# Patent

## Title
Humanized anti-lymphotoxin beta receptor antibodies

## Abstract

This invention concerns humanized antibodies specific for the lymphotoxin beta receptor (LT-β-R), cell lines that produce these antibodies, immunochemicals made from the antibodies, and diagnostic methods that use the antibodies. The invention also relates to the use of the antibodies alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agent(s) in therapeutic methods.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of PCT/US03/20762, filed Jul. 1, 2003, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/392,993, filed on Jul. 1, 2002, and to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/417,372, filed on Oct. 9, 2002. The entire contents of the above-referenced applications are incorporated herein by reference.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention is in the fields of immunology and cancer diagnosis and therapy. More particularly it concerns humanized antibodies specific for the lymphotoxin beta receptor (LT-β-R), cell lines that produce these antibodies, immunochemicals made from the antibodies, and diagnostic methods that use the antibodies. The invention also relates to the use of the antibodies alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agent(s) in therapeutic methods.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Lymphotoxin beta receptor (referred to herein as LT-β-R) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor family which has a well-described role both in the development of the immune system and in the functional maintenance of a number of cells in the immune system including follicular dendritic cells and a number of stromal cell types (Matsumoto et al., Immunol. Rev. 156:137 (1997). Known ligands to the LT-β-R include LTα1/β2 and a second ligand called LIGHT (Mauri et al. Immunity 8:21 (1998)). Activation of LT-β-R has been shown to induce the apoptotic death of certain cancer cell lines in vivo (PCT/US96/01386). Treatment with specific humanized anti-LT-β-R antibodies that bind to LT-β-R and has minimal immunogenicity to its subjects, would thus be useful for treating or reducing the advancement, severity or effects of neoplasia in subjects (e.g., humans).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides for humanized antibodies specific for the lymphotoxin beta receptor (LT-β-R), cell lines that produce these antibodies, immunochemicals made from the antibodies, and diagnostic methods that use the antibodies. The invention also relates to the use of the antibodies alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agent(s) in therapeutic methods. Specifically, the invention embraces a humanized antibody that specifically binds to LT-β-R (e.g., human LT-β-R). This antibody comprises light chain complementary determining regions defined by amino acid residues 24 to 34, 50 to 56 and 89 to 97 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and/or heavy chain complementary determining regions defined by amino acid residues 31 to 35, 50 to 65 and 95 to 102 of SEQ ID NO: 2 and in addition at least one (e.g., 1, 2, 3 or 4) of the following residues in its light chain: Y36, S49, T63 and F87; or at least one (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) of the following residues in its heavy chain: Y27, T30, I48, A67, L69 and F91 (Kabat numbering convention). In another embodiment the invention includes an antibody that binds to the same epitope of LT-β-R as the antibodies listed above.
In one embodiment, a humanized antibody of this invention comprises a light chain variable domain sequence defined by amino acid residues 1 to 107 of SEQ ID NO:6 and/or a heavy chain variable domain sequence defined by amino acid residues 1 to 113 of SEQ ID NO: 14. The humanized antibody may also comprise the same heavy and/or light chain polypeptide sequences as an antibody produced by the CHO cell line expressing version 4 huBHA10: “Clone 3D9” (ATCC patent deposit designation PTA-4726, deposited on Sep. 27, 2002), as described in Example 7. Clone 3D9 containing version 4 huBHA10 was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, on Sep. 27, 2002 and assigned Accession Number PTA-4726. This deposit will be maintained under the terms of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure. This deposit was made merely as a convenience for those of skill in the art. All restrictions on the availability to the public of the above ATCC deposits will be irrevocably removed upon the granting of a patent on this application.
In another embodiment, the humanized antibody of this invention substantially retains the binding properties of the parent antibody, e.g., the mouse monoclonal antibody BHA10 (described in WO 96/22788). In one embodiment the humanized antibody of this invention binds to LT-β-R with a functional affinity, for example, of about 1 pM to about 10 pM, alternatively, about 10 pM to about 20 pM, alternatively, about 20 pM to about 30 pM, alternatively, about 30 pM to about 40 pM alternatively, about 40 pM to about 50 pM, alternatively, about 50 pM to about 60 pM, alternatively, about 60 pM to about 70 pM, alternatively, about 70 pM to about 80 pM, and alternatively, about 80 pM to about 90 pM, wherein the functional affinity is measured by BIACORE (i.e., surface plasmon resonance using unlabelled reagents), or competitive binding assays
In another embodiment, the humanized antibody of this invention is linked to a cytotoxic moiety or toxin e.g., ricin A chain or Pseudonomas toxin, in the form of an immunotoxin. The humanized antibody of this invention can also be linked to a chemotherapeutic drug (e.g., Adriamycin, 5FU, Vinblastine, Actinomycin D, Etoposide, Cisplatin, Methotrexate and Doxorubicin). Alternatively, antibodies of the invention can be detectably labeled (e.g., linked to a detectable moiety, such as, for example, a radioisotope). The present invention also embraces a combination therapy in which, for example, the humanized antibody of the present invention which is linked to an a cytotoxic moiety or toxin is used in combination with a humanized antibody of the present invention which is linked to a chemotherapeutic drug. The present invention further embraces a composition suitable for administration to a mammal (e.g., human) having a tumor that expresses LTβR comprising a) a humanized anti-LTβR antibody either alone or in the form of an immunotoxin or a chemotherapeutic drug and b) a cytotoxic factor, each present in amounts effective to reduce tumor volume upon administration to the mammal. The cytotoxic factor may include, for example, TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-1, INF-γ, IL-2. Alternatively, the cytotoxic factor may be a chemotherapeutic drug. The chemotherapeutic drug may include for example, Adriamycin, 5-FU, Vinblastine, Actinomycin D, Etoposide, Cisplatin, Methotrexate and Doxorubicin.
The antibody of this invention can be, in one embodiment, a whole antibody (e.g., with two full length light chains and two full length heavy chains) of any isotype and subtype (e.g., IgM, IgD, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgE, IgA1 and IgA2); alternatively, it can be an antigen-binding fragment (e.g., Fab, F(ab′)2, and Fv) of a whole antibody.
Embraced in this invention are also a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; an isolated nucleic acid comprising a coding sequence for SEQ ID NO:5; an isolated nucleic acid comprising a coding sequence for SEQ ID NO:13; an isolated nucleic acid comprising a coding sequence for the light chain of an antibody produced by cell line Clone 3D9 (ATCC patent deposit designation PTA-4726, deposited on Sep. 27, 2002); an isolated nucleic acid comprising a coding sequence for the heavy chain of an antibody produced by cell line: Clone 3D9 (ATCC patent deposit designation PTA-4726, deposited on Sep. 27, 2002); an isolated nucleic acid comprising a coding sequence for residues 1-107 of SEQ ID NO:5; and an isolated nucleic acid comprising a coding sequence for residues 1-120 of SEQ ID NO:13.
Embraced within the present invention are also cells from cell lines that produce humanized anti-LTβR antibody, included, for example, cell line: Clone 3D9 (ATCC patent deposit designation PTA-4726). In one embodiment the cell line produces from about 250 mg/L to about 300 mg/L of said antibody, alternatively, the cell line produces from about 300 mg/L to about 350 mg/L of said antibody, alternatively, the cell line produces from about 350 mg/L to about 400 mg/L of said antibody, alternatively, the cell line produces from about 400 mg/L to about 450 mg/L of said antibody, alternatively, the cell line produces from about 450 mg/L to about 500 mg/L of said antibody, alternatively, the cell line produces from about 500 mg/L to about 550 mg/L of said antibody and alternatively, the cell line produces from about 550 mg/L to about 600 mg/L of said antibody. The concentration of the antibody produced by the cell lines is measures as a harvest titer from a 10 day fed batch culture.
The present invention also provides a method of treating or reducing the advancement, severity or effects of neoplasia in a subject (e.g., human) comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an antibody of this invention. An effective amount of the composition can be administered in one or more dosages. In another embodiment the present invention provides a method of treating or reducing the advancement, severity or effects of neoplasia in a subject (e.g., human) comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an antibody of this invention and a cytotoxic factor. The cytotoxic factor may include for example, TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-1, INF-γ, IL-2. Alternatively, the cytotoxic factor may by a chemotherapeutic drug. The chemotherapeutic drug includes, for example, Adriamycin, 5-FU, Vinblastine, Actinomycin D, Etoposide, Cisplatin, Methotrexate, DM1 and Doxorubicin.
The invention also describes antigen-binding fragments of the antibodies described herein. In one embodiment of the invention, the fragment is selected from the group consisting of a Fab fragment, a Fab′ fragment, a F(ab)2fragment, and a Fv fragment.
In another embodiment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the invention is conjugated to polyethylene glycol or albumen. In yet another embodiment, the constant region of the antibody of the invention is modified to reduce at least one constant region-mediated biological effector function relative to an unmodified antibody. In still another embodiment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the invention comprises a Fc region having an altered effector function,
The invention also describes a hybridoma cell consisting of 3D9 (ATCC Accession No. PTA-4726). In one embodiment, the hybridoma cell of the invention, produces a humanized antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a light chain comprising the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and variable region framework amino acid residues Y36, S49, and F87 (Kabat numbering system) from the monoclonal antibody BHA10, wherein the remainder of the light chain is from a human antibody. In still another embodiment, the invention provides a heavy chain comprising the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and variable region framework amino acid residues Y27 and T30 (Kabat numbering system) from the monoclonal antibody BHA10, wherein the remainder of the heavy chain is from a human antibody. In yet another embodiment, the humanized antibody of the invention comprises said heavy chain and light chains.
In one embodiment, the humanized antibody of the invention binds to lymphotoxin-β receptor (LT-β-R).
The invention also provides a humanized antibody comprising the CDRs of the BHA10 variable light chain sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 1. In another embodiment, the invention provides a humanized antibody comprising the CDRs of the BHA10 variable heavy chain sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 2.
The invention describes a humanized antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, which specifically binds LT-β-R, comprising a variable region comprising CDRs corresponding to CDRs from the mouse BHA10 antibody. In one embodiment, the fragment is a Fab fragment.
In yet another embodiment, the invention describes a method of treating or reducing cancer in a patient, comprising administering to the patient an effective dosage of the humanized antibody of the invention. The invention also describes a method of treating or reducing a solid tumor in a patient, comprising administering to the patient an effective dosage of the humanized antibody of the invention. In one embodiment of the invention, the solid tumor is selected from the group consisting of non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colorectal cancer (CRC), breast cancer, prostate cancer, gastric cancer, skin cancer, stomach cancer, esophagus cancer, and bladder cancer.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a comparison of different versions of huBHA10 (Versions 2-4) for IL-8 agonism on A375 cells. The IL-8 assay was carried out as described in Example 5. Closed square: chimeric BHA10; open circles: Version 2; closed circles: Version 3; open diamond: Version 4; open triangle: huCBE11 (positive control).
FIG. 2 shows the results of FACS analysis of purified huBHA10 antibody Versions 2-4 binding to HT29 cells. FACS analysis was carried out as in Example 8. Closed square: chimeric BHA10; open circle: Version 2; closed circles: Version 3; open diamond: Version 4; open triangle: huCBE11 (positive control); crosses: M92 (anti-CD40L antibody) (negative control).
FIG. 3 illustrates the plasmid map of pKJS077. This plasmid contains Light Chain #2 and neomycin resistance genes. The light chain expression cassette contains the human CMV immediate early promoter and first intron (containing a small deletion) as well as the human growth hormone polyadenylation sequence.
FIG. 4(A) shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding the Light Chain #2 (variable region—single underline; constant region—double underline) (SEQ ID NO:59) and FIG. 4(B) shows the corresponding amino acid sequence (variable region—single underline; constant region—double underline) (SEQ ID NO: 60).
FIG. 5 illustrates the plasmid map of pKJS078. This plasmid contains the Heavy Chain #3 and DHFR genes. The heavy chain expression cassette contains the human CMV immediate early promoter and first intron (containing a small deletion) as well as the human growth hormone polyadenylation sequence. The DHFR expression cassette contains the SV40 early promoter and SV40 polyadenylation sequence.
FIG. 6(A) shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding the heavy chain #3 (variable region—single underline; constant region—double underline) (SEQ ID NO: 61) and FIG. 6(B) shows the corresponding amino acid sequence (variable region—single underline; constant region—double underline) (SEQ ID NO: 62).



