J~~ieo srqr~

s 

W 

o ~ ~ Q 

0 

14 PROjE'~'~ _ 

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 

HE B 2 5 2015 OFFICE OF 

AIR AND RADIATION 

Memorandum 

To: 

From: 

Subject: 

Date: 

Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2013-0748 

Gerald Wozniak and Dave Godwin 

EPA/Stratospheric Protection Division 

Derivation of Charge Limits for Room Air Conditioners 

February 25, 2015 

~CJctwA~ 

This document describes how EPA derived the refrigerant charge limits for room air 

conditioners and heat pumps proposed in "Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Listing of 

Substitutes for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning and Revision of the Venting Prohibition for 

Certain Refrigerant Substitutes." 

Source documents f'or calczrlations 

These charge limits are based upon calculations from formulas in Underwriters 

Laboratories (UL) standard 484, Room Air Conditioners. The formulas in Appendix F of the UL 

484 standard in turn are based upon the international industry standard International 

Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60335-2-40, "Particular Requirements for Electrical Heat 

Pumps, Air Conditioners and Dehumidifiers" (2005). Kataoka, et al. (2000) first derived these 

formulas and discussed their technical basis. These formulas are empirically derived, considering 

molecular mass, lower flammability limit, refrigerant dispersion, leak rates, and the dimensions 

of the space that refrigerant leaks into. These formulas also were proposed to the IEC SC 61 D 

and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) TC86 SC1 WG1 joint working groups 

to assist in setting standards for using flammable refrigerants in air conditioning equipment and 

dehumidifiers (Kataoka et al., 2000). 

Formula used to establish limits for fixed units 

The formula in section 1.6 of appendix F,"Requirements for Charge Limits," of UL 484 

is for fixed appliances with charge amounts m 1< M< m2, where M is the refrigerant charge 

amount in appliance in kg, ml is 4m3x the lower flammability limit (LFL) in kg/m3 , and m2 is 

26m3x LFL. The formula for the maximum allowable charge size for fixed appliances is as 

follows: 

Internet Address (URL) -http//wwwepa.gov 

RecycledlRecyclable • Printed with Vegetable Oil Based Inks on 100% Postconsumer, Process Chlorine Free Recycled Paper 
mrnax = 2.5 (LFL)4 h, -~A_ 

Where, 

m,,,ax = the maximum allowable charge size allowed for the space, in kg, 

LFL = the lower flammability limit of the refrigerant in kg/m 3 , 

ho = the installation height of the indoor unit in m(0.6 m for an air conditioning (AC) 

unit on the floor, 1.0 m for an AC unit in a window, 1.8 m for a wall-mounted AC 

unit, and 2.2 m for a ceiling-mounted AC unit) 

A= the area of the room, in m2 

The formulas are based upon the conservative assumption that the ceiling of the room is 

2.2 m(8 ft) high. The formulas are designed to prevent exceedance of 25% of the LFL. 

The formula in section 1.7 of appendix F of UL 484 is for non fixed factory sealed single 

package units (i.e., "portable room AC units") with charge amounts m 1< M< 2 x m 1. The 

formula for maximum allowable charge size for non-fixed units is as follows: 

mmax = 0.25 x A x LFL x 2.2 

Where mn,a,, A and LFL mean as described above. 

EPA used the following methodology to derive the maximum allowable charge limits by 

means of the aforementioned equations. This approach included examining the charge limit with 

respect to the LFLs of different refrigerants, while taking into consideration variables such as the 

installation height (ho) of the AC unit and the area of the room. 

Source of values in the .formula for maximum allowable charge size 

Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) values 

EPA used the following information in calculating the lower flammability limit on the basis of 

inass per unit volume (kg/m3 ), abbreviated LFL,,,. 

