UNTO) STATES PMTMENT OF JMMERCE

JBUCATION NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 730

U.S.

fPARTMENT

OF

OMMERCE

National

m J

rvo.nso

Manual and

Automated Fingerprint
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards1 was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and

technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measure- ment system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety.

The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials

Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Center for Computer Sciences and

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THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates

that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of a Center for Radiation Research, an Office of Measurement Services and the following divisions: Applied Mathematics—Electricity—Heat—Mechanics—Optical Physics—Linac

Radiation2—Nuclear Radiation2—Applied Radiation2—Quantum Electronics3—

Electromagnetics3—Time and Frequency3—Laboratory Astrophysics3—Cryogenics3

. THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research lead- ing to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of

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THE CENTER FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts re- search and provides technical services designed to aid Government agencies in improving cost effectiveness in the conduct of their programs through the selection, acquisition,

and effective utilization of automatic data processing equipment; and serves as the principal focus within the executive branch for the development of Federal standards for automatic data processing equipment, techniques, and computer languages. The Center

consists of the following offices and divisions: Information Processing Standards—Computer Information—Computer Services —Systems Development—Information Processing Technology.

THE OFFICE FOR INFORMATION PROGRAMS promotes optimum dissemination

and accessibility of scientific information generated within NBS and other agencies of

the Federal Government; promotes the development of the National Standard Reference

Data System and a system of information analysis centers dealing with the broader

aspects of the National Measurement System; provides appropriate services to ensure

that the NBS staff has optimum accessibility to the scientific information of the world,

and directs the public information activities of the Bureau. The Office consists of the following organizational units: Office of Standard Reference Data—Office of Technical Information and

Publications—Library—Office of International Relations.

1 Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, Maryland, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, D.C. 20234.

2 Part of the Center for Radiation Research.

3 Located at Boulder, Colorado 80302.
lal Bureau of Standards JUN 2 6 1972 [W oCCManual and Automated

Fingerprint Registration

J. H. Wegstein

Center for Computer Sciences and Technology

\j , C, . National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

-t.!>clAr>Uca ' >e. p^.H^O.

*< °>*

f \ . t&t; ;«K

- /

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Peter G. Peterson, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Lawrence M. Kushner, Acting Director,

Issued June 1 972
National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 730

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 730, 26 pages (June 1972) CODEN: NBTNAE

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Order by SD Catalog No. C13.46:730). Price 35 cents.
Manual and Automated Fingerprint Registration

by J.H. Wegstein

A method is described for manually

positioning a fingerprint so that manually

read minutiae data can be searched by computer

against a file of fingerprint data that has

been previously read by machine. A procedure

is also described whereby a computer can

utilize machine-read ridge-direction data in

manipulating minutiae data to effect a registration of the fingerprint prior to filing

its minutiae data.

Key words: Computerized-fingerprintidentification; fingerprint,

pattern-recognition

.

1. Introduction

The identification of a fingerprint can be automated by

utilizing data associated with two types of minute details

in the fingerprint. These minutiae are ridge endings and

bifurcations or forks in the ridges. With the fingerprint

in the first quadrant of an X-Y coordinate system, data is

obtained by reading the abscissa X, the ordinate Y, and the

angle 6 which the minutia direction makes with the X axis

for each minutia in the print. In Figure 1, if the areas

marked B are considered as ridges, then point P is the location of a ridge ending and the line GP defines the direction

of this minutia. If the areas' marked A are considered as

ridges, then point P is the location of a bifurcation and

the line GP defines the direction associated with this

minutia. Once the data is recorded, no distinction is made

between ridge endings and bifurcations because, due to variations in inking, a minutia in one impression of the print

may appear as a ridge ending, but the same minutia in a

different impression of the print may appear as a bifurcation

From studies of the requirements 1 and the problems 2 related to automated fingerprint identification using digital

data, one can define four major tasks that must be performed:

1. Reading the minutiae data.

2. The registration or placing of the print in

some standard position.
3. Classification of the print to determine

where its data should be placed in a file.

4. Comparing minutiae data from two prints to

determine whether they came from the same

finger.

Because (1) reading and (4) matching were the most critical

tasks, these were attacked first, and both of these problems

have been solved to a degree that makes the automation of a

large fingerprint identification system appear feasible.

