Slip Op. 13-13

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

THE POMEROY COLLECTION, LTD., : 

 

 Plaintiff,: 

v. : Consol. Court No. 02-00150

UNITED STATES, : 

 Defendant. :

[Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment is denied; Defendant’s Cross-Motion for Summary

Judgment is granted]

 Dated: January 28, 2013

Peter J. Fitch, Fitch, King, LLC, of Moonachie, New Jersey, argued for Plaintiff.

Beverly A. Farrell, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of

Justice, of New York, New York, argued for Defendant. With her on the brief were Tony West,

Assistant Attorney General, and Barbara S. Williams, Attorney in Charge, International Trade Field

Office. Of counsel on the brief was Beth C. Brotman, Office of the Assistant Chief Counsel,

International Trade Litigation, Bureau of Customs and Border Protection, U.S. Department of

Homeland Security, of New York, New York. 

OPINION

RIDGWAY, Judge:

In this consolidated action,1

 plaintiff The Pomeroy Collection, Ltd. (“Pomeroy”) challenges

1

Court No. 01-00784 and Court No. 01-01011 were consolidated into the present action

based in part on the parties’ representation that consolidation will help the parties “resolve all of the

remaining issues existing in the Pomeroy cases.” See Consent Motion to Consolidate (Feb. 27,

2009); see also Order (March 4, 2009). This action is also designated a test case, with more than

50 actions currently suspended under it. See Order (March 17, 2005) (designating action as test

case). 
Court No. 02-00150 Page 2

the decision of the United States Customs Service2 denying Pomeroy’s protests concerning the tariff

classification of certain merchandise imported from Mexico in 1999.3

As discussed below, in the course of this litigation the parties have reached agreement on the 

classification of most of the merchandise identified in Pomeroy’s Consolidated Amended Complaint,

with virtually all issues resolved in Pomeroy’s favor. See section I, infra. Now pending before the

Court are the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment concerning the classification of the 16 

articles that remain in dispute, which can be grouped into three basic categories of merchandise –

“Pillar Plates,” “Floor Articles,” and “Wall Articles.” 

Pomeroy contends that all 16 remaining articles are properly classifiable as “Lamps and

lighting fittings” under subheading 9405.50.40 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United

States (“HTSUS”) (1999),4

 and are thus duty-free. See generally Plaintiff’s Brief in Support of Its

Motion for Summary Judgment (“Pl.’s Brief”) at 3, 6, 21-24; Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant’s

Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment (“Pl.’s Reply Brief”) at 1-7, 25. In the alternative, Pomeroy

2

The U.S. Customs Service – formerly part of the U.S. Department of Treasury – was

transferred to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security as part of the Homeland Security Act of

2002. See Bull v. United States, 479 F.3d 1365, 1368 n.1 (Fed. Cir. 2007). The agency is now

commonly known as U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and is referred to as “Customs” herein.

3

The contested items are listed in boldface type in schedules attached to Pomeroy’s pleadings

and briefs. The most up-to-date schedule – and the one that will be referenced hereinafter – is the

schedule appended to Pomeroy’s Reply Brief. See Pl.’s Reply Brief at attached Schedule (“Pl.’s

Final Schedule”).

4

All citations to the HTSUS herein are to the 1999 edition.

All tariff provisions discussed in relation to both the classified and claimed provisions at

issue here are properly preceded by the prefix “MX,” to indicate that the goods qualify for the duty

rate applicable to products of Mexico. However, the prefix is otherwise irrelevant to the analysis

here, and is omitted throughout the opinion.
Court No. 02-00150 Page 3

argues that the Floor Articles and the Wall Articles are classifiable as “Other furniture and parts

thereof” under either subheading 9403.80.60 or subheading 9403.20.10, and are thus duty-free. See

generally Pl.’s Reply Brief at 16-24, 25. 

The Government maintains that Customs properly classified the contested merchandise as

decorative glass articles under various subheadings of HTSUS heading 7013 (which covers

“Glassware of a kind used for . . . indoor decoration or similar purposes”) – specifically,

subheadings 7013.39.50, 7013.99.50, 7013.99.80, and 7013.99.90 (depending on the value of the

merchandise) – and assessed duties at rates ranging from 4.3% to 22.8% ad valorem. See generally

Defendant’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment (“Def.’s Brief”) at 6-7, 16-20, 20-25;

Defendant’s Reply Memorandum of Law in Support of Its Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment

and in Response to Plaintiff’s Response to Our Cross-Motion (“Def.’s Reply Brief”) at 1, 4-5, 8-9. 

Jurisdiction lies under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) (1994).5

 As discussed below, all items of

merchandise that remain in dispute are properly classified as decorative glass articles under the

specified subheadings of HTSUS heading 7013. Pomeroy’s Motion for Summary Judgment is

therefore denied, and the Government’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment is granted.6

I. Background

The parties here are no strangers to the Court. Numerous articles imported by Pomeroy with

similarities to the merchandise at issue here have been the subject of classification litigation over

5

All citations to statutes herein (other than citations to the HTSUS) are to the 1994 edition

of the United States Code.

6

Judgment also will be entered as to the classification of all those articles of merchandise on

which the parties have reached agreement.
Court No. 02-00150 Page 4

the past decade. See generally The Pomeroy Collection, Inc. v. United States, 26 CIT 624, 246 F.

Supp. 2d 1286 (2002) (“Pomeroy I”) (finding glass vessels cradled by wrought iron pedestals and

lacking candles to be classifiable as decorative glass under heading 7013), aff’d, 336 F.3d 1370

(Fed. Cir. 2003); The Pomeroy Collection, Ltd. v. United States, 32 CIT 526, 559 F. Supp. 2d 1374

(2008) (“Pomeroy II”) (finding four pieces of merchandise, all of which included candles, to be

classifiable as “Lamps and lighting fittings” under heading 9405); The Pomeroy Collection, Ltd. v.

United States, 35 CIT ____, 783 F. Supp. 2d 1257 (2011) (“Pomeroy III”) (classifying somewhat

cylindrical, vase-shaped glass structure with opening at top as “part” of lamp under heading 9405).

Indeed, as discussed in greater detail below, one of the Floor Articles at issue here – the

Medium Romano Floor Lamp – is identical to the merchandise which was the subject of Pomeroy

I. See Pomeroy I, 26 CIT at 634, 246 F. Supp. 2d at 1287-88 (describing Medium Romano Floor

Lamp Rustic in terms similar to Medium Romano Floor Lamp here, and finding it classifiable as

glassware under heading 7013); Pl.’s Brief at 9 n.2 (acknowledging that “[o]ne size of the Romano

Floor Candles was the subject of [Pomeroy I]”); Def.’s Brief at 20; Pomeroy I, 26 CIT at 634, 246

F. Supp. 2d at 1287-88 (describing Medium Romano Floor Lamp Rustic in terms similar to Medium

Romano Floor Lamp here and finding it to be classifiable as decorative glass under heading 7013).

This latest chapter of the saga – the case at bar – has been the most extensive to date. The

various protests subsumed in the three now-consolidated actions involved approximately 80 entries

of merchandise and at least 90 distinct articles in dispute.

