# United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT

Argued May 4, 2021 Decided July 9, 2021

No. 19

- 1233

G REAT L AKES C OMMUNICATION C ORP ., ET AL ., P ETITIONERS

v.

F EDERAL C OMMUNICATIONS C OMMISSION AND U NITED S TATES OF A MERICA , R ESPONDENTS

AT&T C ORP ., ET AL ., I NTERVENORS

Consolidated with 19

- 1244

On Petitions for Review of an Order of the Federal Communications Commission

Lauren J. Coppola argued the cause for petitioners. With her on the joint briefs were G. David Carter
, Dwayne D. Sam
, Anthony T. Caso
, John C. Eastman
, Henry Goldberg , and W. Kenneth Ferree. Robert Callahan entered an appearance.2

James M. Carr , Counsel, Federal Communications Commission, argued the cause for respondents. With him on the brief were Michael F. Murray , Deputy Assistant Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice, Robert B. Nicholson and Andrew N. Delaney , Attorneys, Thomas M. Jo hnson, Jr.
, General Counsel, Federal Communications Commission, Ashley S. Boizelle , Deputy General Counsel

, and Richard K. Welch , Deputy Associate General Counsel. Jacob M. Lewis
, Associate General Counsel, and Matthew J. Dunne , Counsel, Federal Communica tions Commission, entered an appearance.

Timothy J. Simeone
, Deepika H. Ravi
, Michael J. Hunseder
, James P. Young
, Christopher M. Heimann, and David L. Lawson were on the joint brief of intervenors AT&T Corp., et al. in support of respondents. C. Freder ick Beckner III
, Jonathan E. Nuechterlein , and Christopher J. Wright entered appearances.

Before: W ILKINS and R AO , Circuit Judges , and S ILBERMAN , Senior Circuit Judge

. Opinion for the Court filed by Senior Circuit Judge S ILBERMAN

.
S ILBERMAN , Senior Circuit Judge : Petitioners challenge an FCC rule that discourages competitive carriers from stimulating access fees that long

- distance carriers must pay when routing calls to a local carrier . We deny the petition s because the Commission ha s ample sta tutory authority and its rule is reasonable.

I
As we previously described, so

- called “ competitive carriers ” compete with legacy “ incumbent carriers, ” who are3

descendants of AT&T’s broken

- up monopoly

. See generally Comptel v. FCC , 978 F.3d 1325 (D.C. Cir. 2020). Typically
, t he latter own the local phone network, while the former lease or purchase at wholesale the use of the incumbent’s network to deliver services.

The smaller of the incumbent carriers

— operating largely in rural areas

— are known as rate

- of

- return carriers because their prices are set by a regulatory formula based on their costs plus a profit percentage. Competitive carriers benchmark their rates to an incumbent operating in the same area , whose rates have already been approved. See Conne ct America Fund
, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 26 FCC Rcd

. 4569 ¶ 36 (2011). Since competitive carriers use the networks of others, they have greater geographic flexibility

. And this flexibility allows them to act quickly to exploit profitable market opportunities and engage in regulatory arbitrage

.
In a previous case
, we described the competitive carriers’ targeting of a market niche servicing large business and government e ntities

. Comptel, 978 F.3d at 1331. In this case
, the FCC focus es on the competitive carriers ’ pursuit of another market segment

— toll conference centers. The y host telephone conferences where multiple people call in to a meeting

. Servicing toll conference centers has been a particularly lucrative business for competitive carriers. Under existing (and

c ongressionally

- sanctioned) regulations, long

- distance carriers must pay an “access fee” to local carriers that deliver call s to their recipients. The access fee cover s the responsibility of tandem switching and transportation to the local carrier’s end office. The more people who call into the c onference center
, the more profit the carrier generate s , because fees exceed the marginal cost to the carrier. This provides a competitive carrier an incentive to operate in area s where the incumbents have high4

per

- minute interstate access rate s, and then to inflate the amount of traffic on its system.

