1

Filed 5/23/23 In re A.J. CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re A.J., a Person Coming Under the 

Juvenile Court Law.

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

A.J.,

Defendant and Appellant.

E080078

(Super.Ct.No. J279463)

ORDER MODIFYING OPINION

[NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]

THE COURT

On the court’s own motion, our nonpublished opinion filed May 19, 2023, is modified as 

follows:

In footnotes No. 2 and No. 3, the “as of” date should be May 19, 2023. The text should 

read: [as of May 19, 2023].

This modification does not change the judgment.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

McKINSTER

J.

We concur:

MILLER

J.

MENETREZ J.
1

Filed 5/19/23 In re A.J. CA4/2 (unmodified opinion)

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re A.J., a Person Coming Under the 

Juvenile Court Law.

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

A.J.,

Defendant and Appellant.

E080078

(Super.Ct.No. J279463)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. David E. Driscoll, 

Judge. Affirmed.

Jeanine G. Strong, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant.

Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Charles C. Ragland, Assistant Attorney General, Robin Urbanski and Laura 

Baggett, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
2

Defendant and appellant A.J. appeals from an order transferring jurisdiction over 

him from the juvenile court to a court of criminal justice, pursuant to Welfare and 

Institutions Code former section 707. (Stats. 2018, ch. 1012, § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 2019.) He

contends subsequent legislation applies retroactively and requires reversal so the court 

can reconsider its ruling in light of the recent ameliorative changes enacted by Assembly 

Bill No. 2361 (2021-2022 Reg. Sess.) (Stats. 2022, ch. 330, § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 2023.) The 

People agree that the changes apply retroactively in this case; however, they argue no 

remand is necessary because, given the evidence presented at the transfer hearing and the 

court’s “extensive and detailed discussion of its reasoning,” there is no reasonable 

probability it would have reached a different result under the amended law. We agree 

with the People and affirm.

I. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND AND FACTS

A. Minor’s Criminal Background.

Beginning in 2019, defendant was subject to juvenile probation after sustaining a 

violation of Penal Code section 601, subdivision (a), trespass by threat, a misdemeanor. 

He violated his probation and picked up new offenses,

1

including his current offenses,

which prompted the filing of a transfer petition to determine whether he should be 

considered an eligible and suitable subject under juvenile court law.

1

 His misdemeanor offenses include vandalism over $400 (Pen. Code, § 584, 

subd. (b)(1)) on June 24, 2019, and resisting, obstructing, or delaying a peace officer 

or emergency medical technician (Pen. Code, § 148, subd. (a)(1)) on December 4, 2019.
3

B. Defendant’s Current Offenses.

On December 29, 2020, four males, including defendant, E.W. (a juvenile), and 

J.M. (an adult), got into an argument with D.A. in front of an apartment complex. The 

group left in J.M.’s white sport utility vehicle (SUV) but returned and reengaged the 

argument with D.A. Defendant pulled out an AR-15 firearm and fired approximately 10

shots at D.A. One bullet went through the side of the apartment complex and struck a 12-

year-old girl in the arm.

Defendant’s mother’s Employment Development Department (EDD) card was 

found at the scene, along with 12 fired cartridge casings. Police spoke to J.M. (the driver 

of the SUV and person whom law enforcement initially suspected was the shooter), and 

he confirmed that defendant drew the AR-15 and fired multiple rounds. Defendant’s 

fingerprints were found on the rear door of the driver’s side of the SUV. He fled the 

scene and was later arrested in Las Vegas while in the possession of a firearm; defendant

was extradited to California in February 2021.

C. Petition and Transfer Motion.

On March 11, 2021, the San Bernardino County District Attorney filed a wardship 

petition (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 602, subd. (a)) alleging that defendant committed 

attempted murder (Pen. Code, §§ 664, 187, subd. (a)), assault with a firearm (Pen. Code, 

§ 245, subd. (a)(2)), assault by means likely to produce great bodily injury (Pen. Code, 

§ 245, subd. (a)(4)), shooting at an inhabited dwelling (Pen. Code, § 246), and possession 

of a firearm by a minor (Pen. Code, § 29610). The People requested a transfer hearing 

under Welfare and Institutions Code former section 707. 
4

D. The Transfer Hearing.

The transfer hearing was held over several days in July, August, and 

October 2022. 

1. The prosecution’s evidence.

Officer Flores had supervised defendant during his probation and prepared the 

transfer report in this case. Defendant was first placed on summary probation in 

February 2019 for misdemeanor trespass. Although he initially reported to probation, he 

subsequently committed two separate offenses, one in June for vandalism and the other in 

December 2019 for throwing rocks at cars, and he failed to complete a component class, 

provide proof of community service, and test negative for drugs. Defendant was 

rereferred to classes, but he did not complete them or report to Officer Flores.

In February 2020, Officer Flores filed a probation violation petition, which alleged 

that defendant failed to attend school, failed to report to his probation officer, smoked 

marijuana, failed to attend drug and alcohol class, failed to complete his required 

community service hours, and associated with another probationer in violation of the 

terms of his probation. She tried to work with him before submitting this petition, but he 

was not showing any effort or improvement in completing any requirement of probation. 

