1

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

___________________________________

:

FREDERICK BANKS, :

:

Plaintiff, :

:

v. : Civil Action No. 06-1950 (EGS)

:

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, et al., :

:

Defendants. :

__________________________________ :

MEMORANDUM OPINION

This matter is before the Court on Defendant United States Postal Inspection Service’s 

Motion to Dismiss and for Summary Judgment. For the reasons discussed below, the motion 

will be granted in part and denied in part.1

I. BACKGROUND

Between 2005 and 2009, plaintiff submitted seven FOIA requests to the United States 

Postal Inspection Service (“USPIS”), see Def. U.S. Postal Inspection Serv.’s Mem. of P. & A. in 

Supp. of Renewed Mot. to Dismiss and for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mem.”), Decl. of Mildred R. 

Baxter (“2009 Baxter Decl.”) ¶ 4, three of which are relevant to this action.2

 The Court already 

has granted summary judgment in the USPIS’ favor with respect to plaintiff’s March 2006 

request (FOIA No. 2006-FPIS-00167). Banks v. Dep’t of Justice, 538 F. Supp. 2d 228, 234-35 

(D.D.C. 2008). Remaining for this Court’s consideration are the USPIS’ responses to the 

 1 In addition, the Court will deny plaintiff’s Motion for In Camera Examination [Dkt. #80] 

and Motion for Relief from Judgment [Dkt. #89] with respect to the December 28, 2010 

Memorandum Opinion and Order.

2 The 2009 Baxter Declaration first was submitted in support of Defendants’ United States 

Postal Investigation Service and Federal Bureau of Prisons Motion for Summary Judgment [Dkt. 

#54]. 
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requests dated December 28, 2004, and July 11, 2005 (respectively, FOIA Nos. 2005-FPIS00020 and 2005-FPIS-00180). See id.; Banks v. Dep’t of Justice, 605 F. Supp. 2d 131, 142 

(D.D.C. 2009).

A. FOIA No. 2005-FPIS-00020

Plaintiff sought information pertaining to himself and entities called Vampire Nation, 

Hexagon, LLC, Hexagon Records, Search Syndicate, Inc., Merakesh Armano, HLLC, and HLC. 

Def.’s Mem., Decl. of Mildred R. Baxter (“2010 Baxter Decl.”), Ex. A (Letter to FOIA/PA 

Officer, USPIS, from plaintiff dated December 28, 2004) at 1. In addition, plaintiff requested 

records pertaining to nine individuals: Dave Wessant, Mark Howard, Keith Pyle, Danny 

Madigan, Rick Lucke, Frederick Von Hamilton, Mike Hanna (or Mike Harris), Chris Morze (or 

Chris Marze). Id., 2010 Baxter Decl., Ex. A at 1-2. He specified that “[t]he searches should not 

be limited to criminal files.” Id., 2010 Baxter Decl., Ex. A at 1. The USPIS acknowledged 

receipt of the request, and assigned the matter a tracking number, FOIA No. 2005-FPIS-00020. 

Id., 2010 Baxter Decl., Ex. B (Letter to plaintiff from L. Freeman, Information Disclosure 

Technician, Office of Counsel, USPIS, dated January 7, 2005). 

A search of the Inspection Service Integrated Information System (“ISIIS”), where the 

USPIS maintains “records relating to all criminal investigations,” id., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 20, 

yielded two criminal case files: “an open case 0583-1407269-ECMT(1) in the U.S. Postal 

Inspection Service Pittsburgh Division[,] and a closed case 0472-1163144-FC(2).” Id., 2009 

Baxter Decl. ¶ 5. The postal inspector to whom the open case was assigned confirmed on 

January 10, 2005 “that the investigation was ongoing and expected to go to trial.” Id., 2009 

Baxter Decl. ¶ 7. The USPIS determined that “the material [plaintiff] had requested was . . . 

exempt from mandatory disclosure [under FOIA Exemption 7(A)] since it consisted of 

investigatory records compiled for law enforcement purpose[s]” and its release “could 
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reasonably be expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings.” Id., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 7. 

The USPIS so notified plaintiff in writing, and advised him “to contact [the USPIS] again in 30-

60 days to determine whether the case [had] been closed.” Id., 2010 Baxter Decl., Ex. C (Letter 

to plaintiff from L. Freeman, Information Disclosure Technician, USPIS, dated January 13, 

2005) at 1. Its written notice also informed plaintiff of his “right to appeal this matter to the 

General Counsel of the U.S. Postal Service.” Id., 2010 Baxter Decl., Ex. C at 2.

USPIS staff obtained from the Procurement and Administrative Service Center in Bala 

Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, a photocopy of the original case file for the closed case, No. 0472-

1163144-FC(2). Def.’s Mem., 2009 Baxter Decl. ¶ 9. From this case file, the USPIS released 99 

pages of records after having deleted certain information under FOIA Exemptions 5, 6, 7(C), 

7(D), and 7(E), and withheld in full 187 pages of records under FOIA Exemptions 2, 3, 5, 6, 

7(C), 7(D), and 7(E). Id., 2010 Baxter Decl., Ex. F (Letter to plaintiff from L. Freeman dated 

April 14, 2005) at 1. This notice also advised plaintiff of his right to appeal this determination 

administratively. Id., 2010 Baxter Decl., Ex. F at 2.