Calls to rural areas are more expensive (and profitable) for technological and regulatory reasons

. So competitive carriers will often route calls through rural areas and encourage toll conference centers to operate there. Indeed, some carriers operating in rural areas have had explicit agreements with call centers to share revenue from access charges

— thereby stimulating conference callers to offer artificially low rates (even totally free calls).

As a result of these incentives, some sparsely populated rural areas receive a disproportionate and overwhelming number of calls. The Commission credited AT&T ’s observation , for instance, that twice as many calling minutes were routed in a month to Redfield, South Dakota (population 2,300) and one end office as were routed to Verizo n’s facilities in New York C ity (population 8,500,000) and 90 end offices. Similarly, Sprint explained that Iowa
, with 1% of the U.S. population
, accounts for 48% of Sprint’s access fee payments. In addition to higher fees, the Commission notes that access stimulation may result in overload ed networks
, call blocking
, and dropped calls. Updating the Intercarrier Compensation Regime to Eliminate Access Arbitrage , 34 FCC Rcd. 9035 ¶ ¶ 15, 95 , 111 (2019) (“ Order ”)

.
The long

- distance carriers complained to the FCC . U nder existing rules they could not charge their customers separately for such calls ; long

- distance rates for customers are calculated as flat rates without regard to the length of call or geographic distance. See 47 U.S.C. § 254(g) ; Connect America Fund
, Report and Order, 26 FCC Rcd. 17663 ¶ 663 (“ 2011 Order ”). The interexchange carriers claimed
, therefore
, that the costs5 generated by the few who were making these calls to conference centers were borne by all customers.

In a 2011 rule, the FCC agreed with the long

- distance carriers’ complaint s

. 2011 Order ¶ 675. The FCC designated carriers who exploited this regulatory loo phole as “access stimulators.” That designation included both competitive carriers and rate

- of

- return carriers who (1) had a revenue sharing agreement with a third

- party based on access charges and (2) had three times as many long

- distance calls coming in (“terminating”) as going out (“originating”)

. 1 If designated an access stimulator
, regulators would reduce the access fees that a carrier was permitted to charge

. 2011 Order ¶¶ 684

– 86, 688

– 90. 2

But the 2011 rule w a s not completely successful. Some competitive carriers continued to stimulate access fees notwithstanding the sanction . Others successful ly circumvent ed the ban on direct revenue sharing with the conference call centers by using third parties

. See Order ¶ 44 ; AT&T Corp. v. FCC , 970 F. 3d 344, 351

– 53 (D.C. Cir. 2020)

.
So
, in 201 8 , the Commission revisited the problem. It issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking that, importantly, inquired “whether, and if so how
, to revise the current definition of access stimulation to more accurately and

1 Even if a carrier didn’t meet the 3:1 ratio, it could still be an access stimulator if it had doubled either its interstate originating or terminating switched access minutes in a month, year over year.

2 Certain carriers challenged the 2011 rule in the Tenth Circuit, which side d with the Commission. See generally In re FCC 11

- 161 , 753 F.3d 1015 (10th Cir. 2014).6 effectively target harmful access stimulation practices.” 3 The prospective sanction for a carrier determined to be an access stimulat or was a complete ban on charging access fees.

T he FCC released a draft order in which it stated that it would add an alternative definition of access stimulation that would no t include the troubling revenue sharing agreement as an essential element

. Instead, c ompetitive

— as well as rate

- of

return

— carriers tha t terminated six times the number of long

distance calls they originate would be access stimulators , even if there was no revenue sharing agreement

. After the close of the comment period , AT&T and NTCA (a trade association including rate

- of

- return carrier s) met with the FCC and claimed that rate

- of

- return carriers did not engage in harmful access stimulation practices
, but some would nevertheless hit the 6:1 ratio

. They proposed a higher ratio

— 10:1

— for rate

- of

- return carriers . That same day, the FCC released a notice of its final agenda, thereby, under the Commission’s rules
, preventing further responses

.

