Radar Cross-Section (RCS) Measurements of a Dismount 

with Rocket-Propelled Grenade (RPG) Launcher at 

Ka-Band 

by Suzanne R. Stratton and Robert L. Bender 

ARL-TR-3855 July 2006 

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 
NOTICES 

Disclaimers 

The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position 

unless so designated by other authorized documents. 

Citation of manufacturer’s or trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or 

approval of the use thereof. 

Destroy this report when it is no longer needed. Do not return it to the originator. 
Army Research Laboratory 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 

ARL-TR-3855 July 2006 

Radar Cross-Section (RCS) Measurements of a Dismount 

with Rocket-Propelled Grenade (RPG) Launcher at 

Ka-Band 

Suzanne R. Stratton and Robert L. Bender 

Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, ARL 

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 
ii 

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved 

OMB No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the 

data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the 

burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. 

Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently 

valid OMB control number. 

PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 

1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)

July 2006 

2. REPORT TYPE 

Final 

3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 

6 to 18 August 2003 

5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 

5b. GRANT NUMBER 

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 

Radar Cross-Section (RCS) Measurements of a Dismount with RocketPropelled Grenade (RPG) Launcher at Ka-Band 

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 

5d. PROJECT NUMBER 

5e. TASK NUMBER 

6. AUTHOR(S) 

Suzanne R. Stratton and Robert L. Bender 

5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 

U.S. Army Research Laboratory 

ATTN: AMSRD-ARL-SE-RM 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 

 REPORT NUMBER 

ARL-TR-3855

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) 

U.S. Army Research Laboratory 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT 

 NUMBER(S) 

12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 

13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

14. ABSTRACT 

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory’s (ARL’s) Radio Frequency and Electronics Division sponsored and conducted a series 

of measurements to characterize the millimeter wave (MMW) signatures of one Soldier carrying a rocket-propelled grenade 

(RPG) launcher with grenade at 34 GHz over three depression angles and for three different body postures: prone, kneeling, 

and standing. The measurements were taken by ARL at its outdoor signature research facility at Aberdeen Proving Ground, 

MD, on 6 through 18 August 2003. A statistical summary of the measurements is presented in this report, along with a full set 

of radar cross section (RCS) plots of the measurements for four linear polarization combinations. Measurements of the 

Soldier holding an RPG launcher show that the mean RCS of the target decreases with decreasing body profile over all 

depression angles. The mean RCS does not depend on launcher angle or depression angle in most cases. The co-polarized 

means are much more sensitive than the cross-polarized terms to changes in body posture and launcher angle. The RPG 

launcher contributes the largest component to the signature. 

15. SUBJECT TERMS

Radar cross-section, millimeter wave, rocket propelled grenade launcher 

16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:

19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON

Suzanne R. Stratton 

a. REPORT 

Unclassified 

b. ABSTRACT 

Unclassified 

c. THIS PAGE 

Unclassified 

17. LIMITATION 

OF ABSTRACT 

SAR 

18. NUMBER 

OF PAGES 

56 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include area code) 

(410) 278-3942 

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) 

Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18
iii 

Contents 

List of Figures iv

List of Tables v

Acknowledgments vii

1. Introduction 1

2. Instrumentation Description 1

3. Test Setup and Procedures 3

4. Data Collected 5

5. Summary 9

6. References 10

Appendix A. Logbook Synopsis 11

Appendix B. Polar Plots 15

Distribution List 45
iv 

List of Figures 

Figure 1. Measurement setup at air base range 8, APG, MD. ....................................................... 2 

Figure 2. Close view of RPG launcher used in measurements at air base range 8......................... 5 

Figure 3. ISAR image of man standing (a) with and (b) without the RPG launcher at 2-degree 

depression angle, 0-degree RPG angle and 90-degree turntable angle................................... 8 

Figure 4. ISAR image of man prone (a) with and (b) without the RPG launcher at 2-degree 

depression angle, 0-degree RPG angle and 90-degree turntable angle................................... 8 

Figure B-1. RCS plots for trial TGT77AF, 2-degree depression, 0-degree RPG angle, man 

standing................................................................................................................................. 16 

Figure B-2. RCS plots for trial TGT77AG, 2-degree depression, 0-degree RPG angle, man 

standing facing aft................................................................................................................. 17 

Figure B-3. RCS plots for trial TGT77AH, 2-degree depression, RPG angle 0-degree, man 

kneeling facing aft................................................................................................................. 18 

Figure B-4. RCS plots for trial TGT77AI, 2-degree depression, 0-degree RPG angle, man prone 

facing aft. .............................................................................................................................. 19 

Figure B-5. RCS plots for trial TGT77AJ, 2-degree depression, 90-degree RPG angle, man 

standing facing aft................................................................................................................. 20 

Figure B-6. RCS plots for trial TGT77AK, 2-degree depression, man without RPG kneeling 

facing aft. .............................................................................................................................. 21 

Figure B-7. RCS plots for trial TGT77AQ, 2-degree depression, 22.5-degree RPG angle, man 

standing facing aft................................................................................................................ 22 

Figure B-8. RCS plots for trial TGT77AR, 2-degree depression, 22.5-degree RPG angle, man 

kneeling facing aft................................................................................................................ 23 

Figure B-9. RCS plots for trial TGT77AS, 2-degree depression, man without RPG standing 

facing aft. .............................................................................................................................. 24 

Figure B-10. RCS plots for trial TGT77AT, 2-degree depression, 45-degree RPG angle, man 

standing facing aft................................................................................................................ 25 

Figure B-11. RCS plots for trial TGT77AV, 2-degree depression, man without RPG, prone 

facing aft. .............................................................................................................................. 26 

Figure B-12. RCS plots for trial TGT77BM, 5-degree depression, 0-degree RPG angle, man 

standing facing aft................................................................................................................. 27 

Figure B-13. RCS plots for trial TGT77BN, 5-degree depression, 0-degree RPG angle, man 

kneeling facing aft................................................................................................................. 28 

