichers v. Hatch , supra, 252 Conn. 181. A trial court’s decision to set aside a verdict and to order an additur ‘‘is entitled to great weight and every reasonable presumption should be given in favor of its correctness.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Mansfield v. New Haven , 174 Conn. 373, 375, 387 A.2d 699 (1978); accord Ashmore

v. Hartford Hospital , supra, 783. The trial court, havingobserved the trial and evaluated the testimony firsthand, is better positioned than a reviewing court to assess both the aptness of the award and whether the jury may have been motivated by improper sympathy, mistake, partiality, or prejudice. See, e.g

. , Childs v. Bainer, supra, 235 Conn. 113; Palomba v. Gray , 208 Conn. 21, 24–25, 543 A.2d 1331 (1988); Birgel v. Heintz

, supra, 163 Conn. 26–27.

Equally well settled is the principle that the same level of deference is owed whether the trial court grants or denies the motion to set aside the verdict. ‘‘The action of a trial judge is no less entitled to weight when he sets aside a verdict, than when he refuses to set it aside; and for the same reasons. He has seen the witnesses, heard their testimony, observed their demeanor on thewitness stand, their manner and bearing, their intelligence, character and means of knowledge. And if while all this is fresh in his mind he sets aside a verdict, great weight would naturally be given to his action.’’ Loomis

v. Perkins , 70 Conn. 444, 447, 39 A. 797 (1898); see Ashmore v. Hartford Hospital , supra, 331 Conn. 781–82(agreeing with plaintiff ‘‘that binding precedent establishes, and our recent cases reaffirm, that a trial court’s decision to grant or deny remittitur is reviewed according to a deferential abuse of discretion standard’’); Gladu

v. Sousa , 252 Conn. 190, 191, 193, 745 A.2d 798 (2000) (trial court properly exercised its discretion to grant plaintiff’s motion for additur and, ‘‘after the defendant refused the additur, ordered a new trial on the issue of damages’’).

A reviewing court, like the trial court, must remain cognizant of the constitutional function of the jury in our system of justice. See part II A of this opinion. At the same time, our case law involving trial court rulings on motions to set aside a jury’s verdict and award of damages as excessive or inadequate, which has beencodified by the legislature; see footnote 9 of this opinion; reflects a firm commitment to the belief that we should give great weight to the trial court’s exercise of discretion regarding the reasonableness of the jury’s verdict. That discretion is not unlimited, and a reviewing court will occasionally find it has been exceeded, butour precedent requires that we accord substantial deference to the decision of a trial court once we are satisfiedthat the trial court has rendered its decision in accordance with the applicable legal principles, as articulated in part II A of this opinion.

III

JURY AWARDS OF ECONOMIC DAMAGES AND ZERO NONECOMONIC DAMAGES (SPLIT VERDICTS)

The present case requires us to consider how the foregoing principles apply in one specific context thathas become the subject of increasingly frequent litigation over the past twenty-five years. Juries in personalinjury cases sometimes award a plaintiff economic damages for medical expenses caused by the defendant’s negligence but no damages for pain and suffering, loss of life’s enjoyment, or any other type of noneconomic damages. 11 These verdicts, which we will refer to as ‘‘split verdicts’’ in this opinion, occur in a variety ofpersonal injury cases but most often in automobile accident cases in which a plaintiff sustains soft tissue injuries requiring chiropractic treatment and physical therapy but no surgical or orthopedic care. As we discuss herein, the fundamental principles governing trial and appellate review of split verdicts are no different from those discussed in part II of this opinion, but there is one distinguishing characteristic of these cases that warrants attention because it is typically not seen in other claims of inadequacy or excessiveness.
The essential thrust of a plaintiff’s argument in a split verdict case is not primarily that the verdict is contraryto the evidence, but that the verdict is internally inconsistent. A plaintiff claims that the two components of the damages verdict are self-contradictory; the jury’saward of substantial economic damages arising fromphysical injuries, but its failure to award any corresponding noneconomic damages for the pain and suffering associated with those same injuries, cannot logically coexist and, thus, reflect an inherent flaw in the jury’s verdict. See Wichers v. Hatch, supra, 252 Conn. 179(noting that plaintiff’s sole argument in support of additur ‘‘was that the verdict was inconsistent in that ‘if the jury believed [he] was injured so as to require treatment and incur medical bills, it is inconsistent to find that these same injuries did not cause pain and suffering’ ’’);
see also Brooks v. Brattleboro Memorial Hospital , 958F.2d 525, 530 (2d Cir. 1992) (finding inherent inconsistency in jury’s split verdict in medical malpractice case and citing cases); cf. Magnan v. Anaconda Industries, Inc. , 193 Conn. 558, 577, 479 A.2d 781 (1984) (‘‘in civil cases [in which] a verdict rests [on] a factual finding contradictory to another finding of the same issue by the trier the judgment cannot stand’’).

In fact, until relatively recently, the rule in Connecticut was that a jury’s verdict was inconsistent as a matter of law if the jury awarded a plaintiff damages for thereasonable and necessary cost of medical care for physical injuries proximately caused by the defendant’s negligence but zero damages for any pain, suffering, or noneconomic impairment arising from those same injuries.
In Johnson v. Franklin, 112 Conn. 228, 152 A. 64 (1930), overruled by Wichers v. Hatch , 252 Conn. 174, 745 A.2d 780 (2000), we held that a jury award of the economic damages incurred by the plaintiffs in a motor vehicle accident ‘‘with no allowance for the pain or the physical injuries suffered’’ was ‘‘manifestly inadequate’’ and must be set aside. Id., 229, 232. The Johnson per se rule prevailed for more than fifty years, but doctrinal cracks became evident in the 1990s, 12 and, in 2000, its holding was expressly overruled in Wichers v. Hatch

, supra, 176, in which we held that an award of economic damages and zero noneconomic damages is not per se inadequate as a matter of law.

In Wichers , the plaintiff brought an action to recoverfor personal injuries sustained in an automobile collision caused by the defendant driver’s negligence. Id. The plaintiff claimed that he suffered a neck injuryrequiring chiropractic treatment as a result of the accident, but his allegation was complicated by the fact that he was in treatment for preexisting neck injuries at the time of the accident. See id., 177. Indeed, by thattime, the plaintiff had been receiving ongoing chiropractic treatment for seven years ‘‘as part of a monthly maintenance program’’ for his neck condition. Id. The plaintiff had a documented history of arthritis in his neck, spondylosis, and neck injuries incurred in two prior motor vehicle accidents in the four years before the collision. Id. The jury awarded the plaintiff the full amount of his requested economic damages of $3377 but zero noneconomic damages. Id., 177, 179. The plain-tiff filed a motion to set aside the jury’s verdict as inadequate and for additur pursuant to Johnson , which the trial court granted. Id., 179. The trial court explained that, because the jury had awarded the plaintiff theexact amount of his claimed economic damages, it necessarily had found that he was injured in the collisionwith the defendant and that the ‘‘ ‘verdict was inconsistent and inadequate as a matter of law.’ ’’ Id., 180.

