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In re R-D-, Respondent 

Decided July 3, 2007 

U.S. Department of Justice 

Executive Office for Immigration Review 

Board of Immigration Appeals 

(1) An alien who leaves the United States and is admitted to Canada to seek refugee status 

has made a departure from the United States. 

(2) An alien returning to the United States after the denial of an application for refugee 

status in Canada is seeking admission into the United States and is therefore an arriving 

alien under 8 C.F.R. § 1001.1(q) (2007). 

FOR RESPONDENT: Michele Henriques, Esquire, Buffalo, New York 

FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY: James W. Grable, Chief 

Counsel 

BEFORE: Board Panel: FILPPU and PAULEY, Board Members. Dissenting Opinion: 

COLE, Board Member. 

PAULEY, Board Member: 

In a decision dated August 5, 2004, an Immigration Judge terminated these 

removal proceedings and certified his decision, which the Department of 

Homeland Security (“DHS”) also appealed. In an order dated December 21, 

2004, we sustained the DHS’s appeal, vacated the Immigration Judge’s 

decision, and remanded the record for further proceedings. The case is 

before us again on certification by the Immigration Judge of a second decision 

dated October 28, 2005. Both the respondent and DHS have also filed timely 

appeals, although the DHS has withdrawn its appeal. The decision of the 

Immigration Judge will be affirmed, and the respondent’s appeal will be 

dismissed in part. 

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 

The respondent is a native and citizen of Guinea who was admitted to the 

United States on or about November 21, 1998, as a nonimmigrant visitor with 

authorization to remain in the United States for a period not to exceed 

March 5, 1999. On January 25, 1999, the respondent traveled to Canada to 

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seek refugee status. She was returned to the United States by Canadian 

officials pursuant to the Reciprocal Agreement on July 13, 2000.1

 United 

States immigration officials then granted the respondent voluntary departure 

until November 13, 2000. On April 30, 2001, the respondent again traveled 

to Canada to pursue an application for refugee status. While in Canada, the 

respondent resided with her husband, who is a Canadian citizen. Canadian 

officials subsequently denied her refugee application and returned her to the 

United States on July 8, 2004. The DHS then issued the respondent a Notice 

to Appear (Form I-862), charging that she is removable under section 

237(a)(1)(B) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1227(a)(1)(B) (2000), as an alien who is in the United States in violation of 

law. 

In his August 3, 2004, decision, the Immigration Judge found that the 

respondent was not removable and terminated the proceedings. The 

Immigration Judge certified his decision to the Board. The DHS filed a 

response to the Immigration Judge’s certification, as well as a timely Notice 

of Appeal from a Decision of an Immigration Judge (Form EOIR-26). We 

sustained the DHS’s appeal and remanded the record for further proceedings. 

The Immigration Judge issued another decision, which he has also certified, 

requesting that we reconsider our previous opinion. Both parties have 

appealed, but the DHS has withdrawn its appeal. 

II. ISSUES 

The principal issue before us is whether the Immigration Judge correctly 

determined that the respondent had departed the United States and was 

therefore an arriving alien, who is not subject to removability under 

section 237(a)(1)(B) of the Act. If the Immigration Judge erred in finding the 

respondent to be an arriving alien, the second issue is whether he properly 

found that the respondent had not been paroled into the United States upon 

her return to the United States from Canada. 

 On July 24, 1987, immigration officials of Canada and the United States signed 

the Reciprocal Arrangement between the United States Immigration and Naturalization 

Service and the Canada Employment and Immigration Commission for the exchange 

of deportees between the United States and Canada. It is currently referred to as the 

Reciprocal Agreement and is contained in the Appendix to Operations Instructions 

243.1(c)(2). See 16 Charles Gordon et al., Immigration Law and Procedure 809-17, App. 

243.1(c)(2) (rev. ed. 1993). 

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III. ANALYSIS 

A. Departure from the United States 

The Immigration Judge found that when the respondent left the United 

States and went to Canada to apply for refugee status, she made departures 

from the United States. As a consequence, the Immigration Judge determined 

that upon the respondent’s return to the United States by Canadian 

officials, she was an arriving alien, rather than an alien subject to removal 

under section 237(a)(1)(B) of the Act. Specifically, the Immigration Judge 

determined that Matter of T-, 6 I&N Dec. 638 (BIA 1955), is inapplicable to 

the respondent’s case.2

 We agree. 