Figure B-14. RCS plots for trial TGT77BO, 5-degree depression, 0-degree RPG angle, man 

prone facing aft. .................................................................................................................... 29 

Figure B-15. RCS plots for trial TGT77BP, 5-degree depression, 90-degree RPG angle, man 

standing facing aft................................................................................................................ 30 
v 

Figure B-16. RCS plots for trial TGT77BQ, 5-degree depression, man standing without RPG 

facing aft. .............................................................................................................................. 31 

Figure B-17. RCS plots for trial TGT77BW, 5-degree depression, 22.5-degree RPG angle, man 

standing facing aft................................................................................................................ 32 

Figure B-18. RCS plots for trial TGT77BX, 5-degree depression, 22.5-degree RPG angle, man 

kneeling facing aft................................................................................................................. 33 

Figure B-19. RCS plots for trial TGT77CD, 5-degree depression, man without RPG kneeling 

facing aft. .............................................................................................................................. 34 

Figure B-20. RCS plots for trial TGT77CE, 5-degree depression, 45-degree RPG angle, man 

standing facing aft................................................................................................................ 35 

Figure B-21. RCS plots for trial TGT77CF, 5-degree depression, 45-degree RPG angle, man 

kneeling facing aft................................................................................................................ 36 

Figure B-22. RCS plots for trial TGT77CG, 5-degree depression, man without RPG prone 

facing aft. .............................................................................................................................. 37 

Figure B-23. RCS plots for trial TGT77CM, 15-degree depression, 0-degree RPG angle, man 

standing facing aft................................................................................................................ 38 

Figure B-24. RCS plots for trial TGT77CN, 15-degree depression, 0-degree RPG angle, man 

kneeling facing aft................................................................................................................ 39 

Figure B-25. RCS plots for trial TGT77CO, 15-degree depression, 0-degree RPG angle, man 

prone facing aft. .................................................................................................................... 40 

Figure B-26. RCS plots for trial TGT77DA, 15-degree depression, 22.5-degree RPG angle, man 

standing facing aft................................................................................................................ 41 

Figure B-27. RCS plots for trial TGT77DB, 15-degree depression, 22.5-degree RPG angle, man 

kneeling facing aft................................................................................................................ 42 

Figure B-28. RCS plots for trial TGT77DC, 15-degree depression, man without RPG kneeling 

facing aft. .............................................................................................................................. 43 

Figure B-29. RCS plots for trial TGT77DD, 2-degree depression, 45-degree RPG angle, man 

kneeling facing aft................................................................................................................ 44 

List of Tables 

Table 1. Radar characteristics........................................................................................................ 2 

Table 2. Test matrix. ...................................................................................................................... 3 

Table 3a. RCS summary statistics for the man with RPG at 2-degrees depression angle for VV 

polarization in dBsm. ............................................................................................................. 6 

Table 3b. RCS summary statistics for the man with RPG at 5-degree depression angle for VV 

polarization in dBsm. ............................................................................................................. 6 
vi 

Table 3c. RCS summary statistics for the man with RPG at 15-degree depression angle for VV 

polarization in dBsm. ............................................................................................................. 6 

Table 4a. Mean RCS for four linear polarizations in dBsm, depression angle 2 degrees. ............ 7 

Table 4b. Mean RCS for four linear polarizations in dBsm, depression angle 5 degrees. ............ 7 

Table 4c. Mean RCS for four linear polarizations in dBsm, depression angle 15 degrees. .......... 7 
vii 

Acknowledgments 

The authors wish to acknowledge Donald Testerman, SEDD/ARL, for his able assistance in 

setting up and documenting the targets and in conducting the measurements. 
viii 

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK. 
1 

1. Introduction 

There is much interest today in the detection and classification of troop dismounts in a variety of 

environments. Before detection and classification algorithms can be developed, a basic 

understanding of the signature associated with a single dismount must be acquired. The U.S. 

Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has a triband millimeter wave (MMW) polarimetric inverse 

synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) that is used for a broad range of MMW research, including target 

signature measurements. High-resolution radar cross section (RCS) measurements of a dismount 

taken with this equipment can be used in computer simulations that combine this information 

with data about various types of environmental background to assist in the radar hardware and 

waveform design process for detection optimization and to test classification algorithms. 

ARL’s Radio Frequency and Electronics Division sponsored a series of measurements to 

characterize the MMW signature of a man holding a rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) launcher 

with (inert) grenade at 34 GHz over three depression angles and for three body positions. The 

measurements were made by ARL at its outdoor signature research facility at Aberdeen Proving 

Ground (APG), MD, over the two-week period of 6 through 18 August 2003. A statistical 

summary of the measurements is presented in this report, along with the full set of RCS plots of 

the measurements for linear polarizations. 

2. Instrumentation Description 

The 34-GHz fully polarimetric instrumentation radar at the ARL signature research facility was 

used to collect the data. The radar uses a stepped frequency waveform. A listing of the 

important system parameters at Ka-Band is given in table 1, while a full description of the 

operation of the radar and data acquisition system is presented in ARL-TR-1421 (Stratton et al., 

1997). 
2 

Table 1. Radar characteristics. 

Parameter Ka-Band 

Center frequency 34.0 GHz 

RF bandwidth 1599.359 MHz 

Frequency step 6.272 MHz 

Peak transmitted power +17 dBm 

Pulse width 100 ns 

Pulse repetition frequency 1.0 MHz 

Transmitted polarization V and H 

Received polarization V and H 

3-dB beam width (one way) 8.5° 

System noise figure 5.4 dB SSB 

Polarization isolation 35 dB 

Notes: V = vertical 

 H = horizontal 

 SSB = single sideband

Measurements made with the system are taken with the radar mounted on an elevator on a 125-ft 

tower. The radar is pointed at an in-ground turntable 153 ft away. The target sits on this 

turntable. Figure 1 shows the range setup. A television camera is boresighted with the radar and 

provides a video image of the target that is recorded as the target rotates. A 35-mm camera is 

also boresighted with the radar, and photographs are taken every 45 degrees of azimuth during 

the rotation. Target rotation is always counterclockwise. A complete rotation at 34 GHz takes 

about 10 min. A fully calibrated RCS plot can be ready 10 min after the measurement. A series 

of ISAR images displayed on a monitor as a “movie” is available 10 to 15 min after each 

measurement. 