On appeal, this court, overruling Johnson , held that the jury’s failure to award noneconomic damages was not per se inconsistent as a matter of law. After reviewing the foregoing facts, we ordered the trial courtto reinstate the jury’s verdict because the evidence reasonably supported the jury’s ‘‘conclusion that the plaintiff had not proven that he had suffered any additional pain as a result of the defendant’s conduct.’’ (Emphasis in original.) Id., 186; see id., 189–90 (‘‘the jury could have accepted the evidence that it was advisable for the plaintiff to see his chiropractor more frequently than usual following the accident, but that the accident did not cause him actually to suffer greater pain than he already had experienced as a result of his preexisting condition’’). Wichers thus eliminated the per se rule requiring the trial court to grant a motion for a new trial or additur in personal injury cases in which the jury awards economic damages and zero noneconomic damages, holding that ‘‘an award of economic damages that is not accompanied by an award of noneconomic damages is . . . not always inadequate as a matter of law.’’ (Emphasis in original.) Id., 186.

This holding, although marking an important change in our law, must not be read too broadly because Wichers does not substitute the Johnson per se rule with an opposite one shielding split verdicts from judicialreview altogether. Nor does it eliminate the discretionary standard by which appellate courts review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to set aside a verdict and for additur. To the contrary, Wichers overruled Johnson precisely because its per se rule had eliminated the trial court’s discretionary authority to assess the jury’saward on the basis of the particular facts and circumstances before it. Pursuant to Wichers , there is no automatic rule either requiring or prohibiting the trial court’sexercise of discretion within the traditional legal framework described in part II of this opinion. The trial court must conduct its own independent assessment of the evidence, as ‘‘every juror ought to do in arriving at a verdict,’’ and set aside the verdict only if it ‘‘finds theverdict to be so clearly against the weight of the evidence in the case as to indicate that the jury did not correctly apply the law to the facts in evidence . . . or [was] governed by ignorance, prejudice, corruption or partiality . . . .’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.)Id., 186–87. ‘‘The trial [court] has a broad legal discretion and [its] action will not be disturbed unless there is a clear abuse.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.)Id., 187. But, in exercising its discretion, the trial court must demonstrate respect for the jury’s fact-finding function, and a ‘‘mere doubt of the adequacy of the verdict is an insufficient basis [to set it aside]. . . . Aconclusion that the jury exercised merely poor judgment is likewise insufficient.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. The trial court’s task, ultimately, is to‘‘examine the evidence to decide whether the jury reasonably could have found that the plaintiff had failed in his proof of [noneconomic damages].’’ Id., 188–89.
Wichers holds that the ‘‘[Johnson ] per se rule’’ is unnecessary because the foregoing traditional standard establishes ‘‘a system that allows inadequate awards to be remedied without sacrificing the discretion of either the jury or that of the trial court . . . .’’ Id., 187–88.

Since Wichers , we have had the opportunity to address a trial court’s ruling on a motion to set aside a jury’s verdict as inadequate in a split verdict case on
two occasions. In Gladu v. Sousa , supra, 252 Conn. 190, which was decided on the same day as Wichers , we determined that certification had been improvidently granted and dismissed the defendant’s appeal from the Appellate Court’s judgment affirming the trial court’s judgment granting an additur after the jury had returned a split verdict. Id., 191–93. We reasoned that the trial court had ‘‘evaluated the evidence and the jury’s award in a manner consistent with its statutory authority andour jurisprudence sanctioning the exercise of its discretion [to award an additur] in appropriate circumstances’’ and, therefore, that ‘‘the Appellate Court properly affirmed the trial court’s judgment.’’ (Footnote omitted.) Id., 193. Gladu , a companion to Wichers , likewise reaffirms the important role that a trial court’s discretionary authority plays in scrutinizing the jury’s award of damages in this context.

In Schroeder v. Triangulum Associates , supra, 259 Conn. 325, we confronted a substantially different set of facts than that presented in Wichers . The plaintiff in Schroeder was injured while making a delivery at the defendant’s restaurant. Id., 328. The jury found the defendant liable for the plaintiff’s injuries and the costsof his intrusive spinal fusion surgery but awarded nothing for the pain and permanent disability necessarily resulting from the surgical procedure. See id., 329, 333–34. The trial court denied the plaintiff’s motion for additur, and we reversed. Id., 327. Applying the fact specific standard set forth in Wichers, we concluded that the incongruous award could not rationally be explained in light of the evidence necessarily credited by the juryin awarding the plaintiff’s requested economic damages. We explained that ‘‘[t]he jury reasonably could not have initially found the defendant liable for the expense of the surgery but not responsible for any pain or disability attendant to such surgery.’’ Id., 333. We observed that the spinal surgery was in stark contrast with the treatment in Wichers , in which the plaintiff‘‘merely underwent additional chiropractic treatment for an aggravation of a preexisting injury, leaving the jury free to determine whether the plaintiff had incurred

any additional pain and suffering as a result of the defendant’s negligence.’’ (Emphasis added.) Id. 13

Wichers and Schroeder illustrate the outer boundaries of the trial court’s discretion to set aside a jury verdict when it is internally inconsistent or inadequate as a matter of law. At one end of the spectrum, Wichersholds that a jury that awards a plaintiff economic damages for personal injuries is not required, as a matterof law, to award noneconomic damages when the evidence supports the conclusion that the pain suffered by the plaintiff ‘‘was the same as what he had experienced before his accident with the defendant.’’ Wichers v. Hatch , supra, 252 Conn. 190. Schroeder, at the other extreme, holds that a verdict must be considered legallyinconsistent if the jury awards zero noneconomic damages but full economic damages for an injury requiring the plaintiff to undergo spinal fusion surgery as a result of the defendant’s negligence. See Schroeder v. Triangulum Associates , supra, 259 Conn. 333–34. Althoughthese extreme cases do not provide a formula for deciding the cases falling in between; see footnote 13 of this opinion; they are instructive nonetheless because they demonstrate the fact intensive nature of the requisite analysis.

To summarize, Wichers marked the end of the idea that split verdicts in Connecticut automatically must be set aside because they necessarily are inconsistent as a matter of law, but its holding should not be read expansively to sanction all split verdicts. A split verdict is examined using the same analysis applied generally to determine whether a verdict should be set aside asinadequate ‘‘in light of the circumstances of the particular case before it.’’ Wichers v. Hatch, supra, 252 Conn.188. Those circumstances include the possible incongruence between the economic and noneconomic components of a jury’s damages award, which can signal alegal inconsistency, at least in the absence of a reasonable (i.e., evidence based) explanation. Noneconomic damages are not an optional element of the damages award if the physical injuries that serve as the basis for the jury’s award of economic damages cause the plaintiff to experience any pain and suffering. 14 In the case of a split verdict, the underlying concern is not simplythe potential illogic in a jury’s failure to award noneconomic damages for the pain and suffering that one would normally associate with the physical injuries that the jury, by awarding economic damages, necessarily determined were proximately caused by the defendant’s negligence. The deeper concern is that the inconsistency may indicate that the verdict reflects an impermissible compromise or otherwise is the product of improper influence, whether it be ignorance, mistake, prejudice, or emotion. 15 Indeed, these concerns are sufficientlyprominent that a standard jury instruction was promulgated for use when a jury returns a split verdict, pursuant to which the trial court sends the case back to the jury for reconsideration. See footnote 11 of this opinion.

