IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS

EASTERN DIVISION

ELGIN ASSISTED LIVING EB-5, LLC, et al., )

)

Plaintiffs, )

)

v. ) No. 12 cv 2941

)

ALEJANDRO MAYORKAS, et al., ) Judge Sharon Johnson Coleman

)

Defendants. ) 

Memorandum Opinion and Order

On April 20, 2012, plaintiffs anonymously filed a four-count complaint for declaratory

judgment against defendants, various government officials including officials of the U.S.

Citizenship and Immigration Service (collectively “defendants” or “USCIS”). On June 29, 2012,

USCIS moved to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. For the reasons stated below,

this Court grants defendants’ motion and dismisses the complaint.

Background

Plaintiffs are Iranian nationals who each filed an Alien Entrepreneur Form I-526 (“I526”). Form I-526 is the first step taken by an immigrant investor to obtain a visa, in this case,

the EB-5 visa, that authorizes the foreign national admission in the United States. If an I-526 is 1

approved, the immigrant investor must then file a DS-230, or Application for Immigrant Visa

and Alien Registration, with the U.S. Department of State to obtain an EB-5 visa. Among the I526’s requirements is evidence that the applicant obtained the capital involved through lawful

means. The procedure for granting immigrant status is authorized by 8 U.S.C. §§ 1154(a)(1)(H),

1154(b), and 1153(b)(5), and detailed in Title 8, Subchapter B of the Code of Federal

The EB-5 visa is codified in 8 U.S.C. § 1153(b)(5), which specifies the preference allocation for employment1

based immigrants visas.
Regulations. 

According to the plaintiffs, they desire to pool the funds of twenty-four immigrant

investors to lend to a limited liability company (“LLC”). The LLC obtained licenses from the

Department of Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”), as required by the Iranian

Transaction Regulations (“ITR”), 31 C.F.R. § 560. Plaintiffs filed their I-526s with USCIS on

September 2, 2011, with an attached copy of the LLC’s OFAC license. Pls.’ Compl. ¶¶ 45, 46. 

USCIS issued Requests for Evidence (“RFEs”) to the plaintiffs in early February and March

2012, requiring submission of the requested information by April or May 2012. Id. ¶¶ 47, 58, 69,

80, 91. Generally, the USCIS’ concern with plaintiffs’ I-526s involves the use of lawful capital

in establishing eligibility for an EB-5 visa as required by 8 U.S.C. § 204.6. USCIS issued two

sets of RFEs to the individual plaintiffs. Plaintiffs requested information from OFAC in order to

respond to the first RFE. USCIS issued a second set of RFEs on May 4, 2012, this time with a

response deadline of July 26, 2012. USCIS granted plaintiffs an extension to October 25, 2012,

to respond to the RFEs because OFAC had not yet responded to plaintiffs’ inquiry. 

Legal Standard

When ruling on a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss, district courts must accept as true all

well-pleaded factual allegations and draw reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Iddir v.

INS, 301 F.3d 492, 496 (7th Cir. 1993). A court may also properly consider material outside of

the pleadings. Afsharzadehyadzi v. Perryman, 214 F. Supp. 2d 884, 886 (7th Cir. 2002). A party

seeking declaratory relief must show: (1) an actual controversy and, (2) a matter within federal

court subject matter jurisdiction. Calderon v. Ashmus, 523 U.S. 740, 745 (1998). 

Discussion

Defendants move to dismiss the complaint arguing that there is no final agency action to

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support subject matter jurisdiction. The Declaratory Judgment Act does not extend jurisdiction

beyond what is authorized by Congress, it merely enlarges the range of remedies available in

federal courts. Skelly Oil Co. v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 339 U.S. 667, 671–72 (1950); GNB

Battery Techs., Inc. v. Gould, Inc., 65 F.3d 615, 619 (7th Cir. 1995). Where, as here, an agency

action is not specifically made reviewable by a statute, the Administrative Procedure Act

(“APA”) allows judicial review of a “final agency action” for which there is no other adequate

remedy. 5 U.S.C. § 704. 