He was inconsistent in calling in to check with her. He “had not done any of his classes,” 

even the online ones, or completed any type of alternative community service. After he

committed his current offenses, he failed to report to Officer Flores, who was unaware of 

his whereabouts between December 9, 2020, and February 6, 2021. Thus, she issued a 

bench warrant, and he was picked up in Las Vegas. In her opinion, defendant’s criminal
5

behavior had escalated such that he was no longer a “suitable subject to be dealt with 

under juvenile hall.” She described his progress on probation as “lacking,” as if “he was 

more going through the motions” and not putting “effort into completing anything.” 

Later in the transfer hearing, Officer Flores explained that defendant was not 

referred to programs like “Info or Wraparound” because they are aimed at family

reunification for juveniles who do not have a good relationship with their families. Here, 

defendant’s family supported him and cooperated with probation; however, Officer 

Flores noted that they failed to assist him with his classes or community service. The 

officer acknowledged that she never had an issue with defendant’s attitude. Regarding 

her 2021 report’s conclusion that defendant was not suitable for the Department of 

Juvenile Justice (DJJ), she explained that he will age out when he turns 21, and the 

ARISE2 program was not available when she prepared her report. Since the transfer 

hearing was held one year after her report was prepared, she was given the opportunity 

“to do some recalculation” and reconsider her initial opinion. After doing so, Officer 

Flores informed the juvenile court that she still believed defendant was not suitable for 

juvenile court because of the number of years he has been on probation, and the fact that 

he will turn 18 in November 2022, giving him less than four years under juvenile court 

jurisdiction. Regarding the five prongs for a transfer, she had already testified about 

2

 ARISE is a San Bernardino County Probation program and stands for “A 

Restorative Integration for Successful Engagement.” The program includes a secure 

treatment facility for youth who would have previously been committed to the DJJ. (See 

<https://sanbernardinocountyprobation.org/ locations/arise-program> [as of May 22, 

2023].)
6

defendant’s rehabilitation in the juvenile court’s jurisdiction, the success of those prior 

attempts to rehabilitate, and defendant’s criminal history. Thus, regarding the remaining 

two prongs, Officer Flores opined that defendant exhibited a degree of criminal 

sophistication given the circumstances of the shooting, his evading arrest by fleeing to 

Nevada, his changing his story to police officers, and his failure to admit to committing

the offense. As for the gravity of the offense, she emphasized defendant “going back to 

his home, having time to think, shooting multiple rounds at the apartment complex,” and 

his absconding from probation and evading arrest in another state. 

On cross-examination, Officer Flores agreed that the ARISE program has taken 

over for DJJ, that it houses minors who are facing Welfare and Institutions Code

section 707, subdivision (b) offenses, is a secure facility, and offers various programs 

including “ART and Forward Thinking,” both of which defendant has completed. 

Regarding defendant’s recent performance, she testified that it was “hit or miss,” 

meaning that “some weeks, he’ll be doing good, and some weeks he’ll be not doing so 

hot.” She added that he has been in “seven 1088s and 11 code reds.” “[T]here has been 

. . . 1088 code reds that he’s been involved in where it was either a mutual fight or he was 

listed as an aggressor.” Although defendant has had some recent success in his progress 

toward rehabilitation, Officer Flores opined that he is “still having issues following the 

rules of the system and whatnot. So [she did not] know if [she] would say that he has 

within a year and a half . . . shown progress towards rehabilitation if he’s still having 

issues to this day.” 
7

Probation Officer Kim testified about the screening process to determine a 

juvenile offender’s suitability for ARISE. There are five categories: severity of the 

circumstances of the crime, past criminal history, family dynamic, treatment options at 

the community base level, along with past responses to community-based options, and 

developmental, physical, and educational needs. Officer Kim, and her supervisor, 

conducted an evaluation of defendant. They determined that he played a “very, very 

severe and active role within the crime that was committed,” he “armed himself with the 

firearm, went back to his home to get the firearm, and then confronted the [targeted 

victim] . . . pull[ing] out the firearm and basically [shooting] several rounds towards 

[him].” Also, she noted that defendant fled and evaded law enforcement while he was on 

probation, and went to Nevada where he provided a false name to police officers who 

stopped him and found a firearm in his possession.

Officer Kim testified that they considered defendant’s prior performance on 

probation, finding that “there was zero deterrence, zero effort from [him] to be 

successful.” She explained that in the ARISE program, minors “have to participate in 

treatment, education and programming, and with his records, he has shown that he will 

not participate.” Also, an important part of ARISE is family reunification and family 

services; however, the criminal history of minor’s family shows “that they are not 

responsible adults or responsible parents in the youth’s life, and therefore, . . . they 

wouldn’t participate in the program.” On cross-examination, Officer Kim was presented

with defendant’s most recent detention summary that showed improved behavior, his 

having obtained a unit job—which is a privilege—his completion of the “HIT program,”
8

his high point scores while in custody in 2021 and 2022, his enrollment in the “ART 

program” and parenting classes, and his visitation with his son. Despite this information, 

she would not change her opinion regarding his suitability for the ARISE program. On 

redirect, Officer Kim pointed out various code reds and other 1088s that defendant was

involved in during the same recent period, 

2. The defense evidence.

Defendant’s mother testified that defendant suffered from depression and mood 

swings due to recent deaths in the family. She opined that he has the appropriate family 

support to succeed in the juvenile system. However, when questioned about his 

underwhelming performance while on probation, she attributed it to her ignorance of the 

classes he was supposed to take and COVID, which prevented him from completing his 

community service requirements. She admitted that she had known where defendant was 

staying after committing his current offenses, but she did not tell police because she was 

hiring a lawyer to bring him to the police station. Defendant’s mother admitted that her 

husband (defendant’s stepfather), has a criminal record including robbery, possession of a 

firearm, and shooting at an inhabited dwelling, and is currently incarcerated. 