After Court No. 01-00784 and Court No. 01-01011 were consolidated into this action,

Pomeroy filed a Consolidated Amended Complaint, which reflected the fact that the parties had
Court No. 02-00150 Page 5

reached agreement on Pomeroy’s preferred classification of more than 60 items up to that point in

time. See Consolidated Amended Complaint (“Consol. Amended Complaint”) at attached Schedule

(using boldface type to identify items then in dispute, and regular type to identify items as to which

classification had been agreed). The Consolidated Amended Complaint narrowed Pomeroy’s

challenge, focusing on 23 assorted articles of different types and sizes then still in dispute, which

the Consolidated Amended Complaint divided into six different “groups” of merchandise. See

Consol. Amended Complaint ¶ 6.

Specifically, “Group I,” which the Consolidated Amended Complaint referred to as “Floor

Lighting Articles,” included Pomeroy’s “Stix Floor Candle” (sizes small, medium, and large), 

“Basics Floor Candle” (sizes small, medium, and large), and “Romano Floor Lamp[]” (sizes medium

and large). See Consol. Amended Complaint ¶ 6. “Group II,” which the Consolidated Amended

Complaint referred to as “Other Floor Goods,” included Pomeroy’s “Talon Floor Vase[]” (sizes

small and large) and “Asiatica Floor Vase.” See Consol. Amended Complaint ¶ 6. “Group III,”

which the Consolidated Amended Complaint referred to as “Wall Lighting Goods,” included

Pomeroy’s “Lattice Wall Lighting” and “Romano Wall Lighting.” See Consol. Amended Complaint

¶ 6. “Group IV,” which the Consolidated Amended Complaint referred to as “Candle Goods,”

included Pomeroy’s “Metropol Pillar Holder w/6" candle” and “Metropol Pillar Candle Glass

w/candle.” See Consol. Amended Complaint ¶ 6. “Group V,” which the Consolidated Amended

Complaint referred to as “Metropol Candle Holders,” included two different model numbers of

Pomeroy’s “Metropol Pillar Holder,” imported without candles. See Consol. Amended Complaint

¶¶ 6, 36-38. And “Group VI,” which the Consolidated Amended Complaint referred to as “Other
Court No. 02-00150 Page 6

Candle Holders,” included six assorted styles/sizes of Pomeroy’s “Glass Pillar Plates.” See Consol.

Amended Complaint ¶ 6.

Since the filing of the Pomeroy’s Consolidated Amended Complaint, the parties have further

narrowed their differences. Specifically, the parties have now agreed that – as Pomeroy has

maintained – the “Metropol Pillar Holder w/6" candle” and the “Metropol Pillar Candle Glass

w/candle” are properly classifiable as “Candles, tapers and the like,” under subheading 3406.00.00,

and are therefore duty-free. See Defendant’s Response to Plaintiff’s Statement of Material Facts As

To Which No Genuine Issue Exists (“Def.’s Response to Pl.’s Statement of Facts”) ¶¶ 3-4 (noting

parties’ agreement that two Metropol articles imported with candles (article # 687068 and article

# 641053) should be classified under subheading 3406.00.00). Similarly, the parties have now

agreed that – as Pomeroy has maintained – the two other Metropol articles (i.e., article # 687051 and

article # 687037), which were imported without candles, should be classified as “Lamps and lighting

fittings . . . and parts thereof” under subheading 9405.50.40, and thus are also duty-free. See Def.’s

Response to Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶¶ 3-4 (noting parties’ agreement that two other Metropol

articles, imported without candles, should be classified under subheading 9405.50.40). In addition,

Pomeroy has voluntarily withdrawn its claims as to its “Talon Floor Vases” and its “Asiatica Floor

Vase.” See Pl.’s Brief at 2 n.1. 

As a result, of the dozens of items originally at issue in this action, a total of 16 now remain

in dispute. Those 16 items are described below, and are grouped for purposes of analysis into three

categories of merchandise – the “Pillar Plates,” the “Floor Articles,” and the “Wall Articles.”

Pomeroy contends that all 16 articles are properly classifiable under subheading 9405.50.40,
Court No. 02-00150 Page 7

HTSUS, “Lamps and lighting fittings including searchlights and spotlights and parts thereof, not

elsewhere specified or included; illuminated signs, illuminated nameplates and the like, having a

permanently fixed light source, and parts thereof not elsewhere specified or included: Non-electrical

lamps and lighting fittings: Other: Other,” and thus should be duty-free. See Pl.’s Brief at 3, 6, 21-

24; Subheading 9405.50.40, HTSUS. In the alternative, Pomeroy contends that the Floor Articles

and the Wall Articles are properly classifiable under subheading 9403.80.60, as “Other furniture and

parts thereof: Furniture of other materials, including cane, osier, bamboo or similar materials:

Other.” See Pl.’s Brief at 16-24, 25; Subheading 9403.80.60, HTSUS.7

A. Pillar Plates

The Pillar Plates at issue are slightly concave glass plates, each with three small rounded feet

on the bottom. See Def.’s Brief at 5; Pl.’s Brief at Exhs. 13A-D (samples of frosted and clear

models of medium and large Pillar Plates). Three different sizes of plates were imported – small

(5.5 inches in diameter), medium (7 inches in diameter), and large (9.5 inches in diameter); and each

size was imported in two colors (i.e., clear glass and white frosted glass). See Def.’s Brief at 5; Pl.’s

Brief at Exhs. 13A-D (samples of Pillar Plates).8

7

As an additional alternative theory, Pomeroy claimed in its Consolidated Amended

Complaint that the Floor Articles and Wall Articles were properly classifiable as statuettes and other

ornaments of base metal under subheading 8306.29.00, a duty-free provision. See Consol. Amended

Complaint ¶¶ 22-26. However, Pomeroy has not briefed that claim, and has therefore waived it. 

8

The Pillar Plates include the Small Clear Glass Pillar Plate (article # 687402), the Medium

Clear Glass Pillar Plate (article # 687419), the Large Clear Glass Pillar Plate (article # 687426), the

Small Frosted Glass Pillar Plate (article # 687457), the Medium Frosted Glass Pillar Plate (article

# 687464), and the Large Frosted Glass Pillar Plate (article # 687471). See Pl.’s Final Schedule;

First Pomeroy Affidavit ¶ 16.
Court No. 02-00150 Page 8

Pomeroy alleges that the Pillar Plates were designed as candleholders. See Pl.’s Brief at 20

(“The ‘pillar plates’ were so named because they are platforms (or plates) for holding arrangements

of pillar candles.”). And Pomeroy emphasizes that the boxes in which the Pillar Plates were

imported featured photographs depicting candles inserted into the merchandise. See Pl.’s Brief at

Exhs. 13A-D (samples of Pillar Plates, with boxes); Pl.’s Brief at 20-21. However, the Pillar Plates

were not imported with candles, and – as Pomeroy itself concedes – can readily be used to hold a

wide range of items, including, for example, “colored glass, fruit, or perhaps a wine bottle.” See

Pl.’s Brief at 20 (noting that candles were not included with Pillar Plates); Plaintiff’s Response to

Defendant’s Statement of Material Facts as to Which No Genuine Issue Exists (“Pl.’s Response to

Def.’s Statement of Facts”) ¶ 10; see also Defendant’s Statement of Material Facts as to Which No

Genuine Issue Exists (“Def.’s Statement of Facts”) ¶ 10 (stating that Pillar Plates “could be used to

hold . . . potpourri, flowers, sand, gravel, stones, pebbles, colored glass, fruit, wine bottles”).