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Sequence Identification Numbers
Nucleotide and amino acid sequences referred to in the specification have been given the following sequence identification numbers:
SEQ ID NO:1—Amino acid sequence of murine BHA10 light chain variable (VH) domain.
SEQ ID NO:2—Amino acid sequence of murine BHA10 heavy chain variable (VL) domain.
SEQ ID NO:3—Nucleic acid sequence of humanized BHA10 light chain variable domain (version 1-VL#1).
SEQ ID NO:4—Amino acid sequence of humanized BHA10 light chain variable domain (version 1-VL# 1).
SEQ ID NO:5—Nucleic acid sequence of humanized BHA10 light chain variable domain (version 2-VL#2).
SEQ ID NO:6—Amino acid sequence of humanized BHA10 light chain variable domain (version 2-VL#2)
SEQ ID NO:7—Nucleic acid sequence of humanized BHA10 light chain variable domain (version 3-VL#3).
SEQ ID NO:8—Amino acid sequence of humanized BHA10 light chain variable domain (version 3-VL#3)
SEQ ID NO:9—Nucleic acid sequence of humanized BHA10 heavy chain variable domain (version 1-VH# 1)
SEQ ID NO:10—Amino acid sequence of humanized BHA10 heavy chain variable domain (version 1-VH# 1)
SEQ ID NO:11—Nucleic acid sequence of humanized BHA10 heavy chain variable domain (version 2-VH#2)
SEQ ID NO:12—Amino acid sequence of humanized BHA10 heavy chain variable domain (version 2-VH#2)
SEQ ID NO:13—Nucleic acid sequence of humanized BHA10 heavy chain variable domain (version 3-VH#3)
SEQ ID NO:14—Amino acid sequence of humanized BHA10 heavy chain variable domain (version 3-VH#3)
SEQ ID NO:15—Amino acid sequence of light chain #2 (which includes VL#2 plus light constant domain human kappa).
SEQ ID NO:16—Amino acid sequence of heavy chain #3 (which includes VH#3 plus heavy constant domain human IgG1).
SEQ ID NO:17 to SEQ ID NO:58—various primers.
SEQ ID NO: 59—Nucleic acid sequence of light chain #2 (which includes VL#2 plus light constant domain human kappa) plus start codon and signal sequence.
SEQ ID NO: 60—Amino acid sequence of light chain #2 (which includes VL#2 plus light constant domain human kappa) plus start codon and signal sequence.
SEQ ID NO: 61—Nucleic acid sequence of heavy chain #3 (which includes VH#3 plus heavy constant domain human IgG1) plus start codon and signal sequence.
SEQ ID NO: 62—Amino acid sequence of heavy chain #3 (which includes VH#3 plus heavy constant domain human IgG1) plus start codon and signal sequence.
Definitions
The terms “humanized antibody” or “reshaped antibody,” as used interchangeably herein, refer to an antibody that includes at least one humanized immunoglobulin or antibody chain (i.e., at least one humanized light or heavy chain) derived from a non-human parent antibody, typically murine, that retains or substantially retains the antigen-binding properties of the parent antibody but which is preferably less immunogenic in humans. The term “humanized immunoglobulin chain” or “humanized antibody chain” (i.e., a “humanized immunoglobulin light chain” or “humanized immunoglobulin heavy chain”) refers to an immunoglobulin or antibody chain (i.e., a light or heavy chain, respectively) having a variable region that includes a variable framework region substantially from a human immunoglobulin or antibody and complementarity determining regions (CDRs) (e.g., at least one CDR, preferably two CDRs, more preferably three CDRs) substantially from a non-human immunoglobulin or antibody, and further includes constant regions (e.g., at least one constant region or portion thereof, in the case of a light chain, and preferably three constant regions in the case of a heavy chain).
The term “region” can refer to a part or portion of an antibody chain or antibody chain domain (e.g., a part or portion of a heavy or light chain or a part or portion of a constant or variable domain, as defined herein), as well as more discrete parts or portions of said chains or domains. For example, light and heavy chains or light and heavy chain variable domains include “complementarity determining regions” or “CDRs” interspersed among “framework regions” or “FRs”, as defined herein.
The term complementarity determining region (CDR), as used herein, refers to amino acid sequences which together define the binding affinity and specificity of the natural Fv region of a native immunoglobulin binding site as delineated by Kabat et al., Sequence of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Edition, The United States Department of Health and Human Services, The United States Government Printing Office, 1991.
The term framework region (FR), as used herein, refers to amino acid sequences interposed between CDRs. These portions of the antibody serve to hold the CDRs in appropriate orientation (allows for CDRs to bind antigen).
The term constant region (CR) as used herein, refers to the portion of the antibody molecule which confers effector functions. Typically non-human (e.g., murine), constant regions are substituted by human constant regions. The constant regions of the subject chimeric or humanized antibodies are typically derived from human immunoglobulins. The heavy chain constant region can be selected from any of the five isotypes: alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma or mu. Further, heavy chains of various subclasses (such as the IgG subclasses of heavy chains) are responsible for different effector functions and thus, by choosing the desired heavy chain constant region, antibodies with desired effector function can be produced. Preferred constant regions are gamma 1 (IgG1), gamma 3 (IgG3) and gamma 4 (IgG4). More preferred is an Fc region of the gamma 1 (IgG1) isotype. The light chain constant region can be of the kappa or lambda type, preferably of the kappa type. In one embodiment the light chain constant region is the human kappa constant chain (Heiter et al. (1980) Cell 22:197-207) and the heavy constant chain is the human IgG1 constant chain (Ellison et al. (1982) Nucleic Acids Res. 10:4076-4079).
The term chimeric antibody as used herein refers to an antibody containing variable regions derived from a first species and containing constant regions derived from a second species. Typically chimeric antibodies comprise human and murine antibody fragments, generally human constant and murine variable region.
Immunoglobulins or antibodies can exist in monomeric or polymeric form, for example, IgM antibodies which exist in pentameric form and/or IgA antibodies which exist in monomeric, dimeric or multimeric form. The term “fragment” refers to a part or portion of an antibody or antibody chain comprising fewer amino acid residues than an intact or complete antibody or antibody chain. Fragments can be obtained via chemical or enzymatic treatment of an intact or complete antibody or antibody chain. Fragments can also be obtained by recombinant means. Exemplary fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fabc and/or Fv fragments. The term “antigen-binding fragment” refers to a polypeptide fragment of an immunoglobulin or antibody that binds antigen or competes with intact antibody (i.e., with the intact antibody from which they were derived) for antigen binding (i.e., specific binding).
Binding fragments are produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of intact immunoglobulins. Binding fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fabc, Fv, single chains, and single-chain antibodies. Other than “bispecific” or “bifunctional” immunoglobulins or antibodies, an immunoglobulin or antibody is understood to have each of its binding sites identical. A “bispecific” or “bifunctional antibody” is an artificial hybrid antibody having two different heavy/light chain pairs and two different binding sites. Bispecific antibodies can be produced by a variety of methods including fusion of hybridomas or linking of Fab′ fragments. See, e.g., Songsivilai & Lachmann, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 79:315-321 (1990); Kostelny et al., J. Immunol. 148, 1547-1553 (1992).
The term immunogenicity as used herein refers to a measure of the ability of a targeting protein or therapeutic moiety to elicit an immune response (humoral or cellular) when administered to a recipient. The present invention is concerned with the immunogenicity of the subject humanized antibodies.
Humanized antibody of reduced immunogenicity refers to a humanized antibody exhibiting reduced immunogenicity relative to the parent antibody, e.g., the murine antibody.
Humanized antibody substantially retaining the binding properties of the parent antibody refers to a humanized antibody which retains the ability to specifically bind the antigen recognized by the parent antibody used to produce such humanized antibody. Preferably the humanized antibody will exhibit the same or substantially the same antigen-binding affinity and avidity as the parent antibody. Ideally, the affinity of the antibody will not be less than 10% of the parent antibody affinity, more preferably not less than about 30%, and most preferably the affinity will not be less than 50% of the parent antibody. Methods for assaying antigen-binding affinity are well known in the art and include half-maximal binding assays, competition assays, and Scatchard analysis. Suitable antigen binding assays are described in this application.
A “back mutation” is a mutation introduced in a nucleotide sequence which encodes a humanized antibody, the mutation results in an amino acid corresponding to an amino acid in the parent antibody (e.g., donor antibody, for example, a murine antibody). Certain framework residues from the parent antibody may be retained during the humanization of the antibodies of the invention in order to substantially retain the binding properties of the parent antibody, while at the same time minimizing the potential immunogenicity of the resultant antibody. In one embodiment of the invention, the parent antibody is of mouse origin. For example, the back mutation changes a human framework residue to a parent murine residue. Examples of framework residues that may be back mutated include, but are not limited to, canonical residues, interface packing residues, unusual parent residues which are close to the binding site, residues in the “Vernier Zone” (which forms a platform on which the CDRs rest) (Foote & Winter, 1992, J. Mol. Biol. 224, 487-499), and those close to CDR H3.
As used herein a “conservative change” refers to alterations that are substantially conformationally or antigenically neutral, producing minimal changes in the tertiary structure of the mutant polypeptides, or producing minimal changes in the antigenic determinants of the mutant polypeptides, respectively, as compared to the native protein. When referring to the antibodies and antibody fragments of the invention, a conservative change means an amino acid substitution that does not render the antibody incapable of binding to the subject receptor. Those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to predict which amino acid substitutions can be made while maintaining a high probability of being conformationally and antigenically neutral. Such guidance is provided, for example in Berzofsky, (1985) Science 229:932-940 and Bowie et al. (1990) Science 247:1306-1310. Factors to be considered that affect the probability of maintaining conformational and antigenic neutrality include, but are not limited to: (a) substitution of hydrophobic amino acids is less likely to affect antigenicity because hydrophobic residues are more likely to be located in a protein's interior; (b) substitution of physiochemically similar, amino acids is less likely to affect conformation because the substituted amino acid structurally mimics the native amino acid; and (c) alteration of evolutionarily conserved sequences is likely to adversely affect conformation as such conservation suggests that the amino acid sequences may have functional importance. One of ordinary skill in the art will be able to assess alterations in protein conformation using well-known assays, such as, but not limited to microcomplement fixation methods (Wasserman et al. (1961) J. Immunol. 87:290-295; Levine et al. (1967) Meth. Enzymol. 11:928-936) and through binding studies using conformation-dependent monoclonal antibodies (Lewis et al. (1983) Biochem. 22:948-954).
As used herein, “therapeutic composition” refers to a composition which directly or indirectly ameliorates a disease condition. That is, administration of the composition alleviates at least one symptom of a disease or disorder.
The term “specific for,” when used to describe antibodies of the invention, indicates that the variable regions of the antibodies of the invention recognize and bind a set of one or more receptors (i.e., are able to distinguish LT-β-RS from other polypeptides by virtue of measurable differences in binding affinity, despite the possible existence of localized sequence identity, homology, or similarity between LT-β-R and such polypeptides). It will be understood that specific antibodies may also interact with other proteins (for example, Staphylococcus aureus protein A or other antibodies in ELISA techniques) through interactions with sequences outside the variable region of the antibodies, and, in particular, in the constant region of the molecule. Screening assays to determine binding specificity of an antibody of the invention are well known and routinely practiced in the art. For a comprehensive discussion of such assays, see Harlow et al. (Eds.), ANTIBODIES: A LABORATORY MANUAL; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1988, Chapter 6. Antibodies that recognize and bind fragments of the LT-β R are also contemplated, provided that the antibodies are specific for LT-β-RS. Antibodies of the invention can be produced using any method well known and routinely practiced in the art.
The term “monoclonal antibody” or “monoclonal antibody composition,” as used herein, refers to a population of antibody molecules that contain only one species of an antigen-binding site capable of immunoreacting with or binding to a particular epitope of a LT-β-R. A monoclonal antibody composition thus typically displays a single binding affinity for a particular epitope of LT-β-R with which it immunoreacts. For preparation of monoclonal antibodies directed toward LT-β-R, or derivatives, fragments, analogs or homologs thereof, any technique that provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell line culture may be utilized. Such techniques include, but are not limited to, the hybridoma technique (see Kohler & Milstein (1975) Nature 256:495-497); the trioma technique; the human B-cell hybridoma technique (see Kozbor, et al. (1983) Immunol. Today 4:72) and the EBV hybridoma technique to produce human monoclonal antibodies (see Cole, et al., 1985 In: MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND CANCER THERAPY, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96). Human monoclonal antibodies may be utilized in the practice of the present invention and may be produced by using human hybridomas (see Cote et al. (1983). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 2026-2030) or by transforming human B-cells with Epstein Barr Virus in vitro (see Cole et al. (1985) In: MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND CANCER THERAPY, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96). The chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies of the invention can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques known in the art, for example using methods described in PCT International Application No. PCT/US86/02269; European Patent Application No. 184,187; European Patent Application No. 171,496; European Patent Application No. 173,494; PCT International Publication No. WO 86/01533; U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; European Patent Application No. 125,023; Better et al. (1988) Science 240:1041-1043; Liu et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:3439-3443; Liu et al. (1987) J. Immunol. 139:3521-3526; Sun et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:214-218; Nishimura et al. (1987) Cancer Res. 47:999-1005; Wood et al. (1985) Nature 314:446-449; Shaw et al. (1988) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 80:1553-1559); Morrison (1985) Science 229:1202-1207; Oi et al. (1986) BioTechniques 4:214; U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539; Jones et al. (1986) Nature 321:552-525; Verhoeyan et al. (1988) Science 239:1534; and Beidler et al. (1988) J. Immunol. 141:4053-4060.
The present invention is directed to humanized monoclonal antibodies which bind human LT-β-R and diagnostic methods that use the antibodies as well as their use as therapeutic agents. The present invention is further directed toward nucleic acid sequences which encode said humanized antibodies, and their expression in recombinant host cells. More specifically, the present invention is directed toward humanized antibodies derived from murine BHA10 which specifically binds to human LT-β-R.
Murine BHA10 (mBHA10) is a murine IgG1, kappa antibody isolated from a mouse immunized with a human LT-β-R-Ig fusion protein (Browning et al., J. Immunol. 154: 33 (1995)). Its isolation and anti-tumor properties have been described (Browning et al. J. Exp. Med. 183:867 (1996). The hybridoma cell line which produces mBHA10 has been previously deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) according to the provisions of the Budapest Treaty by the Applicants of the present invention and was assigned the ATCC accession number HB 11795. (PCT/US96/01386). Applicants have also shown that LT-β receptor cross-linking with various agonist anti-LT-β-R antibodies activate the LT-β receptor (i.e. can mimic the effects of the natural ligands). (PCT/US96/01386). Receptor activation in turn has been shown to inhibit tumor growth in a variety of in vivo tumor models for which LT-β receptor is expressed. LT-β receptor has been shown to be expressed on a number of cancer cells including for example non small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC), colorectal cancer cells (CRC), breast cancer cells, as well as on prostate, gastric, skin, stomach, esophageal and bladder cancer cells. Non-limiting examples of tumors that the agonist LT-β-R antibodies inhibit include the following solid tumors: HT29 colon adenocarcinoma, HT3 cervical carcinoma, A375 melanoma, MDA-231 breast carcinoma and primary colon tumors. Therefore, agonist LT-β-R antibodies, particularly humanized antibodies as described herein, possess properties which render them useful for treatment of diseases wherein LT-β-R activation and/or modulation of the LT-β-R/LT-β-R ligand interaction is desirable including for example the treating or reducing the advancement, severity or effects of neoplasia in a subject (e.g., human).
Humanizing the mBHA10 monoclonal antibody including the modeling analysis and back mutations required to substantially retain the binding properties of the mBHA10 monoclonal antibody is described herein.
Modeling Analysis of the Mouse Variable Regions:
The CDRs contain the residues most likely to bind antigen and must be retained in the reshaped antibody. CDRs are defined by sequence according to Kabat et al., Sequence of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Edition, The United States Department of Health and Human Services, The United States Government Printing Office, 1991. CDRs fall into canonical classes (Chothia et al, 1989 Nature, 342, 877-883) where key residues determine to a large extent the structural conformation of the CDR loop. These residues are almost always retained in the reshaped antibody. The polypeptide sequence of the light chain variable domain of mBHA10 is shown below with the CDR's underlined and the residue position numbers are designated according with the Kabat numbering system:










 1
DIVMTQSQKF MSTSVGDRVS VTCKASQNVG INVAWYQQKP
(SEQ ID NO:1)



 


41
GQSPKSLISS ASYRYSGVPD RFTGSGSGTD FTLTITNVQS


 


81
EDLAEYFCQQ YDTYPFTFGS GTKLEIK






The polypeptide sequence of the heavy chain variable domain of mBHA10 is shown below with the CDR's underlined and the residue position number are designated according with the Kabat numbering system (which includes bolded amino acids 52a (pro), 82a (ser), 82b (ser), 82c (leu) and no amino acid at position 100):










 1
QVQLQQSGPE LVKPGASVRI SCKASGYTFT TYYLHWVKQR
(SEQ ID NO:2)



 



            aa52a


41
PGQGLEWIGW IYPGNVHAQYN EKFKGKATLT ADKSSSTAYM


 



 aa82a-82c                aa100


81
QLSSLTSEDSAIY FCARSWEGF* PYWGQGTTVT VSS






The variable light and heavy chains of mBHA10 were compared with the consensus sequences for mouse and human subgroups (Johnson, G., Wu, T. T. Kabat Database and its applications: future directions Nucleic Acid Research, 29, 205-206, 2001; Wu and Kabat, J. Exp. Med 132:211-250 (1970)) using the program FASTA. The mBHA10 variable light chain is a member of mouse kappa I with a 63.7% identity over 113 amino acids and the mBHA10 variable heavy chain is a member of mouse subgroup IIb with a 73.2% identity over 127 amino acids. The variable light chain corresponds to human kappa I with a 61.1% identity over 113 amino acids. The variable heavy chain corresponds to human subgroup I with a 62% identity over 129 amino acids.
The complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of the present invention were classified into canonical classes. The L1 loop fell into canonical class 2 (11 residue loop), L2 into class 1 (7 residues) and L3 into class 1 (9 residues). The H1 loop fell into class 1 (5 residues) allowing Leu34. The H2 and H3 loops did not belong to a canonical class. The canonical residues important for these classes are indicated in Table 1 below.










TABLE 1









L1
Class 22(I) 25(A) 29(I) 33(L) 71(Y)



L2
Class 148(I) 51(A) 52(T) 64(G)



L3
Class 190(Q) 95(P)



H1
Class 124(A) 26(G) 27(F) 29(F) 34(M) 94(R)



H2
No canonical class



H3
No canonical class










The residues at the interface between the variable light and heavy chains have been defined (Chothia et al, 1985 J. Mol. Biol., 186, 651-663). These are usually retained in the reshaped antibody. In mBHA10 several of these residues are unusual at the interface, namely tyrosine 36 and phenylalanine 87 in the variable light chain and phenylalanine 91 in variable heavy chain.
Unusual framework residues were determined by analyzing all mouse and human variable chain sequences in the September 1999 version of the Kabat database [NCBI, NIH]. It is believed that mBHA10-specific differences might indicate somatic mutations that enhance binding activity if these differences were close to the binding site. Unusual framework residues found were Y36, S49, T63 and F87 in the light chain; and Y27, T30, I48, A67, L69 and F91 in the heavy chain.
Modeling the Structure of the Variable Regions
The light and heavy chains of the present invention were aligned against the non-redundant database to determine structural frames to be used to construct three dimensional models of the light and heavy chains. Using BLAST the light chain was found to have 85% sequence identity to murine Fab fragment (12E8), and the heavy chain was found to have 81% sequence identity to murine IGGA2 Fab fragment (1PLGH). Using the molecular modeling package Sybyl (Tripos Inc.) the three dimensional structures of the light and heavy chains were built using the light chain of 12E8 and the heavy chain of 1PLGH, respectively. The structural integrity of the models was assessed at the console and were found to be reasonable.
Design of the Reshaped Variable Regions
Germline matching was used to choose human acceptor frameworks to “accept” the mBHA10 CDRs (Rosok et al. J. Biol. Chem (1996) 271:22611-22618). Both the Germline database and the non-redundant database from NCBI, ENTRZ (The National Institutes of Health) were searched using the software program IgBLAST. The choice of human acceptor frameworks was made based on sequence identity and possible back mutations
The eventual choice of human frameworks was from germline sequences L1/L15 and J1 (Bentley et al. (1983) Cell 32:181-189; Cox et al. (1994) Eur. J. Immunol., 24:827-836 and Heiter et al. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257:1516-1522) for the variable light (VL) chain and germline sequences 1-69/J6 (Tomlinson et al. (1992) J. Mol. Biol., 227:776-798 and Mattila et al. (1995) Eur. J. Immunol., 25:2578-2582) for the variable heavy (VH) chain. The human VL and VH frameworks have 21 residues differences each compared to the murine sequences.
Back Mutations of the Human Frameworks
The most unpredictable procedure in the humanization of monoclonal antibodies is the identification of critical framework residues from the parent antibody (i.e. in the present case, the parent antibody is of mouse origin) that need to be retained in order to substantially retain the binding properties of the parent antibody while at the same time minimizing the potential immunogenicity of the resultant antibody. It is especially important to retain canonical residues, interface packing residues and unusual murine residues which are close to the binding site. In addition, residues in the ‘Vernier Zone’ (which forms a platform on which the CDRs rest) (Foote & Winter, 1992 J. Mol. Biol. 224, 487-499) and those close to CDR H3 are considered. Mutations back to the parent antibody (i.e. back mutating from human framework residues to mouse) are referred to herein as back mutations.
Three versions of the reshaped variable light chain (VL#) and three versions of the reshaped variable heavy chain (VH#) have been made. In general, the first version contains the most back mutations and the third version contains the fewest (i.e. the most “humanized”). The present invention contemplates humanized antibodies derived from mBHA10 which comprise a variable light chain selected from the variable light chains described below (i.e. VL#1, VL#2 or VL#3) and a variable heavy chain selected from the variable heavy chains described below (i.e. VH#1, VH#2 or VH#3) in any combination.
Back Mutations in the Reshaped Variable Light Chain:
36 F (phenylalanine)->Y (tyrosine) This is a packing residue. It was back mutated from a phenylalanine to a tyrosine in VL# 1 and VL#2 of the variable light chain constructs but retained as a phenylalanine in VL#3 of the variable light chain constructs.
49 Y (tyrosine)->S (serine) This position is close to the CDR and is unusual in both mouse and human frameworks. It was back mutated from a tyrosine to a serine in all three versions of the variable light chain constructs.
63 S (serine)->T (threonine) This position is close to the CDR. It was back mutated from a serine to a threonine in VL#1 of the variable light chain constructs only.
87 Y (tyrosine)->F (phenylalanine) This is a packing residue and is unusual in human frameworks. It was back mutated from a tyrosine to a phenylalanine in VL# 1 and VL#2 of the variable light chain constructs but retained as a tyrosine in VL#3.
Back Mutations in the Reshaped Variable Heavy Chain:
27 G (glycine)->Y (tyrosine). This is a canonical residue which is back mutated to the murine residue in all three versions.
30 S (serine)->T (threonine). This position is close to the CDR and may influence conformation. It was back mutated from a serine to a threonine in all three versions of the variable heavy chain constructs.
48 M (methionine)->I (isoleucine) This position is close to the CDR. It was back mutated from a methionine to an isoleucine in VH#1 and VH#2 of the variable heavy chain constructs but not in VH#3.
67 V (valine)->A (alanine). This position is close to the CDR and is unusual in human frameworks. It was back mutated from a valine to an alanine in VH#1 and VH#2 of the variable heavy chain constructs but not in VH#3.
69 I (isoleucine)->L (leucine). This position is close to the CDR and is unusual in human frameworks. It was back mutated from an isoleucine to a leucine in VH#1 of the variable heavy chain constructs but not in VH#2 and VH#3.
91 Y (tyrosine)->F (phenylalanine). This is a packing residue. It was back mutated from an tyrosine to a phenylalanine in VH#1 of the variable heavy chain constructs but not in VH#2 and VH#3.
The amino acid and nucleic acid sequences of each of the different versions of the variable light and heavy chains are as follows:
Reshaped Variable Light Chains
Reshaped variable light chain of BHA10—variable light chain—version 1 (VL#1):