Refrigerant IUPAC chemical Molar rnass LFLm in LFLv in % 

designation name or blend (kg/kmol) kg/m3 v/v 

com osition 

R-290 Propane 44.1 0.038 2.1% 

R-32 Difluoromethane 52 0.306 14.4% 

R-441 A 2901600/600a/170 48.44 0.04 1 2.05% 

(60/30/5/5) 

For R-290 and R-32, the LFLm values are listed in Appendix B of UL 484. For R-441 A, EPA 

used the LFL as a percentage of volume per volume from A.S. Trust & Holdings' SNAP 

submission (2.05%) and calculated the LFL n, from the LFL, using the following formula: 

LFL,„ =(MM/24.4) x LFL, x 1000 
Where, 

LFLm=lower flammability limit in kg/m3(0.041), 

MM = molecular mass in kg/mol (0.04844), 

LFL, =lower flammability limit as a percentage volume (0.0205), 

24.4 = conversion factor, I mole of a gas per 24.41iters at standard temperature (32°F, 

0°C) and pressure (1 atmosphere, 101.325 kPa), based on the ideal gas law, 

1000 = conversion factor, 1000 liters per m 3 

Installation Height (ho) values 

Appendix F in the UL 484 standard sets four installation heights for a fixed uiiit: 0.6 m 

for an AC unit on the floor, 1.0 m for an AC unit in a window, 1.8 m for a wall-mounted AC 

unit, and 2.2 m for a ceiling-mounted AC unit. In terms of detennining if concentrations are 

small enough to remain below the LFL if the refrigerant is released, a greater compressor height 

ho corresponds with better mixing of the refrigerant throughout a room. For example, a release of 

refrigerant near the ceiling will be more thoroughly mixed and there will be lower concentrations 

than if the same refrigerant charge is released close to the floor. UL 484 does not utilize an 

installation height factor in the determination of maximum charge for portable units. 

EPA established the tables of proposed charge limits with ho values that correspond to the 

following room air conditioner types: 

• ho=0.6 m: packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), packaged terminal heat 

pumps (PTHPs), and portable air conditioners (all units on or near floor) 

• ho=1.0 m: window AC units 

• ho=1.8 m: wall-mounted AC units 

• ho=2.2 m: ceiling-mounted AC units 
Correlation ofAC unit capacdty and room area 

After determining the LFLmand installation heights the EPA used approximation of 

appropriate capacities for cooling a given area. The capacities for cooling a given area of a room 

is based upon the foliowing table from EnergyStar 2014: 

Area To Be Cooled (ft2) Capacity Needed (B'1'll;s/hour) 

100 up to 150 5,000 

150 up to 250 6,000 

250 aap to 300 7,000 

300 up to 350 8,000 

350 up to 400 9,000 

400 up to 450 10,000 

450 up to 550 

550 up to 700 — 

700 up to 1,000 

12,000 

14,000 

18,000 

1,000 up to 1,200 21,000 

1,200 up to 1,400 23,000 

1,400 up to 1,500 24,000 

1,500 up to 2,000 30,000 

2,000 up to 2,500 34,000 

EPA used the correlations below in associating capacity with room area. We used a 

conversion factor of 0.092903 m2/ft2 . EPA established the tables of proposed charge limits with 

respect to the minimum area required for a maximum charge that correspond to the room air 

conditioner type. 
~ Area To Be Cooled I 

range (ft Z ) min (ftz) max (ft2) min (m2) max (m2) Capacity 

(BTU/hr) 

100 up to 150 100 150 9.3 13.9 5,000 

150 up to 250 150 250 13.9 23.2 6,000 

250 up to 300 250 300 23.2 27.9 7,000 

300 up to 350 300 350 27.9 32.5 8,000 

350 up to 400 350 400 i 32.5 37.2 9,000 

400 up to 450 400 450 37.2 41.8 10,000 

450 up to 550 

550 up to 700 

450 

550 

550 

700 

41.8 

51.1 

51.1 

65.0 

12,000 

14,000 

700 up to 1,000 700 1.000 65.0 92.9 18,000 

1,000 up to 1,200 1000 1,200 92.9 111.4 21,000 

1,200 up to 1,400 1200 1,400 111.5 130.1 23,000 

1,400 up to 1,500 

1,500 up to 2,000 

1400 

1500 

1..500 

2,000 

130.1 

139.4 

139.4 

185.8 

24,000 

30,000 

2,000 up to 2,500 2000 2,500 185.8 232.3 34,000 

Sources of uncertaint ipacity value 

EPA's EnergyStar program website also suggests some adjustments to capacity to 

address additional factors that may increase or decrease cooling capacity needed for a room: 

• If the room is heavily shaded, reduce capacity by 10 percent. 

• If the room is very sunny, increase capacity by 10 percent. 

• If more than two people regularly occupy the room, add 600 BTUs for each additional 

person. 

• If the unit is used in a kitchen, increase capacity by 4,000 BTUs. 