Customs classified virtually all of the Pillar Plates as decorative glass articles under HTSUS

subheading 7013.99.50, and assessed duties at the rate of 18%. See Pl.’s Brief at 2.9

 However, some

entries of one type of Pillar Plate (i.e., the large frosted glass Pillar Plate) were instead classified

under subheading 7013.39.50 or subheading 7013.99.80, with duties assessed at the rate of 9%. See

Pl.’s Reply Brief at attached Schedule (“Pl.’s Final Schedule”).10 

9

Specifically, subheading 7013.99.50 covers “Glassware of a kind used for table, kitchen,

toilet, office, indoor decoration or similar purposes (other than that of heading 7010 or 7018): Other

glassware: Other: Other: Other: Valued over $0.30 but not over $3 each.” See Subheading

7013.99.50, HTSUS.

10Subheading 7013.39.50 covers “Glassware of a kind used for table, kitchen, toilet, office,

indoor decoration or similar purposes (other than that of heading 7010 or 7018): Glassware of a kind

used for table (other than drinking glasses) or kitchen purposes other than that of glass-ceramics:
Court No. 02-00150 Page 9

B. Floor Articles

The Floor Articles in dispute include three styles of merchandise – Pomeroy’s “Stix Floor

Candle” (sizes small, medium, and large), its “Basics Floor Candle” (sizes small, medium, and

large), and its “Romano Floor Lamp” (sizes medium and large). See, e.g., Pl.’s Brief at Exhs. 2

(Medium Basics Floor Candle), 4 (Small Romano Floor Candle), 5 (photograph of three Stix Floor

Candles).11 Each of the Floor Articles consists of two separate components – a glass vessel with a

rounded bottom, and a wrought iron pedestal (i.e., stand). See Pl.’s Brief at Exhs. 2-6 (physical

samples and photographs of Floor Articles). Each glass vessel has a rounded bottom that prevents

it from standing on its own (unless it is turned upside down) or from functioning in its intended

manner without the pedestal, which is specifically designed to cradle (that is, to hold and support)

the glass vessel. See Pl.’s Brief at Exhs. 2-6 (physical samples and photographs of Floor Articles).

The pedestals range from in height from approximately 16 inches to approximately 42

inches, depending on the model and size of the Floor Article. See Pl.’s Brief at Exh. 7 (Pomeroy

Other: Other: Valued over $3 each: Other: Valued over $3 but not over $5 each.” See Subheading

7013.39.50, HTSUS.

Subheading 7013.99.80 covers “Glassware of a kind used for table, kitchen, toilet, office,

indoor decoration or similar purposes (other than that of heading 7010 or 7018): Other glassware:

Other: Other: Other: Valued over $3 each: Other: Valued over $3 but not over $5 each.” See

Subheading 7013.99.80, HTSUS.

11The Floor Articles include the Small Stix Floor Candle (article # 574962), the Medium Stix

Floor Candle (article # 574979 and article # 575914), the Large Stix Floor Candle (article # 574986), 

the Small Basics Floor Candle (article # 840999), the Medium Basics Floor Candle (article #

841996), the Large Floor Candle (article # 842016), the Medium Romano Floor Lamp (article #

856013 and article # 856037), and the Large Romano Floor Lamp (article # 857010). See Pl.’s Final

Schedule; First Pomeroy Affidavit ¶¶ 4-6.
Court No. 02-00150 Page 10

price list with descriptions of merchandise). The glass vessels used in the Basics and Romano

models are identical, while the glass vessel used in the Stix model is more shallow with a somewhat

wider brim at the top. See Pl.’s Brief at Exhs. 2-6 (samples and photographs showing differences

among models of Floor Articles). Specifically, the glass vessel for the Basics and Romano models

is approximately nine inches tall, with an opening that is approximately seven inches wide and a rim

approximately two inches wide. See Pl.’s Brief at Exh. 2 (Medium Basics Floor Candle, including

vessel); Def.’s Brief at 3. Similarly, the glass vessels included with the Stix models are

approximately 8.5 inches tall, with an opening that is approximately 7.8 inches wide, and a brim that

appears to be a few inches wider than that in the other models. See Pl.’s Brief at Exh. 6 (photograph

of Stix Floor Candles); Def.’s Brief at 3-4.12

Pomeroy asserts that the Floor Articles were “all designed . . . as candle holders.” See Pl.’s

Brief at 9. However, candles were not included with any of the Floor Articles as imported. See Pl.’s

Brief at 8; Def.’s Brief at 18. Moreover, there is nothing to limit the use of any of the Floor Articles

to holding a candle. As even Pomeroy admits, any of the Floor Articles “CAN be used to hold a

variety of articles other than candles.” Pl.’s Response to Def.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 9; see also

Def.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 9 (same).

Customs classified the eight Floor Articles as “Glassware of a kind used for . . . indoor

decoration or similar purposes” under subheading 7013.99.90, assessing duties at the rate of 4.3%. 

12No samples of the Stix models were provided. However, as the Government notes, the

dimensions of the glass vessel included with the Stix models can be extrapolated from a photograph

that Pomeroy provided. See Pl.’s Brief at Exh. 6; Def.’s Brief at 3-4. 
Court No. 02-00150 Page 11

See Pl.’s Final Schedule.13

C. Wall Articles

The Wall Articles at issue include two different models of merchandise – Pomeroy’s

Romano Wall Lighting and its Lattice Wall Lighting, each of which is comprised of a glass vessel

and an iron wall mounting. See Pl.’s Brief at Exhs. 8-9 (boxes in which Wall Articles were

imported, featuring photographs of articles).

No samples of the articles were made available, and their exact dimensions are unclear. Pl.’s

Brief at 17. However, the depictions on the boxes indicate that the articles’ iron wall mounting

supports a glass vessel with a rounded bottom. See Pl.’s Brief at Exh. 8 (box in which Lattice Wall

Lighting was imported); Pl.’s Brief at Exh. 9 (box in which Romano Wall Lighting was imported). 

The glass vessel appears somewhat smaller than – but roughly the same shape as – the vessels used

in the Floor Articles. Compare Pl.’s Brief at Exh. 3 (photograph of three Basics Floor Candles) and

Pl.’s Brief at Exhs. 8-9 (boxes in which Wall Articles were imported).

Pomeroy states that the Wall Articles “were always advertised and sold as candle holders.” 

Pl.’s Brief at 18. And Pomeroy emphasizes that the boxes in which the Wall Articles were imported

featured photographs depicting the merchandise with candles inserted into the vessels. See Pl.’s

Brief at 17-18. However, neither of the Wall Articles was imported with candles. Pl.’s Brief at 17;

Def.’s Brief at 4-5, 19. Indeed, as Pomeroy concedes, the Wall Articles can be used to hold a wide

13Subheading 7013.99.90 covers “Glassware of a kind used for table, kitchen, toilet, office,

indoor decoration or similar purposes (other than that of heading 7010 or 7018): Other glassware:

Other: Other: Other: Valued over $3 each: Other: Valued over $5 each.” See Subheading

7013.99.90, HTSUS. 
Court No. 02-00150 Page 12

variety of items other than candles, including “potpourri, flowers, sand, gravel, stones, pebbles,

colored glass, fruit, wine bottles” and more. See Def.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 10 (stating that Wall

Articles “could be used to hold . . . potpourri, flowers, sand, gravel, stones, pebbles, colored glass,

fruit, wine bottles”); Pl.’s Response to Def.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 10 (admitting that the Wall

Articles “COULD be so used”).

