# NOAA Tech Memo NWFSC-7:Part 1: Salmonid Migration

#### Electronic Surveillance of Adults and Juveniles

TECHNOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS

In the early 1980s, a series of studies using radio-tagged adult salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) to evaluate passage facilities at hydroelectric dams on the mainstem Columbia River was concluded. As documented by this research, the behavior of adult salmonids at the dams was used to set operational criteria for adult collection channels and fish ladders. Fish passage times from site arrival to departure were used to evaluate the effects of river flow, spill, and fallback. Information on the routes of tagged fish during dam passage was used to define areas at the dams that warranted structural or operational change. 

In 1981, radio tags and airplane surveillance were used to evaluate the effects of zero river flow on the migration of adult salmonids in the Snake River. Water pooled upstream from the dams during periods of low power demand (on weekends and at night) was used for power production during weekdays. Evidence of reduced fish passage was found, and eventually weekend zero flow was curtailed. However, evidence of delays caused by nighttime zero flow was not strong enough to affect restrictions on this practice. The occurrence of nighttime zero flow at Snake River Dams remains an important issue. Studies scheduled in the Lower Snake River for 1991-93 will again address this subject. 

In 1982, radio tags were used to determine the fate of upriver-bright (adult) fall chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) that apparently "disappear" between Bonneville and McNary Dams on the Columbia River. The results from this study greatly increased our understanding of migration patterns for these fish. For example, results indicate that not all upriver-brights are destined for spawning areas above McNary Dam. 

From 1982 to 1984, the miniature radio tag was used to evaluate passage routes of salmonid smolts at John Day Dam. Migration routes of radio-tagged smolts were correlated against spill patterns and timing to determine the most efficient method of passing smolts through the spillway. Fixed-site monitor development during these years led to the possibility of determining passage locations for large groups (100 +) of radio-tagged smolts without individually tracking fish from boats. 

In 1985 and 1986, tests were conducted at Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River to evaluate the potential for using the miniature radio tag and fixed-site monitors. Equipment was evaluated for accuracy in estimates of passage location, fish guidance, collection efficiency, and survival. Results indicated that tags should not be used with smolts smaller than 170 mm fork length (which includes most chinook salmon smolts) and that the high flows below Lower Granite Dam move dead radio-tagged smolts downstream at the same rate as live smolts. Because of these findings, radio telemetry techniques have not been pursued with salmonid smolts. 

In 1987, the first field study utilizing the passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag system was conducted to evaluate spring chinook salmon survival in the Lower Granite Dam reservoir and turbine units. However, researchers encountered serious questions relating to the assumptions required for accurate survival estimation. These questions led to evaluations in 1988 and 1989 of the factors that affect collection rates. These evaluations led to the conclusion that factors such as source of test fish, test group release time, and short-term changes in spill rates may confound survival estimations. Thus survival studies were postponed. However, Division personnel significantly increased the efficiency, speed, and range of the PIT-tag detection system during this period. Development of precise and accurate systems to detect adult salmonids in the fish ladders of Columbia River dams continues. 

In 1989, radio tagging of adult steelhead (O. mykiss) and spring chinook salmon began in the Yakima River. This study is part of a multiagency program (Yakima/Klickitat Production Program) to reestablish anadromous runs in remaining spawning areas. The radio-tag information will help determine how many wild stocks still exist in the Yakima system, and where brood-stock removal should occur. This research is projected for 4 years in the Yakima River with subsequent studies in the Klickitat River.

#### Bibliography

Giorgi, A. E., and L. C. Stuehrenberg.1984. Smolt passage behavior and flow-net relationships in the forebay of John Day Dam. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-83BP39644, 37 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 2097.)

Giorgi, A. E., and L. C. Stuehrenberg.1988. Lower Granite pool and turbine survival study, 1987. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE AI79 87BP34270, 28 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 2097.)

Giorgi, A. E., L. C. Stuehrenberg, D. R. Miller, and C. W. Sims.1985. Smolt passage behavior and flow net relationships in the forebay of John Day Dam. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-84BP39644, 85 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 2097.)

Giorgi, A. E., L. Stuehrenberg, and J. Wilson.1988. Juvenile radio-tag study: Lower Granite Dam, 1985 1986. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE AI79 85BP21237, 36 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 2097.)

Johnson, G., J. Kuskie, W. Nagy, K. L. Liscom, and L. C. Stuehrenberg.1982. The John Day Dam powerhouse adult fish collection system evaluation, 1979 1980. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-80F-0166, 102 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 2097.)

Liscom, K. L., and L. C. Stuehrenberg.1983. Radio-tracking studies of "upriver bright" fall chinook salmon between Bonneville and McNary Dams, 1982. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE AI79 82BP36379, 35 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 2097.)

Liscom, K. L., L. C. Stuehrenberg, and F. Ossiander.1985. Radio-tracking studies of adult chinook salmon and steelhead to determine the effect of "zero" river flow during water storage at Little Goose Dam on the Lower Snake River. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE AI79 81BP27780, 48 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 2097.)

Monan, G. E.1985. Advances in tagging and tracking hatchery salmonids: Coded wire tags, multiple-coded and miniature radio tags, and the passive integrated transponder tag. In C. J. Sindermann (editor), Proceedings of the Eleventh U.S.-Japan Meeting on Aquaculture, Salmon Enhancement, Tokyo, Japan, 19-20 October 1982, p. 33-37. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 27.