For matching fingerprints, a procedure 3 has been

developed at the National Bureau of Standards under the

sponsorship of the Federal Bureau of Investigation that can

employ either a high speed digital computer or a speciallybuilt integrated-circuit device in determining whether two

fingerprints came from the same finger. This procedure can

utilize minutiae data that have either been read manually

(in a semi-automated system) or read by machine (in a fully

automated system).

Under sponsorship of the Federal Bureau of Investigation

the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory has developed a minutiae

and ridge direction data reader called FINDER 1* for installation in a fully automated system at the FBI. Under sponsorship of the New York State Identification and Intelligence

System (NYSIIS) the Electro Dynamic Division of General

Dynamics is developing a closed-circuit television system 5 as an aid in manually recording minutiae data.

The problem of automatically classifying single fingerprints appears to be solvable in the near future. However,

automated systems may continue to use some manual classification based on techniques drawn from existing or proposed

fingerprint identification systems 6 " 11

. The remainder of this paper is devoted to methods of

positioning fingerprints manually when minutiae data are

read manually, and registering fingerprints automatically

when minutiae data are read by machine.

2. Manual Fingerprint Registration

When minutiae data are to be read manually it is

necessary to place the fingerprint in some standard position

prior to reading data in order to minimize the amount of

computation that a computer must perform when it searches

a file in quest of a match. One method of manually obtaining minutiae data is to project the fingerprint on a ground
glass screen using a precision ten-power opaque projector.

Upon this ground glass screen is drawn the reticle shown in

Figure 2

.

The fingerprint is shifted about until the point marked

C is on the lowest full ridge that is smoothly convex upward,

that is just above the highest core. See examples in

Figure 3. At the same time, the print is set at whatever

angle causes the slanting lines of the reticle to best

coincide with the ridge directions. Figure 4 shows how the

reticle will appear on a fingerprint.

A different procedure is used with a plain arch where

no core pattern occurs. Here the ridge directions are made

to best coincide with the slanting lines of the reticle and

at the same time the print must be slid up and down in the

Y direction until the slope of the ridges is a maximum along

the X axis. Coincident with this, the print must be slid

back and forth in the X direction so that the Y axis cuts

the highest part of recurving ridges near point 0.

After the fingerprint has been positioned (registered),

the minutiae are marked as shown in Figure 1. Instead of

marking them on the ground glass, it is convenient to superimpose a piece of transparent plastic and mark both the X-Y

coordinates and the minutiae on the plastic. Next, with

point of the reticle located at an arbitrary position

(200,200), the X, Y, and 6 values for each minuta are

measured and recorded. The data will appear as shown in

Figure 5. With a 10 fold magnification, X and Y are measured

in millimeters and 6 is measured in degrees. The time

required to do this work could be greatly reduced by using

a televised fingerprint displayed on a calibrated cathode ray

tube. The operator could locate minutiae and automatically

record their data with the aid of a stylus controlling an

X-Y digitizer 5

. This manual method of positioning a fingerprint achieves

a registration approximating that of the fully automated

technique described later in this paper. Accordingly,

minutiae data read by hand can be used to search a file

generated by the fully automated system.

It is anticipated that even with a fully automated

fingerprint identification system it will be desirable to

record some minutiae data manually. This will be convenient

for training personnel intending to manage the automated

systems, for encoding poor quality prints, and most important

of all, for encoding latent fingerprints found at the scene

of a crime. Figure 6 shows latent prints found at the scene

of a crime. Such prints are often faint, blurred, and overprinted by other prints. A considerable portion of the
print may also be missing. Nevertheless, a skilled operator

can often locate and encode enough minutiae for a computerized file search. The encircled print in Figure 6 produced

data for 23 minutiae. As a preliminary experiment, this

print along with 9 other latent prints were manually encoded.

They were then searched by computer against a file of data

read by machine from 35 inked fingerprint cards that included

10 prints corresponding to the 10 latent prints. The computer successfully identified all of the latent prints. This

experiment makes the feasibility of searching latent prints

against a computerized file appear very promising for the

future

.

3. Automatic Fingerprint Registration

A block diagram for a fully automated fingerprint

identification system is shown in Figure 7. Here, where

minutiae data are to be read by machine, the registration

technique is different from that used when minutiae data

are read manually. Instead of positioning on the fingerprint

itself, the Cornell FINDER positions on the boxes of the

fingerprint card. It reads data from each of the ten boxes

for rolled prints on a standard fingerprint card. Plotted

minutiae data read by an early version of FINDER are shown

in Figure 8. A more recent version of the reader eliminates

duplicate minutiae and corrects certain errors in angles.

