Report series SMED and SMED&SLU Nr 7 2004

Swedish Methodology for Environmental Data

Emissions of particles, metals, dioxins

and PAH in Sweden

Karin Kindbom, Curt-Åke Boström, Anna Palm, Tina Skårman and John Sternbeck

IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute

Jörgen Fagerlund, Tomas Gustafsson and Irene Linder

Statistics Sweden, SCB

May 2004

Assignment for Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
Report title: Estimated emissions of NMVOC in Sweden 1988-2001

Authors: Karin Kindbom, Curt-Åke Boström and Tina Skårman, IVL, Tomas Gustafsson and Marja Talonpoika, SCB

Year of publication: 2004

Publication at: www.smed.se

Title: Report series for SMED

Publisher: SMHI Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Address: Folkborgsvägen 1, 601 76 Norrköping, Sweden

Start Year: 2004

ISSN: 1652-4179

SMED är en förkortning för Svenska MiljöEmissionsData, och är ett samarbete mellan IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet, SCB

och SMHI. Samarbetet inom SMED inleddes under 2001 med syftet att långsiktigt samla och utveckla kompetensen inom

emissionsstatistik kopplat till åtgärdsarbete inom olika områden, bland annat som ett svar på Naturvårdsverkets behov

av upprätta ett svenskt datavärdskap för utsläpp till luft. Målsättningen med SMED-samarbetet är att utveckla och driva

nationella emissionsdatabaser och att tillhandahålla olika tjänster relaterade till dessa. Kundbasen är tänkt att omfatta

både nationella, regionala och lokala myndigheter samt luft- och vattenvårdsförbund och näringsliv. Dessa kan genom

samarbetet inom SMED erbjudas en attraktiv återföring av resultat inom ett större område än tidigare. Konsulttjänster

kommer att utvecklas både för nationella och internationella uppdrag.

SMED is an abbreviation for Swedish Methodology for Environmental Data which is based on a collaboration between

IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SCB Statistics Sweden and SMHI Swedish Meteorological and

Hydrological Institute. The work co-operation within SMED commenced during 2001 with the long-term aim of

acquiring and developing expertise within emission statistics. SMED fulfils the Swedish Environmental Protection

Agency’s requirements for a Swedish air emission data centre. In particular, the work focuses on following the

introduction of abatement measures for different sectors. A central objective of the SMED collaboration is thus to

develop and maintain national emission databases and offer related services. Potential clients include national, regional

and local governmental authorities, air and water quality associations, and industrial representatives. In workcoperation with SMED, an implementation of results in a wider perspective is achieved. Consultant services will be

developed for both national and international assigments.
Table of contents

1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................ 3

2. GENERAL METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 3

3. PARTICLES..................................................................................................................................... 4

3.1. METHODOLOGY AND EMISSION FACTORS FOR PARTICLES .............................................................. 5

3.2. ESTIMATED NATIONAL EMISSIONS OF PARTICLES ........................................................................... 5

4. METALS........................................................................................................................................... 7

4.1. METHODOLOGY AND EMISSION FACTORS FOR METALS................................................................... 7

4.2. ESTIMATED NATIONAL EMISSIONS OF METALS ............................................................................... 7

5. DIOXINS......................................................................................................................................... 11

5.1. METHODOLOGY AND EMISSION FACTORS FOR DIOXINS ................................................................ 11

5.2. ESTIMATED NATIONAL EMISSIONS OF DIOXINS ............................................................................. 12

6. PAH ................................................................................................................................................. 13

6.1. METHODOLOGY AND EMISSION FACTORS FOR PAH ..................................................................... 14

6.2. ESTIMATED NATIONAL EMISSIONS OF PAH-4............................................................................... 15

7. STATIONARY SOURCES WITHIN THE ENERGY SECTOR (NFR 1) ............................... 16

7.1. ENERGY STATISTICS ..................................................................................................................... 16

7.2. ENERGY STATISTICS AS ACTIVITY DATA FOR STATIONARY COMBUSTION ..................................... 17

7.2.1. Thermal values................................................................................................................... 17

7.2.2. Stationary combustion in Energy Industries, Manufacturing Industries and Construction

(NFR 1A1a and 1A1b)...................................................................................................................... 18

7.3. EMISSION FACTORS FOR STATIONARY COMBUSTION..................................................................... 21

7.4. EMISSIONS OF PARTICLES FROM STATIONARY SOURCES ............................................................... 22

7.4.1. Particles from handling of solid fuels (NFR 1B1c)............................................................ 25

7.4.2. Particles from catalytic cracking at refineries (NFR 1B2a iv) .......................................... 26

7.5. METAL EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES.......................................................................... 27

7.6. DIOXIN EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY COMBUSTION................................................................... 32

7.6.1. Dioxin emissions from large-scale biomass combustion (NFR 1A1a)............................... 33

7.6.2. Dioxin emissions from residential wood stoves ................................................................. 34

7.6.3. Dioxin emissions from large-scale municipal waste incineration (NFR 1A1a)................. 34

7.6.4. Dioxin emissions from large-scale coal combustion (NFR 1A1a) ..................................... 35

7.7. PAH EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES ............................................................................. 36

7.7.1. PAH emissions from large-scale biomass combustion....................................................... 37

7.7.2. PAH emissions from small-scale wood combustion........................................................... 38

7.7.3. PAH emissions from large-scale municipal waste incineration......................................... 39

7.7.4. PAH emissions from large-scale coal combustion............................................................. 39

7.7.5. PAH emissions from small-scale coal combustion ............................................................ 40

7.7.6. PAH emissions from coke production (NFR 1B1b)............................................................ 40

8. MOBILE SOURCES (NFR 1)....................................................................................................... 40

8.1. ACTIVITY DATA FOR FUEL CONSUMPTION OF MOBILE SOURCES ................................................... 41

8.1.1. Fuel statistics ..................................................................................................................... 41

8.1.2. Allocation of gasoline consumption on end-use activities ................................................. 42

8.1.3. Allocation of diesel consumption on end-use activities...................................................... 43

8.2. EMISSIONS FROM COMBUSTION OF FUELS IN MOBILE SOURCES (NFR 1A3).................................. 45

8.2.1. Particle emissions from mobile sources, combustion of fuels............................................ 45

8.2.2. Metal emissions from mobile sources, combustion of fuel................................................. 49

8.2.3. Dioxin emissions from road traffic .................................................................................... 49

8.2.4. PAH emissions from road traffic........................................................................................ 50

8.3. EMISSIONS OF PARTICLES AND METALS FROM ROAD ABRASION AND TYRE AND BRAKE WEAR ..... 52

9. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (NFR 2).......................................................................................... 53

9.1. ACTIVITY DATA FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES............................................................................... 53

9.2. EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES.................................................................................... 54

9.3. MINERAL PRODUCTS (2A) ............................................................................................................ 56
2

9.3.1. Particles from cement production (2A1)............................................................................ 56

9.3.2. Particles and dioxins from lime production (2A2)............................................................. 58

9.3.3. Metals from battery manufacture (2A7)............................................................................. 59

9.3.4. Particles, metals and dioxins from sinter and pelletizing plants (2A7).............................. 59

9.3.5. Particles and metals from glass production (2A7)............................................................. 64

9.3.6. Particles and metals from glass and mineral wool production (2A7)................................ 64

9.3.7. Particles and metals from mining and extraction of non-iron mineral ore (2A7).............. 65

9.3.8. Particles from construction activities (2A7) ...................................................................... 66

9.4. CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (2B)........................................................................................................... 67

9.4.1. Particles from carbide production (2B4)........................................................................... 67

9.4.2. Mercury from the chlor alkali industry (2B5).................................................................... 68

9.4.3. Mercury from sulphuric acid production (2B5)................................................................. 69

9.4.4. Dioxins from chemical industry (2B) ................................................................................. 69

9.5. METAL PRODUCTION (2C)............................................................................................................ 70

9.5.1. Particles, metals and dioxins from the iron and steel industry (2C).................................. 70

9.5.2. Particles and metals from ferroalloys production (2C) ..................................................... 73

9.5.3. Particles, metals and dioxins from primary and secondary non-ferrous metal smelters ... 74

9.5.4. Particles and PAH from primary aluminium production (2C) .......................................... 77

9.5.5. Dioxins from secondary aluminium production................................................................. 80

9.6. OTHER PRODUCTION (2D) ............................................................................................................ 80

9.6.1. Particles, metals, PAH and dioxins from the pulp and paper industry (2D1).................... 80

10. SOLVENT AND PRODUCT USE (NFR 3)................................................................................. 84

10.1. EMISSIONS FROM SOLVENT AND PRODUCT USE........................................................................ 84

10.1.1. Particles and PAH from tobacco smoking (3D)................................................................. 85

10.1.2. Particles from the use of fireworks (3D)............................................................................ 86

10.1.3. Dioxin from the wood preservation industry...................................................................... 87

11. AGRICULTURE (NFR 4) ............................................................................................................. 87

11.1. ACTIVITY DATA FOR THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR................................................................... 88

11.2. EMISSIONS OF FROM THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR (4G) .......................................................... 89

11.2.1. Particles from storage and handling of fertilizers ............................................................. 89

11.2.2. Particles from storage and handling of agricultural crops ............................................... 90

11.2.3. Particle emissions from livestock farming ......................................................................... 90

12. WASTE (NFR 6)............................................................................................................................. 91

12.1. EMISSIONS FROM INCINERATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE (6C)................................................. 92

12.1.1. Mercury, PAH and dioxins from cremation....................................................................... 92

12.1.2. Dioxin emissions from other hazardous waste................................................................... 93

12.2. OTHER WASTE (6D)................................................................................................................. 94

12.2.1. PAH from cooking processes (barbecuing, frying)............................................................ 94

12.2.2. Particles and PAH from garden burning, bonfires and forest fires ................................... 95

12.2.3. Dioxin emissions from landfill fires ................................................................................... 96

13. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORK.......................................... 97

14. REFERERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 98

15. APPENDIX 1 EMISSION FACTORS ....................................................................................... 104

16. APPENDIX 2 ESTIMATED EMISSIONS 1980-2001 ............................................................. 125
3

1. Introduction

Sweden has signed the protocols on long-range transboundary air pollutants (LRTAP),

and as a consequence of this, emission estimates are to be reported annually to the

Economic Commission for Europe (UN ECE), according to EB.AIR/GE.1/2002/7, Draft

Guidelines for Estimating and Reporting Emissions Data (UNECE, 2002). National

emissions of SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC and NH3 have been reported extensively in the

past, but emissions of particles, heavy metals, PAH and dioxins have, with a few

exceptions not been included.