In Matter of T-, supra, a lawful permanent resident alien boarded a vessel 

and traveled to Europe. Upon his arrival in Europe, he was detained on the 

vessel because he lacked any documentation. The alien was then returned to 

the United States after being refused entry to any other country. We held that 

he was not seeking entry to the United States because he had been refused 

entry at the foreign ports, was confined on the ship, and was returned to this 

country. Id. at 640. 

We find that Matter of T-, supra, is clearly distinguishable from this case. 

The respondent, who is not a lawful permanent resident, is in a situation 

different from that of the alien in that case. She was given permission to go 

into Canada to apply for refugee status, was never detained, and remained 

there for several years, during which time she was free to move about the 

country. Under these circumstances, we find no error in the Immigration 

Judge’s conclusion that the respondent made a departure when she left the 

United States. See 8 C.F.R. § 215.1(h) (2007) (“The term depart from the 

United States means depart by land, water, or air: (1) From the United States 

for any foreign place . . . .”).

The Immigration Judge also considered the Reciprocal Agreement and the 

Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the 

Government of Canada for Cooperation in the Examination of Refugee Status 

Claims from Nationals of Third Countries (“Safe Third Country 

Agreement”).3

 He concluded that neither agreement altered, amended, or 

2

 Although the DHS has withdrawn its appeal, we note that throughout the removal 

proceedings and in its first appeal the DHS argued that Matter of T-, supra, was controlling 

in this case. 

3 The Safe Third Country Agreement, which was signed on December 5, 2002, is 

available at http://ottawa.usembassy.gov/content/can_usa/safethirdfinal_agreement.pdf and 

http://www.uscis.gov/files/article/appendix-c.pdf. 

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preempted the statutes or regulations that determine the status to be accorded 

to an alien seeking admission to the United States at a port-of-entry. We 

agree. 

The Reciprocal Agreement does not identify or mandate the status of an 

alien deported from one country to the other pursuant to that agreement. 

Rather, it merely establishes a process for the orderly and expeditious return 

of deportees between the United States and Canada. Likewise, neither the 

Safe Third Country Agreement itself nor the final regulations implementing 

it specifically address the status to be accorded to an alien returned by Canada 

to the United States after an unsuccessful attempt by the alien to seek refugee 

status in Canada. See Implementation of the Agreement Between the 

Government of the United States of America and the Government of Canada 

Regarding Asylum Claims Made in Transit and at Land Border Ports-ofEntry, 69 Fed. Reg. 69,480 (Nov. 29, 2004); Asylum Claims Made by Aliens 

Arriving From Canada at Land Border Ports-of-Entry, 69 Fed. Reg. 69,490 

(Nov. 29, 2004). 

The status of an alien returned to the United States from Canada is only 

discussed in the Supplementary Information accompanying the DHS’s 

regulations regarding the implementation of the Safe Third Country 

Agreement, which states the following:

 The Department declines to codify the process affecting those returned to the 

United States under the Agreement, because existing regulations already govern how 

they will be treated by DHS. For purposes of U.S. immigration law, these returnees 

will be in the same position they would be in had they not left the United States. 

69 Fed. Reg. at 69,484 (Supplementary Information). While DHS officials 

have cited to Matter of T-, supra, as the basis for their comments in the 

Supplementary Information, their reliance on that case is erroneous. 

Specifically, the DHS fails to distinguish between the facts in Matter of T- and 

the situation of an alien who travels to Canada, is allowed into that country to 

seek refugee status, resides there for a period of time, frequently 

encompassing several years, receives benefits from the Government of 

Canada, and only later is informed by Canadian officials that his or her 

application for refugee status is denied.4

 Thus, the final regulations 

4 We note that the DHS’s briefs assert that while the aliens are in Canadian territory, they 

have not actually been admitted, but instead have a status tantamount to “parole” under 

United States immigration law. However, the DHS failed to establish the status of an alien 

who has been allowed into Canada to seek refugee status. See Matter of Soleimani, 20 I&N 

Dec. 99 (BIA 1989) (stating that a party relying on foreign law must plead it and prove it). 