T he Commission adopted rules largely following those proposed in the draft order but incorporating the differentiated defi nitions proposed by AT&T and NTCA. In addition to the old definition of access stimulation, the Commission added a new factor. If a c ompetitive c arrier excee ded a 6:1 ratio of terminating to long

- distance calls in any month , it would be labelled an access stimulator regardless of whether it had any revenue sharing agreements

. Order ¶¶ 43

– 67. But r ate

- of

r eturn c arriers without a revenue sharing agreement could

3 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 33 FCC Rcd

. 5466, 54 75 ¶ 26 (2018) (“ NPRM ”).7

avoid a ccess

- s timulator status if their ratio did not exceed 10:1 for three consecutive months. 4

The Commission explained its separate test for r ate

- of

r eturn carriers by emphasizing their structural and economic differences from competitive carriers. Id. ¶ ¶ 47

– 55

. As we previously described, the Commission noted that m any rate

- of

return carriers are small and rural . They have fixed offices and infrastructure serving defined communities. By contrast, many

c ompetitive c arriers serve only high

- volume commercial customers and can flexibly target those customers. Id. ¶ 49. And the Commission found that rate

- of

- return carriers may be more susceptible to seasonal fluctuations given the economics of rural communities. These considerations, coupled with the lack of evidence that rate

- of

- return carriers were engag ing in har mful access

- stimulation practices, led the Commission to adopt the separate definition s of access stimulation

.
The Order prohibited an access stimulator from collect ing access charges from long

- distance carriers

. Moreover, i t also imposed responsibility on access stimulators for paying any access charges imposed by intermediate carriers (carriers between the long

- distance carrier and the access

- stimulating network)

. Order ¶¶ 17

– 42. The agency explained this rule would “properly align financial incentives by making the

access

- stimulating [carrier] responsible for paying for the part of the call path that it dictates.” Order ¶ 17.

4 Rate

- of

- return carriers also had to be of sufficient size to trigger the 10:1 ratio definition

— at least 500,000 minutes of interstate terminating traffic in an end office, averaged over three calendar months. Order ¶ 43

.8

II

Petitioners (several competitive carriers and companies that off er conference calls ) challenge the rule on three grounds. First
, they contend that it exceeds the Commission’s statutory authority . Second

— and this is the main substantive argument

— the rule is arbitrary and capricious (unreasonable) for several reasons . Third, there is a separate violation of the APA; th e rule is not a logical outgrowth of the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. We take these arguments in turn.

A
The government relies primarily on 47 U.S.C. § 201(b) for its authority to promulgate the Order

. That section provides:
All charges, practices, classifications, and regulations for and in connection with [common carrier] communication service, shall be just and reasonable
, . . . The Commission may prescribe such rules and regulations as may be necessary in the public interest to carry out the provisions of this chapter.
( emphasis added). O n its face, Section 201(b) give s the Commission broad authority to define and prohibit practices or charges that it determines unreasonable. F ees intentionally accrued by artificially stimulatin g and inefficiently routing calls would appear to fall within that wide authority. To be sure, under the APA, the Commission’s decisions as to what is unreasonable must themselves be reasonable . But if the Commission can legitimately conclude that local carriers’ behavior as an access stimulator is unfair to the long

- distance

c arriers and their customers

— which we discuss in part B

— then the local carriers who engage in access stimulation can9 reasonably be described as engaging in unreasonable pr actices under Section 201(b)

. Petitioners respond by claiming that the statutory text in Section 201(b) is not as broad as it seems because other provisions cabin the C ommission ’ s authority. It is claimed that Section 251(b)(5), which obliges carriers to e stablish reciprocal arrangements to transport and terminate calls, and Section 252(d)(2), which links reciprocity with just and reasonable agreements, are inconsistent with the remedy the Order applies to an access stimulator.
47 U.S.C. § 251(b) : Each local exchange carrier has the following duties:

. . . (5) The duty to establish reciprocal compensation arrangements for the transport and termination of telecommunications.