Customs classified both models of Wall Articles as decorative glass articles under

subheading 7013.99.50, and assessed duties at the rate of 18%. See Pl.’s Final Schedule.14

II. Standard of Review

Under USCIT Rule 56, summary judgment is appropriate where “there is no genuine dispute

as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” USCIT R. 56(a). 

Customs’ classification decisions are reviewed de novo, through a two-step analysis. See 28 U.S.C.

§ 2640; Faus Group, Inc. v. United States, 581 F.3d 1369, 1371-72 (Fed. Cir. 2009). The first step

of the analysis “addresses the proper meaning of the relevant tariff provisions, which is a question

of law. The second step involves determining whether the merchandise at issue falls within a

particular tariff provision as construed.” See Faus Group, 581 F.3d at 1371-72 (citing Orlando Food

Corp. v. United States, 140 F.3d 1437, 1439 (Fed. Cir. 1998)).

Interpretation of the relevant tariff headings is a question of law, while application of the

terms to the merchandise is a question of fact. See Bausch & Lomb, Inc. v. United States, 148 F.3d

1363, 1364-65 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (citation omitted). Summary judgment is thus appropriate where

– as here – the nature of the merchandise is not in question, and the sole issue is its proper

14The complete text of subheading 7013.99.50 is set forth in footnote 9, above.
Court No. 02-00150 Page 13

classification. See Bausch & Lomb, 148 F.3d at 1365 (citation omitted) (explaining that summary

judgment is appropriate in customs classification cases “when there is no genuine dispute as to the

underlying factual issue of exactly what the merchandise is”).

In the case at bar, although the parties argue for classification under different headings of the

HTSUS, there are no disputes of material fact. The question presented is limited to the legal issue

of the proper classification of the merchandise.15 This matter is therefore ripe for summary

judgment.

III. Analysis

The proper tariff classification of all merchandise imported into the United States is governed

by the General Rules of Interpretation (“GRIs”). The GRIs provide a framework for classification

under the HTSUS, and are to be applied in sequential order. See, e.g., North Am. Processing Co.

v. United States, 236 F.3d 695, 698 (Fed. Cir. 2001); Orlando Food, 140 F.3d at 1439-40. 

GRI 1 provides for classification “according to the terms of the headings and any relative

section or chapter notes and, provided such headings or notes do not otherwise require, according

to [GRIs 2 through 6].” GRI 1, HTSUS. Thus, the first step in any classification analysis is to

determine whether the headings and notes require a particular classification. 

15The parties argue over whether Customs’ classifications of the merchandise here at issue

are entitled to a statutory presumption of correctness. See Def.’s Brief at 9-10; Pl.’s Reply Brief at

1; 28 U.S.C. § 2639(a)(1). As Pomeroy correctly notes, however, the presumption of correctness

is irrelevant at the summary judgment stage, where – by definition – there is assertedly no dispute

as to any material fact. See, e.g., Goodman Mfg., L.P. v. United States, 69 F.3d 505, 508 (Fed. Cir.

1995) (holding that, “[b]ecause there was no factual dispute between the parties, the presumption

of correctness is not relevant”); see generally Universal Elec. Inc. v. United States, 112 F.3d 488,

491-93 (Fed. Cir. 1997); Rollerblade, Inc. v. United States, 112 F.3d 481, 483-84 (Fed. Cir. 1997).
Court No. 02-00150 Page 14

Here, Note 1(e) to Chapter 70 of the HTSUS specifically provides that Chapter 70 does not

cover lamps or lighting fittings or the other items included under heading 9405. See Chapter Note

1(e) to Chapter 70, HTSUS.16 Similarly, Explanatory Note 94.03 expressly excludes “[s]tandard

16As explained in Pomeroy II, if the subject merchandise here at issue is properly classifiable

under heading 9405, its classification under heading 7013 is barred as a matter of law by Chapter

Note 1(e), which provides, in relevant part:

1. This chapter does not cover:

. . . . 

(e) Lamps or lighting fittings, illuminated signs, illuminated name-plates

or the like, having a permanently fixed light source, or parts thereof

of heading 9405;

Chapter Note 1(e) to Chapter 70 (emphasis added); see Pl.’s Brief at 8; Def.’s Brief at 7; see also

Pomeroy II, 32 CIT at 540, 540 n.15, 559 F. Supp. 2d at 1388, 1388-89 n.15 (2008). Unlike

Explanatory Notes (which are persuasive, but not binding), Chapter Notes are mandatory and

conclusive statutory law for all purposes. See, e.g., Degussa Corp. v. United States, 508 F.3d 1044,

1047 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (noting that “chapter notes are integral parts of the HTSUS, and have the same

legal force as the text of the headings,” in contrast to “[e]xplanatory notes,” which “are not legally

binding but may be consulted for guidance and are generally indicative of the proper interpretation

of a tariff provision”) (citation omitted); Libas, Ltd. v. United States, 193 F.3d 1361, 1364 (Fed. Cir.

1999) (describing chapter notes as “statutory language” of HTSUS).

In addition, pursuant to Explanatory Note 70.13, “Lamps and lighting fittings and parts

thereof of heading 94.05” are expressly excluded from classification as “Glassware of a kind used

for . . . indoor decoration” under heading 7013. See Explanatory Note 70.13. 

The Explanatory Notes function as an interpretative supplement to the HTSUS, and are

“generally indicative of . . . [its] proper interpretation.” Lynteq, Inc. v. United States, 976 F.2d 693,

699 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (quoting H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 100-576, 100th Cong., 2d Sess. 549 (1988),

reprinted in 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1547, 1582). They are the official interpretation of the scope of the

Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (which served as the basis of the HTSUS)

as viewed by the Customs Cooperation Council (now known as the World Customs Organization),

the international institution that drafted the international nomenclature. Thus, while the Explanatory

Notes “do not constitute controlling legislative history,” they “nonetheless are intended to clarify

the scope of HTSUS [provisions] and offer guidance in interpreting [those provisions].” Mita

Copystar Am. v. United States, 21 F.3d 1079, 1082 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (citing Lynteq, 976 F.2d at

699). See also Len-Ron Mfg. Co. v. United States, 334 F.3d 1304, 1309 (Fed. Cir. 2003);
Court No. 02-00150 Page 15

lamps and other lamps and lighting fittings” from classification under heading 9403. See World

Customs Organization, Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System: Explanatory Note

94.03 (2d ed. 1996). Thus, if the merchandise at issue is classifiable as “Lamps and lighting fittings”

under heading 9405, it is not classifiable as either decorative glassware under heading 7013 or

“Other furniture and parts thereof” under heading 9403. Accordingly, the analysis of the

classification of all of the articles in question logically must begin with heading 9405.

Where classification is not resolved by GRI 1, the analysis proceeds to subsequent GRIs. 

GRI 2 instructs, in relevant part, that “[a]ny reference in a heading to an article shall be taken to

include a reference to that article incomplete . . . , provided that, as entered, the incomplete . . .

article has the essential character of the complete . . . article.” GRI 2(a), HTSUS. Further, any

reference to “goods of a given material or substance shall be taken to include a reference to goods

consisting wholly or partly of such material or substance” and “[t]he classification of goods

consisting of more than one material or substance shall be according to the principles of [GRI 3].” 