The calculations used to derive the charge sizes in EPA's proposed rule do not adjust for these 

additional factors. 
Proposed charge limits 

Table A below illustrates the maximum design charge sizes (kg) for window air conditioners 

with an installation height equal to I m for different cooling capacities. Table B illustrates the 

maximum design charge sizes (kg) for PTACs, PTHPs and portable air conditioning units with 

an installation height equal to 0.6 m. Table C illustrates the maximum design charge sizes (kg) 

for wall mounted AC units with an installation height equal to 1.8 m. Table D illustrates the 

maximum design charge sizes (kg) for ceiling-mounted AC units with an installation height 

equal to 2.2m. Table E illustrates the maximum design charge sizes (kg) for portable room AC 

units. These tables clearly indicate that charge sizes will slightly increase as a result of the 

installation height of the unit. For example, the charge size of 1.73 kg for R-32 in Table A(the 

lowest installation height) is much smaller than the charge size of 3.82 kg for R-32 in Table D 

(the highest installation height). It is also important to note that these charge sizes were derived 

with respect to the minimum room area for a given capacity and thus these calculations are based 

on a conservative analysis. For example, if the maximum room area was considered, it would 

yield a slightly higher maximum design charge size. 

The UL standard indicates that the formula used above is for appliances with charge sizes in a 

given range of m 1 and m2. As indicated on page 1 of this memo, m2 is 26 m3x LFL for fixed 

units, and m2 is 2 x ml for portable units.. Therefore, the calculations of allowable charge size, 

shown in Tables A through E, must be checked to ensure the values remain below m2. Although 

this limit is not reached in Tables A and B, it is reached in Tables C, D and E; those values are 

marked with an asterisk (*). Specifically, these maximum charge limits will apply and supersede 

those in the Tables C, D and E: 

• In Table F, for R-32, for capacities >= 18,000 BTU/hr: 7.956 kg. 

• In Table F, for R-290, for capacities = 34,000 BTU/hr: 0.988 kg. 

• In Table F, for R-441 A, for capacities = 34,000 BTU/hr: 1.066 kg. 

• In Table G, for R-32, for capacities >= 12,000 BTU/hr: 7.956 kg. 

• In Table G, for R-290, for capacities >= 24,000 BTU/hr: 0.988 kg. 

• In Table G, for R-441 A, for capacities >= 23,000 BTU/hr: 1.066 kg. 

• In Table H, for R-32, for capacities >= 7,000 BTU/hr: 2.448 kg. 

• In Table H, for R-290, for capacities >= 7,000 BTU/hr: 0.304 kg. 

• In Table H, for R-441 A, for capacities >= 7,000 BTU/hr: 0.328 kg. 

Incorporating these results, Tables F, G, and H present the maximum charge size limits for wallmounted, ceiling-mounted, and portable rooni air conditioners, respectively. 
0 

+.+ 

•'O 

~ 

'O 

~ 

~ 

O 

i.y. 

~ 

~ 

cC • 

~ 

~ 

3••i 

'.O 

N 

N 

~ 

Q 

i.. 

c~. O 

O O ~ 

U ~ 

•;r 

~v 

o ~ 

U 

C d 

=~ 3 

f1. 

~ y 

W ~ 

'C3 ~ 

c~c U 

Ny ~ 

3 ~ o ~ d 

c~ 

•D '~ r0 

N ~ 

ccs 

zz 

~ OD 

~ O 

~ 

bA M 

CG 0 U '+•~•+ 

•'~ >~ 

aa 

\O M M 

V O O oM C~ N 

O N M 

~ C C 

C~ 00 ~ 00 N M 

M O O 

p "O Q~ ~1D N N 

M C O 

O M I~ 

N N N 

ti O O 

t~ N N N O O 

~ DO C\ 

N O O 

O ~ ~ 

N O O 

O tn ~ 

N O o Ei 

00 

p o 

C> M ~ 

~ o 0 

Op ~ N cC1 

~ o O 

O 

O 

O 

_ 

~ O O 

O 

C> O 

~ 

O 

~ 

O 

r_ ~ Q . ~ N C, 17 

M N 17 

0 

O 

O 

~ 

M 

0 

O 

O 

O 

M 

O 

p 

O 

7 

,N 

0 

0 

O 

M 

N 

~ 

O 

O 

N 

0 

O 

DD 

C 

p 

O 

C 

O 

O 

N 

O 

O 

0 

O 

O 

0 

0 

O\ 

O 

O 

O 

00 

r-. 