The USPIS also referred to the Executive Office for United States Attorneys (“EOUSA”), 

United States Department of Justice (“DOJ”), two pages of records that had originated from that 

agency. Id., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 11. The EOUSA was to respond directly to plaintiff, Def.’s 

Mem., 2010 Baxter Decl., Ex. G (Letter from L. Freeman to Marie A. O’Rourke, Assistant 

Director, FOIA/PA Unit, EOUSA, DOJ, dated April 14, 2005), but nothing is known of the 

outcome of this referral.3

 3 Notwithstanding the referral of records to another federal government entity, the USPIS 

remains obligated either to state that these records were disclosed in full or to justify the reasons 

for withholding the records in full or in part. See Williams v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, No. 

92-5176, 1993 WL 157679, at *1 (D.C. Cir. May 7, 1993) (per curiam) (remanding case for the 

FBI to justify the withholding of a document referred to the DEA for direct response to 
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B. FOIA No. 2005-FPIS-00180

Plaintiff sought “every record that [the USPIS has] in every database” pertaining to the 

following corporate entities and individuals: VCD STREET, Intelli-Soft, Matt Anderson, 

Claudio Lopez, Global Business System, GHS Systems, Microsharp, ebay@meetyourprice.com, 

meetyourprice.com, ADW International, Inc., Dan Wash, and Rob Morgan. Def.’s Mem., 2010 

Baxter Decl., Ex. M (Letter to FOIA/PA Officer, USPIS, from plaintiff dated July 11, 2005) at 1. 

The USPIS acknowledged receipt of the request, and assigned the matter a tracking number, 

FOIA No. 2005-FPIS-00180. Id., 2010 Baxter Decl., Ex. N (Letter to plaintiff from T.A. 

Warner, Information Disclosure Technician, Office of Counsel, USPIS, dated August 5, 2005) at 

1. Staff searched ISIIS for “records maintained by the USPS regarding VCD STREET, IntelliSoft, Global Business System, GHS Systems, Microsharp, ADW International, Inc., and four 

individuals,”4 id., 2009 Baxter Decl. ¶ 11, and the search yielded one open case, No. 0583-

1407269-ECMT(1), id., 2009 Baxter Decl. ¶ 12, the same open case file located in the search for 

records responsive to plaintiff’s earlier request, FOIA No. 2005-FPIS-00020. These records 

were “related to an investigation which was still open,” and the USPIS “denied his request 

pursuant to [FOIA Exemption 7(A)]” on the ground that release of the records “could reasonably 

be expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings.” Id, 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 15. Further, 

because plaintiff had not “obtain[ed] the written consent” of the four individuals about whom he 

requested information, the USPIS determined that “disclosure of records relating to them would 

 

appellant); Schoenman v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 604 F. Supp. 2d 174, 204 (D.D.C. 2009) 

(directing the FBI to “provide a complete accounting of all referrals made and indicate whether 

all documents so referred have been processed and released to Plaintiff, as appropriate”).

4 “It is not possible to search for documents in the system using an email address as a 

search identifier,” Def.’s Mem., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 24, and the USPIS did not search for

ebay@meetyourprice.com or “meetyourprice.com.”
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be a violation of . . . FOIA [Exemption 7(C)].” Id., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 15. Plaintiff was 

advised that, if he treated this response as a denial of his request, he “ha[d] a right to appeal this 

matter to the General Counsel of the U.S. Postal Service.” Id., 2010 Baxter Decl., Ex. N (Letter 

to plaintiff from T.A. Warner dated August 5, 2005) at 2. The USPIS had “no record that 

[plaintiff] either provided the required written consent” of these individuals “or appealed this 

requirement” administratively. Id., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 15. 

II. DISCUSSION

A. Summary Judgment in a FOIA Case

Summary judgment may be granted if “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute 

as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P.

56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986). “A party asserting 

that a fact cannot be or is genuinely disputed must support the assertion by citing . . . to particular 

parts of materials in the record.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c)(1)(A). The moving party bears the 

burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v.

Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). “[A] material fact is ‘genuine’ . . . if the evidence is such that 

a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party” on an element of the claim. 

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. at 248. Factual assertions in the moving party’s affidavits or 

declarations may be accepted as true unless the opposing party submits his own affidavits, 

declarations, or documentary evidence to the contrary. See Neal v. Kelly, 963 F.2d 453, 456 

(D.C. Cir. 1992).

A FOIA case typically is decided on a motion for summary judgment. See, e.g., 

Defenders of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2009); Bigwood v. 