GRI 2(b), HTSUS. Pursuant to GRI 3, more “specific” heading descriptions “shall be preferred to

headings providing a more general description.” GRI 3(a), HTSUS. “However, when two or more

headings each refer to part only of the materials or substances contained in mixed or composite

goods . . . , those headings are to be regarded as equally specific,” and goods covered by such

headings are to be “classified as if they consisted of the material or component which gives them

their essential character.” GRI 3(a)-(b), HTSUS.

Rollerblade, 112 F.3d at 486 n.3 (Fed. Cir. 1997). 

All citations herein are to the second edition of the Explanatory Notes, published in 1996.
Court No. 02-00150 Page 16

As detailed below, the three groups of merchandise here in dispute are properly classified

under heading 7013. The Pillar Plates are properly classified under HTSUS subheadings 7013.99.50

or 7013.99.80 through a straightforward application of GRI 1. The Floor Articles are properly

classified under subheading 7013.99.90, through the application of GRI 3(b) and its “essential

character” analysis. Finally, the Wall Articles are classifiable through a similar GRI 3(b) analysis

under subheading 7013.99.50. 

A. Heading 9405

Pomeroy maintains that all items in dispute are properly classifiable under heading 9405,

which covers “Lamps and lighting fittings including searchlights and spotlights and parts thereof,

not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated signs, illuminated nameplates and the like, having

a permanently fixed light source, and parts thereof not elsewhere specified or included.” Heading

9405, HTSUS.17 As an eo nomine tariff provision,18 heading 9405 generally encompasses all forms

of the article. See, e.g., Pomeroy II, 32 CIT at 549, 559 F. Supp. 2d at 1396 (concluding that

heading 9405 “is clearly identifiable as an eo nomine provision,” not a principal use provision); Pl.’s

Brief at 6, 15, 16 (stating that heading 9405 is eo nomine provision); Def.’s Reply Brief at 5 (same);

17Pomeroy does not argue that the articles at issue fit within the definition of any terms other

than “Lamps and lighting fittings . . . and parts thereof” under heading 9405. Heading 9405,

HTSUS. That is, Pomeroy does not contend that any of the articles fit within the meaning of the

terms “searchlights and spotlights and parts thereof, not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated

signs, illuminated nameplates and the like, having a permanently fixed light source.” Heading 9405,

HTSUS; see generally Pl.’s Brief; Pl.’s Reply Brief. 

18An eo nomine provision is “one which describes [a] commodity by a specific name, usually

one well known to commerce.” Casio, Inc. v. United States, 73 F.3d 1095, 1097 (Fed. Cir. 1996)

(quoting Black’s Law Dictionary (6th ed. 1990)). 
Court No. 02-00150 Page 17

Carl Zeiss, Inc. v. United States, 195 F.3d 1375, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (explaining that eo nomine

provisions ordinarily cover all forms of named article).19

Explanatory Note 94.05 defines “Lamps and lighting fittings” to include items that “use any

source of light,” including “candles.” See Explanatory Note 94.05. The Explanatory Note further

specifies that heading 9405 “covers in particular . . . [c]andelabra” and “candlesticks,” in addition

to “candle brackets” (such as those used on pianos). See Explanatory Note 94.05. Heading 9405

19Although Pomeroy repeatedly and unequivocally states that heading 9405 is an eo nomine

provision, Pomeroy elsewhere argues for application of the Carborundum factors in the context of

a “principal use” analysis, devoting much ink to assertions concerning matters such as the design,

marketing, and sales of its merchandise. See, e.g., Pl.’s Brief at 9 (representing that Floor Articles

were “designed . . . as candleholders for use in homes, or offices, in doors or out of doors”), 18

(asserting that Wall Articles “were sold in the candle or lighting section of the stores, and were

always advertised as candleholders”), 20 (describing in detail ways in which Pillar Plates were

marketed); Pl.’s Reply Brief at 5-6 (discussing nature of packaging for Wall Articles and Pillar

Plates), 13 (claiming merchandise to be classifiable “based upon the intent of their designer and the

manner in which said articles are marketed and sold”); see generally Pl.’s Brief at 4-5, 21-23

(asserting that Pomeroy designed, marketed, and sold its merchandise as candle holders); Pl.’s Reply

Brief at 5-7 (same); United States v. Carborundum Co., 536 F.2d 373, 377 (CCPA 1976).

But Pomeroy’s reliance on the Carborundum factors is misplaced. As the Court of Appeals

recently noted, the Carborundum factors are “typically used to establish whether merchandise falls

within a particular class or kind for purposes of a principal use analysis.” BenQ America Corp. v.

United States, 646 F.3d 1371, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2011). Because (like the other two headings at issue)

heading 9405 is an eo nomine provision, the “principal use” analysis and the Carborundum factors

have no application here. See Pomeroy II, 32 CIT at 549, 559 F. Supp. 2d at 1396; Def.’s Reply

Brief at 7 (explaining that “principal use factors do not govern whether a good is encompassed by

an eo nomine term”).

The Government also notes that, elsewhere in Pomeroy’s briefs, Pomeroy occasionally seems

to lapse into an “actual use” analysis. See Def.’s Brief at 13 n.11 (referring to Pl.’s Brief at Exh. 1). 

But an “actual use” analysis is no more appropriate here than a “principal use” analysis. Heading

9405 is not an “actual use” provision. There is nothing to suggest that heading 9405 is “a tariff

classification controlled by the actual use to which the imported goods are put in the United States”;

nor has Pomeroy proffered any evidence that it has satisfied the requirements to establish “actual

use.” See Def.’s Brief at 13 n.11 (quoting Additional U.S. Rule of Interpretation 1(b)). 
Court No. 02-00150 Page 18

thus covers not only “Electrical lamps and lighting fittings,” but also lamps and lighting fittings of

other types – including “Non-electrical lamps and lighting fittings,” such as those specified in the

Explanatory Note. See Explanatory Note 94.05 (emphases added); Subheading 9405.50, HTSUS

(emphasis added); Def.’s Brief at 13 (noting that heading 9405 covers candle holders).

Dictionary definitions further emphasize the “illumination” focus of heading 9405 and clarify

other relevant terms in Explanatory Note 94.05.20 A “lamp” is defined as “any of various devices

for producing light or sometimes heat.” See Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed.

1997). “Lighting” is synonymous with “illumination,” and “fitting” is defined as “a small often

standardized part,” e.g., an electrical fitting. See Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed.

1997).