47 U

. S

. C

. § 252(d) (2) : (A) For the purposes of compliance by an incumbent local exchange carrier with section 251(b)(5) of this title
, a State commission shall not consider the terms and conditions for reciprocal compensation to be just and reasonable unless

— (i) such terms and conditions provide for the mutual and reciprocal recovery by each carrier of costs associated with the transport and
t ermination on each carrier ’s network facilities

. . . . (B) This paragraph shall not be construed

— (i) to preclude arrangements that afford the mutual recovery of costs through the offsetting of reciprocal obligations, including arrangements that waive mutual recovery (such as bill

- and

- keep arrangements)

. (emphas e s added).10 Petitioners contend that the reciprocity and mutuality requirements of 251(b)(5) and 252(d)(2) should inform the read ing of 201(b)’s “just and reasonable” term. But, as the Commission points out, neither 251(b)(5) or 252(d)(2) applies directly to the FCC. They are directed to carriers and State Commissions respectively
, and the Commission’s role is limited to supplying background defaul t rules for States to apply. S ee Order ¶ 99 (citing 2011 Order ¶¶ 760

– 81); see also 47 U.S.C. § 201(b) (granting rulemaking authority).

T here is no dispute between the parties that the linguistic meaning of “just and reasonable
, ” standing alone , would giv e the Commission broad authority

. See Nat ’ l Ass ’ n of Regul. Util. Comm ’ rs v. ICC , 41 F.3d 721, 726

– 27 (D.C. Cir. 1994) . But
, arguably
, the Chevron framework is still in play to determine whether Sections 251 and 252 affect the meaning of “just and reasonable” in this context. The government invoke d Chevron
, and we think its interpretation is eminently permissible. See 467 U.S. 837 (1984)

. Even assuming the sections did lim it the Commission’s authority under 201(b), Petitioner s’ argument has no merit

. They argue the sanction imposed on access stimulators is itself

non

- reciprocal and non

- mutual because they can no longer recover access charges for calls they terminate

— a circu mstance which doesn’t apply to calls the access stimulator originates. This seems to us to be a rather labored and unpersuasive argument. Under Petitioners’ logic, if a local carrier’s ratio of incoming calls to outgoing were 100:1, the Commission would be powerless to prevent the access stimulator from recovering access fees despite being grossly disproportionate to its costs. And a fter all, the whole purpose of the FCC’s rule is to achieve a measure of reciprocity11 between the originating and terminating c alls , and thereby reciprocity with the interexchange carriers

. 5

In sum, we think Petitioners’ statutory arguments are unpersuasive.

B
Petitioners attack the premise of the FCC’s rule. It is allegedly unreasonable for the FCC to conclude that consumers were disadvantaged by the stimulation of access charges. 6 Seventy

- five million people use toll conferencing annually. And the revenue lon g

- distance carriers receive from these subscribers

— some $20.7 billion

— dwarfs the $60

– 80 million in additional charges caused by access stimulators.

The flaw in the argument is that, as the Commission explained, it is impossible for the long

- distance carriers to charge those users the marginal cost for these services. Section 254(g) of the C ommunications Act prevents the m from charging customers directly for these cos ts. Since the costs are thus spread to all consumers , access stimulation raises the cost of calls for everyone

. See Order ¶ 20 n.55 (citing 2011 Order ¶ 663).

5 T his whole question of a ccess s timulation will probably become moot as the Commission fully transitions to what is called a bill

- and

- keep regime, whereby access fees will be largely or entirely eliminated and each carrier will bill its customers for its cost of originating and terminat ing calls. See Order ¶ 11 ; 47 U.S.C. § 251(g) (providing the Commission authority to establish transitory rules).