U.S. Agency for Int’l Dev., 484 F. Supp. 2d 68, 73 (D.D.C. 2007). On summary judgment, the 
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defendant agency must demonstrate that no material facts are in dispute, that it has conducted an 

adequate search for responsive records, and that each responsive record it finds has been released 

to the plaintiff or is exempt from disclosure. Students Against Genocide v. Dep’t of State, 257 

F.3d 828, 833 (D.C. Cir. 2001). The Court may grant summary judgment based solely on 

information provided in an agency’s supporting affidavits or declarations if they “describe the 

documents and the justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate 

that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not 

controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.” 

Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981). Such affidavits or 

declarations are accorded “a presumption of good faith, which cannot be rebutted by ‘purely 

speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of other documents.’” SafeCard

Servs., Inc. v. Sec. & Exch. Comm’n, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (quoting Ground

Saucer Watch, Inc. v. Cent. Intelligence Agency, 692 F.2d 770, 771 (D.C. Cir. 1981)).

B. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies

Defendant moves to dismiss the complaint in part because plaintiff failed to exhaust his 

administrative remedies in two respects: (1) plaintiff did not appeal administratively the USPIS’ 

decisions to withhold in full under Exemption 7(A) information in the open investigation file, 

and (2) plaintiff’s requests for information about third parties did not comply with agency 

regulations. See Def.’s Mem. at 7-10. The Court treats the motion as one for summary judgment 

because “matters outside the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the [C]ourt.” FED.

R. CIV. P. 12(d).

“Exhaustion of administrative remedies is generally required before seeking judicial 

review” under the FOIA. Wilbur v. Cent. Intelligence Agency, 355 F.3d 675, 677 (D.C. Cir. 
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2004) (per curiam). Exhaustion, which includes the pursuit of an administrative appeal, see 

generally Oglesby v. U.S. Dep’t of the Army, 920 F.2d 57, 61-63 (D.C. Cir. 1990), allows “the 

agency . . . an opportunity to exercise its discretion and expertise on the matter and to make a 

factual record to support its decision.” Wilbur, 355 F.3d at 677 (quoting Oglesby, 920 F.2d at

61). It is not a jurisdictional requirement, Hidalgo v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 344 F.3d 

1256, 1258 (D.C. Cir. 2003), but instead is a prudential consideration. Wilbur, 355 F.3d at 677. 

If a requester has not exhausted his administrative remedies prior to the filing of a civil action, 

his claim is subject to dismissal. See Hidalgo, 344 F.3d at 1258. 

1. Information Withheld Under FOIA Exemption 7(A)

USPIS regulations require that a FOIA requester submit his request in writing to the 

custodian of the requested record, 39 C.F.R. § 265.7(a)(1), (2), and “identify the record sought as 

completely as possible, by name, description, or subject matter, and be sufficient to permit the 

custodian to locate it with a reasonable amount of effort.” Id. § 265.7(a)(1). The custodian 

determines “whether to comply with or deny the request.” Id. § 265.7(b)(1). If he locates 

responsive records, the custodian “shall ensure that the record is made available promptly and 

shall immediately notify the requester where and when and under what reasonable conditions, if 

any, including the payment of fees, the record[s] will be available.” Id. § 265.7(c)(1). If the 

custodian denies a request in whole or in part, he must notify the requester in writing, id. § 

265.7(d)(1), and the notice shall include “[a] statement of the right to appeal and of the appeal 

procedure within the Postal Service,” id. § 265.7(d)(2)(iii). The requester “shall submit his 

appeal in writing within 30 days of the date of the denial or of the other action complained of,” 

id. § 265.7(e)(2), to the General Counsel of the U.S. Postal Service. Id. § 265.7(e)(1). “The 
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decision of the General Counsel . . . constitutes the final decision of the Postal Service on the 

right of the requester to inspect or copy a record.” Id. § 265.7(f)(1). 

Records responsive to plaintiff’s FOIA request No. 2005-FPIS-00020 included those in 

the file of an open investigation, No. 0583-1407269-ECMT(1), which the USPIS withheld in full 

under FOIA Exemption 7(A). According to the USPIS, because the case remained open, the

“release of the information at that time could reasonably be expected to interfere with 

enforcement proceedings.” Def.’s Mem., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 15. The USPIS had “no record 

that [plaintiff] . . . appealed” this determination to the General Counsel of the U.S. Postal 

Service. Id., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 15; Reply to Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss and for 

Summ. J. (“Def.’s Reply”), Second Suppl. Decl. of Mildred R. Baxter (“2011 Baxter Decl.”) ¶ 

4.5

 Absent any submission from plaintiff to overcome defendant’s showing, the Court concludes 

that plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies with respect to the USPIS’ decision to 

withhold in full under Exemption 7(A) information contained in the then-open investigative file 

No. 0583-1407269-ECMT(1).

2. Information Pertaining to Third Parties

For purposes of the FOIA, a proper request is one which “reasonably describes” the 

requested records and “is made in accordance with published rules” of the agency. 5 U.S.C. § 

552(a)(3)(A). USPIS regulations exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA files which 

are “personal in nature, including medical and personnel files, the disclosure of which would 

constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 39 C.F.R. § 265.6(b)(6). 