A private investigator with a background in law enforcement interviewed

defendant’s mother and witnesses to defendant’s current offenses, and reviewed the 

police report, Dr. Marjorie Howard-Graham’s report, the probation officer’s report, and 

defendant’s criminal history. He opined that defendant’s criminal background is not 

extensive because his crimes are minor, typical juvenile delinquency misdemeanors. 
9

Dr. Howard-Graham, a clinical psychologist, reviewed various documents (police 

reports, the initial detention report from probation, and the probable cause statement), 

interviewed and evaluated defendant, and wrote a report detailing her findings. She 

diagnosed defendant with major depressive disorder recurrent, moderate type; anxiety 

disorder; and borderline intellectual functioning. She assessed him as having a low 

moderate risk of reoffending based on a comparison of his poor performance in 

complying with the terms of his probation, his reoffending, and his association with other 

delinquents, with his resilience and strong attachments and bonds to his mother and 

family members. 

Dr. Howard-Graham offered her opinion on each of the five prongs for a transfer. 

Regarding the first prong (degree of criminal sophistication), she did not consider him to 

be criminally sophisticated because “his decision-making and his capacity to problem 

solve and think things through and make good decisions are not at a sophisticated level.” 

Regarding the second prong (rehabilitation in the juvenile court’s jurisdiction), she found 

sufficient time remained in the juvenile court’s jurisdiction for his rehabilitation because 

the ARISE program can meet his needs. Regarding the third prong (criminal history), 

Dr. Howard-Graham acknowledged defendant’s reoffending but stated: “[T]aking the 

totality of what he’s done and how he’s functioned in juvenile hall, I think it’s premature 

to say he’s established a pattern of criminal activity that’s going to persist.” Regarding 

the fourth prong (success of prior attempts to rehabilitate), she again noted that 

defendant’s reoffending is a concern, along with his poor probation performance; 

however, she found that the probation department did not have enough information about 
10

defendant’s mental health and cognitive impairment/borderline functioning intelligence 

quotient (IQ) issues to address them. Regarding the fifth prong (gravity of his current 

offenses), she opined that he was not the leader type given his lack of capacity to plan out 

a sophisticated offense, depression, anxiety, and lower IQ. Thus, Dr. Howard-Graham 

recommended that defendant stay in the DJJ.

On cross-examination, Dr. Howard-Graham acknowledged that she had not 

reviewed any of defendant’s prior probation reports or school records. She met with 

defendant one time for three and a half to four hours. She failed to interview any family 

members, the investigating detective, defendant’s probation officer, or school officials. 

She did not rely on any other doctor’s reports, but admitted that if “further contradictory 

information were to arise, [her] opinion might change.” She testified that she did not 

want to “assume, based on the evidence, that the [defendant] was, in fact, the shooter,” 

because “that’s beyond [her] scope.” 

On further cross-examination, Dr. Howard-Graham was asked whether her 

opinions regarding each of the five prongs would change if she assumed that defendant

was the shooter, he was with three coparticipants, and he hid for approximately two 

months before being arrested in Las Vegas for being in a vehicle with a firearm. She 

replied, “If it turns out that [defendant] was the shooter, then that does elevate the offense 

to being sophisticated,” but whether he is criminally sophisticated depends on whether he

was the one directing the actions of all the participants. Regarding the second prong, she 

stated that whether defendant may be rehabilitated in the DJJ is “really just based on his 

age.” Regarding the third prong, she agreed that there was an escalation from the first 
11

three misdemeanors to the assault with a firearm. Regarding the fourth prong, she agreed 

that if the probation officer informed her that defendant repeatedly failed to complete the 

terms of his probation, then prior attempts to rehabilitate were not successful. Regarding 

the fifth prong, assuming that defendant was the shooter, Dr. Howard-Graham 

acknowledged that there would only be aggravating factors but maintained they would be

weighed against defendant’s depression, anxiety, and lower IQ. 

An independent social worker prepared a report after reviewing the police reports, 

the mental health report, another psychological report, defendant’sIEP, and speaking 

with both the defendant (about an hour and a half) and his mother (about an hour). She 

noted that defendant’s mother moved about seven times since his birth to “have a better 

life” and escape “domestic situations.” Defendant did not have “much of a relationship 

with his [biological] father until about five years . . . prior to [her] report.” In elementary 

school defendant received A’s and B’s, in middle school he had B’s, C’s, and D’s and, in 

high school, his grades dropped dramatically. Defendant told the social worker that 

recent deaths in his family had impacted his behavior, causing his depression and anxiety. 