In 2002 SMED, Swedish Methodology for Environmental Data, was given the task by

the Swedish EPA to compile time series of emissions of TSP (Total Suspended

Particulate matter), PM10, PM2,5, heavy metals, PAH-4 and dioxins in Sweden. The

objective was to compile data from 1980-2001 for each substance, to be included in the

submission of national emissions to UNECE/LRTAP in February 2003. Emission

figures in the submission were, however, reported at a rather aggregated level, and

details of the sources included and how the estimates were made were not provided. The

purpose of this report is to provide background information on the emissions estimation

methodology, emission factors and the origin of the emission factors and activity data

used in the estimates. For some sources and substances only limited infomation on

national emissions or emission factors was available, and therefore suggested

international default emission factors were used in those cases. Further work is needed

in order to reduce the uncertainty in these estimates and to verify that emission levels

are relevant to Swedish conditions.

The study includes all relevant sectors, but the focus has been on sources, which

account for the larger shares of the national total emissions of the covered compounds.

Due to lack of data, not all sources and substances are covered for the entire time

period. This report, however, presents more data and estimated emissions than was

submitted to UNECE/LRTAP in 2003. For example, in the 2003 submission to

UNECE/LRTAP, heavy metals were only reported for the period 1990-2001. In this

report estimated metal emissions from certain sources during the 1980 ́s are presented,

as well as discussions on sources and substances where, due to gaps in knowledge,

roughly calculated emission levels are still too uncertain to be officially submitted.

2. General methodology

The general method for calculating emissions from a certain source is to multiply

relevant activity data with an emission factor, according to the equation:

E=AD*EF

Where E= emission, AD= activity data and EF= emission factor.

This kind of information is, however, not always available, thus a large range of

different sources of information had to be used in order to derive the data needed to

perform the calculations, unless emission data as such were readily available.

In order to compile time series of emissions of particles, heavy metals, dioxins and PAH

in Sweden a wide range of background material and information sources was used. This
4

consisted of national information, such as national official statistics, older reports of

compiled emission data, information from trade associations and individual facilities,

reports from emission measurements, research reports and information from and

discussions with experts. In addition to the national information, other sources of

information was the Joint EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory

Guidebook (EEA, 2001), suggested emission factors for particles from the CEPMEIP

project (Coordinated European Programme on Particulate Matter Emission Inventories,

Projections and Guidance, TNO, 2001), international research reports and relevant

publications from other European countries.

For stationary combustion within the energy sector, emission factors were derived for

all substances and subsequently used together with activity data from the official

national energy statistics to calculate emissions.

Estimated emissions from road traffic were based on activity data in a national Swedish

model (EMV), while for other mobile sources information on activity originates from

various national administrative bodies (e.g. the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration,

the National Administration of Shipping and Navigation) or were derived from national

fuels statistics. Emission factors used were either nationally derived or as suggested in

international literature.

For the sector industrial processes a large proportion of the information consists of

emission estimates, which combined with production statistics permits the development

of time series of emissions. In order to calculate emissions of PM10 and PM2.5, where

information is very scarce, expert judgements were used in most cases on the fractions

of PM10 and PM2.5 of total TSP. For some processes national statistics and emission

factors for particle emissions suggested by the CEPMEIP-project was used.

For the sector solvent and product use and the agricultural sector, in most cases,

national statistics on activity was used in combination with internationally suggested

emission factors, while emission estimates for the waste sector mostly were based on

national information on activity together with published emission factors from various

sources.

In this report NFR codes (Nomenclature for Reporting) for each source are given, as

defined in the Draft Guidelines for Estimating and Reporting Emissions Data (UNECE,

2002) and used in the submission of national emission estimates to UNECE/LRTAP.

This was done to facilitate the reading for those who are familiar with these guidelines.

Other readers may just overlook this information.

3. Particles

Particles are emitted to air from a large variety of sources, such as combustion activities,

industrial processes, automobile tyre and brakewear, road abrasion and as diffuse

emissions from handling of raw materials and products. The current estimates cover

emissions of TSP (total suspended particulate matter), PM10 (particles of size <10 μm)

and PM2.5 (< 2.5μm). National information making it possible to estimate emissions of

TSP has been available for most sources, while information on the fractions of TSP, as

PM10 and PM2.5, almost did not exist. In order to make the estimate of particle fractions,

the Co-ordinated European Programme on Particulate Matter Emission Inventories,
5

Projections and Guidance (CEPMEIP, TNO 2001) was used as a reference to a large

extent.

3.1. Methodology and emission factors for particles

Particle emissions arising from combustion in the energy sector have been calculated

using the emission factors presented in Appendix 1. The energy statistics is, as is further

discussed in chapter 7.2, not of as good quality from the 1980 ́s. For the 1980 ́s it is not

possible to separate the emission sources according to the requirements for reporting.

Emission estimates for the 1980 ́s based on the energy statistics, are therefore only

presented as total estimates from stationary sources. Activity data used in the emission

estimates for the different sources are described in the specific chapters below.

Emission factors have for all sectors been compared to those compiled in the UNECE

CEPMEIP-project. Where no national information was available, emission factors from

the CEPMEIP project, applicable to conditions around 1995, were used. When national

information on TSP-emissions or emission factors were available, the partitioning of

particle emissions on PM10 and PM2.5 were for several sources derived from the

CEPMEIP project.

3.2. Estimated national emissions of particles

Particle emissions, as TSP, PM10 and PM2.5, have for most sources been compiled for

the entire time series 1980-2001, but due to the conditions of the energy statistics in the

1980 ́s source specific estimates are not reported for stationary combustion. For one of

the most important sources of particle emissions, residential combustion of wood,

reliable statistics are not available for conditions during the beginning of the 1980 ́s.

The most important sources of particle emissions in Sweden are:

• Energy production, where combustion of wood for residential heating contributes

the larger share

• Particle emissions from mobile sources, including both emissions from combustion

of fuel and emissions from road abrasion and automobile tyre and brake wear

• Emissions from industrial processes

• Particle emissions from the agricultural sector

Estimated national emissions of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 by sector are presented in Figures

Figure 3.1 through Figure 3.3. According to the calculations emissions of particles in

Sweden have decreased substantially from the mid 1980 ́s until 2001.
6

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

19801982198419861988199019921994199619982000

ton TSP

1A4b ii Residential plants

1 Energy, except 1A3 and 1A4b ii

Sum of remaining sources

4 Agriculture

2 Industrial processes

1A3 Mobile sources

Figure 3.1 Estimated national total emissions of TSP from different source categories,

1980-2001 (ton TSP).

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

19801982198419861988199019921994199619982000

ton PM10

1A4b ii Residential plants

1 Energy, except 1A3 and 1A4b ii

Sum of remaining sources

4 Agriculture

2 Industrial processes

1A3 Mobile sources

Figure 3.2 Estimated national total emissions of PM10 from different source categories

1980-2001 (ton PM10).
7

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

19801982198419861988199019921994199619982000

ton PM2.5

1A4b ii Residential plants

1, Energy except 1A3 and 1A4b ii

Sum of remaining sources

4 Agriculture

2 Industrial processes

1A3 Mobile sources

Figure 3.3 Estimated national total emissions of PM2.5 from different source categories

1980-2001 (ton PM2.5).

4. Metals

Heavy metals are emitted to air from combustion processes as well as from other

processes. One important source is of course metal production, but for certain metals

other sources may dominate the national emissions. The metals included, as required by

the Draft Reporting Guidelines (UNECE, 2002), are As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se and

Zn. The estimated national total emissions of each of these metals are presented by

sector in the figures below, and further discussed in the following chapters.

4.1. Methodology and emission factors for metals

Activity data for combustion in the energy sector has, as for all substances, been the

national energy statistics. For other sources, mainly industrial processes, activity data or

emission figures have been compiled from various types of information sources, e.g.

information from trade associations, from individual facilities and from earlier reports

on emissions of metals in Sweden. Emission factors for metals from stationary

combustion have been compiled based on various literature sources and expert

judgement (Chapter 7.3). Emission factors for metals from industrial processes usually

were developed from available data on activity and reported emissions at plant level,

subsequently used on national activity data to calculate emissions.

4.2. Estimated national emissions of metals

The metals that have been covered in the inventory are As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se

and Zn. For Se, selenium, only emissions from stationary combustion within the energy
8

sector have been estimated. For other sources sufficient information was not available to

estimate emissions of Se. Time series of national metal emissions were compiled for the

period 1990-2001, but additional information for earlier years is discussed and

presented in some of the chapters on individual sources below.

In Figure 4.1 through Figure 4.8 the estimated national total emissions of metals are

presented by sector. Important sectors vary between the metals, but for all metals

process emissions from metal production (NFR 2C) contribute significantly. The

estimated emissions from individual sectors are discussed further in the specific

chapters below.

For Ni, a change in energy statistics method for refineries 2000 and 2001 is visible in

Figure 4.6. The presented emissions of Cd, Cu and Zn from mobile sources are

estimated emissions from automobile road abrasion and tyre and brake wear, while the

Pb emissions from mobile sources originate from combustion of leaded fuel.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton As

Other industrial processes

Metal production

Energy production

Figure 4.1 National emissions of Arsenic (As) 1990-2001 (ton).

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton Cd

Mobile sources

Other industrial processes

Metal production

Energy production

Figure 4.2 National emissions of Cadmium (Cd) 1990-2001 (ton)
9

0

5

10

15

20

25

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton Cr

Other industrial processes

Metal production

Energy production

Figure 4.3 National emissions of Chromium (Cr) 1990-2001 (ton).

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton Cu

Mobile sources

Other industrial processes

Metal production

Energy production

Figure 4.4 National emissions of Copper (Cu) 1990-2001 (ton).

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton Hg

Waste

Other industrial processes

Metal production

Energy production

Figure 4.5 National emissions of Mercury (Hg) 1990-2001 (ton).
10

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton Ni

Other industrial processes

Metal production

Energy production

Figure 4.6 National emissions of Nickel (Ni) 1990-2001 (ton).

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton Pb

Mobile sources

Other industrial processes

Metal production

Energy production

Figure 4.7 National emissions of Lead (Pb) 1990-2001 (ton).

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton Zn

Mobile sources

Other industrial processes

Metal production

Energy production

Figure 4.8 National emissions of Zinc (Zn) 1990-2001 (ton).
11

5. Dioxins

Polychlorinated dioxins and furans, referred to as dioxins in this report, are formed

unintentionally as a result of several industrial and combustion processes. The

production of dioxins is strongly dependent on certain physical and chemical

conditions. For instance, temperatures between 200 oC and 600o are optimal and the

chlorine must be available (e.g. Ahlgren and Marklund, 2001). Whether organic

chlorine is more efficient than inorganic chlorine in forming dioxins has been the scope

of several studies. Results so far are inconclusive. Dioxin formation is favoured under

conditions of incomplete combustion. Formation and emissions of dioxins are therefore

difficult to predict quantitatively, since incomplete combustion is typical for

uncontrolled processes. In Sweden, a general awareness of the problem with

unintentional production and emission of dioxins appeared during the mid 1980 ́s.