“Investigatory files compiled for law enforcement purposes, whether or not considered closed, 

 5 Plaintiff “later renewed his request in a separate FOIA request in 2009,” assigned FOIA 

Request No. 2009-FPIS-00191. Def.’s Reply, 2011 Baxter Decl. ¶ 4. The USPIS’ response to 

this request, see id., 2011 Baxter Decl., Attach. A (Letter to plaintiff from B.L. White, FOIA 

Manger, USPIS, dated February 2, 2011), is not at issue in this lawsuit.
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are exempt . . . from mandatory disclosure,” id. § 265.6(c), if, among other reasons, their release 

“could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy,” id. § 

265.6(c)(1)(iii). USPIS regulations also require that “[a]nyone desiring to review or copy 

records pertaining to another person must have the written consent of that person.” Id. § 

266.6(a)(2). 

Plaintiff sought records pertaining to Dave Wessant, Mark Howard, Keith Pyle, Danny 

Madigan, Rick Lucke, Frederick Von Hamilton, Mike Hanna (or Mike Harris), Chris Morze (or 

Chris Marze), see Def.’s Mem., 2010 Baxter Decl., Ex. A at 1-2, and to Matt Anderson, Claudio 

Lopez, Dan Walsh and Rob Morgan, see id., Ex. M at 1. He did not submit a written waiver 

from each of these individuals authorizing the USPIS to release information about him to 

plaintiff. Id., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 15; see id., 2010 Baxter Decl., Ex. N at 1. Defendant contends 

that plaintiff’s FOIA request failed to comply with USPIS regulations, that the deficiency never 

was cured, and, therefore, that the requests for information pertaining to these third parties were

not proper FOIA requests. Def.’s Mem. at 9. 

Plaintiff responds by explaining that the names listed in FOIA No. 2005-FPIS-00180

“were alleged to be aliases” of his, and, therefore, he need not submit consent forms. Plaintiff’s 

Statement of Material Facts To Which There Is No Genuine Issue and Mot. for Summ. J. and 

Mot. for In Camera Examination and Pl.’s Resp. in Decl. Form to Def. US Postal Inspection 

Serv.’s Mot. to Dismiss and for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) [Dkt. #78] ¶ 4. Nothing in the request 

itself suggests that plaintiff was requesting information about himself when he listed the four 

individuals’ names in his FOIA request, and the USPIS’ response to the request was reasonable 

under the circumstances.
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The Court concludes that plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies with 

respect to his request for information about the third parties named in FOIA Request Nos. 2005-

FPIS-00020 and 2005-FPIS-00180. USPIS regulations require that a requester submit written 

authorization for the release of records pertaining to third parties, and defendant establishes that 

plaintiff failed to do so.

C. Defendant’s Searches for Responsive Records

“[T]o meet its burden to show that no genuine issue of material fact exists, . . . the agency 

must demonstrate that it has conducted a search reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant 

documents.” Weisberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 745 F.2d 1476, 1485 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (internal 

quotations omitted); Valencia-Lucena v. U.S. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 325 (D.C. Cir. 1999). 

The agency may rely on affidavits or declarations that explain in reasonable detail the scope and 

method of the agency’s search. Perry v. Block, 684 F.2d 121, 126 (D.C. Cir. 1982). In the 

absence of contrary evidence, such affidavits or declarations are sufficient to demonstrate an 

agency’s compliance with the FOIA. Id. at 127. Conclusory assertions that do not describe 

which files were searched, who searched them, or otherwise fail to set out a system for searching 

for documents, cannot sustain an agency’s burden for summary judgment purposes. See 

Steinberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 23 F.3d 548, 551-52 (D.C. Cir. 1994). If the record “leaves 

substantial doubt as to the sufficiency of the search, summary judgment for the agency is not 

proper.” Truitt v. Dep’t of State, 897 F.2d 540, 542 (D.C. Cir. 1990); see also Valencia-Lucena, 

180 F. 3d at 326. 

1. USPIS’ Systems of Records

The USPIS’ declarant explains that the “Chief Postal Inspector is the official custodian of 

all Inspection Service records . . ., including those relating to criminal investigations,” and that 
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the ISIIS is the “computer database that has records relating to all criminal investigations.” 

Def.’s Mem., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 20. In addition to the ISIIS, the Inspection Service is 

authorized to maintain records of (1) contractor fingerprint screening, (2) building access and 

computer access authorizations, (3) emergency management, (4) mail cover programs, (5) 

vehicular violations, and (6) classified matters pertaining to national defense and foreign 

relations. Id., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 20; see id., 2010 Baxter Decl., Attach. R-W (excerpts from 

the Guide to Privacy, the Freedom of Information Act, and Records Management dated 

September 2005). 