Dictionary definitions are similarly instructive in interpreting terms such as “candlestick”

and “candelabra.” One dictionary defines “candlestick” as “a holder with a socket for a candle” and

defines “candelabra” as “a branched candlestick or lamp with several lamps.” See MerriamWebster’s Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed. 1997). Another dictionary defines a “candlestick” as “a

holder with a cup or spike for a candle” and a “candelabrum” as “a large decorative candlestick

having several arms or branches.” The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th

ed. 2000). It is particularly telling that Pomeroy consistently and uniformly refers to the articles in

dispute as “candle holders.” See, e.g., Pl.’s Brief at 4, 8, 9, 17, 21, 23; Pl.’s Reply Brief at 2, 5, 6,

20For guidance in determining the scope of the terms in a heading, “a court may consult

dictionaries, scientific authorities, and other reliable information sources and lexicographic and other

materials.” Rocknel Fastener, Inc. v. United States, 267 F.3d 1354, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2001); see also

Mita Copystar Am. v. United States, 21 F.3d 1079, 1082 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (noting that “[a] court may

rely upon its own understanding of terms used”). 
Court No. 02-00150 Page 19

7, 16, 23, 24, 15. Yet the dictionary definition of “candleholder” is “candlestick”; and, as noted

above, the definition of “candlestick” is “a holder with a socket for a candle.” See MerriamWebster’s Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed. 1997). These definitions, with their references to a

“socket” and a “cup or spike,” indicate that a basic function of a candle holder is to hold a candle

securely.21 As the Government puts it, “[i]t is the presence of a securely held candle that permits

21Pomeroy makes no argument that, if its merchandise cannot be classified under heading

9405 pursuant to GRI 1, it might be so classified pursuant to GRI 2(a). See Pl.’s Brief at 6 (arguing

only that merchandise is classifiable under heading 9405 pursuant to straightforward application of

GRI 1). As the Government explains, such an argument would get no traction in any event. See

Def.’s Brief at 14-15; see generally Pomeroy II, 32 CIT at 537-40, 559 F. Supp. 2d at 1386-88.

GRI 2(a) provides, in relevant part, that “[a]ny reference in a heading to an article shall be

taken to include a reference to that article incomplete . . . , provided that, as entered, the incomplete

. . . article has the essential character of the complete . . . article.” GRI 2(a) (emphases added). 

Accordingly, as the Government notes, the merchandise classifiable under heading 9405 includes

not only “complete” merchandise, but also “incomplete” merchandise – provided that such

“incomplete” merchandise has the “essential character” of the complete merchandise that is

classifiable under heading 9405. See Def.’s Brief at 15.

Although both GRI 2(a) and GRI 3(b) employ the term “essential character,” they do so in

very different contexts; and there is little authority as to the term’s meaning in the context of GRI

2(a). See Pomeroy II, 32 CIT at 539 n.14, 559 F. Supp. 2d at 1387 n.14. But that lack of guidance

is of little moment here. By any measure, the merchandise at issue here lacks the “essential

character” of “complete” merchandise that falls within the terms of heading 9405.

The Government considers whether – absent candles – the articles in question here can be

classified under heading 9405 as incomplete articles possessing the essential character of a

completed article (i.e., a candle holder) under GRI 2(a). See Def.’s Brief at 15. The Government

concludes that the imported articles do not possess – under GRI 2(a) – the essential character of a

candle holder classifiable under heading 9405, which is to provide illumination by securely holding

a candle. See Def.’s Brief at 15. The Government emphasizes that none of the articles incorporate

any special design features to securely hold a candle, as do candelabras, candle sticks, and candle

brackets. See id. Because the articles at issue do not incorporate any design characteristics that

would permit them to function like the candelabras, candle sticks, and candle brackets specified in

the Explanatory Notes to heading 9405, the Government concludes that the articles could not be

classified under heading 9405 as incomplete lamps or lighting fixtures pursuant to GRI 2(a). Id.
Court No. 02-00150 Page 20

[an] article to satisfy the plain language purpose of articles under Heading 9405: to provide

illumination.” Def.’s Brief at 14.

In determining whether the articles in question fall within the scope of heading 9405, it is

axiomatic that they must be classified in their condition as imported. See, e.g., BASF Corp. v.

United States, 497 F.3d 1309, 1314 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (citing United States v. Citroen, 223 U.S. 407,

414-15 (1912)). At the time of importation, none of the articles here contained candles. Therefore,

at the time of importation, none of the articles were capable of providing illumination, as

contemplated by heading 9405.

Nor do any of the articles have physical features that are specifically designed to hold a

candle in place – no “sockets,” “cups,” or “spikes,” or anything else remotely akin to the specific

features of the items (candelabra, candlesticks, and candle brackets) listed in the Explanatory Notes

to heading 9405. See generally Def.’s Brief at 7, 15; Def.’s Reply Brief at 6-7.22 Pomeroy’s

assertion that candles “can be held by the articles at issue without the benefit of such features” is

unavailing. See Pl.’s Reply Brief at 5; see also Pl.’s Reply Brief at 2 (arguing that “the pillar candles

used in conjunction with the articles in this case may be supported by any flat surface, without the

need for spikes, sockets, inserts or raised edges”). The Pillar Plates may be able to “hold” a candle

– or “support [a candle] in a particular position or keep [a candle] from falling or moving.” 

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed. 1997) (defining “hold”). However, the term

“candle holder” is synonymous with “candlestick” – an article that not only holds a candle, but holds

22The articles in dispute are thus distinguishable from the Metropol articles, which have such

a socket and raised edge feature and which the parties stipulated as classifiable under heading 9405. 

See section I, supra.
Court No. 02-00150 Page 21

it securely. If it were otherwise, any relatively flat, non-slippery object could at least theoretically

be referred to as a “candle holder” for flat-bottomed candles, and thus would be prima facie

classifiable under heading 9405 – a patently absurd result.

 The items properly classified in heading 9405 are those that are capable of providing

illumination and those whose design incorporates features comparable to those of candelabra,

candlesticks, and candle brackets. As such, the articles here at issue are not prima facie classifiable

under heading 9405.

B. Heading 9403

In its reply brief, Pomeroy claims for the first time that – in the event that they are

determined not to be classifiable as “Lamps and lighting fittings” under heading 9405 – the Floor

Articles and the Wall Articles are alternatively classifiable as “Other furniture and parts thereof”

under heading 9403. See Heading 9405, HTSUS; Heading 9403, HTSUS; Pl.’s Reply Brief at 16-

24, 25. The Government cries foul, arguing that Pomeroy waived any such claims by not raising

them in its opening brief. See Def.’s Reply Brief at 9-10. It is “well established that arguments not

raised in the opening brief are waived.” SmithKline Beecham Corp. v. Apotex Corp., 439 F.3d

1312, 1319-20 (Fed. Cir. 2006); see also Novosteel SA v. United States, 284 F.3d 1261, 1273-74

(Fed. Cir. 2002) (same). The doctrine of waiver has even greater force where, as here, it is a new

claim (rather than a new argument) that is at issue. Pomeroy contends that Jarvis Clark nevertheless

mandates consideration of the heading. See Pl.’s Reply Brief at 19. There is no need to resolve

either argument, however, because Pomeroy’s claim for classification under heading 9403 cannot

succeed on the merits. See generally Def.’s Reply Brief at 5, 9-14.
Court No. 02-00150 Page 22

As a threshold matter, Note 2 to Chapter 94 limits classification under the headings of that

chapter to articles that are “designed for placing on the floor or ground,” subject only to certain

select exceptions that are not relevant here. See Chapter Note 2 to Chapter 94, HTSUS; Def.’s

Reply Brief at 13. Pomeroy’s Wall Articles are therefore, by definition, expressly excluded from

classification under heading 9403.

Even if the Wall Articles were not expressly excluded from classification under heading

9403, they cannot be so classified, just as the Floor Articles cannot be so classified, because they

are not used “mainly with a utilitarian purpose.” See Def.’s Reply Brief at 14. In relevant part, the

General Explanatory Notes to Chapter 94 state:

For purposes of this Chapter, the term “furniture” means: (A) Any “movable” articles

(not included under other more specific headings of the Nomenclature), which have

the essential characteristic that they are constructed for placing on the floor or

ground and which are used, mainly with a utilitarian purpose, to equip private

dwellings, hotels, theatres, cinemas, offices, churches, schools, cafes, restaurants,

laboratories, hospitals, dentists’ surgeries, etc., or ships, aircraft, railway coaches,

motor vehicles, caravan-trailers or similar means of transport.