  1
GACATTCAGATGACCCAGTCTCCTAGCTCCCTGTCCGCCTCAGTAGGAGACAGGGTCACC
 60




D I Q M T Q S P S S L S A S V G D R V T


 


 61
ATCACCTGCAAGGCCAGTCAGAATGTGGGTATTAACGTTGCCTGGTATCAACAGAAACCA
120



I T C K A S Q N V G I N V A W Y Q Q K P


 



                                             aa36


121
GGGAAGGCTCCTAAATCACTGATTTCCTCGGCCTCCTACCGGTACAGTGGAGTCCCTTCT
180



G K A P K S L I S S A S Y R Y S G V P S


 



                        aa49


181
AGATTCACAGGCAGTGGATCTGGGACAGATTTCACTCTCACCATCAGCAGCCTGCAGCCT
240



R F T G S G S G T D F T L T I S S L Q P


 



      aa63


241
GAAGACTTCGCAACCTATTTCTGTCAGCAATATGACACCTATCCATTCACGTTCGGCCAG
300



E D F A T Y F C Q Q Y D T Y P F T F G Q


 



                 aa87


301
GGTACCAAGGTGGAGATCAAA
321



G T K V E I K






SEQ ID NO:3—represents the nucleic acid sequence of the reshaped VL#1 above.
SEQ ID NO:4—represents the amino acid sequence of the reshaped VL#1 above.
Reshaped variable light chain of BHA10—variable light chain—version 2 (VL#2):










  1
GACATTCAGATGACCCAGTCTCCTAGCTCCCTGTCCGCCTCAGTAGGAGACAGGGTCACC
 60




D I Q M T Q S P S S L S A S V G D R V T


 


 61
ATCACCTGCAAGGCCAGTCAGAATGTGGGTATTAATGTAGCCTGGTATCAACAGAAACCA
120



I T C K A S Q N V G I N V A W Y Q Q K P


 



                                        aa36


121
GGGAAGGCTCCTAAATCACTGATTTCCTCGGCCTCCTACCGGTACAGTGGAGTCCCTTCC
180



G K A P K S L I S S A S Y R Y S G V P S


 



                       aa49


181
AGATTCAGCGGCAGTGGATCTGGGACAGATTTCACTCTCACCATCAGCAGCCTCCAGCCT
240



R F S G S G S G T D F T L T I S S L Q P


 


241
GAAGACTTCGCAACCTATTTCTGTCAGCAATATGACACCTATCCATTCACGTTCGGCCAG
300



E D F A T Y F C Q Q Y D T Y P F T F G Q


 



                 aa87


301
GGTACCAAGGTGGAGATCAAA
321



G T K V E I K






SEQ ID NO:5—represents the nucleic acid sequence of the reshaped VL#2 above.
SEQ ID NO:6—represents the amino acid sequence of the reshaped VL#2 above.
Reshaped variable light chain of BHA10—variable light chain—version 3 (VL#3):










  1
GACATTCAGATGACCCAGTCTCCTAGCTCCCTGTCCGCCTCAGTAGGAGACAGGGTCACC
 60




D I Q M T Q S P S S L S A S V G D R V T


 


 61
ATCACCTGCAAGGCCAGTCAGAATGTGGGTATTAATGTAGCCTGGTTCCAACAGAAACCC
120



I T C K A S Q N V G I N V A W F Q Q K P


 


121
GGGAAGGCTCCTAAATCACTGATTTCCTCGGCCTCCTACCGGTACAGTGGAGTCCCTTCT
180



G K A P K S L I S S A S Y R Y S G V P S


 



                       aa49


181
AGATTCAGCGGCAGTGGATCTGGGACAGATTTCACTCTCACCATCAGCAGCCTGCAGCCT
240



R F S G S G S G T D F T L T I S S L Q P


 


241
GAAGACTTCGCAACCTATTACTGTCAGCAATATGACACCTATCCATTCACGTTCGGCCAG
300



E D F A T Y Y C Q Q Y D T Y P F T F G Q


 


301
GGTACCAAGGTGGAGATCAAA
321



G T K V E I K






SEQ ID NO:7—represents the nucleic acid sequence of the reshaped VL#3 above.
SEQ ID NO:8—represents the amino acid sequence of the reshaped VL#3 above.
Reshaped Variable Heavy Chains:
Reshaped variable heavy chain of BHA10—variable heavy chain—version 1 (VH#1)










  1
CAGGTCCAACTGGTGCAGTCTGGAGCTGAGGTGAAGAAGCCTGGGTCCTCAGTGAAGGTG
 60




Q V Q L V Q S G A E V K K P G S S V K V


 


 61
TCCTGCAAGGCTTCTGGCTACACTTTCACAACCTACTATTTGCACTGGGTGAGGCAGGCC
120



S C K A S G Y T F T T Y Y L H W V R Q A


 



                 aa27      aa30


121
CCTGGACAGGGACTTGAGTGGATTGGATGGATTTATCCTGGAAATGTTCATGCTCAGTAC
180



P G Q G L E  W I G W I Y P G N V H A Q Y


 



                    aa48


181
AATGAGAAGTTCAAGGGCAGGGCCACACTGACAGCAGACAAATCCACCAGCACAGCCTAC
240



N E K F K G R A T L T A D K S T S T A Y


 



                    aa67  aa69


241
ATGGAGCTCAGCAGCCTGAGGTCTGAAGATACTGCGGTCTATTTCTGTGCAAGATCCTGG
300



M E L S S L R S E D T A V Y F C A R S W


 



                                         aa91


301
GAAGGTTTTCCTTACTGGGGCCAAGGGACCACGGTCACCGTCTCCTCA
348



E G F P Y W G Q G T T V T V S S






SEQ ID NO:9—represents the nucleic acid sequence of the reshaped VH#l above.
SEQ ID NO:10—represents the amino acid sequence of the reshaped VH# 1 above (kabat numbering system which includes a proline at position 52a, serine at position 82a, a serine at position 82b, a leucine at position 82c and a missing amino acid at position 100).
Reshaped variable heavy chain of BHA10—variable heavy chain—version 2 (VH#2)










  1
CAGGTCCAACTGGTGCAGTCTGGAGCTGAGGTGAAGAAGCCTGGGTCCTCAGTGAAGGTG
 60




Q V Q L V Q S G A E V K K P G S S V K V


 


 61
TCCTGCAAGGCTTCTGGCTACACTTTCACAACCTACTATTTGCACTGGGTGAGGCAGGCC
120



S C K A S G Y T F T T Y Y L H W V R Q A


 



                 aa27      aa30


121
CCTGGACAGGGACTTGAGTGGATTGGATGGATTTATCCTGGAAATGTTCATGCTCAGTAC
180



P G Q G L E W I G W I Y P G N V H A Q Y


 



                    aa48


181
AATGAGAAGTTCAAGGGCAGGGCCACAATCACTGCAGACAAATCCACCAGCACAGCCTAC
240



N E K F K G R A T I T A D K S T S T A Y


 



                    aa67


241
ATGGAGCTCAGCAGCCTGAGGTCTGAAGATACTGCGGTCTATTACTGTGCAAGATCCTGG
300



M E L S S L R S E D T A V Y Y C A R S W


 


301
GAAGGTTTTCCTTACTGGGGCCAAGGGACCACGGTCACCGTCTCCTCA
348



E G F P Y W G Q G T T V T V S S






SEQ ID NO:11—represents the nucleic acid sequence of the reshaped VH#2 above.
SEQ ID NO:12—represents the amino acid sequence of the reshaped VH#2 above (kabat numbering system which includes a proline at position 52a, serine at position 82a, a serine at position 82b, a leucine at position 82c and a missing amino acid at position 100).
Reshaped variable heavy chain of BHA10—variable heavy chain—version 3 (VH#3)










  1
CAGGTCCAACTGGTGCAGTCTGGAGCTGAGGTGAAGAAGCCTGGGTCCTCAGTGAAGGTG
 60




Q V Q L V Q S G A E V K K P G S S V K V


 


 61
TCCTGCAAGGCTTCTGGCTACACTTTCACAACCTACTATTTGCACTGGGTGAGGCAGGCC
120



S C K A S G Y T F T T Y Y L H W V R Q A


 



                 aa27      aa30


121
CCTGGACAGGGACTTGAGTGGATGGGATGGATTTATCCTGGAAATGTTCATGCTCAGTAC
180



P G Q G L E W M G W I Y P G N V H A Q Y


 


181
AATGAGAAGTTCAAGGGCAGGGTCACAATCACTGCAGACAAATCCACCAGCACAGCCTAC
240



N E K F K G R V T I T A D K S T S T A Y


 


241
ATGGAGCTCAGCAGCCTGAGGTCTGAAGATACTGCGGTCTATTACTGTGCAAGATCCTGG
300



M E L S S L R S E D T A V Y Y C A R S W


 


301
GAAGGTTTTCCTTACTGGGGCCAAGGGACCACGGTCACCGTCTCCTCA
348



E G F P Y W G Q G T T V T V S S






SEQ ID NO:13—represents the nucleic acid sequence of the reshaped VH#3 above.
SEQ ID NO:14—represents the amino acid sequence of the reshaped VH#3 above (kabat numbering system which includes a proline at position 52a, serine at position 82a, a serine at position 82b, a leucine at position 82c and a missing amino acid at position 100).
Humanized BHA10 antibodies were constructed using the reshaped variable light and heavy chains described above and further described in Example 4. For example, the humanized BHA10 antibody version 4 (“Version 4 huBHA10”) was constructed, as described in Example 4, using expression vector pKJS49 which contains Light chain #2 in combination with expression vector pKJS46 which contains Heavy chain #3. The amino acid and nucleic acid sequences of light and heavy chains of Version 4 huBHA10 are listed below:









DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCKASQNVG INVAWYQQKP GKAPKSLISS
(SEQ ID NO: 15)



 


                                     aa36         aa49


ASYRYSGVPS RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLQP EDFATYFCQQ YDTYPFTFGQ


 


                                     aa87


GTKVEIK{RTV AAPSVFIFPP SDEQLKSGTA SVVCLLNNFY PREAKVQWKV DNALQSGNSQ


 


ESVTEQDSKD STYSLSSTLT LSKADYEKHK VYACEVTHQG LSSPVTKSFN


 


RGEC}






The above SEQ ID NO:15—represents the amino acid sequence of the light chain of Version 4 huBHA10. CDRs are underlined; back mutations Y36, S49 and F87 are bolded; the human kappa constant domain, is bracketed (kabat numbering system)









QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGSSVKV SCKASGYTFT TYYLHWVRQA PGQGLEWMGW
(SEQ ID NO: 16)



 


                           aa27 aa30


IYPGNVHAQY NEKFKGRVTI TADKSTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCARSWEGF


 


PYWGQGT TVTVSS {ASTKGPSVFP LAPSSKSTSG GTAALGCLVK


 


DYFPEPVTVS WNSGALTSGV HTFPAVLQSS GLYSLSSVVT VPSSSLGTQT


 


YICNVNHKPS NTKVDKKVEP KSCDKTHTCP PCPAPELLGG PSVFLFPPKP


 


KDTLMISRTP EVTCVVVDVS HEDPEVKFNW YVDGVEVHNA KTKPREEQYN


 


STYRVVSVLT VLHQDWLNGK EYKCKVSNKA LPAPIEKTIS KAKGQPREPQ


 


VYTLPPSRDE LTKNQVSLTC LVKGFYPSDI AVEWESNGQP ENNYKTTPPV


 