The ISIIS contains records relating to investigations “including person name(s), Social 

Security Number(s), case number, addresses, reports of postal inspectors and third parties; 

physical identifying characteristics (including fingerprints, voiceprints, handwriting samples, 

polygraph tests, photographs, or other biometrics; and employment and payroll information.” 

Def.’s Mem., 2010 Baxter Decl., Attach. X (excerpt from the Guide to Privacy, the Freedom of 

Information Act, and Records Management, regarding USPIS 700.000, Inspection Service 

Investigative File System). “[R]ecords relating to an individual who is unknown to have either 

been a USPIS contractor or employee” would be located in the ISIIS. Id., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 

21. “It is searchable by entering specific identifiers, such as names, and requesting that the 

records be searched for those identifiers.” Id., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 22. The system searches 

“automatically to determine whether any records contain matches with the search terms that have 

been input into it.” Id., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 22.

2. Responsive Records Located in the ISIIS

The declarant explains that the agency interpreted plaintiff’s FOIA requests as requests

“from an individual seeking records maintained in the ISIIS because that is the most likely 
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location for the type of information he sought.” Id., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 21. “[M]ost individuals 

other than USPIS employees or contractors come into contact with USPIS” in the course of its 

investigation of violations of criminal laws, and “given [plaintiff’s] incarceration, it was 

suspected that he may have been the subject of an USPIS investigation that ultimately resulted in 

his conviction.” Id., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 21. For these reasons, USPIS staff deemed “ISIIS . . . 

the place where records relating to [plaintiff] were reasonably calculated to be located,” and 

limited the search initially to only this system of records. Id., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 21. 

Subsequently, because plaintiff requested that the search “not be limited to criminal files,” id., 

Baxter Decl., Ex. A at 1, USPIS staff “searched all the systems of records that the USPIS 

actually maintains,” all of which “are . . . electronic and searchable by inputting specified 

identifiers, such as names.” 6

 Id., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 24. Using variations of plaintiff’s name

“as well as the names of the entities/companies he provided” as search terms, id., 2010 Baxter 

Decl. ¶ 22, the only responsive records located were those in ISIIS, id., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶¶ 24-

25; Def.’s Reply, 2011 Baxter Decl. ¶ 5.

Plaintiff argues that “the USPIS still has not performed an adequate search for responsive 

records,” noting that “in an entire investigation and prosecution of plaintiff it did not provide one 

single record of said investigation.” Pl.’s Opp’n ¶ 4. “[I]t would be ludicrous to state that [these 

records] don’t exist,” id., plaintiff contends. But the USPIS does not assert that there are no 

responsive records; rather, it sets forth reasons for having withheld in full information in the 

then-open case, No. 0583-1407269-ECMT(1), and for having redacted information in the closed 

case, No. 0472-1163144-FC(2). Defendant demonstrates that its searches for responsive records 

 6 The declarant explains that the USPIS does not maintain emergency management records 

or classified records pertaining to national defense and foreign relations, even though the agency 

is authorized to do so. Def.’s Mem., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 20, nn.2-3.
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were reasonable under the circumstances, and plaintiff fails to produce any affidavits or other 

evidence to support his contention that an agency’s declarations do not show the USPIS’ 

compliance with the FOIA’s search requirement.

D. Exemptions

1. Exemption 6

Exemption 6 protects “personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of 

which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 

552(b)(6). Information that applies to a particular individual meets the threshold requirement for 

Exemption 6 protection. See U.S. Dep't of State v. Washington Post Co., 456 U.S. 595, 602 

(1982). The exemption requires “a balancing of the individual’s right of privacy against the 

preservation of the basic purpose of the [FOIA] Act to open agency action to the light of public 

scrutiny.” Dep’t of the Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 372 (1976) (internal quotation marks 

omitted); see U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749, 

756 (1989).

In only one instance does the USPIS invoke Exemption 6 alone, and it has redacted from 

a list of newspapers “personally identifiable information (i.e. names and telephone numbers) of 

law enforcement personnel.” Def.’s Reply, 2011 Baxter Decl., Ex. A (Supplemental Index of 

Redacted/Withheld Documents with FOIA Exemptions, Item 16) at 5. According to the 

declarant, “withholding the names and or personal identifiers of law enforcement personnel was 

necessary to protect them from potential harassment and efforts to gain further access to [them] 

or to additional personal information, and ensure their personal safety.” Def.’s Mem., 2010 

Baxter Decl. ¶ 28. The declarant further explains that their “privacy interests . . . are great,” 

Def.’s Reply, 2011 Baxter Decl. ¶ 9, and after weighing these interests against the public interest 
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in disclosure, the agency determined that disclosure was not warranted – it “would not reveal 

anything additional about how the government operates that would not have already been 

revealed in the material disclosed.” Id., 2011 Baxter Decl. ¶ 9; see Def.’s Mem., 2010 Baxter 

Decl. ¶ 27. The Court concludes that the agency properly withheld this information under 

Exemption 6. See United States Dep’t of State v. Ray, 502 U.S. 164, 176 n.12 (1991) (finding a 

“significant” privacy interest under Exemption 6 in the nondisclosure of personal information 

that would subject individuals “to possible embarrassment and retaliatory action”). 