These additional considerations will not be implicated in every case in which a jury returns a split verdict.We mention them because the possibility of an inconsistent verdict in this particular context should not be overlooked by the trial court.

IV

WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN GRANTING THE PLAINTIFFS’ JOINT MOTION FOR ADDITURS

With these principles in mind, we address whether the Appellate Court properly reversed the judgment ofthe trial court setting aside the jury’s verdict and granting the plaintiffs’ joint motion for additurs. The Appellate Court relied on two grounds in reaching its decision. First, the Appellate Court determined that the trial court’s memorandum of decision ‘‘fail[ed] to identify the part of the record that supported its conclusion that the jury’s failure to award noneconomic damages was unreasonable under the facts of this case . . . .’’ Maldonado v. Flannery , supra, 200 Conn. App. 9. 16 Second, even if the trial court’s memorandum of decision wassufficiently detailed, the Appellate Court, upon conducting its own ‘‘fact intensive analysis’’ of the ‘‘evidentialunderpinnings’’ of the jury’s verdict and the full evidentiary record; (internal quotation marks omitted) id.; concluded that ‘‘the jury reasonably could have found that the plaintiffs failed to prove noneconomic damages for pain and suffering caused by the 2016 accident.’’ Id., 13. We review each conclusion in turn.

A

Trial Court’s Explanation of the Basis for the Additur Award Was Sufficient

As we previously discussed, our case law requires a trial court ordering an additur to explain the basis for its ruling in sufficient detail ‘‘to aid the reviewing court in its determination of whether the trial court properly exercised its discretion.’’ Saleh v. Ribeiro Trucking, LLC, supra, 303 Conn. 284. As we explained in Saleh

, ‘‘[m]erely stating that an award shocks the conscience or the sense of justice of the court or that the award does not fall within the necessarily uncertain limits offair and reasonable compensation will not be sufficient.’’ Id., 283–84. Instead, the trial court is requiredto state the evidentiary basis for its ruling and the corresponding reasons supporting its conclusion that thejury’s verdict is manifestly unjust. Id., 284. This requirement is ‘‘not [imposed] to discourage the trial court from granting remittitur [or additur] in those cases [in which] it is warranted, but rather to aid the reviewingcourt in its determination of whether the trial court properly exercised its discretion.’’ Id.

We conclude that the trial court’s memorandum of decision in the present case provided sufficient detail to explain the evidentiary and logical basis for the court’s decision to grant the plaintiffs’ joint motion for additurs. The trial court stated that it was ‘‘[c]onscious of itsobligation to view the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the jury’s verdict and the jury’s right to make determinations of witness credibility,’’ and noted that ‘‘the jury could have reasonably concluded that[the plaintiffs] were [not] credible witnesses.’’ Nevertheless, in reaching its decision to award the plaintiffs most of their claimed economic damages, ‘‘the jury must
have credited and relied on some evidence. Because the jury explicitly awarded damages based on the plaintiffs’ medical costs, the court conclude[d] that the jury musthave, at a minimum, credited those records.’’ As a corollary to this conclusion, the trial court determined that,‘‘by necessary implication, [the jury must have] concluded that the treatments set forth in those bills were necessary and reasonable, and that the injuries being treated during those visits were proximately caused by the defendant’s negligence.’’

The trial court’s memorandum of decision demonstrates that it thoroughly reviewed the plaintiffs’ medical records. The trial court described the specific nature of the medical expenses incurred by the plaintiffs andnoted that each plaintiff had undergone months of chiropractic care, which included manipulation of thespine and neck, application of hot and cold packs, electrical stimulation, and an epidural steroid injection in the lumbar region. The trial court observed, among other things, that, although there was a disagreement between the expert witnesses regarding the nature and severity of the plaintiffs’ injuries, they agreed that the plaintiffs had sustained ‘‘sprains and/or strains to theirneck and lumbar regions’’ as a result of the motor vehicle collision. The trial court determined that ‘‘the inherent, underlying symptoms necessary to make these treatments ‘reasonable and necessary’ in the eyes of the jury, as well as the treatments themselves, all bespeak a level of physical pain suffered by [the plaintiffs]. Even though the jury did not award the plaintiffs all of theirclaimed medical expenses, the jury did award the plaintiffs the vast majority of those expenses and did so with such exactitude that the court can reach no other conclusion than that the jury concluded [that] those treatments were reasonable and necessary. It would beillogical and inconsistent to conclude that the treatments credited by the jury were reasonable and necessary but that they were not made so because of any neck or back pain suffered by the plaintiffs.’’

We conclude that the foregoing articulation of the trial court’s grounds for granting the plaintiffs’ jointmotion for additurs was sufficient to permit appellate review. On the basis of the trial court’s explanation, a reviewing court is able to identify the evidence and jury findings that the trial court believed, in the exercise of its discretion, warranted the relief granted. Because a reviewing court can assess the trial court’s reasoning for logical or legal flaws and determine whether the trial court abused its discretion by ordering the additurs, we disagree with the Appellate Court that the trial court failed to identify ‘‘the specific facts that would justify an additur’’ award for each plaintiff. 17 Maldonado v. Flannery , supra, 200 Conn. App. 8.

B

Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Granting the Plaintiffs’ Joint Motion for Additurs

We next address whether the trial court abused its discretion by granting the plaintiffs’ joint motion for additurs. At trial, the defendants admitted that Flannery negligently rear-ended the plaintiffs’ motor vehicle because she ‘‘fail[ed] to keep a proper lookout . . . .’’ Thus, the sole issues to be decided by the jury werecausation and damages, i.e., whether the plaintiffs sustained damages in the accident that were proximatelycaused by Flannery’s negligence. With respect to causation and damages, the expert witnesses for both thedefendants and the plaintiffs agreed that Flannery’s negligence caused the plaintiffs to incur personal injuries that necessitated medical treatment. As the trial courtpointed out, the defendants’ own expert witness, Lieponis, testified ‘‘that both plaintiffs sustained sprains and/or strains to their neck and lumbar regions’’ anddisputed only ‘‘the extent [and permanency] of the plaintiffs’ injuries . . . .’’

With respect to Maldonado, Lieponis testified: ‘‘[He]sustained musculoskeletal injuries to the cervical, thoracic, and, to a lesser degree, the thoracic spine. It is reasonable and appropriate to treat these [injuries] with either physical therapy or chiropractic care, which he received. It is reasonable and appropriate, based onpersistent symptoms, to obtain an MRI, which [Maldonado] did, and I would attribute the need for that MRI to the motor vehicle accident. I think, in this particular case, the continued use of chiropractic care without significant improvement was to a degree beyond what I would have recommended or what I believe is the standard of care for the management of this type ofproblem.’’ In Lieponis’ expert medical opinion, Maldonado had not suffered a permanent medical impairment and would not need ‘‘any future treatment directly attributable to the motor vehicle accident.’’

