NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 982

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/ National Bureau of Standards

Materials and Products for

Weatherization of Residences

DO

57.53

o:982

978
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The

Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and

facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts

research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is performed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory,

and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology.

THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system of

physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system with measurement

systems of other nations and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform

physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry,

and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement,

standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational

institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government

Agencies; develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; and provides

calibration services. The Laboratory consists of the following centers:

Absolute Physical Quantities^ — Radiation Research — Thermodynamics and

Molecular Science — Analytical Chemistry — Materials Science. THE NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY provides technology and technical

services to users in the public and private sectors to address national needs and to solve national problems in the public interest; conducts research in engineering and applied science

in support of objectives in these efforts; builds and maintains competence in the necessary

disciplines required to carry out this research and technical service; develops engineering data and measurement capabilities; provides engineering measurement traceability services; develops test methods and proposes engineering standards and code changes; develops and

proposes new engineering practices; and develops and improves mechanisms to transfer

results of its research to the utlimate user. The Laboratory consists of the following centers:

Applied Mathematics — Electronics and Electrical Engineering^ — Mechanical

Engineering and Process Technology" — Building Technology — Fire Research —

Consumer Product Technology — Field Methods.

THE INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts

research and provides scientific and technical services to aid Federal Agencies in the selection, acquisition, application, and use of computer technology to improve effectiveness and

economy in Government operations in accordance with Public Law 89-306 (40 U.S.C. 759), relevant Executive Orders, and other directives; carries out this mission by managing the Federal Information Processing Standards Program, developing Federal ADP standards

guidelines, and managing Federal participation in ADP voluntary standardization activities; provides scientific and technological advisory services and assistance to Federal Agencies; and

provides the technical foundation for computer-related policies of the Federal Government.

The Institute consists of the following divisions:

Systems and Software — Computer Systems Engineering — Information Technology.

'Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, Maryland, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, D.C. 20234. 'Some divisions within the center are located at Boulder, Colorado. 80303.

The National Bureau of Standards was reorganized, effective April 9, 1978.
Mit5«Ml idlMl «f Standsia

Criteria for Retrofit ^Z^^ j

iVIaterials and Products s^coo

for Weatherization of Residences ^ ^^ ^^ ip '—' — K)^.q^5-^

Edited by: C

^-^'

Walter J. Rossiter, Jr. Robert G. Mathey

Center for Building Technology

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

Sponsored by:

Department of Energy

Office of Weatherization Assistance

12th and Pennsylvania Avenue, NW

Washington, DC 20461

Supersedes NBSIR 75-795

..< >^

*<'*eAu o^ *

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

1^ , NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

Issued September 1978
National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 982

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 982, 75 pages (Sept. 1978) CODEN: NBTNAE

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1978

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, "D.C. 20402

Stock No. 003-003-01976-3 Price $2.50

(Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing).
FOREWORD

This report is a revision of National Bureau of Standards Report

NBSIR 75-795 issued in 1975. The revised report recommends criteria

for materials and products which may be used as a resource document

along with other information by the Department of Energy in the promulgation of standards for weatherization materials in their Weatherization Assistance Program (PL 94-385, Title IV, Part A, Section 413).

The earlier report was submitted to public, industry and government

review to solicit comments and suggestions regarding criteria for

materials and products applicable for retrofitting residences to

conserve energy. The revisions were based on available technical

information on properties, performance and use of retrofit materials

and products, and on the energy savings which may be achieved.

Ill
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD lii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT vi

SI CONVERSION UNITS vii

ABSTRACT Ix

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1 .

1

Background 1

1.2 Weatherization Assistance for Low-Income Persons 1

1.3 Objectives 2 1.4 Scope of the Project 2 1.5 Organization of this Report 3

2. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS TO BE

INCLUDED IN THE DOE WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM 5

2 .

1

Insulation 9

2.2 Storm Windows 17

2.3 Storm Doors 19

2.4 Caulks and Sealants 22

2.5 Weatherstripping 24

2.6 Vapor Barriers 26

2.7 Clock Thermostats 28

2.8 Replacement Windows 30

2.9 Replacement Glazing 32

3. INSTALLATION PRECAUTIONS 33

3.

1

Insulation 33

3.2 Storm Windows 35

3.3 Storm Doors 35

3.4 Caulks and Sealants 35

3.5 Weatherstripping 36

3.6 Vapor Barriers 36

3.7 Clock Thermostats 37

3.8 Replacement Windows 37

3.9 Replacement Glazing 37

4. RETROFITTING AND MODEL BUILDING CODES 38

5

.

REFERENCES 40

iv
Page

Appendix A. Selected Citations from the Literature

on Retrofitting 42

Appendix B. Suggested Criteria for Materials and Products

Considered Not Eligible Under the DOE Weatherization Assistance Program 48

Appendix C. Materials and Products to be Considered for

Retrofitting for Which Criteria are Needed 56

Appendix D. Caulks and Sealants Available for Retrofitting 59

Appendix E. Standards and Specifications Cited in this Report.. 62
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The editors wish to thank the team of researchers in the Center for

Building Technology and the Center for Fire Research at the National

Bureau of Standards who participated in preparing the information and

criteria in this report. Mr. Bradley A. Peavy , Jr. of the Building

Thermal and Service Systems Division provided the criteria and information for thermal insulation and vapor barriers. Mr. Jenkins Washington

and Mr. John S. Stroik of the Environmental Design Research Division

provided the criteria and information for storm windows and doors.

Mr. Arthur Hockman and Dr. Walter J. Rossi ter of the Structures and

Materials Division furnished the criteria and information for caulks

and sealants, and weatherstripping and clock thermostats, respectively.

Dr. Walter J. Rossiter and Mr. Robert G. Mathey prepared the criteria

for replacement windows, replacement glazing and the suggested criteria

for materials and products which were considered not eligible under the

DOE Weatherization Assistance Program and are included in an Appendix.

Mr. James M. Hicks of the Building Economics and Regulatory Technology

Division reviewed the relationship between retrofitting and model building codes. Mr. Daniel Gross of the Center for Fire Research provided

the requirements for fire and safety. The editors also acknowledge the

assistance of Mr. S. Robert Hastings and Dr. Belinda L. Collins of the

Environmental Design and Research Division in reviewing information

which was submitted on windows and window accessories and in making

suggestions regarding their use as possible weatherization materials

and products. Dr. David A. Didion of the Building Thermal and Service

Systems Division provided information on mechanical components and

systems dealing with furnaces and heating equipment which may be

applicable to the retrofitting of residences.

This report was sponsored by the Department of Energy, Office of

Weatherization Assistance, under the direction of Mrs. Mary M. Bell.

Coordination between the Office of Weatherization Assistance, DOE, and

the Center for Building Technology, NBS, was provided by Ms. Sandra S.

Monje and Mr. Heinz R. Trechsel, respectively.

Special thanks are expressed to Dr. Robert D. Stiehler and

Mr. Paul R. Achenbach of the Center for Building Technology, NBS, for

their many technical comments and suggestions concerning the criteria

for retrofit materials and products and precautions to be followed in

their application. Thanks are also extended to Dr. Ervin L. Bales and

Ms. Shelley Launey, the Department of Energy, for their review of the

report and noteworthy comments.

The editors express their appreciation to those industrial and

government representatives who provided many useful comments and submitted pertinent product standards and specifications.

vi
SI CONVERSION UNITS

In view of the presently-accepted practice in this country in this

technological area, common U. S. units of measurement have been used

throughout this paper. In recognition of the position of the U.S.A. as a signatory to the General Conference on Weights and Measures, which

gave official status to the metric SI system of units in 1960, we assist

readers interested in making use of the coherent system of SI units by

giving conversion factors applicable to U.S. units used in this paper.

Length

1 in = 0.0254 meter* (m)

1 ft = 0.3048 meter* (m)

Area

1 in^ = 0.000645 square meter {m^)

1 ft = 0.0929 square meter (m )

Volume

1 in^ = 0.0000164 cubic meter (m^)

1 ft^ = 0.0283 cubic meter (m^)

Mass

1 lb = 0.454 kilogram (kg)

Mass /Volume (Density)

1 Ib/ft^ = 16.02 kilogram/meter-^ (kg/m^)

Temperature

degree Celsius (°C) = 5/9 (°F - 32)

Pressure

1 psi = 6895 pascal (Pa)

Mass/ Time (Flow)

—11 2 2

1 perm (23°C) = 5.745 x 10 kilogram/pascal second meter (kg/Pa»s»m )

Volume/ Time (Flow)

1 cfm = 0.000472 meters/second (m^/s)

Exactly

vii
Velocity

1 mph = 0.447 meter/second (m/s)

Quantity of Heat

1 Btu = 1056 joule (J)

Energy/Area Time

1 Btu/ft^ s = 1.134 X 10^ watt/meter^ (W/m^)

Thermal Resistance

1 °F»h ft^/Btu = 0.176 meter^ kelvin/watt (m^ K/W)

vlii
ABSTRACT

The Department of Energy requested the National Bureau of Standards

to develop criteria for materials and products to be included in the

DOE Weatherization Assistance Program. This program was established by

Congressional legislation and was directed toward financially assisting

low-income persons in retrofitting residences to conserve energy. In

most cases, only energy-saving materials and products for which specifications and/or standards are available are to be included in the

Weatherization Assistance Program, Because of statutory requirements

labor costs for installing weatherization materials and products are

not included in the program.

This report identifies criteria for materials and products con-,

sidered eligible under the DOE Weatherization Assistance Program. The

materials included are insulation and vapor barriers, storm windows

and doors, caulking and weatherstripping, clock thermostats, replacement windows, and replacement glazing. The retrofit materials are listed by generic type and recommendations are made for their installation.

During the course of the investigation and based upon interactions

with industry representatives, materials and products other than those

considered eligible under the DOE Weatherization Assistance Program

were also given consideration. Those materials and products having

energy savings potential but which are considered not eligible are discussed in the Appendices.

Keywords: Caulks and sealants; clock thermostats; energy conservation; insulation; replacement windows; retrofitting; storm doors;

storm windows; vapor barriers; weatherization; weatherstripping.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

In the past, homes were usually built to minimize first cost.

Energy costs were low and little attention was paid to effective use

of energy in homes. Many existing dwellings are inadequately insulated

in the ceilings, walls and floors, are without storm windows (double

glazing) and doors, and are in need of caulking and weatherstripping

around windows and doors. It was estimated in 197 3 that more than 40

million single family residences were inadequate in one or more of

these ways and should be considered for retrofitting [1]*. More re- cently in 197 7 in a study conducted by the Office of Business Research

and Analysis, the U.S. Department of Commerce estimated that approximately 25.5 million housing units were in need of retrofitting [2].

This study also reported that approximately 8 to 9 million houses have

been voluntarily retrofitted since 1973-74 which was the beginning of

the energy crisis. Effective retrofitting of residences could save nearly 2 percent of the energy used for residential heating and

cooling in the United States [3] . The term retrofitting, as used here,

is the process whereby materials and products are permanently added to

existing homes in order to reduce heating and cooling energy consumption.

The savings in both dollars and energy from effective retrofitting

have been discussed in the literature [1-17] . Examples of savings cited

from the literature are given in Appendix A. The reports cited show in

general that a sound economic basis for retrofitting exists.

1.2 WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE FOR LOW-INCOME PERSONS

Retrofitting residences by the addition of insulation, storm doors

and storm windows is costly and may be beyond the financial capability

of low-income persons. The United States Congress passed legislation

directing the Department of Energy (DOE)** to carry out a program of

weatherization assistance for low-income persons, and in particular

elderly and handicapped low-income persons [18] . Under this program,

financial assistance would be provided for the purchase of weatherization materials. There are statutory limitations on the amount of

assistance to be provided, particularily on expenditures for mechanical

equipment. The intent of the program is to aid low-income persons in

reducing their heating-fuel consumption while increasing their wintertime comfort. Thus, financial assistance would be granted only for

* Figures in brackets indicate references listed in Section 5. ** The law specifically directed the Federal Energy Administration (FEA)

to administer the Weatherization Assistance Program. Since passage of

this law, the FEA has been incorporated into the Department of Energy.
those materials which vrould be purchased primarily to lower heatingfuel consumption, although some materials, such as insulation, may be

beneficial in both winter and summer. Weatherization materials whose

primary benefits are the reduction of cooling -energy consumption are

not included under the scope of the program. Labor costs for installing the weatherization materials are also not included in the assistance program. Labor is provided by volunteers or public service

employment workers.

The Weatherization Assistance Program includes energy-saving materials for which approval has been prescribed by the DOE. The DOE

requested the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to develop criteria

by which energy-saving materials and products may be accepted in the

DOE Weatherization Assistance Program. These criteria may be used

along with other information by DOE in the promulgation of Standards

for Weatherization Materials.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this report are to develop criteria for retrofit

materials and products which may be included in the DOE Weatherization

Assistance Program; to compile a list of retrofit materials and products

by generic type and to indicate areas where they can be used; and to

point out precautions which should be followed in the application of the

retrofit materials and products.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

In 1975 at the request of the Federal Energy Administration (FEA),

NBS published NBSIR Report 75-795 entitled "Recommended Criteria for

Retrofit ^4aterials and Products Eligible for Tax Credit" in anticipation

of proposed federal legislation to grant tax credit to homeowners who

retrofitted their residences [I9]. It is noted that this proposed

legislation was not passed at that time. That report recommended criteria for insulations, vapor barriers, storm windows and storm doors,

caulks and sealants, weatherstripping and clock thermostats. It was agreed by DOE and NBS prior to the preparation of this present report

that NBSIR Report 75-795 could provide a starting-point for the criteria

for materials and products which may be included in the DOE Weatherization Assistance Program. Thus, NBSIR Report 75-795 was to be updated

and revised, and expanded to include other retrofit items which were determined to be suitable for the Weatherization Assistance Program.

NBS asked industry and the public to participate in the project.

Announcements of a public review of NBSIR Report 75-795 were placed

in the Federal Register on May I3, 1977 and in the Commerce Business

Daily on May I7, 1977 . The public and industry were asked to submit

comments to NBS on the NBSIR Report 75-795 and to suggest other energysaving materials and products for inclusion in the DOE Weatherization
Assistance Program. Suggestions of other energy-savings materials and

products were to be accompanied by technical information on properties

and performance supporting their use and energy savings which may be

achieved.

On June 24, 1977, a meeting was held at NBS , Gaithersburg, to

explain the purpose of the project and to discuss the comments and

suggestions received during the p \b..ic review of NBSIR Report 75-795.

Additional comments and suggestions concerning the NBSIR Report 75-795

were received during the meeting. NBS staff members requested that

these additional comments and suggestions be submitted to them in

writing.

An interdisciplinary team from the National Bureau of Standards was assembled to conduct the project. The team members included materials specialists, thermal engineers, a mechanical engineer, a fire

safety engineer, research architects, a research psychologist and a building code expert. The team identified retrofit materials and products which were considered for inclusion in the DOE Weatherization

Assistance Program and reviewed the comments, suggestions and technical

information received during the public review of NBSIR Report 75-795,

Many of those comments related to retrofit materials and products that

are considered not eligible for the DOE Weatherization Assistance

Program under the current legislative mandate.

The categories of materials and products considered eligible in

the DOE Weatherization Assistance Program were insulation, vapor barriers, storm windows and storm doors, caulks and sealants, weatherstripping, clock thermostats, replacement windows and replacement

glazing. These items are discussed in this report. Other commercially

available materials and products may be suitable for retrofitting but

are considered not eligible for the DOE Weatherization Assistance Program. Such products may be divided into two categories: those for which

criteria may be suggested on the basis of available information and

those for which criteria should be developed. Lists of such products

are given in Appendices B and C. In developing the criteria for materials and products considered eligible for the DOE Weatherization

Assistance Program and in developing the lists of products in Appendices

B and C, the NBS team considered the information received from the

public and industry during the public review of NBSIR Report 75-795.

1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT

Section 1 gives background information and the objectives and scope

of the project.

Section 2 presents the criteria for determining the eligibility of

retrofit materials and products for the DOE Weatherization Assistance

Program,
Section 3 outlines precautions which must be taken to assure proper

installation of the retrofit items.

Section 4 shows the relationship between the retrofitting process

and model building codes, and the constraints which the codes impose upon

retrofitting.

Section 5 lists references cited in this report.

Appendix A summarizes selected citations from the literature on

retrofitting.

Appendix B gives suggested criteria for materials and products for

retrofitting which are considered not eligible for the DOE Weatherization

Assistance Program. These materials and products may be applicable in

other programs.

Appendix C lists energy savings materials and products which are also considered not eligible for the DOE Weatherization Assistance

Program and for which criteria are needed. These materials and products

may also be applicable in other programs provided criteria are developed.

Appendix D includes information relevant to the properties, performance and use of caulks and sealants available for retrofitting.

Appendix E lists standards and specifications cited in this report.
2. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS TO BE

INCLUDED IN THE DOE WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM

The materials and products considered eligible for the DOE Weatherization Assistance Program are insulation, storm windows and doors,

caulks and sealants, weatherstrippping, vapor barriers, clock thermostats, replacement windows, and replacement glazing when used for retrofitting residences to save energy. This section gives criteria by which

the eligibility of these materials and products is to be determined.