An inventory of Swedish dioxin emissions to air was made for 1993 but is unpublished

(deWit, unpubl.). This study is referred to and summarised in e.g. Ahlgren and

Marklund (2001) and in UNEP (2001). That inventory also serves as a starting point for

the data on Sweden in the European Dioxin Inventory (EDI). Several activities in the

1993 inventory are presented with intervals rather than a single value. Using their

highest estimates, these are the potentially most important sources, given in declining

order:

• landfill fires

• primary iron and steel plants

• secondary iron and steel plants

• woodfired stoves

• secondary production of aluminium and copper

• biomass power plants

• lime

• municipal waste incineration

• cement kilns

• pulp and paper mills

• combustion of oil and coal

• road traffic

• foundries

• cremation

• ferries, aircraft

5.1. Methodology and emission factors for dioxins

From 2001 on, all facilities emitting more than 0.001 g TEQ/year to air are required to

report annual emissions in their Environmental Reports. Such information is public in

Sweden. Previously, such measurements covered only a few industrial categories and

facilities.

Although annual emissions from individual facilities may be based on a few spot tests,

we consider them frequently to be more reliable than data obtained using generic

emission factors. Therefore, when reported emissions are considered reliable we use

those data for indiviudal facilities in a certain source category. When not, emissions are

calculated using activities and emission factors for each source category.
12

There are several systems for converting amounts of dioxins to their toxic equivalents

(TEQ). If a value is presented in one system, it cannot be recalculated to another system

without access to data on all congeners. In the European Dioxin Inventory, it is stated

that the difference between these systems is negligible compared to the inherent

uncertainties in all the underlying measurements. Thus, we have adopted this approach.

Several compilations of dioxin emission factors are available, although substantial

crossreferring occur, e.g.:

• UNEP (2001) Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin

and Furan Releases- draft. UNEP Chemicals, Geneva, Switzerland

• USEPA (1997) Locating and estimating air emissions from sources of dioxins and

furans.

• The European Dioxin Inventory

• EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook (EEA, 2001).

In addition, there are several reports on national inventories that contain emission

factors, e.g. Finstad et al. (2002) for Norway, and Hansen (2000) for Denmark. When

emission factors were required, these and other sources were considered. As far as

possible, care was taken to select representative values by considering, e.g., type of flue

gas cleaning, type of fuel and impurities etc.

5.2. Estimated national emissions of dioxins

As for all other substances, emission estimates based on the energy statistics from the

1980 ́s are uncertain, which is evident in Figure 5.1, especially for the years 1980-1985.

Although the energy statistics are uncertain, an increase in dioxin emissions from

energy industries (NFR 1A1) in the early 1980 ́s would be expected, caused by

increased combustion of municipal waste during these years. The substantial decrease in

dioxin emissions from energy industries from approximately 1985 to the beginning of

the 1990 ́s is primarily due to regulations of emissions leading to introduction of

abatement techniques for the combustion of municipal waste. During the 1990 ́s and

until 2001 the most important sources contributing to dioxin emissions are combustion

in energy industries and in manufacturing industries, emissions from metal production

and the source “other waste”, which consists of estimated emissions from landfill fires.
13

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

19801982198419861988199019921994199619982000

Dioxin, gTEQ

6 D Other waste

6 C Waste incineration

2 D Pulp and paper production

2 C Metal production

2 A Mineral products

1 A 3 Road Transport 

1 A 2 Manufacturing Industries

1 A 1 Energy industries

Figure 5.1 National total emissions of dioxins (g TEQ) 1980-2001. The dioxin

emissions from Energy Industries (1A1) primarily arises from municipal

waste combustion.

6. PAH

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is the collective name for a large group of

chemicals, which all have in common that they consist of two or more ring structures,

where at least one ring has the structure of a benzene. Figure 6.1 shows four examples

of commonly occurring PAHs.

Naphtalene Anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene Phenanthrene

Figure 6.1 Molecular structures of four PAHs commonly occurring in the environment.

Just like dioxins, PAHs are predominantly formed during incomplete combustion

processes and are emitted to the air both from stationary and mobile sources. Previously

identified emission sources include e.g. traffic, small-scale residential heating, i.e.

wood-burning, and industrial processes such as aluminium production (e.g. Finstad et

al., 2001). Emissions of PAHs are generally associated with emissions of soot and

particles. PAHs are semivolatile, and as such they can occur either in the gas phase or in

the particle phase of the atmosphere. The partitioning between the two phases is

controlled by factors such as substance-specific vapour pressure, air temperature, the

particle content of the air, and the properties of the particles themselves. PAHs are

mainly associated with fine particles (less than 10 μm), for which EU has recently
14

adopted an air quality directive (1999/30/EC, amended by Commission decision

2001/744/EC).

Historically, it has not been possible to separate different PAHs from each other, due to

analytical difficulties. Thus they have been reported as “total PAH” or “sum of PAH”,

without any further information about which substances were included in the chemical

analysis. Today, broad knowledge exists on the different toxic and physical-chemical

properties of different PAH substances, and it is generally conceived that separation of

individual substances is necessary.

The UNECE POPs Protocol specifies that the following 4 PAHs should be used as

indicators for the purposes of emission inventories:

• benzo(a)pyrene

• benzo(b)fluoranthene

• benzo(k)fluoranthene

• indeno(123cd)pyrene

These four substances belong to the heavier molecules in the PAH group and to those

regarded as the most carcinogenic.

6.1. Methodology and emission factors for PAH

The current emission inventory comprises the four substances specified in the UNECE

POPs protocol (BaP, BbF, BkF and Ind, hereafter referred to as PAH-4). It should be

noted, however, that the selected substances often occur at low concentrations when

compared to more volatile PAHs. Thus, this inventory should not be regarded as a

complete emission inventory for PAHs. The main purpose at this stage is to establish an

emission reporting system, where updating of individual figures can be done relatively

easily, and to estimate current and past emissions of the four prioritised substances.

Once established, more substances can be included, and data can be updated.

The Emission Inventory Guidebook (EEA, 2001) suggests emission factors for different

source types for benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and typical profiles for the four substances BaP

BbF, BkF and Ind are given, as are identified important emission sources. It is,

however, emphasised that there might be regional differences to this general pattern.

The possible emission sources that have been treated/investigated in this emission

inventory are listed below. For some of these sources, it was concluded that emissions

are likely to be so low, that further investigation was not necessary. For others,

however, emissions have been regarded as significant, and thus emission factors have

been sought.

• Energy production

- wood combustion

- coal combustion

- municipal waste incineration

• Industrial processes

- aluminium production

- coke production

- iron- and steel production

• Mobile sources

- road traffic
15

• Other sources

- forest fires

- garden burning

- lawn mowers

- cooking (frying, barbecuing)

- cigarette smoking

As mentioned earlier, emissions of PAH have traditionally been reported as a sum, thus

it is often difficult to obtain information on emissions of individual substances. In this

inventory, we have used environmental reports produced by individual companies as far

as possible and based emission factors on emissions given in these. Where emission

data were lacking, factors have been taken from the literature. Local or national data

have been used where possible. If emission factors were obtained only for BaP, these

were combined with the profiles given by EEA (2001) for the given source in order to

obtain factors for all four substances.

6.2. Estimated national emissions of PAH-4

According to the current inventory, the most important source of emissions of PAH-4 is

by far combustion of wood for residential heating (Figure 6.2). Other important sources

are metal production (i.e. primary aluminium production), stationary combustion in

energy industries and in manufacturing industries and from coke production at primary

iron- and steel plants. Emissions of PAH from mobile sources, which have been

suggested to be important, have not been submitted due to very disperse infomation on

emission factors. This issue is discussed in more detail in Chapter 8.2.4.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

19801982198419861988199019921994199619982000

ton PAH-4

1A4 Residential plants

2 C Metal production

1B1 Coke production

1 A 2 Manufacturing industries 

1A1 Energy industries

Remaining sources

Figure 6.2 Estimated national total emissions of PAH-4 1983-2001 (ton). Data for metal

production only from 1984-2001, from coke production from 1987-2001).
16

7. Stationary sources within the Energy sector (NFR 1)

7.1. Energy statistics

Since 1980 the Swedish energy system has changed substantially. The dependence on

fossil fuels (oil and coal), both for heating purposes and in industry has decreased

during the last 20 years. During the period 1980-1990, the production of electricity from

nuclear power plants increased from 26 TWh to 68 TWh. Due to surplus of electricity in

Sweden during 1985-1995 (low price) conversion from oil and coal to electricity

heating became common for residential heating. New built houses were also equipped

with direct heating by electricity as standard. Another factor for this decrease in fossil

fuel uses were the building of district heating systems in most cities. Many of the

district heating plants use bio fuels today (wood chips, bark). Incineration of municipal

waste is also common in district heating plants (5 TWh in year 2000). During the years

1990-2000 the district heating continued to increase. The use of heat pumps both in

district heating plants and in residential houses has increased since 1985. In the

manufacturing industry the combustion of oil products has decreased from 1980 until

2000 and has to a large extent been replaced by bio fuels.

The largest sectors in stationary combustion in Sweden today are district heating (50

TWh, Figure 7.1), combustion in manufacturing industry (96 TWh from combustion,

Figure 7.2, presents total energy consumption in industry, including electricity and

district heating) and combustion in the commercial and residential sector (35 TWh from

combustion, Figure 7.3).

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

TWh

Waste heat

Heat pumps

Electricty

Biofuels

Coal

Natural gas

Oil products

Figure 7.1 Energy supply to the Swedish district heating sector, 1970-2000.
17

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

TWh

Coal 

Bio fuel

District heating

Electricity

Natural gas

Oil products

Figure 7.2 Energy consumption in Swedish industry, 1970-2000.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

TWh

Other fuels

Bio fuels, peat etc

District heating

Electricity

Oil products

Figure 7.3 Energy consumption in commercial and residential buildings, 1970-2000.

7.2. Energy statistics as activity data for stationary combustion

7.2.1. Thermal values

Statistics Sweden has compiled thermal values for each fuel type based on information

from the users. All thermal values refer to net calorific values. Most thermal values are
18

calculated on the basis of chemical qualities and are considered to be of high quality.