He explained that some of his recent decisions were impulsive and not necessarily right. 

The social worker described defendant’s mother as supportive. On cross-examination, 

the social worker acknowledged that she did not verify defendant’s school attendance, 

review his probation report, or interview any witnesses, investigating officers, or 

probation officers. 
12

D. Transfer Hearing Ruling.

After considering all the evidence—exhibits and testimony—and independently 

weighing the five factors set forth in section 707, subdivision (a)(2)(A)-(E), the juvenile 

court concluded the “matter should be transferred to the court of adult criminal 

jurisdiction” and ordered defendant transferred to the jurisdiction of the adult criminal 

court. We detail the juvenile court’s analysis in our discussion below. 

II. DISCUSSION

A. Welfare and Institutions Code former Section 707 and Retroactivity.

At the time of defendant’stransfer hearing, the governing law and the 

corresponding California Rules of Court required a petitioner to establish by a 

preponderance of the evidence “the minor should be transferred to a court of criminal 

jurisdiction.” (Welf. & Inst. Code, former § 707, subd. (a)(3); Cal. Rules of Court, 

rule 5.770(a).)3 Effective January 1, 2023, Assembly Bill No. 2361 raised that burden of 

proof to the clear and convincing evidence standard, and added the requirement that the 

juvenile court’s explanation for any decision to transfer “include the reasons supporting 

the court’s finding that the minor is not amenable to rehabilitation while under the 

jurisdiction of the juvenile court.” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 707, subd. (a)(3).)

Generally, ameliorative criminal legislation applies to all nonfinal judgments. 

(See In re Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 740, 748.) In People v. Superior Court (Lara)

3

 As of the filing of this opinion, the Judicial Council has not revised California 

Rules of Court, rule 5.770(a) to conform to the amended section 707. (See 

<https://www.courts.ca.gov/cms/rules/index.cfm?title=five&linkid=rule5_770> [as of 

May 22, 2023].)
13

(2018) 4 Cal.5th 299, 303, the California Supreme Court considered whether this general 

principle applied to Proposition 57, the Public Safety and Rehabilitation Act of 2016, 

which prohibited prosecutors from charging juveniles with crimes directly in adult court 

and placed the burden of proof on prosecutors at transfer hearings. Noting that “Estrada

is not directly on point,” the court nonetheless found that its rationale applies. (Lara, at 

p. 303.) The court reasoned that “[t]he possibility of being treated as a juvenile in 

juvenile court—where rehabilitation is the goal—rather than being tried and sentenced as 

an adult can result in dramatically different and more lenient treatment,” and concluded,

“[f]or this reason, Estrada’s inference of retroactivity applies.” (Ibid.)

Similar to Proposition 57, Assembly Bill No. 2361 raises the burden of proof for 

transferring a juvenile to adult criminal court and reduces the possible punishment for 

juveniles. (Lara, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 303.) Thus, the parties agree, as do we, that 

applying Lara’s reasoning to Assembly Bill No. 2361, defendant is entitled to its 

ameliorative benefits.

B. Analysis.

In deciding whether a minor should be transferred to a court of criminal 

jurisdiction, the juvenile court is required to consider five criteria: (1) “[t]he degree of 

criminal sophistication exhibited by the minor” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 707, 

subd. (a)(3)(A)(i)); (2) “[w]hether the minor can be rehabilitated prior to the expiration of 

the juvenile court’s jurisdiction” (id. at subd. (a)(3)(B)(i)); (3) “[t]he minor’s previous 

delinquent history” (id. at subd. (a)(3)(C)(i)); (4) “[s]uccess of previous attempts by the 

juvenile court to rehabilitate the minor” (id. at subd. (a)(3)(D)(i)); and (5) “[t]he 
14

circumstances and gravity of the offense alleged in the petition to have been committed 

by the minor” (id. at subd. (a)(3)(E)(i)). Applying these factors, the juvenile court makes 

a factual finding of whether the People have demonstrated that “the minor is not 

amenable to rehabilitation while under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court.” (Id., 

subd. (a)(3).)

Effective January 1, 2023, this factual finding must be made “by clear and

convincing evidence.” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 707, subd. (a)(3).) Here, the juvenile 

court’s finding was made under the former preponderance of the evidence standard. “The 

standard of proof known as clear and convincing evidence demands a degree of certainty 

greater than that involved with the preponderance standard, but less than what is required 

by the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Conservatorship of O.B. (2020) 

9 Cal.5th 989, 998; see Evid. Code, § 115.) “‘Clear and convincing’ evidence requires a 

finding of high probability.” (In re Angelia P. (1981) 28 Cal.3d 908, 919, superseded by 

statute on another issue as stated in In re Cody W. (1994) 31 Cal.App.4th 221, 229-230; 

accord CACI No. 201.) Courts have also described the standard “as requiring that the 

evidence be ‘“so clear as to leave no substantial doubt”; “sufficiently strong to command 

the unhesitating assent of every reasonable mind.”’” (In re Angelia P., at p. 919.)