It has been shown that proper use of these materials and products is

effective in conserving energy and generally cost effective [1-17],

These criteria are based on factors such as thermal performance,

fire safety, health safety, structural integrity, durability, quality,

conformance to building codes, use and ease of installation, FOR ALL

ITEMS WHICH MEET THE CRITERIA, THEIR USE IS ONLY ALLOWED IF THE MATERIALS, PRODUCTS AND INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES DO NOT VIOLATE APPLICABLE

EXISTING LOCAL BUILDING-RELATED CODES.

Existing materials specifications and standards were reviewed for

their suitability as a basis for the criteria. For most items, conformance to existing specifications or standards is given as the criterion

for the DOE Weatherization Assistance Program, For others, for example

weatherstripping, for which there are no available applicable specifications or standards, but which provide important energy savings when

retrofitted to existing housing, the recommended criterion is that the

material or product be labeled, identified or marketed as to its general

category (e.g, , weatherstripping) and properly installed. Regardless

of the lack of standards or specifications for these items, they are eligible for the DOE Weatherization Assistance Program, since they have

been cited as effective for conserving energy in heating residences [4,

5, 10, 12, 13],

The intent of the DOE Weatherization Assistance Program is to

conserve energy through the encouragement of retrofitting. In cases where no applicable standards or specifications exist (e,g,, weatherstripping), but where adequate experience is available to confirm the

effectiveness of the retrofit items, the use of these items should not

be hindered by requiring that new standards or specifications be written.

Also, the problem of enforcing conformance to the criteria in evaluating

the validity of claims for inclusion in the DOE Weatherization Assistance

Program was kept in mind. Complicated technical criteria could make

enforcement difficult, if not practically impossible.

All the materials and products considered eligible for the DOE

Weatherization Assistance Program and criteria for determining their

eligibility are summarized in table 1, All the standards and specifications cited in this report are listed in Appendix E,
Table 1. Summary of Recommended Criteria

Material or Product

Insulation-Mineral Fiber

Blanket/Batt

Board

Duct Material

(Industrial Type)

Loose-fill

Insulation-Mineral Cellular

Aggregate Board

Cellular Glass

Perlite

Vermiculite

Insulation-Organic Fiber

Cellulose

Board and Block

Insulation-Organic Cellular

Polystyrene Board

Urethane Board

Urea-Based, Foamed-in-Place

Flexible Unicellular

Recommended Criteria for

Weatherization Assistance (1)

Conformance to F.S /^^HH-I-521E and

ASTM C 665-70 and fire safety

requirements^ ^ Conformance to F.S. HH-I-526C and

ASTM C 612-70 or C llb-11, and

fire safety requirements

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-558B and

fire safety requirements

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-1030A and

ASTM C 764-73, and fire safety

requirements

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-529B and

fire safety requirements

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-551E and

ASTM C 552-73

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-574A and

ASTM C 549-73

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-585B and

ASTM C 516-67

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-515D and

fire safety requirements

Conformance to F.S. LLL-I-535A and

ASTM C 208-72, and fire safety

requirements

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-524B and

ASTM C 578-69, and fire safety

requirements

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-530A and

ASTM C 591-69, and fire safety

requirements

Conformance to HUD Use of Materials

Bulletin No. 74, and fire safety

requirements

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-573B and

ASTM C 534-70, and fire safety

requirements
Table 1 (Cont'd)

Material or Product

Recommended Criteria for

Weatherization Assistance

Insulation-Air Spaces

Reflective Conformance to F.S. HH-I-1252A and

fire safety requirements

Storm Windows

Aluminum Frame

Wood Frame

Rigid Vinyl Frame

Frameless Plastic Glazing

Storm Doors

Aluminum

Wood

Pine

Fir, Hemlock, Spruce

Rigid Vinyl

Caulks and Sealants

Weatherstripping

Vapor Barriers

Clock Thermostats

Conformance to ANSI/AAMA 1002.9-1977

Conformance to Section 3 of

ANSI/NWMA I.S. 2-73

Conformance to NBS Product Standard

PS 26-70 and performance guarantee

Required Minimum Thickness, 6 mil

(0.006 in)

Conformance to ANSI/AAMA 1102.7-1977

Conformance to Section 3 of

ANSI/NWMA I.S. 5-73

Conformance to Section 3 of FHDA/6-77

Conformance to NBS Product Standard

PS 26-70 and performance guarantee

Conformance to the applicable Federal

Specification and ASTM Standard

Commercial availablity

Conformance to ASTM C 755-73

Conformance to NEMA DC 3-1978 or

DC 15-1972 and performance test

requirements^^^

(4T
Table 1 (Cont'd)

Material or Product

Recommended Criteria for

Weatherization Assistance

Replacement Windows

Aluminum

Steel

Wood

Replacement Glazing

Conformance to ANSI/AAMA 302.9-1977

Conformance to SWI Recommended Specifications for Steel Windows, 1977,

and maximum air infiltration of

0.5 cfm per linear foot of sash

crack length

Conformance to ANSI/NWMA I.S. 2-73

Commercial availability for other

than safety glazing; for safety

glazing conformance to CPSC Part

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

For all items, assistance should be allowed only if the items are installed as stated in Section 2 and installation does not violate

any existing applicable building-related code. In cases where

Federal Specifications or ASTM Standards are revised, the revisions

should be reviewed to determine their applicability to the Weatherization Assistance Programs. If the revised Federal Specification

or ASTM Standard is determined to be applicable, the recommended

criteria for acceptance in the Weatherization Assistance Program

should include the latest revision.

F.S. - Federal Specification

For fire safety requirements, see Section 2.1.3.1.

For the applicable Federal Specifications or ASTM Standards, see table 5 in Section 2.4.3. The recommended criteria for inclusion

in the Weatherization Assistance Program should include the latest

revision of the Federal Specification or ASTM Standard, if the

revisions are determined to be applicable.

For performance test requirements, see Section 2.7.3.

For safety glazing requirements, see Section 2.3.5 and Section 2.9.3

8
2.1 INSULATION

2.1.1 Definition . Thermal insulation is a material or assembly of

materials used primarily to provide resistance to heat flow.

2.1.2 Materials . The materials listed below are those considered

suitable for use in residences to provide increased thermal resistance through retrofitting.

2.1.2.1 Types . Insulation is available in the following types:

o Mineral fibrous materials such as glass, rock or slag wool,

o Mineral cellular materials such as perlite and vermiculite.

o Organic fibrous materials such as wood, paper, or synthetic

fibers,

o Organic cellular materials such as polystyrene, polyurethane,

or urea-based,

o Air spaces with either nonreflective or metallic or metallized organic reflective surfaces.

2.1.2.2 Physical Forms . Insulation is available in the following

physical forms:

o Loose-fill. Loose-fill insulation consists of fibers, granules

or nodules which are usually poured or blown into attics, walls

or other enclosed spaces.

o Flexible and Semirigid. These are materials with varying

degrees of compressibility and flexibility, generally blanket,

batt or felt insulation. They are available in sheets or rolls

of many types and varieties. Coverings and facings may be

fastened to one or both sides to serve as reinforcing, vapor

barriers, reflective surfaces or surface finishes. Thickness

and shape of insulation may be of any dimension conveniently

handled, although standard sizes are generally used.

o Rigid. These materials are available in rectangular dimensions

called block, board or sheet, and preformed during manufacture

to standard lengths, widths and thicknesses.

o Foamed -in -Place. These materials are available as liquid components which may be poured, frothed or sprayed in place to form

rigid or semirigid foam insulation.

2.1.3 Criterion . Materials used for thermal insulation should meet

requirements for heat flow resistance, fire safety and quality.

Federal Specifications and ASTM Standards are available which

state requirements for heat flow resistance and quality of the

insulations, but which are in most cases incomplete in regard

to fire safety. In retrofitting residences by the addition of
thermal insulation, it should be accomplished in such a manner so

as not to decrease the overall fire safety of the residence. This

involves considerations of installation, burning characteristics

such as ignitability, rate of heat release, smoldering and surface

flame spread, and flame resistance permanency.

In general, materials conforming to the Federal Specifications, ASTM

Standards, and the HUD Use of Materials Bulletin listed in table 2 are considered to meet only the requirements for heat flow resistance

and quality, since these specifications do not in most cases contain

adequate fire safety requirements. As such, the insulation materials

listed in table 2 should be acceptable for the Weatherization Assistance Program only if they:

(a) conform to the applicable fire safety requirements listed

in Section 2.1.3.1 and given in table 2,

(b) conform to the requirements other than fire safety of

the applicable Federal Specifications, and ASTM Standards, or HUD

Use of Materials Bulletin given in table 2, and

(c) are properly installed as designated in Section 2.1.4 and

table 2.

Each insulation should be labeled as conforming to the applicable

specifications, standards, fire safety requirements, and areas of

application.

2.1.3.1 Fire Safety Requirements for Thermal Insulation Materials

Some Federal Specifications and ASTM Standards currently require

that the fire performance of the various insulation materials be

evaluated according to the test procedures described in ASTM E 84

"Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials," or ASTM D

1692 "Rate of Burning or Extent and Time of Burning, or Both, of

Cellular Plastics Using a Supported Specimen by a Horizontal

Screen." It is considered that these procedures are not appropriate for assessing the response of insulations to flame and heat

in all applications. Thus, it is recommended that the test procedures given herein be used in lieu of or in addition to ASTM E 84 or ASTM D 1692 for each insulation material as noted in table 2.

The fire safety requirements for insulation materials are given in

Section 2.1.3.1.1, Section 2.1.3.1.2, and Section 2.1.3.1.3. As can

be seen from table 2, they differ for the various materials. They

also differ according to the area of application, depending whether

the insulation is installed in an attic or an enclosed space (e.g.,

walls, floors) or installed exposed on a wall or ceiling.

10
Table 2. Thermal Insulating Materials Considered Eligible

for the Weatherizatlon Assistance Program

Type

of Insulation

Federal Specification

Number Title

(1) ASTM

Designation(1) Fire Safety Requirements^ ' Area of Application

Attics

(Above Ceilings) Enclosed Spaces Exposed Wallsor Ceilings

HH-I-521E Insulation Blankets, Thermal (Mineral Fiber,

for Ambient Temperature)

HH-I-526C Insulation Board, Thermal

(Mineral Fiber)

C 665-70

C 612-70

C 726-72

HH-I-558B Insulation, Blocks, Boards, Blankets, Felts, Sleeving

(Pipe and Tube Covering),

and Pipe Fitting Covering, Thermal (Mineral Fiber Industrial Type)

HH-I-1030A Insulation, Thermal

(Mineral Fiber for Pneumatic or Poured

Application)

C 764-73

HH-I-529B Insulation Board, Thermal

(Mineral Aggregate)

A, B

lO .-1 HH-I-551E Insulation, Block and C 552-73

U 3 Board, Thermal (Cellular

C 'H Glass) X u HH-I-574A Insulation, Thermal

(Perlite)

C 549-73

HH-I-585C Insulation, Thermal

(Vermiculite)

C 516-67

HH-1-515D Insulation Thermal (Loosefill for Pneumatic or Poured Application)

Cellulose or Wood Fiber

-I-535A Insulation Board, Thermal

and Insulation Block, Thermal

C 208-72

HH-I-524B Insulation Board, Thermal C 578-69 D (Polystyrene) HH-I-530A Insulation Board, Thermal C 591-69 D (Urethane) HH-I-573B Insulation, Thermal (Flex- C 534-70 D, F ible Unicellular Sheet

and Pipe Covering)

Urea-Based, Foamed-in-Place (3)

B, E

B, E

D, F

B, E

D

D

D, F

HH-I-1252A Insulation, Thermal, Reflective (Aluminum Foil) A, B

(1)

(2)

(3)

In cases where Federal Specifications or ASTM Standards are revised, the revisions should be reviewed to determine their applicability to the Weatherizatlon Assistance Program. If the revised Federal Specification or ASTM Standard is determined to be applicable, the recommended criteria for acceptance in the Weatherizatlon Assistance Program should include the latest revision. Fire safety requirements and tests are given in Section 2.1.3.1. The letters in this table have the following designations:

A: Critical Radiant Flux >_0.12 W/cm^ (1200 W/m^)

B: Smoldering Combustion Test

C: Flame Spread Classification <^ 150

D: Not recommended in this application

E: Flame Spread Classification ^75

F: This insulation when used in residences is intended for pipes and ducts; flame spread classifications <^ 150. No Federal Specification nor ASTM Standard is available for this insulation material. Eligibility is based on conformance to HUD Use of Materials Bulletin No. 74. It is noted that

this Bulletin states that urea-based, f oamed-in-place insulation is accepted for use only

in enclosed building cavities such as walls, partitions and floors.

11
1

2.1.3.1.1 Attic Floors

o Critical Radiant Flux . Critical radiant flux is the level of

incident radiant heat energy on the attic floor insulation system

corresponding to the furthest point at which flame propagation

ceases. For insulations, the critical radiant flux should be

equal to or greater than 0.12 W/cm .

The critical radiant flux shall be determined by the test procedure

described in Federal Specification HH-1-515D [20]. This method of

test provides a basis for evaluating the surface flame spread behavior

of an attic floor insulation in a building attic. The fundamental

assumption inherent in the test is that "critical radiant flux" is one measure of the sensitivity to flame spread of installed attic

floor insulation. ^

o Smoldering Combustion . This test determines the tendency of the

insulation to support and propagate smoldering combustion subsequent to exposure to a standard localized ignition source. I

When tested for smoldering combustion, the insulation should meet

the following requirements.

a) weight loss should not :ceed 15 percent of the initia'' ^feight

b) no evidence of flaming combustion shall be observed.

The smoldering combustion test shall be conducted according to the

procedure described in Federal Specification HH-I-515D [21].

o Flame Resistance Permanency . Chemical retardant insulations

should retain* their flame resistance throughout their service

lifetime. At the present time it is considered that an adequate

test procedure is not available for assessing this property of

insulations.

2,1.3.1.2 Enclosed Spaces

o Smoldering Combustion . Insulations installed in enclosed spaces

should meet the smoldering combustion requirements summarized

in Section 2.1.3.1 .1.

^

I

I

Unit given in the test method; 0.12 W/cm^ =1.2 kW/m^

12
o Surface Burning Characteristics . The flame spread classification of plastic foam insulation should not exceed 75.

The ASTM E 84-77 flame spread test method shall be the basis for

evaluating the surface burning characteristics of plastic foam

insulations when used in enclosed spaces.

2.1.3.1.3 Exposed Walls and Ceilings

o Surface Burning Characteristics . The flame spread classification index of mineral fiber blanket, mineral fiberboard, mineral

aggregate and cellulosic-fiber boards, industrial mineral fiber,

and reflective insulations should not exceed 150.

The ASTM E 84-77 flame spread test method shall be the basis for

evaluating the surface burning characteristics of insulation materials used in exposed locations on walls and ceilings. Where

blankets or boards with facings are to be used exposed in rooms,

attics, crawl spaces, garages and other locations, the surface

burning characteristics of the membrane-faced insulation shall

be measured.

2.1.4 Areas of Application . Materials used for thermal insulation may

be applied in residences as outlined in table 2 to the following

areas: walls, roofs, attics, ceilings, floors, pipes, ducts, vessels

and equipment exposed to the external environment. It is noted that

the HUD Use of Materials Bulletin No. 74 states that urea-based,

f oamed-in-place insulation be accepted for use only in enclosed

building cavities such as walls, partitions and floors.

Exposed plastic foams (non-faced or faced, untreated or fireretardant treated) shall not be permitted in habitable or occupiable

areas. These materials shall be protected by a layer of gypsum board

of 1/2 inch thickness or greater, or an equivalent fire barrier.

Installed insulation and vapor barrier shall not make contact with

recessed lighting fixtures, motors, fans, blowers, heaters, flues,

and chimneys. In the case of lighting fixtures, the 1978 National

Electrical Code prepared by the National Fire Protection Association

states that "thermal insulation shall not be installed within 3

inches of the recessed fixture enclosure, wiring compartment or

* Plastic foams are difficult to evaluate in ASTM E 84-77. The requirement of a flame spread classification of 75 maximum for these foams,

in conjunction with a smoldering combustion test will provide safety

assurance as is possible with current test methods. A flame spread

classification of 75 (or any other numerical classification) shall

not be construed as the equivalent of "noncombustible."

13
ballast and shall not be so installed above the fixture as to entrap

heat and prevent the free circulation of air unless the fixture is

otherwise approved for the purpose." When insulating ceilings, the

thermal insulation should not be placed over lighting fixture enclosures (unless approved for the purpose), electrical junction boxes,

exposed frayed wiring, or wiring which contains damaged electrical

insulation. In addition, precautions should be taken when installing

insulation over any exposed wiring in ceilings, even that in good

condition. To retain loose-fill and f oamed-in-place insulations

from making contact with other energy-dissipating objects, a minimum

of 3 inches of air space should be provided and assured by the use

of blocking. After addition of loose-fill or f oamed-in-place insulation to cavity walls, electrical outlet boxes within those walls

should be examined for the presence of insulation. If found, the

insulation should be removed from the electrical outlet boxes.