For some fuel types (coal, coke oven gas and blast furnace gas) the thermal value varies

for different years, due to varying properties of the fuels. Hence the uncertainty of the

thermal value for coal, coke oven gas and blast furnace gas is larger than for other fuels.

No specific information on thermal values was available for the 80’s and the thermal

values for 1990 have therefore been used also for the 1980 ́s.

7.2.2. Stationary combustion in Energy Industries, Manufacturing Industries

and Construction (NFR 1A1a and 1A1b)

Emissions of particles, metals, PAH, and dioxins from stationary combustion in Energy

Industries, Manufacturing Industries and Construction are estimated by using data on

fuel consumption from Statistics Sweden, department of Energy Statistics. Both

quarterly and yearly mail surveys are carried out to estimate the industrial fuel

consumption. The methodology for these surveys has varied over the time period 1980-

2001. To achieve total national estimates the quarterly statistics is adjusted. The

changes in methods of collection of data that have occurred primarily influences the

possibility of correctly allocating the fuels and fuel use to the different sub-categories,

according to the requirements for international reporting of emissions. The national total

estimates are however considered being of high quality. The changes in collection

methods are briefly explained below, and summarised in Table 7.1.

Statistics on fuel consumption for electricity and heat producers (SNI 40, Swedish

Standard Industrial Classification, i.e. NASE 40), e.g. heating plants and combined

power and heating plants etc., were based on total surveys for all years 1980-2001, and

is thus consistent for this time period.

Statistics on fuel consumption for industries (SNI 10-37) for the years 1980-1996 were

based on total surveys to all companies with more than 4 employees the years 1980-

1989 and to all companies with more than 9 empolyees the years 1990-1996. All years

1980-1996 were reported by working unit1

. Adjustments were also made using

additional data from quarterly statistics of fuel consumption to achieve better national

fuel type coverage.

Statistics on industrial fuel consumption for 1997-1999 were based on yearly surveys.

The survey method was altered to include consumed fuels from all economic activities2

in companies with at least 50 employees and a stratified sample of companies with 10-

49 employees. The sample was stratified according to industry sector and company size

within each SNI-classification. Adjustments were made to reach yearly national

estimates.

Statistics on industrial fuel consumption for the year 2000 was again based on a yearly

total survey on purchased fuels for all working units in companies within SNI 10-37

with more than 9 employees.

For the year 2001 the statistics on industry fuel consumption was based on the same

type of survey sampling as for the years 1997-1999, i.e. companies with at least 50

employees and a stratified sample of companies with 10-49 employees. However,

 

1

 Factory, plant etc.

2

 Company level, can include several work units or parts of them.
19

instead of economic activities, working units were surveyed. Adjustments were made to

reach yearly national estimates.

Before 1996 the industry survey had focus on economy, not energy – only purchased

fuel was included in the mail surveys. From 1997 focus has changed towards energy

consumption, including also own-produced fuels. This should imply more accurate

background data on energy use. On the other hand, between 1997 and 1999 the survey

was a sample survey and thus sent to fewer companies than before. This could of course

result in larger uncertainties in point estimates. However, the surveys for all years are

considered to give high quality information on national total consumption, and possible

mistakes, when the sample survey is adjusted, are marginal. Due to differences in

survey methodology, time series relating to specific sub-sources are considered to be of

worse quality.

Table 7.1 Methodology for fuel consumption survey of industry (SNI 10-37) for the

years 1980-2001.

Year Survey sampling Included areas Adjustments Quality

1980-2001 Quarterly sample

survey to all

consumers of more

than 325 toe.

Working unit: All

fuel use.

Adjusted to reach yearly

national estimates.

Good survey

quality. Changes in

coding during the

80’s complicated

the data processing.

1980-1989 Yearly total surveys to

all companies with

more than 4

employees.

Working unit: only

purchased fuels,

quantity and

economical value.

Using additional data

from the quarterly

survey.

Good.

1990-1996 Yearly total surveys to

all companies with

more than 9

employees.

Working unit: only

purchased fuels,

quantity and

economical value.

Using additional data

from the quarterly

survey.

Good quality for

economical value.

Less good quality

of quantity.

1997-1999 Yearly surveys to

companies with at least

50 employees and a

stratified sample of

companies with 10-49

employees.

Economic activity:

purchased + ownproduced fuels.

Adjusted to reach yearly

national estimates.

Good for national

estimates, less good

for sub sources.

2000 Yearly total survey to

all companies with

more than 9

employees.

Working unit:

purchased + ownproduced fuels.

No adjustments needed. Excellent.

2001 Yearly survey to

companies with at least

50 employees and a

stratified sample of

companies with 10-49

employees.

Working unit:

purchased + ownproduced fuels.

Adjusted to reach yearly

national estimates.

Good.

As a result of the changes in methods of compiling the national energy statistics,

especially the data for the 1980 ́s are uncertain when trying to allocate them to the code

systems required for the international reporting of emissions. This is evident in the
20

results of the calculations on emissions that have been made. Figure 7.4 shows that,

apart from the very varying estimates in the early 1980 ́s, there also seem to be a shift in

total emissions from stationary sources between 1989 and 1990. Considering the

changes in compilation of energy statistics, and the uncertain results, emission data

arising from using the energy statistics as activity data before 1990 are only presented

further for some sources for illustrative reasons in this report.

0

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

10 000

12 000

14 000

16 000

18 000

20 000

19801982198419861988199019921994199619982000

ton TSP

1 B 2 a Oil

1 B 1 c Other, fugitive emissions, solid fuels

1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation

1 A 4 c i Agriculture/forestry/fishing Stationary

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages and

Tobacco

1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other

Energy Industries

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production

Figure 7.4 Estimated emissions of TSP from stationary combustion 1980-2001 (except

residential combustion).

Special comments on energy statistics relating to refineries, iron-and steel

production and residential combustion

For refineries as well as for primary iron- and steel plants the data in the energy

statistics are sometimes not consistent between years. Fuels, e.g. oil in refineries and

coal or coke in primary iron and steel processes, can be used both as fuel for the purpose

of energy production, but can also be considered as raw material for the process.

Possible causes for a non-consistent reporting of energy consumption from these

industries are different definitions of the fuel use when answering questionnaires to the

statistical offices. Additionally, the definitions may in turn be different when it comes to

emission calculations according to the Guidelines for reporting. In the Guidelines the

main issue is that care has to be taken not to double count or omit any emissions

calculated from these fuels. The international reporting permits emissions either to be

allocated as emissions from combustion in the energy sector (NFR 1), or as process

emission in the industrial processes sector (NFR 2).

Due to additional information from refineries concerning fuel consumption in later

surveys, the results for 2000 and 2001 are not comparable to earlier years. This has

resulted in higher calculated emissions from refineries from combustion allocated

within the energy sector in 2000 and 2001, as compared to earlier years.
21

In the primary iron and steel industry, inconsistencies in reporting the use of coal and

coke as an energy source or as raw material for the process have resulted in

comparatively lower estimates from combustion in the energy sector from this source in

1997-1999.

Energy statistics for the 1980 ́s and especially for the early 1980 ́s are not of as good

quality as later data, as has been mentioned above. For wood used in the residential

sector, no usable data before 1983 exist.

7.3. Emission factors for stationary combustion

The emission factors developed for calculation of emissions of particles, metals, dioxin

and PAH from stationary combustion are based on information from many different

sources. Historically the focus in Sweden, as in many other countries, was to estimate

the emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. Emissions of other substances have only

been studied, estimated and updated sporadically in national inventories.

In the beginning of the 1980 ́s a large research project concerning many aspects of

combustion of coal for power generation started in Sweden, known as “Kol Hälsa

Miljö” (Coal Health Environment). During that project a lot of information was

compiled regarding emissions of different substances from coal combustion, but also

from combustion of other fuels. Other national research programs also started during

that time period, concerning combustion of municipal waste (Energi ur Avfall, Energy

from Waste), the use of peat (Torv Hälsa Miljö, Peat Health Environment) and natural

gas (Naturgas Hälsa Miljö, Natural Gas Health Environment). Emission factors used in

the present compilation of time series of emissions, for the period 1980–1990, are to a

large extent based on results from these research programs. The information in these

reports are in many ways still usable for estimating emission factors after 1990. As an

example, the results from the elementary analysis of different fuels are of great

importance and also the presentation of different abatement techniques.

From approximately 1990 until present date, the specific emissons have decreased for

most of the stationary combustion sources. The cause for this is the technical

development of abatement measures in combination with regulations and requirements

from authorities. Installation of electrical precipitator or bag house filters has, as an

example, become standard on large combustion sources. This primarily reduces the TSP

emission. Combustion of MSW (municipal solid waste) also became strictly regulated,

and as a consequence of that, flue gas cleaning equipment of different types was

installed to reduce the emissions, primarily of dioxins and mercury. In the district

heating sector installation of flue gas condensation equipment has become common

since the beginning of the 1990 ́s. The reasons for implementing this technique is to

increase the heat output, but it also reduces the emission to air of many substances.

The emission factors developed for conditions during 1990-2001 are based on

knowledge on the technical development and the general effects of that, as mentioned

above. The effects of this general development has been combined with information

from companies legal Environmental Reports, where actual emission factors can be

derived, and information from trade associations where experts have contributed their

specific knowledge on the different sectors where combustion occurs. Since the energy

statistics used for calculation of national emissions is only split into a few areas of use,

e.g. combustion in energy industries, combustion in manufacturing industries, and
22

“other”, the available information had to be generalized to be used in the emission

calculations. From the different information sources general emission factors were thus

developed for combustion of individual fuels, split into only a few areas of use.

The most difficult task, with the least available information, was concerning the

development with time of the particle size fractions of the emissions of TSP. The

emissions of TSP have for a long time been reported from different sources, including

stationary combustion, in Enviromental reports. With the common knowledge regarding

cleaning efficiency of particles with different abatement techniques (cyclones, electric

precipitators, textile filters etc.) the fraction of PM10 and PM2,5 in TSP after a cleaning

equipment can be estimated. Generally, for most particle emission sources, the fraction

of smaller particles have been assumed to increase with time. This is known to be the

case, considering the introduction of abatement measures, which predominantely

removes the larger particles from the flue gases. The CEPMEIP project was used as a

reference for suggested conditions in the mid 1990 ́s.

All emission factors for TSP, PM10, PM2.5, the nine metals, dioxins and PAH-4, used to

calculate emissions from stationary combustion are presented in Appendix 1.

The published information sources that were used to develop emission factors for

stationary combustion are collected as a special reference list at the end of the report.

7.4. Emissions of particles from stationary sources

The NFR sector 1, Energy, includes stationary combustion sources, mobile sources and

fugitive emissions from fuels. The methods for estimating emissions from mobile

sources are presented in chapter 8, while stationary combustion sources and fugitive

emissions from fuels both are presented in this chapter.

