FILED 

 U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT 

 June 22, 2004 

 THOMAS K. KAHN 

 CLERK

Honorable B. Avant Edenfield, United States District Judge for the Southern District of *

Georgia, sitting by designation.

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 03-12838

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 01-00333-CR-T-30-MAP

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

STEPHEN BRACCIALE,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

_________________________

(June 22, 2004)

Before EDMONDSON, Chief Judge, HULL, Circuit Judge, and EDENFIELD ,

*

District Judge.

HULL, Circuit Judge:
All citations to the sentencing guidelines herein are to the 1995 version, unless otherwise 1

noted.

2

After pleading guilty, Stephen Bracciale appeals his 15-month prison

sentence for wire fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1343, 1346, and 2. Bracciale

argues that the district court erred: (1) in its loss calculations under sentencing

guideline § 2F1.1; and (2) in imposing the abuse-of-trust enhancement pursuant to

guideline § 3B1.3. U.S.S.G. §§ 2F1.1 & 3B1.3 (1995). After review and oral 1

argument, we reverse the loss calculation and affirm the abuse-of-trust

enhancement.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Facts

From 1974 to 1997, Defendant Bracciale was employed by Kraft Foods

(“Kraft”). Bracciale held sales positions, ultimately advancing to the position of

Regional Sales Manager at Kraft. 

In the course of its normal business, Kraft offers discounted prices to certain

customers in exchange for various promotional and advertising activities

(“promotional activities”). From 1994 to 1997, Kraft offered three kinds of deals

to customers: (1) “Merchandise” discounts, whereby the customer received a

discounted price in exchange for negotiated promotional activity; (2) “Purchase
3

Only” discounts, whereby the customer received a discounted price in exchange

for merely purchasing the food product; and (3) “Purchase and Merchandise”

discounts, whereby the customer received a discounted price in exchange for

purchasing the food product and agreeing to certain promotional activity. Kraft

permitted only certain authorized customers to participate in its discount

programs.

Under these discount programs, authorized customers would purchase Kraft

food products at full price. The customer, however, would receive money back

from Kraft by submitting Deal Payment Authorization (“DPA”) forms to Kraft. 

The DPA forms required Kraft to reimburse the customer for the difference

between the full purchase price and the previously negotiated discount price. This

process was known as “bill-backs.”

A Kraft senior executive, such as Bracciale, would then approve the billback and pay the customer the required amount. Where the sale included a

“Merchandise” or “Purchase and Merchandise” discount, the customer was

obligated to use some of the bill-back money to market Kraft’s products. For

example, bill-back money could be used to erect Kraft displays or to provide new

product sampling in grocery stores.
4

During his employment with Kraft, Defendant Bracciale met David

Weinbaum, who operated D&K, a company which supplied food products to

smaller food stores and other retail establishments. D&K was not authorized to

receive discounted food prices under any of Kraft’s three discount programs. 

However, due to his acquaintance with Weinbaum, Bracciale arranged for D&K to

obtain Kraft goods at the discounted prices offered to an authorized customer,

McLane Company, Inc. (“McLane”). Bracciale encouraged McLane to divert to

D&K some of the food products that it had bought from Kraft at a discounted

price. This allowed D&K to purchase those products at McLane’s discounted

price, a price much lower than that which D&K would have paid for the products

on the open market. 

Bracciale and Weinbaum shared the profits that D&K enjoyed as a result of

this diversion scheme. Kraft's internal policy, however, barred Bracciale from (1)

self-dealing or making arrangements with its customers to profit personally from

Kraft sales, and (2) participating in the diversion of Kraft products. 

B. Information and Plea Agreement
18 U.S.C. § 2 states: 2

Section 2. Principals 

(a) Whoever commits an offense against the United States or aids, abets,

counsels, commands, induces or procures its commission, is punishable as a

principal.

(b) Whoever willfully causes an act to be done which if directly performed

by him or another would be an offense against the United States, is punishable as a

principal.

18 U.S.C. § 2.

5

On September 10, 2001, Defendant Bracciale was charged by information

with one count of wire fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1343, 1346, and 2.

2

Section 1343 makes it a federal crime to devise

any scheme or artifice to defraud, or for obtaining money or property by

means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises,

transmits or causes to be transmitted by means of wire, radio, or

television communication in interstate or foreign commerce, any

writings, signs, signals, pictures, orsounds for the purpose of executing

such scheme or artifice. 