2.1.5 Commentary . Although a degree of material combustibility is

allowed, the intent of these fire s' "3ty requirements is to allow

insulating materials which are not uore combustible (or flammable)

than acceptable existing construction and insulation materials, and

to preclude any increased fire hazard due to the retention of heat

from energy-dissipating objects.

In areas where occupants are likely to be engaged in normal activities, the insulation should perform its intended function without

the increased risk of ignition, rapid flame spread, and heat and

smoke generation. Insulation in concealed spaces may be a particular

fire problem due to its susceptibility to smoldering and its inaccessibility for fire fighting.

Although the primary fire safety properties of insulation relate to

ignitability and rate of heat release, at the present time standard

test methods for these properties do not exist. It is recommended

that the critical radiant flux, smoldering combustion and flame

spread classification test methods be used to judge fire performance.

Federal Specif icaton, HH-I-515D, has incorporated the critical radiant flux and smoldering combustion tests. Federal Specifications,

HH-I-521E and HH-I-1030A are presently undergoing revision, and

it is anticipated that the critical radiant flux and smoldering

combustion tests will be incorporated in the revisions.

Many insulation materials, including those consisting of cellulose,

plastic foam and fibrous glass (containing organic binder) are com- bustible materials which will burn and release heat, smoke and gases,

especially when exposed to continuous large fire sources. Additional

information on the rate of heat release and on performance of these

insulation materials in full-scale room fire tests should be developed.

The urethane plastic foam industry recommends that urethane foam

used in all interior and /or ceiling construction should be covered

with at least 1/2 inch of cement plaster or fire-rated gypsum

14 ;
wallboard or an equivalent barrier providing a finish fire rating

of 15 minutes or more [22], This recommendation has been incorporated in building codes and federal regulations for organic

cellular insulations for various types of buildings.

With regard to the installation of urea-based f oamed-in-place

insulation, the HUD Use of Materials Bulletin No. 74 states that

each manufacturer shall certify that his approved applicators of

urea-based foamed resin insulation are licensed as such and carry

a current certificate of qualification and an identification card.

No general test method exists for evaluating the flame resistance

pennanency of all chemical retarded insulations. The test procedure

in ASTM C 739-77, Section 10.4, has been used for cellulosic loosefill insulation, but is not recommended at this time because of

unresolved questions concerning its applicability. Additional information based on research, laboratory testing and field experience

should be developed.

Proper retrofitting requires the installation of adequate amounts

of insulation to reach desirable levels of heat flow resistance.

The prudent homeowner who retrofits should upgrade his home, whenever possible, to these levels. The homeowner should realize that

heating and cooling costs vary with energy prices. The amount of

insulation that is economically justified based on energy costs

increases with fuel prices [4] . For the various geographical locations as designated by heating degree-days, the total thermal

resistance, R^, resulting from retrofitting thermal insulation to

opaque portions of walls, roofs, ceilings and floors should lie

within the ranges of values given in table 3. The retrofitting

of insulation at the edges of slab floors to reduce slab edge heat

loss should give resultant thermal resistances, R-values, and total

depths of insulation at the slab edges as listed in table 4.

Air ducts, plenums, pipes and other surfaces installed in unheated

spaces (e.g., attics, unheated garages, crawl spaces, etc.) should

be thermally insulated to provide a metal surface to outside surface

thermal resistance of not less than R = AT/15, where AT is the maximxim temperature difference (°F) between the duct (or other enclosure) and the surrounding air, or should be insulated to a value

of R = 4, whichever is greater.

The thermal resistance of building and insulating materials may be

obtained or calculated from values given in table 3 of Chapter 20

of the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals [24] . Where calculation

is necessary, the thermal resistance is the thickness of a material

divided by its thermal conductivity in consistent units. The

thermal resistances of air spaces may be obtained from table 2 of

Chapter 20 of the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals [24] for various

orientations and effective emissivities of the air space.

15
Table 3. Desirable Ranges of Total Thermal Resistances, R^

of Walls, Roofs, Ceilings and Floors, for Ranges

of Heating Degree-Days^

Heating Degree-Days^^ - 4500 4501 - 8000 8001 or more

Flat roof deck 12 - 20 20 - 30 20 - 40

Ceilings 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50

Masonry wall construction 4-11 10-12 11 - 17

Frame wall construction 12 - 15 12 - 20 12 - 25

Floors^^^ 1-11 12-20 20 - 25

^ ^ Values of total thermal resistance are given in units °F'h*ft -Btu" , To obtain transmittance, U = 1/R^.

^ -^ In retrofitting many residences, it may not be possible to upgrade the

total thermal resistance of a wall, roof, ceiling or floor to the

greatest desirable value for a given degree-day range because of limitations in building construction. Thus, there is overlap in some of

the ranges of total thermal resistance for the ranges of heating

degree-days.

^ ' Values of degree-days for many geographical locations are given in

Chapter 43 of the ASHRAE Systems Handbook [23].

^ ^ Total resistance values for floors over basements, unheated garages

or crawl spaces with no positive heat supply.

Table 4. Minimum Total Thermal Resistance of Insulation at

Edges of Slab-On-Ground Floors

Heating Degree-Days Thermal Resistance, R Depth of Insulation

"F'h'ft^'Btu"-'- inches

2500 - 4500 4.0 18

4501 - 8000 5.0 24

8001 or more 7.0 24

16
The thermal resistance of surfaces exposed to still (inside) and

moving (outside) air and various positions and directions of heat

flow must be used In calculations for total thermal resistance.

R-values of surfaces are given In table 1 of Chapter 20 of the

ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals [24].

The total thermal resistance to heat flow through a flat wall, roof,

celling or floor Is equal numerically to the sum of the Individual

resistances In series of the components comprising the opaque portions of the walls, roofs, ceilings or floors, and the resistances

of the air films on the Inside and outside surfaces of the wall,

roof, celling or floor. Table 4 of Chapter 20 of the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals [24] gives examples for computation of total

thermal resistance, Rj..

2.2 STORM WINDOWS

2.2.1 Definition . A storm window Is an extra window, normally Installed

to the exterior of the primary or ordinary window to Increase resistance to heat flow and to decrease air Infiltration. Less commonly,

storm windows are Installed on the Interior of the primary windows.

2.2.2 Materials . Storm windows may be constructed of aluminum, wood

or rigid vinyl [poly(vlnyl chloride)] frames, with glass or plastic

glazing. Flexible and rigid plastic sheeting may also be used.

2.2.3 Criterion. Storm windows for retrofitting should conform to the

standards or special provisions listed below, and be installed as stated in Section 2.2.4. Each storm window should be labeled as conforming to the applicable standard or special provision.

2.2.3.1 Aluminum Combination and Frame Storm Windows . Aluminum combination storm windows should conform to the American National Standard

Institute ANSI/AAMA 1002.9 - 1977 "Voluntary Specifications for

Aluminum Combination Storm Windows for External Applications."

Aluminum frame storm windows should conform to Sections CI. 2, CI. 3,

CI. 4 and CI. 6 of ANSI/AAMA 1002.9 - 1977.

2.2.3.2 Wood Frame Storm Windows . Wood frame storm windows should

conform to Section 3 of the American National Standard Institute

ANSI/NWMA I.S. 2-73 "Wood Windows."

2.2.3.3 Rigid Vinyl Frame Storm Windows . Rigid vinyl frame storm

windows should be constructed with vinyl profile extrusions which

17
conform to NBS Voluntary Product Standard PS Id-lO, "Rigid Poly (Vinyl

Chloride) (PVC) Profile Extrusions." These windows should be equal

in quality to aluminum and wood frame storm windows. The manufacturer

should assure their quality and guarantee that they will perform as well as aluminum and wood frame storm windows.

2.2.3.4 Frameless Plastic Glazing . Plastic glazing used as frameless

storm windows should consist of either rigid or flexible sheets,

a minimum of 6 mil (0.006 in) thick.

2.2.4 Areas of Application . Storm windows used for retrofitting may be

installed on residences to existing primary windows. Installation

should not violate any applicable existing local building-related

code. A minimum of 1/2 inch of air space should be provided between

the glazing of the primary and storm windows.

2.2.5 Commentary . Some storm windows are installed in a fixed position

which may create a ventilation problem. Also, fixed position storm

windows may hinder or prevent egress in case of emergency. When

installing any type of storm window, the installed storm window

should not restrict the existing capacity and access required for

occupant egress via windows. It is normally expected that one (or

more) bedroom and living room windows can serve as emergency means

of exit and will be easily openable and of suitable dimensions and

area (5 sq. ft). Local building codes should be consulted for

regulations regaifding retrofitting with storm windows, particularly

those installed in a fixed position.

Installation of storm windows may cause moisture build-up between

the outer and inner windows. This moisture build-up may be reduced

or eliminated by the use of small ventilation openings (generally

called weep holes) in the outer window sash.

Storm windows may not always provide a significant decrease in air

infiltration. The reduction in air infiltration depends upon the

relative tightness of the original primary window and the storm

window.

2.2.5.1 Aluminum Combination and Frame Storm Windows . The intent of

the criterion is to assure the quality of storm windows which are

used for energy conservation. Section C 1.10 of ANSI/AAMA 1002.9-

1977 gives an option for certification of a storm window to show

compliance with the standard. It is not the intent to require

certification to the standard; however, labeling that the storm

windows meet the provisions of the standard is recommended.

18
2.2.5.2 Wood Frame Storm Windows . ANSI/NWMA I.S. 2-73 was not developed

for storm windows, but rather for primary windows. Section 3 of the

standard is used as the criterion in retrofitting to assure the

quality of the materials and the quality of the construction of the

windows.

2.2.5.3 Rigid Vinyl Frame Storm Windows . NBS Voluntary Product Standard

PS 26-70 is concerned with the quality of vinyl profile extrusions,

and not completed windows. Since there are no standards to assure

the the quality of these windows, the manufacturer should guarantee

that they perform as well as aluminum and wood frame storm windows

described in Sections 2.2.3.1 and 2.2.3.2.

2.2.5.4 Frameless Plastic Glazing . Flexible and rigid plastic sheeting

can be effective in reducing heat flow and are acceptable for use as storm windows. Flexible sheeting offers an economical method for

retrofitting but has a short life, usually lasting one season.

In the installation of frameless plastic glazing, consideration

should be given to the fact that interior installation is easier

and provides greater protection to the plastic. Condensation on the interior of the primary window may appear and may be difficult

to remove. To reduce the possibility of condensation, the plastic

glazing installed on the interior should be sealed continuously

along its perimeter and not contain weep holes. In addition,

the plastic glazing should have a low water vapor permeability.

Outside installation is more difficult (e.g., 2 story houses) and

damage to the plastic is more likely from the elements. Flexible

sheeting installed outside may pose a noise problem due to fluttering

caused by wind. In the case of outside installation, condensation

which occurs on the plastic glazing can in general be removed from

the inside by opening the windows. Condensation may be reduced or prevented if the exterior plastic glazing is not installed airtight,

and limited air infiltration is permitted.

2.3 STORM DOORS

2.3.1 Definition . A storm door is an extra door, installed to the

outside of an exterior primary or ordinary door, to provide greater

resistance to heat flow and to reduce air infiltration.

2.3.2 Materials . Storm doors may be constructed of aluminum, wood

or rigid vinyl frames with glazing, or of wood without glazing.

19
2.3.3 Criterion . Storm doors installed for retrofitting should conform to the standards listed below, and be installed as stated in

Section 2.3.4. Whenever storm doors contain glazing, safety glazing

is required in conformance to Part 1201 - Safety Standard for

Architectural Glazing Materials. Storm doors should be labeled

as conforming to the applicable standard, as well as the CPSC Standard for safety glazing, whenever the storm doors contain glazing.

2.3.3.1 Aluminum Frame Storm Doors . Aluminum frame storm doors should

conform to ANSI/AAMA 1102.7-1977 entitled "Voluntary Specifications

for Aluminum Storm Doors."

2.3.3.2 Wood Storm Doors With or Without Glazing

o Pine storm doors should conform to the requirements for exterior

doors listed in Section 3 of ANSI/NWMA I.S. 5-73 entitled

"Ponderosa Pine Doors."

o Fir, hemlock and spruce storm doors should conform to the requirements for exterior doors listed in Section 3 of the Fir and

Hemlock Door Association Industry Standard FHDA/6-77 entitled

"Industry Standard for Douglas Fir, Western Hemlock, and Sitka

Spruce Doors and Blinds,"

2.3.3.3 Rigid Vinyl Frame Storm Doors . Rigid vinyl frame storm doors

should be constructed with vinyl profile extrusions which conform

to NBS Voluntary Product Standard PS 26-70, "Rigid Poly (Vinyl

Chloride) (PVC) Profile Extrusions." These doors should be equal

in quality to aluminum and wood frame storm doors. The manufacturer

should assure their quality and guarantee that they will perform

as well as aluminum and wood frame storm doors described in Sections

2,3.3,1 and 2.3.3.2,

2.3.4 Areas of Application . Storm doors used for retrofitting may be

installed on residences to any existing exterior door. Installation

should not violate any applicable existing local building-related

code.

2.3.5 Commentary . The addition of storm doors should not endanger

the safety of the occupants of the dwelling. Doors are the normal

means of exit from a residence, and an installed storm door should

not restrict the existing capacity and access for occupant egress.

To reduce the risk of bodily injury due to accidental impact with

storm doors containing glazing, safety glazing should be used when- ever storm doors contain glazing. The Consumer Product Safety

20
Conunision (CPSC) requires that safety glazing be used in storm

doors or combination doors, doors used for human passage (both

exterior and interior) and sliding or patio-type doors. These

safety glazing materials must meet the requirements of Part 1201 - Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials established by

the Consumer Product Safety Commisssion and issued in the Federal

Register January 6, 1977. The requirements of this CPSC Safety

Standard were effective on July 6, 1977 and are mandatory and

supersede local and national code requirements.

2.3,5,1 Aluminum Frame Storm Doors . The intent of the criterion is

to assure the quality of the storm doors necessary for satisfactory

performance and that energy savings will be realized through their

use. Section C 1.10 of ANSI/AAMA 1102.7-1977 gives an option for

certification of a storm door to show compliance with the standard.

It is not the intent to require certification to the standard;

however, labeling that the storm doors meet the provisions of the

standard is .recommended.

2.3.5,2 Wood Frame or Wood Storm Doors . The standards ANSI/NWMA I.S.

5-73 "Ponderosa Pine Doors" and FHDA/6-77 "Industry Standard for

Douglas Fir, Western Hemlock, and Sitka Spruce Doors and Blinds"

were not developed for storm doors, but rather for primary wooden

doors. Section 3 of each standard is used for criteria in retrofitting because there are no existing performance standards or specifications that have been developed specifically for wooden storm

doors.

Conformance to the requirements given in Section 3 of each standard

assures the quality of the materials and construction of the storm

doors.

If woods other than those listed in Section 2.3.3.2 are used to

construct storm doors, the quality of these doors shall be equal

to the quality of the doors listed in Section 2.3,3.2,

2.3.5.3 Vinyl Frame Storm Doors . NBS Voluntary Product Standard

PS 26-70 is concerned with the quality of vinyl profile extrusions,

and not completed doors. Since there are no standards to assure

the quality of these doors, the manufacturer should guarantee

that they perform as well as aluminum and wood frame storm doors

described in Sections 2.3.3.1 and 2.3.3.2.

21
2.4 CAULKS AND SEALANTS

2.4.1 Definition. Caulks and sealants are nonrigid materials placed

in joints of buildings to prevent the passage of heat, air, moisture

and dust. The terms caulk and sealant are often used interchangeably.

On the other hand, many producers and contractors refer to the lower

performance materials as caulks, and to the better performance materials as sealants.

2.4.2 Materials . Materials used as caulks and sealants are grouped

in three classifications according to their performance. The materials in each class are listed below. Information relevant to

properties, performance and use of the materials is given in

Appendix D.

2.4.2.1 Basic Performance .

o Oil and Resin Base Caulks

o Polybutene Compound

2.4.2.2 Intermediate Performance .

o Latex Caulks

o Acrylic (Solvent Type) Caulks

o Butyl Rubber Sealant (or Caulk)

o Chlorosulf onated Polyethylene

2.4.2.3 High Performance .

o Polysulfide

o Polyurethane

o Silicone

2.4.2.4 Putty and Glazing Compounds . There are two types of compounds

generally used for sealing relatively small glass panes. The two

types are putty and glazing compounds. For larger glass windows

(e.g. , picture windows) sealants from the intermediate and high

performance classes are used.

2.4.3 Criterion . Caulks and sealants for retrofitting residences

should conform to the applicable Federal Specification and ASTM

Standard given in table 5.