Because the statutory requirement that the juvenile court apply the clear and 

convincing standard to the transfer motion under Welfare and Institutions Code 

section 707 does not implicate defendant’s constitutional rights, we apply the standard of 

People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836-837 (Watson), in determining whether the 

application of the lesser burden of proof than currently required amounted to harmless 
15

error. (See People v. Gonzalez (2018) 5 Cal.5th 186, 195 [“We evaluate nonstructural 

state law error under the harmlessness standard set forth in Watson . . . .”]; 

Conservatorship of Maria B. (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 514, 533 [in a different context, 

applying Watson to erroneous use of the preponderance of the evidence standard instead 

of clear and convincing evidence, where the higher standard was required by state law].)

Thus, we consider whether the juvenile court would make the same decision, based on 

the same evidence, but under the higher standard of proof required by Assembly Bill 

No. 2361. 

Applying Watson, we do not find it reasonably probable that the juvenile court 

would have reached a different decision under the clear and convincing standard of proof. 

The court’s detailed discussion of its reasoning acknowledged that one factor weighed in 

defendant’sfavor; there is sufficient time to rehabilitate defendant in the DJJ.4 (See 

Welf. & Inst. Code, § 707, subd. (a)(3)(B).) Nevertheless, the court also found that other 

evidence weighed heavily against a finding that defendant was amenable to rehabilitation 

under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court. 

4

 The juvenile court compared the maximum adult sentence for defendant’s 

offenses to the baseline terms for “Gateway/ARISE,” considered Dr. Graham-Howard’s 

opinion, Officer Kim’s testimony, and Officer Flores’ report, and concluded that since 

defendant “appears to have at least four years baseline term or seven years to reach the 

age of 25, during which time the juvenile justice system would retain jurisdiction, the 

probative evidence presented on this issue does not rule out the potential that the youth 

could be rehabilitated. Therefore, under this criterion, the youth is considered to be a 

suitable subject to be dealt with under juvenile court law.”
16

The circumstances of the offenses suggest that defendant had “a high degree of 

criminal sophistication.” As the juvenile court noted, defendant retrieved an AR-15 from 

his apartment, concealed it inside his pants, returned to the location where he and his 

friends had exchanged words with D.A., confronted D.A. with the firearm in hand, fired 

at D.A. as he walked away, got back in the vehicle and continued shooting from the rear 

passenger driver side as it traveled on the street.5 When interviewed by police, defendant 

5

 “The Court has determined that probative evidence establishes the following: 

The underlying shooting incident occurred during the late afternoon hours of December 

29, 2020. [Defendant] resided with his mother . . . , stepfather . . . , siblings and cousins 

in Apartment Number 4. His neighbor [J.M.], who resided in Apartment Number 5, . . . 

drove [defendant], his friend [E.W.], and another unknown youth to the Barstow liquor 

store. [J.M.] was driving a Ford Edge SUV. They intended to purchase marijuana from

the weed man, who was a pedestrian in the vicinity of the Barstow liquor store. The 

youths encountered at least two pedestrian individuals. And there was an argument 

outside of the SUV, with one side making accusations that the other side had stolen their 

dirt bike. The youths got back into the SUV, and [J.M.] drove away, with each side 

yelling at each other. [J.M.] drove to his apartment building, at which time [E.W.] 

allegedly discovered that his cell phone was missing, and he may have dropped it in the 

street during the altercation. 

“[Defendant] retrieved an AR-15 from his apartment. The firearm was also later 

described by [defendant] as an AR pistol, while denying he was the shooter when 

interviewed by an investigating officer. [Defendant] placed the firearm inside his pants 

and covered the top handle portion with his shirt, according to [J.M.]’s statement. 

“[J.M.] drove the youths to the 500 block of Fredricks Street, where they 

encountered [D.A.], about whom they had exchanged words earlier. Heated words were 

again exchanged, and there were accusations that [E.W.]’s cell phone was stolen. 

[Defendant] was seated in the backseat, behind the driver, [J.M.]. [Defendant] exited the 

vehicle, pulled the firearm out of his pants, and confronted [D.A.] According to the 

investigative police reports, two witnesses . . . stated they had observed the shooter pull 

the AR weapon out of his pants. [D.A.] may have been holding a BB gun in his hand or 

clutching his pants as if he had a firearm. 

“[D.A.] retreated, and witnesses observed [him] walking away from [defendant] 

toward the driveway to the garage structure servicing the apartment residences. 

[Defendant] fired at [D.A.] and got back into the vehicle and continued shooting from the 

rear passenger driver side of the vehicle as it traveled east on Fredericks. [D.A.] and the 

apartment residences were on the north side of Fredericks in the direct line of fire.”
17

initially denied any knowledge about the attempted murder of D.A.; however, once 

officers stated that the evidence placed him at the scene, defendant first identified his 

adult friend, J.M., as the shooter, then claimed it was a juvenile friend who was sitting in 

the back seat of the vehicle.6 The court further pointed out that defendant lied about his 

involvement in the shooting when he was evaluated by Dr. Graham-Howard.7 

Given the physical evidence, the juvenile court stated: “It is well within the realm 

of reasonable inferences that [defendant’s mother’s] EDD card fell onto the street from 

[defendant’s] clothing when he pulled the AR weapon from under his shirt and out of his 

pants, while standing in the street outside the vehicle before commencing shooting. Also, 