LDSDGSFFLY SKLTVDKSRW QQGNVFSCSV MHEALHNHYT QKSLSLSPG}






The above SEQ ID NO:16—represents the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of Version 4 huBHA10. CDRs are underlined; back mutations Y27 and T30 are bolded; human IgG1 constant domain is bracketed (kabat numbering system).
Other humanized antibodies comprising different versions of the reshaped light variable and heavy variable chains described herein can be made. For example, one can made an antibody comprising a human constant light chain (a non-limiting example includes the human kappa constant domain) and human constant heavy chain (a non-limiting example includes the human IgG1 constant domain) in combination with any one of the reshaped variable light chains (VL#1, VL#2 or VL#3) and the reshaped variable heavy chains (VH#1, VH#2 or VH#3).
The invention further contemplates equivalents and variants of the reshaped VH and VL sequences, e.g., those containing one or more conservative amino acid substitutions which do not substantially affect LT-β-R binding. Humanized LT-β-R antibodies containing these humanized variable heavy and light sequences may be obtained by recombinant methods as described in the Examples.
In another embodiment, immunochemical derivatives of the antibodies of this invention are contemplated including for example 1) immunotoxins (conjugates of the antibody and a cytotoxic moiety) and 2) labeled derivatives (i.e. radiolabeled, enzyme-labeled or fluorochrome-labeled) in which the label provides a means for identifying immune complexes that include the labeled antibody.
The cytotoxic moiety may be a cytotoxic drug or an enzymatically active toxin of bacterial or plant origin, or an enzymatically active fragment of such a toxin. Enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof used are diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa), ricin A chain, abrin A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleurites fordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolacca americana proteins (PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S), momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, sapaonaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, and enomycin. Alternatively, the antibodies are conjugated to small molecule anticancer drugs.
Conjugates of the monoclonal antibody are made using a variety of bifunctional protein coupling agents. Examples of such reagents are SPDP, IT, bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters such a dimethyl adipimidate HCl, active esters such as disuccinimidyl suberate, aldehydes such as glutaraldehyde, bis-azido compounds such as bis(p-azidobenzoyl)hexanediamine, bis-diazonium derivatives such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl)-ethylenediamine, diisocyanates such as tolylene 2,6-diisocyanate, and bis-active fluorine compounds such as 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. The lysing portion of a toxin may be joined to the Fab fragment of the antibodies.
Cytotoxic radiopharmaceuticals for treating cancer may be made by conjugating radioactive isotopes (e.g. I, Y, Pr) to the antibodies. The term “cytotoxic moiety” as used herein is intended to include such isotopes.
In another embodiment, liposomes are filled with a cytotoxic drug and the liposomes are coated with antibodies specifically binding a growth factor receptor. Since there are many receptor sites, this method permits delivery of large amounts of drug to the correct cell type.