18 U.S.C. § 1343. Further, § 1346 states that “the term ‘scheme or artifice to

defraud’ includes a scheme or artifice to deprive another of the intangible right of

honest services.” 18 U.S.C. § 1346. In its information, the government alleged

that from 1994 to 1997 Bracciale “did knowingly and willfully execute and

attempt to execute a scheme and artifice to defraud Kraft Foods of money and

property and the intangible right of his honest services by means of false and

fraudulent pretenses, representations, and promises.” 
This plea agreement followed an earlier plea agreement which was subsequently

3

withdrawn.

6

On September 18, 2002, pursuant to a written plea agreement, Bracciale

pled guilty to wire fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1343, 1346, and 2. The 3

plea agreement specifically listed the elements of Bracciale’s fraud offense as

follows: 

First: That the Defendant knowingly devised or participated in a

scheme to defraud, or for obtaining money or property by

means of false pretenses, representations or promises; 

Second: That the defendant did so willfully with an intent to

defraud;

Third: That the Defendant transmitted or caused to be transmitted

by means of wire communication in interstate commerce a

writing and signal, for the purpose of executing the scheme

to defraud; and

Fourth: That the Defendant reasonably foresaw or should have

foreseen that his breach of a fiduciary duty to his employer

which [sic] might cause an economic harm to that

employer.

C. Loss Calculations Under § 2F1.1

After accepting Bracciale’s plea, it was necessary for the district court to

determine Kraft’s monetary loss in order to sentence Bracciale. Under the 1995

Sentencing Guidelines, the base offense level for offenses involving fraud is six

and is increased up to eighteen levels based on the fraud victim’s loss. U.S.S.G.

§§ 2F1.1(a), (b)(1). The Presentence Investigation Report (“PSI”) concluded that
7

Kraft’s loss was $1,031,123.35 based on a memorandum by Kraft’s Rick Gylling

(“Gylling Memo”). The Gylling Memo’s calculations were based on McLane’s

improper bill-backs to Kraft for products diverted to D&K. The Gylling Memo

separates the improper bill-backs into the three discount programs, and lists them

as follows: (1) for Kraft’s “Purchase and Merchandise” program, $723,006.61; (2)

for Kraft’s “Merchandise” program, $308,116.74; and (3) for Kraft’s “Purchase

Only” program, $494,207.05. According to the Gylling Memo, the documentary

evidence “shows that $723,006.61 (Purchase and Merchandise) plus $308,116.74

(Merchandise) were unearned by Bracciale since the funding was used to finance

the diverting of the product.” Thus, according to the Gylling Memo, the “total

amount of $1,031,123.35 represents the injury to Kraft since the funds were

provided to secure specific merchandising from McLane[-]supplied retailers that

was never received.” 

The district court rejected the PSI’s loss calculations of $1,031,123.35. 

Instead, the district court used the $733,211.86 monetary gain realized by

Bracciale and Weinbaum as a substitute for Kraft’s monetary loss. In opting for

the gain amount, the district court determined that Kraft’s actual monetary loss

was too difficult to define and that the profit to Bracciale and Weinbaum was a

more specific and reliable figure.
The district court also ordered that Bracciale pay a $5,000 fine and pay Kraft restitution 4

of $420,137.90. In addition to the abuse-of-trust enhancement, the district court added two levels

for more than minimal planning under § 2F1.1(b)(2)(A), but then decreased three levels for

acceptance of responsibility under § 3E1.1. The district court also departed two levels downward

for diminished capacity due to Bracciale’s bipolar disorder under § 5K2.13, and two levels for

overstatement of the seriousness of the offense, pursuant to application note ten under § 2F1.1. 

The parties did not appeal these determinations.

8

D. Abuse-of-Trust Enhancement Under § 3B1.3

Over Bracciale’s objection, the district court also applied a two-level abuseof-trust enhancement. Defendant Bracciale argued that the enhancement resulted

in impermissible double counting because his wire fraud conduct was the same

conduct used for the abuse-of-trust enhancement. Bracciale also stressed that

breach of fiduciary duty was an element of his wire fraud offense and again that

breach of fiduciary duty and “abuse of trust” were the same conduct.

Rejecting Bracciale’s contentions, the district court determined that an

abuse-of-trust enhancement was warranted “because Mr. Bracciale’s position

aided him in committing this offense and in setting up this scheme. He wasn’t

supervised closely, and it was all because of the trust afforded him in his position

that allowed this scheme to flourish.” Bracciale appeals his 15-month prison

4

sentence. 