In addition to reading minutiae data, FINDER also produces

ridge direction data at equally spaced grid-points over the

entire print. See Figure 9. A sample of ridge direction

data is shown in Figure 11.

As indicated in Box 2 of Figure 7, this ridge direction

data is then used to compute a "center point" (XX, YY) of

the print and an angle V through which the print must be

rotated about the point (XX, YY) in order to bring the print

into a standard position. These registration parameters

(XX, YY, V ) are then used to translate and rotate both ridge

direction data and minutiae data into a standard position

(Boxes 3 and 4). A yet-to-be-developed procedure will then

use the registered ridge-direction data to compute a classification of the print (Box 5). The ridge direction data is

then discarded and the classification is used to locate the

registered minutiae data in the file.

4. Registration Procedure

A detailed computer procedure called R25 for computing

the registration parameters XX, YY and y is given in the

flow diagrams, pages 2 2 and 23 . This is a laboratory

model of the procedure that includes numerous parameters for

tuning and adjusting to get optimum performance. It contains
inefficiencies that can be readily removed after the best

values for the various parameters have been determined from

processing an adequate set of experimental data. In

addition to the standard Fortran integers and reals it contains the declared integers SW, CLU, RR, RX and the declared

reals Kl, LLX, LMW, LOX, LOY, LY, MLW, MW, MXW, and MYW.

Each of the arrays LX, PX, PY, RX, TX, TY, and YW need

provision for 50 entries. The data array A-Xs is interpreted

as follows:

A l 2 = X\ and A^ 3 = Y^

The largest value of i, called IMS, is the total number of

points in an array for a particular print. Values of IMX

as large as 680 have been found in large fingerprints.

-90<ip^<90 are the ridge directions measured in degrees.

In searching

works with the ri

determined by par

would normally be

of Figure 10 will

For each row, goi

box is slid acros

average ty for the

and the average ty negative, the box

value of the \ty

the average value

immediately below

computed for each

plain arches ther

near the core of

is shown near the

is given in Figur

follows

for the center of a print, the computer

dge directions in a box whose size is

ameters DDX and DDY. Although larger boxes

used, box A in the upper left hand corner

be used in the following explanation,

ng from the top of the print downward, the

s the print from left to right. When the

leftmost three points (MLW) is positive

for the rightmost three points (MXW) is

stops sliding. At this point the average

in box A (called LMW) is subtracted from

of |ip| (called MW) of the four points

box A. This difference TYk = MW -LMW is

row, k, and saved. In all prints except

e will be a sharp peak in the value of TYk

the print. The location where this occurs

center of Figure 10. Data for this area

e 11 and the situation is tabulated as

ROW

K Yk MLW MXW MW LMW TYk

10 148.78 23.00 -1.00 36.25 24.50 11.75 == Z3

11 136.94 15.00 -18.00 73.25 32.50 40.75 == Z2

12 125.09 30.33 -13.33 71.50 73.25 -1.75 == Zl
Once the computer has found this maximum value of TYk

at row k = 11, it performs a linear interpolation to get X' MXW (X - X ) XX = X + 5JL§ L*s

1 * 6 MLW - MXW

-18(151.74 -139.90) = l45>28 XX = 151.74 + 15 + 18

This computation of XX is shown graphically in Figure 12.

YY is computed by fitting a parabola to the peak values of

TYk.

YY = Y

11

(Y - Y ) (Z3 - Zl)

10 11

YY = 136.94 -

2 (Z3 - 2 • Z2 + Zl)

11.84 (11.74 + 1.75) = 138 . 06

2 (11.75 - 2 • 40.75 - 1.75)

This is shown graphically in Figure 13.

In the event that the maximum value of TYk is less tha

some parametric value SKK (=12), the print is taken to be a plain arch and each value of TYk is replaced by YWk. YWk

is the average value of \ty\ | for the Kth row and here again

there is a peak value at the center of the print. (By

setting SKK to some large value, YWk can be used as an

alternate method for finding YY on all types of prints, but

this method has been found to be less accurate than the

method using TYk. ) The angle A/ through which print data are to be rotated

is computed using ridge direction data from a horizontal

band whose location is determined by the values of XX and

YY. Such a band is shown by the broken line in Figure 10.