Chemical Modifications

In some embodiments, the antibodies and antibody fragments of the invention may be chemically modified to provide a desired effect. For example, pegylation of antibodies and antibody fragments of the invention may be carried out by any of the pegylation reactions known in the art, as described, for example, in the following references: Focus on Growth Factors 3:4-10 (1992); EP 0 154 316; and EP 0 401 384 (each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Preferably, the pegylation is carried out via an acylation reaction or an alkylation reaction with a reactive polyethylene glycol molecule (or an analogous reactive water-soluble polymer). A preferred water-soluble polymer for pegylation of the antibodies and antibody fragments of the invention is polyethylene glycol (PEG). As used herein, “polyethylene glycol” is meant to encompass any of the forms of PEG that have been used to derivatize other proteins, such as mono (Cl-ClO) alkoxy- or aryloxy-polyethylene glycol.
Methods for preparing pegylated antibodies and antibody fragments of the invention will generally comprise the steps of (a) reacting the antibody or antibody fragment with polyethylene glycol, such as a reactive ester or aldehyde derivative of PEG, under conditions whereby the antibody or antibody fragment becomes attached to one or more PEG groups, and (b) obtaining the reaction products. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art to select the optimal reaction conditions or the acylation reactions based on known parameters and the desired result.
Pegylated antibodies and antibody fragments may generally be used to treat conditions that may be alleviated or modulated by administration of the antibodies and antibody fragments described herein. Generally the pegylated antibodies and antibody fragments have increased half-life, as compared to the nonpegylated antibodies and antibody fragments. The pegylated antibodies and antibody fragments may be employed alone, together, or in combination with other pharmaceutical compositions.
In other embodiments of the invention the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are conjugated to albumen using art recognized techniques.
In another embodiment of the invention, antibodies, or fragments thereof are modified to reduce or eliminate potential glycosylation sites. Such modified antibodies are often referred to as “aglycosylated” antibodies. In order to improve the binding affinity of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, glycosylation sites of the antibody can be altered, for example, by mutagenesis (e.g., site-directed mutagenesis). “Glycosylation sites” refer to amino acid residues which are recognized by a eukaryotic cell as locations for the attachment of sugar residues. The amino acids where carbohydrate, such as oligosaccharide, is attached are typically asparagine (N-linkage), serine (O-linkage), and threonine (O-linkage) residues. In order to identify potential glycosylation sites within an antibody or antigen-binding fragment, the sequence of the antibody is examined, for example, by using publicly available databases such as the website provided by the Center for Biological Sequence Analysis for predicting N-linked glycosylation sites and O-linked glycosylation site. Additional methods for altering glycosylation sites of antibodies are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,350,861 and 5,714,350.
In yet another embodiment of the invention, antibodies or fragments thereof can be altered wherein the constant region of the antibody is modified to reduce at least one constant region-mediated biological effector function relative to an unmodified antibody. To modify an antibody of the invention such that it exhibits reduced binding to the Fc receptor, the immunoglobulin constant region segment of the antibody can be mutated at particular regions necessary for Fc receptor (FcR) interactions (see e.g., Canfield, S. M. and S. L. Morrison (1991) J. Exp. Med. 173:1483-1491; and Lund, J. et al. (1991) J. of Immunol. 147:2657-2662). Reduction in FcR binding ability of the antibody may also reduce other effector functions which rely on FcR interactions, such as opsonization and phagocytosis and antigen-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Uses
The antibodies and labeled antibodies of the present invention may be used in a variety of immunoimaging or immunoassay procedures to detect the presence of cancer in a patient or monitor the status of such cancer in a patient already diagnosed to have it. When used to monitor the status of a cancer, a quantitative immunoassay procedure must be used. If such monitoring assays are carried out periodically and the results compared, a determination may be made regarding whether the patient's tumor burden has increased or decreased. Common assay techniques that may be used include direct and indirect assays. If the sample includes cancer cells, the labeled antibody will bind to those cells. After washing the tissue or cells to remove unbound labeled antibody, the tissue sample is read for the presence of labeled immune complexes. In indirect assays the tissue or cell sample is incubated with unlabeled monoclonal antibody. The sample is then treated with a labeled antibody against the monoclonal antibody (e.g., a labeled antimurine antibody), washed, and read for the presence of ternary complexes.
For diagnostic use the antibodies will typically be distributed in kit form. These kits will typically comprise: the antibody in labeled or unlabeled form in suitable containers, reagents for the incubations for an indirect assay, and substrates or derivatizing agents depending on the nature of the label.
In another embodiment, the antibodies of the present invention have use in treating disease conditions wherein LT-β-R activation is therapeutically beneficial. Such conditions include but are not limited to treating, preventing or reducing the advancement, severity or effects of neoplasia.
In one embodiment of the invention is a method of treating a mammal (i.e. human) for a condition associated with undesired cell proliferation by administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising humanized LT-β-R antibodies of the present invention.
In another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating a mammal (i.e. human) having a solid tumor (i.e. a carcinoma) that overexpresses LT-β-R comprising administering to said mammal a humanized LT-β-R antibody that binds to LT-β-R in an amount effective to reduce the tumor volume. Examples of cancers whose cell proliferation is modulated by LT-β-R may be screened by measuring in vitro the level of LT-β-R and/or LT-β-R ligand (ie LTα1β2 or LIGHT) message expressed in tumor tissue libraries. Tumor tissue libraries in which of LT-β-R and/or LT-β-R ligand (ie LTα1β2 or LIGHT) message is highly expressed would be candidates. Tumor types contemplated in the present invention include solid tumors including but not limited to non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colorectal cancer (CRC), breast cancer, as well as on prostate, gastric, skin, stomach, esophagus and bladder cancer.
The humanized antibodies of the subject invention which are used in treating conditions associated with undesired cell proliferation, in particular tumor therapy, advantageously inhibit tumor cell growth, as measured for example by a decrease in the tumor volume, greater than about 10%, 20%, 30% or 40% and most advantageously greater than about 50%. The humanized antibodies are obtained through screening (see, for example, the discussion in Example 10). For example, humanized antibodies for use in the present invention can be selected on the basis of decreased tumor volume versus untreated cancer cells (e.g., greater than about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50%).
The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a humanized antibody of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Suitable carriers, for example, and their formulations, are described in Remington' Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th ed., 1980, Mack Publishing Co., edited by Oslo et al. Typically an appropriate amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is used in the formulation to render the formulation isotonic. Examples of the carrier include buffers such as saline, Ringer's solution and dextrose solution. The pH of the solution is preferably from about 5 to about 8, and more preferably from about 7.4 to about 7.8. Further carriers include sustained release preparations such as semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g. liposomes, films or microparticles. It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that certain carriers may be more preferable depending upon, for example the route of administration and concentration of the pharmaceutical composition being administered.
Administration may be accomplished by injection (eg intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular) or by other methods such as infusion that ensure delivery to the bloodstream in an effective form.
The humanized antibodies of the present invention can be administered at an effective dose to treat the particular clinical condition addressed (i.e. amounts that eliminate or reduce the patient's tumor burden). They will normally be administered parenterally, when possible, at the target cell site, or intravenously. Determination of a preferred pharmaceutical formulation and a therapeutically efficient dose regiment for a given application is well within the skill of the art. The dose and dosage regime will depend upon the nature of the condition (i.e. nature of the cancer), the characteristics of the particular immunotoxin (if used), e.g. its therapeutic index, the patient and the patient's history. An effective dosage is in the range for example of about 0.05 to about 100 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day. More particularly, about 0.05 mg, 0.1 mg, 0.2 mg, 0.3 mg, 0.4 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.6 mg, 0.7 mg, 0.8 mg, 0.9 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, 5 mg, 6 mg, 7 mg, 8 mg, 9 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, or 25 mg, per kilogram body weight per day. Alternatively about 0.05 to about 100 milligrams, more particularly, about 0.05 mg, 0.1 mg, 0.2 mg, 0.3 mg, 0.4 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.6 mg, 0.7 mg, 0.8 mg, 0.9 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, 5 mg, 6 mg, 7 mg, 8 mg, 9 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, or 25 mg, per kilogram body weight per week. Alternatively about 0.05 to about 100 milligrams, more particularly, about 0.05 mg, 0.1 mg, 0.2 mg, 0.3 mg, 0.4 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.6 mg, 0.7 mg, 0.8 mg, 0.9 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, 5 mg, 6 mg, 7 mg, 8 mg, 9 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, or 25 mg, per kilogram body weight per two weeks. Alternatively about 0.05 to about 100 milligrams, more particularly, about 0.05 mg, 0.1 mg, 0.2 mg, 0.3 mg, 0.4 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.6 mg, 0.7 mg, 0.8 mg, 0.9 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, 5 mg, 6 mg, 7 mg, 8 mg, 9 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, or 25 mg, per kilogram body weight per three weeks. Alternatively about 0.05 to about 100 milligrams, more particularly, about 0.05 mg, 0.1 mg, 0.2 mg, 0.3 mg, 0.4 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.6 mg, 0.7 mg, 0.8 mg, 0.9 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, 5 mg, 6 mg, 7 mg, 8 mg, 9 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, or 25 mg, per kilogram body weight per four weeks.
In another embodiment, tumor cells are treated by 1) administering to a patient humanized antibodies of the present invention and 2) chemotherapeutic agents. Examples of chemotherapeutic agents include but are not limited to cisplatin, taxol, camptosar, adriamycin (dox), 5-FU, gemcitabine, DM-1 (available from Immunogen), vinblastine, actinomycin D, etoposide, methotrexate, and doxorubicin. Several variables will be taken into account by the ordinary artisan in determining a therapeutic regiment and dosages to be administered to an individual, including for example, the administration route and the clinical conditions of the patient. In one embodiment, the antibodies of the invention are designed to be administered in the presence of a chemotherapeutic agent or radiation. In another embodiment, the antibodies of the invention are formulated and packaged with instructions for use in conjunction with chemotherapy or radiation, or marketed or promoted for use in conjunction with chemotherapy or radiation.
Practice of the present invention will employ, unless indicated otherwise, conventional techniques of cell biology, cell culture, molecular biology, microbiology, recombinant DNA, protein chemistry, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are described in the literature. See, for example, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd edition. (Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis, eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989; DNA Cloning, Volumes I and II (D. N. Glover, ed), 1985; Oligonucleotide Synthesis, (M. J. Gait, ed.), 1984; U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195 (Mullis et al.,); Nucleic Acid Hybridization (B. D. Hames and S. J. Higgins, eds.), 1984; Transcription and Translation (B. D. Hames and S. J. Higgins, eds.), 1984; Culture of Animal Cells (R. I. Freshney, ed). Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1987; Immobilized Cells and Enzymes, IRL Press, 1986; A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning (B. Perbal), 1984; Methods in Enzymology, Volumes 154 and 155 (Wu et al., eds), Academic Press, New York; Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells (J. H. Miller and M. P. Calos, eds.), 1987, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Immunochemical Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology (Mayer and Walker, eds.), Academic Press, London, 1987; Handbook of Experiment Immunology, Volumes I-IV (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell, eds.), 1986; Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1986.
The following Examples are provided to illustrate the present invention, and should not be construed as limiting thereof.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Cloning of the muBHA10 Variable Regions
Total cellular RNA from BHA10 murine hybridoma cells (ATCC Accession No. HB-11795) was prepared using the Qiagen RNeasy mini kit following the manufacturer's recommended protocol. cDNAs encoding the variable regions of the heavy and light chains were cloned by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from total cellular RNA using the GIBCO BRL SuperScript Preamplification System for First Strand cDNA Synthesis following the manufacturer's recommended protocol using random hexamers for priming.
The primers used for PCR amplification of the murine BHA10 immunoglobulin heavy chain variable domain were: 5′ TGA GGA GAC GGT GAC CGT GGC CCT TGG CCC C 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 17) and 5′ AGG TSM ARC TGC AGS AGT CWG G 3′ (S=C/G, M=A/C, R=A/G, and W=A/T) (SEQ ID NO: 18). The BHA10 light chain variable domain containing the signal sequence was amplified with the following primers: 5′ ACT AGT CGA CAT GGG CWT CAA GAT GGA GTC ACA KWY YCW GG 3′ (K=G/T, W=A/T, and Y=C/T) (SEQ ID NO: 19) and 5′ GTT AGA TCT CCA GCT TGG TCC C 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 20). The PCR was subjected to a hot start of 3 minutes at 94° C., then 35 cycles using Clontech's AdvanTaq DNA polymerase: denature 1 minute at 94° C., anneal 1 minute at 50° C., and elongate 2 minutes at 68° C., and then a final 7 minute elongation at 68° C. The PCR products were gel-purified using the Qiagen Qiaquick gel extraction kit following the manufacturer's recommended protocol. Purified BHA10 PCR products were subcloned into Invitrogen's pCR2.1-TOPO cloning vector using their TOPO TA cloning kit following the manufacturer's recommended protocol. The heavy chain RT-PCR subclones were designated pAND138. The light chain RT-PCR subclones were designated pAND145. Inserts from multiple independent subclones were sequenced. With the exception of degenerate positions within PCR primers, the insert sequences of the independent subclones were identical. The N-terminal amino acid sequence for the mature light chain predicted by the cDNA sequence from the PCR product amplified with a signal sequence exactly matched the N-terminal sequence of purified authentic BHA10 light chain derived from Edman degradation (DIVMTQSQKF) (SEQ ID NO: 21). The predicted sequence for the mature heavy chain residues 1-16 matched that determined by Edman degradation of the deblocked purified BHA10 heavy chain ([Q] VQLQQSGPELVKPGA) (SEQ ID NO: 22).
Blast analyses of the variable domain sequences confirmed their immunoglobulin identity. The BHA10 heavy chain variable domain is a member of murine subgroup II(B). Tucker et al. Science 206:1299-1303 (1979). The BHA10 light chain variable region is a member of murine kappa subgroup I. Kabat et al. (1991) Sequence of Proteins of Immunological Interest. 5th Ed., U.S. Dept Health and Human Services. The predicted amino acid sequences of the BHA10 murine variable light and heavy domains are shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and 2, respectively.
Example 2
Construction and Expression of chBHA10
cDNAs encoding the murine BHA10 variable regions of the heavy and light chains were used to construct vectors for expression of murine-human chimeras (chBHA10) in which the muBHA10 variable regions were linked to human IgG1 (Ellison et al. (1982) Nucleic Acids Res. 10:4071-4079) and kappa constant regions (Heiter et al. (1980) Cell 22:197-207). For construction of the heavy chain chimera, a 0.32 kb partial PstI-BstEII fragment from the BHA10 heavy chain subclone pAND138 was subcloned into the dephosphorylated 2.82 kb PstI-BstEII vector fragment from the 5a8 heavy chain plasmid pLCB7 (5a8 is a molecularly cloned CD4-specific mAb-ATCC Accession No. HB-10881)), to add a murine heavy chain signal sequence at the 5′ end and a splice donor site to the 3′ end of the muBHA10 heavy chain variable region. In this plasmid, called pAND146, the heavy chain mature N-terminus is reconstituted to match the N-terminal sequence of purified authentic BHA10 heavy chain (QVQLQQSGP) (SEQ ID NO: 23). The heavy chain sequence in the resultant plasmid pAND146 was confirmed by DNA sequencing. The 0.43 kb NotI-HindIII heavy chain variable domain fragment from pAND146 and the 1.21 kb HindIII-NotI fragment from the plasmid pEAG964, containing a human IgG1 constant region, were subcloned into the NotI site of the pCEP4 (Invitrogen) EBV expression vector-derived plasmid pCH269, producing plasmid pAND147.
For construction of the light chain chimera, a 0.42 kb EcoRI fragment from the BHA10 light chain variable domain plasmid pAND145 was subcloned into the EcoRI site of the linearized, phosphatased pUC-derived cloning vector pNN09. This step added flanking NotI sites in the resulting plasmid, pAND149. The light chain sequence in plasmid pAND149 was confirmed by DNA sequencing. The 0.45 kb NotI-BglII light chain variable domain fragment from pAND149 and the 0.68 kb BclI-NotI fragment from the plasmid pEAG963, containing a human kappa light chain constant domain, were subcloned into the NotI site of the pCEP4 (Invitrogen) EBV expression vector-derived plasmid pCH269, producing plasmid pAND 151.
Expression vectors (chBHA10 heavy chain vector pAND147 and chBHA10 light chain vector pAND151) were co-transfected into 293-EBNA cells, and transfected cells were tested for antibody secretion and specificity. Empty vector-transfected cells, or cells co-transfected with EBV expression vectors for hu5c8 (a molecularly cloned CD154-specific mAb), and huCBE11 (an LT-β-R-specific mAb (the cell line of which has been assigned the ATCC patent deposit designation PTA-3357)) served as controls. Western blot analysis (developed with anti-human heavy and light chain antibodies) of protein A immunoprecipitates from whole cell lysates and conditioned medium indicated that chBHA10-transfected cells synthesized and efficiently secreted antibody heavy and light chains at levels similar to hu5c8- or huCBE11-transfected cells. FACS analysis of LT-β-R-expressing HT-29 cells stained with conditioned medium from transfected cells indicated that the chBHA10 antibody bound and produced staining patterns similar to those of muBHA10 and huCBE11, while conditioned medium from mock- and hu5c8-transfected cells failed to stain LT-β-R on HT-29 cells. Chimeric BHA10 produced from a large-scale transient transfection was purified and demonstrated to stain LT-β-R on HT-29 cells with an apparent Kd about two-fold higher than that of huCBE11, consistent with the relative affinities measured for muCBE11 and muBHA10 (Browning et al., J. Exp. Med. 183:867, 1996).
Example 3
Construction of Reshaped BHA10 Variable Domains
The BHA10 light chain variable domain corresponds to human kappa I (Hieter et al. (1980) Cell 22:197-207) and the heavy chain variable domain corresponds to human heavy subgroup I (Ellison et al. (1982) Nucleic Acids Res. 10:4071-4079). The choice of the human acceptor frameworks was by homology matching to human germline sequences using the program IgBLAST. Sato et al. Mol. Immunol. 31:371-381 (1994): human L1/L15/J1 (Bentley et al. (1983) Cell 32:181-189; Cox et al. (1994) Eur. J. Immunol., 24:827-836 and Heiter et al. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257:1516-1522) for the light chain, and human 1-69/J6 (Tomlinson et al. (1992) J. Mol. Biol., 227:776-798 and Mattila et al. (1995) Eur. J. Immunol., 25:2578-2582) for the heavy chain. Three versions of each of the variable light and variable heavy reshaped chains were designed. In general the first version contains the most back mutations to the murine donor sequences, while the third version contains the fewest (i.e., the most “humanized”).