[defendant’s] fingerprints were found on the outside of the rear driver’s door, passenger 

side. [Defendant’s] attempt to cover up the crime by denying involvement to 

6

 The juvenile court stated: “During [defendant’s] interview with the 

investigating officers, he initially stated he did not know anything about the attempted 

murder that occurred in Barstow. However, once the officers made [defendant] aware 

that his mother’s Employment Development Department card was located on the scene, 

the youth changed his statement and admitted he was present at the time of the shooting, 

but denied he was the shooter. [¶] [Defendant] then placed the blame on his adult friend 

[J.M.] and stated he was the one that was doing the shooting. However, when the officers 

informed [defendant] there was gunshot residue found in the backseat of the vehicle, he 

changed his statement again and placed the gun in his friend Tay’s hands. [Defendant] 

was less than truthful throughout his interview with the investigating officers.” 

7 “[Defendant] was subsequently evaluated by Dr. Graham-Howard, who was 

retained by his attorney. He denied retrieving a firearm, denied possessing a firearm, and 

denied he was the shooter. He told Dr . Graham-Howard that he did not know the 

intentions of the other individuals in his group, and that he was simply in the wrong place 

at the wrong time. [¶] However, [J.M.] identified [defendant] as the shooter and 

confirmed [he] was in the rear seat on the passenger driver’s side. Additionally, the 

investigating officers found [defendant’s] mother’s Employment Development 

Department card in the street at the location where the trail of empty cartridges started, as 

evidenced by the testimony of the Detective Helms and the diagram of SCS technician.”
18

investigating officers and Dr. Graham-Howard manifests an aptitude for criminal 

sophistication. [Defendant’s] actions of retrieving and concealing the firearm in his pants 

evidences planning and criminal sophistication. Additionally, the subject firearm has 

been characterized as an AR pistol, which the Court construes to be an advanced and/or 

modified weapon. Familiarity with and use of such weaponry is indicative of a degree of

criminal sophistication. [Defendant’s] attempts to cover up the crime are also an indicia 

of a high degree of criminal sophistication. 

“The youth appreciated the consequences of his criminal acts, which is exhibited 

by the fact that he endeavored to avoid detection. He was instructed to turn himself in to 

the police by his private attorney, and he told his attorney that he would comply. Instead, 

he absconded to Las Vegas. The cover-up and attempt to avoid detection continued when 

he was picked up at a traffic stop in Las Vegas, while there was a warrant for his arrest.

“The police investigation reports establish that he attempted to mislead the officer 

as to his true identity. He was also concealing a firearm while he was speaking with the 

officer, i.e., he was sitting on a handgun in the vehicle. A search of his Las Vegas motel 

room revealed a loaded Glock 27, .40-caliber, with an extended magazine. A 50-round 

drum magazine, and an additional .40-caliber magazine. Jay Welch was also present. 

This is more evidence of [defendant’s] criminal sophistication at the time of the subject 

offenses.

“Dr . Graham-Howard has opined that [defendant’s] clinical interview and 

psychological testing rule out modifying psychological stressors and an adjustment 

disorder in [defendant’s] case. Dr. Graham-Howard diagnosed major depressive and 
19

generalized anxiety disorders, with borderline intellectual functioning. She stated that the 

youth endorsed experiencing anxiety over the future. According to Dr. Graham-Howard, 

the major contributor to [defendant’s] depression is a feeling of inferiority to his peers, 

instances of bullying, and a feeling of dissatisfaction with his inability to make friends. 

“As to cognitive functioning, Dr. Graham-Howard places the youth at a borderline 

range of intelligence. His functioning range falls between mild intellectual deficit and 

low average. But is not severe enough to meet the criteria for intellectual disability. She 

testified that [defendant’s] 3rd to 5th grade level of cognitive skills affects his judgment 

and reasoning. Dr. Graham-Howard observed and opined in the report that the youth’s 

abstract reasoning skills were fair, and he demonstrated fair judgment when he asked 

what he would do with a series of hypothetical situations. Dr. Graham-Howard 

concludes that [defendant’s] low range of cognitive skills would lead to her assessment 

that the minor is not criminally sophisticated. 

“With regard to the level of criminal sophistication evidenced by the commission 

of the underlying crime, Dr. Graham-Howard states it is unclear how much of that 

sophistication can be attached to [defendant]. This is based in part upon her assumption 

that [defendant] was not the shooter and did not play a major role in the criminal offense.

“The Court finds no probative evidence of any significant familial, adult, or peer 

pressure effect on the youth’s actions, or significant effect of the youth’s family, 

community environment, and childhood trauma on the youth’s criminal sophistication. 

[defendant] denied any history of traumatic childhood events, including verbal, 
20

emotional, or physical abuse by anyone outside or inside the family. And Dr. GrahamHoward did not allude to any such stressors or indicators as significant in her evaluation.

“There’s no probative evidence that [defendant] was succumbing to peer pressure 

or manipulation when committing the criminal offense, or that he was trying to gain favor 

with his peer group. In fact, when confronted by investigating officers with his 

involvement in the crime, he attempted to point the finger of blame at other members of 

the group, which is contrary to any desire to ingratiate himself to his peers. In this 

instance, peer pressure or manipulation, if any, had no impact on the criminal 

sophistication exhibited by the minor. Therefore, under this criterion, the youth is not 

considered a suitable subject to be dealt with under juvenile court law.”