II. LOSS CALCULATIONS
“We review the application and interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo, and 5

we review findings of fact for clear error.” United States v. Snyder, 291 F.3d 1291, 1295 (11th

Cir. 2002).

9

The first issue on appeal is whether the district court erred in using

Bracciale and Weinbaum’s gain as a substitute for Kraft’s loss for the purpose of

sentencing Bracciale under § 2F1.1.5

A. U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1

Section 2F1.1 assigns a base offense level of six to a wide variety of fraud

crimes. See U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1(a) & cmt. background. Under the 1995 Sentencing

Guidelines, the base offense level of six is increased based on the amount of the

loss occasioned by the fraud. U.S.S.G. §§ 2F1.1(a), (b)(1). Thus, “‘loss’ under

§ 2F1.1(b) is a specific offense characteristic intended to measure the actual,

attempted, or intended harm of the offense.” United States v. Orton, 73 F.3d 331,

333 (11th Cir. 1996). The measure of harm generally focuses on the “victim’s

direct loss,” see United States v. Wilson, 993 F.2d 214, 217 (11th Cir. 1993), such

as “the value of the money, property, or services unlawfully taken.” U.S.S.G. §

2F1.1, cmt. n.7. 

“For purposes of subsection (b)(1), the loss need not be determined with

precision. The court need only make a reasonable estimate of the loss, given the

available information.” U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1, cmt. n.8; see United States v. Renick,
See United States v. Yeager, 331 F.3d 1216, 1226 (11th Cir. 2003) (noting that district 6

court was unable to reasonably estimate the loss due to the conflicting and confusing accounts at

trial by experts and affirming district court’s finding that the amount of profit obtained by the

defendant was a reasonable estimate of the loss inflicted by his fraudulent conduct). Unlike

Yeager, in this case a reasonable estimate of loss is available from the Gylling Memo without

resorting to the gain amount and is thus appropriate to use. Further, in Yeager, the defendant’s

fraud allowed his company, Respiratory Distributors, Inc., to make a profit on sales of products

he purchased from the victim BIPI, and under the particular facts of that case the profit the

defendant’s company made correlated to the profit the victim BIPI could have made but for the

defendant’s fraud. See id. at 1225-26. In contrast, in this case the defendant’s gain does not so

correlate with Kraft’s loss. Instead, the defendant’s fraud caused the victim Kraft to pay certain

bill-backs and Kraft’s loss can be reasonably estimated by the amount of bill-backs Kraft paid, as

outlined in the Gylling Memo.

10

273 F.3d 1009, 1025 (11th Cir. 2001); Orton, 73 F.3d at 335 (quoting § 2F1.1,

cmt. n.8). At the same time, the district court cannot merely “speculate” as to the

proper amount of loss. See United States v. Supelveda, 115 F.3d 882, 890 (11th

Cir. 1997). “Upon challenge, however, the government bears the burden of

supporting its loss calculation with ‘reliable and specific evidence.’” Renick, 273

F.3d at 1025 (quoting Supelveda, 115 F.3d at 890). Further, under § 2F1.1(b)(1),

“substitution of defendants’ gain is not the preferred method because it ordinarily

underestimates the loss.” United States v. Snyder, 291 F.3d 1291, 1295 (11th Cir.

2002); see also Orton, 73 F.3d at 334.

While “the ‘loss to losing victim’ approach is not required in every case,”

the district court should not abandon a loss calculation in favor of a gain amount

where “a reasonable estimate of the victims’ loss based on existing information is

feasible.” Snyder, 291 F.3d at 1296 (citing Orton, 73 F.3d at 334).6
11

B. Kraft’s Loss

Stating that the exact amount of Kraft’s loss was “difficult to define,” the

district court used Bracciale and Weinbaum’s monetary gain as a substitute for

Kraft’s loss under § 2F1.1(b)(1). However, we conclude that the district court

erred because a reasonable estimate of Kraft’s loss based on existing information

was feasible in this case. 

