United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 94-30460

Summary Calendar.

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Antonio Christian SAMUELS, Defendant-Appellant.

July 28, 1995.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.

Before WISDOM, JOLLY and JONES, Circuit Judges.

WISDOM, Circuit Judge.

AntonioChristianSamuels was convicted on numerous chargesfor hisrole inthe organization

and implementation of a conspiracy to import cocaine and crack into the United States. After his

conviction was affirmed on appeal, Samuels filed a motion to vacate his sentence under 28 U.S.C.

section 2255. Samuels alleged that his sentence was based on an erroneous determination that the

substance he smuggled into the United States was crack. The district court dismissed his motion.

We AFFIRM.

I.

In April 1991, Samuels was charged along with other defendants by an 11 count indictment

with various violations of the Federal Controlled Substances Act. Samuels was charged with

conspiracy to import and the importation of 4.3 kilograms of crack. Samuels was also charged with

causing another to import 4.3 kilograms of crack. In addition, the defendant was charged with three

counts of causing another to import 1.8 to 2.3 kilograms of cocaine and three counts of importing

1.8 to 2.3 kilograms of cocaine. Finally, Samuels was charged with attempting to influence the

testimony of a former co-conspirator and government witness, Nathaniel Starnes.

A jury found Samuels guilty on all counts. On March 20, 1992, he was sentenced to 360

monthsfor his own acts, 240 monthsfor the criminal acts he solicited, and 120 months on the charge
 

1

426 U.S. 610, 96 S.Ct. 2240, 49 L.Ed.2d 91 (1976). This case stands for the principle that an

accused's silence after receiving Miranda warnings cannot be used against the accused at trial. 

 

2

In a short per curiam opinion this Court held:

We have carefully reviewed the record and briefs, and have heard the argument of

counsel, and do not find that the district court committed any error. In each

instance, the district court applied the correct legal standard and considered the

proper facts. Accordingly, we AFFIRM.

No. 92-3243, unpublished opinion circulated February 16, 1993. 

 

3The United States Sentencing Guidelines punish drug offenses more severely when they

involve crack because crack is viewed as a substantially more dangerous drug than powder

cocaine. See, United States v. Cherry, 50 F.3d 338 (5th Cir.1995). 

of attempting to influence the testimony of a witness. All sentences are to run concurrently.

Samuels appealed and alleged several errors. First, he argued that the district court should

have granted his motion for a mistrial based on a violation of Doyle v. Ohio.1 Also, he alleged that

the evidence was insufficient to support the obstruction of justice charge. Finally, the defendant

argued that the district court erred when it denied the defendant's motions to suppress evidence and

for a new trial. This Court found no error and affirmed the conviction on direct appeal.2

Samuels then filed this section 2255 motion, alleging three errors. First, the defendant

contended that he suffered ineffective assistance of counsel, both at trial and on appeal. Second,

Samuels argued that prosecutorialmisconduct prejudiced his case. Finally, the defendant alleged that

his sentence was based on false information in the presentence report (PSI). Specifically, Samuels

alleges that the substance he and his co-conspirators smuggled into the United States was not crack

but cocaine base. As such, the defendant argues that he should not have been sentenced under the

Sentencing Guidelines dealing with crack offenses.3 The PSI reported that the substance imported

by the defendant was crack based on expert testimony from an agent of the Drug Enforcement

Agency (DEA) who tested the drugs.

The district court dismissed the defendant's section 2255 motion without a hearing. The

district court set out its reasons, however, in a detailed order which concluded that none of the

defendant's allegations oferror warranted relief. The defendant's section 2255 petition was dismissed.

The defendant moved for reconsideration but after the district court determined that there was no
 

4At the sentencing hearing, the judge addressed the defendant and his attorney, Mr. DeSalvo:

COURT: All right. Has the defendant received a copy of the presentence

investigation report?

DESALVO: He has, your Honor.

COURT: Have you had the opportunity to read it?

DESALVO: He has gone into it, and it has been explained to him.

COURT: What?

DESALVO: Yes, he has, and it has been explained to him.

COURT: Have you had an opportunity to read it? He has to answer.

SAMUELS: Yes, sir.

COURT: I understand that the Government and the defendant have both indicated

they have no objection to the report. Is my understanding correct?

DESALVO: That's correct, your Honor.

BRAUD: That is correct, your Honor.

COURT: Thus, then it is appropriate for me to state that there are no errors,

corrections, alterations, additions or objections that the Government and/or the

defendant wishes to make to it.