Emissions of particles from stationary sources within the energy sector were calculated

based on fuel statistics and emission factors (Appendix 1). The single dominant source

is particles emitted from wood combustion in the residential sector. The total emissions

of TSP from stationary sources in the energy sector are presented in Figure 7.5 for

1980-2001, where emissions from residential plants are shown separated from the sum

of all other stationary sources. The overall time trend in total TSP emissions is clearly

decreasing, largely depending on the decrease in emissions from residential wood

combustion. Variations in emissions between the years for the remaining sources are, at

least for the 1980 ́s, probably partly due to an unclear quality of the energy statistics.

The contributions from the individual stationary source categories within the energy

sector, except residential combustion, are presented in Figure 7.6 for 1990-2001. No

source specific calculations are presented for the 1980 ́s. Stationary combustion for

public electricity and heat production (NFR 1A1a), in the pulp and paper industry (NFR

1A2d) and in other manufacturing industries (NFR 1A2f) are the largest contributors

among these sources.

The calculated emissions of PM10 and PM2.5 show largely similar patterns as to

dominant contributors and time trend, as do emissions of TSP, but the total levels are

lower (Figure 7.7, Figure 7.8).

Since few measurements regarding the particle size distribution have been conducted in

Sweden, estimations have been done based on the common knowledge about different
23

abatement techniques capability to reduce particles in different fractions of size (PM10,

PM2.5) (Hinds, IEACoalResearch, 1998, Maartman, 2001), see Table 7.2.

Table 7.2 Fraction of PM10 and PM2.5 in TSP after cleaning (mass).

Technology PM10 (%) PM2.5 (%)

Electric precipitator 90-98 75-85

Textile filters, bag house 95-99 85-95

Wet scrubbers 80-98 70-80

Mecanical collectors

Cyclones/multicyclones

40-60 10-30

This basic data have been used together with the knowledge about commonly installed

abatement techniques at different kind of sources in the judgement of particle size

distribution. In contacts with many plants/industries information regarding flue gas

cleaning have been asked for and this has been taken into consideration in the

estimation of the particle size distribution from different source categories. During the

time period 1980-2000 the number of installations of dust control devices have

increased at most of the sources. Furthermore an exchange from cyclones to more

sophisticated techniques (electric precipitators, textile filters) have increased over the

years. The technical improvement of the abatement technique over the years is also

factors that have to be accounted for in the final judgement.

This overall methodology to assign particle size fractions of emitted TSP has been used

not only for stationary combustion but also for most of the other sources (iron and steel,

pulp and paper, lime and cement etc.).
24

0

20 000

40 000

60 000

80 000

100 000

120 000

19801982198419861988199019921994199619982000

ton TSP

Residential plants

Sum, other stationary

Figure 7.5 Emissions of TSP from stationary sources in the Energy sector.

0

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

10 000

12 000

14 000

16 000

18 000

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton TSP

1 B 2 a Oil

1 B 1 c Other, fugitive emissions, solid fuels

1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation

1 A 4 c i Agriculture/forestry/fishing Stationary

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages and

Tobacco

1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other

Energy Industries

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production

Figure 7.6 Emissions of TSP from stationary sources within the energy sector, except

residential. Energy industries (codes 1A1), combustion in manufacturing

industries (codes 1A2), other energy production (codes 1A4), fugitive

emissions from fuels (codes 1B).
25

0

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

10 000

12 000

14 000

16 000

18 000

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton PM10

1 B 2 a Oil

1 B 1 c Other, fugitive emissions, solid fuels

1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation

1 A 4 c i Agriculture/forestry/fishing Stationary

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages and

Tobacco

1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other

Energy Industries

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production

Figure 7.7 Emissions of PM10 from stationary sources within the energy sector, except

residential plants.

0

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

10 000

12 000

14 000

16 000

18 000

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton PM2.5

1 B 2 a Oil

1 B 1 c Other, fugitive emissions, solid fuels

1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation

1 A 4 c i Agriculture/forestry/fishing Stationary

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages and

Tobacco

1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other

Energy Industries

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production

Figure 7.8 Emissions of PM2.5 from stationary sources within the energy sector,

except residential plants.

7.4.1. Particles from handling of solid fuels (NFR 1B1c)

Particle emissions from handling of solid fuels were calculated for the period 1980-

2001 (Table 7.3). Activity data from official statistics, including import of coal and

peat, are available for the period 1980-2001. No production of coal occurs in Sweden.
26

Peat production was not included in the estimate, since available activity data was not

consistent, and of unknown quality. Emission factors used are those suggested for

handling of coal from the UN/ECE CEPMEIP-project. The emission factor for TSP is

0.15 kg/ton where PM10 constitutes 40% and PM2.5 4% of the total particulate

emissions. The same emission factors have been used for the entire time series.

Table 7.3 Particulate emissions from handling of imported solid fuels

Year Import of coal

and peat

Emissions

TSP PM10 PM2.5

kton ton ton ton

1980 2196 329 132 13

1981 2086 313 125 13

1982 2961 444 178 18

1983 3103 465 186 19

1984 3989 598 239 24

1985 4896 734 294 29

1986 4506 676 270 27

1987 4020 603 241 24

1988 3871 581 232 23

1989 3731 560 224 22

1990 3591 539 215 22

1991 3195 479 192 19

1992 3079 462 185 18

1993 3274 491 196 20

1994 3126 469 188 19

1995 3620 543 217 22

1996 3416 512 205 20

1997 3439 516 206 21

1998 3216 482 193 19

1999 3107 466 186 19

2000 3190 478 191 19

2001 3009 451 181 18

Fugitive emissions of particles from handling of coke have not been included since

these emissions are considered to be included in the reporting of particle emissions from

the industrial facilities that produce or use coke in the process. Separate calculations

based on statistics on coke and petrocoke, using emission factors for handling of coal

from CEPMEIP results in a rough estimate of 300 tons TSP/year.

7.4.2. Particles from catalytic cracking at refineries (NFR 1B2a iv)

The particle emissions from petroleum cracking, which occurs at only one facility, have

only been estimated for 1990-2001 due to lack of data for earlier years. The emissions

from cracking have been compiled from information in the company’s legal

Environmental Report, reported data in the EMIR database (the regional authorities

database) and from earlier submissions to CORINAIR. The emissions from the facility

are known for most years, but for years with lack of information data have been

interpolated. The emissions allocated to the cracking unit, as a part of the total

emissions from the facility, has been calculated based on information in the

Environmental Reports for 2000 and 2001, and used for all years (Table 7.4). The

particle size distributions have been estimated with expert judgment. The assumed size

distributions is 95% for PM10 and 85% for PM2.5 of TSP for the whole time-series.
27

Table 7.4 Estimated emissions of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 (ton) from catalytic cracking.

Year TSP (ton) PM10 (ton) PM2.5 (ton)

1990 42 40 36

1991 42 40 36

1992 42 40 36

1993 42 40 36

1994 42 40 36

1995 41 39 35

1996 39 37 33

1997 37 35 31

1998 35 33 30

1999 35 33 30

2000 36 34 31

2001 33 31 28

7.5. Metal emissions from stationary sources

Metal emissions from stationary combustion sources have been calculated for the period

1990-2001, based on the energy statistics and emission factors in Appendix 1. The

results are presented in Figure 7.9 through Figure 7.17.

The emission of metals from stationary combustion depends on both the metal content

in the fuel and on the dust control device installed. Most of the metals are emitted as

particles or adsorbed to particles, where any dust control technique will highly influence

the emissions and emissions factors for metals. Only a very small fraction of most

metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn) may be emitted as gas. Mercury and partly

arsenic are emitted in gaseous form, where dust control techniques does not reduce

emissions. In the judgement to choose a proper emission factor this has been taking into

consideration.

The inconsistencies in the energy statistics for the iron and steel industry 1997-99 and

for refineries in 2000 and 2001 as compared to the 1990 ́s are visible in the figures for

some of the calculated metal emissions.

Emissions of zinc have increased according to the calculations, which is caused by an

increased combustion of bio fuels.
28

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton As

1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation

1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry /

Fishing Stationary

1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing

industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing,

Beverages and Tobacco

1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat

Production

Figure 7.9 Emissions of Arsenic (As) from stationary combustion 1990-2001 (ton).

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton Cd

1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry /

Fishing Stationary

1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing

industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing,

Beverages and Tobacco

1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat

Production

Figure 7.10 Emissions of Cadmium (Cd) from stationary combustion 1990-2001 (ton).
29

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton Cr

1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry /

Fishing Stationary

1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing

industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing,

Beverages and Tobacco

1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat

Production

Figure 7.11 Emissions of Chromium (Cr) from stationary combustion 1990-2001 (ton).

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton Cu

1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry /

Fishing Stationary

1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing

industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing,

Beverages and Tobacco

1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat

Production

Figure 7.12 Emissions of Copper (Cu) from stationary combustion 1990-2001 (ton).
30

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton Hg

1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation

1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry /

Fishing Stationary

1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing

industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing,

Beverages and Tobacco

1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat

Production

Figure 7.13 Emissions of Mercury (Hg) from stationary combustion 1990-2001 (ton).

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton Ni

1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry /

Fishing Stationary

1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing

industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing,

Beverages and Tobacco

1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat

Production

Figure 7.14 Emissions of Nickel (Ni) from stationary combustion 1990-2001 (ton).
31

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton Pb

1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry /

Fishing Stationary

1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing

industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing,

Beverages and Tobacco

1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat

Production

Figure 7.15 Emissions of Lead (Pb) from stationary combustion 1990-2001 (ton).

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton Se

1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry /

Fishing Stationary

1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing

industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing,

Beverages and Tobacco

1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat

Production

Figure 7.16 Emissions of Selenium (Se) from stationary combustion 1990-2001 (ton).
32

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton Zn

1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry /

Fishing Stationary

1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other manufacturing

industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing,

Beverages and Tobacco

1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat

Production

Figure 7.17 Emissions of Zinc (Zn) from stationary combustion 1990-2001 (ton).

7.6. Dioxin emissions from stationary combustion

Estimated emissions of dioxins from stationary combustion, 1985-2001, are presented

in Figure 7.18. The dominant source of dioxin emissions during the 1980 ́s was

municipal waste incineration (NFR1A1a), and large changes are known to have

occurred (Ahlgren and Marklund, 2001). Reliable data are available for 1985 and then

from the beginning of the 1990 ́s (Table 7.7). Even though the energy statistics for other

fuels is not really good enough for the 1980 ́s, calculated emissions are presented here,

together with calculated dioxin emissions from municipal solid waste incineration.