The distribution density of the \ty{\ to the left of XX is

compared with that to the right of XX. Figure 14 gives the

distribution density tables corresponding to the data in

Figure 11. For example LX =2 indicates that there are

two grid points to the left8 of XX where the angle ip = 72°.

(In practice a larger band is used and there are many more

entries in the table.) The curves representing tables LXj

and RXj are smoothed out by computing auxiliary tables LLj

and RRj as follows. The scoring weights shown in the box

6
at the left of Figure 14 are moved down the table and

applied to table LXj to get table LLj and to table RX- to

get table RR,- . For example,

RR =lxRX +2xRX +3xRX +2xRX +lxRX 5 3 4 5 6 7

+ 0+ 2 + 6+ 2+ 0=10

The peak value of LL occurs at JL = \\p\ = 71° and JR = \\p\ = 59°. Then

V= JR - JL _ _g

2

An auxiliary parameter

Kl = JR + JL = 65"

is also computed for possible use in print classification.

Registration of the ridge direction data can be

completed by first translating all coordinates so that

point (XX, YY) is moved to point (200,200). Thus a point

formerly at (145.28, 138.06) will now be located at (200,

200). Next, the coordinates of all data points are recalculated to represent a 6° clockwise rotation about the

point (200,200). The directions of the new coordinate axes

are shown in Figure 10. The same calculations are performed

on the minutiae data and this data is then ready to be filed

or searched against the file.

5. Performance Measurements *

Pairs of fingerprints representing a range of patterns

were read by FINDER at Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory to

provide data for developing, tuning, and testing the R25

registration procedure. FINDER produces angle data in

degrees and coordinate data in units of approximately .002

inch. It will read a print in about 0.5 seconds. In order

to make the coordinate data compatible with previous work at

NBS, the Cornell English units were converted to NBS metric

units of 0.1 millimeter by multiplying each coordinate value

by 0.4849. Precision was retained by using real numbers

instead of integers.
In one test, the R25 procedure was used to compute XX,

YY and V for 13 pairs of assorted prints. (Each pair of

prints were two different impressions from the same finger

read from fingerprint cards.) Each computed center point

(XX, YY) was plotted on the plot of the minutiae and the new

axes were drawn at the computed angle y for each of the 26

prints. Corresponding minutiae plots were then superimposed

so that corresponding minutiae coincided as closely as

possible. The distance between computed centers was then

measured and recorded along with the angular difference in

the directions of the coordinate axes. The results are

shown in Figure 15. The average angular difference of 2

degrees and the average distance between computed centers

of 5.5 units indicate rather good registration. (The

average distance between ridges on a fingerprint is about

5 units .

)

As a further test of reader, registration, and matcher

performance, the thirteen machine registered sets of

minutiae data were searched against the corresponding

thirteen sets of minutiae data as file prints using the

M19 matcher 3. The resulting RS score matrix is shown in

Figure 16. The diagonal scores indicate correct matches.

The column at the right labeled AS is the average offdiagonal score times 100 divided by the diagonal score.

Column CS indicates the highest off-diagonal score times

100 divided by the diagonal score (the "closed search"

score). Of the summary scores at the bottom of Figure 16,

WCS (for worst CS score) is the largest of the CS scores.

ACS. is the average CS score, and AAS is the average AS

score. AA is the average off-diagonal scores times 100

divided by the average diagonal score. OS (the "open

search" score) is the highest off-diagonal score times 100

divided by the lowest diagonal score.

As more data becomes available and numerous tuning runs

are made, the lowest summary scores will indicate the best

performance of the system. In the meantime, the low summary

scores in Figure 16 indicate very promising possibilities

for the future of automated fingerprint identification.

The computer programs used in this work were written

and managed by J.F. Rafferty of the National Bureau of

Standards. The author is indebted to Special Agent Conrad

Banner of the Federal Bureau of Investigation for his

encouragement and assistance. The work was financially

supported by the FBI.
6. References

1. Voelker, C.S., "Future Requirements for Automated

Fingerprint Identification," Law Enforcement Science

and Technology I , Thompson Book Company, Washington,

D.C. , 1967-

2. Kingston, C.R., "Problems in Semi-automated Fingerprint

Classification," Law Enforcement Science and Technology

I, Thompson Book Company , Washington, D.C, 1967

.