Similarly, Lieponis testified that Hernandez had ‘‘sustained a strain of the spine that included the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar areas.’’ Lieponis believed that the ‘‘[d]iagnostic tests that . . . Hernandez had, includingthe MRI, [were] reasonable and attributable to the motor vehicle accident’’ and that it was reasonable and appropriate to treat his injuries ‘‘with either physical therapy or chiropractic modalities’’ for ‘‘a six to nine month period of time . . . .’’ However, in Lieponis’ expert medical opinion, the ‘‘close to fifty chiropractic treatments’’ Hernandez underwent were ‘‘outside what[he] would typically expect in terms of continuing treatment without significant improvement, without referring to another physician . . . to determine why the patient was not responding to the treatment that wasbeing rendered.’’ Lieponis did not believe that Hernandez suffered a permanent medical impairment as a result of the accident or that future medical treatment

was necessary.
In addition to the expert medical testimony, the jury was presented with exhibits documenting the plaintiffs’
medical treatment. As the trial court observed in itsmemorandum of decision, these exhibits show that Maldonado was ‘‘treated at New Britain Injury & Spine approximately sixty-two times’’ between the date of the accident and August, 2018. These treatments ‘‘involved chiropractic manipulation of . . . Maldonado’s spine and neck, application of hot and cold packs, electrical stimulation, and, on occasion, mechanical traction.’’ Similarly, Hernandez was ‘‘treated at New Britain Injury & Spine approximately forty-nine times’’ after the accident. ‘‘These treatments involved chiropracticmanipulation of . . . Hernandez’ spine and neck, application of hot and cold packs, and electrical stimulation.’’ Furthermore, ‘‘on one occasion, both . . . Maldonadoand . . . Hernandez received epidural steroid injections in their lumbar regions . . . .’’

On the basis of the foregoing evidence, the jury found in favor of the plaintiffs and awarded Maldonado $17,228.38 of $18,953.38 of his claimed medical expenses and $1800in future economic damages. The jury awarded Hernandez $11,864.94 of $13,254.94 of his claimed medical expenses. According to the verdict form, the jury awarded the plaintiffs all of their claimed medicalexpenses for their visits to the Hospital of Central Connecticut on the day of the accident, as well as their subsequent MRIs, X-rays, and physical therapy. With respect to the plaintiffs’ chiropractic treatment, the juryawarded Maldonado $7035 of his $8760 in claimed medical expenses and Hernandez $5670 of his $7060 in claimed medical expenses. The trial court determined that these ‘‘slight reductions’’ to the plaintiffs’ claimed chiropractic costs demonstrated that ‘‘the jury was not making these reductions in a generalized way. Instead,the jury was choosing not to credit individual [chiropractic] treatments, [and], by the same token, was specifically choosing to credit others.’’ The trial court therefore concluded ‘‘that the jury, at a minimum, creditedthe plaintiffs’ medical bills and, by necessary implication, concluded that the treatments set forth in thosebills were necessary and reasonable and that the injuries being treated during those visits were proximatelycaused by [Flannery’s] negligence.’’ Because these medical treatments, which were reasonable and necessary ‘‘in the eyes of the jury,’’ inherently ‘‘bespeak a level of physical pain suffered by [the plaintiffs],’’ the trial court held that ‘‘[i]t would be illogical and inconsistent to conclude that the treatments credited by the jury were reasonable and necessary but that they were not made so because of any neck or back pain suffered by theplaintiffs.’’ Accordingly, the trial court granted the plaintiffs’ joint motion for additurs.

We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by granting the plaintiffs’ joint motion for additur. As the foregoing recitation of facts reflects, the jury necessarily credited the plaintiffs’ medical bills and/or the testimony of the defendants’ expert witness,both of which support the jury’s finding that the plaintiffs suffered back injuries as a result of the accidentthat necessitated medical treatment. The trial court reasonably concluded that the inherent purpose of thismedical treatment, which included chiropractic manipulations and epidural steroid injections, was to treat pain and suffering. Stated another way, the plaintiffs’medical treatments were not merely ‘‘diagnostic or prophylactic measure[s]’’ from which the jury reasonably could have found that the plaintiffs experienced no pain. Micalizzi v. Stewart , 181 Conn. App. 671, 686,188 A.3d 159 (2018); see id., 687 (jury reasonably concluded that plaintiff did not experience any compensable pain related to accident because medical expenses were for diagnostic and prophylactic treatment). Instead, on the present factual record, the jury awarded the plaintiffs economic expenses for medical treatment, ‘‘the purpose of which was to alleviate pain and to improve functioning . . . .’’ Fileccia v. Nationwide Property & Casualty Ins. Co. , 92 Conn. App. 481, 489, 886 A.2d 461 (2005), cert. denied, 277 Conn. 907, 894 A.2d 987 (2006); see id. (jury verdict ‘‘finding that the plaintiff, by virtue of the accident, had suffered an injury requiring treatments and medication, the purpose of which was to alleviate pain and to improve functioning,’’
was inconsistent with award of zero noneconomic damages). It is inconsistent for the jury to conclude, on the one hand, that the plaintiffs suffered personal injuries in the accident that necessitated this type of medical treatment but, on the other hand, that the plaintiffsexperienced no pain or suffering as a result of the accident that warranted an award of noneconomic damages. Because the trial court could have reasonably concluded that the jury’s verdict was inconsistent on this particular factual record, its decision to grant the plaintiffs’ joint motion for additurs was not an abuse
of discretion.

The dissent posits that a jury is not required to find that ‘‘ any instance of pain and suffering’’ is compensa-ble and that the jury can choose to award zero damagesfor pain and suffering proximately caused by a tortfeasor’s negligence. (Emphasis in original.) Footnote 1 of the dissenting opinion. Relatedly, the dissent suggests that the jury rationally may have found that the plaintiffs sustained injuries resulting from Flannery’s negligence but nonetheless experienced no ‘‘compensable’’ pain and suffering on the theory that their pain and suffering was so ‘‘brief or innocuous’’ that no compensation was required. Id. These claims are flawed in four respects.

First, the very notion of noncompensable pain and suffering is inconsistent with the manner in which the parties litigated the case and the trial court instructed the jury. Consistent with our civil jury instructions, the trial court instructed the jury that the plaintiffs wereentitled ‘‘to receive fair, just and reasonable compensation for all injuries and losses that are proximately caused by the defendant’s negligence.

* * *
‘‘A plaintiff who is injured by the negligence of another is entitled to be compensated for all physical pain and suffering, and mental and emotional suffering, and the loss of the ability to enjoy life’s pleasures that are legally caused by the defendant’s negligence. . . .
‘‘A plaintiff who is injured by the negligence ofanother is entitled to be compensated for mental suffering caused by the defendant’s negligence for the results that proximately flow from it in the same manner as the plaintiffs are for physical suffering.’’ (Emphasis added.) See footnote 14 of this opinion. The jury was not free to disregard the trial court’s instructions on the law.