 (a) ARL’s high-resolution fully polarimetric radars. (b) View of the tower from the turntable. 

Figure 1. Measurement setup at air base range 8, APG, MD. 
3 

3. Test Setup and Procedures 

A rocket-propelled grenade launcher and RPG-7 were delivered via the National Ground 

Intelligence Center (NGIC) for these signature measurements. The main objective was to 

characterize the RCS of the man holding the launcher and to obtain some high-quality ISAR 

imagery. To do this, it was also necessary to characterize the radar stability and accuracy of the 

measurements by measuring a calibrated reflector at each of the depression angles used in the 

test. The test plan called for measurements of the man at three depression angles at 34 GHz. 

The exact sequence of measurements is shown in table 2, along with the assigned target 

numbers. A complete record of the measurements and radar calibrations is in the logbook 

synopsis in appendix A. 

Table 2. Test matrix. 

Date Datafile RPG 

Angle (°) 

Depression 

angle (°) 

Body 

Position 

August 6, 2003 

August 12, 2003 

August 13, 2003 

August 14, 2003 

August 18, 2003 

TGT77AF 

TGT77AG 

TGT77AH 

TGT77AI 

TGT77AJ 

TGT77AK 

TGT77AQ 

TGT77AR 

TGT77AS 

TGT77AT 

TGT77AV 

TGT77BM 

TGT77BN 

TGT77BO 

TGT77BP 

TGT77BQ 

TGT77BW 

TGT77BX 

TGT77CD 

TGT77CE 

TGT77CF 

TGT77CG 

TGT77CM 

TGT77CN 

TGT77CO 

TGT77DA 

TGT77DB 

TGT77DC 

TGT77DD 

0 

0 

0 

0 

90 

NA 

22.5 

22.5 

NA 

45 

NA 

0 

0 

0 

90 

NA 

22.5 

22.5 

NA 

45 

45 

NA 

0 

0 

0 

22.5 

22.5 

NA 

45 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

2 

Standing 

Standing 

Kneeling 

Prone 

Standing 

Kneeling 

Standing 

Kneeling 

Standing 

Standing 

Prone 

Standing 

Kneeling 

Prone 

Standing 

Standing 

Standing 

Kneeling 

Kneeling 

Standing 

Kneeling 

Prone 

Standing 

Kneeling 

Prone 

Standing 

Kneeling 

Kneeling 

Kneeling 
4 

A trihedral corner reflector of known cross section was placed on the turntable for an initial set 

of measurements at the required depression angles. This provided a method to check the 

accuracy of the measurement process at each depression angle, which could be used to attest to 

the accuracy of subsequent measurements of the target. At each depression angle, the trihedral 

was adjusted in elevation so that the face was perpendicular to the line of sight to the antenna, 

providing for the maximum return. All data were calibrated in decibels relative to one square 

meter (dBsm). Trihedral data were collected at 34 GHz. The RCS measurements are different 

from the known value by no more than 0.8 dB. In another report (Stratton et al., 1997), the 

repeatability of measurements is shown to be less than 1 dB. 

Figure 2 shows the RPG launcher that was used in the measurements at Air Base Range 8. The 

turntable measurements were taken at depression angles of 2, 5, and 15 degrees, with the antenna 

boresight aimed directly in the center of mass of the man. The body posture of the man changed 

from standing to kneeling to prone during the course of the measurements, and the position of 

the RPG launcher the man was holding changed from 0, 22.5, 45, and 90 degrees from the 

horizontal. During a target rotation, the radar transmitted vertical and horizontal polarizations, 

alternating between four vertical transmit pulses and four horizontal transmit pulses. Both 

vertical (V) and horizontal (H) receiver channels were recorded to provide fully polarimetric 

data. 

The system was calibrated before and after each measurement. A detailed description of the 

calibration method is given in ARL-MR-318 (Bender, 1996). 
5 

(a) RPG launcher with grenade. 

(b) Man kneeling with RPG launcher at 0 degrees with respect to horizontal. 

Figure 2. Close view of RPG launcher used in measurements at air base range 8. 

4. Data Collected 

Table 3a shows the summary statistics taken from the plots of the target measurements for the 

vertical-vertical (VV) polarization combination at 34 GHz and 2-degrees depression angle, with 

the man turned facing aft with respect to the radar at the start of the rotation. Table 3b gives the 

same statistics for the measurements made at a depression angle of 5 degrees, and table 3c gives 

the results when the depression angle is 15 degrees. 
6 

Table 3a. RCS summary statistics for the man with RPG at 2-degrees depression angle for VV polarization 

in dBsm. 

RPG Angle 

(°) 

Posture Mean 

(dBsm) 

Median 

(dBsm) 

Standard deviation 

(dBsm) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

22.5 

22.5 

45 

45 

90 

No RPG 

No RPG 

No RPG 

standing 

standing 

kneeling 

prone 

standing 

kneeling 

standing 

kneeling 

standing 

standing 

kneeling 

prone 

–4.5 

–4.3 

–6.0 

–9.0 

–4.3 

–6.6 

–4.4 

–5.0 

–4.4 

–6.1 

–9.7 

–17.4 

–5.2 

–5.4 

–7.2 

–10.4 

–4.8 

–7.4 

–5.2 

–6.4 

–4.8 

–6.6 

–10.4 

–17.8 

6.9 

6.7 

8.0 

9.6 

6.7 

8.4 

6.8 

7.3 

6.8 

8.0 

9.9 

12.4 

Table 3b. RCS summary statistics for the man with RPG at 5-degree depression angle for VV polarization 

in dBsm. 