Stuehrenberg, L., A. E. Giorgi, and C. Bartlett.1990. Pulse-coded radio tags for fish identification. Proceedings of the American Fisheries Society Fish-Marking Symposium, July 1988, 7:370-374. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Stuehrenberg, L. C., A. E. Giorgi, C. W. Sims, J. Ramonda Powell, and J. Wilson.1986. Juvenile radio tag study: Lower Granite Dam. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE A179 85BP21237, 67 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 2097.)

Stuehrenberg, L. C., and O. W. Johnson.1990. Evaluation of factors affecting collection efficiency estimates of chinook salmon and steelhead smolts at McNary Dam. Annual Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-88BP91024, 30 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 2097.)

Stuehrenberg, L. C., and K. L. Liscom.1983. Radio-tracking of juvenile salmonids in the John Day Reservoir, 1982. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-72-F-0373, 21 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

#### Migration Rates of Juvenile Salmonids

In the latter part of the decade, the Division focused migrational studies on the relationship between smolt physiology and migrational behavior. Results indicated that physiological and behavioral development of yearling chinook salmon changed little while fish were at the hatchery. However, substantial physiological changes were observed when migrants were recaptured downstream at collector dams. These observations led to research to determine if smolt development could be accelerated at the hatchery. A strong association was discovered between accelerated development and increased migration rates, fish guidance efficiency, and subsequent survival. 

Beginning in 1988, an advanced photoperiod treatment was applied to a test group of yearling chinook salmon at Dworshak National Fish Hatchery. Lights were suspended over a raceway containing PIT-tagged yearling chinook salmon. Photoperiod was advanced 3 months, and fish were exposed to advanced light conditions for 14 weeks. Physiological development, migrational characteristics, and detection rates were then compared with a PIT-tagged control group reared under ambient photoperiod conditions. The results demonstrated that yearling chinook salmon exposed to advanced photoperiod were more physiologically advanced at release (as evidenced by higher gill Na+-K+ ATPase levels). These fish also migrated faster and were detected at a higher rate downstream. During 1989 and 1990, this study was expanded to include additional photoperiod treatments and an increased water temperature treatment near the time of release. The purpose of the temperature treatment was to duplicate water temperatures that migrating smolts typically encounter after leaving the hatchery. The results again demonstrated that advanced photoperiod treatment accelerated smolt development at the hatchery and resulted in increased migration and detection rates downstream. Addition of the water temperature treatment near the time of release may have further accelerated smolt development. Temperature treatment may also help to increase migration and detection rates. 

In the coming years, Division personnel will be investigating other methods of increasing smolt development and migration rates in hatchery populations. Methods to be tested include decreasing rearing density and postponing release dates to allow more complete smolt development.

#### Bibliography

Dawley, E. M., T. H. Blahm, R. D. Ledgerwood, and A. L. Jensen.1982. Migrational characteristics and survival of juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River estuary in 1981. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-81BP30578, 42 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Dawley, E. M., R. D. Ledgerwood, T. H. Blahm, R. A. Kirn, A. E. Rankis, and F. J. Ossiander.1984. Migrational characteristics and survival of juvenile salmonids entering the Columbia River estuary, during 1982. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-82BP30578, 49 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Dawley, E. M., R. D. Ledgerwood, T. H. Blahm, C. W. Sims, J. T. Durkin, R. A. Kirn, A. E. Rankis, G. E. Monan, and F. J. Ossiander.1986. Migrational characteristics, biological observations, and relative survival of juvenile salmonids entering the Columbia River estuary, 1966-1983. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-A179-84BP39652, 256 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Dawley, E. M., R. D. Ledgerwood, and A. L. Jensen.1985. Beach and purse seine sampling of juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River estuary and ocean plume, 1977-1983: Volume I, Procedures, sampling effort and catch data. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS F/NWC-74, 260 p.

Dawley, E. M., R. D. Ledgerwood, and A. L. Jensen.1985. Beach and purse seine sampling of juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River estuary and ocean plume, 1977-1983: Volume II, Data on marked fish recoveries. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS F/NWC-75, 397 p.

Dawley, E. M., C. W. Sims, R. D. Ledgerwood, D. R. Miller, and F. P. Thrower.1980. A study to define the migrational characteristics of chinook and coho salmon and steelhead in the Columbia River estuary. Report to Pacific Northwest Regional Commission, Project 10990061, 35 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Dawley, E. M., C. W. Sims, R. D. Ledgerwood, D. R. Miller, and J. G. Williams.1981. A study to define the migrational characteristics of chinook and coho salmon in the Columbia River estuary and associated marine waters. Report to Pacific Northwest Regional Commission, Project 10990061, 68 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Durkin, J. T., and C. W. Sims.1985. Migrations of juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, into the Columbia River estuary, 1966-71. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS F/NWC-84, 36 p.

Faurot, D. A., L. C. Stuehrenberg, and C. W. Sims.1982. Migrational characteristics of juvenile salmon and steelhead trout in the Columbia River system, 1981. Volume II, radio tracking of juvenile salmonids in John Day Reservoir. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-81-F-0342, 22 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Giorgi, A. E.1983. Flow-net relationships in the forebay of John Day Dam, 1982. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-82BP34642, 10 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Giorgi, A. E.1990. Biological manipulation of migratory behavior: The use of advanced photoperiod to accelerate smoltification in yearling chinook salmon. In D. L. Park (convener), Status and future of spring chinook salmon in the Columbia River Basin--Conservation and enhancement: Spring Chinook Salmon Workshop, 8-9 November 1989, Pasco, WA., p. 108-116. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS F/NWC-187.