~ 

~ 

~ ~..i 

.~ 

S~. 

«s 

U 

bA 

C 

O 

O U 

"CJ 

~ 

~ U 

O 

w 

cn 

n 

~ N .y 

~ 

L 

R 

~ 

~ brA 

.~ 

~ 

R 

~ 

.~ 

R 

9 

~ 

~ 

~ 1 0 CJ s 

E ~ 

O ~ N Q = O

N 

U 

> ~ 

O U 

~ L 

E n 

~O R 

O -O 

~ cl 

CZ 

~ y 

L 

E E 

O X 

C y 

L ~ 

O U 

i ~ 

O ~ 

a y c,j O a>i 3 

cli ~ 

t ~ 

~ 3 ~s 

¢ O ¢._ cC T 

s o 

O ,C 

7 

bA ~ 

~ L 

o „ 

o a~ U s 

L cri C 

= O 

'y Y 

O V ~ w, 3 

a~ a~ ~ s 

.' . a~ y ~ 

VU 

h ~ 

..3a• 

O ~ LL. ~ C_ 

O 

O O zU 

O "O N 

O~ 

O I~ V•1 

~O 

o 

II 

s 

o ~ CN zl- i 

c~ ~7 vi E vNi 

. ¢ 

O ` 

C 

C~ OG 110 L 

O 00 l- N 0 y 

p O 

N 

\~ D O O (U ~ 

N 

6~ > Y 

~ 

o M 

O 

o 

tt 

~ 

00 

't 

O 

fa byj 

E _n y 

~ y ~ 

N fy 

p V ~ v1 

y Q . 

co 

~ . 

N v') O O L 

o O 

^ ~ 

oMO o ~ 

N E'••' ~ ~ O O Rs ~ c~ , 

m 

~O L ~'i • 

~ ~ O ~ O ~ 

v U 

~ 

cqs 

00 

N ~ y ~ a>> 3 a ~ 

eYe O O.~ 

v

\0

i 

_ % p N 

o0 

~ 

'cr N N 

¢ p M p O 

~ 

to G 

Cl ~' ri O 

p 

O ` O c 

- 

~ ~ pA . 

v~ 

N 

• ~ 

O • 

~ O 

~ M o 

. 

0 

~ 

~ N o O 

~ O ~ 

.~ 

O 

O zT 

O p M ~ N 

~7 3 ^ O 

tn Q 0 ~ CC 

~ L ~ 

O 

LL 

~ ~, 

N 

cc 

i M N IT 
C 00 00 O\ 

o ~• t~ t~ 

M ~ 00', 

N O 

O •-- N O I 

00 ' 

N 

o ia ON O 

o ON O Io V1 1,0 ~O 

00 ~ C C 

O I N ":T Os 

O M ln ln 

~ t~o0 

j

N~tN OO M 

~O d' V1

~ O O O 

M v) O~C 

~P ~ o

~t k

n

~coo 

O ct M l~ 

O o0 ~t et 

O~ vi o O 

O O C, M 

00 v1 C C 

O Q;Mef 

t~ vco 

N ONO ~ 

00 N M 

ri O O 

O

oIN O M 

" N N tn 

v'~ MOC 

Q 

O ~ -^ 

oG l~ OG 

y 

~ 

~ 

Q~ 

~ 

~ O 

~ 

3 

~. 

w 

~ N_ 

cn 

N ( .~ 

cri 

b

r-~A .~a

, 

v~ Q 

~ 

.~ 

~ 

~ 

~ 

.~ 

^~ 

I~ 

N 

~ 

H 

C 

R s. 

b[l 

w 

~ 

T5 

o

." 

* •~ * 

O O ON N 

d0 ~O~ 

M C 

O 

C 

~ 

M 

'J 

C 

C 

C 

M 

0 

C 

O 

~ 

N 

O 

O 

O 

M 

N 

0 

O 

O 

N 

O O 

OG 

O 

C> 0 

~ 

O i 

O , 

C> 

N 

0 0 0 

0 

0 

O 

O 

~ 

O 

C~ 

0 

00 

0 

0 

0 

~ 

0 

0 

O 

~ 

0 

O 

0 

m 

C 

y ori 

,y 

x 

~ ~ ~ 

~ 

~ 

GC 

s 

U 

~i 

~ 

7 

~ 

~ 

~ 

~ 

~ 

~ 

• v R 

0. 