In Snyder, this Court reversed a district court’s loss calculation based on the

defendants’ gain. 291 F.3d at 1296. Prior to sentencing, the government obtained

an estimated victim loss calculation from an accounting report prepared by a CPA

at the direction of the U.S. Attorney’s Office. Id. at 1295. Despite this, the district

court found that “a reasonable estimate of the victims’ loss was not feasible”

because “[i]t would require significant expenditures of time and resources to

determine the large amount of detailed information and no such information [was]

before [the] Court.” Id. The district court thus “found, sua sponte, the better

calculation of the victims’ loss would be to use the intended or potential gain

attributable to the defendants.” Id. This Court reversed, and concluded that the

CPA’s research suggested that “a reasonable estimate of the victims’ loss based on

existing information [was] feasible.” Id. at 1296.
12

Although the figures in the Gylling memo may not provide the “precise”

loss suffered by Kraft, such precision is unnecessary under § 2F1.1. See id. at

1295-96. The loss amount in the Gylling Memo was based on the bill-backs

received and paid by Kraft regarding food product that was improperly diverted

from McLane to D&K. The Gylling Memo contained supporting documentation

and was by no means “speculative.” Rather, the Gylling Memo represented “a

reasonable estimate of the victims’ loss based on existing information,” id., and

the district court should have used the Gylling Memo as the basis for determining

Kraft’s monetary loss.

Therefore, we reverse and remand this case so that the district court may

consider anew its loss calculations. Upon remand, we instruct that the district

court use the Gylling Memo’s “projected” loss figure of $1,031,123.35 as its

starting point, but note that Bracciale remains entitled to challenge the individual

bill-back numbers used in the Gylling Memo. The government is entitled to

respond, and the district court shall then make fact findings as to the loss amount.

III. ABUSE-OF-TRUST ENHANCEMENT

Defendant Bracciale also appeals the district court’s two-level enhancement

for abuse of a position of private trust under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3. Section 3B1.3

provides for a two-level enhancement where “a defendant abused a position of
“While the district court’s factual determination that a defendant abused a position of 7

[private] trust is reviewed for clear error, its conclusion that the defendant’s conduct justifies the

abuse-of-trust enhancement is a question of law that we review de novo.” United States v.

Garrison, 133 F.3d 831, 837 (11th Cir. 1998). 

13

public or private trust . . . in a manner that significantly facilitated the commission

or concealment of the offense.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3. There is no dispute that

Bracciale occupied a position of private trust at Kraft and that his position of

private trust significantly facilitated the commission of the offense. Therefore,

Bracciale’s conduct is covered by § 3B1.1.

This does not end the inquiry because § 3B1.3 also states that “[t]his

adjustment may not be employed if an abuse of trust . . . is included in the base

offense level or specific offense characteristic.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3 (emphasis

added). Therefore, if either Bracciale’s base offense level or specific offense

characteristics already took into account Bracciale’s abuse of trust, then the

district court improperly applied § 3B1.3. If, however, Bracciale’s base offense

level or specific characteristics did not take into account Bracciale’s abuse of trust,

then the district court correctly applied § 3B1.3. We thus address Bracciale’s

specific offense characteristics and then his base offense level.7

A. Specific Offense Characteristics
14

As for Bracciale’s specific offense characteristics, ten levels were added

because Kraft’s “loss” was over $500,000, and two levels were added because

Bracciale’s offense involved more than minimal planning. The fact that Kraft’s

loss was more than $500,000 in no way accounts for Bracciale’s abuse of trust. 

Rather, the ten-level enhancement is determined solely by the amount of loss and

would apply equally to a senior executive or temporary mail room employee

whose fraud resulted in a loss of more than $500,000.

Likewise, Bracciale’s two-level enhancement for more than minimal

planning does not take into account his abuse of trust. The fact that his scheme

was complex and warranted a two-level enhancement is irrelevant to the analysis

under § 3B1.3 because the minimal-planning enhancement would be applied

regardless of Bracciale’s position at Kraft. Thus, Bracciale’s abuse of trust was

not included in his specific offense characteristics.

B. Base Offense Level

We turn to whether Bracciale’s abuse of trust is included in his base offense

level of six under § 2F1.1(a). As noted earlier, § 2F1.1(a) assigns a base offense

level of six to a wide variety of crimes, including fraud, deceit, forgery, and some

counterfeiting offenses. U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1(a). Bracciale’s base offense level of six

is not dependent on any abuse of trust or breach of fiduciary duty; rather, he was
Section 2F1.1(a) is entitled “Fraud and Deceit; Forgery; Offenses Involving Altered or 8

Counterfeit Instruments Other than Counterfeit Bearer Obligations of the United States.” The

commentary to § 2F1.1(a) lists offenses under 18 U.S.C. § 1341-44 as subject to § 2F1.1(a). 