DESALVO: No, Your Honor.

new information, this request was denied. The defendant then appealed the dismissal of his section

2255 petition to this Court.

On appeal, the defendant presses several arguments, at least one of which was not raised in

his original section 2255 petition. First, the defendant continues to allege that he lacked effective

assistance of counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment because his counsel did not object to the

defendant being sentenced under the Guidelines dealing with crack offenses. Also, Samuels argues

that the district court abused its discretion when it decided his section 2255 motion without benefit

of a hearing.

Samuels also contends that he was denied a meaningful opportunity to be heard at the

sentencing hearing because no interpreter wasmade available to translate the PSI and the proceedings

into Spanish.4 If the defendant did have access to a translator, he argues that he would have offered
BRAUD: That is correct, Your Honor.

COURT: There being no objection to the factual statement contained in the

presentence investigation report (PSI), the Court adopts these statements as its

findings of fact.... 

 

5United States v. Drobny, 955 F.2d 990, 994 (5th Cir.1992). 

 

6United States v. Shaid, 937 F.2d 228, 231-232 (5th Cir.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1076,

112 S.Ct. 978, 117 L.Ed.2d 141 (1992) (en banc decision) (quoting United States v. Frady, 456

U.S. 152, 102 S.Ct. 1584, 71 L.Ed.2d 816 (1982)). 

 

7

Id. at 232. 

 

8

Shaid, 937 F.2d at 232-33; United States v. Pierce, 959 F.2d 1297, 1301 (5th Cir.), cert.

denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 621, 121 L.Ed.2d 554 (1992). 

 

9Pierce, 959 F.2d at 1301. 

his testimony regarding the true nature of the drugs he smuggled. Samuels also contends that the

district court committed error when it failed to consider all the evidence relevant to his sentence.

According to the defendant, the evidence that was considered in determining his sentence did not

have sufficient indicia of reliability. Finally, the defendant argues that the district court erroneously

failed to consider an amendment to the Sentencing Guidelinesregarding the distinction between crack

and cocaine base. We consider each of the defendant's arguments in turn.

II.

Challenging a conviction and sentence with a section 2255 motion is "fundamentallydifferent

from a direct appeal".5 "After conviction and exhaustion or waiver of any right to appeal, "we are

entitled to presume that [the defendant] stands fairly and finally convicted.' "6 Thus, on collateral

attack, a defendant is limited to alleging errors of a "constitutional or jurisdictional magnitude".7

Also, a defendant is required to show both cause for the procedural default in not raising the issue

on direct appeal and some form of actual prejudice that he suffered as a result of the error.8

Non-constitutional errors may not be raised in a section 2255 petition unless the defendant

demonstrates that "the erro r could not have been raised on direct appeal, and if condoned, would

result in a complete miscarriage ofjustice".9 We review the district court's findings of fact in a section
 

10United States v. Mimms, 43 F.3d 217, 220 (5th Cir.1995); United States v. Briggs, 965 F.2d

10, 12 (5th Cir.1992), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 1016, 122 L.Ed.2d 163 (1993). 

 

11Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-89, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2064-65, 80 L.Ed.2d 674

(1984). In Strickland, the Supreme Court created a two-prong test for determining whether a

counsel's performance was ineffective under the Sixth Amendment. First, the defendant must

show that his counsel's performance "fell below an objective standard of reasonableness". Id. at

688, 104 S.Ct. at 2064. Also, the defendant must show that his defense was prejudiced and that

"but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different". 

Id. at 694, 104 S.Ct. at 2068. 

2255 motion for clear error.10

A. Ineffective assistance of counsel

Samuels argues that his counsel at trial was ineffective because he failed to object to his

enhanced sentence at the sentencing hearing and on appeal. The defendant argues that his attorney

should have objected to the PSI's finding that he smuggled crack into the United States as opposed

to powder cocaine or cocaine base.

We cannot accept this argument. First, the defendant did not raise the issue of ineffective

assistance of counsel on direct appeal and neither did he challenge his sentence. The defendant

himself was asked at the sentencing hearing if he had read the PSI and had any objections to the

findings of fact it contained. The defendant made no objection. Also, before trial, the defendant's

counsel received a scientific report from the DEA that the substance had been tested and was

identified as crack. This report, and the expert testimony by the DEA agent, undoubtedly caused his

counsel to limit his argument at the sentencing hearing to a plea for leniency.