Giorgi, A. E., W. D. Muir, W. S. Zaugg, and C. S. McCutcheon.1990. Biological manipulation of migration rate: The use of advanced photoperiod to accelerate smoltification in yearling chinook salmon. Annual Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-88-BP50301, 33 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Giorgi, A. E., and C. W. Sims.1987. Estimating the daily passage of juvenile salmonids at McNary Dam on the Columbia River. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 7:215-222.

Giorgi, A. E., and L. C. Stuehrenberg.1984. Smolt passage behavior and flow-net relationships in the forebay of John Day Dam. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-83BP39644, 37 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Giorgi, A. E., L. C. Stuehrenberg, D. R. Miller, and C. W. Sims.1984. Smolt passage behavior and flow-net relationships in the forebay of John Day Dam. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-83BP39644, 85 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Giorgi, A. E., G. A. Swan, W. S. Zaugg, T. C. Coley, and T. Y. Barila.1988. Susceptibility of chinook salmon smolts to bypass systems at hydroelectric dams. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 8:25-29.

Miller, D. R., and A. E. Giorgi.1985. Effects of flow on the migratory behavior and survival of juvenile fall and summer chinook salmon in John Day reservoir, 1985. Annual report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-83BP39645, 4 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Miller, D. R., and A. E. Giorgi.1987. Effects of flow on the migratory behavior and survival of juvenile fall and summer chinook salmon in John Day Reservoir, 1986. Annual report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-83BP39645, 35 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Miller, D. R., and C. W. Sims.1983. Effects of flow on the migratory behavior and survival of juvenile fall and summer chinook salmon in John Day Reservoir. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-82BP-27602, 35 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Miller, D. R., and C. W. Sims.1984. Effects of flow on the migratory behavior and survival of juvenile fall and summer chinook salmon in John Day Dam Reservoir. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-83BP-27602, 23 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Monan, G. E.1985. Development of the Columbia-Snake River; its impact on anadromous salmonids; and the roles of hatcheries, fish bypasses and the water budget, and collection and transport. Bull. Perm. Int. Assoc. Navigation Congresses 51:82-97.

Muir, W. D., A. E. Giorgi, W. S. Zaugg, and B. R. Beckman.1989. As assessment of the relationship between smolt development and fish guidance efficiency at Bonneville Dam. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-87-F-0320, 23 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Muir, W. D., A. E. Giorgi, W. S. Zaugg, W. W. Dickhoff, and B. R. Beckman.1988. Behavior and physiology studies in relation to yearling chinook salmon guidance at Lower Granite and Little Goose Dams, 1987. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-84H-0034, 47 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Muir, W. D., C. S. McCutcheon, A. E. Giorgi, W. S. Zaugg, S. R. Hirtzel, and B. R. Beckman.1990. An assessment of the relationship between smolt development and fish guiding efficiency at Lower Granite Dam, 1989. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-84-H-0034, 19 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Raymond, H. L.1988. Effects of hydroelectric development and fisheries enhancement on spring and summer chinook salmon and steelhead in the Columbia River Basin. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 8:1-24.

Sims, C. W., A. E. Giorgi, R. C. Johnsen, and D. A. Brege.1983. Migrational characteristics of juvenile salmon and steelhead in the Columbia River basin - 1982. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contracts DACW57-82-F-0397 and DACW65-78-C-0051, 35 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Sims, C. W., A. E. Giorgi, R. C. Johnsen, and D. A. Brege.1984. Migrational characteristics of juvenile salmon and steelhead in the Columbia River basin - 1983. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-83-F-0314, 31 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Sims, C. W., R. C. Johnsen, and D. A. Brege.1982. Migrational characteristics of juvenile salmon and steelhead trout in the Columbia River system - 1981. Volume I, assessment of the 1981 smolt migration. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contracts DACW68-78C-051 and DACW57-81-F-0342, 16 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Sims, C. W., and D. R. Miller.1982. Effects of flow on the migratory behavior and survival of juvenile fall and summer chinook salmon in John Day Reservoir. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-81BP-27602, 21 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Sims, C. W., D. R. Miller, and J. W. Wilson.1985. Effects of instream river flow on the migratory behavior of subyearling chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in John Day Reservoir. Final report to Bonneville Power Administration, 17 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Sims, C. W., J. G. Williams, D. A. Faurot, R. C. Johnsen, and D. A. Brege.1981. Migrational characteristics of juvenile salmon and steelhead in the Columbia River Basin and related passage research at John Day Dam. Volumes I and II. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contracts DACW57-80-F-0394 and DACW68-78-C-0051, 61 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Stuehrenberg, L. C., and K. L. Liscom.1983. Radiotracking of juvenile salmonids in the John Day Reservoir. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-82-F-0373, 21 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Swan, G. A., A. E. Giorgi, T. C. Coley, and W. T. Norman.1987. Testing fish guiding efficiency of submersible traveling screens at Little Goose Dam. Is it affected by smoltification levels in yearling chinook salmon? Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-84-H-0034, 58 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Zaugg, W. S.1982. Relationships between smolt indices and migration in controlled and natural environments. In Proceedings of Salmon and Trout Migration Behavior Symposium, 3-5 June 1981, p.173-183. (Available from University of Washington, School of Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195.)