cz U 

't7 

~ 

U 

O 'n

cn 

El 

E 

00 

II 0 

t 

~ U 

~ 

~ ~ 

Q ~ 

L Y 

0o s 

N . ~ 

~ 

.G O 

~+ 

E 

a 00 ' U

c* U _ a ¢ 

I ~ U 

C R ~ 

-a 

c~ 

 arLi b4 

m cc~ 

o£ 

tn aXi 

W 

o 

Q) ~ 

c (U ~ ~ 

~ U R O ~ c~ 

• 3 ~ _ on 

a~ 

C X 

o o co 

N 

0 

~ Y 2{ 11 W 

v 

L N ^ 

~ O 

A ~ 

O

w w3 

 E 

 ~E 

X at 

4° 

~ 

O U ~ 

~

L 00.0 _ fC 

0 0 0 

Z U cn 

at• -% -~ 

M OO M 

O N M 

ae •x• •x• 

iE aF ~• 

~ ~ N 

iE ~t •~ 

N~ O ~ O ~ 

~ ~ ~ 

C~ 

N 

il ~y OQ 

C~i r- 00 

~ O O 0 

00 \~o CA 

C o 

00 

iF t~ 

~ O C~ O ~ ~ 

M \C ~ 

\P tn ~ 

l- o O 

0o tia o, 

G CO M 

1~0 ~r tri 

T=~ ~ 

M v1 U1 

o ~ ~ 

\O O O, 

~D t 1 M 

~ O O 

^ r- rn 00 O 

00 N M 

M C C 

Q O •--~ 

N ~ 

c~i s 

~ C ( o ~ 

N a"Oi 

~ ^ 

N ^ h ~ 

.¢...~ 

~ U R 

~ 

co 

~ L 

> ^C 

cC cC 

~ y 

~ E 

~ X 

L 

o w 

E Y 

~ 3Y 

O 

R 

R O R 

3 Y • 3 a 

,L X 

CU 

¢ ~ r= R ~ 

.0c ~ c 

~ 

y LC 

C ~ O 

• O y ~ 

'

o 

U t N 

.~ .~ •N 

b~A 

U U E 

y a ~ 

~ Y E 

~ ~ C7 

O U ~ 

CU 

z~~ 
~t• -x- ~- 

c~ oMO c, 

N oo — 

~ M ~ 

M 

•IF 9F iE 

M M N 

v1 -^ ~ 

M N M 

N 

O oo M 

0

C\

0 I- ON 

~ N N 

N 

9F iE 9E 

00 N N 

110 N ~n 

~o o~ c 

~ n •-- N 

Q~ r1 It 

O — 

"

Ic) O ' 

pp ~ r 

O ie at * 

N 

o 6 r- o0 O kt) t- M 

~ N [- 00 

•-- ~O O O 

iF aF iE 

aF it ~t 

-- C1 00 

(7\ 00 cq 

O

tn 

00 N 

O~ "t 'n 

M O O 

tn 

~ O~ ~ 

M N tn 

N O O 

N ~ N 

~ 

¢ 

N ~ d 

M N 

~ 

~ 

_ L 

~ 

~ 

~ 

O 

O 

O 

~ 

O 

O 

O 

00 

O 

O 

O 

r 

O 

O 

O 

\C 

O 

O 

O 

.~ .~.w 

U 

Q 

~ 

O 

~r 

N 

Cd 

~ 

O 

a 

ir 

~ 

cn N_ 

~ 

~ 

~ 

X 

co 

~ 

"0 

, . ~ 

N 

Q 

[%•a 

y 

~ 

~ 

E~ 

o' 

0 

~ M 

O 

O 

O 

O M 

0 

Q 

O 

~ 

N i 

O 

O 

O 

M 

N ' 

O 

O 

O 

N 

O 

O 

O 

06 

O 

0 

O I 

7 I 

rNw 

Vf 

b~A L 

eg 

s 

"A 

_ .~ 

i~ 

~ 

~ 

Y! N 

~ 

~ 

Z) 