General Explanatory Notes, Chapter 94 (second emphasis added). The Explanatory Notes for

heading 9403 further state that the heading “includes furniture for: (1) Private dwellings, hotels, etc.,

such as: cabinets, linen chests, bread chests, log chests; chests of drawers, tallboys; pedestals, plant

stands; dressing-tables; pedestal tables; wardrobes, linen presses; hall stands, umbrella stands; sideboards, dressers, cupboards; food-safes; pedestal ashtrays; music cabinets, music stands or desks;

play-pens; [and] serving trolleys . . . .” Explanatory Note 94.03.

The Explanatory Note to Chapter 94 emphasizes that items classified as furniture are those

“mainly with a utilitarian purpose.” “Utilitarian” is defined as “of, pertaining to, consisting in
Court No. 02-00150 Page 23

utility; aiming at utility, as distinguished from beauty, ornament.” See Webster’s New International

Dictionary (2d ed. 1953). The nature of the items listed in the Explanatory Note for heading 9403

further underscores the seminal notion of utility.

The Government points to Furniture Import as an illustration of the longstanding trend of

courts, even under prior tariff systems, to construe “furniture” as limited to articles that are “for the

use, convenience, and comfort of the house dweller and not subsidiary articles designed for

ornamentation alone.” Def.’s Reply Brief at 11 (citing Furniture Import Corp. v. United States, 56

Cust. Ct. 125, 133 (1966)); see also Sprouse Reitz & Co. v. United States, 67 Cust. Ct. 209 (1971)

(discussing the distinction between utilitarian and decorative articles for purposes of determining

whether goods fall within common meaning or TSUS headnote definition of “furniture”). The

Furniture Import court observed that “furniture” “embraces articles of utility which are designed for

the use, convenience, and comfort of the dweller in a house,” as distinguished from articles that are

“subsidiary adjuncts and appendages designed for the ornamentation of a dwelling or business place,

or which are of comparatively minor importance so far as use, comfort and convenience are

concerned.” Furniture Import Corp., 56 Cust. Ct. at 132. 

The court in Furniture Import considered the classification of a variety of items. Of

particular relevance here is that court’s analysis of sconces that were designed to hold either plants

or wax candles. The court concluded that the sconces were not classifiable as “furniture” under the

applicable tariff system, because the sconces were ornamental rather than utilitarian. See Furniture

Import Corp., 56 Cust. Ct. at 133, 136. The mere fact that the sconces were designed to hold other

decorative articles – i.e., plants or candles – did not convert the sconces from ornamental articles
Court No. 02-00150 Page 24

into utilitarian ones.

By the same token, the Floor Articles and Wall Articles at issue here are not “mainly . . .

utilitarian” in nature, because they are not “aiming at utility as distinguished from beauty,

ornament.” See Webster’s New International Dictionary (2d ed. 1953) (definition of “utilitarian”). 

As with the sconces in Furniture Import, the mere fact that the Floor Articles and Wall Articles here

can be used to hold other decorative items does not transform the Floor Articles and Wall Articles

into utilitarian articles classifiable as “furniture.” See Furniture Import Corp., 56 Cust. Ct. at 133,

136. Pomeroy seeks to make much of certain language from Furniture Import that was quoted in

Sprouse: “None of the cases since that time [i.e., the early twentieth century] have held that articles

which are manifestly ornamental only, as distinguished from ones useful to hold ornaments, are

furniture.” See Pl.’s Reply Brief at 23 (quoting Sprouse, 67 Cust. Ct. at 218). Pomeroy apparently

contends that holding ornaments suffices to render an object “furniture.” But Pomeroy misconstrues

the quote. See generally Def.’s Reply Brief at 11-12. Whatever that language may mean, it can only

be read to be consistent with the holding in Furniture Import – that the sconces there at issue,

although useful to hold ornamental object such as plants and candles, could not be classified as

“furniture.”

In a further attempt to support its contention that the Floor Articles and Wall Articles are

classifiable as “furniture,” Pomeroy invokes a Customs ruling letter (specifically, NY N087135,

dated December 18, 2009). See Pl.’s Reply Brief at 21-22. But that ruling letter is inapposite. See

generally Def.’s Reply Brief at 12-13. In the ruling letter, Customs noted that the imported articles

there in question contained spikes for impaling and securing pumpkins and jack-o-lanterns. It was
Court No. 02-00150 Page 25

the presence of the spike that rendered those articles primarily utilitarian. The ruling letter referred

to the Explanatory Notes to Chapter 94, and observed that heading 9403 includes furniture for

“Private dwellings, hotels, etc. such as: cabinets, linen chests, bread chests, log chests . . . pedestals,

plant stands . . . . ” See NY N087135 (emphasis in original). Customs determined that the articles

in question were “pumpkin stands,” and concluded that “[s]uch utilitarian articles are considered

furniture.” Id.

As the Government argues, the Floor Articles and Wall Articles at issue here are not like the

pumpkin stands in the Customs ruling letter. Among other things, they are conspicuously missing

spikes that would render them useful for impaling and securing an item. See Def.’s Reply Brief at

13. Because the Floor Articles and Wall Articles – much like the sconces in Furniture Import – are

not used “mainly with a utilitarian purpose” (and are instead more decorative and ornamental in

nature), they are not prima facie classifiable as furniture and Pomeroy’s claim to classification under

heading 9403 must fail.

C. Heading 7013

The third of the three competing headings is the tariff provision under which Customs

classified the merchandise in dispute – heading 7013, which covers “Glassware of a kind used for

table, kitchen, toilet, office, indoor decoration or similar purposes,” with certain exceptions not

relevant here. See Heading 7013, HTSUS. As discussed below, each of the articles at issue is either

wholly made of glass (i.e., the Pillar Plates) or is a composite article (i.e., the Floor Articles and the

Wall Articles) where the glass vessel is the component that imparts its “essential character” to the
Court No. 02-00150 Page 26

merchandise. As such, all the articles were properly classified under heading 7013.23 

1. The Pillar Plates

The Pillar Plates, which consist only of glass, with three glass feet to allow for display on

a table or other similar surface, plainly fall within the scope of “Glassware of a kind used for table,

kitchen, toilet, office, indoor decoration or similar purposes,” and thus were properly classified

under heading 7013. See generally Heading 7013, HTSUS; Def.’s Brief at 7, 16.

Classification at the subheading level is determined by the value of the glassware items. 

Subheadings 7013.99.50 and 7013.99.80 are differentiated by the value of the glassware items

covered by the provision. Subheading 7013.99.50 covers “Other glassware” valued over $0.30 but

not over $3 each, while subheading 7013.99.80 covers “Other glassware” valued over $3 but not

over $5 each. See Subheading 7013.99.50, HTSUS; Subheading 7013.99.80, HTSUS. The Pillar

Plates are properly classified under these “basket” subheadings because they do not fall within any

of the other subheadings under heading 7013.