Zaugg, W. S.1986. Smolt indices and migration. In Improving hatchery effectiveness as related to smoltification. Proceedings of Bonneville Power Administration Workshop, Smoltification Research Priorities, May 1985, p. 50-60. (Available from Bonneville Power Administration, Division of Fish and Wildlife, P.O. Box 3621, Portland, OR 97208.)

Zaugg, W. S., E. F. Prentice, and F. W. Waknitz.1985. Importance of river migration to the development of seawater tolerance in Columbia River anadromous salmonids. Aquaculture 51:33-48.

#### Juvenile Bypass Development

With the guidance systems of the early 1980s, FGEs at Lower Granite and Little Goose Dams for yearling chinook salmon and steelhead were approximately 60 and 70%, respectively. A raised operating gate was tested at Lower Granite Dam (1985) and at Little Goose Dam (1986) as a means to improve FGE. At both projects, significant FGE increases of 8 to 10% were obtained for chinook salmon and steelhead; but even with the increases, the FGE did not meet the long-term CBFWA goals. In view of these results, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) will raise the operating gates at Lower Granite and Little Goose Dams. 

In 1987, a bar screen deflector was placed in the fish screen slot at Lower Granite Dam to test FGE applications for an extended submersible traveling screen (STS). The extended STS concept provided overall guidance exceeding 80% for steelhead. Guidance for yearling chinook salmon approached 80%, although an overall 80% average was not obtained. The depth distribution of juvenile yearling chinook salmon approaching turbine intakes during early migration was too great for the guidance device to intercept 80% of the fish. The current hypothesis is that depth distribution is biologically determined. 

In 1987, raised operating gates were tested at McNary Dam. The FGEs for yearling chinook salmon and steelhead were increased to greater than 80%. Based upon these results, the COE is studying the feasibility of raising operating gates at McNary Dam. 

Research was also conducted during the summers of 1986 and 1987 on migrating subyearling chinook salmon. In addition to the raised operating gate used with spring yearling migrants, a deflector was added to the trashrack to increase the percentage of intercepted fish. Neither of these two modifications substantially improved FGEs, which ranged from 25 to 45%. 

From 1985 to 1986, the juvenile bypass system at John Day Dam was evaluated. Fish guidance efficiency for steelhead exceeded 80%, yearling chinook salmon FGE was 72%, and subyearling chinook salmon FGE ranged from 25 to 45%. 

In 1988, Bonneville First Powerhouse FGE was evaluated for the first time for summer subyearling chinook salmon migrants. Guidance averaged 11%. This was similar to the FGEs obtained in prototype tests at The Dalles Dam in 1985 with standard and lowered STSs (8 and 14%, respectively). 

Bonneville Second Powerhouse FGEs for summer subyearling chinook salmon migrants under standard powerhouse conditions were less than 20%, but have been as high as 35% with a number of experimental modifications. 

Research efforts during summer have been unsuccessful in meeting the minimum CBFWA guidance levels for subyearling chinook salmon migrants at any hydroelectric project. 

No STS bypass facilities exist at Lower Monumental, Ice Harbor, or The Dalles Dams; however, between 1985 and 1987 prototype studies were conducted at each with a lowered STS and raised operating gate (where appropriate) to determine potential guidance levels. Steelhead FGEs exceeded 80% at Lower Monumental and Ice Harbor Dams, but were only 70% at The Dalles Dam. Yearling chinook salmon guidance levels were between 73 and 77% at Lower Monumental and Ice Harbor Dams, but only 60% at The Dalles Dam. 

At Bonneville Second Powerhouse, experimental modifications to the project have shown the potential to increase FGE for yearling chinook salmon from approximately 20 to 70% through the use of lowered STSs, turbine intake extensions, and streamlined trashracks. 

During the latter part of the 1980s, research was initiated to evaluate the relative survival of juvenile salmonids passing through the spillway or the second powerhouse turbines or bypass system at Bonneville Dam. Differences in survival were detected, but only preliminary information was available during the period of this report. Work on this study is continuing. 

An evaluation of all of the research efforts showed that each hydroelectric project is unique, and solutions that might be effective at one dam may not be appropriate at another. Furthermore, fish behavior and physiological state apparently play a large role in successful fish guidance. Even the most mechanically up-to-date bypass systems may not be successful at guiding fish who are not physiologically or morphologically prepared to migrate.

#### Bibliography

Brege, D. A., W. T. Norman, G. A. Swan, and J. G. Williams.1988. Research at McNary Dam to improve fish guiding efficiency of yearling and subyearling chinook salmon, 1987. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-84-H-0034, 34 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Brege, D. A., G. A. Swan, and J. G. Williams.1988. Fish guiding efficiency studies at Ice Harbor Dam, 1987. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-84-H-0034, 14 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Dawley, E. M., L. G. Gilbreath, and R. D. Ledgerwood.1988. Evaluation of juvenile salmonid survival through the second powerhouse turbines and downstream migrant bypass system at Bonneville Dam, 1987. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-87-F-0323, 36 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Gessel, M. H., W. E. Farr, and C. W. Long.1985. Underwater separation of juvenile salmonids by size. Mar. Fish. Rev. 47(3):38-42.