RPG Angle 

(°) 

Posture Mean 

(dBsm) 

Median 

(dBsm) 

Standard deviation 

(dBsm) 

0 

0 

0 

22.5 

22.5 

45 

45 

90 

No RPG 

No RPG 

No RPG 

standing 

kneeling 

prone 

standing 

kneeling 

standing 

kneeling 

standing 

standing 

kneeling 

prone 

–5.2 

–6.4 

–8.0 

–4.4 

–7.0 

–4.7 

–6.1 

–5.2 

–7.0 

–7.8 

–10.0 

–5.6 

–7.2 

–8.8 

–5.0 

–7.6 

–5.2 

–6.6 

–5.6 

–7.4 

–8.4 

–10.8 

7.4 

8.2 

9.1 

6.8 

8.6 

7.0 

8.0 

7.4 

8.6 

9.0 

10.0 

Table 3c. RCS summary statistics for the man with RPG at 15-degree depression angle for VV polarization 

in dBsm. 

RPG Angle 

(°) 

Posture Mean 

(dBsm) 

Median 

(dBsm) 

Standard deviation 

(dBsm) 

0 

0 

0 

22.5 

22.5 

No RPG 

standing 

kneeling 

prone 

standing 

kneeling 

kneeling 

–5.8 

–6.2 

–6.8 

–14.7 

–15.0 

–14.2 

–5.8 

–6.2 

–7.2 

–15.0 

–15.2 

–15.0 

7.8 

8.1 

8.5 

11.7 

11.8 

11.5 

Table 4a shows the mean RCS values of the measurements for all four linear polarization 

combinations, 2-degree depression angle, table 4b gives the 5-degree depression angle results, 

and table 4c gives the 15-degree depression angle results. All the statistics were computed in 

square meters and then converted to a value with units of dBsm. The full set of RCS polar plots 

for the vehicle is shown in appendix B. 
7 

Table 4a. Mean RCS for four linear polarizations in dBsm, depression angle 2 degrees. 

RPG Angle 

(°) 

Posture TVRV 

(dBsm) 

TVRH 

(dBsm) 

THRV 

(dBsm) 

THRH 

(dBsm) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

22.5 

22.5 

45 

45 

90 

No RPG 

No RPG 

No RPG 

standing 

standing 

kneeling 

prone 

standing 

kneeling 

standing 

kneeling 

standing 

standing 

kneeling 

prone 

–4.5 

–4.3 

–6.0 

–9.0 

–4.3 

–6.6 

–4.4 

–5.0 

–4.4 

–6.1 

–9.7 

–17.4 

–17.1 

–17.0 

–17.2 

–18.4 

–14.9 

–15.4 

–15.4 

–14.5 

–17.5 

–19.4 

–19.9 

–22.9 

–17.0 

–17.0 

–17.2 

–18.3 

–14.8 

–15.3 

–15.3 

–14.6 

–17.4 

–19.4 

–19.9 

–23.1 

–4.6 

–4.5 

–6.1 

–9.2 

–4.2 

–6.3 

–4.4 

–5.1 

–4.6 

–6.0 

–9.6 

–17.0 

Notes: TVRV = Transmit Vertical, Receive Vertical. 

TVRH = Transmit Vertical, Receive Horizontal. 

THRV = Transmit Horizontal, Receive Vertical. 

THRH = Transmit Horizontal, Receive Horizontal.

Table 4b. Mean RCS for four linear polarizations in dBsm, depression angle 5 degrees. 

RPG Angle 

(°) 

Posture TVRV 

(dBsm) 

TVRH 

(dBsm) 

THRV 

(dBsm) 

THRH 

(dBsm) 

0 

0 

0 

22.5 

22.5 

45 

45 

90 

No RPG 

No RPG 

No RPG 

standing 

kneeling 

prone 

standing 

kneeling 

standing 

kneeling 

standing 

standing 

kneeling 

prone 

–5.2 

–6.4 

–8.0 

–4.4 

–7.0 

–4.7 

–6.1 

–5.2 

–7.0 

–7.8 

–10.0 

–16.0 

–16.5 

–17.3 

–14.4 

–15.7 

–15.5 

–15.8 

–17.3 

–19.3 

–17.7 

–19.0 

–15.8 

–16.4 

–17.2 

–14.2 

–15.5 

–15.3 

–15.6 

–17.2 

–19.2 

–17.6 

–18.8 

–5.1 

–6.4 

–8.3 

–4.5 

–7.0 

–4.9 

–6.4 

–5.4 

–6.9 

–8.1 

–10.6 

Table 4c. Mean RCS for four linear polarizations in dBsm, depression angle 15 degrees.

RPG Angle 

(°) 

Posture TVRV 

(dBsm) 

TVRH 

(dBsm) 

THRV 

(dBsm) 

THRH 

(dBsm) 

0 

0 

0 

22.5 

22.5 

No RPG 

standing 

kneeling 

prone 

standing 

kneeling 

kneeling 

–5.8 

–6.2 

–6.8 

–14.7 

–15.0 

–14.2 

–13.6 

–13.8 

–14.3 

–20.9 

–21.3 

–20.6 

–13.6 

–13.8 

–14.3 

–21.0 

–21.3 

–20.6 

–7.7 

–8.4 

–9.1 

–16.0 

–16.4 

–15.8 

The range of RCS means for TVRV polarization is –4.3 to –15.0 dBsm over all depression 

angles and RPG angles for the man holding the RPG launcher. In general, as the body posture 

changes so that the profile of the man decreases (i.e., going from standing to kneeling to prone), 

the mean RCS decreases. For the man who is not carrying an RPG launcher, the RCS is lower 
8 

for all depression angles and postures than that of the man of corresponding body posture with 

RPG launcher. The angle of the launcher does not have a significant impact on the mean RCS 

value for the 2- and 5-degree depression angle, but there is a large change in RCS between the 0- 

and 22.5-degree launcher angle data for the 15-degree depression angle. The cross-polarized 

RCS mean values are much lower than the co-polarized means and tend to be less sensitive than 

the co-polarized mean values to the body posture of the man, although they also follow the 

general rule of decreasing as the body posture decreases. 