Proving an allegation of ineffective assistance of counsel requires a very strong showing by

the defendant. In these circumstances, we cannot say that the defendant's counsel acted in a

professionally unreasonable manner and that he prejudiced the defense.11 There is a strong

presumption that the performance of counsel "falls within the wide range of reasonable professional

assistance". Here, the defendant has failed to show that his counsel acted unreasonably or that his

failures adversely affected his case. We hold that the district court did not err when it rejected the

defendant's allegation that his counsel was ineffective.

B. Sentencing
 

12United States Sentencing Guidelines § 1B1.10; see also, United States v. Camacho, 40 F.3d

349, 353-54 (11th Cir.1994), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 115 S.Ct. 1810, 131 L.Ed.2d 735. 

 

13United States v. Madkins, 14 F.3d 277, 279 (5th Cir.1994); United States v. Cates, 952 F.2d

149, 152 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 504 U.S. 962, 112 S.Ct. 2319, 119 L.Ed.2d 238 (1992). 

The defendant makes three challenges to his sentence. First, he argues that the evidence the

sentencing court considered in determining his sentence lacked sufficient indicia of reliability to

support his sentence. Second, he alleges that he was denied a meaningful opportunity to be heard at

the sentencing hearing because the sentencing court did not provide an interpreter. Finally, Samuels

contends that the district court, in denying hissection 2255 motion, failed to consider an amendment

to the Sentencing Guidelines regarding the distinction between cocaine base and crack.

Of these three arguments, we need only consider his allegation that the evidence supporting

his sentence lacked sufficient indicia of reliability. Samuels's argument regarding the amendment to

the Sentencing Guidelines is not of constitutional or jurisdictional magnitude. Thus, it can only be

considered here if it could not have been raised on appeal and if it would result in a complete

miscarriage of justice. The amendment became effective on November 1, 1993 and Samuels's

conviction was affirmed by this Court on February 16, 1993. Thus, Samuels was unable to raise this

issue on direct appeal. The failure to consider this amendment, however, could not result in a

miscarriage of justice because, since the amendment was not a clarifying amendment, it would not

be given retroactive application.12

 We also cannot address the defendant's argument regarding an interpreter. That issue was

raised by the defendant only on this appeal. No allegation that an interpreter was necessary was made

during his direct appeal or in his original section 2255 motion. Short of a miscarriage of justice, we

may not consider an issue raised for the first time on appeal of a section 2255 motion.13

Finally, the defendant allegesthat the evidence supporting hissentence lackssufficient indicia

of reliability as required by due process. Specifically, Samuels challenges the district court's finding

that the substance Samuels and his co-conspiratorssmuggled into the United States was crack. This

finding was adopted from the PSI after no objections were lodged by other side at the sentencing

hearing. The PSI reported that the substance was crack based on the testimony of a DEA agent who
 

14United States v. Valencia, 44 F.3d 269, 274 (5th Cir.1995). 

 

15Id. at 274. 

 

16United States v. Santora, 711 F.2d 41, 42 (5th Cir.1983); see also, United States v.

Bartholomew, 974 F.2d 39, 41 (5th Cir.1992); United States v. Hughes, 635 F.2d 449, 451 (5th

Cir.1981). 

 

17Bartholomew, 974 F.2d at 41. 

tested the material.

A sentencing court "may adopt facts contained in the PSI without further inquiry if the facts

have an adequate evidentiary basis and the defendant does not present rebuttal evidence."14 Here, the

factual finding that the substance seized was crack is supported by the testimony of the DEA agent.

And, not only did the defendant present no rebuttal evidence, he failed to dispute the finding when

given the opportunity at sentencing and on direct appeal. The sentencing court could rely on the

findings in the PSI as long as "the information has some indicium of reliability".15 Here, there is

sufficient support for the finding and the sentencing court's decision to accept the facts detailed in the

PSI was not error. Thus, we reject the defendant's argument and AFFIRM his sentence.

C. Hearing

Samuels contends that the district court should not have decided his section 2255 motion

without a hearing. A hearing is not required under section 2255, however, if "the motion, files, and

record of the case conclusively show that no relief is appropriate".16 We review the district court's

decision for abuse of discretion.17 Since, after review, we agree that the defendant is not entitled to

relief, the district court did not abuse its discretion when it decided Samuels' section 2255 motion

without a hearing.

III.

We AFFIRM the district court's decision to dismiss the defendant's section 2255 motion.