22
Table 5, Specifications for Caulks and Sealants

Performance

Classification Caulk or Sealant

Federal ASTM

Specification Designation

Putty

Glazing Compound

TT-P-00791B

TT-G-410E

Basic Oil and Resin Base TT-C-00598C C 570-72

Intermediate Acrylic (Solvent Type) TT-S-00230C

Butyl Rubber TT-S-001657

Chlorosulfonated TT-S-00230C

Polyethylene

Latex Sealing Compounds C 834-76

High Polysulf ide

single component

multi-component

TT-S-00230C

TT-S-00227E

Polyure thane

single-component

multi-component

Silicone

TT-S-00230C

TT-S-00227E

TT-S-001543A

23
2.4.4 Areas of Application . Caulks and sealants used for retrofitting

should be installed in joints of residential housing such as those

associated with the following:

o Window frames

o Door frames

o Window and door glazing

o Joints between walls and foundations or slabs

o Wall to wall joints

o Siding joints

o Skylights

Ducts, vents and other penetrations through walls

o Air conditioners to window joints

o Attic floor/chimney/siding gaps

o Fuel-oil pipe and other similar designed breaks in the exterior

surface

o Window frame/storm window joint.

2.4.5 Commentary . The level of performance of a caulk or sealant is

related to the cost of the product. A more expensive product will

in general last longer. Thus, a high initial investment may more

than pay for itself by eliminating additional expense at a later

date because of re-installation costs. Even a low quality caulk

or sealant will save energy by reducing air infiltration, if properly

applied. Guidelines for applying caulks and sealants are given in

Section 3.4

Caulks and sealants should be labeled on the containers or car- tridges as conforming to the applicable Federal Specification

and ASTM Standard so that the homeowner may determine compliance

to the criterion stated in Section 2.4.3.

2 . 5 WEATHERSTRIPPING

2.5.1 Definition . Weatherstripping consists of narrovj strips of material placed over or in moveable joints of windows and doors to

reduce the passage of air and moisture.

2.5.2 Materials . Various types of weatherstripping are available for

retrofitting. In general most can be applied to both windows and

doors. However, others are made specifically for doors. Examples

of weatherstripping include the following:

2.5.2.1 Weatherstripping for Both Windows and Doors

spring bronze strips

felt strips

24
adhesive backed foam strips

adhesive backed sponge rubber strips

bristle brush strips

hollow vinyl cord

sponge rubber gasket

metal wrapped vinyl strips

metal wrapped felt strips

2.5.2.2 Weatherstripping for Hinged Doors

door bottom strips

door bottom sweeps

door shoes

vinyl bulb threshold

interlocking threshold

magnetic strips

2.5.3 Criterion . Any commercially available material which is

marketed as weatherstripping is eligible. It is not required that

the weatherstripping conform to any specification or special provision.

2,5.4 Areas of Application . Materials used as weatherstripping may be

applied to all windows and exterior doors in residences or to doors

between heated and unheated rooms.

2.5.5 Commentary . This report is concerned with weatherstripping

normally sold in building supply houses, hardvjare stores and home

improvements centers. Weatherstripping is one of the easiest retrofit materials or products to install. The only requirement for

acceptance in the DOE Weatherization Assistance Program is that the

material be commercially available and be labeled as weatherstripping,

There are no test methods for demonstrating the efficiency of weatherstripping used for retrofitting. The amount of reduction of air flow

will depend upon the tightness of the door or window being weatherstripped, and the degree to which compression or deflection of the

weatherstripping seals the air gap of the door or window. Certain

weatherstripping may not be suitable for all doors and windows

because of the gap size of the joint. Proper selection and installation of weatherstripping are Important to achieve maximum reduction

of air flow.

There is a range of quality among the various weatherstrippings that

the homeowner may purchase. In general, the foam plastics are inferior to the metal strips or vinyl cord [25] . Even an inferior quality

25
product will save energy by reducing air infiltration at windows and

doors. Such materials are, therefore, recommended for acceptance.

The homeowner should be aware that inferior quality weatherstripping

may not perform as well as better quality products and may have to be

replaced more frequently. Better quality products are more durable

and tend to retain their ability to reduce air inf ilitration for a longer period of time.

2.6 VAPOR BARRIERS

2.6.1 Definition . A vapor barrier is a material which provides a high

resistance to the transmission (flow) of water vapor through building

and insulating materials due to water vapor pressure difference.

The principal purpose of vapor barriers is to preclude or reduce

appreciably the possibility of moisture accumulation including condensation of water vapor within insulation and other building materials.

2.6.2 Materials . The materials listed below, when installed as recommended, provide water vapor barriers. Vapor barrier materials should

be water resistant, puncture resistant, abrasion resistant, tear

resistant, fire resistant, noncorrosive, rot and mildew resistant,

and of sufficient tensile strength, in addition to a high resistance

to water vapor transmission.

2.6.2.1 Membrane Barriers are flexible and nonload bearing, and are supplied in a roll form or as an integral part of thermal insulation.

These include metal foils, coated felts and papers, laminated foil

and treated papers, and plastic films and sheets. Accessory items,

such as tape and adhesives, may be required for sealing joints.

Membrane barriers should have a water vapor permeance not greater

than 1 perm (see Commentary, Section 2.6.5).

2.6.2.2 Mastic, Coating and Paint Barriers are field applied semi-liquid

compositions having high resistance to water vapor transmission after

curing. The ingredients of these barriers include bitumens (asphalts),

resins or polymers, pigments, fillers,- and volatile solvent or water.

Paints which have been used as vapor barriers include alkyds including aluminum pigmented alkyds, polyurethanes, epoxies and rubber

based paints. Paints used as vapor barriers should have a water

vapor permeance not greater than 1 perm. It would be desirable to

have the water vapor permeability of paints stated on the containers.

2.6.2.3 Structural Barriers may be formed from rigid or semi-rigid

materials of low permeability which from a part of a structure.

They include reinforced plastics, aluminum, stainless steel and

insulating materials which are relatively impervious to water

26
vapor flow due to their physical structure and composition. They

require careful sealing of joints and seams. These materials are generally not used as vapor barriers in residential housing.

2.6.3 Criterion . The materials used for water vapor barriers should

conform to provisions cited in ASTM C 755-73, "Standard Recommended

Practice for Selection of Vapor Barriers for Thermal Insulation,"

and be installed in areas listed in Section 2.6.4. Vapor barrier

materials should have a permeance not greater than 1 perm, when

tested according to the dessicant methods described in ASTM

E 96-66(72) or ASTM C 355-64(73).

2.6.4 Areas of Application . Materials used for water vapor barriers

may be applied in residences to the following areas: (1) warm

(winter) side of opaque exterior walls, (2) warm (winter) side of

flat roofs and ceilings under ventilated attic spaces, (3) generally

on the warm (winter) side of floors over unheated basements and

crawl spaces depending on the moisture and temperature in these

areas, and (4) over ground or soil in crawl spaces. Membrane vapor

barriers, when installed in habitable or occupiable areas, should

be covered to prevent damage or an increased risk of fire. Vapor

barriers should not be applied over existing insulation in cases where the existing insulation is covered with new insulation.

2.6.5 Commentary . Increased amounts of insulation in the walls, roofs

or ceilings and floors to reduce heat flow during winter heating and/

or summer cooling of residences requires attention to the increased

possibility of excessive accumulation of moisture in these elements.

This may be prevented . one or more of the following measures:

o providing a vapor barrier to limit vapor entrance

o ventilating the residence to reduce vapor pressure

o making the cold side of walls, roofs or ceilings, and floors more permeable to the escape of water vapor.

These measures should not be regarded as equal alternatives or as equally beneficial in conserving energy.

The deleterious effects of moisture accumulation in building and

insulating materials may include:

o ae cerioration of materials by chemical, physical and biological

changes and by freeze-thaw breakdown of materials.

o reduction of thermal resistance of insulating materials and a decrease in their effectiveness as insulation.

o significant dimensional changes occur in many building materials

with changes in moisture content.

27
As stated in the criterion, vapor barrier materials installed for

retrofitting purposes should have a permeance not greater than

1 perm. Permeance values for typical vapor materials are given in

table 1 of Chapter 18 of the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals [24],

(A perm unit is one grain h "ft 'in of mercury vapor pressure

difference.)

Exact values for permeance should be obtained from the manufacturer

of the material under consideration or, if necessary, secured as a result of laboratory tests. The permeance of vapor barrier materials

should be determined by the dessicant method (Procedure A) described

in ASTM E 96-66(72), "Standard Method of Test for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials in Sheet Form," or by the dessicant method

described in ASTM C 355-64(73), "Standard Method of Test for Water

Vapor Transmission of Thick Materials." Permeance of a material

generally varies with temperature and with the mean of the relative

humidity levels on the two sides of the vapor barrier.

2.7 CLOCK THERMOSTATS

2.7.1 Definition . A clock thermostat is a temperature control device

for interior spaces incorporating two adjustable temperature control

points and a clock or timer for switching from one control point to

the other. Only one control point regulates the interior space

temperature at one time. A temperature control point is the mean

value of the air temperature at the thermostat under specified

operating conditions.

2.7.2 Products . Clock thermostats and clock liermostat systems may be

classified as follows:

2.7.2.1 A Clock and Two Individual Thermos L,^ts . In this system, two

thermostats are connected through a time clock to the heating

system. The clock automatically switches from the normal temperature controlled by one thermostat to the setback (lower for heating,

higher for cooling) temperature controlled by the other. The duration of the setback is determined by the clock. This system has

the advantage that more than one setback period may be chosen in a

24 hour period. Also, different types of clocks may be used to control switching. For example, 24-hour and 7-day clocks are commercially available. By using a 7-day clock, the setback time can be

programmed for a whole week. Commercially available clock thermostats of this type include products which contain two thermostats

and a clock in one unit used for replacing the existing thermostat,

and those which combine a thermostat and a clock in one unit used

for supplementing the existing thermostat. This type of clock

thermostat may also be used with central air conditioning,

28
1,1 ,2,1 Fully Automatic Clock Thermostat . This is a thermostat which

combines two temperature control points and a clock in one unit.

After the setback period is fixed, the thermostat automatically

switches between the normal and setback temperatures generally

once every 24 hours, although some newer units allow more than one setback every 24 hours. Fully automatic clock thermostats may

also be used with central air conditioning systems.

2.7.2.3 Semi-automatic Clock Thermostat . This is a thermostat which

combines two temperature control points and a wind-up timer in one unit. With this unit, the setback is manually activated by setting

the timer. The duration of setback is also fixed manually each

time the setback is activated. The thermostat automatically switches

from setback to normal temperature. This device may be activated

more than once every 24 hours.

2.7.3 Criterion . For a clock thermostat or clock thermostat system,

the thermostat portion should conform to the provisions prescribed

in National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Standards

Publication DC 3-1978 entitled, "Low-Voltage Room Thermostats," or NEMA Standards Publication DC 15-1972 entitled "Residential Controls:

Line-Voltage Room Thermostats," depending upon the type of thermostat.

In addition, when the thermostats are tested according to the methods

described in Part 4 of NEMA DC 3-1978 or NEMA DC 15-1972, the

following requirements should be met:

o the operating differential should not exceed 2*F,

o the cycling rate at 50 percent maximum load should not exceed

six cycles per hour, and

o the effective operating droop should not exceed 4''F,

The thermostats should be labeled as meeting the provisions of the

standards as well as those for operating differential, cycling rate

and effective operating droop.

2,7,4 Areas of Application , Clock thermostats may be applied in residential housing as replacements of or additions to existing thermostats which control interior space temperatures.

2,7,5 Commentary . NEMA Standards Publications DC 3-1978 and DC 15-1972

were not developed specifically for clock thermostats. The standards

do allow for auxiliary thermostat components for resetting or for

changing temperature control points, as described in Section 2.03

of NEMA DC 3-1978 and Section 2.04 of NEMA DC 15-1972, respectively.

Part 4 of NEMA DC 3 or NEMA DC 15 gives performance tests including

differential, cycle rate and droop tests to be conducted on thermostats. However, levels of performance have not been specified in

29
these NEMA Standards. Levels of performance are specified within

the criterion for eligibility of clock thermostats in the DOE

Weatherization Assistance Program. These levels of performance

specified herein were based on the performance of some presentlyavailable thermostats. For example, the cycling rates of 50 percent

maximum load of typical thermostats used for furnaces, boilers

and air-conditioner are five, three and three cycles per hour,

respectively.

It has been reported that substantial energy savings can be achieved

through temperature setback at night [6, 7]. Temperature setback

of a thermostat can be accomplished manually. There is no technical

reason for requiring the use of clock thermostats. However, there

are practical reasons to consider such as convenience and comfort to

the homeowner. For example, he may forget at night to use manual

setback or may not want to rise in a cool house in the morning.

Automatic control of the setback eliminates the human element and

assures regular night setback with its resulting energy savings.

Although some fully automatic clock thermostats may only function on

one cycle (setback) a day, they may be nevertheless set back manually

at other times whenever the need arises. The cost-effectiveness

of a clock thermostat varies with the amount of space or heating

capacity it controls and the duration of the heating season.

2.8 REPLACEMENT WINDOWS

2.8.1 Definition . ^A replacement window is a thermally improved primary

window, including the frame, sash and glazing. It is installed in

the wall of a residence after removal of the existing window and

frame assembly to increase resistance to heat flow and to decrease

air infiltration.

2.8.2 Materials . Replacement window frames and sash may be constructed

of aluminum, steel or wood, with glass or plastic glazing.

2.8.3 Criterion . Replacement windows for retrofitting should conform to

the standards and special provisions listed below, and be installed

as stated in Section 2.8.4. In addition replacement windows should

have multiple glazing, and metal frames should contain a thermal

break to reduce heat flow.

2.8.3.1 Aluminum Frame Replacement Windows . Aluminum frame replacement

windows should conform to ANSI/AAMA 302.9-1977, "Voluntary Specifications for' Aluminum Prime Windows."

30
2.8,3.2 Steel Frame Replacement Windows . Steel frame replacement

windows should conform to "Recommended Specifications for Steel

Window," Steel Window Institute, 1977. Allowable air infiltration

should not exceed 0.5 cfm per linear foot of sash crack length

when tested with the window sash closed and latched in accordance

with ASTM E 283-73 at a static air pressure of 1.56 psf.

2.8.3.3 Wood Frame Replacement Windows . Wood frame replacement windows

should conform to ANSI/NWMA I.S. 2-73 entitled "Wood Windows."

2.8.4 Areas of Application . When warranted because of excessive air

infiltration, any residential primary window and frame assembly

may be replaced. Installation should not violate any applicable

existing local building-related code.

2.8.5 Commentary . Comparison of the cracks around existing windows

with the values cited in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, 1977,

Chapter 21 for "poorly fitted" and "average" windows will provide

some guidance in evaluating the need for replacement. Any warping,

poor fitting or damage that could not be overcome by weatherstripping

would suggest a need for replacement. Installation of weatherstripping and storm windows are alternative methods to reduce heat

flow and air infiltration through windows. In cases where it is not

possible to install storm windows to primary windows, replacement

windows may be warranted. As compared to storm windows, the potential of replacement windows to reduce energy consumption is related

to the decrease in air infiltration which is achieved through the

replacement of windows.

Thermally improved windows incur low rates of heat flow and air

filtration. Multiple glazing and thermal breaks in metal window

frames are intended to provide low rates of heat flow and therefore

increased benefits for energy conservation. The ASHRAE Standard

90-75, "Energy Conservation in New Building Design," recommends

that the air infiltration through windows not exceed 0.5 cfm per

linear foot of sash crack length. ANSI/AAMA 302.9-77 for aluminum

windows and ANSI/NWMA I.S. 2-73 for wood windows have air infiltration requirements the same as recommended by ASHRAE 90-75. The

"Recommended Specifications for Steel Windows," Steel Window Institute, 1977, has no requirement for maximum allowable rate of air

infiltration, and thus the criterion in Section 2.8.3.2 includes

a maximum air infiltration requirement.

Replacement window frames should be properly caulked and sealed

into the wall of the residence to prevent air infiltration at

these locations.

31
Replacement windows should be labeled as manufactured to conform

to the applicable provisions given in Section 2,8.3. It is not

required that they be certified by independent laboratories as meeting these provisions. However, test results may be needed

to assure conformance to the applicable criteria.

2.9 REPLACEMENT GLAZING

2.9.1 Definition . Replacement glazing denotes the replacement of

broken or missing glazing from primary windows and exterior doors.

Excessive air infiltration through broken windows will reduce the

effectiveness of other retrofit measures. Consequently, broken

or missing glazing should be replaced before retrofit measures

are considered.

2.9.2 Materials , Replacement glazing should be window glass or plastic. Safety glazing may be used or required in some applications.

2.9.3 Criterion . It is not required that replacement glazing conform

to any specification or special provision unless safety glazing is

required. Safety glazing is required in storm doors or combination

doors, exterior doors and sliding or patio-type doors, and must

conform to the requirements of CPSC Part 1201 - Safety Standard

for Architectural Glazing Materials. Replacement glazing should

have a minimum thickness of 1/16 inch.

2.9.4 Areas of Application . Replacement glazing may be applied to

repair any broken or missing window pane in a primary window or exterior door.

2.9.5 Commentary . The requirements of CPSC Part 1201 - Safety Standard

for Architectural Glazing Materials are mandatory and supersede local

and national code requirements. It is noted that the CPSC Safety

Standard does not cover glazing materials used in the manufacture

and construction of architectural products such as prime windows

and storm windows.

Replacement glazing should be properly secured in the sash and

puttied or sealed to prevent air infiltration. Thickness of

replacement glazing greater than 1/16 inch may be necessary for some applications.