U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1, cmt. 18 U.S.C. § 1343 makes it a crime to devise a scheme or artifice to

defraud and § 1346, entitled “Definition of ‘scheme or artifice to defraud,’” states that “the term

‘scheme or artifice to defraud’ includes a scheme or artifice to deprive another of the intangible

right of honest services.” 18 U.S.C. §§ 1343, 1346.

On appeal, the government asserts that Bracciale’s breach of honest services under 9

§ 1346 does not necessarily involve a breach of fiduciary duty in private sector § 1346 cases. See

United States v. Devegter, 198 F.3d 1324, 1329-30 (11th Cir. 1999) (stating that “a private sector

violation of § 1346 honest services fraud involves a breach of fiduciary duty and reasonably

foreseeable economic harm,” but ultimately concluding that the Court “need not decide . . .

whether a fiduciary duty is necessary in private sector § 1346 cases”). Nonetheless, given how

the government prosecuted this particular § 1346 case against Bracciale in the district court, we

treat breach of fiduciary duty as an element of Bracciale’s offense in this particular case. 

Nothing herein should be considered as ruling on the issue left unanswered in Devegter. We also

assume, solely for the purposes of this appeal, that conduct that breaches a fiduciary duty also

constitutes an abuse of a position of private trust – Bracciale contends this is so, and the

government does not dispute this contention on appeal.

15

sentenced under § 2F1.1(a) because his underlying offense is a form of fraud. In

fact, any defendant committing one of the numerous types of fraud listed under §

2F1.1(a) receives a base offense level of six irrespective of whether any abuse of

trust or breach of fiduciary duty was involved in the commission of his fraud

offense. Therefore, we conclude that Bracciale’s base offense of six does not

8

include or take into account his abuse of his position of private trust. 

We recognize that Bracciale’s plea agreement listed breach of fiduciary duty

as an element of his underlying fraud offense. As observed above, however, the 9

base offense level of six in § 2F1.1 is for various forms of fraud and is not

dependent on how the defendant committed the fraud or the elements of the
We note that there is a separate guideline for § 1343-46 fraud that is committed by 10

public officials, as opposed to private parties such as Bracciale. See § 2C1.7. Section 2C1.7(a)

assigns a base offense level of ten and its commentary specifically states that the abuse-of-trust

enhancement should not be applied. U.S.S.G. § 2C1.7(a) & cmt. n.4. This is further indication

that the base offense level of six for fraud under § 2F1.1 does not capture the abuse of trust or

otherwise § 2F1.1 likewise would state specifically that the abuse-of-trust enhancement should

not be applied.

16

particular fraud crime involved. For sentencing guideline purposes, Bracciale’s

abuse of his position of trust or breach of his fiduciary duty is captured only by the

abuse-of-trust enhancement. Thus, the district court did not err in applying the 10

abuse-of-trust enhancement.

C. Commentary to § 3B1.3

Our conclusion is consistent with the commentary to § 3B1.3. The

commentary to § 3B1.3 states that the “adjustment, for example, would apply in

the case of . . . a bank executive’s fraudulent loan scheme.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3,

cmt. n.1 (emphasis added). The commentary also states that the adjustment should

“not apply in the case of an embezzlement or theft by an ordinary bank teller.” Id.

For example, a bank executive and bank teller engage in two separate, but

identical fraudulent wire transfers. Although the government must prove the same

underlying elements of the offense for both, the commentary to § 3B1.3 mandates

that only the bank executive is eligible for the enhancement. This has nothing to

do with the elements of their respective offenses, but rather it is based on the roles
17

each individual has in the bank – one a position of trust and one not. Therefore,

the commentary to § 3B1.3 already draws a distinction between those who should

receive the enhancement and those who should not without regard to the elements

of the underlying fraud offense. See United States v. Milligan, 958 F.2d 345, 347

(11th Cir. 1992) (applying the abuse-of-trust enhancement in an embezzlement

case because the applicable guideline, § 2B1.1, covers all kinds of theft and

therefore, “the only way that an embezzler receives any kind of enhancement for

abuse of position of trust is through [§ 3B1.3]”); see also United States v. Smith,

231 F.3d 800, 819 (11th Cir. 2000) (providing that “[t]he fact that another

defendant committed the same offense without use or abuse of the defendant’s

position [of trust] does not preclude application of the § 3B1.3 enhancement”).

D. United States v. Garrison

We recognize that dicta in the Medicare fraud case of United States v.