Second, the dissent cites no authority from this court that would allow a jury to refuse to award any damages upon determining that a defendant’s negligence caused a plaintiff pain, or only minor or brief pain. We have located no precedent of this court to support that novel proposition. To the contrary, the purpose of an award of compensatory damages ‘‘is to restore an injured party to the position he or she would have been in if the wrong had not been committed.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Rizzuto v. Davidson Ladders, Inc. , 280 Conn. 225, 248, 905 A.2d 1165 (2006). To accomplish this purpose, a plaintiff must recover all of the damagessuffered as a result of a tortfeasor’s negligence, regardless of whether those damages are economic or noneconomic in nature. See, e.g., First Federal Savings & Loan Assn. of Rochester v. Charter Appraisal Co. , 247 Conn. 597, 604, 724 A.2d 497 (1999) (it is ‘‘[a] well established proposition that a tortfeasor is liable for all damages proximately caused by its negligence’’). To concludeotherwise risks condoning jury compromise or nullification and undermining the principles animating tortlaw, namely, ‘‘compensation of innocent parties, shifting the loss to responsible parties or distributing itamong appropriate entities, and deterrence of wrongful conduct . . . .’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
Doe v. Cochran , 332 Conn. 325, 363, 210 A.3d 469 (2019); see footnote 15 of this opinion.

Third, putting aside the dubious legal validity of the dissent’s theory, the evidence in the present case does not support a reasonable inference that the plaintiffs’ injuries were either brief or innocuous. The plaintiffs’treatment was lengthy in duration, lasting approximately two years for Maldonado and eight months for Hernandez. The nature of the plaintiffs’ injuries, which the jury reasonably and necessarily found required such invasive treatment as electrical stimulation, mechanicaltraction, and epidural steroid injections, cannot accurately be characterized as innocuous. See MerriamWebster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th Ed. 2004) p. 645 (defining ‘‘innocuous’’ as ‘‘producing no injury’’ or ‘‘harmless’’).

Fourth, to the extent that the dissent suggests that the jury reasonably could have found that the plaintiffs suffered no pain or suffering, we also disagree. The very medical records on which the jury must have reliedto award the plaintiffs their medical expenses demonstrate unequivocally that pain was the precipitating and ongoing reason for the treatment that the jury found to be compensable. 18 Indeed, although the dissent reminds us that ‘‘ ‘we must examine the evidential basis
of the verdict itself to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion,’ ’’ it then provides a theoretical explanation for the jury’s split verdict without reference to the particular evidentiary record in this case. Our own examination of the evidentiary record leads us to conclude that the trial court acted within its discretion when it determined that the jury could not consistently have found, on the one hand, that the aforementioned medical treatments were reasonable and necessary and, on the other hand, that the plaintiffs suffered no pain and suffering.
We also reject the defendants’ argument that the Appellate Court properly reversed the judgment of the trial court on the basis of the plaintiffs’ ‘‘conflicting and inconsistent’’ testimony; Maldonado v. Flannery , supra, 200 Conn. App. 10; which the jury reasonably could have found ‘‘lacked credibility.’’ Id., 13. The trial courtexplicitly acknowledged that ‘‘the jury could have reasonably concluded that [the plaintiffs] were [not] credible witnesses.’’ The trial court was ‘‘[c]onscious of itsobligation to view the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the jury’s verdict and the jury’s right to make determinations of witness credibility,’’ and, therefore, did not rely on the plaintiffs’ conflicting or inconsistent testimony in ruling on the plaintiffs’ joint motion for additurs. Instead, the trial court relied on the findings of harm and causation necessarily inherent in the jury’s verdict awarding the plaintiffs’ claimeddamages for the treatment reflected in their respective medical bills, which the court reasonably determined the jury must have credited to arrive at its verdict and award in favor of the plaintiffs.

The defendants also contend that the trial court’s additur award was improper under Wichers becausethe plaintiffs both had preexisting back and neck conditions, which the jury reasonably could have found were the cause of their pain and suffering following the 2016 collision. We reject this claim. As we previously explained, Wichers did not establish a per se rule automatically requiring or prohibiting a trial court from awarding an additur of noneconomic damages. Instead, Wichers rejected the Johnson per se rule declaring all split verdicts inconsistent as a matter of law and replaced it with a more flexible, fact sensitive approach. See Wichers v. Hatch , supra, 252 Conn. 181 (stating that ‘‘a case-specific standard should apply to the instance in which a party seeks to have a verdict set aside on the basis that it is legally inadequate’’).

Wichers is factually distinguishable from the present case because the plaintiff in that case was receiving medical treatment ‘‘as part of a monthly maintenance program’’ for a preexisting neck impairment at the time of the accident. Id., 177. The plaintiff’s antecedent neck impairment, which was both traumatic and organic in origin, caused the plaintiff to suffer ongoing pain and ‘‘a reduced range of motion’’ at the time of the accident.Id. In light of the plaintiff’s preexisting medical condition and ongoing medical treatment, we reasoned that ‘‘the jury could have accepted the evidence that it was advisable for the plaintiff to see his chiropractor more frequently than usual following the accident, but that the accident did not cause him actually to suffer greater pain than he already had experienced as a result of his preexisting condition. Certainly, the jury reasonably could have found that the accident had not aggravated the plaintiff’s condition, and that his pain was the same as what he had experienced before his accident with the defendant. Thus, there was a sufficient evidentiary basis for the jury’s verdict.’’ Id., 189–90. 19

Unlike the plaintiff in Wichers , neither Maldonado nor Hernandez was undergoing medical treatment for a preexisting medical condition at or near the time the defendant negligently rear-ended their motor vehicle. Although there was evidence that both plaintiffs had degenerative disc changes of nontraumatic etiology, and that Maldonado had received treatment for a back and neck injury sustained in a motor vehicle accident in 2014 and ‘‘chronic pain/sciatica’’ in 2015, the parties presented no evidence from which the jury reasonably could have found that the pain associated with the injuries for which the plaintiffs were treated following the 2016 collision was the same in nature or degree as that related to any preexisting conditions. 20 On the basisof the evidence admitted at the trial, the jury could not have found that it was reasonable and necessary forthe plaintiffs to undergo months of chiropractic manipulations and a steroid injection as a result of the injuriessustained in 2016 and, at the same time, that the plaintiffs suffered no compensable pain as a result of these injuries. Because the factual record in the present case contains no ‘‘reasonable basis in the evidence for thejury’s [split] verdict’’; (internal quotation marks omitted) Wichers v. Hatch, supra, 252 Conn. 189; the trialcourt did not abuse its discretion by granting the plaintiffs’ joint motion for additurs.

V

CONCLUSION

After a careful review of the record, we concludethat the trial court did not abuse its discretion by granting the plaintiffs’ joint motion for additurs. Because the defendants declined to accept the trial court’s additur award; see footnote 7 of this opinion; a new trial is required. 21

The judgment of the Appellate Court is reversed and the case is remanded to that court with direction to remand the case to the trial court for a new trial as to causation and damages only.
In this opinion McDONALD, D’AURIA and KAHN, Js.,
concurred.