32
3. INSTALLATION PRECAUTIONS

This report is not intended to be a manual for installing retrofit

materials and products. The Federal Energy Administration prepared

"Project Retro-Tech, Instructor's Kit for Home Weatherization Course"

to train and guide applicators and consumers in the proper installation

of retrofit materials and products for residences [26]. The kit consists of four documents: "Home Weatherization Instructor's Guide,"

"Home Weatherization Job Book," "Home Weatherization Manual," and "Home

.Weatherization Charts." Other installation manuals are: The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development report "In the Bank... Or Up the

Chimney?" [5] and the NAHB Research Foundation's "Insulation Manual - Homes/Apartments" [10] which discusses all aspects of insulation including

proper installation. The NBS report "Retrofitting Existing Housing for

Energy Conservation: An Economic Analysis" [4] and "Making the Most of

Your Energy Dollars in Home Heating and Cooling" [5] give the levels of

retrofitting which are cost effective for the homeowner. In addition,

many manufacturers and trade associations have available pamphlets

describing the correct installation of their products.

Section 2 of this report presents recommended criteria for acceptance of retrofit materials and products to assure their quality and

safe use. However, proper retrofitting requires more than quality

materials and products. Proper installation of retrofit materials and

products is a necessity. A superior material may be less effective

in saving energy if improperly installed

.

This section points out certain precautions that must be taken

in the installation of retrofit materials and products. Following

these precautions will assist the homeowner in correctly installing

the material.

3.1 INSULATION

o When a vapor barrier is attached to the insulation, and the

insulation is being applied to an uninsulated wall or ceiling,

the vapor barrier must be applied towards the warm (winter)

side of the wall or ceiling.

o When adding insulation on top of existing ceiling insulation,

do not use a vapor barrier over the existing insulation.

o For air conditioning applications, duct insulation should contain

a vapor barrier on the outside (warm-side) surface to prevent

condensation on the duct and in the insulation. For heating and

air conditioning applications, ducts should be sealed with aluminum duct tape or similar material prior to adding insulation.

o When insulating attics, do not cover air vents in attic floors,

soffits and gables. Insulated attics should be vented. In general, the net ventilation area for attics should be at least

1/300 of the ceiling area if a vapor barrier is provided and

33
1/150 of the ceiling area if there is no vapor barrier. Net

ventilation area refers to the total of all openings free from

obstructions.

When insulating floors over unheated crawl spaces where earth

is uncovered, provision should be made for adequate natural

ventilation. For crawl spaces where the earth is uncovered,

the net ventilation area should be at least 1/150 of the ground

area. Whenever possible, the earth should be covered with a vapor barrier. Less ventilation is required if the earth is

covered with a vapor barrier or concrete slab. Crawl spaces

should have a net ventilation area of at least 1/1500 of the

ground area when the ground surface is covered with a vapor

barrier. Crawl spaces should be cross-ventilated, and the openings should be screened against birds, insects and animals and

protected against the penetration of rain and snow. It is noted

that vents in crawl spaces should be closed during the heating

season, but it is essential that they be opened after the heating

season. Retrofitting walls by the addition of loose-fill or other insulations may increase the possibility of moisture accumulation in the

insulation, siding and sheathing, particularly in cold climates [27]

Water vapor permeation through the exterior wall from the inside

may cause blistering and peeling of exterior paints having low

water vapor permeability. Application of a vapor barrier paint or vinyl wall paper with a permeability not exceeding 1 perm on the

inside wall surface will reduce the moisture accumulation hazard.

The exterior of walls retrofitted with loose-fill or other insulations should not be painted with oil-base or other coatings of

low moisture permeability, unless means are provided to allow

moisture vapor to escape through the exterior wall.

Retrofitting walls with loose-fill or other insulations requires

the use of special equipment. Operators of this equipment should

be familiar with their use to assure proper application. Installation of urea-based foam insulation should only be performed by

applicators trained and approved by the urea-based foam insulation

systems producer.

Loose-fill insulation added to ceilings and walls should be of the

proper fill density. The installed insulation should not contain

excess voids or air spaces. Densities normally recommended by

industry are as follows: the fill density of cellulose insulation

should be 2-3 lb/ft for ceilings and 3-4 lb/ft for walls; for

glass fiber insulation 0,7 and 2 lb/ft for ceilings and walls,

respectively; for slag and rock wool insulations 2 lb/ft and

2.5 lb/ft for ceilings and walls, respectively. These values

can be used to calculate needed amounts of these insulations.

For fire safety, installed insulation should not contact recessed

light fixtures, motors, fans, blowers, heaters, flues and chimneys.

In the case of lighting fixtures, thermal insulation shall not be

installed within 3 inches of the recessed fixture enclosure,

wiring compartment or ballast and shall not be so installed above

the fixture as to entrap heat and prevent the free circulation

34
of air unless the fixture Is otherwise approved for the purpose.

When Insulating ceilings, the thermal Insulation should not be

placed over lighting fixture enclosures (unless approved for the

purpose), electrical junction boxes, exposed frayed wiring, or wiring which contains damaged electrical insulation. In addition,

precautions should be taken when installing insulation over any

exposed electrical wiring in ceilings, even that in good condition.

To prevent loose-fill insulation from making contact with energy

dissipating objects, a minimum of 3 inches of air space should be

provided and assured by use of blocking.

After addition of loose-fill or f oamed-in-place insulation to

cavity walls, electrical outlet boxes within those walls should

be examined for the presence of insulation. If found, the insulation should be removed from the electrical outlet boxes.

3.2 STORM WINDOWS

Storm windows should be securely fastened in place and should be

straight, plumb, level and without distortion to assure satisfactory contact to the primary window frame.

Storm windows should be sealed according to the manufacturer's

instructions. Proper caulking between the storm window frame

and the primary window frame is necessary to assure water tigjht- ness and to limit air infiltration. Some air exchange between

the outdoors and the space between the primary and storm windows

is desirable to prevent condensation on the window on the exterior

of the house.

Weep holes in the storm window frame should not be blocked.

3.3 STORM DOORS

Storm doors when fastened in place should be straight, plumb,

level and without distortion to assure satisfactory contact

to the primary door frame.

Storm doors should be installed according to the manufacturer's

instructions. Proper installation is necessary to minimize air

infiltration and assure watertightness.

3,4 CAULKS AND SEALANTS

o Follow manufacturer's directions as indicated on label of the

cartridge or can, or in a brochure. Pay particular attention

to precautions given for safety in handling the material,

o Remove from the joint to be caulked all dust, dirt, particles,

oil, grease, loose caulking and loose paint before placing the new compound into the joint.

o Manufacturers often recommend a primer or surface conditioner for

certain surfaces. This is done to produce a strong bond of the

sealant to the surface. Use only the recommended primer,

35
Whenever possible, do not caulk joints at temperatures below

40°F since at low temperatures poor adhesion of the sealant may

result.

Do not apply sealant on wet or damp surfaces, including those

on which condensation is present.

If the joint is 1/4 inch wide or more, use a backup or filler

material, if possible. The filler may be any foam or sponge type

nonstaining material which is pressed into the joint without

completely filling it. A space with a depth of at least 1/4

inch should be left for application of the sealant.

Tool the sealant with a putty knife or smooth wooden stick to

force the sealant against the sides of the joint.

The placing of paper masking tape on each side of the joint

before the caulking operation will leave a neat looking joint.

Peel the tape off as soon as each section of work is finished.

Do not add any liquid or powder to a sealant to change its

handling property unless specific instructions are given by the

manufacturer.

Do not heat the sealant unless there are printed instructions

to do so.

3.5 WEATHERSTRIPPING

o Follow manufacturer's directions as printed on the package or in a brochure.

o Assure that the surface is smooth by removing old weatherstripping, dirt particles, loose paint, etc.

o Apply adhesive backed weatherstripping to clean and dry

surfaces only.

Apply weatherstripping in one continuous strip along each joint

of the door or window.

o Assure that weatherstripping is tight at corners.

o For both door and window applications, assure that the applied

weatherstripping makes contact with the fixed and movable

sections of the joint (for example, window sash and frame).

In general weatherstripping should be slightly compressed when

the door or window is in a closed position.

3.6 VAPOR BARRIERS

o Apply vapor barriers on the warm (winter) side of ceilings and

walls.

o Do not puncture, rip or tear vapor barriers.

o Punctured, ripped or torn vapor barriers should be repaired.

Repairs can be made by covering the damaged area with a piece

of vapor barrier material secured with kraft paper tape or covering the damaged area directly with a low permeability

tape such as aluminum duct tape or PVC tape.

36
Combustible vapor barriers such as asphaltic kraft paper should

not be left exposed after installation but should be covered to

reduce the risk of fire.

Fit vapor barriers carefully around all joints and penetrations

such as duct openings, electrical fixtures and switches, and

window or door frames, and seal joints, if possible.

3.7 CLOCK THERMOSTATS

o Follow the manufacturer's instruction for installation.

o Prior to installation the installer should determine whether the

characteristics of the device are compatible with the requirements

of the heating and/or cooling system with regards to voltage,

current ratings ^nd modes of operation.

o Thermostats should not be installed near heat sources, cold areas

or areas that receive poor air circulation,

o When the installation requires any electrical connections, additional

wiring, or electrical components, all and any circuits supplying

electrical power to the thermostat and electrically connected devices

(i.e. , heating and or cooling unit) should be disconnected at the

supply. Some clock thermostats may require installation by a qualified electrician.

o Do not wire the clock into the temperature limit or fan control

circuits of the furnace. Whenever the limit control is activated,

the clock will stop and lose time. An inaccurate clock may discourage the homeowner from using the clock thermostat.

3,8 REPLACEMENT WINDOWS

o Follow the manufacturer's instructions for installation,

o Seal or caulk joints between the rtplacement window frame and

the wall of the residence to eliminate this path of air and

water penetration,

o Check that operable sashes open easily after installation and

painting.

3.9 REPLACEMENT GLAZING

o Use proper size and tightly install using mechanical fasteners,

and putty or glazing compound to prevent air infiltration,

o Use safety glazing in doors containing large sections of glass,

as required by the CPSC Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing

Materials,

37
4. RETROFITTING AND MODEL BUILDING CODES

To determine the relationship between retrofitting residences to

conserve energy and the model building codes, the Standard Building

Code, Basic Building Code, the One and Two-Family Dwelling Code and

the Uniform Building Code were examined. The study produced the

following information:

o None of the model codes, per se, is retroactive unless substantial

repairs or alterations are performed on existing buildings; this

is especially the case with existing single family dwellings and

therefore building permits are generally not required for retrofitting,

In their adoption of model codes by reference, some local jurisdictions change certain aspects of the requirements of the model

code to conform to specific local conditions, and therefore may

require building permits for retrofitting.

o Local jurisdictions may have contractor licensing laws which

require the issuance of building permits for all work performed

on single family dwellings.

o Since the model codes in general do not require the issuance of

building permits, inspections of the installation of insulation,

weatherstripping and/or storm windows and doors in existing

single family dwellings accordingly are not required. Again,

local regulations may require permits and inspections.

o All three of the model codes have requirements which prohibit

certain types of foam plastic insulations unless certain encapsulation conditions are satisfied. This poses a problem wherein

the installer can be in violation of a law although no permit

or inspection is required.

o The question of the installation of storm windows over openings

necessary for required natural ventilation or emergency exits

in existing single family dwellings will not arise in the case

of model codes, per se, but may be a problem in specific local

jurisdictions

.

IVhile model building codes and building officials, as noted above,

do not presently enforce energy conservation provisions retroactively,

they now have in many instances adopted energy conservation provisions

which apply to new buildings and may also apply to additions to existing

buildings. These provisions are basically adaptations of the American

Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)

Standard 90-75. A further development of this Standard into an American

National Standard is now underway. In addition a new energy conservation

code based on the ASHRAE Standard was issued in December 1977 by the

National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards (NCSBCS),

Inc. for acceptance and use by state and local jurisdictions.

38
As no present standards for energy conservation in existing

buildings are available, ASHRAE is now undertaking development of

the following energy conservation standards for existing buildings:

ASHRAE 100. IP Low Rise Residential (up to 3 stories)

ASHRAE 100. 2P High Rise Residential

ASHRAE 100. 3P Commercial Buildings

ASHRAE 100. 4P Industrial Buildings

ASHRAE 100. 5P Institutional Buildings

ASHRAE 100. 6P Public Assembly

Under the standards development process each of the proposed standards is developed and drafted by an ASHRAE subcommittee, sent out for

public review and comment before final approval by ASHRAE as a standard.

Once a standard is approved, model code groups may adopt the standard

by reference and. code regulatory authorities may either adopt the model

codes or the standards directly. So while presently there exists no nationally approved standards for energy conservation in existing build^

ings their future development is anticipated. To aid in the administration and enforcement of the energy conservation standards in existing

buildings, the National Conference of States on Building Codes and

Standards (NCSBCS) is planning, in conjunction with the model code

groups, development of a companion model code.

Regarding glazing materials in products used for retrofitting, there

are mandatory requirements for glazing used in storm doors or combination doors, exterior doors and sliding patio-type doors which were

established by the Consumer Product Safety Commisssion (CPSC). As

previously mentioned these requirements supersede local and national

codes.

39
5. REFERENCES

1. "Impact of Improved Thermal Performance in Conserving Energy,"

National Mineral Wool Insulation Association, Inc. , New York,

N.Y., 49 pages, March 1973.

2. "Survey Report: U.S. Residential Insulation Industry Capacity

and Projections for Retrofitting U.S. Housing Inventory," Construction and Forest Productions Division, Office of Business

Research and Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, 24 pages,

August 12, 1977.

3. Seidel, Marquis R., Plotkin, Steven E., and Reck, Robert 0.,

"Energy Conservation Strategies," Environmental Protection Agency

Report EPA-R5-73-021, July 1973, p 7.

4. Petersen, Stephen R., "Retrofitting Existing Housing for Energy

Conservation: An Economic Analysis," National Bureau of Standards

(U.S.), Bldg. Sci. Ser. 64, 76 pages, December 1974.

5. Jacobs, Madeleine, and Petersen, Stephen R., "Making the Most of Your

Energy Dollars in Home Heating and Cooling," NBS Consumer Information

Series 8, National Bureau of Standards (U.S.), 16 pages, June 1975.

6. "In the Bank. . . Or Up the Chimney? A Dollar and Cents Guide to

Energy-Saving Home Improvements," U.S. Department of Housing and

Urban Development, April 1975, Available from the Superintendent

of Documents.

7. Pilati, David A., "The Energy Conservation Potential of Winter

Thermostat Reductions and Night Setback," Oak Ridge National

Laboratory, Report ORNL-NSF-EP-80, 27 pages, February 1975.

8. Nelson, Lome W., "Reducing Fuel Consumption with Night Setback,"

ASHRAE Journal, August 1973, pp 41-49.

9. Paul, R. L., direct testimony in hearings given before the Michigan

Public Service Commission, Case No. U-4710, February 3, 1975.

10. "Retrofitting Homes for Energy Conservation, A Business Guide,"

NAHB Research Foundation, Inc., Rockville, MD , March 1975.

11. "Insulation Manual - Home/Apartments," NAHB Research Foundation,

Inc., Rockville, MD, September 1971.

12. Hastings, S. Robert, and Crenshaw, Richard W., "Window Design

Strategies to Conserve Energy," Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Bldg.

Sci. Ser. 104, 209 pages, June 1977.

13. "Energy Conservation with Windows," prepared by The Federal Energy

Administration, Washington D.C. 20461.

40

I

I
14. Dix, Rollin C. and Lavan, Zalman, "Window Shades and Energy

Conservation," Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois,

Decemeber 1974.

15. Rossiter, Walter J., Jr., Mathey, Robert G., Burch, Douglas M.

,

and Pierce, E. Thomas, "Urea-Formaldehyde Based Foam Insulations:

An Assessment of Their Properties and Performance," National Bureau

of Standards (U.S.), Technical Note 946, 92 pages, July 1977.

16. Burch, D. M. , and Hunt, C. M. , "Retrofiting an Existing Wood Frame

Residence for Energy Conservation - an Experimental Study," National

Bureau of Standards Report NBSIR 77-1274, 157 pages, July 1977.

17. Kusuda, Tamani and Collins, Belinda Lowenhaupt, "Simplified Analysis

of Thermal and Lighting Characteristics of Windows: Two Case Studies,'

National Bureau of Standards (U.S.), Bldg. Sci. Ser. 109, 113 pages,

February 1978.

18. "Weatherization Assistance for Low-Income Persons," The Federal

Register (U.S.), Vol. 42, No. 105, June 1, 1977.

19. "Recommended Criteria for Retrofit Materials and Products Eligible

for Tax Credit," edited by Rossiter, Walter J., Jr. and Mathey,

Robert G., National Bureau of Standards Report NBSIR 75-795,

57 pages, November 1975.

20. Section 4.8.7 of Federal Specification, HH-I-515D.

21. Section 4.8.8 of Federal Specification, HH-I-515D.

22. "Fire Safety Guidelines for Use of Rigid Urethane Foam Insulation

in Building Construction," Urethane Safety Group Bulletin, Published

by Urethane Safety Group, The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc.,

250 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017, May 1974.

23. ASHRAE Guide and Data Book - Systems and Equipment, American Society

of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., New

York, N.Y., 1967.

24. ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1972.

25. Reference 6, p 34.

26. "Project Retro-Tech, Instructor's Kit for Home Weatherization Course,"

Conservation Papers Number 28A, Number 28B, Number 28C and Number 28D,

Federal Energy Administration, Washington, D.C., 20461.

27. Duff, J. E., "Moisture Distribution in Wood-Frame Walls in Winter,"

Forest Products Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, June 1968.

41
APPENDIX A. SELECTED CITATIONS FROM THE LITERATURE ON RETROFITTING

This appendix is a limited survey of the literature. It is

included in this report to show that a sound basis for retrofitting

exists. The reports cited demonstrate that retrofitting existing

housing not only conserves energy, but is also economically desirable

for the homeowner.

The National Mineral Wool Insulation Association (NMWIA) conducted

a study to determine the extent to which the requirements for improved

thermal performance of living units could alleviate the shortage of

energy for heating and cooling in the decade 1973-1982 [1] .* The study

considered two techniques for retrofitting existing housing; the upgrading of existing ceiling insulation, and the installation of storm

windows and storm doors. It was estimated that there were 42.6 million

single family units built before 1973 to consider for retrofitting.

For the computations an "average" home** was defined with an assumed

level of ceiling insulation, U = 0.10 Btu/h*ft '"F. If the ceiling

insulation of these "average" homes was upgraded with a R-11 insulation, the potential energy savings per week in the U.S. would be 562

trillion Btu. For the year 1982, this would amount to a savings of

1,124 million dollars. The 1972 estimated cost of the ceiling insulation retrofit was $144 per dwelling. The recovery of this investment

would take 5.45 years.

The retrofitting of storm doors and storm windows alone was con- sidered for 21.3 million single family residences by the National Mineral

Wool Insulation Association. In this case, the total energy savings

would be 818 trillion Btu per year, and the dollar savings, 1,635 million

per year. The 1972 cost of installing storm doors and windows was $240

per dwelling. The NMWIA reported that the recovery of the investment

would require 3.1 years.

According to NMWIA the total energy savings achieved by the retrofitting of ceiling insulation to the 42.6 million units and of storm

doors and windows to 21.3 million units would be 1380 trillion Btu per

year [1].

The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) published a report which

considered the economic aspects of retrofitting existing housing for

energy conservation [4], The study identified economically optimal

combinations of selected energy conservation techniques for reducing

heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) costs. The study

maximized potential dollar savings achieved with certain retrofitting

* References cited in this Appendix are listed in Section 5 of the

report.

** floor area, 1200 ft^; doors, 40 ft^; windows 160 ft^;

location, in degree day range of 4700-5000.

42
techniques by comparing total savings versus total costs. Climatic,

architectural and economic variables were used in the analysis. The

retrofitting techniques considered were:

1) attic insulation

2) wall insulation

3) floor insulation over an unheated space

4) duct insulation in unheated space

5) storm windows

6) storm doors

7) weatherstripping

The optimal combination of each of these techniques varies with

fuel costs and climatic conditions. The optimal level of retrofitting

increases as the cost of fuel increases and the climatic conditions

become more severe. Levels of retrofitting are greater for homes that are both heated and air conditioned than for homes with heating only.

Some general results of the NBS study follow.

The NBS report [4] showed that even in areas of low fuel costs and

mild climates, it is economically desirable to add insulation to attics

where none previously existed. Moreover, in areas of high fuel costs

and severe climates, it is economically desirable to add more than the

currently recommended six inches of attic insulation. For example,

about 10 to 12 inches is optimal for oil heated homes and about 12

inches for electrically heated and cooled residences in certain climates.

The figures vary slightly depending on the type of insulation.

It is also cost effective to blow insulation into existing walls

and to wrap exposed heating and cooling ducts in most climatic conditions

regardless of the cost of fuel. Insulating over unheated spaces, generally crawlspace, garage or basement, becomes cost effective in mild

climates where fuel costs are high. It is cost effective in all other

climates regardless of the price of fuel.

The economic desirability of retrofitting with stoirm windows

depends upon window size as well as fuel costs and climate conditions,

according to NBS [4] . In general, it is economically advantageous to

to add storm windows in most climates. The exceptions are mild climates

where fuel costs are low. Even here, the addition of storm windows over

large windows (minimum size 4x5 ft) becomes cost effective. On the

other hand, the addition of storm doors is only cost effective in areas

of high fuel costs and severe climates, assuming that a screen door

must be replaced.

Weatherstripping of doors and windows to reduce air infiltration

was shown in the NBS report to be cost effective in all cases. The

effect of sealing and caulking around doors and windows was not examined.

The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) prepared

a report on the economics of retrofitting existing homes to reduce energy

43
energy consumption [6] . This report is intended to help the homeowner

calculate hew much money he can expect to save by spending money to

retrofit. The report states that if each homeowner spent $400 to

retrofit his home, he would, in most cases, recover that money in

less than 5 years.

The retrofit techniques discussed in the HUD report include those

in the NBS report. In addition, the HUD report takes into account other

energy saving techniques such as caulking, servicing of furnaces and

air conditioners and thermostat setback.

Lowering the thermostat setting to reduce interior house temperature and thus heating fuel consumption is called setback. A lower

thermostat setting during the sleeping hours than during the daytime

is called night setback. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory examined

the potential energy savings that may be achieved through thermostat

setback [7] . It was concluded that, if temperatures of homes were

reduced from a typical 7 2°F to 68°F during the day and residential

heating could be reduced by 14%. The reduction in energy consumption

is dependent upon the climate. The percentage of energy savings is

greater in mild climates than in severe climates. The absolute energy

savings are greater in the more severe climates. For a home maintained

at 68° F and located in an area of 4000 degree days, a night setback to

55°F could produce an energy savings of 22%. Savings from night setback

for homes located in other areas can be estimated from the method given

in the report.

The energy savings gained from night setback had been previously

reported [8], This paper showed that a night setback of 5°F produced

an energy savings of 5 to 12% depending upon the location. For a setback of 10°F, the percentage savings was 9 to 16%. As in the Oak

Ridge report, the more severe climates give a smaller percentage,

but a greater absolute savings.

Another example of energy saved by retrofitting has been given

by the Consumers Power Company of Jackson, Michigan [9]. It was estimated in 1975 that there were in the service area 665,000 gas

heated residences which have inadequate ceiling insulation. If all

customers were to install 6 inches or the equivalent of R-19 of

ceiling insulation, natural gas consumption would be reduced by an

estimated 14,725,000 Mcf per year. That was enough gas to heat

125,85 homes in their area for one year.

The NAHB Research Foundation prepared a business guide for retrofitting homes [10] . The basic retrofitting techniques considered in

the guide were insulation, storm windows and doors, sealants, weatherstrippping, clock thermostats, heating and air conditioning tune-ups,

and lower hot water heater temperatures. Additional techniques such

as exhaust fans, awnings and replacement heating systems were listed

as optional, depending on the homeowner's preference to install them.

44
In June 1977, the National Bureau of Standards published a report

presenting 33 design stategies, which were classified in 6 major groups,

for improving the thermal performance of windows [12] . The six groups

were the site, exterior appendages, frame, glazing, interior accessories

and building interior. Windows were shown to effect energy consunqjtion

of a building through six possible functions: solar heating, daylighting,

shading, insulation, air tightness and ventilation. In addition to the

33 design strategies, the report also presented an explanation for the

physical phenomena responsible for each strategy's energy performance,

energy and non-energy related advantage and disadvantages of the strategies, aesthetic considerations, approximate cost, and examples of

installations of the various design strategies. Laboratory studies

regarding energy performance of windows were quoted.

In stating their conclusions, the NBS authors pointed out [12]

that a window may act as a solar collector introducing energy into a building to lower winter heating costs and may provide a source of

illumination whi-ch can substitute for artifical lighting to lower

electricity costs. It was further mentioned that windows can provide

a means of natural ventilation which can postpone the need for air

conditioning in the spring and fall, and substitute for air conditioning

on cool summer evenings.

The NBS authors concluded [12] that the design strategies could

minimize the window thermal load on mechanical systems. In the winter,

heat loss could be reduced by the use of double glazing, storm sash

or edge-sealed transparent roller shades. Night-time heat loss could

be minimized with tight-fitting draperies, opaque roller shades, or insulating shutters. It was shown that, for the summertime, numerous means were available for blocking solar heat gain, the most effective

being exterior appendages, such as roller blinds and awnings, or site

solutions. Air infiltration through windows could be greatly lowered

through the use of good quality windows and weatherstripplng, and by

landscaping or other means to reduce the force of the wind [12]

.

The Federal Energy Administration (FEA) with the assistance of the

National Bureau of Standards prepared a pamphlet to increase consumer

awareness of methods to improve the thermal performance of windows [13]

.

The pamphlet stated "properly designed, located and used windows can actually reduce heating and air conditioning costs; poorly designed,

located and used windows will increase these costs." Methods for

improving thermal performance of windows included those described

in the previously mentioned NBS report on window design strategies

[12] , although they were described in less detail. The FEA pamphlet

advised readers to: trap the sun's warmth for winter heating, insulate

against heat loss, minimize infiltration at windows, take advantage of

natural ventilation and shade against summer solar heat gain,

A study was conducted at the Illinois Institute of Technology

(IIT). under the sponsorship of the Window Shade Manufacturers Association to evaluate the effectiveness of roller shades in conserving

45
energy in residential heating and cooling [14]. In this laboratory

study, a test window to which roller shades could be mounted was constructed between a test (indoor) room and a control (outdoor) room. The test room was maintained at 75^ F, while the temperature of the

control room varied from 20 to 50^F for winter tests and 85 to 95^

F

for summer tests. Solar radiation was simulated using arc and incandescent lamps.

According to the I IT study, the use of window shades on a typical

residence in a moderate climate would reduce heating costs by as much

as 8 cents per dollar and cooling costs by as much as 21 cents per

dollar [14] . The conclusions were based on a well insulated home with

an average amount of glass and no shading devices prior to the installation of the roller shades. In regard to the conclusions of the IIT

Study, it is noted that most windows of existing residences may contain

some type of shading devices and when retrofitting the residence their

replacement may not be warranted. Draperies and Venetian blinds were also tested in the IIT Study, and were found to be less effective than

roller shades for reducing energy consumption, under the conditions of

the test.

The National Bureau of Standards published the findings of a comprehensive survey to assess the properties and performance of ureaformaldehyde based foam insulations [15]. In summarizing the results,

advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of the foams were given and problem areas of significance to the homeowner were also

identified. It was shown in this report that the use of foams as cavity wall insulation conserves energy through reduced fuel consumption. This NBS report recommended that laboratory and field studies

be initiated to gather data on the performance of foams, since performance data for for many properties were found to be lacking or contradictory

.

An experimental study was conducted at the National Bureau of

Standards to evaluate the energy conservation achieved in retrofitting

a wood-frame residence [16]. The residence was retrofitted in 3 stages:

reduction of air leakage, addition of storm windows, and installation

of insulation in the floor, ceiling and walls. Before the house was retrofitted; it contained some insulation in the attic.

It was found in this NBS study [16] that techniques used to reduce

air leakage did not produce measurable reductions in the heating energy

requirements, since the house was tightly constructed in its original

state. The addition of storm windows acheived a heating energy reduction

of about 25 percent. The installation of insulation reduced the heating

energy consumption by about 33 percent. In all, the total reduction

in heating energy requirements was found to be about 58 percent. The

seasonal energy requirement was reduced by a greater percentage than the

heat loss in the coldest weather, because the retrofit measures appreciably lowered the outdoor temperature (balance point) at which heating

was first needed.

46
In the strictest sense, the results obtained in the NBS Study [16]

apply only to that house. However, it may be anticipated that the

addition of insulation and storm windows would result in significant

savings in most existing houses and that weatherstripping and sealing

would be effective in conserving energy in many existing buildings.

In a recent NBS report, the results of a simplified analysis for

annual heating, cooling and lighting requirements associated with

windows were presented [17], The analysis was based upon a computer

simulation of these requirements for typical commercial and residential modules located in a climate such as found in Washington, D.C.

The analysis included the effects of window size, heat transfer, solar

shading, compass orientation, selective fenestration heat-transfer

management, and off-hour temperature setback. Three different modes

of operation with respect to heating and cooling requirements were

assessed: external loads only; external and internal; and external,

internal, and daylight. The analysis assumed that daylight could

replace or supplement artificial light whenever it could supply a specified minimum level of illumination.

The results of the study [17] demonstrated that a properly designed

and operated window system could reduce operating costs below those

for a solid wall for the types of rooms simulated in the given climatic

conditions. It was found that reducing operating costs for windows

required careful consideration of orientation, the balance between

annual heat gains and losses, use of daylight whenever sufficient,

and good management practices including off-hour temperature setback.

The use of daylight rather than artifical light had the most impact.

It was noted that experimental verification of the results were needed.

It was also found that unless window management and daylight are used,

windows will increase heating and cooling requirements when compared

to an equivalent wall area. When all the options for reduction of heat

loss and gain are utilized and daylight is substituted for electric

light, whenever practicable, the best performance in terms of heating,

cooling and lighting requirements are obtained.

47
APPENDIX B. SUGGESTED CRITERIA FOR MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS CONSIDERED

NOT ELIGIBLE UNDER THE DOE WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM

The materials and products which are presently considered eligible

for the DOE Weatherization Assistance Program are insulation, storm

windows and storm doors, sealants and caulks, weatherstripping, vapor

barriers, clock thermostats, replacement windows, and replacement

glazing. However, other energy-saving materials and products are

available for retrofitting. As previously mentioned, NBS had requested

the public and industry to suggest additional energy-saving materials

and products. Suggestions of other energy-saving materials and products

were to be accompanied by technical information on properties and performance supporting their use and energy savings which may be achieved.

A number of suggestions for additional materials and products was received by NBS, primarily from manufacturers and trade associations.

These suggestions were reviewed along with others proposed by NBS staff

members. It was determined that criteria could be written for some additional materials and products which are considered not eligible

under the DOE Weatherization Assistance Program. Items in this category are replacement doors, insulation/sheathing, window accessories

including roller shades, Venetian blinds and draperies, and whole house

fans. Although considered not eligible under the DOE Weatherization

Assistance Program, this supplementary list of suggested criteria are presented in order to assist in assuring that these materials and

products, when used, meet minimum criteria relating to energy conservation effectiveness, safety, serviceability and durability.

Materials and products listed in this Appendix are considered not

eligible under the DOE Weatherization Assistance Program primarily

because of the statutory requirements, limits on expenditures for

retrofit items and their energy conservation effectiveness. Greater

emphasis was placed on reducing heating-energy consmnption than on cooling-energy consumption. It is thought that these statutory limits

on expenditures may be reached when installing basic retrofit items

such as insulation, storm windows and doors, sealants and caulks, and

weatherstripping.

B.l REPLACEMENT DOORS

B.1.1 Definition . A replacment door is a thermally improved exterior

primary door which is installed to increase resistance to heat flow

and decrease air infiltration after removal of the existing door.

Such doors may be classified as either hinged doors or sliding patic

doors. Replacement of a hinged door may or may not require replacement of the frame whereas replacement of a sliding patio door

normally requires replacement of the frame.

48
B,1.2 Materials . Replacement doors may be constructed of a wood with

glass or plastic glazing, or of solid wood, or of a metal or wood

exterior skin with an insulated core. The metal doors are either

aluminum or steel and may contain glazing.

B.1.3 Criterion . Replacement doors for retrofitting should conform

to the standards and special provisions listed below, and should be

installed as stated in Section B.1.4. Where glazing is used it

should conform to the requirements of Part 1201 - Safety Standard

for Architectural Glazing Materials established by The Consumer

Product Safety Commission. These doors should be labeled as being

manufactured to conform to the criterion.

B. 1.3.1 Hinged Doors . The coefficient of thermal transmittance

(U-value) for replacement hinged doors should not be greater than

0.45 Btu/h'ft '"F as determined by the method for calculating overall coefficients of heat transmission given in Chapter 2 in the

ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals [23]. In addition, replacement

hinged doors should conform to the applicable specification as follows:

o Steel replacement doors should conform to Steel Door Institute

(SDI) Recommended Specifications 100-76 entitled "Standard Steel

Doors and Frames."

o Pine replacement doors should conform to the provisions for

exterior doors listed in ANSI/NWMA I.S. 5-7 3 entitled "Ponderosa

Pine Doors.

o Fir, hemlock and spruce replacement doors should conform to the

provisions for exterior doors listed in the Fir and Hemlock Door

Association Standard FHDA/6-77 entitled "Industry Standard for

Douglas Fir, Western Hemlock, and Sitka Spruce Doors and Blinds."

o Hardwood veneered flush doors should conform to the provisions

for exterior doors listed in National Woodwork Manufacturers

Association Industry Standard I.S. 1-75 entitled "Hardwood Flush

Doors.

B,1.3.2 Sliding Patio Doors . Sliding patio doors should have multiple

glazing and metal frames should contain a thermal break to reduce

heat flow. In addition, replacement sliding patio doors should

conform to the application specification as follows:

° Aluminum sliding patio doors should conform to ANSI/AAMA

402.9-1977 entitled "Voluntary Specifications for Aluminum

Sliding Glass Doors."