It can be seen from the linear RCS curves that the co-polarized measurements show peaks at 

broadsides for the man holding the RPG launcher, whereas for the man without the launcher, 

there are no peaks at broadsides. Also, with the man holding the RPG launcher at 90 degrees 

from the horizontal, the peaks at broadsides are greatly diminished. There are no obvious 

features that correspond to a man without the launcher, no matter what the body position. The 

curves are fairly flat over these 360-degree rotations. An examination of the ISAR images for 

the man with and without the RPG launcher at comparable depression angles reveals that the 

launcher is by far the most significant part of the signature, as can be seen in figures 3 and 4. 

 

 (a) (b) 

Figure 3. ISAR image of man standing (a) with and (b) without the RPG launcher at 

2-degree depression angle, 0-degree RPG angle and 90-degree turntable angle. 

 (a) (b) 

Figure 4. ISAR image of man prone (a) with and (b) without the RPG launcher at 2-degree 

depression angle, 0-degree RPG angle and 90-degree turntable angle. 
9 

5. Summary 

Measurements of the man holding an RPG launcher show that the mean RCS of the target 

decreases with decreasing body profile over all depression angles. The mean RCS does not 

depend on launcher angle or depression angle except for the case of the 22.5-degree launcher 

angle and 15-degree depression angle. The linear RCS curves are roughly similar for the man 

without RPG launcher at each depression angle. The co-polarized means are much more 

sensitive than the cross-polarized terms to the changes in body posture and launcher angle. The 

RPG launcher contributes the largest component to the signature. 
10 

6. References 

Stratton, S. R.; Wallace, H. B.; Bender, R. L.; Brodeen, A.E.M. A Comparison of Radar Cross 

Section (RCS) Measurements of 11 T72M1 Tanks at 35 GHz; ARL-TR-1421; U.S. Army 

Research Laboratory: Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, July 1997. 

Bender, R. L. Use of a Remotely Controlled Dihedral for Calibrating a Polarimetric Radar; 

ARL-MR-318; U.S. Army Research Laboratory: Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, June 

1996. 
11 

Appendix A. Logbook Synopsis

8/06/03 Sunny, warm, 70's Operators: Bob Bender 

 Tim Burcham 

RPG Launcher with soldier 

tgt77aa 79.4 sqm trihedral @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77ab dihedral at 0 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77ac dihedral at 22.5 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 

ns 

tgt77ad dihedral at 45 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77ae sky @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77af Man with RPG standing nose on, 0 degrees RPG angle @ 2 

degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77ag Man with RPG standing rear on, 0 degrees RPG angle @ 2 

degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77ah Man with RPG kneeling rear on, 0 degrees RPG angle @ 2 

degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 184 ft, gate 520 ns 

tgt77ai Man with RPG prone, rear on, 0 degrees RPG angle @ 2 

degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 184 ft, gate 520 ns 

tgt77aj Man with RPG standing rear on, 90 degrees RPG angle @ 

2 degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 184 ft, gate 520 ns 

tgt77ak Man without RPG kneeling rear on @ 2 degrees 

depression @ 34 GHz @ 184 ft, gate 520 ns 

tgt77al 79.4 sqm trihedral @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77am dihedral at 0 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77an dihedral at 22.5 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 

ns 

tgt77ao dihedral at 45 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77ap sky @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77aq Man with RPG standing rear on, 22.5 degrees RPG angle 

@ 2 degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77ar Man with RPG kneeling rear on, 22.5 degrees RPG angle 

@ 2 degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77as Man without RPG standing rear on @ 2 degrees 

depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77at Man with RPG standing rear on, 45 degrees RPG angle @ 

2 degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77au Man with RPG kneeling rear on, 45 degrees RPG angle @ 

2 degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

---corrupted data file (see tgt77dd for repeat of this 
12 

measurement) 

tgt77av Man without RPG prone looking rear on @ 2 degrees 

depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77aw 79.4 sqm trihedral @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77ax dihedral at 0 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77ay dihedral at 22.5 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 

ns 

tgt77az dihedral at 45 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77ba sky @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

8/07/03 Cloudy, cool, 70's Operators: Bob Bender 

 Don Testerman 

tgt77bb 79.4 sqm trihedral @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77bc dihedral at 0 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77bd dihedral at 22.5 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 

ns 

tgt77be dihedral at 45 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77bf sky @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77bg Man standing with RPG looking rear on @ 5 degrees 

depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

 missing a lot of angles. Will troubleshoot angle 

encoder and try to collect data again next week. 

8/12/03 Cloudy, warm, 80's Operators: Bob Bender 

 Don Testerman 

tgt77bh 79.4 sqm trihedral @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77bi dihedral at 0 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77bj dihedral at 22.5 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 

ns 

tgt77bk dihedral at 45 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77bl sky @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77bm Man standing with RPG at 0 degrees looking rear on @ 5 

degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77bn Man kneeling with RPG at 0 degrees looking rear on @ 5 

degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77bo Man prone with RPG at 0 degrees looking rear on @ 5 

degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77bp Man standing with RPG at 90 degrees looking rear on @ 

5 degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77bq Man standing without RPG looking rear on @ 5 degrees 
13 

depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

8/13/03 Cloudy, warm, 80's Operators: Bob Bender 

 Don Testerman 

tgt77br 79.4 sqm trihedral @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77bs dihedral at 0 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77bt dihedral at 22.5 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 

ns 

tgt77bu dihedral at 45 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77bv sky @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77bw Man standing with RPG at 22.5 degrees looking rear on 

@ 5 degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77bx Man kneeling with RPG at 22.5 degrees looking rear on 

@ 5 degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

8/14/03 Sunny, warm, 80's Operators: Bob Bender 

 Don Testerman 

tgt77by 79.4 sqm trihedral @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77bz dihedral at 0 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77ca dihedral at 22.5 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 

ns 

tgt77cb dihedral at 45 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77cc sky @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77cd Man kneeling without RPG looking rear on @ 5 degrees 

depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77ce Man standing with RPG at 45 degrees looking rear on @ 