6 See 5 U.S.C. § 706(2) (A) ; FCC v. Prometheus Radio Project , 141 S. Ct. 1150, 1158 (2021) (requiring agency action be “reasonable and reasona bly explained”).12

Still
, Petitioners challenge the notion that even though the costs for long

- distance carriers had been reduced by the 2011 rule

— and reduced further by the 2019 rule

— these cost savings would flow to consumers. They have , according to Petitioners, fatten ed the purses of the long

- distance carriers’ stockholders
, not c allers

. To support this theory , Petitioners sought discovery into whether the 2011 rule had actually benefitted consumers. They contend that the Commission’s refusal to pursue evidence to establish their premise was erroneous and, substantively, the premis e itself was unreasonable

. We disagree. The Commission was well within its broad discretion to “decide when enough data is enough. ” United States v. FCC , 652 F.2d 72, 90

– 91 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (en banc). And it could reasonably rely on common sense a nd predic tive judgments within its expertise “ even if not explicitly backed by information in the record. ” Phoenix Herpetological Soc ’ y, Inc. v. U

. S

. Fish & Wildlife Serv.
, 998 F.3d 999
, 1006 (D.C. Cir. 2021) ; see also F CC v. F ox Television Stations , Inc. , 556 U.S. 502, 521 (2009)

. In any event, the requested evidentiary exploration would have been a snare and a delusion. It is well established the i nterexchange market is quite competitive , as the Commission explains

. Order ¶ 32. I n a competitive market, a reduction in producer costs can reasonably be expected to translate into lower consumer prices

. Moreover, as the Commission further explained , even if some portion of the cost savings improved the returns of shareholders , that wou ld benefit the public in the long run by encouraging further investment in long

- distance networks

.
Petitioners further contend that even large and expensive charges should be tolerated provided that the long

- distance carriers are able to make a profit. Th is argument is based on a13 rather disappointing understanding of economics. The relevant point is that artificial network stimulation harm s consumers by distorting the market.

* * *

Next we deal with Petitioners’ claim that it was unfair, and thus unreasona ble, to treat the rate

- of

- return carriers more leniently than the competitive carriers. It will be recalled that the rate

- of

- return carriers are not deemed access stimulators unless they have incoming calls which exceed a ratio of 10:1 vis

- à

- vis outgoing calls , but competitive carriers are subject to a 6:1 ratio

. 7

The Commission “bears the burden ‘to provide some reasonable justification for any adverse treatment relative to similarly situated competitors.’” Baltimore Gas & Elec. Co. v. FERC
, 954 F.3d 279, 283

– 84 (D.C. Cir. 2020) (quoting ANR Storage Co. v. FERC , 904 F.3d 1020, 1025 (D.C. Cir. 2018)). We think the Commission satisfied this burden and reasonably distinguished the two kinds of carriers. The rate

- of

- return carriers lack the same ability to pursue conference call centers
as customers and game the access charge regime

. T hey have a relatively defined geographic footprint that prevents the aggressive selling practices and rate arbitrage that competitive carriers can employ.

7 Petitioners also claim the 6:1 ratio is arbitrary. In a sense that is true, just as would be true of a 60 mile s

- per

- hour speed limit. But it is within the zone of reasonableness given the Commission’s goal to set a ratio that would encompass carriers engaged in access stimulating practices without relying on a revenue sharing agreement. See Vonage Holdings Corp. v. FCC
, 489 F.3d 1232, 1242

– 43 (D.C. Cir. 2007).14

To be sure , some competitive carriers have gravitated to
state

- of

- the

- art network facilities, affixing them more firmly to a geographic area and allowing them to pursue both business and residential customers. But as a class , it is still true that most competitive carriers are much more flexible than rate

- of

- return carriers. Therefore, the FCC’s differential treatment of the two types of carriers was reasonable.

Indeed, the Commission saw no evidence that rate

- of

return carriers had sought to stimulate t heir access charges or engage in rate arbitrage . Yet the increasing use of the internet and cell phones to initiate long

- distance calls could cause rate

of

- return carriers’ ratio of incoming

- to

- outgoing calls to rise above 6:1 . So the 10:1 limitation impos ed on them by the Commission’s Order was a reasonable prophylactic limitation.