The BHA10 variable regions were made by a combination of unique site elimination (USE) and Quikchange mutagenesis using Clontech's Transformer mutagenesis and Stratagene's Quikchange mutagenesis kits and following the manufacturers' recommended protocols. The chBHA10 variable domain plasmids pAND146 and pAND149 were used as starting templates. The mutagenic primers for the framework (FR) changes are described below. The cDNA sequences of the human acceptor frameworks were used, with silent mutations introduced to produce restriction site changes to facilitate identification of mutated plasmids. Mutated plasmids were identified by screening for the introduced restriction site changes. The variable region cDNA sequences in the resultant plasmids were confirmed by DNA sequencing.
The various BHA10 based plasmids and corresponding expression vectors described below are listed in Table 2.
Reshaped Variable Heavy Chains (VH)
Variable heavy chain, version 1, was initially mutated by USE mutagenesis using pAND146 template with framework 2 (FR2) primer 5′ GCA CTG GGT GAG GCA GGC CCC TGG ACA GGG ACT TG 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 24) deleting a Stul restriction site and creating plasmid pKJS030. That plasmid was subsequently subjected to two rounds of Quikchange mutagenesis with oligo pairs 5′ CCC AGG TCC AAC TGG TGC AGT CTG GAG CTG AGG 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 25) and its complement for framework 1 (FR1) and 5′ GAA GTT CAA GGG CAG GGC CAC ACT GAC AGC AGA CAA ATC CAC CAG CAC AGC CTA CAT GGA GCT CAG CAG CCT GAG GTC TGA AGA TAC TGC GGT CTA TTT CTG TGC AAG ATC C 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 26) and its complement for framework 3 (FR3), with each pair deleting a PstI site. The resultant reshaped variable heavy chain (VH#1) plasmid was designated pKJS036.
Variable heavy chain, version 2, used pAND146 template which was subjected to a single round of USE mutagenesis with framework 1 primer 5′ CAG GTC CAA CTG GTG CAG TCT GGA GCT GAG GTG AAG AAG CCT GGG TCC TCA GTG AAG GTG TCC TGC AAG GC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 27) deleting EcoRV and PstI sites; framework 2 primer 5′ GCA CTG GGT GAG GCA GGC CCC TGG ACA GGG ACT TG 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 28) deleting a StuI site; and framework 3 primer 5′ GAA GTT CAA GGG CAG GGC CAC AAT CAC TGC AGA CAA ATC CAC CAG CAC AGC CTA CAT GGA GCT CAG CAG CCT GAG GTC TGA AGA TAC TGC GGT CTA TTA CTG TGC AAG ATC C 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 29) generating a SacI site. The resultant reshaped variable heavy chain (VH#2) plasmid was designated pKJS031.
Variable heavy chain, version 3, was initially mutated by USE mutagenesis using pAND146 template with framework 1 primer 5′ CAG GTC CAA CTG GTG CAG TCT GGA GCT GAG GTG AAG AAG CCT GGG TCC TCA GTG AAG GTG TCC TGC AAG GC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 30) which deleted EcoRV and PstI sites and framework 3 primer 5′ GAA GTT CAA GGG CAG GGT CAC AAT CAC TGC AGA CAA ATC CAC CAG CAC AGC CTA CAT GGA GCT CAG CAG CCT GAG GTC TGA AGA TAC TGC GGT CTA TTA CTG TGC AAG ATC C 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 31) which generated a SacI site, creating plasmid pKJS032. Plasmid pKJS032 was then used as a template for Quikchange mutagenesis with the framework 2 primer pair 5′ GGC CCC TGG ACA GGG ACT TGA GTG GAT GGG ATG GAT TTA TCC TGG 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 32) and its complement resulting in the loss of a HpaII site. The resultant reshaped variable heavy chain (VH#3) plasmid was designated pKJS037.
Expression vectors for the huBHA10 heavy chains were made by subcloning the 0.425 kb NotI-HindIII heavy chain variable domain fragments from pKJS036, pKJS031, or pKJS037, and the 1.21 kb HindIII-NotI fragment from the plasmid pEAG964, containing a human IgG1 constant region, into the NotI site of the pCEP4 EBV expression vector-derived plasmid pCH274, producing heavy chain expression vectors pKJS044 (heavy chain #1 expression vector), pKJS045 (heavy chain #2 expression vector), and pKJS046 (heavy chain #3 expression vector).
Reshaped Variable Light Chain (VL)
Variable light chain, version 1, initially underwent USE mutagenesis on template plasmid pAND149 with framework 1 primer 5′ GAT GGA GAC ATT CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCT AGC TCC CTG TCC GCC TCA GTA GGA GAC AGG GTC ACC ATC ACC TGC AAG GC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 33), the framework 2 primer 5′ GTA GCC TGG TTC CAA CAG AAA CCC GGG AAG GCT CCT AAA TCA C 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 34) which introduced an XmaI site, the 5′ framework 3 primer 5′ CAG TGG AGT CCC TTC TAG ATT CAC AGG CAG 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 35) which introduced a XbaI site, and the 3′ framework 3 primer 5′ CTC ACC ATC AGC AGC CTG CAG CCT GAA GAC TTC GCA ACC TAT TTC TGT CAG C 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 36) which introduced a PstI site. The resultant plasmid was designated pKJS033. Plasmid pKJS033 contained undesirable residues within framework 2 and was therefore subjected to Quikchange mutagenesis using a second framework 2 primer pair 5′ GGG TAT TAA TGT AGC CTG GTA TCA ACA GAA ACC AGG GAA GGC TCC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 37) and its complement, which removed the XmaI site and added a BclI site. Plasmid pKJS033 also underwent an additional round of Quikchange mutagenesis with the framework 4 primer pair 5′ CCT ATC CAT TCA CGT TCG GCC AGG GTA CCA AGG TGG AGA TCT AAC AAG GGC G 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 38) and its complement, introducing a unique KpnI site. These reactions generated plasmid pKJS038. Plasmid pKJS038 contained errors within framework 2 and was therefore subjected to an additional round of Quikchange mutagenesis with a third framework 2 primer pair, 5′ CCC TGG TTT CTG TTG ATA CCA GGC AAC GTT AAT ACC CAC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 39) and its complement, resulting in the loss of the BclI site. The resultant reshaped variable light chain (VL#1) plasmid was designated pKJS051.
Variable light chain version 2 initially underwent USE mutagenesis on template Plasmid pAND149 with the framework 1 primer 5′ GAT GGA GAC ATT CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCT AGC TCC CTG TCC GCC TCA GTA GGA GAC AGG GTC ACC ATC ACC TGC AAG GC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 40), the framework 2 primer 5′ GTA GCC TGG TTC CAA CAG AAA CCC GGG AAG GCT CCT AAA TCA C 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 41) which added an XmaI site, with the 5′ framework 3 primer 5′ CAG TGG AGT CCC TTC TAG ATT CAG CGG CAG TGG ATC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 42) which added an XbaI site, and with the 3′ framework 3 primer 5′CTC ACC ATC AGC AGC CTG CAG CCT GAA GAC TTC GCA ACC TAT TTC TGT CAG C 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 43) which added a PstI site. The resultant plasmid was designated pKJS034. Plasmid pKJS034 contained undesirable mutations within both framework 3 and framework 2. The framework 3 mutations were corrected in plasmid pKJS034 by successive rounds of Quikchange mutagenesis using the new 3′ framework 3 primer pair 5′ GCT GAC AGA AAT AGG TTG CGA AGT CTT CAG GCT GGA GGC TGC TGA TGG 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 44) and its complement, which removed the PstI site; and the new 5′ framework 3 primer 5′ GGT ACA GTG GAG TCC CTT CCA GAT TCA GCG GCA GTG GAT CTG GG 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 45) and its complement, which removed the XbaI site. Framework 2 errors on pKJS034 were then corrected by another round of mutagenesis with the primer pair 5′ GGG TAT TAA TGT AGC CTG GTA TCA ACA GAA ACC AGG GAA GGC TCC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 46) and its complement, which removed the XmaI site and added a BclI site. Plasmid pKJS034 was then subjected to a final round of Quikchange mutagenesis with the framework 4 primer pair 5′ CCT ATC CAT TCA CGT TCG GCC AGG GTA CCA AGG TGG AGA TCT AAC AAG GGC G 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 47) and its complement, which introduced a KpnI site. The resultant reshaped variable light chain (VL#2) plasmid was designated pKJS039.
Variable light chain version 3 initially underwent USE mutagenesis on template plasmid pAND149 with the framework 1 primer 5′ GAT GGA GAC ATT CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCT AGC TCC CTG TCC GCC TCA GTA GGA GAC AGG GTC ACC ATC ACC TGC AAG GC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 48), the framework 2 primer 5′ GTA GCC TGG TTC CAA CAG AAA CCC GGG AAG GCT CCT AAA TCA C 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 49) incorporating an XmaI site, the 5′ framework 3 primer 5′ CAG TGG AGT CCC TTC TAG ATT CAG CGG CAG TGG ATC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 50) incorporating an XbaI site, and the 3′ framework 3 primer 5′ CTC ACC ATC AGC AGC CTG CAG CCT GAA GAC TTC GCA ACC TAT TAC TGT CAG CAA TAT G 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 51) incorporating a Pst I site, generating pKJS035. Plasmid pKJS035 underwent a single round of Quikchange mutagenesis with the framework 4 primer pair 5′ CCT ATC CAT TCA CGT TCG GCC AGG GTA CCA AGG TGG AGA TCT AAC AAG GGC G 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 52) and its complement, incorporating a new KpnI site. The resultant reshaped variable light chain (VL#3) plasmid was designated pKJS040.
Expression vectors for the huBHA10 light chains were made by subcloning the 0.453 kb NotI-BglII light chain variable domain fragments from pKJS051, pKJS039, or pKJS040 and the 0.678 kb BclI-NotI fragment from the plasmid pEAG963, containing a human kappa light chain constant domain into the NotI site of the pCEP4 EBV expression vector-derived plasmid pCH274, producing light chain expression vectors pKJS048 (light chain #1 expression vector), pKJS049 (light chain #2 expression vector), and pKJS050 (light chain #3 expression vector).
Example 4
Construction and Expression of Reshaped Humanized BHA10 Antibodies (Versions 1, 2, 3 and 4)
The various expression vectors described above were paired together and are listed and described in Table 2 and were co-transfected into 293-EBNA cells. Version 1 huBHA10 comprised the pairing of pKJS44 (heavy chain #1 expression vector) and pKJS48 (light chain #1 expression vector); Version 2 huBHA10 comprised the pairing of pKJS45 (heavy chain #2 expression vector) and pKJS49 (light chain #2 expression vector); Version 3 huBHA10 comprised the pairing of pKJS46 (heavy chain #3 expression vector) and pKJS50 (light chain #3 expression vector); and Version 4 huBHA10 comprised the pairing of pKJS46 (heavy chain #3 expression vector) and pKJS49 (light chain #2 expression vector). The vectors were co-transfected into 293-EBNA cells and these transfected cells were tested for antibody secretion and specificity. Western blot analysis (detection with anti-human heavy and light chain antibodies) of conditioned medium indicated that huBHA10-transfected cells synthesized and efficiently secreted heavy and light chains at levels similar to chBHA10-transfected cells. FACS analysis of LT-β-R-expressing HT-29 cells stained with conditioned medium from transfected cells indicated that the Version 3 huBHA10 mAb bound less well than Version 2 huBHA10 which was similar to chBHA10 (FIG. 3). Mix and match co-transfections suggested that the reduction could be attributed to the variable light chain (VL#3) of Version 3 (FIG. 2), which differed from Version 2's variable light chain (VL#2) at two framework residues: residues 36 and 87. Version 4 huBHA10 was then constructed by pairing pKJS46 (heavy chain #3 expression vector) and pKJS49 (light chain #2 expression vector).
Co-transfections of 293-EBNA cells with chBHA10 and huBHA10 Versions 1-4 were scaled up and conditioned medium was harvested. Antibody was purified on Protein A-Sepharose and purified mAbs were assayed for activity. Binding to the lymphotoxin-beta receptor was determined by FACS analysis of protein A-purified antibodies on the cell-line HT29.
Example 5
IL-8—Agonism on A375 Cells
A375 cells were plated at 105/ml into 96-well plates containing either soluble antibodies or antibodies captured onto goat anti-human IgG Fc (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories)-coated wells. The culture plates were incubated overnight. Protein-A purified antibodies from 293-E cells transfected with BHA10 variants were assayed at the indicated concentrations shown in FIG. 1. Protein A purified hu-CBE11 was used as a positive control. IL-8 agonism on A375 cells is shown in FIG. 1. Rank ordering of bioactivity was chBHA10=Version 4 huBHA10=Version 2 huBHA10>Version 3 huBHA10. Because Version 4 huBHA10 was more humanized than Version 2 huBHA10, it was selected for the generation of a stable CHO cell line.
Example 6
Construction of Stable CHO Expression Vectors for Version 4 huBHA10
EBV expression vectors for huBHA10 Version 4 (light chain #2 expression vector: pKJS049; heavy chain #3 expression vector: pKJS046) were co-transfected into 293-EBNA cells and transfected cells were tested for antibody secretion. Western blot analysis of conditioned medium confirmed that transfected cells synthesized and efficiently secreted heavy and light chains. The EBV vectors contain extraneous 5′ and 3′ UTRs and an intron separating the immunoglobulin variable domain and the constant domain, whereas cDNA is desired for the stable CHO expression vector(s). Therefore, the cDNAs were cloned by RT-PCR.
Total cellular RNA from transiently-co-transfected huBHA10-expressing cells was prepared using a Qiagen RNeasy mini kit following the manufacturer's recommended protocol. cDNAs encoding the heavy and light chains were cloned by RT-PCR from total cellular RNA using the Amersham-Pharmacia First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit following the manufacturer's recommended protocol using 5′ CGG ATC CTC AAC CGG GAG ACA GGG AGA GGC T 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 53) for priming the heavy chain and 5′ CGG ATC CCT AAC ACT CTC CCC TGT TGA A 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 54) for priming the light chain. For PCR amplification of the huBHA10 immunoglobulin heavy chain cDNA, the primers used were: 5′ GCT AGC GGA TCC ACC ATG GAC TGG ACC TGG 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 55) (to add a BamHI site and an ACC immediately 5′ of the initiator methionine, to add a Kozak signal) and 5′ CGG ATC CTC AAC CGG GAG ACA GGG AGA GGC T 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 56) (to genetically remove the heavy chain C-terminal lysine residue and add a BamHI site immediately 3′ of the termination codon). For PCR amplification of the huBHA10 immunoglobulin light chain cDNA, the primers used were: 5′ CCC TTA GGA TCC ACC ATG GGC TTC AAG ATG GAG 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 57) (to add a BamHI site and ACC immediately 5′ of the initiator methionine, to add a Kozak signal) and 5′ CGG ATC CCT AAC ACT CTC CCC TGT TGA A 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 58) (to add a BamHI site immediately 3′ of the termination codon). The cDNA was subjected to a hot start PCR of 2.5 minutes at 95° C.; 10 cycles using Advantage Taq DNA polymerase (Clontech): denature 0.5 minute at 94° C., anneal 0.75 minute at 55° C., elongate 1 minute at 68° C.; and then a final 5 minute elongation at 68° C. A second amplification using 10 μl from the initial reaction as a sample and Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene) was performed: denature 0.5 minute at 94° C., anneal 0.75 minute at 50° C., and elongate 1 minute at 72° C.; and then a final 10 minute elongation at 72° C. The PCR products were gel-purified using a Qiagen Qiaquick gel extraction kit following the manufacture's recommended protocol. Purified PCR products were subcloned into Invitrogen's pCR4TOPO cloning vector following the manufacturer's recommended protocol. Purified PCR products were subcloned into Invitrogen's pCR4TOPO cloning vector following the manufacturer's recommended protocol for TOPO cloning. Inserts from multiple independent subclones were sequenced. The sequence-confirmed light chain cDNA subclone was designated pKJS072. The sequence confirmed heavy chain cDNA subclone was designated pKJS071.
The 726 bp BamHI light chain cDNA fragment from pKJS072 was subcloned into the phosphatased 6.19 kb BamHI vector fragment from the hu5c8 light chain expression vector pXLC2 to make the neo-containing huBHA10 light chain expression pKJS077 (FIG. 3). This plasmid contains the BHA10 version 4 light chain and neomycin resistance genes. The light chain expression cassette contains the human CMV immediate early promoter and first intron (containing a small deletion) as well as the human growth hormone polyadenylation sequence.
Similarly, the 1404 bp BamHI heavy chain cDNA fragment from pKJS071 was subcloned into phosphatased BamHI-linearized pV80 to make the dhfr-containing huBHA10 heavy chain vector pKJS078 (FIG. 5). This plasmid contains the BHA10 version 4 heavy chain and dhfr genes. The heavy chain expression cassette contains the human CMV immediate early promoter and first intron (containing a small deletion) as well as the human growth hormone polyadenylation sequence. The dhfr expression cassette contains the SV40 early promoter and SV40 polyadenylation sequence.
Expression vectors were co-transfected into COS cells and transfected cells were tested for antibody secretion and specificity (empty vectors or M92 vectors served as negative controls). Western blot analysis (developed with anti-human heavy and light chain antibodies) of conditioned medium indicated that transfected cells synthesized and efficiently secreted heavy and light chains and in FACS analysis conditioned medium from huBHA10-transfected cells specifically stained LT-β-R-expressing HT-29 cells.
Example 7
CHO Cell Lines Expressing Version 4 huBHA10
Expression plasmids pKJS077 and pKJS078 for Version 4 huBHA10 were transfected into CHO cells.
Example 8
Antibody Affinity Measurement
HT29 cells were harvested by treatment with PBS containing 5 mM EDTA for 30 minutes followed by vigorous agitation. Cells were distributed to round-bottom 96-well plates at 2.5×105 cells/well. Supernatants from 293-E cells transfected with BHA10 variants were added to the wells at the indicated dilutions in a total volume of 100 μl and incubated at 4° C. for 1 hour. The cells were washed twice with FACS buffer (PBS containing 5% FBS) and incubated with a 1:100 dilution of PE-conjugated anti-human heavy and light chain antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories) for 1 hour. The cells were then washed 3 times with FACS buffer and resuspended in 100 μl of PBS containing 1.0% paraformaldehyde. Samples were then transferred to the FACS facility for analysis. Protein A-purified antibodies from 293-E cells transfected with BHA10 variants were assayed at the indicated concentrations as shown in FIG. 2. The Protein A-purified CBE11 and 5C8 (anti-CD40L antibody) research standards were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Rank ordering of binding activity was chBHA10=Version 4 huBHA10=Version 2 huBHA10>Version 3 huBHA10.
Example 9
Cytotoxicity on WiDr Cells
A cytotoxicity assay using WiDr colon cancer cells with soluble anti-LT-β-R antibodies on anti-human IgG Fc-coated wells demonstrate that the anti-LT-β-R antibodies of the invention increase cytotoxicity in cancer cells. WiDr cells are plated at 6×104/ml in the presence of 80 units/ml huIFN-gamma into 96 well plates containing either soluble antibodies or antibodies captured onto goat anti-human IgG Fc (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories)-coated wells. The culture plates are incubated for 5 days. MTT is added for 4 hrs and the resulting precipitate is dissolved by overnight incubation with 10% SDS in 10 mM HCl, and ODs are read on a microplate reader.
Example 10
huBHA10 Pretreatment Slows Growth of WiDr Tumors
6-week-old nude mice are injected intraperitoneally with 100 ug of anti-LFA3 antibody (1E6), 100 ug anti-LT-β-R antibody (i.e. reshaped huBHA10), or not injected (control). The animals are then injected subcutaneously with 1×106 WiDr colon adenocarcinoma cells. The reshaped huBHA10-treated mice are retreated weekly with 100 ug of antibody and the mBHA10 animals are retreated on day 14 only. Tumor size is measured weekly and the volume of the tumor sphere calculated. Animals are sacrificed when their tumors reach a volume of 2.0 cm3 (16 mm diameter), and their death is noted on a survival chart. Pretreatment with reshaped huBHA10 is expected to slow the progression of the WiDr tumors in nude mice.
Example 11
Slowing Growth of Pregrown WiDr Tumors and Increasing Survival in WiDr Tumor-Bearing Nude Mice
106 WiDr cells are pregrown subcutaneously for 10 days in nude mice. The mice receive subcutaneous injections of either PBS or reshaped huBHA10 weekly or mBHA10 alternate weeks. Tumor weights are calculated from width and length measurements, and animals with tumors over 2000 mg are sacrificed, their tumor weights at time of sacrifice continued into the statistical averaging. Tumor weights are calculated using the formula: (Width×Width×Length)/2=tumor weight in mg. It is expected that the reshaped huBHA10 antibodies of the present invention will slow the progression of pre-grown tumors in vivo. In addition, tumors are grown and treated as described above and percent survival of the animals is measured. It is expected that the reshaped huBHA10 antibodies of the present invention will induce prolonged survival in vivo in mice with pregrown tumors.