° Wood sliding patio doors should conform to ANSI/NWMA I.S. 3-70

entitled "Wood Sliding Patio Doors."

49
B,l,4 Areas of Application . When warranted because of excessive heat

flow and air infiltration, any residential exterior door, or door

and frame assembly, may be replaced. Installation should not violate

any applicable existing local building related code.

B.1.5 Commentary . Guidelines are not available to assist the homeowner

in deciding whether or not an exterior door, or door and frame

assembly, should be replaced with a thermally improved door. In

analogy with Petersen's findings [4] that in many cases storm doors

are not cost-effective, it may be assumed that replacement doors

may in many cases not be cost-effective, when installed only for

energy conservation purposes. Installation of weatherstripping

and storm doors are alternative methods to reduce heat flow and

air infiltration through exterior doors.

Thermally improved doors require low rates of heat flow and air

infiltration. The requirements for a 0.45 Btu/h'ft '"F thermal

transmittance in the case of hinged doors, or for multiple glazing

and thermal breaks in metal frames in the case of sliding patio

doors are intended to provide low rates of heat flow, and therefore

increased benefits for energy conservation.

ASHRAE Standard 90-75, "Energy Conservation in New Building Design,"

recommends that the air infiltration rates through hinged doors and

sliding patio doors not exceed 1.25 and 0.5 ft /min per square foot

of door area, respectively. ANSI Standards ANSI/AAMA 402.9-1977 and

ANSI/NWMA I.S. 3-70 have requirements for maximum allowable rate of

air infiltration through sliding patio doors. These requirements

may be specified since sliding patio doors are normally installed

as a door and frame assembly. The assembly including weatherstripping may be manufactured to provide a tight seal between the

sliding door and the frame.

It may be difficult to attain the ASHRAE recommended maximum rate

of air infiltration for replacement hinged doors, or door and frame

assemblies. In either case, the air infiltration will depend upon

the quality of installation. The door should be installed straight,

plumb, level and without warping. It should fit tightly in the

frame and be properly weatherstripped, including placement of a threshold. Proper installation of hinged doors is required if the

ASHRAE recommended maximum rate of air infiltration of 1.25 ft /min

per square foot of door area is to be attained.

New door and frame assemblies should be properly caulked and sealed

into the wall of the residence to eliminate this path of air infiltration.

50
B.2 INSULA! ION/ SHEATHING

B.2.1 Definition . Insulation/sheathing Is a procedure for retrofitting

residences whereby rigid board insulation is Installed on the exterior

of the walls of the residence over the existing siding or facade to

reduce heat flow through the walls. Siding must be added to the

residence after Installation to cover and protect the rigid board

insulation.

B.2. 2 Materials . Insulation materials used as insulation/sheathing

may be rigid boards fabricated from organic cellular insulations

such as polystyrene, polyurethane or polylsocyanurate, or other

suitable materials of low thermal conductivity.

B.2. 3 Criterion . Rigid board Insulation materials used as insulation/

sheathing should have a thermal resistance (R) of not less than 4

for their installed thicknesses and conform to the applicable specifications and standards, and the fire safety requirements for

insulations given in Section 2.1.3. The R value should be based on tests conducted according to ASTM C 177 at a mean temperature of

75*F.

B.2. 4 Areas of Application . When warranted because of difficulties in

lnq)rovlng the heat flow resistance of walls of residences through

other means such as cavity wall filling, exterior walls of residences may be retrofitted with an insulation/sheathing system.

Installation should not violate any applicable existing local

building-related code, particularly with regard to the use of

cellular plastic insulation in residences. Consideration should

be given to existing walls which are required to have a fire resistive rating such as proximity to other building and their contents.

B.2. 5 Commentary . Installation of an insulation/sheathing system for

retrofitting residences may in many cases be less effective for

energy conservation than other methods of retrofitting such as the

addition of insulation to wall cavities. Installation of loose

fill insulation into wall cavities normally 3-1/2 inches thick, will

in general provide considerably higher values of total thermal

resistance as compared to insulation/sheathing systems. It is noted

that the minimum desired R value for frame wall construction given

in table 3 is 12. Insulation/sheathing systems may be more expensive than other methods of retofittlng walls since siding must be

installed over the insulation to protect it. Careful consideration

should be given to the benefits for energy conservation and the

relative costs of alternative systems before choosing an insulation/

sheathing system.

51
In some cases, the installation of an insulation/sheathing system

may be the only practicable means of improving the thermal resistance of an exterior wall of a residence. For example, the wall

may not have a cavity and insulation may not be readily installed

on the interior surface. The intent of the inclusion of insulation/

sheathing systems in this supplementary list of retrofit material

and products is to have available a system for improving the thermal

resistance of walls of residences in those cases where other means

of retrofitting walls are not practicable.

It is necessary in general to keep the thickness of the sheathing

to a minimum to facilitate installation of siding and trim at doors,

windows, eaves and other locations. Insulation thickness can be minimized by using materials having low values of thermal conductivity

such as foamed plastics.

For homeowners who are considering the replacement of siding

because of deterioration, consideration may be given to the

installation of an insulation/sheathing system. This may provide

a means of improving the thermal resistance of the residence at a minimum additional cost.

The use of an organic cellular insulation of low water vapor

permeance may retard the flow of water vapor and may cause moisture accumulation between the insulation and the wall. Unwanted

moisture accumulation in walls may lead to their deterioration.

A vapor barrier on the interior surface of the wall, such as low

permeability paint or vinyl wall covering, will lessen the possibility of condensation within the wall. Manufacturers' instructions relative to providing spaces, cracks or openings for

breathing should be followed.

B.3 WINDOW ACCESSORIES

B.3.1 Definition . A window accessory is a product installed to improve

the thermal performance of a window assembly by reducing solar heat

gain in the summer and reducing heat loss in the winter.

B.3. 2 Products . The products listed below are those considered

acceptable for use in residences to provide improved thermal performance of a window assembly through retrofitting:

Roller shades

o Venetian blinds

o Draperies

52
B.3.3 Criterion . A window accessory for retrofitting should conform

to the specifications and special provisions listed below, and be

installed as stated in Section B.3.4.

B.3.3.1 Roller Shades . Roller shades should conform to Federal

Specification DDD-S-251d "Shade, Roller, Window; Roller, Slat,

Cord, and Accessories" or Interim Federal Specification L-S-001787

"Shade, Window, (Vinyl), with Roller, Slat, Ring Full and Accessories and Vinyl Film (In Piece Goods)." The shades should be

classified as white (opaque) or light (translucent) according

to ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, 1972 Edition, Chapter 22,

table 15.

B.3.3. 2 Venetian Blinds . Venetian blinds should conform to Interim

Federal Specification AA-V-00200B "Venetian Blinds." The color

of the slats should be classified as light according to ASHRAE

Handbook of Fundamentals, 1972 Edition, Chapter 22, table 15.

B.3.3. 3 Draperies . Draperies should be fabricated from cloth conforming to Interim Federal Specification CCC-C-001703A "Cloth, Drapery,

Glass Fiber" or Interim Federal Specification CCC-C-01766 "Cloth,

Drapery, Other Than Glass." The cloth should have a fabric classification IIIt (closed weave and light color) according to ASHRAE

Handbook of Fundamentals, 1972 Edition, Chapter 22, figure 10.

B.3.4 Areas Of Application . Window accessories used for retrofitting

may be installed in residential housing on the interior of any

primary window. The window accessory should be installed at least

1/2 inch from the window and should fit tight at the top, bottom

and sides of the window frame to entrap air and minimize the circulation of air between the window and accessory. The energy conservation potential of roller shades, Venetian blinds, and drapes for

non-solar heat transfer will be largely lost, if these accessories

do not fit the top, bottom and sides of the window frame sufficiently

to approximate a dead air space.

B.3.5 Commentary . Window accessories should be used properly to obtain

maximum energy conservation. During hot, sunny summer days the acces- sories should be closed or drawn to reduce solar heat gain into the

room. During cold weather, window accessory products on the sunny

exposures should be open during the day to allow heat gain by solar

radiation, and closed during evenings and nights to reduce heat loss

through the window. In the case of draperies, the track should be

installed, if possible, to allow the open draperies to clear the

window so that maximum sunlight penetrates into the room during the

winter. Draperies should hang in contact with the floor or window

53
sill to prevent or reduce the circulation of room air behind the

drapery and back to the room.

The ability of a window accessory product to reduce solar heat

gain is measured according to the concept of the shading coefficient. The shading coefficient is defined in the ASHRAE Handbook

of Fundamentals, 1972 Edition, page 397, as the ratio of the solar

heat gain through a glazing system under a specific set of conditions to the solar gain through a single light of double strength

sheet glass under the same set of conditions. Window accessory

products which meet the criteria in Section B.3.3 have shading

coefficients of about 0.5 or less, depending on the type of glazing.

Window accessories are included herein to conserve energy. The

amount of solar radiation absorbed and transmitted by the product

and the amount of air passing through the product should be kept

to a minimum. Therefore, the criteria are necessarily restrictive

with regards to color of the product and in the case of draperies

the closeness of the weave of the fabric.

B.4 WHOLE HOUSE FANS

B.4.1 Definition . A whole house fan is an exhaust fan capable of

exchanging air throughout the entire residence at a rapid rate.

B.4. 2 Products . Whole house fans are manufactured products intended

to circulate air throughout a residence for purposes of removing

heat from an occupied space and creating an improved sensation of

comfort by means of a high rate of ventilation. They consist of

revolving blades attached to a rotary hub and are operated by an electric motor.

B.4. 3 Criterion . Whole house fans for retrofitting should conform

to the following provisions:

o the capacity of the fan should provide one air change per

minute for the cubic feet of the house to be ventilated at one time, when operated with the manufacturer's smallest

recommended shutter at 0.1 inch water static pressure, and

o the fan should be listed by Underwirters Laboratories.

B.4. 4 Areas of Application . Whole house fans may be installed in

ceilings, attics or walls so that the air throughout the residence

can be exchanged with outside air.

54
B.4.5 Commentary . Whole house fans may offer an energy-savings

alternative to air conditioning in many climates during mild summer

weather. Whole house fans may provide comfortable indoor temperatures whenever the outdoor temperature is about 80°F or lower.

The Home Ventilating Institue has issued the "Whole House Ventilating Fan Standard." The provisions cited in the criterion

in Section B.4.3 are contained in the Home Ventilating Institute

Standard.

55
APPENDIX C. MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR

RETROFITTING FOR WHICH CRITERIA ARE NEEDED

While compiling the criteria for materials and products considered

eligible for the DOE Weatherization Assistance Program and a selected

group which were considered not eligible, additional items, other than

those listed in Section 2 and Appendix B, were given consideration as means for reducing the energy consumption of residences. These items

have been listed in this Appendix because they were judged to have

significant potential for energy conservation. They were not Included

in the recommended DOE Weatherization Assistance Program criteria because

they are beyond the scope of the program as defined by legislation and

because standards or other acceptable means do not exist for assessing

materials quality or performance. It is noted that the criteria which

were developed for retrofit items not only address their energy savings

but also the performance parameters such as durability, serviceability

and safety.

This Appendix suggests materials and products which may be con- sidered for inclusion in retrofit programs. Manufacturers and trade

associations suggested many materials and products that they believed

applicable as retrofit items for inclusion in weatherization programs.

Other suggestions resulted from conversations between NBS personnel

and outside researchers who were familiar with energy conservation

measures.

The following lists of suggested additional retrofit items include

a brief comment as to why each item was suggested. The two lists present general retrofit items and mechanical equipment items associated

with furnances and heating equipment. The Appendix has been included

in this report to present the additional retrofit items that have been

suggested. It is recommended that the criteria for eligible materials

and products included in the DOE Weatherization Assistance Program be

reviewed periodically and revised when technical information becomes

available on which criteria for additional materials and products may

be based provided they comply with the statutory requirements.

C.l GENERAL RETROFIT ITEMS

C.1.1 Awnings . Awnings with side panels shade the windows of a residence, reducing the summer solar heat gain of windows. They

should be removable or retractable so rays may penetrate into the residence.

C.l. 2 Reflective Glass . Reflective glass rejects the radiation of

the sun which normally penetrates into the home. The interior

remains cooler, thus less energy is consumed in air conditioning

56
the residence. The use of reflective glass as the exterior pane

of a double glazed window (insulating glass) may reduce the radiation of heat across the air space and reduce winter heat losses.

C,l,3 Reflective Coatings Or Films . Reflective or low-emissivity

films on the inside surface of glass reflect much of the incoming

solar energy while still permitting a tinted view outside the

window. Some films may increase the window's reflectivity of

infrared heat from within the room, thus the winter U-value of

the window may be slightly reduced.

C.1.4 Solar Screens . Solar screens, installed on the outside of

windows, shade the windows and reduce solar heat gain in the summer,

They may or may not significantly reduce winter solar heat gain.

An external solar screen installed close to a window may create a layer of nearly still air which may slightly insulate the window

against winter heat loss.

C.1.5 Shutters . Exterior operable shutters shade windows in the summer during the day and reduce heat loss and possibly air infiltration

in the winter during the night.

C.1,6 Setbacks/Timers . Setback/ timers are mechanical devices, other

than clock thermostats, for automatically starting electrical equipment when needed and shutting it off when not needed. This may

conserve energy by running equipment only when necessary.

C.2 MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT ITEMS

C.2.1 Fuel Oil Burners For Furnaces And Boilers . Recent DOE/NBS field

tests have shown that annual tuneups of oil burners increase the

average unit's performance by 3% over one season, and by 7% for a 3-year tuneup interval. These tests have also shown that almost

all of the oil burners examined (over 400) were oversized. Oversizing means that the furnace burns oil at a faster rate than

necessary to maintain a comfortable house temperature. Even on

the coldest days of the year, oversized burners may not operate

for long periods, maybe running less than 30 percent of the time.

During these long off-periods, heat is lost up the chimney, greatly

reducing the overall efficiency. The tests on oversized burners

demonstrated that reducing the nozzle size and modifying burner

air handling parts may save up to 14% in seasonal operating costs.

A 30% savings is possible by replacing inefficient burners with

new, high efficiency burners that have a reduced firing rate.

Additional data are available for evaluating the merits of separating the boiler and potable water heater.

57
C.2.2 Gas Furnaces . Theoretical and laboratory studies conducted

jointly by Carrier Corp., Honeywell Corp. and NBS have evaluated

the energy savings resulting from several new design options for

residential gas furnaces. Some of these options may become available on a retrofit basis and resultant savings could be expected

to be similar in magnitude. For example, calculations indicate

that automatic vent dampers applied to a typical residential gas

furnace system located in Washington, D.C. would save 8% on a furnace's fuel and electric energies. The installation of ducts

to allow for direct intake of combustion air which is reheated by

the flue gas exhaust will result in a 5% reduction in furnace

operating costs. Intermittent ignition devices save 7% in operating

costs.

Committee Z21 of the American National Standards Institute has been

engaged over the last two years in developing standards for three

types of automatic vent dampers for gas-fired equipment. An ANSI

Standard, Z21.66 for electrically-activated vent damper was issued

in November, 1977. Proposed ANSI Standards, Z21.67 and Z21.68, for

mechanically-activated and thermally-activated vent dampers have

received approval of the Z21 Committee and have been submitted for

approval by the ANSI Board of Standards Review. Several electricallyactivated vent dampers have been certified by the American Gas

Association for compliance with ANSI Standard Z21.66.

The Underwriters Laboratories has completed an initial draft of a standard applicable to vent dampers for oil-fired equipment. This

document is identified as Subject 17, Proposed First Edition of a Standard for Vent or Chimney Connector Dampers for Oil-Fired

Appliances. This draft document is being distributed for public

review. The approved standard may be expected in about six months.

Underwriters Laboratories is currently testing electrically-activated

vent dampers for oil-fired heating equipment and has listed a few

such vent dampers.

C.2.3 Heat Pumps . An important benefit of the heat pump lies in the

fact that, except in very cold weather, the amount of heat energy

delivered to the indoor air is greater than the amount of electrical

energy put into the system. The ratio of the annual heat delivered

to the annual electrical energy input is called the seasonal performance factor (SPF) which is typically between 1.5 and 2.2 for much

of the country. As a result a heat pump operating in these regions

may annually use 30% to 55% less electrical energy than an electrical

resistance heating system (i.e. baseboard or furnace) which has a nominal efficiency of 100% (SPF = 1). Comparison with fossil fuel

heating systems is not so well defined and highly climate dependent.

A regional or climate-dependent table of seasonal performance

factors for heat pumps is presently under development by DOE.

58
APPENDIX D. CAULKS AND SEALANTS AVAILABLE FOR RETROFITTING

This Appendix presents information relevant to the properties,

performance and use of caulks and sealants available for retrofitting.

D.l BASIC PERFORMANCE

D.l Oil and Resin Base Caulks . General purpose caulking compounds

formulated to seal exterior or interior nonmoving or very slightly

moving joints between various building materials; they form a skin

which can be painted to prolong performance; may function for

several years if applied properly; and are available in cartridges

for use in caulking guns, in flexible tubes and sometimes in cans

for putty knife application.