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implementing the Safe Third Country Agreement do not mandate the status 

of an alien returned to the United States. Moreover, the Supplementary 

Information to the DHS’s regulations is not binding, and in this case it relies 

on the mistaken application of Matter of T-, supra. Accordingly, we concur 

with the Immigration Judge’s conclusion that neither the Reciprocal 

Agreement nor the Safe Third Country Agreement mandates the status to be 

accorded to an alien being returned to the United States from Canada. 

The Immigration Judge also determined that the DHS’s reliance on an 

Immigration and Naturalization Service memorandum was misplaced and did 

not support its position that aliens seeking refugee status in Canada have not 

made a departure from the United States. See Memorandum from James A. 

Puleo, Acting Associate Commissioner, Office of Operations, to Dwayne E. 

Peterson, Staff Assistant for Field Operations, Southern Regional Office 

(Nov. 15, 1993), reprinted in 70 Interpreter Releases, No. 48, Dec. 20, 1993, 

app. II at 1690. We agree with this conclusion as well. The memorandum 

does not address either the Reciprocal Agreement or the Safe Third Country 

Agreement. It discusses only whether an alien who has been granted advance 

parole but is not admitted to Mexico is subject to inspection upon return. 

Thus, the facts described in the memorandum are distinguishable from those 

of the case before us, where the alien was allowed into Canada to pursue an 

application for refugee status. 

Finally, the Immigration Judge determined that because the respondent had 

departed the United States, and neither Matter of T-, supra, the Reciprocal 

Agreement, the Safe Third Country Agreement, nor the memorandum was 

controlling as to the immigration status to be accorded to an alien who has 

returned to the United States from Canada, the respondent was subject to the 

statutes and regulations regarding aliens seeking admission to the United 

States. Specifically, the Immigration Judge determined that the respondent 

was an arriving alien and was therefore not removable under 

section 237(a)(1)(B) of the Act as an admitted alien present in the United 

States in violation of law. We agree. 

Section 235(a)(1) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1225(a)(1) (2000), provides that 

“[a]n alien present in the United States who has not been admitted or who 

arrives in the United States . . . shall be deemed for purposes of this Act an 

applicant for admission.” An applicant for admission coming or attempting 

to come into the United States at a port-of-entry is an arriving alien. See 

8 C.F.R. § 1001.1(q) (2007). Furthermore, “[a]ll aliens . . . who are applicants 

for admission or otherwise seeking admission or readmission to or transit 

through the United States shall be inspected by immigration officers.” Section 

235(a)(3) of the Act. In view of the above, we find no error in the 

Immigration Judge’s termination of removal proceedings under section 240 

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of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1229a (2000), on the basis of his finding that the 

respondent is an arriving alien. We will therefore affirm the Immigration 

Judge’s decision.5 

We are not persuaded by the assertion in the dissenting opinion that our 

decision affirming the Immigration Judge’s termination of removal 

proceedings in some way undermines the implementation of the Safe Third 

Country Agreement. First, our interpretation of the relevant statutes, 

regulations, and international agreements between the United States and 

Canada in no way abrogates the Safe Third Country Agreement. Secondly, 

neither of the parties argued on appeal that the Safe Third Country Agreement 

was applicable to an alien placed in removal proceedings under section 240 

of the Act, but was inapplicable to an arriving alien in expedited removal 

under section 235(b)(1)(A) of the Act. In fact, it is only the dissenting opinion 

that asserts that “[b]y holding that the respondent is an arriving alien, we do 

not preclude her from seeking asylum in the United States, in direct 

contravention of section 208(a)(2)(A) of the Act.” Matter of R-D-, 24 I&N 

Dec. 221, 229 (BIA 2007). A thorough review of the regulations clearly 

dispels this assertion, however. 

The dissenting opinion relies on 8 C.F.R. §§ 1208.4(a)(6) and 1240.11(g) 

(2007) to support the proposition that an Immigration Judge has authority to 

determine whether an alien in removal proceedings under section 240 of the 

Act is subject to the Safe Third Country Agreement. That is not in dispute. 