In all other instances, the USPIS invokes Exemption 6 in conjunction with Exemption 

7(C). See generally Def.’s Mem., 2010 Baxter Decl., Ex. Z (Index of 

Released/Redacted/Withheld Documents with FOIA Exemptions); Def.’s Reply, 2011 Baxter 

Decl., Ex. A. The Court will not discuss Exemption 6 further, and will consider instead the 

USPIS’ reliance on Exemption 7(C) to withhold information pertaining to third parties. See

Simon v. Dep’t of Justice, 980 F.2d 782, 785 (D.C. Cir. 1994); see also Roth v. U.S. Dep’t of 

Justice, 642 F.3d 1161, 1173 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (“If the information withheld here was ‘compiled 

for law enforcement purposes,’ thus implicating Exemption 7(C), then we would have no need to 

consider Exemption 6 separately because all information that would fall within the scope of 

Exemption 6 would also be immune from disclosure under Exemption 7(C)”).

2. Exemption 7

Exemption 7 protects from disclosure “records or information compiled for law 

enforcement purposes,” but only to the extent that disclosure of such records would cause an 

enumerated harm. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7); see Fed. Bureau of Investigation v. Abramson, 456 U.S. 

615, 622 (1982). “To show that the disputed documents were compiled for law enforcement 

purposes, the [agency] need only establish a rational nexus between the investigation and one of 
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the agency’s law enforcement duties and a connection between an individual or incident and a 

possible security risk or violation of federal law.” Blackwell v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 646 

F.3d 37, 40 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 

The declarant explains that the USPIS “is a law enforcement agency whose mission . . . is 

to conduct investigations of possible violations of federal criminal statutes such as mail fraud.” 

Def.’s Mem., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 30. “The majority of the documents responsive to [plaintiff’s] 

FOIA requests were prepared as a part of USPIS’s investigation of whether [plaintiff] and others 

committed violations of federal criminal statutes for which prosecutions should be brought.” 7

Id., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 30. Contrary to plaintiff’s assertion that the USPIS “provided no 

evidence that it is a law enforcement agency,” Pl.’s Opp’n ¶ 5, defendant does demonstrate that 

the responsive records are law enforcement records for purposes of FOIA Exemption 7.

a. Exemption 7(C)

Exemption 7(C) protects from disclosure information in law enforcement records that 

“could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 

U.S.C. § 552 (b)(7)(C). In determining whether this exemption applies to particular material, the 

Court must balance the interest in privacy of individuals mentioned in the records against the 

public interest in disclosure. See Sussman v. U.S. Marshals Serv., 494 F.3d 1106, 1115 (D.C. 

Cir. 2007); Beck v. Dep’t of Justice, 997 F.2d 1489, 1491 (D.C. Cir. 1993). The privacy interest 

 7 “On October 14, 2004, a jury in the Western District of Pennsylvania convicted Frederick 

Banks on charges of mail fraud, criminal copyright infringement, uttering and possessing 

counterfeit or forged securities, and witness tampering. These convictions stemmed from 

Banks’s sales of illegally copied (‘pirated’) versions of copyrighted Microsoft software products 

through an Internet marketplace website, Amazon.com.” United States v. Vampire Nation, 451 

F.3d 189, 192 (3d Cir. 2006) (affirming convictions and sentence); see United States v. Banks, 

300 Fed. App’x 145, 150-52 (3d Cir. 2008) (concluding that Postal Service inspectors properly 

exercised investigative authority and affirming conviction on eight counts of mail fraud).
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at stake belongs to the individual, not the government agency, see Reporters Comm, 489 U.S. at

763-65; Nat’l Ass’n of Retired Fed. Employees v. Horner, 879 F.2d 873, 875 (D.C. Cir. 1989) 

(noting individual’s significant privacy interest “in avoiding the unlimited disclosure of his or 

her name and address”), and “individuals have a strong interest in not being associated

unwarrantedly with alleged criminal activity.” Stern v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 737 F.2d 

84, 91-92 (D.C. Cir. 1984). “[T]he only public interest relevant for purposes of Exemption 7(C) 

is one that focuses on ‘the citizens’ right to be informed about what their government is up to.’” 

Davis v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 968 F.2d 1276, 1282 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (quoting Reporters Comm., 

489 U.S. at 773); see also Sussman, 494 F.3d at 1115. It is the requester’s obligation to 

articulate a public interest sufficient to outweigh an individual’s privacy interest, and the public 

interest must be significant. See Nat’l Archives and Records Admin. v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157, 

172 (2004). 