Gessel, M. H., R. F. Krcma, W. D. Muir, C. S. McCutcheon, L. G. Gilbreath, and B. H. Monk.1985. Evaluation of the juvenile collection and bypass systems at Bonneville Dam, 1984. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-84-F-0181, 47 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Gessel, M. H., L. G. Gilbreath, W. D. Muir, and R. F. Krcma.1986. Evaluation of the juvenile collection and bypass systems at Bonneville Dam, 1985. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-85-H-0001, 103 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Gessel, M. H., L. G. Gilbreath, W. M. Muir, B. H. Monk, and R. F. Krcma.1987. Evaluation of the juvenile salmonid collection and bypass systems at Bonneville Dam-1986. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-8-6-F-0270, 99 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Gessel, M. H., B. H. Monk, and J. G. Williams.1988. Evaluation of the juvenile fish collection and bypass systems at Bonneville Dam, 1987. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-87-F-0322, 131 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Gessel, M. H., B. H. Monk, D. A. Brege, and J. G. Williams.1989. Fish guidance efficiency studies at Bonneville Dam First and Second Powerhouses, 1988. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-87-F-0322, 36 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Gessel, M. H., D. A. Brege, B. H. Monk, and J. G. Williams.1990. Continued studies to evaluate the juvenile salmonid bypass systems at Bonneville Dam, 1989. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW77-88-F-9999, 20 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Gessel, M. H., J. G. Williams, D. A. Brege, R. F. Krcma, and D. R. Chambers.1991. Juvenile salmonid guidance research at Bonneville Dam Second Powerhouse, Columbia River, 1983-89. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage.

Giorgi, A. E., G. A. Swan, and W. S. Zaugg.1988. Susceptibility of chinook salmon smolts to bypass systems at hydroelectric dams. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 7:215-222.

Krcma, R. F., D. DeHart, M. H. Gessel, C. W. Long, and C. W. Sims.1982. Evaluation of submersible traveling screens passage of juvenile salmonid through the ice-trash sluiceway, and cycling of gatewell-orifice operations at the Bonneville First Powerhouse, 1981. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-81-F-0343, 36 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Krcma, R. F., M. H. Gessel, and F. J. Ossiander.1983. Research at McNary Dam to develop and implement a fingerling protection system for John Day Dam, 1982. Final report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-82-F-0373, 24 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Krcma, R. F., M. H. Gessel, W. D. Muir, C. S. McCutcheon, L. G. Gilbreath, and B. H. Monk.1984. Evaluation of the juvenile collection and bypass system at Bonneville Dam, 1983. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-83-F-0315, 57 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Krcma, R. F., D. A. Brege, and R. D. Ledgerwood.1986. Evaluation of the rehabilitated juvenile salmonid collection and passage system at John Day Dam, 1985. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-85-H-0001, 30 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Ledgerwood, R. D., G. A. Swan, and R. F. Krcma.1987. Fish guiding efficiency of submersible traveling screens at Lower Monumental Dam, 1986. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-84-H-0034. 33 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Ledgerwood, R. D., W. T. Norman, G. A. Swan, and J. G. Williams.1988. Fish guiding efficiency of submersible traveling screens at Lower Granite and Little Goose Dams, 1987. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-84-H-0034, 41 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

McCabe, G. T., Jr., and R. F. Krcma.1983. Effects of the intermittent operation of submersible traveling screens on juvenile salmonids, 1982. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-78-C-0051, 25 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 -2097.)

McConnell, R. J., and W. D. Muir.1982. Preliminary evaluation of the Bonneville juvenile bypass system, second powerhouse. Summary Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-82-F-0398, 8 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Monan, G. E.1985. Development of the Columbia-Snake River; its impact on anadromous salmonids; and the roles of hatcheries, fish bypasses and the water budget, and collection and transport. Bull. Perm. Int. Assoc. Navigation Congr. 51:82-97.

Monk, B. H., W. D. Muir, and R. F. Krcma.1986. Studies to evaluate alternative methods of bypassing juvenile fish at the Dalles Dam, 1985. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-85-H-0001, 50 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Monk, B. H., W. D. Muir, and M. H. Gessel.1987. Studies to evaluate alternative methods of bypassing juvenile fish at the Dalles Dam, 1986. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-85-F-0295, 16 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Muir, W. D., A. E. Giorgi, W. S. Zaugg, W. W. Dickhoff, and B. R. Beckman.1988. Behavior and physiology studies in relation to yearling chinook salmon guidance at Lower Granite and Little Goose Dams, 1987. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-84-H-0034, 47 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Swan, G. A., R. F. Krcma, and C. W. Long.1982. Research to develop an improved fingerling-protection system for John Day Dam, 1981. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-81-F-0341, 22 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Swan, G. A., R. F. Krcma, and F. J. Ossiander.1983. Studies to improve fish guiding efficiency of traveling screens at Lower Granite Dam. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-78-C-0051, 20 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Swan, G. A., R. F. Krcma, and F. J. Ossiander.1984. Research to develop an improved fingerling protection system for Lower Granite Dam. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-78-C-0051, 20 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Swan, G. A., R. F. Krcma, and F. J. Ossiander.1985. Development of an improved fingerling protection system for Lower Granite Dam, 1984. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-84-H-0034, 23 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Swan, G. A., R. F. Krcma, and F. J. Ossiander.1986. Continuing studies to improve and evaluate juvenile salmonid collection at Lower Granite Dam, 1985. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-84-H-0034, 37 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Swan, G. A., and W. T. Norman.1987. Research to improve subyearling chinook salmon fish guiding efficiency at McNary Dam, 1986. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-84-H-0034, 22 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Swan, G. A., A. E. Giorgi, T. Coley, and W. T. Norman.1987. Testing fish guiding efficiency of submersible traveling screens at Little Goose Dam. Is it affected by smoltification levels in yearling chinook salmon? Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-84-H-0034, 58 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Williams, J. G., and M. H. Gessel.1988. Juvenile salmonid bypass system research at Bonneville Second Powerhouse, Columbia River. In W. C. Micheletti (editor), Proceedings of Conference on Fish Protection at Steam and Hydroelectric Power Plants, October 1987, p. 1-41 to 1-54. EPRI CX/EA/AP-5663-SR. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