TABLE 2







Description



















VH#1 (pKJS036)
Variable heavy chain-version 1




(comprising back mutations




Y27, T30, I48, A67, L69 and F91)



VH#2 (pKJS031)
Variable heavy chain-version 2




(comprising back mutations




Y27, T30, I48 and A67)



VH#3 (pKJS037)
Variable heavy chain-version 3




(comprising back mutations Y27




and T30)



VL#1 (pKJS051)
Variable light chain-version 1




(comprising back mutations Y36,




S49, T63 and F87)



VL#2 (pKJS039)
Variable light chain-version 2




(comprising back mutations Y36,




S49 and F87)



VL#3 (pKJS040)
Variable light chain-version 3




(comprising back mutations S49)



Heavy chain #1
Heavy chain-version 1 (comprising



(pKJS044)
VH#1 and heavy constant




chain human IgG1)



Heavy chain #2
Heavy chain-version 2 (comprising



(pKJS045)
VH#2 and heavy constant




chain human IgG1)



Heavy chain #3
Heavy chain-version 3 (comprising



(pKJS046)
VH#3 and heavy constant




chain human IgG1)



Light chain #1
Light chain-version 1 (comprising



(pKJS048)
VL#1 and light constant




chain human kappa)



Light chain #2
Light chain-version 2 (comprising



(pKJS049)
VL#2 and light constant




chain human kappa)



Light chain #3
Light chain-version 3 (comprising



(pKJS050)
VL#3 and light constant




chain human kappa)



Version 1 huBHA10
Version 1 huBHA10 comprising




Heavy chain #1 and Light




chain #1



Version 2 huBHA10
Version 2 huBHA10 comprising




Heavy chain #2 and Light




chain #2



Version 3 huBHA10
Version 3 huBHA10 comprising




Heavy chain #3 and Light




chain #3



Version 4 huBHA10
Version 4 huBHA10 comprising




Heavy chain #3 and Light




chain #2



pKJS077
Light chain #2



pKJS078
Heavy chain #3










It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the polypeptides, compositions and methods of the invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided that they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. All publications and patent documents cited herein, as well as text appearing in the figures and sequence listing, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each were so individually denoted.

## Claims

1. A humanized anti-lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LT-β-R) antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising
a light chain comprising the complementary determining regions set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, and residue S49 (Kabat numbering convention), and, optionally, at least one of the following residues Y36, T63 and F87 (Kabat numbering convention), wherein the remainder of the light chain is from a human acceptor framework, and
a heavy chain variable domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14.

2. A humanized anti-lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LT-β-R) antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising
a light chain variable domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, and
a heavy chain comprising the complementary determining regions set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 and residues Y27 and T30 (Kabat numbering convention), and, optionally, at least one of the following residues: I48, A67, L69, or F91 (Kabat numbering convention), wherein the remainder of the heavy chain is from a human acceptor framework.

3. A humanized antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, which specifically binds LT-β-R, comprising a light chain comprising SEQ ID NO: 15, and a heavy chain comprising SEQ ID NO: 16.

4. The humanized antibody of claim 1, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6.

5. The humanized antibody of claim 2, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:14.

6. The humanized antibody of claim 1 or 2, wherein the antibody comprises the light chain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:15.

7. The humanized antibody of claim 1 or 2, wherein the antibody comprises the heavy chain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16.

8. The humanized antibody according to any one of claims 1, 2, or 3, wherein the antibody is further linked to a cytotoxic moiety or a chemotherapeutic drug.

9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the humanized antibody according to any one of claims 1, 2, or 3, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

10. The humanized antibody according to any one of claims 1, 2, or 3, wherein the fragment is selected from the group consisting of a Fab fragment, a Fab′ fragment, a F(ab)2 fragment, and a Fv fragment.

11. The humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to any one of claims 1, 2, or 3, wherein the antibody comprises a modification selected from the group consisting of
a) the antibody is conjugated to polyethylene glycol or albumen;
b) the constant region of the antibody is modified to reduce at least one constant region-mediated biological effector function relative to an unmodified antibody; and
c) the antibody comprises a Fc region having an altered effector function.

12. The humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to any one of claims 1, 2, or 3, wherein the antibody is an IgG1.

13. An antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising the same heavy and light variable chain polypeptide sequences as an antibody produced by cell line 3D9 (ATCC Accession No. PTA-4726).

14. An isolated hybridoma deposited with the ATCC as Accession No. PTA-4726.

15. A humanized anti-lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LT-β-R) antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising
a) a light chain consisting of
i) complementary determining regions (CDRs) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1,
ii) a framework region from a human acceptor framework, and
iii) framework residues Y36, S49, and F87 (Kabat numbering convention), and

b) a heavy chain variable domain sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14.

16. A humanized anti-lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LT-β-R) antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising
a) a light chain variable domain sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6; and
b) a heavy chain consisting of
i) complementary determining regions (CDRs) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2,
ii) a framework region from a human acceptor framework, and
iii) framework residues Y27 and T30 (Kabat numbering convention).

17. A humanized anti-lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LT-β-R) antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising
a light chain variable domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, and
a heavy chain comprising the complementary determining regions set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the antibody comprises at least one of the following residues in its heavy chain: Y27, T30, I48, A67, L69, or F91 (Kabat numbering convention).

18. A humanized anti-lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LT-β-R) antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising
a heavy chain variable domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14, and
a light chain comprising the complementary determining regions set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, wherein the antibody comprises at least one of the following residues in its light chain: Y36, S49, T63 and F87 (Kabat numbering convention).

19. The humanized antibody according to claim 17 or 18, wherein the antibody is further linked to a cytotoxic moiety or a chemotherapeutic drug.

20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the humanized antibody according to claim 17, or 18, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

21. The humanized antibody according to claim 17 or 18, wherein the fragment is selected from the group consisting of a Fab fragment, a Fab′ fragment, a F(ab)2 fragment, and a Fv fragment.

22. The humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to claim 17 or 18, wherein the antibody comprises a modification selected from the group consisting of
a) the antibody is conjugated to polyethylene glycol or albumen;
b) the constant region of the antibody is modified to reduce at least one constant region-mediated biological effector function relative to an unmodified antibody; and
c) the antibody comprises a Fc region having an altered effector function.

23. The humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to claim 17 or 18, wherein the antibody is an IgG1.