The USPIS withholds under Exemption 7(C) “(1) the names of agents; (2) the names & 

personal information such as address and phone numbers of individuals who provided 

information in the investigation; (3) Social Security numbers, drivers’ license numbers, credit 

card numbers and license plate numbers.” Def.’s Mem., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 31; see Def.’s 

Reply, 2011 Baxter Decl. ¶ 10. If the USPIS were to disclose this information, the declarant 

states, it “would allow [someone] to contact those [third parties], which could result in unwanted 

contacts and even threats,” as well as “stigmatization and harassment for being connected with a 

criminal investigation.” Def.’s Mem., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 31. After weighing “the substantial 

privacy interests of the individuals against the relevant public interest, i.e., the general public’s 

right to know what their government is doing,” the privacy interests prevailed. Id., 2010 Baxter 

Decl. ¶ 31.
17

Courts have “long recognized the mention of an individual’s name in a law enforcement 

file will engender comment and speculation and carries a stigmatizing connotation.” Roth, 642 

F.3d at 1174 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Under Exemption 7(C), an agency 

may withhold the identities of targets of a law enforcement investigation, witnesses, informants, 

and law enforcement officers. See SafeCard Servs., 926 F.2d at 1205; Nix v. United States, 572 

F.2d 998, 1006 (4th Cir. 1978) (“Public identification of [law enforcement personnel] could 

conceivably subject them to harassment and annoyance in the conduct of their official duties and 

in their private lives.”).

Plaintiff’s argument that the USPIS “failed to provide any specific examples of past 

unwarranted contacts, harassment, humiliation or stigmatization of the privacy rights of these . . . 

individuals,” Pl.’s Opp’n ¶ 5, is unpersuasive, and no agency bears such a burden on summary 

judgment. Cf. Martin v. Dep’t of Justice, 488 F.3d 446, 457 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (noting “that 

“privacy interests are particularly difficult to overcome when law enforcement information 

regarding third parties is implicated”). The USPIS’ decision to withhold such third party 

information under Exemption 7(C) is entirely appropriate, particularly in the absence of any 

credible showing by plaintiff to the contrary. See Sussman, 494 F.3d at 1115 (withholding the 

names, addresses, telephone numbers, social security numbers, and other such private 

information regarding law enforcement officials, a “judicial protectee,” other government 

employees, and unnamed third-parties); Schoenman v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 763 F. 

Supp. 2d 173, 198 (D.D.C. 2011) (withholding information about FBI agents and support 

personnel, non-FBI federal government personnel, local or foreign law enforcement personnel,

third parties of investigative interest, third parties who provided information to the FBI and third 

parties incidentally mentioned in FBI records); Banks v. Dep’t of Justice, 757 F. Supp. 2d 13, 18 
18

(D.D.C. 2010) (withholding names of and identifying information about crime victims 

mentioned in the law enforcement records of the Federal Bureau of Prisons).

b. Exemption 7(D)

Exemption 7(D) protects from disclosure those records or information compiled for law 

enforcement purposes that:

could reasonably be expected to disclose the identity of a 

confidential source . . . [who] furnished information on a 

confidential basis, and, in the case of a record or information 

compiled by criminal law enforcement authority in the course of a 

criminal investigation . . ., information furnished by a confidential 

source.

5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(D). There is no general “presumption that a source is confidential within 

the meaning of Exemption 7(D) whenever [a] source provides information [to a law enforcement 

agency] in the course of a criminal investigation.” U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Landano, 508 U.S. 

165, 181 (1993). Rather, a source’s confidentiality must be determined on a case-by-case basis, 

id. at 179-80, and a presumption of confidentiality arises only in narrowly defined circumstances, 

id. at 181. “A source is confidential within the meaning of [E]xemption 7(D) if the source 

‘provided information under an express assurance of confidentiality or in circumstances from 

which such an assurance could be reasonably inferred.’” Williams v. Fed. Bureau of 

Investigation, 69 F.3d 1155, 1159 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (quoting Landano, 508 U.S. at 170-74).

The USPIS withholds “both the confidential sources and the information they provided to 

law enforcement during the investigation of the illegal activity which resulted in [p]laintiff’s 

incarceration.” Def.’s Mem., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 33. This information “was obtained during 

interviews with these private individuals . . . with the understanding that the USPIS would ensure 

the confidentiality of the discussions and protect the personal privacy of the individuals 

providing the information.” Id., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 33. The declarant neither offers “probative 
19

evidence that the source[s] did in fact receive an express grant of confidentiality,” Campbell v. 