1 Kelly C. Flannery’s father, Michael T. Flannery, is also a defendant in this case. We refer to Kelly C. Flannery and Michael T. Flannery collectively as the defendants and to Kelly C. Flannery individually as Flannery.

2 The plaintiffs’ claim for economic damages included emergency care at the Hospital of Central Connecticut the day of the accident, as well as the subsequent MRI scans, chiropractic treatment, physical therapy, epidural steroid injections, and Maldonado’s X-rays.

3 Maldonado also testified that he had been involved in a prior motor vehicle accident in 2014, after which he received chiropractic treatment for approximately two months. The medical records from Maldonado’s previous

treatment were admitted into evidence at trial. Those records indicate thatthe prior accident occurred on April 6, 2014. Maldonado received chiropractic treatment for lower back pain from Dr. Michael Yoel beginning on April 15, 2014, and ending on June 5, 2014. Yoel’s final treatment note provides in relevant part that Maldonado was ‘‘feeling better and seems to be doing okay’’ and that ‘‘no further therapy is felt to be necessary.’’

4 Pollack assigned a 7 percent impairment rating to Maldonado and 5 percent impairment rating to Hernandez.

5 During cross-examination, the defendants’ counsel attacked Maldonado’scredibility in connection with numerous aspects of his testimony. For example, Maldonado first denied going to the hospital after his prior 2014 accident. On cross-examination, however, the defendants’ counsel introduced hospital records showing that Maldonado had visited the hospital after the 2014 accident. Maldonado then altered his testimony and said that he could not remember if he had visited the hospital in 2014. Describing the 2016 accident, Maldonado initially testified that, while he was approaching a red light in his vehicle, he saw the defendants’ car approaching quickly from behindand did not have time to move out of the way. However, during crossexamination, Maldonado testified that he looked back and tried to avoid the approaching vehicle. As for Hernandez, the defendants’ counsel elicited admissions that he has a history of drug use, several felony convictions, and memory problems. The defendants’ counsel argued to the jury that Hernandez’ memory problems undermined the accuracy of his testimony.

6 The jury awarded Maldonado medical costs in the amount of $7035 for the treatment at New Britain Injury & Spine and $943 for the treatment atJefferson Radiology, for a total award of $7978 in connection with these two treatment providers. The jury awarded Hernandez $5670 for the treatment at New Britain Injury & Spine and $937 for the treatment at JeffersonRadiology, for a total award of $6607 in connection with these two treatment providers.

7 The defendants neither accepted nor expressly rejected the additur. We construe the defendants’ failure to accept the additur as the equivalent of a rejection. See, e.g., Snell v. Beamon , 82 Conn. App. 141, 144, 842 A.2d 1167 (2004) (failure to accept additur within time allotted by trial court resulted in new trial limited to issue of damages).

8 We granted the plaintiffs’ petition for certification to appeal, limited to the following issue: ‘‘Did the Appellate Court correctly conclude that the trial court had abused its discretion in ordering additurs in favor of both of the plaintiffs?’’ Maldonado v. Flannery , 335 Conn. 967, 240 A.3d 284 (2020).

9 In addition to our case law on the subject, the legislature has enacted various statutes over the years, beginning during the colonial era, regarding the judicial power to set aside a jury verdict in a civil case. See Bissell v. Dickerson , 64 Conn. 61, 64–69, 29 A. 226 (1894) (providing detailed discussion of various statutes enacted between 1644 and 1893 that conferred statutory authority to certain courts—including, for brief period of time, to Supreme Court—to rule on motions to set aside jury verdicts as against weight of evidence). More recently, the legislature has enacted a number of statutes specifically relating to the procedure (and, in some cases, the standards) for setting aside a jury’s award of damages as excessive or inadequate. See General Statutes §§ 52-216a, 52-228, 52-228a, 52-228b and 52-228c. Section 52-228b, which is directly applicable to the present case, provides that ‘‘[n]o verdict in any civil action involving a claim for money damages may be set aside except on written motion by a party to the action, stating the reasons relied upon in its support, filed and heard after notice to the adverse party according to the rules of the court. No such verdict may be set aside solely on the ground that the damages are excessive unless the prevailing party has been given an opportunity to have the amount of the judgment decreased by so much thereof as the court deems excessive. No such verdict may be set aside solely on the ground that the damages are inadequate until the parties have first been given an opportunity to accept
an addition to the verdict of such amount as the court deems reasonable.’’ Because this statute merely codifies the common law, it provides no useful substantive guidance regarding the proper legal standard for determining when a jury’s award of damages is inadequate or an additur is appropriate.
Cf. Wichers v. Hatch , 252 Conn. 174, 187, 745 A.2d 789 (2000) (noting that § 52-216a is codification of common-law standard governing motions to set aside verdict as excessive or inadequate).

10 Many Connecticut cases, especially those of an earlier vintage, speak in terms of the ‘‘ ‘manifest injustice of the verdict’ ’’ that would ‘‘ ‘justify thesuspicion’ ’’ that the jury was influenced (or swayed) by improper considerations. Steinert v. Whitcomb , supra, 84 Conn. 263. These cases characterize the inquiry as follows: ‘‘Our rule governing the action of the trial court over verdicts is perfectly clear. ‘It should not set aside a verdict whe[n] it is apparent that there was some evidence [on] which the jury might reasonably reach [its] conclusion, and should not refuse to set it aside [when] the manifest injustice of the verdict is so plain and palpable as clearly to denote that some mistake was made by the jury in the application of legal principles, or as to justify the suspicion that [either the jury] or some of [the jurors] were influenced by prejudice, corruption, or partiality.’ ’’ Id., quoting Burr

v. Harty , 75 Conn. 127, 129, 52 A. 724 (1902). We perceive no significance between these slightly different formulations of the same inquiry.

11 There are scores of unpublished or unofficially reported Connecticut trial court decisions over the past twenty years adjudicating postverdict motions to set aside a jury’s verdict as inadequate in split verdict cases. It is reasonable to believe that more such verdicts, perhaps many more, have occurred without being recorded in a published opinion. Whatever the exact number, the situation arises frequently enough that the Superior Court judges have promulgated a specific jury instruction that a trial court may use when a jury returns such a verdict, which provides: ‘‘Ladies and [g]entlemen, I have reviewed your verdict and see that you have found in favor of theplaintiff and awarded economic damages, but have awarded zero [noneconomic] damages. [Although] that is a possible verdict, some might argue that it is inconsistent to say that a person was injured enough to incur (medical expenses/lost wages), but experienced no pain and suffering or other [noneconomic] damages. On the other hand, you may have concludedthat [although] the plaintiff proved (his/her) economic damages, (he/she) failed to prove the claimed [noneconomic] damages. ‘‘To help eliminate any concerns either party might have, I am going to ask you to go back and review your verdict. In addition to my instructionsregarding the plaintiff’s burden of proving damages you should also remember my instruction that even momentary pain and suffering [are] compensable. ‘‘Now, in sending you back for further deliberations, I am in no way suggesting that you should change your verdict. I am simply asking you to review your thought processes once more to make sure you have considered all relevant factors. I am giving you a new verdict form, which you should use if you decide to change your verdict.’’ Connecticut Civil Jury Instructions 3-4.9, available at https://www.jud.ct.gov/ji/civil/Civil.pdf (last visited April 26, 2022). The Committee Notes advise that ‘‘[j]udges are not required to give this charge, but they have the discretion to do so pursuant to General Statutes § 52-223.’’ Id. Section § 52-223 provides: ‘‘The court may, if it judges the jury has mistaken the evidence in the action and has brought in a verdict contrary to the evidence, or has brought in a verdict contrary to the direction of the court in a matter of law, return them to a second consideration, and for the same reason may return them to a third consideration. The jury shall
not be returned for further consideration after a third consideration.’’