3. Wegstein, J.H., Automated Fingerprint Identification , National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 538, U.S.

Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C, 1970.

4. Stock, R.M., "Automatic Fingerprint Reading," Proceedings , 1972 Carnahan Conference on Electronic Crime Counter- measures , University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky,

1972.

5. Thornburg, D.D., and Madrazo, F.G., "Semi-automated

Latent Fingerprint Processing System," Proceedings, 1972

Carnahan Conference on Electronic Crime Countermeasures , University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 1972.

6. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, The Science of

Fingerprints , U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,

D.C, 1963.

7. Cherrill, F.R., The Fingerprint System at Scotland Yard , Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 195^

8. Cummins, H. and Midlo , C, Finger Prints, Palms and Soles , Dover Publications, Inc., New York" 1961.

9. Jorgensen, Hakon, Distant Identification and One-finger

Registration , Publications of International Police

Conference, Police Department, New York, 1923.

10. Collins, C.S., A Telegraphic Code for Fingerprint

Formulae , Scotland Yard, London, 1921.

11. Battley, H., Single Fingerprints , H.M. Stationery

Office, London, 1930.
Location and

of a Minutia

y

L

Unih

_j i_

So

Scale

(Note: The distance OC = 8

units is determined empirically for best agreement

between manual and automated

registration.

)

Figure 2. Reticle for

Manually Positioning

Fingerprint

10
Figure 3

.

Location of

Point C

11
d

3. RIGHT MIDDLE

* . • • # V

ass *

4 ^ ..

\

Figure 4. Manual Registration of Fingerprint

12
X

179 243 327

90 223 48

246 197 121

77 181 61

127 178 20

138 82 207

Figure 5. A Portion of Minutiae Data Read

from Fingerprint

Figure 6. Latent Fingerprint from the Scene of

a Crime

13
2.

4.

5.

1. Read

Fingerprint

Minutiae and

Ridge Direction

Data

I

Using Ridge Direction Data

Compute Registration Parameters

Center of Print (XX, YY)

Angle to Rotate Print ( V)

I

Using Registrat ion Parameters

TranEslate and Rotate Ridge

Direc;t ion Data to Standard P Dsition | I

Using Registration Parameters

Translate and Rotate Minutiae Data

to Standard Position

I

Using Registered Ridge Direction Data

Compute Fingerprint Classification

8.

Compare Registisred ; Minutia Data

with Data from Area

of File Determined

by Classificat ion

File

I 7

Store Registered Minutiae

Data in File Location

Determined by Classification

Figure 7. Fully Automated Fingerprint

Identification System

14
-jso

-Zoo

-ISO

loo

\-so

^

/

/ V

/A

X

/""

^^

_oc^®

5<? A>0 /^"<? £40 Z50 X

Figure 8. Plot of Minutiae Read by FINDER

15
y

zso

-ZOO

-ISO

-loo

/

/ //

/ / //

(D

r r r r r P J^ ^^ ~

p p p p p p JD Jo .

m p p p p p p JD JD ^£r^

00000000 m Jg __

OJ <p 0000002*0 04*

Jo ^s fff fl? ^ ffJ flj fff tff m ©

OJ flj tt) //

. <SL Q) (D ® to vB ^

m m ffl ffi A

m ro CD QJ ©

|

\ \ \ \

<> « to a> <d

(I © (s CJ ol

m ro ^Q 54 «i

—so

s-o foo /so 2oo

_L_

2SOFigure 9. Plot of Ridge Directions Read

by FINDER

16
Figure 10. Automated Fingerprint Registration

17
138

139

140

l4l

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

158

159

160

161

x

57.00

68.84

80.68

92.52

104.37

116.21

128. 0-5 139.90

151.74

163.58

175.43

187.27

199.11

210.96

128.05

139.90

151.74

163.58

y

136.94

136.94

136.94

136.94

136.94

136.94

13679^

136.94

136.94

136.94

136.94

136.94

136.94

136.94

125.09

125.09

125.09

125.09

*

75

89

•73

56

Left Side

Row k=ll

Right Side

Row k=ll

Box B

Figure 11. X Y iJj Ridge Direction Data

Corresponding to Figure 10

18
Figure 12.

Location of XX

ISO—

y=wr.7t

-MXW- -II

Figure 13.