Two conditions must be satisfied for an agency action to be considered “final.” Home

Builders Ass’n of Greater Chi. v. U.S. Army Corps of Engr’s, 335 F.3d 607, 614 (7th Cir. 2003). 

First, the action must mark the “consummation” of the agency’s decision-making process, and

must not be of a merely tentative or interlocutory nature. Id. Second, the action must be one by

which “rights or obligations have been determined,” or from which “legal consequences will

flow.” Id. In answering this second question, the Seventh Circuit uses the direct and immediate

effects test first pronounced in Abbott Labs. v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 152 (1967), under which

the court considers whether the action’s impact is sufficiently direct and immediate on the

plaintiffs and has direct effect on day-to-day business. W. Ill. Home Health Care, Inc. v.

Herman, 150 F.3d 659, 662 (7th Cir. 1998) (citing Abbott Labs., 387 U.S. at 151-52). “[T]he

core question is whether the agency has completed its decisionmaking process, and whether the

result of that process is one that will directly affect the parties.” Id. (quoting Franklin v.

Massachusetts, 505 U.S. 788, 797 (1992)).

Defendants argue that neither prong of the “finality” test is met in this case. Plaintiffs

assert that because they will likely be unable to respond to the RFEs on time, this Court should

find the issuance of the RFEs to be the last step in regards to their I-526s and the consummation

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of the decision-making process. 

Before finding that judicial review is available, the court must also confirm that such

review does not fall within either of these two exceptions: (1) where a statute expressly

precludes judicial review; or (2) where agency action is committed to agency discretion by law.

5 U.S.C. § 701. While there is no statutory provision specifically precluding review of the

issuing of RFEs in this matter, including the general jurisdiction-stripping provision of the

Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii), the RFEs may be

precluded as agency action that is committed to USCIS discretion by law. “The exception has

been found to apply to situations in which a statute’s delegation of decision-making authority to

an agency is so complete ‘that a court would have no meaningful standard against which to judge

the agency’s exercise of discretion.’” Home Builders, 335 F.3d at 615. Determining whether a

meaningful standard for review is available requires consideration of four areas: the statutory

language, the statutory structure, the legislative history, and the nature of the action. Singh v.

Moyer, 867 F.2d 1035, 1039 (7th Cir. 1989) (citing Bd. of Trade of the City of Chicago v. CFTC,

605 F.2d 1016, 1016 (7th Cir. 1979).

The applicable regulations here use permissive language allowing the USCIS to choose

to issue RFEs at its own behest. The INA’s implementing regulation provides that “[i]f all

required initial evidence is not submitted with the benefit request or does not demonstrate

eligibility, USCIS in its discretion may deny the request for lack of initial evidence or for

ineligibility or request that the missing initial evidence be submitted within a specified period of

time as determined by USCIS.” 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(8)(ii) (emphasis added). Similarly, “[i]f all

required initial evidence is not submitted with the benefit request or does not demonstrate

eligibility, USCIS may: [1] deny the benefit request for ineligibility; [2] request more

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information or evidence from the applicant or petitioner, to be submitted within a specified

period of time as determined by USCIS; or [3] notify the applicant of its intent to deny the

benefit request and the basis for the proposed denial . . . .” 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(8)(iii) (emphasis

added). In this case, it seems that USCIS chose the second option, and issued RFEs to Plaintiffs

twice, although it could have found that the initial documents applicants submitted with its I526s did not demonstrate eligibility and accordingly denied the benefit request. 

The statutory and regulatory structure, lack of standards, and nature of the issuance of

RFEs seem to demonstrate that the exercise of issuing RFEs is within the discretion of USCIS. 

The RFEs appear to be agency action committed to USCIS discretion by law, and are therefore

likely unreviewable. See, e.g., Anaya-Aguilar v. Holder, 683 F.3d 369, 372-73 (7th Cir. 2012)

(finding the BIA’s sua sponte authority to reopen a case unreviewable as an action committed to

agency discretion by law); Lalani v. Perryman, 105 F.3d 334, 337-38 (7th Cir. 1997) (finding an

the decision to deny a request for an extension of voluntary departure unreviewable as an action

committed to agency discretion by law). Even if this court found the action at issue subject to

judicial review, the issuance of RFEs is not a “final agency action” within the meaning of APA §

704 because it is not a consummation of USCIS’ decision-making process regarding petitions,

visas, or immigrant status, and is neither an action from which legal consequences flow. Home

Builders, 335 F.3d at 614. 