Emissions have thus decreased substantially from 1985-2001, primarily due to

improved abatement measures.
33

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

198519871989199119931995199719992001

Dioxins, g TEQ

1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing

Stationary

1 A 4 b i Residential plants

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other Manufacturing industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages &

Tobacco

1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production

Figure 7.18 Emissions of dioxins from stationary combustion, 1985-2001. 1A1a is

dominated by municipal waste incineration.

Calculated emissions from public electricity and heat production in large combustion

plants include separate estimates for the different fuels used. Regarding dioxin

emissions the use of biomass, municipal waste and coal as fuels are the most important

sources. These are discussed separately below.

7.6.1. Dioxin emissions from large-scale biomass combustion (NFR 1A1a)

Biomass plants for energy and heat production became important during the 1990 ́s, and

have replaced most of the oil combustion previously used for this purpose. There are a

large number of such plants in Sweden, but the use of flue gas cleaning techniques is

not consistent. Abatement techniques to control particle emissions have been commonly

used for a longer period of time, while flue gas condensation has become more common

in later years. Flue gas condensation may highly influence the emissions of dioxins to

air. Furthermore, biomass is sometimes combusted together with other fuels. Table 7.5

presents an inventory of emission factors for this category. Values from 0.00055 to 0.55

ng TEQ/MJ are obtained, excluding two high outliers that probably are not

representative for the average biomass. The influence of e.g. refuse derived fuels (RDF)

or demolition waste on the emissions of dioxins is apparent, as is the role of flue gas

cleaning.

There are very few Swedish plants that report dioxin emissions. One large plant reports

emissions that can be translated to an emission factor of 0.02 μg/ton =0.0011 ng/MJ, if

it is assumed that the oil that is co-combusted does not contribute to the dioxins.

Clearly it is difficult to select a single emission factor that accounts for the variability of

the Swedish biomass plants. The emission factors used in the calculations are 0.11

ng/MJ for large combustion plants.
34

Table 7.5. Dioxin emission factors from biomass combustion plants.

Fuel type ng TEQ/MJ μg TEQ /ton Reference

Wood chips ca 0 Thunell (1998)

Wood chips/RDF 0.03 Thunell (1998)

Peat ca 0 Thunell (1998)

Peat/RDF 0.01 Thunell (1998)

New wood 0.002-0.5 0.036-9 Thunell (1998)

Demolition waste 9 160 Thunell (1998)

Demolition waste with SNCR 0.02 0.36 Thunell (1998)

Straw with no flue gas cleaning 0.5 9 Thunell (1998)

Swedish plant 0.0011 0.02 Environmental report

Wood fired power boilers 2.8 50 UNEP (2001)

Wood, with flue gas cleaning 0.00055-0.28 0.01-5 Hansen (2000)

Wood, without flue gas cleaning 0.01-0.55 0.2-10 Hansen (2000)

7.6.2. Dioxin emissions from residential wood stoves

This is an important category according to the previous Swedish inventory (de Wit,

unpubl.). However, this is also a very diverse category, both in terms of combustion

conditions and fuel composition. Emission factors from literature are compiled in Table

7.6.

The quality of the fuel is a parameter of major significance. It is assumed that most

wood stoves in Sweden are fired with local wood, i.e. uncontaminated wood. Emission

factors chosen in the calculations were 0.07 ng/MJ for the 1980 ́s and 0.05 ng/MJ for

1990-2001.

Table 7.6 Dioxin emission factors for small scale wood combustion.

Fuel type Emission factor

(μg TEQ/ton)

Emissionfactor

(ng TEQ/MJ)*

Source Original reference

hardwood & softwood 1.9 0.13 Hansen (2000) Hansen et al.- 94

birch 5.1 0.34 Hansen (2000) DK-Teknik 2000

excess wood from

manufacturing

1.7 0.11 Hansen (2000) DK-Teknik 2000

Virgin wood/biomass

fired stoves

100 6.7 UNEP (2001)

0.13-0.3 0.01-0.02 Hansen (2000) De Wit (1993) unpubl.

clean wood 1 0.07 EDI average of several

investigations

contaminated wood but

no PCP

50 3.3 EDI average of several

investigations

wood contaminated with

PCP

500 33.3 EDI average of several

investigations

90% clean wood; 10%

slightly contaminated

wood

5.9 0.39 Finstad et al.

(2001)

EDI

birch 0.02-0.05 Åkesson (1988)

* The emission factors expressed as ng TEQ/MJ have been calculated by SMED assuming an energy

value of 15 MJ/kg wood.

7.6.3. Dioxin emissions from large-scale municipal waste incineration (NFR

1A1a)

A detailed historical review of waste combustion and dioxins in Sweden is presented in

a recent report (Ahlgren och Marklund, 2001). The importance of combustion as a
35

means of treating waste has increased during the past 30 years in Sweden. There are at

present 22 facilities where municipal waste is incinerated and energy is gained. During

the 1980 ́s, there were 27 facilities, seven of which were closed in the late 1980 ́s, as a

result of stricter environmental legislation. During the mid 1990 ́s, waste combustion

was responsible for ca. 10% of the Swedish district heating (Ahlgren and Marklund,

2001). In most of these 22 facilities, municipal waste is combusted together with waste

from various industries. Industrial waste has increased in importance during the last few

years.

Dioxin emissions from this source category are represented by measurements at the

individual facilities. Data have been compiled for most years from 1985 to 1999 and

supplied by RVF - The Swedish Association of Waste Management. Although the

activity has increased over time, emissions decreased strongly between 1985 and the

early 1990 ́s as a result of technological improvements (Table 7.7).

Table 7.7 Dioxin emissions to air from municipal waste incineration.

Year Emissions (Eadon TEQ g/yr) Emission factor (ng/MJ) Activity (MWh)

1985 90 8.3 3.0

1991 8 0.55 4.0

1993 3.8 0.25 4.3

1994 1.7 0.11 4.4

1995 2.2 0.12 5.0

1996 2.0 0.11 5.1

1997 3.0 0.15 5.7

1998 3.0 0.12 7.1

1999 2.8 0.12 6.4

In the reported national emissions, as presented in Figure 7.18, the emissions given in

Table 7.7 were not used directly as input data, but calculated from emission factors and

the energy statistics. This was done in order to keep the consistency with calculations of

other emitted substances. Emission factors used were adjusted to comply with the

emissions in Table 7.7 and to the energy statistics. The emission factors for municipal

waste combustion for the source sector “Public electricity and heat production”, range

from 8.3 ng/MJ in 1985 to 0.12 ng/MJ in 2001. The emissions from municipal waste

incineration obviously contribute to the larger share of dioxin emissions from this

source category.

7.6.4. Dioxin emissions from large-scale coal combustion (NFR 1A1a)

During 1998, ca 3.4 millions ton coal was used in Sweden, mainly in industrial

processes such as steel production. Energy production accounted for 0.72 millions ton.

Emission of dioxins is strongly dependent on the type of flue gas cleaning used.

Emission factors for energy production of coal has been reported as in Table 7.8. There

is obviously a wide range and poor specifications of the technical details. Using 0.033

and 0.4 μg/ton (1.2 pg to 14.5 pg/MJ) gives total emissions of 0.024 to 0.29 g TEQ

during 1998. Clearly, this category can at most be of minor significance for the total

Swedish emissions. In the emission estimations an emission factor of 0.1 ng/MJ was

used for the whole time period, 1985-2001. Available data are uncertain, and we chose

rather to apply a somewhat higher emission factor. This does, however, not influence

the total emissions in any way.
36

Table 7.8 Emission factors for dioxins for coal combustion in energy and heat

production.

Operation details Reference Emission factor

ng TEQ /MJ

Coal powder > 50 MW Thunell (1998) <0.04

Coal powder, energy Thunell (1998) 0.005

Modern coal combustion plant Hansen (2000) 0.001

Not specified UNEP (2001) 0.01

Not specified Finstad et al. (2002) 0.01

7.7. PAH emissions from stationary sources

Estimated emissions of PAH-4 from stationary sources in the Energy sector are

presented in Figure 7.19. The dominant source is combustion in residential homes.

Other important sources are combustion in the pulp and paper industry and coke

production (Figure 7.20). In the early 1990 ́s PAH emissions from combustion in the

pulp and paper industry declined due to improved abatement techniques as well as

improved combustion techniques. Another important source is coke production. Below

some of the sources are described in more detail.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

19851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton PAH-4

1A4bi Residential plants

1B1b Solid fuel transformation

1A4c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing

1A4a Commercial / Institutional

1A2 Manufacturing Industries and

Construction

1A1b Petroleum refining

1A1a Public Electricity and Heat

Production

Figure 7.19 Estimated emissions of PAH-4 (ton) from stationary sources 1985-2001.
37

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton PAH-4

1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation

1 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry /

Fishing Stationary

1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional

1 A 2 f Other Manufacturing

industries

1 A 2 e Food Processing,

Beverages & Tobacco

1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print

1 A 2 c Chemicals

1 A 2 b Non-ferrous Metals

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel

1 A 1 b Petroleum refining

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat

Production

Figure 7.20 Emissions of PAH-4- from stationary sources, except residential

combustion, 1990-2001.

7.7.1. PAH emissions from large-scale biomass combustion

A recent emission study of PAH from industrial wood combustion was performed by

AEA technology in the UK (Thistlethwaite, 2001). The obtained emission factors are up

to 19 000 times lower than the suggested factors in EEA (2001), and also profiles differ.

The uncertainty in the factors was estimated to be 32 %, based on the variability

between the measurements. Large-scale industrial wood burning thus seems to cause

much less PAH emissions than small-scale wood combustion, as may be expected.

Adopting the emission factors by Thistlethwaite (2001), generates emissions, which are

a factor of 10 000 lower than the emissions obtained when adopting the factors from

measurement results from the mid 1980 ́s (IVL, 2002) see Figure 7.21. As a worst case

scenario for Swedish conditions, we have adopted the higher emission factors (100, 130,

30 and 55 μg/MJ for BaP, BbF, BkF and Ind respectively), resulting in PAH-4

emissions to air of about 200 kg/year from large-scale combustion. Although these

factors result in much higher emissions than obtained if the British numbers are used,

the PAH-4 emissions derived from large-scale combustion are still a factor of 100 lower

compared to the contribution from small-scale burning on a national level.
38

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

IVL

0

5

10

100

200

300 EF from Thistlethwaite

EF from IVL

Thistlethwaite

Figure 7.21 Emissions of PAH-4 from large-scale wood combustion (kg) calculated with

emission factors from Swedish measurement results (IVL, 2002) and from

Thistlethwaite (2001). Observe the different scales on the y-axes. The axis

on the right represents the emissions based on emission factors derived

from Swedish measurement results (IVL, 2002), and the left axis emission

factors from Thistlethwaite (2001)

7.7.2. PAH emissions from small-scale wood combustion

PAH emissions from small-scale wood burning have been investigated in several

studies (e.g. references cited in Table 7.9). Few of these, however, specify emissions of

the four substances prioritised in the UN ECE protocol. EEA (2001) provides default

emission factors for these four substances both from residential and industrial wood

combustion. It is pointed out, however, that regional differences might occur, and that

the emissions are strongly dependent on the combustion technology and the

composition and humidity of the fuel. Thus, locally derived emission factors are likely

to be more accurate.