According to the evidence, defendant’s previous delinquent history is extensive 

and serious given its short period. The juvenile court summarized defendant’s prior 

offenses and performance on probation, and the opinions of Dr. Graham-Howard, the

defense investigator, and Officer Flores.8 The court explained: “[T]he escalation of 

8

 “As to criterion number three, the youth’s previous delinquent history, Court 

finds on February 27th, 2019, the youth, [defendant], was granted summary probation 

pursuant to Welfare and Institution Code Section 725(a) following the sustained 

allegation of Penal Codes 601(a) trespass by threat, a misdemeanor. On January 18th, 

2019, it was reported to the Barstow police department that a student received messages 

on the Instagram social media site from three subjects that they were going kill him. 

While reviewing the messages, the officer heard a voice recording of [defendant’s] coparticipate saying, ‘Nobody throwing fades, we throwing bullets. And [defendant] will 

beat you up and shoot you.’ A video message [defendant]showed four semi-automatic 

handguns, which his parents later claimed to be BB guns. Ostensibly, the intent of the 

recording and video was to instill fear of being killed in the victim.

“On June 24th, 2019, [defendant’s]summary probation grant was terminated and 

he was declared a ward of the court following a subsequent sustained allegation of Penal 

[footnote continued on next page]
21

criminal activity, which includes elements of threats with the appearance of firearms, 

resisting police officer by attempting escape apprehension, and multiple violations of 

probation, all of which resulted in extended periods of time in custody, renders a finding 

by this Court that the youth is not considered to be a suitable subject to be dealt with 

under the criterion—under this particular criterion in juvenile court law.”

Next, the DJJ’s attempts to rehabilitate defendant have not been successful. The 

juvenile court pointed to defendant’s failure to comply with his probation officer’s 

Code Section 594(b)(1), vandalism over $400, a misdemeanor, and he was ordered to 

serve 30 days in custody. On June 5, 2019, Barstow police officers responded to a report 

of a patrol unit being vandalized by four juveniles. It was discovered that [defendant] 

and his coparticipants jumped on the hood, roof, and windshield of the vehicle, causing 

extensive damage.

“On December 4, 2019, [defendant] was continued a ward of the court, following 

a subsequent sustained allegation of Penal Code 148(a)(1), resisting, obstructing, or 

delaying a peace officer, which is a misdemeanor, and was ordered to serve 21 days in 

custody. 

“On November 13, 2019, an officer was dispatched to the block of Barstow Road 

in reference to rocks being thrown at four victims. The suspects were throwing rocks on 

the roadway at passing vehicles. When the officer approached the suspects, they all 

began to run into the desert area and did not listen when the officer gave them directives 

to stop.

“On March 4, 2020, [defendant] was again continued as a ward of the Court, 

following the probation violation. And he served 38 days in court—in custody. I’m 

sorry. [Defendant] failed to report to the probation office as directed multiple times.

“Dr. Graham-Howard reviewed [defendant’s] probation records and the youth’s 

history of contacts with law enforcement. According to her review of the records, 

Dr. Graham-Howard opines at page four of her report [defendant] has done poorly on 

probation with multiple violations and quote, escalation of criminal activity over time, 

end quote.

“The youth’s retained investigator, who has out-of-state employment experience 

as a parole and corrections officer, was of the opinion that the youth’s criminal history 

was not serious. The youth’s probation officer . . . testified that [defendant’s] offenses, 

both criminal and for probation violations, have been escalating and that the level of 

criminal behavior has increased over the years.”
22

directives or complete various classes and community service hours despite multiple 

referrals.9 Reviewing his juvenile detention and assessment center behavior summaries, 

the court noted that from January 2019 through March 2020, “[defendant] was placed in 

custody in juvenile hall for a total of 89 days during that time period. During which, 

while in custody, he attended and participated in unit rehabilitative programs and 

received good behavior points. However, despite his good conduct record while in 

custody, he thereafter continued to commit new offenses and multiple probation 

violations after release. 

“[F]rom March 2021, following his arrest for attempted murder, to the present, 

[defendant’s] school attendance has been excellent for the most part. He has exhibited 

positive school behavior and good academic work habits. Additionally, he has 

participated in all unit programs such as ARISE life skills, forward thinking, et cetera. 

“However, [defendant’s] attitude towards detention center staff and peer 

interaction have vacillated between good and poor. He has been a high pointer on 

occasion, and it was noted on one or two instances that he was quite helpful to the staff 

and took leadership role by counseling a youth. However, there have been a greater 

9

 “The Court finds [defendant] has not completed a component class since placed 

on probation February 27th, 2019. The youth was referred to drug and alcohol class two 

separate times, but failed to successfully complete the class. Additionally, [defendant] 

was referred to a victim awareness class two separate times. However, he failed to 

successfully complete the class. The youth failed to complete any of his required 

community service hours. [Defendant] has referred to—[defendant] was referred to 

multiple and a multitude of programs during his probation. And has failed to comply 

with his probation officer’s directives. [Defendant] was actively on probation for past 

offenses when he allegedly committed the present offenses of attempted murder.”
23

number of occasions where the youth was disrespectful to the staff and refused to follow 

directives. It was reported on multiple occasions that the youth used foul language 

towards the staff such as shut the eff up effing bitch, and flipping off the staff, while 

refusing to follow directives.”