Location of YY

yy=/3S.o6

y=/36.ir

TYn^fZ-MMS5~ 10 /5~ ZO 25- 30 3f ¥0

Average. IVI below —Avcracje Mabove

19
4

i 1

2

3

2

1

scoring

weights

j Ul LX. RX. LL. RR.

1 55

2 56 1

3 57 4

4 58 1 8

5 59 2 10

6 60 1 8

7 61 4

8 62 1 1

9 63 2

10 64 1 4

11 65 4

12 66 1 4

13 67 3

14 68 3

15 69 1 4

16 70 6

17 71 1 8

18 72 2 7

19 73 5

20 74 2

21 75

JR=59

!

•JL=71

N =

Kl =

JR - JL

JR + JL

= -6'

= 65°

Figure 14.

Calculation of V

Distance Angular

Between Difference

Print Computed Between Computed Print

Pair Centers Coordinate Positions Pattern

1 2.2 0.5 Loop

2 3.9 0.8 Plain Arch

3 4.4 1.0 Tented Arch

4 9.2 0.5 Central Pocket Loop

5 1.7 4.0 Plain Whorl

6 3.5 6.6 Loop

7 6.2 1.1 Central Pocket Loop

8 1.6 2.5 Loop (High Delta)

9 9.2 1.5 Loop (Low Delta)

10 11.1 0.5 Plain Arch

11 0.8 2.2 Loop

12 7.8 1.3 Loop

13 10.0 4.0 Double Loop

Average 5.5 2.0

NBS Units Degrees

Figure 15. Registration Performance

20
Ml 9 Parameters LTHETA

10.

LS

10.

SM KR

10.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. AS CS

1. 1-27 23 21 3 1 28 3 16 2 14 22 14 10 10 22

2. 17 150 12 3 9 8 10 23 7 33 21 12 7 9 22

3. 15 19 126 11 18 15 16 9 26 16 8 10 21

4. 12 13 ^9 23 24 17 15 9 1 7 38 20 25 65

5- 3 3 n 112 12 9 2 9 5 16 18 11 7 16

6. 32 7 23 20 7 78 17 20 13 6 29 10 12 21 41

7. 5 13 24 16 23 22 13? 6 10 2 7 34 2 10 24

8. l4 8 19 4 12 19 85 2 13 10 15 5 12 23

9- 3 5 3 5 3 11 13' 2 8 7

2 10 3 6 16

10. 16 23 13 4 4 8 3 6 16 121 21 6 12 9 19

11. 33 35 22 9 13 30 12 12 21 15 205 18 18 10 17

12. 16 20 9 9 13 18 21 19 9 10 24 151 4 9 16

13. 17 9 8 11 10 9 2 5 9 9 17 fa 14 26

Summary

Scores

wcs OS AA ACS AAS

65 65 11 25 12

Figure 16. Score Matrix

21
T^25~ Registration Procedure. "Pari 1

Read rara.mel~e.r3

ux hx iy hy mx m>y xw vs skk w yup xnu nmn

2. 'Read KD Dcda

Ident

*L

YC^HY

Loy= yc-Dvy

Hiv = yc -^DDy

TX, ~2oo, Yh/,=o

s: ^

<o. M

XC ^LLX

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23

FORM NBS-114A (1-71) 2. Gov't Accession No.

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBS TN-730

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Manual and Automated Fingerprint Registration

5. Publication Date June 1972

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

J.H. Wegstein

8. Performing Organization

10. Project/Taslc/Worlc Unit No. 6004400

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address

Federal Bureau of Investigation

Washington, D.C. 20537

13. Type of Report & Period Covered Final

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) A method is described for manually positioning a fingerprint

so that manually read minutiae data can be searched by computer

against a file of fingerprint data that has been previously read

by machine. A procedure is also described whereby a computer can utilize machine-read ridge-direction data in manipulating minutiae

data to effect a registration of the fingerprint prior to filing

its minutiae data.

17. KEY WORDS (Alphabetical order, separated by semicolons)

Computerized-fingerprint-identification; fingerprint; patternrecognition.

18. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

[)T| UNLIMITED.

I I FOR OFFICIAL DISTRIBUTION. DO NOT RELEASE

TO NTIS.

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

26

22. Price

$-35

USCOMM-DC 60244-P71

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