12 See Childs v. Bainer, supra, 235 Conn. 116 (upholding trial court’s refusal to order additur or new trial when jury awarded plaintiff approximately one fifth of claimed economic damages and zero noneconomic damages because‘‘the cause, nature, and extent of the plaintiff’s injuries were ‘hotly contested’ ’’); Ginsberg v. Fusaro , 225 Conn. 420, 430, 432, 623 A.2d 1014 (1993) (upholding trial court’s refusal to order additur or new trial after jury awarded only small portion of plaintiff’s claimed economic damages and zero noneconomic damages because issue of causation ‘‘was hotly contested’’).

13 In the wake of Wichers , the Appellate Court has had many opportunities to review trial court rulings on motions to set aside split verdicts. See

Micalizzi v. Stewart , 181 Conn. App. 671, 682–94, 188 A.3d 159 (2018) (upholding trial court’s denial of motion for additur); Cusano v. Lajoie , 178 Conn. App. 605, 613–14, 176 A.3d 1228 (2017) (reversing trial court’s grant of motion for additur); DeEsso v. Litzie , 172 Conn. App. 787, 794–804, 163 A.3d 55 (upholding trial court’s denial of motion for additur), cert. denied, 326 Conn. 913, 173 A.3d 389 (2017); Melendez v. Deleo , 159 Conn. App. 414, 424, 123 A.3d 80 (2015) (upholding denial of motion for additur and/or to set aside verdict); Sigular v. Gilson , 141 Conn. App. 581, 592–94, 62 A.3d 564 (upholding trial court’s denial of motion to set aside verdict), cert. granted, 308 Conn. 948, 67 A.3d 291 (2013) (appeal withdrawn August 1, 2013); Silva v. Walgreen Co. , 120 Conn. App. 544, 560, 992 A.2d 1190 (2010) (reversing trial court’s grant of motion for additur); Benedetto v. Zaku , 112 Conn. App. 467, 473–74, 963 A.2d 94 (2009) (upholding trial court’s grant of motion for additur); Lombardi v. Cobb , 99 Conn. App. 705, 709–10, 915 A.2d 911 (2007) (upholding trial court’s grant of motion for additur); Fileccia v. Nationwide Property & Casualty Ins. Co. , 92 Conn. App. 481, 485–91, 886 A.2d 461 (2005) (reversing trial court’s denial of motion for additur), cert. denied, 277 Conn. 907, 894 A.2d 987 (2006); Smith v. LeFebre , 92 Conn. App. 417, 427, 885 A.2d 1232 (2005) (reversing trial court’s grant of motion for additur); Turner v. Pascarelli , supra, 88 Conn. App. 730–31 (reversing trial court’s grant of motion for additur); Schettino v. Labarba , 82 Conn. App. 445, 449–50, 844 A.2d 923 (2004) (reversing trial court’s grant of motion for additur); Snell v. Beamon , 82 Conn. App. 141, 147, 842 A.2d 1167 (2004) (upholding trial court’s grant of motion for additur); Elliott v. Larson , 81 Conn. App. 468, 476–78, 840 A.2d 59 (2004) (upholding trial court’s grant of motion for additur); Santa Maria v. Klevecz , 70 Conn. App. 10, 12–16, 800A.2d 1186 (2002) (upholding trial court’s denial of motion to set aside verdict). Given the fact specific nature of the Appellate Court’s analyses, andthe divergent conclusions reached, a comprehensive review and reconciliation of these cases are outside the scope of this opinion.

14 The jury was instructed in accordance with the standard jury instruction regarding damages in a negligence case, which provides in relevant part: ‘‘The rule of damages is as follows. Insofar as money can do it, the plaintiff is to receive fair, just and reasonable compensation for all injuries and

losses , past and future, which are proximately caused by the defendant’s proven negligence.

* * * ‘‘A plaintiff who is injured by the negligence of another is entitled to becompensated for all physical pain and suffering, mental and emotional suffering , loss of the ability to enjoy life’s pleasures, and permanent impairment or loss of function that (he/she) proves by a fair preponderance ofthe evidence to have been proximately caused by the defendant’s negligence. . . . ‘‘A plaintiff who is injured by the negligence of another is entitled to be compensated for mental suffering caused by the defendant’s negligence for the results which proximately flow from it in the same manner as (he/she) is for physical suffering. . . .’’ (Emphasis added.) Connecticut Civil Jury Instructions 3.4-1, available at https://jud.ct.gov/JI/Civil/Civil.pdf (last visited April 26, 2022). The defendants do not claim that this jury instruction waserroneous. Nor do they claim that the plaintiffs were not entitled to compensation for all of the pain and suffering proximately caused by Flannery’s negligence. We agree with the dissent that the amount of noneconomic damages is a matter ‘‘ ‘peculiarly within the province of the [trier] . . . .’ ’’ See, e.g., Manning v. Michael , 188 Conn. 607, 616, 452 A.2d 1157 (1982). This is particularly true in personal injury and wrongful death actions because of the difficulties inherent in placing a monetary value on noneconomic losses. See, e.g., Vajda v. Tusla , 214 Conn. 523, 533, 572 A.2d 998 (1990) (recognizing that ‘‘[a]n award of damages for pain and suffering is peculiarly within the province of the trier of fact’’ and ‘‘that it is difficult to measure pain and suffering in terms of money’’); McKirdy v. Cascio , 142 Conn. 80, 84–85, 111 A.2d 555 (1955) (‘‘[T]he problem of estimating damages for the loss of . . . life with any exactness is . . . one beset with insurmountable difficulties. . . . For this reason we have frequently said that the amount of damages recoverable in actions for death is peculiarly within the province of the jury.’’ (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.)). But, when, as here, the evidence necessarily credited by the jury establishes the existence of such harm, our law is clear that the plaintiff is legally entitled to be compensated. The fact that noneconomic damages ‘‘cannot be computed by a mathematical formula . . . [and] there is no [ironclad] rule for the assessment of damages’’ does not relieve the jury from quantifying, to the best of its ability, the amount of damages to which the plaintiff is entitled. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Vajda v. Tusla , supra, 533. So long as the amount awarded ‘‘falls somewhere within the necessarily uncertain limits of just damages,’’ the jury’s award is reasonable. McKirdy v. Cascio

, supra, 86. Stated another way, it is up to the jury to determine the amount of noneconomic damages to award a plaintiff for pain and suffering, but, once the existence of pain and suffering is established, the jury is not free to award zero damages as compensation.