Garrison, 133 F.3d 831, 842-43 (11th Cir. 1998), may suggest a contrary result. 

However, as explained below, that dicta in Garrison was based on the Second

Circuit’s decision in United States v. Broderson, 67 F.3d 452 (2d Cir. 1995), from

which the Second Circuit has now retreated. Further, this Court’s subsequent

decision in another Medicare fraud case, United States v. Liss, 265 F.3d 1220

(11th Cir. 2001), affirmed the abuse-of-trust enhancement and did not mention
18

that Garrison dicta. Id. at 1229-30. To explain and straighten out the confusing

developments after Garrison, we first discuss Garrison and then post-Garrison

decisions. 

The Garrison Court addressed the question of “whether the owner and chief

executive officer of a home healthcare provider properly was accorded a two-level

enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3 for abusing a position of public trust by

submitting falsified Medicare claims to a fiscal intermediary.” 133 F.3d at 833. In

answering this question, the Garrison Court concluded that the defendant Garrison

was “not directly in a position of trust in relation to Medicare. While Medicare

may have been the victim in this case, the section 3B1.3 enhancement is

unavailable because Garrison did not occupy a sufficiently proximate position of

trust relative to Medicare.” Id. at 841. The Garrison Court expressly determined

that the defendant Garrison was ineligible for an abuse-of-trust enhancement

because she did not occupy a position of trust vis-a-vis the victim of the fraud. Id.

at 842.

After making that holding, the Garrison Court indicated that a § 3B1.3

enhancement was inapplicable for another reason. The Court agreed with

Garrison’s argument that her offense conduct of perpetrating a fraud against

Medicare via false cost reports was the same conduct being used as the basis for
See Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of America, 511 U.S. 375, 379, 114 S. Ct.

11

1673, 1676 (1994) (“It is to the holdings of our cases, rather than their dicta, that we must

attend.”); Browning v. AT&T Paradyne, 120 F.3d 222, 225 n.7 (11th Cir. 1997) (“‘Since this

statement was not part of any holding in the case, it is dicta and we are not bound by it.’”

(citation omitted)); Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co. v. Tanker Robert Watt Miller, 957 F.2d

1575, 1578 (11th Cir. 1992) (explaining that dicta is “neither law of the case nor binding

precedent”); McDonald's Corp. v. Robertson, 147 F.3d 1301, 1315 (11th Cir. 1998) (Carnes, J.,

concurring) (“[D]icta in our opinions is not binding on anyone for any purpose.”).

19

the abuse-of-trust enhancement. Id. Specifically, the Garrison Court stated that

“[s]ince Garrison’s base fraud crime was the submission of false statements on

cost reports submitted to Aetna for Medicare reimbursement, she cannot receive

an enhancement for abuse of a position of public trust based on the same conduct

under the specific terms of section 3B1.3.” Id. at 843. Because the Court first

held that Garrison was not in a position of trust and ineligible for the

enhancement, this “same-conduct” analysis is dicta and, therefore, is not binding

on this Court. We also note that this Court, while citing Garrison on many

11

occasions, has never cited the opinion for its "same-conduct" analysis, but instead

has cited the case primarily for its conclusion that Garrison did not occupy a

position of trust vis-a-vis the victim of the fraud. See, e.g., United States v. Hall,

349 F.3d 1320, 1324-26 (11th Cir. 2003); Liss, 265 F.3d at 1229; Smith, 231 F.3d

at 819-20; United States v. Mills, 138 F.3d 928, 941 (11th Cir. 1998).

Further, Garrison relied on a Second Circuit decision in Broderson, for the

proposition that “‘[t]he conduct that is the basis of the conviction must be
We note that the Second Circuit, in United States v. Jolly, 102 F.3d 46, 48 (2d Cir. 12

1996), discussed Broderson and observed that “if Broderson had accepted a bribe from a party

with whom he was negotiating to sweeten the terms of a deal with his employer, Broderson

would have abused his position of trust vis-a-vis his employer.” Such a scenario, which the Jolly

Court deemed to be an abuse of trust, is closely analogous to Bracciale’s profiting personally

from the diversion of Kraft products.

20

independently criminal . . . and not itself the abuse of trust.’” Garrison, 133 F.3d

at 843 (quoting Broderson, 67 F.3d at 456). However, the Second Circuit has

retreated from its conduct-based approach in Broderson. See United States v.