5 degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77cf Man kneeling with RPG at 45 degrees looking rear on @ 

5 degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77cg Man prone without RPG looking rear on @ 5 degrees 

depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77ch 79.4 sqm trihedral @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77ci dihedral at 0 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77cj dihedral at 22.5 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 

ns 

tgt77ck dihedral at 45 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77cl sky @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77cm Man standing with RPG at 0 degrees looking rear on @ 

15 degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 
14 

tgt77cn Man kneeling with RPG at 0 degrees looking rear on @ 

15 degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77co Man prone with RPG at 0 degrees looking rear on @ 15 

degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

8/18/03 Sunny, warm, 80's Operators: Bob Bender 

 Don Testerman 

tgt77cv 79.4 sqm trihedral @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77cw dihedral at 0 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77cx dihedral at 22.5 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 

ns 

tgt77cy dihedral at 45 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77cz sky @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77da Man standing with RPG at 22.5 degrees looking rear on 

@ 15 degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77db Man kneeling with RPG at 22.5 degrees looking rear on 

@ 15 degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77dc Man kneeling without RPG looking rear on @ 15 degrees 

depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77dd Man with RPG kneeling rear on, 45 degrees RPG angle @ 

2 degrees depression @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns (repeat of 

au--corrupted data file) 

tgt77de 79.4 sqm trihedral @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77df dihedral at 0 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77dg dihedral at 22.5 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 

ns 

tgt77dh dihedral at 45 degrees @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 

tgt77di sky @ 34 GHz @ 152 ft, gate 450 ns 
15 

Appendix B. Polar Plots

The RCS values for the plots shown in this appendix are computed with the following parameter 

values: 

Center Frequency 34 GHz 

Range Bandwidth 1599.359 MHz 

Range Bin Size 4.00 m 

Angle Interval 0.090°

Window Size 0.090°

Window Step 0.090°

The range bin size defines the software gate centered around the target. Signals that are outside 

this “window” do not contribute to the RCS. The angle interval for the plots is 0.09 degree, 

although an angle increment of 0.015 degree was used to collect the data at Ka-band. Therefore, 

at Ka-Band, every sixth point is plotted. The plotted data are averaged with a moving average 

scheme where the window size divided by the angle interval defines the number of points in each 

averaging step, and the window step divided by the angle increment gives the number of points 

to slide to reach the start of the next window for averaging. Therefore, for these plots, there is no 

averaging. 

A clutter subtraction algorithm is applied to each data set. The algorithm computes the coherent 

background signal level for a section of aspect angle around the angle for which the RCS is 

currently being calculated and subtracts that background value from the signal at the current 

angle. 

The linear polarized plots are shown next. A detailed listing of measurements is given in the 

logbook in appendix A. 
16 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –4.5 dBsm, Median = –5.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 6.9 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –17.1 dBsm, Median = –17.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.3 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –17.0 dBsm, Median = –17.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.3 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –4.6 dBsm, Median = –5.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 7.0 dBsm 

Figure B-1. RCS plots for trial TGT77AF, 2-degree depression, 0-degree RPG angle, man standing. 
17 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –4.3 dBsm, Median = –5.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 6.7 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –17.0 dBsm, Median = –17.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.3 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –17.0 dBsm, Median = –17.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.3 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –4.5 dBsm, Median = –5.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 6.9 dBsm 

Figure B-2. RCS plots for trial TGT77AG, 2-degree depression, 0-degree RPG angle, man standing facing aft. 
18 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –6.0 dBsm, Median = –7.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 8.0 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –17.2 dBsm, Median = –17.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.4 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –17.2 dBsm, Median = –17.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.4 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –6.1 dBsm, Median = –7.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 8.0 dBsm 

Figure B-3. RCS plots for trial TGT77AH, 2-degree depression, RPG angle 0-degree, man kneeling facing aft. 
19 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –9.0 dBsm, Median = –10.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 9.6 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –18.4 dBsm, Median = –19.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.6 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –18.3 dBsm, Median = –19.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.6 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –9.2 dBsm, Median = –11.0 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 9.7 dBsm 

Figure B-4. RCS plots for trial TGT77AI, 2-degree depression, 0-degree RPG angle, man prone facing aft. 
20 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –4.4 dBsm, Median = –4.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 6.8 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –17.5 dBsm, Median = –18.0 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.4 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –17.4 dBsm, Median = –17.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.4 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –4.6 dBsm, Median = –5.0 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 6.9 dBsm 

Figure B-5. RCS plots for trial TGT77AJ, 2-degree depression, 90-degree RPG angle, man standing facing aft. 
21 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –9.7 dBsm, Median = –10.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 9.9 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –19.9 dBsm, Median = –20.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 13.0 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –19.9 dBsm, Median = –20.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 13.0 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –9.6 dBsm, Median = –10.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 9.9 dBsm 

Figure B-6. RCS plots for trial TGT77AK, 2-degree depression, man without RPG kneeling facing aft. 
22 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –4.3 dBsm, Median = –4.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 6.7 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –14.9 dBsm, Median = –15.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.8 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –14.8 dBsm, Median = –15.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.7 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –4.2 dBsm, Median = –4.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 6.6 dBsm 

Figure B-7. RCS plots for trial TGT77AQ, 2-degree depression, 22.5-degree RPG angle, man standing 

facing aft. 
23 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –6.6 dBsm, Median = –7.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 8.4 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –15.4 dBsm, Median = –15.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.9 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –15.3 dBsm, Median = –15.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.9 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –6.3 dBsm, Median = –7.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 8.2 dBsm 

Figure B-8. RCS plots for trial TGT77AR, 2-degree depression, 22.5-degree RPG angle, man kneeling 

facing aft. 
24 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –6.1 dBsm, Median = –6.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 8.0 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –19.4 dBsm, Median = –19.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.9 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –19.4 dBsm, Median = –19.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.9 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –6.0 dBsm, Median = –6.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 8.0 dBsm 