U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 164 F.3d 20, 34 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (quoting Davin v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 

60 F.3d 1043, 1061 (3d Cir. 1995)), nor describes circumstances which would support an 

inference of confidentiality. See Landano, 508 U.S. at 179 (considering “the nature of the crime 

investigated and the witness’ relation to such crime when determining implied confidentiality”);

Coleman v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 13 F. Supp. 2d 75, 82 (D.D.C. 1998) (finding that 

requester’s conviction “of numerous violent crimes” including murder, rape and kidnaping, as 

well as “the relation of the [sources]” to those offenses are circumstances of “the type that the 

implied confidentiality exemption in Landano is designed to encompass”). On the current 

record, the Court cannot determine whether the USPIS properly has withheld information under 

Exemption 7(D).

c. Exemption 7(E)

Exemption 7(E) protects from disclosure law enforcement records “to the extent that the 

production of such . . . information . . . would disclose techniques and procedures for law 

enforcement investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for law enforcement 

investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk 

circumvention of the law.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E). Courts have held that information 

pertaining to law enforcement techniques and procedures properly is withheld under Exemption 

7(E) where disclosure reasonably could lead to circumvention of laws or regulations. See, e.g.,

Morley v. Cent. Intelligence Agency, 453 F. Supp. 2d 137, 157 (D.D.C. 2006) (approving the 

withholding of information pertaining to security clearances and background investigations on 

the ground that “disclosure of CIA security clearance and investigatory processes would risk 

circumvention of those processes in the future”), rev’d on other grounds, 508 F.3d 1108 (D.C. 
20

Cir. 2007). D.C. Circuit precedent “sets a relatively low bar for the agency to justify 

withholding” information under Exemption 7(E). Blackwell, 646 F.3d at 42. The exemption 

allows for withholding information in the face of “not just for circumvention of the law, but for a 

risk of circumvention; not just for an actual or certain risk of circumvention, but for an expected 

risk; not just for an undeniably or universally expected risk, but for a reasonably expected risk; 

and not just for certitude of a reasonably expected risk, but for the chance of a reasonably 

expected risk.” Mayer Brown LLP v. IRS, 562 F.3d 1190, 1193 (D.C. Cir. 2009). 

The USPIS asserts Exemption 7(E) to withhold “specific law enforcement techniques . . . 

used during the investigation of the criminal activity which resulted in [p]laintiff’s 

incarceration.” Def.’s Mem., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 34. These techniques “include specific 

surveillance methods and processes for obtaining information” not commonly known to the 

public, the disclosure of which “would allow possible suspects or targets anticipating application 

of these techniques to alter their activities to avoid detection and arrest, hindering law 

enforcement efforts.” Id., 2010 Baxter Decl. ¶ 34. Notwithstanding the categorical protection to 

law enforcement techniques and procedures afforded under the first clause of Exemption 7(E), 

see Allard K. Lowenstein Int’l Human Rights Project v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 626 F.3d 678, 

681 (2d Cir. 2010) (“The sentence structure of Exemption (b)(7)(E) indicates that the qualifying 

phrase (‘if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the law’) 

modifies only ‘guidelines’ and not ‘techniques and procedures.’”); Fisher v. U.S. Dep’t of 

Justice, 772 F. Supp. 7, 12 n.9 (D.D.C. 1991) (noting that Exemption (7)(E) provided 

“categorical protection” to techniques and procedures), aff’d, 968 F.2d 92 (D.C. Cir. 1992), no 

agency can rely on a declaration written in vague terms or in a conclusory manner. Davis v. Fed. 

Bureau of Investigation, 770 F. Supp. 2d 93, 100 (D.D.C. 2011) (concluding that declaration’s 
21

“generic description of the documents as “prosecution memoranda . . . detailing evidence 

gathering efforts and prosecution strategies in [plaintiff’s] criminal case” did not explain 

adequately the agency’s decision to withhold information under Exemption 7(E)); Clemente v. 

Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 741 F. Supp. 2d 64, 88 (D.D.C. 2010) (“To convince the Court that 

the information withheld is subject to the exemption, the FBI cannot rely upon the vaguely 

worded categorical description it has provided. It must provide evidence from which the Court 

can deduce something of the nature of the techniques in question.”); Linn v. U.S. Dep’t of 

Justice, No. 92-1406, 1995 WL 417810, at *12 (D.D.C. June 5, 1995) (finding that declarant’s 

“description, couched in conclusory and unspecific language, is hardly sufficient to convince the 

Court that the [agency] properly invoked . . . [E]xemption [7(E)]”). The Court will deny 

summary judgment with respect to the information withheld under Exemption 7(E). 
22

III. CONCLUSION

The USPIS has demonstrated that its searches for records responsive to FOIA Request 

Nos. 2005-FPIS-00020 and 2005-FPIS-00180 were reasonable, that plaintiff failed to exhaust his 

administrative remedies with respect to FOIA Request No. 2005-FPIS-00180 and the portion of 

FOIA Request No. 2005-FPIS-0020 regarding the law enforcement records withheld under 

Exemption 7(A), that plaintiff failed to submit proper FOIA requests for information pertaining 

to third parties, and that the USPIS properly has withheld information under Exemptions 6 and 

7(C). In these respects, summary judgment will be granted for defendant. However, because 

defendant has not demonstrated its compliance with the FOIA with respect to the records 

referred to the EOUSA and the information withheld under Exemptions 7(D) and 7(E), its 

motion for summary judgment will be denied in part without prejudice. An Order accompanies 

this Memorandum Opinion.

Signed: EMMET G. SULLIVAN

United States District Judge

Dated: September 26, 2011