Ntshona, 156 F.3d 318 (2d Cir. 1998) (refusing to read Broderson broadly, stating

that “the abuse of trust need not be entirely unrelated to the commission of the

base offense” and rejecting defendant’s contention that, for her Medicare fraud

offense, “an abuse of trust is the essence of the crime and therefore is already

accounted for in the base level offense”); see also United States v. Hirsch, 239

F.3d 221, 228 (2d Cir. 2001) (affirming the abuse-of-trust enhancement for a

broker / investment advisor guilty of mail fraud); United States v. Carrozzella, 105

F.3d 796, 800-01 (2d Cir. 1997) (providing that, despite the fact that a lawyer’s

accounts to a probate court were included in his base offense level for mail fraud,

his fraud “seems to fit squarely within [§ 3B1.3]” because “[h]is position as a

trustee in the probate court was characterized by precisely the type of discretion

and consequent lack of supervision that commentary to the guideline sets out as

the key feature of a position of trust”). 

12
Specifically, the Fifth Circuit in Buck stated: 13

The other case relied on by [defendant] Buck, United States v. Garrison, 133 F.3d

831, 843 (11th Cir. 1998), also fails to support her argument that the abuse of trust

enhancement is unavailable for fraud convictions. In fact, the Eleventh Circuit has

cited Garrison in affirming an abuse of trust enhancement to a fraud sentence. See

United States v. Liss, 265 F.3d 1220, 1229-30 (11th Cir. 2001).

324 F.3d at 793 n.13. 

21

Likewise, the Fifth Circuit, in United States v. Buck, 324 F.3d 786 (5th Cir.

2003), concluded that Broderson has been “limited to its facts” by the Second

Circuit. Id. at 793. The Fifth Circuit upheld “the abuse of trust enhancement to a

fraud sentence where the defendant employed discretionary authority given by her

position in a manner that facilitated or concealed the fraud.” Id. In Buck, the

Fifth Circuit also rejected the defendant’s contention that Garrison made abuse-oftrust enhancements unavailable in fraud convictions and noted that the Eleventh

Circuit in United States v. Liss, 265 F.3d 1220, 1229 (11th Cir. 2001), had cited

Garrison (Medicare fraud) when affirming an abuse-of-trust enhancement for

doctors who committed Medicare fraud. Buck, 324 F.3d at 793 n.13.13

In Liss, a jury found two doctors guilty of conspiracy to defraud the United

States and of receiving remuneration in return for Medicare referrals. 265 F.3d at

1225. The conduct at the heart of these crimes was the doctors’ accepting

kickbacks in return for referring patients to a Florida laboratory. Id. at 1224. It

was this same conduct, accepting illegal compensation for Medicare referrals, that
22

served as the basis for the district court’s adding two levels for abuse of trust to

the defendants’ sentences. Id. at 1225. However, the Liss Court upheld the abuseof-trust enhancement, citing Garrison for its “position of trust” analysis, while not

mentioning at all the “same-conduct” dicta in Garrison. Id. at 1229; see also

United States v. Linville, 228 F.3d 1330, 1331-32 (11th Cir. 2000) (affirming

abuse-of-trust enhancement in a bank fraud case in a post-Garrison decision).

For the foregoing reasons, we determine that Garrison’s conduct-based

approach is dicta, was not mentioned (and thus not followed) in Liss, and is not

binding in this case. 

D. Double Counting

Our conclusion that the elements of Bracciale’s underlying offense do not

control whether he is eligible to receive an abuse-of-trust enhancement is further

supported by this Circuit’s case law concerning impermissible double counting.

“Impermissible double counting occurs only when one part of the

Guidelines is applied to increase a defendant's punishment on account of a kind of

harm that has already been fully accounted for by application of another part of the

Guidelines.” United States v. Matos-Rodriguez, 188 F.3d 1300, 1309 (11th Cir.

1999) (internal quotations and citation omitted). Double counting is permissible,

however, when (1) “the Sentencing Commission intended the result,” and (2) each
We note that the defendant in Naves was sentenced under the 1998 guidelines, as 14

opposed to the 1995 version applicable here.

23

guideline section in question “concerns conceptually separate notions related to

sentencing.” Id. at 1310 (internal quotations and citation omitted). This Court

presumes that, unless specifically directed otherwise, the Sentencing Commission

intended that separate guidelines sections be applied cumulatively. Id.