#### Juvenile Passage Survival at Bonneville Dam

During this 4-year study, nearly 8 million fish were marked and released at selected locations above and below the dam. Test releases were made so that fish passed the dam via the Second Powerhouse turbines, bypass, or spillway. Additional releases were made below the dam in the tailrace (near the egress of the bypass system) and 2.5 km downstream from the dam. Initial results were based on seine recoveries of marked fish 157 km downstream from the dam at the head of the Columbia River estuary on Jones Beach (River Kilometer 75). These results indicated no survival advantage to fish using the bypass system compared to those passing through the turbines. Differences between recoveries of bypass- and turbine-released fish were about 10.9, 13.6, 3.3, and 2.5% in the study years 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1990, respectively, with percent recovery of turbine-released fish always exceeding that of bypass-released fish. 

Although these results were preliminary (pending results of adult returns to be monitored until 1994), they suggested a problem of such importance that research emphasis was shifted to investigate the specific cause of poor bypass survival. Assessment of stress and physical injuries related to using the bypass system is currently being conducted to identify that segment of the system causing survival problems. Future research will be designed to examine passage survival differences between the first and second powerhouses and to further identify the causes of low survival. These data will provide guidelines for dam operational procedures to maximize survival until bypass survival problems can be corrected.

#### Bibliography

Dawley, E. M., L. G. Gilbreath, and R. D. Ledgerwood.1988. Evaluation of juvenile salmonid survival through the second powerhouse turbines and downstream migrant bypass system at Bonneville Dam, 1987. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-87-F-0323, 45 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Dawley, E. M., L. G. Gilbreath, R. D. Ledgerwood, P. J. Bentley, B.-P. Sandford, and M. H. Schiewe.1989. Survival of subyearling chinook salmon which have passed through turbines, bypass system, and tailrace basin of Bonneville Dam Second Powerhouse, 1988. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW57-87-F-0323, 78 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Ledgerwood, R. D., E. M. Dawley, L. G. Gilbreath, P. J. Bentley, B.-P. Sandford, and M. H. Schiewe.1990. Relative survival of subyearling chinook salmon which have passed through Bonneville Dam via the spillway or the second powerhouse turbines or bypass system in 1989, with comparisons to 1987 and 1988. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contracts E85890024/E86890097, 136 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

#### Transportation of Juveniles

TECHNOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS

A significant accomplishment resulting from research on stress was the refinement of the seawater challenge technique. This technique provides rapid measurement of relative stress among treatment groups of juvenile salmonids. This system produces more rapid analysis than the conventional measurements of stress, which require assay of blood cortisol or electrolytes. Conclusive data can be obtained within 48 hours for most seawater challenge test situations, whereas blood chemistry analysis usually takes weeks. Several studies using this technique were completed to isolate areas of stress in bypass, marking, and transportation systems. Modifications to the systems were recommended and implemented. As a result of these studies, CZES researchers: 

- Determined that preanesthetizing juvenile salmon before handling and   marking significantly reduces stress.   
- Isolated stress areas in the bypass system at Lower Granite Dam and   recommended successful corrections.   
- Provided stress measurements for evaluation of traveling screens, vertical   barrier screens, and orifice configurations.   
- Determined that juvenile spring chinook salmon, when confined with   juvenile steelhead, exhibited specific stress. When possible, steelhead are   now separated from chinook salmon in holding raceways and transport vehicles.   
- Determined that load densities of 0.5 pound fish/gallon were not   significantly more stressful during transport than lower densities, confirming   this density as safe for general operating procedures. 

In addition to implementing the seawater challenge technique to measure stress, long-term artificial seawater rearing in a closed recirculation system was employed in 1984, 1985, and 1986. The purpose of the system was to measure subtle effects caused by stress or disease in chinook salmon collected at Lower Granite Dam. The experimental design called for treatment groups to be reared for 120 days or longer to determine effects on growth and survival. Results suggested that bacterial kidney disease (BKD) was the primary factor affecting long-term survival of hatchery spring chinook salmon. Bacterial kidney disease may be the major limiting factor in the early ocean survival of hatchery spring chinook salmon, whether collected and transported or not. 