However, the regulations do not limit the authority to implement the Safe 

Third Country Agreement solely to Immigration Judges in removal 

proceedings under section 240 of the Act. In fact, 8 C.F.R. § 208.30(e)(6)

specifically provides as follows:

 Prior to any determination concerning whether an alien arriving in the United States 

at a U.S.-Canada land border port-of-entry or in transit through the U.S. during removal 

by Canada has a credible fear of persecution or torture, the asylum officer shall conduct 

a threshold screening interview to determine whether such an alien is ineligible to 

apply for asylum pursuant to section 208(a)(2)(A) of the Act and subject to removal to 

Canada by operation of the Agreement Between the Government of the United States 

and the Government of Canada For Cooperation in the Examination of Refugee Status 

Claims from Nationals of Third Countries . . . .

5 Certain arriving aliens are subject to expedited removal. See section 235(b)(1)(A)(i) of 

the Act; see also 8 C.F.R. § 235.3(b)(1)(i) (2007) (providing that arriving aliens found 

inadmissible under sections 212(a)(6)(C) and (7) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. §§ 1182(a)(6)(C) and 

(7) (2000) are subject to expedited removal). We need not decide whether such aliens may 

also be placed into removal proceedings under section 240 of the Act. 

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Therefore, the regulations provide that both aliens in removal proceedings 

under section 240 of the Act and arriving aliens in expedited removal 

proceedings under section 235(b)(1)(A) of the Act are subject to the Safe 

Third Country Agreement. Additionally, the Safe Third Country Agreement 

may be enforced by either Immigration Judges or immigration officials. As 

a result, our holding that the respondent was, in fact, an arriving alien does not 

allow her to circumvent the Safe Third Country Agreement or to alter, amend, 

or abrogate that agreement in any way. Moreover, as previously noted, the 

Safe Third Country Agreement does not mandate the status to be accorded to 

an alien who is subject to the immigration laws of the United States. 

B. Parole into the United States 

The respondent also asserts on appeal that the Immigration Judge 

erroneously determined that she was not paroled into the United States. 

However, the question of the respondent’s current status as a parolee in the 

United States is moot given our conclusion that the Immigration Judge 

properly terminated removal proceedings based on his determination that she 

is an arriving alien. Accordingly, we will not address the issue further, and we 

will dismiss the respondent’s appeal in that regard. 

IV. CONCLUSION 

The Immigration Judge correctly concluded that the respondent departed 

the United States when she traveled to Canada and pursued an application for 

refugee status in Canada. Consequently, the Immigration Judge also properly 

found that the respondent was an arriving alien when she returned to the 

United States. Therefore, we find no error in the Immigration Judge’s 

decision to terminate removal proceedings, because the respondent was 

charged under section 237(a)(1)(B) of the Act, rather than as an arriving alien 

under section 235(a)(1). Accordingly, we will affirm the Immigration Judge’s 

decision. The respondent’s appeal regarding parole will be dismissed. 

ORDER: The December 21, 2004, decision of the Board is vacated. 

FURTHER ORDER: The October 28, 2005, decision of the Immigration 

Judge is affirmed. 

FURTHER ORDER: The respondent’s appeal from the Immigration 

Judge’s finding that she was not paroled into the United States is dismissed. 

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DISSENTING OPINION: Patricia A. Cole, Board Member 

I respectfully dissent. I would defer to the interpretation of the law offered 

by the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”), which is reasonable and 

consistent with the Immigration and Nationality Act and the regulations. In 

particular, I agree with the DHS that our decision in Matter of T-, 6 I&N Dec. 

638 (BIA 1955), remains applicable to the respondent’s case despite the 

revised language of section 101(a)(13) of the Immigration and Nationality 

Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(13) (2000), which replaced the word “entry” with the 

terms “admission” and “admitted.” As argued by the DHS, there is no 

evidence to support the Immigration Judge’s determination that Congress 

implicitly repealed our decision in Matter of T- when it revised section 

101(a)(13) of the Act. In fact, I note that the term “entry,” as discussed in 

Matter of T-, is still a necessary condition to the operation of section 

101(a)(13) of the Act. 

In our decision in Matter of T-, supra, we determined that in order for there 

to be a recognized departure from the United States, there must be an “entry” 

into another country. Without such an “entry” into another country, it cannot 

be said that an alien has departed the United States. Id. We further noted that 

an “entry” into another country cannot be said to have been made when an 

alien returns to the United States “after having been denied entry into a 

foreign country to which he intended to proceed, although physically in such 

foreign country.” Id. at 640 (emphasis added). 