In United States v. Naves, 252 F.3d 1166, 1168 (11th Cir.2001), this Court

addressed a situation in which a defendant was convicted of carjacking in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2119(1). As noted in Naves, carjacking crimes are to be

sentenced under § 2B3.1. See id.; U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1, cmt. statutory provisions.14

Section 2B3.1 provides a base offense level of twenty that applies not only to

carjacking but also to robberies in general. See U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(a). To that base

offense level of twenty, the district court added a two-level enhancement because

the offense involved carjacking as provided in U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(5). Naves,

252 F.3d at 1168. The defendant Naves contended “that the base offense level

fully accounted for the level of culpability attributed to the offense of carjacking

and that therefore adding two levels because ‘the offense involved carjacking’

constitutes impermissible ‘double counting.’” Id.
24

In Naves, this Court concluded that the two-level enhancement for

carjacking did not constitute impermissible double counting. Id. at 1169. In so

doing, the Naves Court stated that “[w]e must assume that the Sentencing

Commission knew that the two point enhancement at issue herein would be

imposed in every case involving a conviction under § 2119 [carjacking], that it

intended this result, and that in effect it was creating a base level of 22 for a

conviction under § 2119.” Id. at 1168-69. In fact, “[t]he Sentencing Commission

is authorized to provide such an enhancement as long as there is a rational

relationship between the enhancement and a legitimate governmental objective.” 

Id. at 1169. In Naves, an element of the underlying offense – carjacking – was not

captured in the general robbery guideline that established the base offense level of

twenty for carjacking crimes. See id. at 1168-69. Likewise in this case, the breach

of fiduciary duty element of Bracciale’s wire fraud was not captured in the fraud

guideline that established a base offense level of six for a variety of fraud crimes

but was captured only in the abuse-of-trust enhancement.

Similarly, in United States v. Phillips, 363 F.3d 1167 (11th Cir. 2004), this

Court addressed a situation where the element of the crime was also the proper

subject of a separate enhancement. In Phillips, a defendant, who was convicted of

failing to pay court-ordered child support, received a two-level enhancement
25

because his offense of conviction involved “‘a violation of any prior, specific

judicial or administrative order, injunction, decree, or process not addressed

elsewhere in the guidelines.’” 363 F.3d at 1168 (quoting U.S.S.G. §§ 2B1.1(a) &

(b)(7)(C)). Obviously, the government was required to prove that Phillips had a

legal obligation to pay child support, or he could not have been found in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 228(a)(3). Therefore, an element of the offense was also used to

enhance his base offense level. In so concluding, this Court stated that

[T]he Sentencing Commission could have created a separate guideline

for willful failure to pay child support with a base offense of eight. The

fact that the Sentencing Commission elected not to draft a separate

guideline does not render the application of the two-level enhancement

under § 2B1.1(b)(7)(C) irrational. Rather, it is rational for the

Sentencing Commission to use § 2B1.1 to establish a base offense level

of six for the culpability incident to offenses involving larceny,

embezzlement, and other forms of theft.

Id. at 1169. As noted in Naves and Phillips, the Sentencing Commission could

have created a different guideline taking into account Bracciale’s abuse of trust

and could have assigned that guideline a base offense level of eight. Rather, it is

rational for the Sentencing Commission to use § 2F1.1 to establish a base offense

level of six for a variety of fraud crimes, and to allow the abuse-of-trust

enhancement to apply in cases like Bracciale’s. The fact that the Sentencing

Commission elected not to establish a separate guideline for Bracciale’s specific
Because we vacate Bracciale’s sentence, the district court on remand also may 15

reconsider its various other sentencing decisions. See, e.g., United States v. Le, 256 F.3d 1229,

1241 n.12 (11th Cir. 2001) (providing that, because Le’s sentence was vacated, the district court

on remand was allowed to reconsider any aspects of Le’s sentence); United States v. Alvarez,

115 F.3d 839, 843 (11th Cir. 1997) (“Because we vacate Alvarez’s sentence, the district court is

free on remand to reconsider Alvarez’s sentence in its entirety.”).

26

crime does not render the application of § 3B1.3 to Bracciale irrational or result in

impermissible double counting.

IV. CONCLUSION

For all the above reasons, we affirm the district court’s application of the

abuse-of-trust enhancement in § 3B1.3. However, we vacate Bracciale’s sentence

and remand this case for re-sentencing so that the district court may consider anew

the loss amount under section §2F1.1.15

AFFIRMED in part; REVERSED AND REMANDED in part.