* * *
Petitioners argue that the Commission’s subsequent enforcement of the rule and grant of waivers demonstrates the Order ’s arbitrariness, and, specifically, evidence the Co mmission’s targeting of certain c ompetitive c arriers. The FCC responds that such arguments are improperly before this Court. We side with the Commission.
Ordinarily we review only the order or rule before us, not subsequent events. Comptel , 978 F.3d at 13 34. However, Petitioners call our attention to an exception, Amoco Oil Co. v. EPA , 501 F.2d 722 (D.C. Cir. 1974). The peculiar circumstances of that case led us to consider post

- rulemaking events for the limited purpose of assessing “the truth or falsity

o f agency predictions.” Id. at 729 n.10. We considered post

rulemaking c ongressional testimony that bore directly on the plausibility of agency predictions that were essential to the

r ule

— and predictions the agency reaffirmed subsequent to the rule. Id. at 729 n.10, 731.15 As we later emphasized, “[t]he exception made in Amoco Oil was quite narrow.” Defs. o f Wildlife v. Gutierrez , 532 F.3d 913, 920 (D.C. Cir. 2008). It does not apply here, and we certainly do not wish to extend it. If Petitioners want to challenge the Commission’s enforcement practices it will have to do so in a separate proceeding. 8

C

There remains Petitioners’ argument that the final rules ’ differential treatment of rate

- of

- return carriers and competitive carriers

— even if reasonable

— was not foreshadowed by the NPRM ; it was not a “logical outgrowth” of the Notice. See U.S. Telecom Ass ’ n v. FCC , 825 F.3d 674, 700 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (A notice “satisfies the logical outgrowth test if it expressly ask[s] for comment s on a particular issue or otherwise ma[kes] clear that the agency [is] contemplating a particular change.” (internal quotation omitted)) ; 5 U.S.C. § 553(b)(3) (“The notice shall include . . . (3) either the terms or substance of the proposed rule or a description of the subjects and issues involved.”)

. This is a troubling argument
, perhaps because the Commission accepted the last

- minute proposal from AT&T and NTCA

— too late for adverse comment. Even though we have concluded that the FCC’s adoption of the proposal was

8 Petitioners also raise a rather weak argument that the Order creates a Network Edge inconsistently with past policy. See Fox Television Stations , 556 U.S. at 515. A Network Edge is the boundary in a bill

- and

- keep system where the financial responsibility shifts between carriers. Petitioners’ argument is not worth discussing because, as reasonably construed by the Commission, the Order does not set a Network Ed ge , as it does not yet institute a bill

- and

- keep regime. See Order ¶ 101.16 reasonable, can it fairly be said that the differential treatment was a logical outgrowth of the notice?
The FCC’s position is clearly yes because the NPRM explicitly asked whether the Commission should “modify the ratios or triggers”

— plural

— in the definition of access stimulation (recall it is 3:1 under the 2011 rule). NPRM ¶ 26. That statement warn ed commen ters that the prior 3:1 ratio

c ould be modified

. Granted, i t did not explicitly suggest differential treatment. But since the Commission concluded that rate

- of

- return carriers were not at all access stimulators

— a conclusion that Petitioners do not challenge

— it would have been foreseeable that rate

- of

- return carriers would have been excluded altogether from any modification of the 2011 rule. Because even such an extreme differential treatment was foreseeable, the Order ’s more limited differential rat ios were a logical outgrowth of the notice. 9

* * *

In sum, Petitioners have not shown that the Commission failed to provide adequate notice or otherwise acted unreasonably in its promulgation of the Order . Thus, w e deny the petition s for review. 10

So orde red.

9 Petitioners also claim that the remedy to be imposed on access stimulators in the final rule differs from the remedy suggested in the NPRM . We think that is obviously of no signifi cance. See NPRM ¶¶ 8

– 9 ; 13

– 23 ; Order ¶¶ 40

– 41.

10 Petitioners have made a number of other and subsidiary arguments which we have considered and reject without written opinion.