While the majority attempts to distinguish the case by asserting that the 

respondent was given permission to go into Canada to apply for refugee 

status, was never detained, and remained in that country for several years, 

these facts do not establish that the respondent “departed” the United States 

or that she was “admitted” into Canada. As a result, the majority does not 

effectively distinguish this case from Matter of T-, because the facts do not 

establish that the respondent was ever admitted into Canada. The rationale of 

Matter of T- supports a finding that the respondent did not “depart” the United 

States because, although she was physically present in Canada for a period of 

time while seeking asylum, she was ultimately denied relief and admission to 

Canada. Therefore, she cannot be said to have departed the United States. 

Thus, pursuant to our decision in Matter of T-, supra, there was no recognized 

departure from the United States because there was no entry or admission into 

another country. 

Moreover, as noted by the DHS, this interpretation of Matter of T-, supra, 

was confirmed when the DHS published its regulations regarding the 

Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the 

Government of Canada for Cooperation in the Examination of Refugee Status 

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Claims from Nationals of Third Countries (“Safe Third Country Agreement”). 

See Implementation of the Agreement Between the Government of the United 

States of America and the Government of Canada Regarding Asylum Claims 

Made in Transit and at Land Border Ports-of-Entry; 69 Fed. Reg. 69,480 

(Nov. 29, 2004) (final rule, effective Dec. 29, 2004); 69 Fed. Reg. 10,620 

(proposed Mar. 8, 2004). The DHS’s proposed regulations specifically stated 

that those aliens returned to the United States from Canada under the Safe 

Third Country Agreement would not be placed into expedited removal 

proceedings because of the Board’s holding in Matter of T-, supra, that “an 

alien who goes abroad but is returned to the United States after having been 

formally denied admission by the foreign country is not an applicant for 

admission, since, in contemplation of law, the alien did not leave the United 

States.” 69 Fed. Reg. at 10,624. According to the proposed regulations, 

“[t]hose who entered the United States legally or illegally and are later denied 

admission by Canada [would not be] arriving aliens.” Id. Similarly, the 

Supplemental Information to the DHS’s final rules explained:

 For purposes of U.S. immigration law, [asylum seekers returned from Canada under 

the Agreement] will be in the same position they would be in had they not left the 

United States. . . . [Such returnees generally] will not be subject to expedited removal 

because they will not meet the definition of “arriving alien.” [However,] [d]epending 

on the individual’s immigration status in the United States, he or she may be subject 

to removal proceedings under section 240 of the Act . . . .

69 Fed. Reg. at 69,484; see also Asylum Claims Made by Aliens Arriving 

From Canada at Land Border Port-of-Entry, 69 Fed. Reg. 69,490, 68,494 

(Nov. 29, 2004) (Department of Justice counterpart final rule, effective 

Dec. 29, 2004) (evaluating how the Agreement applies to aliens whom the 

DHS has placed into removal proceedings, and noting that the manner in 

which asylum seekers returned to the United States from Canada under the 

Agreement will be received and processed is within the province of the DHS). 

The DHS’s application of our decision in Matter of T-, supra, promotes 

fairness and administrative efficiency. As occurred in this case, it allows an 

alien to be treated as never having left the United States, whether Canada 

refuses entry to the alien immediately or takes significant time to consider an 

alien’s refugee claim. 

Further, the regulations and the Safe Third Country Agreement provide that 

aliens, such as the respondent, who seek asylum in Canada not be placed in 

proceedings that give the alien another opportunity to seek asylum in the 

United States. By holding that the respondent is an arriving alien, we do not 

preclude her from seeking asylum in the United States, in direct contravention 

of section 208(a)(2)(A) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(A) (2000). If on the 

other hand, the respondent is in removal proceedings, the regulations preclude 

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her from establishing eligibility for asylum. See 8 C.F.R. §§ 1208.4(a)(6), 

1240.11(g) (2007). 

Finally, the Safe Third Country Agreement is the DHS’s reasonable 

implementation of section 208(a)(2)(A) of the Act to prevent most persons 

arriving from Canada from applying for asylum in the United States if they 

have sought such relief in Canada. Consequently, I would reverse the 

Immigration Judge and find the respondent to be properly placed in removal 

proceedings consistent with 8 C.F.R. §§ 1208.4(a)(6) and 1240.11(g), because 

Immigration Judges can consider section 208(a)(2)(A) of the Act only with 

respect to aliens in removal proceedings. 

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