Fish transportation studies were conducted to determine the effects of barging steelhead directly from Dworshak National Fish Hatchery (NFH) and transporting sockeye (O. nerka) and chinook salmon from upstream dams to release locations downstream from Bonneville Dam. Analyses of adult return data from these experiments continue to show the benefits of transportation. The data are especially strong for steelhead and fall chinook salmon. Earlier data on spring chinook salmon were highly variable from year to year, but generally indicated positive effects from transport. Recent adult returns of spring chinook salmon, marked at Lower Granite Dam in 1986, showed a transport benefit ratio of 1.6 to 1, with a 95% confidence interval of 1.01-2.47 to 1. Preliminary analysis of returning adult steelhead data, obtained from the direct barging of Dworshak NFH stocks, indicates that barging can substantially increase returns to the fishery as well as to the hatchery. Steelhead barged in the middle of the outmigration (25 April and 19 May) returned at a higher rate than those barged earlier (19 April) or later (3 May). Rate of return appears related to the level of smoltification at the time of barging. The gill Na+-K+ ATPase profiles from samples of treatment groups appeared to support this observation. 

Studies to determine the potential of using PIT tags to evaluate transportation of wild spring chinook salmon have provided important information on recovery rates and on the life history of these fish. For example, it is now believed that the outmigration timing for these fish at the collector dams is generally later and more protracted than for their hatchery-reared counterparts. In addition, a PIT-tag detection/diversion system, developed for use at collector dams, is capable of automatically diverting PIT-tagged fish back to the river with a high level of efficiency.

#### Bibliography

Carlson, C., S. Achord, G. M. Matthews, D. Weitkamp, R. Whitman, R. Raleigh, and D. Chapman.1988. Fish transportation studies, Priest Rapids Dam, 1987. Public Utility District No. 2, Grant County, Ephrata, WA. 34 p. + Appendix. (Available from Grant County Public Utility District No. 2, P.O. Box 878, Ephrata, WA 98823.)

Ebel, W. J.1980. Transportation of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and steelhead, Salmo gairdneri, smolts in the Columbia River and effects on adult returns. Fish. Bull., U.S. 78:491-505.

Harmon, J. R., G. M. Matthews, D. L. Park, and T. E. Ruehle.1989. Evaluation of transportation of juvenile salmonids and related research on the Columbia and Snake Rivers, 1988. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW6884H0034, 11 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Harmon, J. R., and E. Slatick.1983. Use of a fish transportation barge for increasing returns of steelhead imprinted for homing. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-83-BP39643, 13 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Harmon, J. R., and E. Slatick.1984. Use of a fish transportation barge for increasing returns of steelhead imprinted for homing, 1983. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-83BP39643, 17 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Harmon, J. R., and E. Slatick.1985. Use of a fish transportation barge for increasing returns of steelhead imprinted for homing, 1984. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE A179-83BP39643, 10 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Harmon, J. R., and E. Slatick.1986. Use of a fish transportation barge for increasing returns of steelhead imprinted for homing. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-A179-83BP39643, 21 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Harmon, J. R., and E. Slatick.1987. Use of a fish transportation barge for increasing returns of steelhead imprinted for homing. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-A179-83BP39643, 31 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

McCabe, G. T., Jr., C. W. Long, and S. L. Leek.1983. Survival and homing of juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, transported by barge. Fish. Bull., U.S. 81:412-415.

Matthews, G. M., D. L. Park, S. Achord, and T. E. Ruehle.1986. Static seawater challenge test to measure relative stress levels in spring chinook salmon smolts. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 115(2):236-244.

Matthews, G. M., D. L. Park, J. R. Harmon, C. S. McCutcheon, and A. J. Novotny.1987. Evaluation of transportation of juvenile salmonids and related research on the Columbia and Snake Rivers, 1986. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-84-H-0034, 35 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Matthews, G. M., D. L. Park, J. R. Harmon, and T. E. Ruehle.1988. Evaluation of transportation of juvenile salmonids and related research on the Columbia and Snake Rivers, 1987. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DAC6884H0034, 25 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Matthews, G. M., D. L. Park, T. E. Ruehle, and J. R. Harmon.1985. Evaluation of transportation of juvenile salmonids and related research on the Columbia and Snake Rivers, 1984. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-84-H-0034, 26 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Monan, G. E.1985. Development of the Columbia-Snake River; its impact on anadromous salmonids; and the roles of hatcheries, fish bypasses and the water budget, and collection and transport. Bull. Perm. Int. Assoc. Navigation Congr. 51:82-97.

Park, D. L.1980. Transportation of chinook salmon and steelhead smolts, 1968-80, and its impact on adult returns to the Snake River. Internal report, 20 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112.)

Park, D. L.1985. Comprehensive report of juvenile salmonid transportation: A review of smolt transportation to bypass dams on the Snake and Columbia Rivers. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-84-H-0034, Part II, 66 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Park, D. L., J. R. Harmon, B. H. Monk, T. E. Ruehle, T. W. Newcomb, L. R. Basham, and T. A. Flagg.1981. Transportation research on the Columbia and Snake Rivers, 1980. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-78-C-0051, 45 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center,2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Park, D. L., G. M. Matthews, L. R. Basham, B. H. Monk, and S. Achord.1982. Transportation operations on the Snake and Columbia Rivers, 1981. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-78-C-0051, 32 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Park, D. L., G. M. Matthews, T. E. Ruehle, J. R. Harmon, E. Slatick, and F. Ossiander.1986. Evaluation of transportation of juvenile salmonids and related research on the Columbia and Snake Rivers, 1985. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-84-H-0034, 52 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Park, D. L., G. M. Matthews, T. E. Ruehle, J. R. Smith, J. R. Harmon, B. H. Monk, and S. Achord.1983. Evaluation of transportation and related research on Columbia and Snake Rivers, 1982. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-78-C-0051, 47 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Park, D. L., G. M. Matthews, J. R. Smith, T. E. Ruehle, J. R. Harmon, and S. Achord.1984. Evaluation of transportation of juvenile salmonids and related research on the Columbia and Snake Rivers, 1983. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-78-C-0051, 39 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Park, D. L., T. E. Ruehle, J. R. Harmon, and B. H. Monk.1980. Transportation research on the Columbia and Snake Rivers, 1979. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-78-C-0051, 28 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Park, D. L., J. R. Smith, G. M. Matthews, T. E. Ruehle, J. R. Harmon, S. Achord, and B. H. Monk.1982. Transportation operations and research on the Snake and Columbia Rivers, 1981. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-78-C-0051, 34 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Prentice, E. F., and D. L. Park.1984. A study to determine the biological feasibility of a new fish tagging system. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-83BP11982, 38 p. + Appendix. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Prentice, E. F., D. L. Park, T. A. Flagg, and C. S. McCutcheon.1986. A study to determine the biological feasibility of a new fish tagging system, 1985-1986. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-84BP11982, 89 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.))