15 In certain circumstances, for example, the split verdict may reflect a jury compromise in which ‘‘some of the jurors . . . conceded liabilityagainst their judgment, and some . . . reduced their estimate of the damages in order to secure an agreement of liability with their fellow jurors.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) George v. Ericson , 250 Conn. 312, 333, 736 A.2d 889 (1999). Or, it may reflect a form of jury nullification in which the jury refused, for whatever reason, to award the plaintiff the damages to which he or she legally is entitled on the basis of the jury’s findings on issues of liability, causation, and medical expenses. See, e.g., Todd v. Bercini

, 371 Pa. 605, 607–608, 92 A.2d 538 (1952) (‘‘If [the plaintiff] was entitled to a verdict from the defendant because of the injuries he inflicted [on] her as the result of his negligence, she was entitled to all that the law provides in such a case. And the items of pain, suffering and inconvenience, as well as loss of wages and impairment of earning power, are inevitable concomitants with grave injuries when suffered by a [wage earner]. A jury may not eliminate pain from wounds when all human experience proves the existence of pain, and it may not withhold lost wages when the evidence in the case uncontradictedly establishes the loss of wages as the result of the negligence [that] they, the jur[ors], have adjudicated against the responsible defendant. When it is apparent that a jury by its verdict holds the defendant responsible for a whole loaf of bread, it may not then neglectfully, indifferently, or capriciously cut off a portion of that loaf as it hands it to the plaintiff.’’ (Emphasis in original.)).

16 It is not entirely clear whether the Appellate Court concluded that the trial court had failed to articulate the evidentiary basis for its threshold conclusion that the jury’s award was unreasonable or, rather, whether the deficiency lay in the trial court’s failure to articulate the evidentiary basis for the specific amount of the additur awarded to the plaintiffs (i.e., $8000 to Maldonado and $6500 to Hernandez). The passage quoted in the textaccompanying this footnote indicates that the problem existed in the trial
court’s threshold determination of unreasonableness. See Maldonado v. Flannery , supra, 200 Conn. App. 8 (observing that trial court failed to ‘‘delineate the specific facts that led to its decision to grant the plaintiffs’ joint motion for additurs’’). At another point, however, the Appellate Court states that ‘‘the [trial] court’s memorandum of decision granting the plaintiffs’ joint motion for additurs lacks the necessary identification of the specific facts that would justify an additur of $8000 to Maldonado and $6500 to Hernandez.’’ Id. We focus on the adequacy of the trial court’s explanation for its threshold determination that the jury’s verdict was unreasonable because the articulation requirement exists to facilitate appellate review of that particular determination. See Saleh v. Ribeiro Trucking, LLC, supra, 303 Conn. 284 (trial court is required to ‘‘explain the specific reasons that

led the court to conclude that the award shocked the conscience of the court’’); cf. Wichers v. Hatch , supra, 252 Conn. 189 (requiring trial court to examine ‘‘[t]he evidential underpinnings’’ to determine whether there is reasonable basis in evidence to support jury’s verdict (internal quotationmarks omitted)). Nonetheless, we address the defendant’s challenge regarding the amount of the additurs in footnote 17 of this opinion.

17 The defendants contend that the trial court’s memorandum of decision ‘‘provide[s] no basis whatsoever justifying or explaining’’ the amount of noneconomic damages awarded to the plaintiffs: $8000 to Maldonado and $6500 to Hernandez. We disagree. The trial court explained that these
amounts were calculated on the basis of ‘‘the medical bills from New Britain Injury & Spine and Jefferson Radiology [that] the jury necessarily credited in its verdict.’’ This explanation certainly is sufficient to permit appellate review. See footnote 6 of this opinion. Alternatively, the defendants contend, without citation to legal authority, that an additur award in the amount of one dollar of noneconomic damages for every one dollar of medical expenses awarded by the jury is excessive because ‘‘[a]n award of less than one dollar for pain and suffering for every dollar of . . . treatment for pain would have been constitutionally permissible.’’ This claim is inadequately briefed, and, therefore, we decline to address it. See, e.g., Connecticut Coalition Against Millstone v. Connecticut Siting Council , 286 Conn. 57, 87, 942 A.2d 345 (2008) (‘‘[When] an issue is merely mentioned, but not briefed beyond a bare assertion of the claim, it is deemed to have been waived. . . . [M]ere conclusory assertions regarding a claim, with no mention of relevant authority and minimal or no citations from the record, will not suffice.’’ (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.)).

18 The epidural steroid injections are the most salient example of pain treatment credited by the jury. The referring provider determined that an epidural steroid injection was appropriate in light of ongoing lumbar pain, and we are not aware of any evidence suggesting an alternative explanationfor that treatment. More broadly, the medical records are replete with references to the plaintiffs’ pain symptoms that prompted the rendering of medical care, beginning with the initial visit to the hospital emergency room.The hospital records also reflect that the plaintiffs both were prescribed antiinflammatory medication and muscle relaxants, all of which were ordered to treat pain. Likewise, the medical records demonstrate that the chiropractic treatment found to be necessary by the jury was rendered for the purpose of alleviating the plaintiffs’ back and neck pain.

19 The dissent expresses concern that our holding today represents a
‘‘retreat’’ from Wichers . The concern is groundless— Wichers remains good law, the principles articulated therein remain valid, and its holding applies to cases involving comparable factual circumstances. To be clear, however, nothing in Wichers or any other case decided by this court suggests that a trial court must deny a motion for additur, even though it discerns aninconsistency in a split verdict that cannot be explained under any reasonable view of the evidentiary record. Wichers acknowledges this limitation on a court’s deference to the jury’s verdict in the very language quoted by the dissent: ‘‘ ‘[T]he conclusion of a jury, if one at which honest [jurors] acting fairly and intelligently might arrive reasonably , must stand . . . .’ ’’ (Emphasis added.), quoting Wichers v. Hatch , supra, 252 Conn. 189. We have emphasized throughout this opinion that the watchword in this context

is reasonableness

. 20 Indeed, there is no evidence in the record indicating that Hernandez ever experienced any back or neck pain prior to the 2016 collision. Nor is there any evidence that he ever was treated for any back or neck condition prior to the collision.21 ‘‘Ordinarily the reversal of a jury verdict requires a new trial of all the issues in the case,’’ unless there is ‘‘error as to one issue . . . [that] isseparable from the general issues . . . .’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Schroeder v. Triangulum Associates , supra, 259 Conn. 334. As we explained in Schroeder, ‘‘issues of liability and damages are not separable but instead are inextricably interwoven . . . thus requiring a new trial as to both liability and damages unless the court can clearly see that this is the way of doing justice in [a] case.’’ (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. In this case, because the defendants have admitted negligence, a new trial is required as to causation and damages only.