RFEs are clearly an intermediate step in the process of adjudicating an I-526. See, 8

C.F.R. § 103.2(b). Here, USCIS decided that it could not determine plaintiffs’ eligibility or

ineligibility for the I-526s based on the evidence plaintiffs initially submitted therefore USCIS

requested more information, which it is permitted to do under 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(8)(i). Thus,

the RFEs cannot reasonably be seen as a consummation of the decision-making process. This

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conclusion is also supported by USCIS’ email response to plaintiffs on April 3, 2012, where

USCIS stated that it could not address case-specific issues regarding their petition at that time,

specifically, whether plaintiffs had established the lawfulness of their investment funds. Pls.’

Compl. ¶¶ 53–54, Exhs. F, G. Instead, the fact that USCIS asked that the RFE be responded to as

completely as possible and that this response would then be reviewed, suggests the tentative

nature of the RFEs. Id. ¶ 54. 

Although plaintiffs argue that the issuance of the RFEs was constructive denial of their I526s because they would likely be unable to respond to the RFEs within the time period allotted

with the information requested, this argument fails for two reasons. First, USCIS simply could

have denied the I-526s for lack of initial evidence instead of issuing RFEs. 8 C.F.R. §

103.2(b)(8)(i)-(ii). In essence, plaintiffs suggest that USCIS chose to constructively deny

plaintiffs’ I-526s by requesting information that it knew plaintiffs could not obtain within the

time allowed, rather than simply denying the application for lack of evidence. More likely,

USCIS used the RFEs to obtain more information to adequately adjudicate plaintiffs’

application. 

Second, plaintiffs’ ability to comply with the latest October 25, 2012, deadline to respond

to the RFEs remains speculative. On the one hand, OFAC may respond with both a license and a

letter with which plaintiffs can respond to the RFEs. On the other hand, plaintiffs may be able to

respond to the RFEs with other documents within the deadline. USCIS has stated that the RFE

should be responded to as completely as possible. Pls.’ Compl. ¶ G; Exh. G. This statement

suggests that plaintiffs could respond to the RFEs with the documents they have available by the

October 25, 2012, deadline that may or may not result in USCIS approval of their application.

Clearly the issuance of the RFEs is not the end of USCIS’ decision-making process since the

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information that plaintiffs are ultimately able to provide by the deadline and the eligibility

determination that USCIS makes based on the information remains unknown at this time. 

The second prong of the finality test requires that the agency action be one by which

“rights or obligations have been determined,” or from which “legal consequences will flow.” 

Home Builders, 335 F.3d at 614. Under this test, the court considers “whether the result of that

process is one that will directly affect the parties.” W. Ill. Home Health Care, Inc., 150 F.3d at

662. 

The issuance of the RFEs did not determine whether the plaintiffs’ I-526s or EB-5 visas

would be denied, or otherwise alter plaintiffs’ financial or immigration statuses. No sanction,

penalty, or reward was imposed on the plaintiffs through the RFEs. See Acker v. E.P.A., 290 F.3d

892, 894-95 (7th Cir. 2002). In short, the RFEs had no effect on the plaintiffs other than to

impose on them the already-existing burden of complying with the INA and its implementing

regulations. Id. at 894. While certain legal consequences may occur, they will remain

possibilities with or without the issuance of the RFEs. Id.; cf. Singh v. U.S. Citizenship &

Immigr. Srvs., 2011 WL 1485368, at *4 (N.D. Ill. 2011) (finding the plaintiff to have

experienced immediate and real legal consequences as a result of defendant’s decision which

resulted in the plaintiff’s inability to work for 180 days or travel abroad without the consent of

the Attorney General). Therefore, there is no final agency action for this Court to review.

Accordingly, based on the foregoing analysis defendants’ Motion to Dismiss for Lack of

Subject Matter Jurisdiction is granted. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Date: October 16, 2012 Entered:__________________________

Sharon Johnson Coleman

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