CG 

~ I 

• UI 

m n. c~ 

U 

~ 

~ 

c~ 

U O 

~ 

~ 

O J~ m C ~U 

O d• ,O O 

O N -,*: ~ 

a Wi o 0 

oo lI rvi o C 

o O Q~ M 

O ~ M ~t 

-'T (D 

C t+1 ~,C O 

O O\ M 't 

t~ d O O 

O

C Ilm N O_ 

oN0 N M 

OI ~ N O M 

C N N N 

~ 

~ 

ct 

U 

O 

~

y 

~ 

}r 

00 

0 

s 

N 

E O y y ~ 

Q ~ 

L Y 

~ Y N ._ 

75 -0 

N 

> 

Y

V_1 

~ ~ ta y 

~ U : 

~ 

~ U r 

yL i 

o

y

A ~ 

C @ L 

CU ~ / 

O lly..ii 

R U 

~ O N ~ 

O ~ ~ 

R 

O ~ > i a~ y 

t ~ O 

~ 

•3 ~' t 

¢ •C 

O ~ 

s~ 

O O 

Lv i: 

0 R ~ ~ 

t:: ~ r 

Y 

U Y 

L 

m 

C ~ 

' l~ Y 

C 

d 

~ w. 3 U 

ti .0 

3 •'= 

4D ~ H ¢ 

O 

O v 

w to c 

z U 

Q~ O~ O I t- O ~ 

N 00

00 

 ~ 

ONON O 

t- O -- 

N ~ ~ 

C\ O; O 

l- O r- 

~Q i O~ O 

"O 011 00 

lf) 00 IO\ O~ O\ 

l- o C 

QN r- o0 

t- O O 

~O O v1 I 

Vn Z N ', 

64 Z l-- 

l~ O O 

tn 

ON tn ~D 

\0 kri ~ 

00 N1.0 ON 

- k!l t!1 

l- O O 

~ ~ ~ 

~D O O 

O IT It 

G C C 

~O M M 

et O O 

=' x o 

OO N C1 

M O O 

¢ 0 

M N ~ 

pG OG OG 

O 

O 

O 

d• 

M 

O 

O 

O 

O 

M 

O 

~ 

O 

4 N 

O 

0 

C) 

M 

N 

O O O 

N 

O O 

0 

06 

0 

0 

O 

~ 

O 

O 0 

N 

0 

0 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O\ 

O 

O 

O 

00 

O 

O 

O 

~ 

O 

O 

O 

~ 

0 

O 

O 

~ 

c 

~ 

~ 

~E N ~ 

E ~ 

N 

N ~ 

1. o O s • E" 

`~ y ~ • tn 

~ co 

o 

tL 

~ U 

~ L 

~ b

y

A 

> ~ O ^p 

~ ~ 

~ E _ ca 

C E 

t X 

L = O y E 

O ~ 

O ~: 

CG ~ 

> •p a> y 

❑ ~ 

co O 

= & 

~ .0 

c. y 

t~ 

O O 

c ca 

. O y 

C ~ O O v t 

L r_ 

Cd . ~ 

C = 

'~ ... 

U 0 w 3 

y ~ 

s ~ 

a3i ~ N ¢ 7 

w o ~ °A c 

0 0 0

zU 

N 

L 

~ 

~ 

U 

C 

bA 

.~ 

~ 

O 

K 

~ 

~ 

E~ 

1 

.~ 

co 

U 

N 

,a 

O 

y 

y i~ 

~ 

0 

0 

0 

v M 

"C oc "0 V', oo "0 

v) 00 

c oc c 

[- ~ C 

C 

v' vo ~Y 

~ 

~ 

v t_ 

C 

.~ 

«; 

~ 

y 

N 

ca U ~ C 

~ U 

bt~ 

O O~ [- 00 

N l- O O 

O I~G OC C 

O C\ 

C14 

 00 

O 

N 

00 t~ O O 

0~ 

''~~' O O O M 

et cd 

~3 tSJ U _ ~ et l- O O 

0 ~* N•y ' ~ O N +1 _ O lO 7 V~ 00 c 

U N\. 0 0 0 

y r^ 

~ L. vl ~ 

b y 

y ~ ~ ~k cd 0 O 

~+ N V1 

~ Y N 

C 

a> > 

Ei 

O ~ ~ Y RS ~ 

ct s o ~ 

N ~ 

Y —M ~ y 

~ Cd 

~., •5 • ~ E-, 

y 

y

O ~ 

a ~ ~ U -~ 

X~ 

~ d 3 

~ ~ X ca 

~ ~ E 

a~ R 

N Q ~ 7 

O U d 

w ~ ~ o F O O ~ zU cn ~ 

~ 

b

O

A ~ 
~ G 

L 

~ 

~ 

~ U 7-j 

b~A 

~ 

.... 

v N_ 

~ 

bA 

L 

~ 

.0 

U 

e 

b1C 

.~ 

t~ 

~ 

7 

~ 

.~ 

CC 

7 

~ 

si 

r~. 