Figure B-9. RCS plots for trial TGT77AS, 2-degree depression, man without RPG standing facing aft. 
25 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –4.4 dBsm, Median = –5.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 6.8 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –15.4 dBsm, Median = –15.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.9 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –15.3 dBsm, Median = –15.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.8 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –4.4 dBsm, Median = –5.0 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 6.8 dBsm 

Figure B-10. RCS plots for trial TGT77AT, 2-degree depression, 45-degree RPG angle, man standing 

facing aft. 
26 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –17.4 dBsm, Median = –17.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.4 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –22.9 dBsm, Median = –22.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 13.6 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –23.1 dBsm, Median = –23.0 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 13.6 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –17.0 dBsm, Median = –17.0 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.3 dBsm 

Figure B-11. RCS plots for trial TGT77AV, 2-degree depression, man without RPG, prone facing aft. 
27 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –5.2 dBsm, Median = –5.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 7.4 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –16.0 dBsm, Median = –16.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.0 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –15.8 dBsm, Median = –16.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.0 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –5.1 dBsm, Median = –5.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 7.3 dBsm 

Figure B-12. RCS plots for trial TGT77BM, 5-degree depression, 0-degree RPG angle, man standing facing aft. 
28 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –6.4 dBsm, Median = –7.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 8.2 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –16.5 dBsm, Median = –17.0 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.2 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –16.4 dBsm, Median = –16.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.2 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –6.4 dBsm, Median = –7.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 8.2 dBsm 

Figure B-13. RCS plots for trial TGT77BN, 5-degree depression, 0-degree RPG angle, man kneeling facing aft. 
29 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –8.0 dBsm, Median = –8.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 9.1 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –17.3 dBsm, Median = –18.0 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.4 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –17.2 dBsm, Median = –17.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.4 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –8.3 dBsm, Median = –9.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 9.2 dBsm 

Figure B-14. RCS plots for trial TGT77BO, 5-degree depression, 0-degree RPG angle, man prone facing aft. 
30 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –5.2 dBsm, Median = –5.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 7.4 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –17.3 dBsm, Median = –17.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.4 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –17.2 dBsm, Median = –17.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.4 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –5.4 dBsm, Median = –5.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 7.6 dBsm 

Figure B-15. RCS plots for trial TGT77BP, 5-degree depression, 90-degree RPG angle, man standing 

facing aft. 
31 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –7.1 dBsm, Median = –7.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 8.6 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –20.1 dBsm, Median = –20.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 13.0 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –20.1 dBsm, Median = –20.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 13.0 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –7.0 dBsm, Median = –7.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 8.6 dBsm 

Figure B-16. RCS plots for trial TGT77BQ, 5-degree depression, man standing without RPG facing aft. 
32 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –4.4 dBsm, Median = –5.0 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 6.8 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –14.4 dBsm, Median = –15.0 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.6 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –14.2 dBsm, Median = –14.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.5 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –4.5 dBsm, Median = –5.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 6.8 dBsm 

Figure B-17. RCS plots for trial TGT77BW, 5-degree depression, 22.5-degree RPG angle, man standing 

facing aft. 
33 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –7.0 dBsm, Median = –7.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 8.6 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –15.7 dBsm, Median = –16.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.0 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –15.5 dBsm, Median = –16.0 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.9 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –7.0 dBsm, Median = –7.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 8.6 dBsm 

Figure B-18. RCS plots for trial TGT77BX, 5-degree depression, 22.5-degree RPG angle, man kneeling 

facing aft. 
34 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –7.8 dBsm, Median = –8.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 9.0 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –17.7 dBsm, Median = –18.0 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.5 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –17.6 dBsm, Median = –17.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.5 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –8.1 dBsm, Median = –8.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 9.1 dBsm 

Figure B-19. RCS plots for trial TGT77CD, 5-degree depression, man without RPG kneeling facing aft. 
35 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –4.7 dBsm, Median = –5.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 7.0 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –15.5 dBsm, Median = –15.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.9 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –15.3 dBsm, Median = –15.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.9 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –4.9 dBsm, Median = –5.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 7.2 dBsm 

Figure B-20. RCS plots for trial TGT77CE, 5-degree depression, 45-degree RPG angle, man standing 

facing aft. 
36 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –6.1 dBsm, Median = –6.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 8.0 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –15.8 dBsm, Median = –16.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.0 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –15.6 dBsm, Median = –16.0 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.9 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –6.4 dBsm, Median = –7.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 8.2 dBsm 

Figure B-21. RCS plots for trial TGT77CF, 5-degree depression, 45-degree RPG angle, man kneeling 

facing aft. 
37 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –10.0 dBsm, Median = –10.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 10.0 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –19.0 dBsm, Median = –19.0 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.8 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –18.8 dBsm, Median = –18.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.7 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –10.6 dBsm, Median = –11.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 10.3 dBsm 

Figure B-22. RCS plots for trial TGT77CG, 5-degree depression, man without RPG prone facing aft. 
38 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –5.8 dBsm, Median = –5.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 7.8 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –13.6 dBsm, Median = –13.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.4 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –13.6 dBsm, Median = –13.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.3 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –7.7 dBsm, Median = –7.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 9.0 dBsm 

Figure B-23. RCS plots for trial TGT77CM, 15-degree depression, 0-degree RPG angle, man standing 

facing aft. 
39 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –6.2 dBsm, Median = –6.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 8.1 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –13.8 dBsm, Median = –13.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.4 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –13.8 dBsm, Median = –13.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.4 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –8.4 dBsm, Median = –8.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 9.3 dBsm 

Figure B-24. RCS plots for trial TGT77CN, 15-degree depression, 0-degree RPG angle, man kneeling 

facing aft. 
40 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –6.8 dBsm, Median = –7.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 8.5 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –14.3 dBsm, Median = –14.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.6 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –14.3 dBsm, Median = –14.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.6 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –9.1 dBsm, Median = –9.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 9.6 dBsm 