Emission factors for individual PAH from small-scale wood burning in Scandinavia

have been reported previously (Rudling et al., 1980; Hansen, 1991; see Table 7.9).

Hansen (1991) studied the emissions of 15 PAH, and values for 4 PAH were calculated

from the outcome of that study, combined with profiles obtained from USEPA

(USEPA, 1998; Haakonsen & Kvingedal, 2001). The resulting emission factor concerns

the sum of the four substances, these were not separated.

Emissions of individual PAHs from different wood-fired household furnaces have

recently been measured within an on-going project (IVL, 2002, BHM Biofuel Health

and Environment). Table 7.9 shows average emission factors obtained for pellets and

wood. This study is considered to be the most updated and relevant for Swedish

conditions, and the obtained emission factors are thus used in this inventory for later

years. As wood is still the more dominating fuel type for small-scale residential heating

when compared to pellets, emission factors for wood furnaces are used in the inventory.

Emission factors for PAH-4 used range from 1 mg/MJ in the mid 1980 ́s to 0.325
39

mg/MJ in 2001. The annual emissions to air of PAH-4 from small-scale wood

combustion are estimated to be about 13 tonnes during later years (Figure 7.19).

Table 7.9 Emission factors for PAH from small-scale wood combustion

as obtained in previous studies.

EEA, 2001 Rudling et al., 1980 Hansen, 1991 IVL, 2002

Pellets1 Wood2

mg/ton μg/MJ μg/MJ mg/ton μg/MJ

μg/MJ μg/MJ

BaP 1300 68.4 21 16 110

BbF 520 27.4 22 21 30

BkF 1560 82.1 7 6.8 130

Ind 130 6.8 9 1.2 55

Sum 4 59 2700 142 45 325

1

 Average of 8 samples. Detection limits have been used in the calculation of the average if the substance

was not detected.

2

Average of four samples.

7.7.3. PAH emissions from large-scale municipal waste incineration

The Emission Inventory Guidebook (EEA, 2001), states that municipal waste

incineration is unlikely to be a large source for PAH emissions. USEPA (1998)

specifies emission factors from this source category only for one PAH, namely

naphthalene. In Sweden, emissions of PAH from municipal waste incineration plants

have been reported to be insignificant (ENA, Energi ur Avfall, Energy from Waste,

1980 ́s), thus we consider this source as being negligible. Calculations were however

included in the national estimates, where the emission factors for PAH-4 assigned were

4.2 μg/MJ for the 1980 ́s and 1 μg/MJ 1990-2001.

7.7.4. PAH emissions from large-scale coal combustion

Coal combustion is relatively limited in Sweden today, and mainly occurs in industrial

processes. Emission factors for large, small and coal combustion plants of unknown size

are given in EEA (2001) and USEPA has specified emissions from so-called stokers

(see Table 7.10). As shown in the table, the emission factors vary considerably.

Adopting the emission factors from EEA (2001) for facilities of unknown size results in

total emissions of 4.9 g PAH-4. An emission factor for PAH-4 of 0.5 μg/MJ was chosen

in the inventory.

Table 7.10 Emission factors of individual PAH substances from coal combustion

EEA (2001) large plant EEA (2001) small plant EEA (2001) unknown size U.S. EPA (1998) ”stoker”

Substance

mg/ton mg/MJ mg/ton mg/MJ mg/ton mg/MJ mg/ton mg/MJ

BaP 0.14 6.6×10-6 1550 7.3×10-2 775 3.6×10-2 23 1.1×10-3

BbF 0.007 3.3×10-7 77.5 3.6×10-3 38.75 1.8×10-3

BkF 0.0014 6.6×10-8 15.5 7.3×10-4 7.75 3.6×10-4

Ind 0.112 5.3×10-6 1240 5.8×10-2 620 2.9×10-2 0.00062 2.9×10-8
40

7.7.5. PAH emissions from small-scale coal combustion

Coal is not used for residential heating in Sweden. Thus, the small-scale coal

combustion mainly consists of activities such as barbecuing using charcoal and charcoal

briquettes. This is further discussed in Chapter 12.2.

7.7.6. PAH emissions from coke production (NFR 1B1b)

Emissions of PAH from coke production at integrated iron and steel plants, including

quenching and extinction, have been calculated based on production statistics and

emission factors derived from USEPA (1998). Separate emission factors for quenching

and extinction, as given in Table 7.11. were used in the calculations. Total estimated

emissions for the time period 1987-2001 are presented in Table 7.12, together with the

annual production statistics. Production data was only available from 1987.

Table 7.11 Emission factors for PAH-species (mg/ton) for coke production (USEPA,

1998).

BaP BbF BkF Ind Unit

Extinction 320 78 0 3.3 mg/ton

Quenching 170 210 150 81 mg/ton

Table 7.12 Coke production and estimated PAH emissions

Year Production

(kton)

Benzo(a)pyrene

(ton)

Benzo(b)fluoranthene

(ton)

Benzo(k)fluoranthene

(ton)

Indeno(1,2,3-

cd)pyrene

(ton)

Sum PAH-4

(ton)

1987 1105 0.541 0.318 0.166 0.093 1.12

1988 893 0.438 0.257 0.134 0.075 0.90

1989 976 0.479 0.281 0.146 0.082 0.99

1990 1044 0.512 0.301 0.157 0.088 1.06

1991 1112 0.545 0.320 0.167 0.094 1.12

1992 1146 0.562 0.330 0.172 0.097 1.16

1993 1137 0.557 0.327 0.171 0.096 1.15

1994 1134 0.556 0.327 0.170 0.096 1.15

1995 1149 0.563 0.331 0.172 0.097 1.16

1996 1153 0.565 0.332 0.173 0.097 1.17

1997 1147 0.562 0.330 0.172 0.097 1.16

1998 1148 0.563 0.331 0.172 0.097 1.16

1999 1146 0.561 0.330 0.172 0.097 1.16

2000 1187 0.582 0.342 0.178 0.100 1.20

2001 1185 0.581 0.341 0.178 0.100 1.20

8. Mobile sources (NFR 1)

When estimating the emissions from mobile sources, emissions from combustion of

fuels, as well as emissions from road abrasion and tyre and brake wear were considered.

The estimated emissions from road abrasion and tyre and brake wear includes only road

traffic, while emissions from combustion of fuels include road traffic, national shipping,

civil aviation, railway and off-road machinery.

Emissions of particles, metals and dioxins from mobile sources were covered in the

estimates. For road traffic, a national model, EMV, was used to calculate emissions of
41

particles. The model is further described in chapter 8.2.1. Concerning PAH, the

available information was so diverse regarding emission factors that no actual estimates

were made. PAH-emissions from mobile sources is, however, assumed to be a

significant source, why results from rough estimates of PAH emissions, based on

different sets of emissions factors, have been made and are presented and discussed

below.

According to the estimates of particle emissions from mobile sources the dominant and

increasing source of larger particles, TSP and PM10, is road abrasion and tyre and brake

wear. For small particles, PM2.5, the level of emissions from combustion of fuels

exceeded the emissions from road abrasion and tyre and brake wear in earlier years, but

because of cleaner exhaust in combination with an increase in VMT, vehicle miles

travelled, the levels of emissions have become more equal in later years (Figure 8.1).

0

5 000

10 000

15 000

20 000

25 000

30 000

19801982198419861988199019921994199619982000

ton 

TSP, Road abrasion, tyre and

brakewear

PM10, Road abrasion, tyre and

brakewear

TSP Mobile sources,

combustion

PM10, Mobile sources,

combustion

PM2.5, Mobile sources,

combustion

PM2.5, Road abrasion, tyre and

brakewear

Figure 8.1 Emissions of particles from mobile sources (ton). Emissions from

combustion of fuels are a sum of road traffic, national shipping, railways

and civil aviation.

8.1. Activity data for fuel consumption of mobile sources

Information on fuel consumption and allocation to end use activities for mobile sources

for the purpose of international reporting of emissions, are presented in Lidén (2003).

The information presented below is mainly extracted from this report.

8.1.1. Fuel statistics

Calculations are mainly based on statistics on delivered amount of fuels from Statistics

Sweden, published as reports EN31SM, but for the purpose of international reporting of

emissions additional background data is also being used. The statistics are based on

monthly investigations including all oil trade companies and large importers. The

investigation is carried out through a mail survey, which includes 70 companies. The
42

largest source of uncertainty is measurement errors, which could have a large impact on

the result due to the relatively heavy weight of each object investigated. In total, the

reliability is assumed to be very high.

8.1.2. Allocation of gasoline consumption on end-use activities

The calculations are based on total delivered amount of gasoline according to Statistics

Sweden EN31SM, allocated to sub-groups.

According to a report from the Swedish EPA (Report 3993, 1992) 1.5 percent of the

delivered amount of gasoline is assumed to be used by domestic leisure crafts. For off

road vehicles and other machinery a constant amount of 174 920 m3

 is set for 1995-

1999, based on Persson and Kindbom (1999). For 1990, 132 000 m3 is allocated (ÅF

Industriteknik AB, 1990, and 3K Engineering AB, 1989), and estimates for 1991-1994

are interpolated. The remaining fuel consumption is located to road traffic, see Table

8.1. Fuel consumption for road traffic according to the national road vehicle emission

model (EMV) is 11%-14% lower for some years 1990-2001, with no apparent trend.

The resulting distribution of the delivered total amount of gasoline on end use sectors is

presented in Figure 8.2.

Table 8.1 Allocation of gasoline on sectors

Sector Estimation of amount of gasoline consumed

Small boats 1.5 % of delivered amount of gasoline according to Swedish EPA report 3993

(1992)

Off road vehicles and

other machinery

According to IVL report L99/21 (1999), ÅF Industriteknik AB (1990) and 3K

Engineering AB (1989)

Military road transports Exact amount given by the Swedish Armed Forces

Military navigation Exact amount given by the Swedish Armed Forces

Civil road traffic Remaining fuel consumption

Military road 

transport

0%

Domestic small 

boats

2%

Military navigation

0%

Off road vehicles 

and other 

machinery

3%

Civil road traffic

95%

Figure 8.2 Approximate distribution of delivered amount of gasoline.