~ .~ a. ca 

U 

w 

Cd 

~ U 

O 

~ 

y 

Ei 

O O O 

C M 

O O O 

~ 

N 

0 0 0 

M N 

O 

O 

O 

N 

C 

C 

0 

00 

O 

O 

O 

0 

0 

O 

N 

C 

O 

C 

C 

¢ 

o^ 

04 C~ 0~ 

C 00 ct 00 O ~t C N O 

~ N O O M 

~ 

~ 

O 

~ 

O 

0 0 ~.^. 

0 O 0 

Lri 

N 

~--~ 

.~ 

U 

¢ 

E 

O O 

-~. 

C~ 

~ 

CC 

~ 

O 

~ 

~. 

~ 

~ N_ 

~ 

~ 

X 03 

~ 

~ _U 

~ 

~ 

~ 

00 ~P 00 

ct O N 

c►' M M 

N O O 

OO V 00 

N O o 

00 v 00 

":t O N ,IP M M 

CD Itt CD OC'1 M 

N C O 

00 '.r 00 

tt O N ~1 M M 

N O O 

V O N 

,I: M M 

N O O 

c} O N 

N O O 

~ O N 

N O O 

O 00 cf 00 

O ~ M M 

0 00 ~T 00 

O ~ O N 

O d M M 

00 IN C o 

00 d' CD ~t' O N 

V c'1 M 

N O O 

M N M 

N o O 

U1 ^ N 

: Z : 

_ v 

N U 

N .0 

o ~ 

s• 

c~ U 

O _ 

N ~ 

Q ~ 

. U 

O R 

O cv T.. U 

~ S.. 

~ 

cu rn 

> — 

~ C R R 

E y 

CD CU 

- E 

cz ~ 

Y X 

L 

o s 

~ 

o ~ 

0 3 

II. U R -fl 

> ~ 

N y 

c ~ 

R ~ 

~ EL 

,,, 

•c 

C3 >, 

fs. ~ 

d — 

L U 

s 

O C 

`~ 

O~ U R 

~ 'O R 

C '•' 

O a> v Y L_ 

'p N 

~ C 

R ~ 

C C O ~ 

U w, 3 

~ v ti .9 

L N 

5 = UU 

N R 

O v 

~ CA 

C 

U O 

O O 

zQ 
y 

a 

x 

H 

a 

~ 

U 

d 

a 

i 

4~ 

H 

40 u 

a 

~ 

O 

~ 

~ 

N 

~ 

C> 

b~ 

i 

CC 

.L; 

L7 

bA .~ 

u 

A 

~ 

~ 

... 

~ 

C~ 

~ 

~ 

~ 

~ 

~ ~..i . v 

ee cL 

~ 

u 

Iz 

~ 

H 

~ 

.~ 

u 

~ 

a 

R 

U 

tio 

~ 

x 

O 

~ 

~ 

N 

kt~ 

M 

~. 

O 

U 

~ 

~ 

O . N ~.. 

U 

~ 

C 

O 

v 

U 

~ 

dA 

~ . N 

~ 

~ 

N 

U 

~ 

~ 

O 

O 

~ 

U 

~ 

~ 

> 

~ 

O 

U 

U 

~ 

O 

-0 

cz 

CA 

cs 

~ . N N 

~ 

CA ~. 

cC 

.0 

U 

C 

CA . N 

U 

.~ 

~ 

~ 

~ .~ 

~ 

a~ 

~ 

~ 

~ 

~ 

U 

~ O c, 3 

N ~ 

~ O b,o ~ 

Q ~ 

SZ ~ 

o v 

~ y 

Nz 

U w° 

O V1 ~ 

O <,i c 

M N 

O cli d 

M 

O 

M N 

O 0~0 

0~0 110 

O 

~ N 

N N 

O N M 

O ~ 06 

N N 

N 

o 00_ 

m C14 

O ' 