Smith, J. R.1980. Magnetic device to hold coded wire tags for decoding. Prog. Fish-Cult. 42(2):57.

Smith, J. R., G. M. Matthews, L. R. Basham, S. Achord, and G. T. McCabe, Jr.1980. Transportation operations on the Snake and Columbia Rivers, 1979. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-78-C-0051, 27 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Smith, J. R., G. M. Matthews, L. R. Basham, B. H. Monk, and S. Achord.1981. Transportation operations on the Snake and Columbia Rivers, 1980. Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract DACW68-78-C-0051, 31 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.))

#### Columbia River Estuary and Ocean Plume

These research projects have yielded valuable information concerning 1) variables which affect timing and movement of juvenile salmonids to and through the estuary and through coastal marine waters of Washington and Oregon; 2) recovery rates and their relationship to river flow, release site, release date, and physical condition of migrants; 3) survival trends during riverine migration associated with river conditions, cultural treatments, and physical condition of migrants, and the relationships of these trends with survival to adulthood; 4) ecological impacts during migration through the estuary; and 5) comparisons of survival and contributions between wild and hatchery fish stocks.

#### Bibliography

Dawley, E. M., R. D. Ledgerwood, T. H. Blahm, R. A. Kirn, and A.E. Rankis.1984. Migrational characteristics and survival of juvenile salmonids entering the Columbia River estuary during 1983. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-A179-83BP-39652, 88 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Dawley, E. M., R. D. Ledgerwood, T. H. Blahm, R. A. Kirn, A. E. Rankis, and F. J. Ossiander.1984. Migrational characteristics and survival of juvenile salmonids entering the Columbia River estuary during 1982. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-A179-82BP-30578, 106 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Dawley, E. M., R. D. Ledgerwood, T. H. Blahm, C. W. Sims, J. T. Durkin, R. A. Kirn, A. E. Rankis, G. E. Monan, and F. J. Ossiander.1986. Migrational characteristics, biological observations, and relative survival of juvenile salmonids entering the Columbia River estuary, 1966-1983. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-A179-84BP-39652, 256 p. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Dawley, E. M., R. D. Ledgerwood, and A. L. Jensen.1985a. Beach and purse seine sampling of juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River estuary and ocean plume, 1977-1983, Volume I: Procedures, sampling effort and catch data. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS F/NWC-74, 260 p.

Dawley, E. M., R. D. Ledgerwood, and A. L. Jensen.1985b. Beach and purse seine sampling of juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River estuary and ocean plume, 1977-1983, Volume II: Data on marked fish recoveries. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS F/NWC-75, 397 p.

Dawley, E. M., C. W Sims, R. D. Ledgerwood, D. R. Miller, and F. P. Thrower.1980. A study to define the migrational characteristics of chinook and coho salmon and steelhead trout in the Columbia River estuary. Report to Pacific Northwest Regional Commission, Project 10990061, 35 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Dawley, E. M., C. W. Sims, R. D. Ledgerwood, D. R. Miller, and J. G. Williams.1981. A study to define the migrational characteristics of chinook and coho salmon in the Columbia River estuary and associated marine waters. Report to Pacific Northwest Regional Commission, Project 10990061, 68 p. + Appendixes. (Available from Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112-2097.)

Emmett, R. L., D. R. Miller, and T. H. Blahm.1986. Food of juvenile chinook, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and coho,O. kisutch, salmon off the north Oregon and southern Washington coasts, May-September 1980. Calif. Fish Game 72(1):38-46.

Kirn, R. A., R. D. Ledgerwood, and A. L. Jensen.1986. Diet of subyearling chinook salmon in the Columbia River estuary and changes effected by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Northwest Sci. 60(3):191-196.

Kirn, R. A., R. D. Ledgerwood, and R. A. Nelson.1986. Increased abundance and the food consumption of northern squawfish at river kilometer 75 in the Columbia River. Northwest Sci. 60(3):197-199.

Ledgerwood, R. D., F. P. Thrower, and E. M. Dawley.1991. Diel sampling of migratory juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River estuary. Fish. Bull., U.S. 89:69-78.

Miller, D. R., J. G. Williams, and C. W. Sims.1983. Distribution, abundance, and growth of juvenile salmonids off the coast of Oregon and Washington, summer 1980. Fish. Res. 2:1-17.

Table of Contents