Defendant’s attitude and behavior did not approve in 2022. As the juvenile court 

stated: “As recent as July, 2022, it was reported that the youth was not following 

directives, called staff foul names, and stated he doesn’t give an eff about his dollars. 

There have also been months in 2022, wherein the youth has been involved in code red 

physical altercations. He was most recently involved in two code reds in July 2022. The 

first incident involved [defendant]striking another youth in the face with a closed fist. 

The second incident involved a mutual physical altercation. [Defendant’s] misconduct 

has persisted, despite the fact he has been in custody in excess of 500 days. And despite 

the fact that he has been attending all unit rehabilitations, including ARISE, while in 

custody.”

The juvenile court acknowledged Dr. Graham-Howard’s testimony that the DJJ 

programs are similar to those offered by ARISE, and a youth’s performance while 

attending those programs is a good indicator as to how he or she will do in placement 

with ARISE. However, the court noted her evaluation of defendant was conducted in 

early March 2021, and “there was no testimony by Dr. Graham-Howard to the effect that 

she actually reviewed the youth’s detention behavior summary reports at any point from 

March 2021, up to the present.” Because no “basis was offered for the opinion regarding 

the youth’s performance in juvenile detention, [the court concluded that], under this 
24

criterion, the youth is not considered to be suitable for a subject to be dealt with under 

juvenile court law.” 

Finally, the gravity of the offense also weighs against retaining defendant in the 

DJJ. After summarizing the circumstances of the shooting “in a residential 

neighborhood, during daylight hours, when residents and visitors were likely to be 

involved in activities both inside and outside of the residences,” the juvenile court noted 

that “[a]t least 13 rounds were fired” at residential frontages and yards, and defendant 

shot from outside and inside the vehicle at D.A., who was retreating. The court pointed 

out that “[t]wo residential structures were hit by the gunfire. Bullets struck the front 

bedroom window area of 545 W. Fredericks Street. Four children, ages 7 to 10 were 

inside the residence, with three of the children in the front bedroom. Bullets also struck 

the front of 547 W. Fredricks, where two children ages 12 and 1 were watching TV on 

their parent’s bed. A bullet pierced the headboard and struck the 12-year-old girl in the 

arm. There was profuse bleeding, requiring immediate transport to the hospital. She was 

crying and exclaimed to her stepfather that she did not want to die.” The court described 

the offense as “heinous,” exhibiting “a callous indifference to human life.”

Regarding defendant, the juvenile court observed: “The youth presents a definite 

risk to the safety of the community. The shooting was not impulsive. The youth went 

home, retrieved the assault weapon, and concealed it on his person before returning to the 

scene. D.A. was walking away from the youth when the youth started firing. The youth 

chose to pull his weapon and shoot at D.A., rather than getting back into the vehicle and 

leaving the scene. 
25

“There have been no genuine expressions of remorse or sympathy by the youth for 

the victims. [Defendant] has not accepted any degree of accountability or responsibility 

for the incident. He initially denied that he was present at the time of the shooting. After 

being confronted with contrary evidence, he then admitted he was present, but stated that 

other members of the group were the shooters. He denied having a firearm at the scene 

and told his psychological evaluator that he was simply in the wrong place at the wrong 

time and had no idea what was about to occur.

“He also demonstrated an unwillingness to accept responsibility for his actions 

when he endeavored to avoid detection and not surrender himself when given the 

opportunity. Instead, he absconded to Las Vegas for approximately one month, where he 

was apparently poised to continue with criminal activities. He was arrested in Las Vegas 

while concealing a firearm. And there was an additional firearm and extended magazines 

located in his motel room with Jay Welch. He also attempted to hide his true identity 

from the arresting officer in Las Vegas.”

After weighing all the relevant factors and considering the totality of the 

circumstances, the juvenile court found “this matter should be transferred to the court of 

adult criminal jurisdiction.”

In short, the juvenile court’s extensive and detailed discussion of its reasoning 

acknowledged that only one criterion weighed in defendant’sfavor: that there may be 

sufficient time left to rehabilitate him in the DJJ. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 707, 

subd. (a)(3)(B).) However, the court found the other criteria weighed heavily against 

finding he was amenable to rehabilitation under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court.
26

(Id. at subd. (a)(3)(A), (C)-(E).) Given the court’s reasoning, we do not find it reasonably 

likely that its decision would have been any different had it applied the clear and 

convincing evidence standard required by current law. Nothing in the court’s statement 

of reasons suggests that it found this decision to be a close call, either in terms of 

determining the facts or weighing the applicable factors against one another, such that 

application of the heightened standard of review might have made a difference. 

Accordingly, defendant has failed to demonstrate that remand would be appropriate.

III. DISPOSITION

The juvenile court’s order granting the transfer motion is affirmed.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

McKINSTER

Acting P. J.

We concur:

MILLER

J.

MENETREZ

J.