00 ~O :2 

~ 

O ~ M C N 00M 

~ 

N N ~ 

I.~ 

O M O t/'~ 

~ N Q; O 

O N 

..~ 

OO 

O ~ 06 ~ 

CK 

O Q 00 N 

[- 00 

O CA vNi tn 

~ 

~ 

~ 

L 

OA Q 

ZE N ON d 

CO ch O_ N 

~ 4 N ~ 

O — IT N 

~ O C-4 O N 

M ^ 

O M N oN0 

N -• 

o k., r- 

~r 

Oo ^ M 01 

M N ~ 

C; 

i N ^ 

O l~ \'J CN 

.\~C oC ON 

N 

O ^ \0 M 

 kn 

O ~ r- oo 

00 O, 

.~ CO O M V 

~ oo 

~ 

o "o d'o o °° c -rN l~ V~ 

\10 

r, 

O l~ 

.-~ oO \~O O O~ 

00 Vt ~ 

O~ ~O °o "'• 

~°• ~ 

v, 

O M 00 C\ 0o O N O~ 

~ 00 4 -zi- CO C\ M 00 

O 

C> 

 t~ ~ 

r. 

N ~ qe 

aaa 

~ 

C 

~ 

p 

~ 

~r 

L' 

~ 

O 

bA 

.~ .. 6~ U 

L 

~ 

~ ~ 

G> _ ~ 

0 

t'. . ~ 

~ N_ 

~ 

~ 

bA 

L 

CC 

p 

U 

a 

~ 

.~ 

~ 

A ~.'Z. 

..~'. 

k 

CC 

`] 

~ 

~ 

~ ~..i 

~ 

.~ 

~ 

~ 

V 

O ~ ~ ~ M 00 M M 

O ~ ~ 00 M M 

M N OO ~C M ct 

. o o M 

N N M M 

O "O N QN 

~ 0 00 O 

N N N M .~ 00 N N 

N N 

00 ONO N N 

~ O N O QMi O,o 

~ 

00 N -:P 

CN 

~ N M r-~ 

06 

U ~ N 

O N rM kn ON N 00 

O \6 Ln "D 

CN O 

N 

00 ~ ~ vi 

O O M — 

o "O ~ M O

00 CN C

~ 

~O M O

~ O 

~ O oC OC 

C 

GC i 

O~A ~ 

a rz rz a 

°o ~ o o 

~°

c 

~ O 

M N 

C 00 M M 

M N 

O "P O~ ~ ~ O d [- 

~ 00 M M 

N N 

M N M M 

N Op ~ M o 

~ o - ~t 

~..~ 00 M M 

N N 

p "t N o~o 

O 

~ 00 N N ,yN v

O,

i 

O 

N 

r„ N 

O \~o C> ^ 

nj N N N 

~ 

O ' ~ --i 

O~ N '- N 

~ M 

N 

~ N — 

O op ^ ~ ? 

Q 00 N — 

~ ~t QN o 

tn M — 

w+ 

r. 

CC 

L 

•~ O a 

M N IT 

a aaa 

~ Op~o

~ p O— 

M 

Q M l~ V1 

0 0p ~ •--~ M 

O ~ p ~ 

N 

O ~ n N tp M (-~ V1 

O ~, p C ~ 

M °O ^ 

N 

O kn cNlri ^ 

N 

O \p O - 00 — 

.L~ 

~ Qr

tr)

i 

00 

fi 

~ 

~ N [l- M I- tr1 

~ — 

~ 

~D C 

 N Cp - — 

v ~ 

O \,G O - 

ON pp — 

O "C O 

OO °O 

r pp -- 

Q O I~ N O 

0 N o • 

~ Cp ._ ~ 

O 

r.+ 

~ 

C~S 

L 

~ Q 

bA _ 

~ N ~ et 

a ao~ a 

References 

Energy Star, "Properly Sized Room Air Conditioners." Available at 

http://www.energystar.gov/?c=roomac.pr properly sized ; accessed May 8, 2014. 

IEC 60335-2-40, "Particular Requirements for Electrical Heat Pumps, Air Conditioners 

and Dehumidifiers." 2005. 

Kataoka, O., Yoshizawa, M. and Hirakawa, T. 2000. Allowable charge calculation 

method for flammable refrigerants. International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 

Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, USA. 2000. Available online at 

http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?artic1e=1505&context=iracc 

UL 484, Room Air Conditioners. Appendix F, "Requirements for Charge Limits." 8` h 

Edition. August 2012.