The vast majority of the Pillar Plates were properly classified and liquidated. However, in

certain entries, the Large Frosted Pillar Plate (article # 687471) was mistakenly classified under

subheading 7013.39.50, which covers “Glassware of a kind used for table . . . or kitchen purposes

23Highlighting the fact that one of the Floor Articles at issue here (specifically, the Medium

Romano Floor Candle) was the subject of Pomeroy I, where it was classified under heading 7013,

the Government seeks to invoke stare decisis to claim that the article must be so classified in this

action. See Pomeroy I, 26 CIT at 634, 246 F. Supp. 2d at 1296; Def.’s Brief at 7-8, 20-21, 24-25;

Def.’s Reply Brief at 4, 8-9. For its part, Pomeroy vigorously contests the applicability of the

doctrine under the circumstances presented here. See Pl.’s Reply Brief at 7-16. As discussed below,

the Government prevails on the merits as to the classification under heading 7013 of all Floor

Articles, including the Medium Romano Floor Candle. There is therefore no need to parse the

parties’ respective positions on stare decisis.
Court No. 02-00150 Page 27

other than that of glass-ceramics . . . Valued over $3 but not over $5 each.” Subheading 7013.39.50,

HTSUS (emphasis added). Although the rate of duty is the same (9%) for subheadings 7013.39.50

and 7013.99.80, Customs must reliquidate those articles under the proper subheading – subheading

7013.99.80. 

Invoices show that all of the remaining Pillar Plate entries indeed fall within the limits of the

subheadings’ value ranges. Accordingly, except as noted above, all other Pillar Plates shall remain

classified as assessed by Customs.

2. The Floor Articles and The Wall Articles

Assuming, for purposes of analysis, that the metal components of the Floor Articles and the

Wall Articles preclude their classification as “Glassware of a kind used for table, kitchen, toilet,

office, indoor decoration or similar purposes” under heading 7013 pursuant to GRI 1, the

classification analysis proceeds to GRI 2. See Heading 7013, HTSUS. GRI 2(a), which addresses

incomplete or unfinished goods, is not relevant here. See GRI 2(a), HTSUS. GRI 2(b) provides

that, if the goods consist of two or more materials and are prima facie classifiable under two

provisions, classification is governed by GRI 3. See GRI 2(b), HTSUS. Here, the Floor Articles

and the Wall Articles each consist of a glass component and a metal component, rendering them

prima facie classifiable under both heading 7013 and heading 8306 (which covers “statuettes and

other ornaments, of base metal”). See generally Pomeroy I, 26 CIT at 628-29, 246 F. Supp. 2d at

1291; Heading 7013, HTSUS; Heading 8306, HTSUS. Analysis pursuant to GRI 2(b) and GRI 3

is therefore necessary.

Under GRI 3(a), because the competing headings “each refer to a part of the composite
Court No. 02-00150 Page 28

article at issue, the exception to GRI 3(a)’s rule of ‘relative specificity’ applies, and the two headings

are deemed equally specific.” Pomeroy I, 26 CIT at 630, 246 F. Supp. 2d at 1293. The analysis

therefore proceeds to GRI 3(b) and the “essential character” test. Id. GRI 3(b) provides: “Mixtures,

composite goods consisting of different materials or made up of different components, and goods

put up in sets for retail sale, which cannot be classified by reference to [GRI] 3(a), shall be classified

as if they consisted of the material or component which gives them their essential character, insofar

as this criterion is applicable.” See GRI 3(b), HTSUS. Explanatory Note (IX) to GRI 3(b)

elaborates that, under this rule, composite goods include goods whose components have been

adapted to one another, are mutually complementary, and form a whole that would not normally be

offered for sale separately. See Explanatory Notes, GRI 3(b), at (IX). Explanatory Note (VIII) to

GRI 3(b) provides further guidance: “The factor which determines essential character will vary as

between different kinds of goods. It may, for example, be determined by the nature of the material

or component, its bulk, quantity, weight or value or by the role of a constituent material in relation

to the use of the goods.” See Explanatory Notes, GRI 3(b), at (VIII). 

Analyzing the Floor Articles at the GRI 3(b) level reveals that each of the articles is a

composite of metal (iron) and a clear glass vessel which can be used to hold and display a variety

of items. See Pl.’s Exhs. 2-6 (physical samples and photographs of Floor Articles). The metal

pedestal cannot hold other items without first holding the glass vessel. Id. The function of each

article as a whole is to hold and display an object or objects; and the glass vessel is the component

that gives the article its ability to serve that function. Ruling on the classification of the Medium

Romano Floor Lamp (one of the articles at issue here), Pomeroy I held exactly that:
Court No. 02-00150 Page 29

The pedestal, while complementary to the glass vessel, is subsidiary to it in the

context of the merchandise as an integral whole. The pedestal serves to elevate the

glass vessel, and to hold it upright. But it is the glass vessel which is the focal point

of the article, and which performs the article’s overall function – holding a candle,

flowers, a plant, a wine bottle, or some similar object.

Pomeroy I, 26 CIT at 629, 246 F. Supp. 2d at 1292. Thus, the essential character of the Floor

Articles is imparted by the glass vessels, which can hold – and, because they are clear, also display

– any number of items. Because it is the glass vessel that imparts the essential character to each of

the Floor Articles, those articles all were properly classified under heading 7013.

Classification at the subheading level, once again, is determined by value. Review of the

invoices indicates that all of the entries fall within the value range (i.e., over $5 each) specified for

subheading 7013.99.90, “Glassware of a kind used for . . . indoor decoration,” dutiable at the rate

of 4.3%. Accordingly, the Floor Articles shall remain classified as assessed by Customs.

Like the Floor Articles, the Wall Articles too must be subjected to a GRI 3(b) analysis to 

determine their essential character. Each of the Wall Articles consists of two components – an iron

wall mounting and a glass vessel. See Pl.’s Exhs. 8-9 (boxes depicting the Wall Articles). The

metal wall mounting is specially designed to hold the accompanying glass vessel as an insert. See

id. Like the Floor Articles, the function of each of the Wall Articles as a whole is to hold and

display an object or objects; and it is the glass vessel that is the component that gives the article as

a whole its ability to serve that function. See id. Thus, much as the glass components of the Floor

Articles imparted their essential character to those articles as a whole, so too the essential character

of the Wall Articles is imparted by the glass vessels. The Wall Articles therefore were also properly

classified under heading 7013.
Court No. 02-00150 Page 30

Classification at the subheading level, once again, is determined by value. Review of the

invoices indicates that all of the relevant entries fall within the specified value range (over $0.30 but

not over $3 each) for subheading 7013.99.50, “Glassware of a kind used for . . . indoor decoration,”

dutiable at the rate of 18%. Accordingly, Customs’ classifications of the Wall Articles are sustained.

IV. Conclusion

For all the reasons detailed above, Pomeroy’s Motion for Summary Judgment is denied, and

the Government’s Cross-Motion is granted. As detailed above, the Pillar Plates were properly

classified under HTSUS subheading 7013.99.50 or subheading 7013.99.80, depending on the value

of the articles; the Floor Articles were properly classified under subheading 7013.99.90; and the

Wall Articles were properly classified under subheading 7013.99.50. Further, the articles as to

which the parties have stipulated shall be reclassified under the agreed-upon tariff provisions.

Judgment will enter accordingly.

 /s/ Delissa A. Ridgway

 Delissa A. Ridgway, Judge 

Decided: January 28, 2013

 New York, New York