D.l. 2 Polybutene Compound . Available in preformed shapes such as rope,

cord or tape; suitable for temporary seals around window air conditioners and storm windows, for example; performance is extended when

used in areas where it is protected from the elements.

D.2 INTERMEDIATE PERFORMANCE

D.2.1 Latex Caulk . General purpose sealant designed for exterior or interior joints; responds to small joint movements; flexes with the

joint to provide a resilient seal; extrudes smoothly from a gun, can be painted almost immediately after application; available in

standard cartridges and in cans.

D.2, 2 Acrylic (Solvent Type) Caulk . For general purpose caulking in

joints with moderate movement; excellent adhesion to most building

materials without the use of a primer; estimated service life up to

20 years; strong odor restricts use to exterior joints; available

in cartridges and cans and in numerous colors.

D.2. 3 Butyl Rubber Sealant (or Caulk) . An all-purpose sealant with

greater service life and performance than the oil base caulks and

about equal in overall quality to the latex acrylic types; forms

a skin which can be painted; responds to joint movements up to

about 10 percent of the original width; adheres to all building

surfaces and retains a high degree of flexibility; available in

cartridges and cans in numerous colors.

59
D.2.4 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene . An all-purpose sealant with a relatively slow cure to a rubbery compound; provides good durability, flexibility and adhesion as well as easy application;

responds to somewhat larger joint movements than the butyl or latex caulks; for use on exterior joints only; available in car- tridges and cans in standard colors.

D.3 HIGH PERFORMANCE

D.3«l Polvsulfide . A sealant which cures to a rubbery compound with

exceptional flexibility, recovery and adhesion to most building

surfaces. The sealant has the ability to respond to joint movements

up to plus and minus 25 percent of the installed width. When properly installed, the service life can be 20 years or more. It is

available as a one-component material which is packaged in standard

cartridges for caulking guns; also available in a multi-component

type which is mixed on the job just before application; also available in a pourable type for deck joints. The cured sealant has

practically no shrinkage. Primers are used when recommended by

the producer. Several colors are available. Joint design and preparation are of great importance for durability.

D.3' 2 Polvurethane . The characteristics and performance properties

of this class of sealant are essentially the same as those of the

polysulfides when properly installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instruction. The sealant is particularly known for high

abrasion resistance and tear strength and is often used for joints

in plaza and decks with heavy foot traffic. It is available in

single and multi-component types, the latter in both nonsag and

pourable grades.

D.3. 3 Silicone . A class of single component sealants known for its

versatility as a joint filler with exceptional performance under

very high and low temperatures. It has exceptionally strong adhesion

to glass as well as to other building materials. Ease of extrusion

from the caulking gun is unaffected by cold temperature. It forms

a skin in less than a hour and cures in a few days to an elastic

compound. It is available in cartridges and cans in several colors

including clear. One variety is used for joints with exceptionally

large movements.

60
D.4 COMPOUNDS FOR SEALING GLASS PANES

D,4.1 Putty . This name is usually applied to a soft dough-like,

knife-applied compound formulated by blending oils, solids and

pigments. It is used for face glazing (application around the

edges of a pane of glass, and for the bedding application to the

inner side of the sash). After the putty is set, painting extends

its performance life. It is available for wood or metal sash.

Putty hardens and cracks with age and needs replacement periodically.

D,4,2 Glazing Compound . Different from putty in that the formulation

is modified to enable the compound to remain plastic over a long

period. It performs well as an effective seal between the glass

and the framing. Several types are available for specific purposes.

It is a general purpose glazing compound which will bed and face

glaze glass to both wood and metal frames. It is available in

standard cartridges and cans.

61
APPENDIX E. STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS CITED IN THIS REPORT

1. Federal Specifications

Specification Sales (3FRSBS)

Building 197

Washington Naval Yard

General Services Administration

Washington, DC 20407

AA-V-00200B - Venetian Blinds (6-5-73)

CCC-C-001703A - Cloth, Drapery (2-5-73)

CCC-C-Q1766 - Cloth, Drapery, Other Than Glass (11-8-72)

DDD-S-251D - Shades, Roller, Window; Roller, Slat, Cord,

Slat, Cord, and Accessories (4-12-62)

HH-I-515D - Insulation Thermal (Loose-Fill for Pneumatic or Poured

Application): Cellulose or Wood Fiber (6-15-78)

HH-I-521E - Insulation Blankets, Thermal (Mineral Fiber, for Ambient

Temperatures) (7-24-72)

HH-I-524B - Insulation Board, Thermal (Polystyrene) (11-6-72)

HH-I-526C - Insulation Board, Thermal (Mineral Fiber) (10-17-68)

HH-I-529B - Insulation Board, Thermal (Mineral Aggregate) (2-12-71)

HH-I-530A - Insulation Board, Thermal (Urethane) (11-22-71)

HH-I-551E - Insulation Block and Boards, Thermal (Cellular Glass)

(3-11-74)

HH-I-558B - Insulation, Blocks, Boards, Blankets, Felts, Sleeving

(Pipe and Tube Covering), and Pipe Fitting Covering,

Thermal (Mineral Fiber Industrial Type) (1-9-73)

HH-I-573B - Insulation, Thermal (Flexible Unicellular Sheet and

Pipe Covering) (2-20-68)

HH-I-574A - Insulation, Thermal (Perlite) (5-31-66)

HH-I-585C - Insulation, Thermal (Vermiculite) (10-17-74)

HH-I-1030A - Insulation, Thermal (Mineral Fiber, for Pneumatic or Poured Application) (2-23-73)

HH-I-1252A - Insulation, Thermal, Reflective (Aluminum Foil) (3-4-71)

LLL-I-535A - Insulation Board, Thermal and Insulation Block, Thermal

(1-19-70)

L-S-001787 - Shade, Window, (Vinyl) with Roller, Slat, Ring Pull and

Accessories and Vinyl Film (In Piece Goods) (3-9-73)

TT-C-00598C - Caulking Compound, Oil and Resin Base Type (for Building

Construction) (6-23-70)

TT-G-410E - Glazing Compound, Sash (Metal) for Back Bedding and Face

Glazing (Not for Channel or Stop Glazing) (4-21-69)

TT-P-00791B - Putty: Linseed-Oil Type, (For Wood - Sash - Glazing)

(10-16-69)

TT-S-00227E - Sealing Compound: Elastomeric Type, Multi-Component

(For Caulking, Sealing, and Glazing in Buildings and

Other Structures) (11-4-69)

TT-S-00230C - Sealing Compound: Elastomeric Type, Single Component

(For Caulking, Sealing, and Glazing in Buildings and

Other Structures) (2-2-70)

62
TT-S-001543A - Sealing Compound: Silicone Rubber Base (For Caulking, Sealing, and Glazing in Buildings and Other

Sturctures) (6-9-71)

TT-S-001657 - Sealing Compound — Single Component, Butyl Rubber

Based, Solvent Release Type (For Buildings and Other

Types of Construction) (10-8-70)

2. NBS Voluntary Product Standards

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

NBS Voluntary Product Standard PS 26-70 Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride)

(PVC) Profile Extrusions (4-1-70)

3. HUD Use of Materials Bulletin

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, DC 20410

Use of Materials Bulletin No. 74 - Thermal Insulation, Urea-Based,

Foamed-in-Place

4. CPCS Safety Standard

Consumer Product Safety Commission

Washington, D. C. 20207

Part 1201 - Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials

5. ASTM

American Society for Testing and Materials

1916 Race Street

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103

C 208-72 - Insulating Board (Cellulosic Fiber), Structural and

Decorative

C 355-64(73 ) - Water Vapor Transmission of Thick Materials

C 516-67 - Vermiculite Loose-Fill Insulation

C 534-70 - Performed Flexible Elastomeric Cellular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular Form

C 549-73 - Perlite Loose-Fill Insulation

C 552-73 - Cellular Glass Block and Pipe Thermal Insulation

C 570-72 - Oil and Res in-Base Caulking Compound for Building

Construction

C 578-69 - Preformed, Block-Type Cellular Polystyrene Thermal

Insulation

C 591-69 - Rigid Preformed Cellular Urethane Thermal Insulation

C 612-70 - Mineral Fiber Block and Board Thermal Insulation

63
C 665-70 - Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation for Wood Frame

and Light Construction Buildings

C 726-72 - Mineral Fiber Roof Insxilation Board

C 739-77 - Cellulosic Fiber (Wood-Base) Loose-Fill Thermal

Insulation

C 755-73 - Selection of Vapor Barriers for Thermal Insulations

C 764-73 - Mineral Fiber Loose-Fill Thermal Insulation

C 834-76 - Latex Sealing Compounds

E 84-77 - Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials

E 96-66(72 ) - Water Vapor Transmission of Materials in Sheet Form

E 283-73 - Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain

Walls and Doors

6. ANSI

American National Standards Institute

1430 Broadway

New York, New York 10018

ANSI/NWMA I.S. 2-73 - Wood Windows

ANSI/NWMA I.S. 3-70 - Wood Sliding Patio Doors

ANSI/NWMA I.S. 5-73 - Ponderosa Pine Doors

ANSI/AAMA 302.9-1977 - Voluntary Specifications for Aluminum

Prime Windows

ANSI/AAMA 402.9-1977 - Voluntary Specifications for Aluminum

Sliding Glass Doors

ANSI/AAMA 1002.9-1977 - Voluntary Specifications for Aluminum

Combination Storm Windows for External

Applications

ANSI/AAMA 1102.7-1977 - Voluntary Specifications for Aluminum

Storm Doors

7. NEMA

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

2101 L Street, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20037

DC 3-1978 - Low-voltage Room Thermostats

DC 15-1972 - Residential Controls Line-voltage Room Thermostats

8. NWMA

National Woodwork Manufacturers Association

400 West Madison Street

Chicago, Illinois 60606

NWMA Industry Standard I.S. 1-73 - Wood Flush Doors

64
9. FHDA

Fir & Hemlock Door Association

Yeon Building

Portland, Oregon 97240

Industry Standard FHDA/ 6-7

7

- Douglas Fir, Western Hemlock, and

Sitka Spruce Door and Blinds

10. SDI

Steel Door Institute

1230 Keith Building

Cleveland, Ohio 44115

SDI 100-76 - Recommended Specifications Standard Steel Doors

and Frames.

11. SWI

Steel Window Institute

2130 Keith Building

Cleveland, Ohio 44115

Steel Window Institute Recommended Specifications for Steel

Windows 1977

12. Home Ventilating Institute

230 North Michigan Avenue

Chicago, Illinois 60601

Whole House Ventilating Fan Standard

13. ASHRAE

The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning

Engineers, Inc.

345 East 47th Street

New York, New York 10017

ASHRAE Standard 90-75 - Energy Conservation in New Building Design

L4. NCSBCS

National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards, Inc.

1970 Chain Bridge Road

McLean, Virginia 22101

Model Code for Energy Conservation in New Building Construction, 1977

65
U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBS TN 9822. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Criteria for Retrofit Materials and Products

for Weatherization of Residences

5. Publication Date September 1978

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

Walter J. Rossiter, Jr., Robert G. Mathey

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Department of Energy

Office of Weatherization Assistance

12th and Pennsylvania Avenue, NW

Washington, DC 20461

13. Type of Report & Period Covered Final

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual surrmiary ol most si^ificant intormation. II document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) The Department of Energy requested the National Bureau of Standards to develop criteria

for materials and products to be included in the DOE Weatherization Assistance Program.

This program was established by Congressional legislation and directed toward financially assisting low-income persons in retrofitting residences to conserve energy. For

most cases, only energy-saving materials and products for which specifications and/or

standards are available are to be included in the Weatherization Assistance Program.

Because of statutory requirements labor costs for installing weatherization materials

and products are not included in the program.

This report identifies criteria for materials and products eligible under the DGE

Weatherization Assistance Program. The materials included are insulation and vapor

barriers, storm windows and doors, caulking and weatherstripping, clock thermostats,

and replacement windows, and replacement glazing. The retrofit materials are listed

by generic type and recommendations are made for their installation.

During the course of the investigation and based upon interactions with industry representatives, materials and products other than those considered eligible under the DOE

Weatherization Assistance Program were also given consideration. Those materials and

products having energy savings potential but which are considered not eligible are discussed in the Appendices.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons) o n i j i j. i i j-l j. j. j. • Caulks and sealants; clock thermostats; energy conservation;

insulation; replacement windows; retrofitting; storm doors; storm windows; vapor

barriers; weatherization; weatherstripping.

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NBS TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS

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ifOURNAL OF RESEARCH—The Journal of Research

l>f the National Bureau of Standards reports NBS research md development in those disciplines of the physical and

l;ngineering sciences in which the Bureau is active. These

nclude physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics, and

.:omputer sciences. Papers cover a broad range of subjects,

Ivith major emphasis on measurement methodology, and

lie basic technology underlying standardization. Also in- cluded from time to time are survey articles on topics closely

'elated to the Bureau's technical and scientific programs. As

I special service to subscribers each issue contains complete

i:itations to all recent NBS publications in NBS and nonIVBS media. Issued six times a year. Annual subscription:

iomestic $17.00; foreign $21.25. Single copy, $3.00 domestic;

|f3.75 foreign. Note: The Journal was formerly published in two sections:

section A "Physics and Chemistry" and Section B "Mathejnatical Sciences." 3IMENSIONS/NBS

This monthly magazine is published to inform scientists, mgineers, businessmen, industry, teachers, students, and

:onsumers of the latest advances in science and technology,

with primary emphasis on the work at NBS. The magazine

lighlights and reviews such issues as energy research, fire protection, building technology, metric conversion, pollution

abatement, health and safety, and consumer product per-

'ormance. In addition, it reports the results of Bureau pro-

!|rams in measurement standards and techniques, properties

Sf matter and materials, engineering standards and services, nstrumentation, and automatic data processing.

Annual subscription: Domestic, $11.00; Foreign $13.75

NONPERIODICALS

Ponographs—Major contributions to the technical liter- iture on various subjects related to the Bureau's scientific tnd technical activities. jandbooks—Recommended codes of engineering and indusrial practice (including safety codes) developed in cooperaion with interested industries, professional organizations,

jlMid regulatory bodies.

flpecial Publications—Include proceedings of conferences

ponsored by NBS, NBS annual reports, and other special

publications appropriate to this grouping such as wall charts,

jbocket cards, and bibliographies.

\pplied Mathematics Series—Mathematical tables, manlals, and studies of special interest to physicists, engineers,

:heniists, biologists, mathematicians, computer programmers,

ind others engaged in scientific and technical work.

"National Standard Reference Data Series—Provides quantiative data on the physical and chemical properties of

•naterials, compiled from the world's literature and critically

';valuated. Developed under a world-wide program co-

)rdinated by NBS. Program under authority of National

standard Data Act (Public Law 90-396).

NOTE: At present the principal publication outlet for these data is the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data (JPCRD) published quarterly for NBS by the American Chemical Society (ACS) and the American Institute of

Physics (AIP). Subscriptions, reprints, and supplements

available from ACS, 1155 Sixteenth St. N.'W., Wash., D.C.

20056.

Building Science Series—Disseminates technical information developed at the Bureau on building materials, components,

systems, and whole structures. The series presents research

results, test methods, and performance criteria related to the

structural and environmental functions and the durability and safety characteristics of building elements and systems. Technical Notes—Studies or reports which are complete in themselves but restrictive in their treatment of a subject.

Analogous to monographs but not so comprehensive in scope or definitive in treatment of the subject area. Often

serve as a vehicle for final reports of work performed at NBS under the sponsorship of other government agencies.

Voluntary Product Standards—Developed under procedures

published by the Department of Commerce in Part 10, Title 15, of the Code of Federal Regulations. The purpose

of the standards is to establish nationally recognized require- ments for products, and to provide all concerned interests with a basis for common understanding of the characteristics of the products. NBS administers this program as a supple- ment to the activities of the private sector standardizing

organizations.

Consumer Information Series—Practical information, based on NBS research and experience, covering areas of interest to the consumer. Easily understandable language and

illustrations provide useful background knowledge for shopping in today's technological marketplace.

Order above NBS publications from: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

20402. Order following NBS publications—NBSIR's and FIPS from

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Federal Information Processing Standards Publications (FIPS PUB)—Publications in this series collectively consti- tute the Federal Information Processing Standards Register.

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pursuant to the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 as amended. Public Law 89-306 (79 Stat. 1127), and as implemented by Executive Order 11717

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NBS Interagency Reports (NBSIR)—A special series of

interim or final reports on work performed by NBS for outside sponsors (both government and non-government).

In general, initial distribution is handled by the sponsor;

public distribution is by the National Technical Information

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC SUBSCRIPTION SERVICES

£e follovping current-awareness and literature-survey bibli- ^

raphies are issued periodically by the Bureau:

I Cryogenic Data Center Current Awareness Service. A litera- Iture survey issued biweekly. Annual subscription: Domestic, $25.00; Foreign, $30.00.

Miqnified Natural Gas. A literature survey issued quarterly. Annual subscription: $20.00.

Superconducting Devices and Materials. A literature survey

issued quarterly. Annual subscription: $30.00. Send subscription orders and remittances for the preceding bibliographic

services to National Bureau of Standards, Cryogenic Data

Center (275.02) Boulder, Colorado 80302.
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