Figure B-25. RCS plots for trial TGT77CO, 15-degree depression, 0-degree RPG angle, man prone facing aft. 
41 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –14.7 dBsm, Median = –15.0 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.7 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –20.9 dBsm, Median = –20.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 13.2 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –21.0 dBsm, Median = –21.0 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 13.2 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –16.0 dBsm, Median = –16.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.1 dBsm 

Figure B-26. RCS plots for trial TGT77DA, 15-degree depression, 22.5-degree RPG angle, man standing 

facing aft. 
42 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –15.0 dBsm, Median = –15.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.8 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –21.3 dBsm, Median = –21.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 13.3 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –21.3 dBsm, Median = –21.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 13.3 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –16.4 dBsm, Median = –16.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.2 dBsm 

Figure B-27. RCS plots for trial TGT77DB, 15-degree depression, 22.5-degree RPG angle, man kneeling 

facing aft. 
43 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –14.2 dBsm, Median = –15.0 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.5 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –20.6 dBsm, Median = –21.2 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 13.1 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –20.6 dBsm, Median = –21.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 13.1 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –15.8 dBsm, Median = –16.6 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 12.0 dBsm 

Figure B-28. RCS plots for trial TGT77DC, 15-degree depression, man without RPG kneeling facing aft. 
44 

(a) Polarization = TVRV, Mean = –5.0 dBsm, Median = –6.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 7.3 dBsm 

(b) Polarization = TVRH, Mean = –14.5 dBsm, Median = –14.8 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.6 dBsm 

(c) Polarization = THRV, Mean = –14.6 dBsm, Median = –15.0 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 11.6 dBsm 

(d) Polarization = THRH, Mean = –5.1 dBsm, Median = –6.4 dBsm, Standard Deviation = 7.4 dBsm 

Figure B-29. RCS plots for trial TGT77DD, 2-degree depression, 45-degree RPG angle, man kneeling 

facing aft. 
45 

Distribution List

ADMNSTR 

DEFNS TECHL INFO CTR 

ATTN DTIC-OCP (ELECTRONIC COPY) 

8725 JOHN J KINGMAN RD STE 0944 

FT BELVOIR VA 22060-6218 

DARPA 

ATTN IXO S WELBY 

3701 N FAIRFAX DR 

ARLINGTON VA 22203-1714 

OFC OF THE SECY OF DEFNS 

ATTN ODDRE (R&AT) 

THE PENTAGON 

WASHINGTON DC 20301-3080 

AMSAA 

ATTN AMSRD-AMS-SC F NEWCOMER 

392 HOPKINS RD 

ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD 

 21005-5701 

US ARMY RSRCH DEV AND ENGRG CMND 

ARMAMENT RSRCH DEV AND ENGRG 

CNTR 

ARMAMENT ENGRG AND TECHNLTY CTR 

ATTN AMSRD-AAR-AEF-T J MATTS 

BLDG 305 

ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD 

 21005-5001 

US ARMY TRADOC 

BATTLE LAB INTEGRATION & TECHL 

DIRCTRT 

ATTN ATCD-B 

10 WHISTLER LANE 

FT MONROE VA 23651-5850 

SMC/GPA 

2420 VELA WAY STE 1866 

EL SEGUNDO CA 90245-4659 

US ARMY ARDEC 

ATTN AMSRD-AAR-AEM-L D VO 

ATTN AMSRD-AAR-AEM S MUSALLI 

BLDG 65S 

PICATINNY NJ 07806-5000 

COMMANDING GENERAL 

US ARMY AVN & MIS CMND 

ATTN AMSAM-RD W C MCCORKLE 

REDSTONE ARSENAL AL 35898-5000 

US ARMY INFO SYS ENGRG CMND 

ATTN AMSEL-IE-TD F JENIA 

FT HUACHUCA AZ 85613-5300 

US ARMY NATL GROUND INTLLGNC CTR 

ATTN IANG-CE-FM/MS404 W NIXON 

2055 BOULDERS RD 

CHARLOTTESVILLE VA 22911-8318 

US ARMY SIMULATION TRAIN & 

INSTRMNTN CMND 

ATTN AMSTI-CG M MACEDONIA 

12350 RESEARCH PARKWAY 

ORLANDO FL 32826-3726 

US ARMY TACOM 

ATTN AMSTA-AR-AEF-A R HUBAL 

BLDG 65S 

PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ 07806-5000 

US GOVERNMENT PRINT OFF 

DEPOSITORY RECEIVING SECTION 

ATTN MAIL STOP IDAD J TATE 

732 NORTH CAPITOL ST., NW 

WASHINGTON DC 20402 

SIMTECH 

ATTN S MCFARLIN 

3307 BOB WALLACE AVE #3 

HUNTSVILLE AL 35805 

US ARMY RSRCH LAB 

ATTN AMSRD-ARL-SE-RM 

 R BENDER 

ATTN AMSRD-ARL-SE-RM 

 S STRATTON (3 COPIES) 

ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD 21005 

US ARMY RSRCH LAB 

ATTN AMSRD-ARL-CI-OK-TP 

 TECHL LIB T LANDFRIED (2 COPIES) 

ATTN AMSRD-ARL-SE-RM R TAN 

ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD 

 21005-5066 
46 

DIRECTOR 

US ARMY RSRCH LAB 

ATTN AMSRD-ARL-RO-EV W D BACH 

PO BOX 12211 

RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK NC 27709 

USATC 

ATTN STEAC-TE-AS D LACEY 

ATTN STEAC-TE-AS G ROGERS 

ATTN STEAC-TE-AS H NGUYEN 

ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD 21005 

US ARMY RSRCH LAB 

ATTN AMSRD-ARL-D J M MILLER 

ATTN AMSRD-ARL-CI-OK-T 

 TECHL PUB (2 COPIES) 

ATTN AMSRD-ARL-CI-OK-TL 

 TECHL LIB (2 COPIES) 

ATTN AMSRD-ARL-SE-RM E ADLER 

ATTN IMNE-ALC-IMS 

 MAIL & RECORDS MGMT 

ATTN AMSRD-AAR-AEP-F 

 C VON DER LIPPE 

ADELPHI MD 20783-1197