The allocation of gasoline consumption for off-road vehicles and working machinery in

different sectors (Agriculture, Forestry, Residential, Industrial and Other), Table 8.2, is

based on Andersson (2000), a Swedish EPA internal report, in turn based on Persson

and Kindbom (1999).
43

Table 8.2 Distribution of gasoline consumption on sectors for off road vehicles and

working machinery.

CRF Sector Gasoline

consumption

1A4a Agriculture -

1A4c Forestry 5,3%

1A4b Residential 86,2%

1A2f Industrial 2,5%

1A3e Other 6,0%

Allocation of gasoline consumption for different vehicles in road traffic (private cars,

light trucks, mopeds and motorbikes) is based on estimations by the Swedish National

Road Administration according to the EMV-model described in chapter 8.2.

8.1.3. Allocation of diesel consumption on end-use activities

The calculations are based on total delivered amount of diesel according to Statistics

Sweden EN31SM. The allocation of the diesel consumption on subgroups, for the

purpose of emissions calculations, is presented in Table 8.3.

Very precise information on consumed amount of diesel is collected from the Swedish

National Rail Administration and the Swedish Armed Forces. Consumed amount for

domestic navigation is given in background data from Statistics Sweden EN31SM. For

off-road vehicles a constant amount is used (1 314 410 m3

), based on Persson and

Kindbom (1999). The diesel consumption for road traffic is estimated by the EMV

model (Table 8.3).

Table 8.3 Distribution of diesel on sectors

Sector Estimation of amount of diesel consumed

Railway

Exact amount given by the Swedish National Rail

Administration

Military road transports Exact amount given by the Swedish Armed Forces

Military navigation Exact amount given by the Swedish Armed Forces

Domestic navigation Background data Statistics Sweden EN31SM

Off road vehicles and other

machinery According to IVL report L99/21

Civil road transport

EMV Model estimation from the Swedish National Road

Administration

The sum of estimated consumed amount of diesel in all sectors differ from delivered

amount in a way that suggests that consumers store diesel during the period before an

increase in price. In previous submissions to UNECE/LRTAP and UNFCCC, the

amount of diesel oil used for calculating emissions had been corrected in order to

eliminate annual fluctuations. This resulted in a smoothed-out time series for all

emissions from diesel oil usage. The UNFCCC Expert Review Team (ERT), who

carried out an in-country review in Sweden in November 2001, recommended Sweden

not to include any such corrections due to non-compliance with the IPCC Good Practice

Guidance. Hence, the correction has been excluded in the submission of 2003, see

Figure 8.3.
44

Total

delivered

amount

Consumed

amount by sectors

Consumed

amount by sectors

in international reporting

Sectors with precise data

on consumed amount:

Sectors with precise data on

consumed amount:

Railway Railway

Military Road Transports Military Road Transports

Domestic Military Navigation Military Navigation

Sectors harder to estimate: Sectors harder to estimate:

- Domestic Navigation = Remaining

amount

Domestic Navigation with

share of remaining amount

Off Road Vehicles and

Other Machinery

Off Road Vehicles and Other

Machinery with share of

remaining amount

Road Transports, Civil

Road Transports, Civil with

share of remaining amount

International

Bunkers

As delivered amount for

International Bunkers

As delivered amount for

International Bunkers

Figure 8.3 Current model for allocating delivered amount of diesel on subgroups

without correction for private storing.

Consumption in the different sectors is estimated. The difference between total

delivered amount and the sum of the sectors will result in a remaining amount (3-25%

of total delivered amount of diesel for different years 1990-2001, with no apparent

trend). The remaining amount is distributed on sectors that are harder to estimate,

according to their relative size. The resulting approximate distribution of total

consumption of diesel on sub-groups is presented in Figure 8.4.

Railw ay

1%

Military navigation

0%

Military road 

transport

0%

Domestic 

navigation

0%

Civil road traffic

68%

Off road vehicles 

and other 

machinery

31%

Figure 8.4 Approximate distribution of delivered amount of diesel oil.

The distribution of diesel consumption for working machines and off- road vehicles in

different sectors (Agriculture, Forestry, Residential, Industrial and Other) is based on

Andersson (2000), which in turn was based on Persson and Kindbom (1999), see Table

8.4.
45

Table 8.4 Distribution of diesel consumption on sectors for off road vehicles and

working machinery.

CRF Sector Diesel consumption

1A4a Agriculture 29,5%

1A4c Forestry 9,2%

1A4b Residential 1,5%

1A2f Industrial 50,6%

1A3e Other 9,2%

Distribution of diesel consumption for different vehicles in road traffic (private cars,

light trucks, heavy trucks and buses) is based on estimations by the Swedish National

Road Administration by means of the EMV-model described in chapter 8.2.

8.2. Emissions from combustion of fuels in mobile sources (NFR 1A3)

8.2.1. Particle emissions from mobile sources, combustion of fuels

Total estimated emissions of particles (TSP) from combustion of fuels in mobile

sources are presented in Figure 8.5. The dominant source is road traffic. Other sources

that, according to the calculations, contribute significantly are national shipping and offroad machinery (only estimated from 1990-2001). Combustion of fuels within railway

traffic and civil aviation are only minor sources to particle emissions.

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

6 000

7 000

19801982198419861988199019921994199619982000

ton TSP

Other mobile sources

National shipping

Railways

Road traffic

Civil aviation 

Figure 8.5 Emissions of TSP from combustion of fuels in mobile sources.

Particles from road traffic, combustion of fuels

Reported emissions by the Swedish EPA submitted to EU (Monitoring Mechanisms),

UNFCCC and CLRTAP differ from emissions estimated by the Swedish National Road

Administration due to different methods of calculating. The Swedish National Road

Administration wants to describe what is happening on Swedish roads regardless of
46

where the fuel was bought, or nationality of vehicle, and does not take delivered amount

of fuel directly into account. In reporting to EU, UNFCCC and CLRTAP only

emissions from fuel loaded into the vehicle in Sweden should be accounted for

according to the IPCC Guidelines. See Table 8.5.

Table 8.5 Emissions from road transport reported by the Swedish National Road

Administration (SNRA) and in Swedish EPA reporting to EU, UNFCCC and

CLRTAP (SEPA)

Fuel loaded

into vehicle

in

Traffic on Swedish

roads

Traffic in Sweden,

not on roads

Traffic to/from

other country

Traffic in other

countries:

Sweden SEPA

SNRA

SEPA, reported in

other sectors

SEPA*

SNRA to the

Swedish border

SEPA*

Other

country

SNRA Not reported SNRA to the

Swedish border

Not reported

* Currently reported as domestic emission, should be reported separately as international bunkers

according to guidelines.

Estimated emissions from road transportation are to a large extent based on calculations

performed by the Swedish National Road Administration. They are using a model called

EMV, which stands for Emissions from Road traffic. VTI, the Swedish Road- and

Transport Research Institute, has developed the model by order of the Swedish EPA.

The model is described in Hammarstöm, U and Karlsson, B (1998). In the EMV-model

vehicles are separated into 11 different vehicle categories, and they are in turn separated

for different fuel types, age of vehicle, urban/rural area, length of transport etc. For each

vehicle type there are descriptions of emissions and specific consumption (Johansson,

H. 2001). All road transports in Sweden are included regardless of nationality of vehicle

or where the fuel was loaded into the vehicle. Military road transports are included in

the EMV- model and separated from civil road transports using information from the

Swedish Armed Forces.

Data for emissions of particles from combustion of fuels in road traffic are based on

calculations in the EMV-model and have only been separated into sub-sectors, i.e.

passenger cars, busses etc., and not down to the level of fuel type and region (urban and

country). Data for the years 1980, 1985, 1987-2001 was available, remaining years were

calculated by interpolation. The model produces estimates of PM. In order to calculate

emissions of PM10 and PM2.5 particle size partitioning was made in the calculations,

where PM10 was assumed to equal 100% of calculated TSP emissions and PM2.5 95%

(Sjödin and Ekström, pers. comm). In the CEPMEIP-project, all particles are assumed

to be PM2.5.

For metals, only emissions of Pb from the use of gasoline for road traffic are reported,

as estimated by the EMV model.

Military use, combustion of fuels

Emissions of particles from military road traffic are derived from emission data from

the EMV model and consumption of fuels for all military activities according to

information from the Swedish Armed Forces. Fuel consumption from some military

activities such as FMV (Swedish Defence Material Administration), FORTV (The

National Fortifications Administration), FOI (Swedish Defence Research Agency) and

FRA (Swedish Defence Radio Agency) are not included in the calculations.
47

Emissions of particles from military navigation have only been calculated for diesel the

years 1990-2001 due to lack of information on the 80’s. Because insignificant amount

of consumed gasoline is reported as military navigation, its emissions of particles have

not been compiled.

Particle emissions from civil aviation (NFR 1A3a)

Swedish Civil Aviation Administration (SCAA) calculates emissions from aviation

based on number of flights (domestic and international), type of airplanes, amount of

fuel needed for different flights and emissions per substance on specific flights based on

data on airplane acceleration during different phases of the flight and the distance

between destinations. This information is summed up into groups; domestic landing and

take-off (LTO), domestic cruise, international LTO and international cruise. This is

according to CORINAIR guidelines. However, emissions of particles are not included

in SCAA’s calculations.

Emissions of particles were estimated using delivered amount of fuel from EN31SM,

Statistics Sweden and SCAA’s information of group, together with emission factors

suggested in the CEPMEIP-project (Table 8.6).

Table 8.6 Emission factors for particles from civil aviation

TSP (g/GJ) PM10 (g/GJ) PM2.5 (g/GJ) Reference

Domestic air transport Gasoline 10 10 10 CEPMEIP

Domestic air transport Kerosene 1.16 1.16 1.16 CEPMEIP

Estimated emissions of particles are based on both civil and military aviation and

reported under civil aviation for the eighties, since separation of civil and military use of

fuel was not available. Emissions of particles from civil and military aviation for the

whole time period 1990-2001 has been underestimated due to miscalculations and will

be revised in the near future.

Particle emissions from railway traffic (NFR 1A3c)

Emissions of particles are calculated based on activity data from the Swedish Institute

for Transport and Communication (1999) for the eighties and from the National Rail

Administration for the nineties. The emission factors for particles are assumed to be

constant for the whole period.

Emission factor for TSP is a default emission factor from the CORINAIR Atmospheric

Emission Inventory Guidebook. The size distribution of particulate emissions has been

calculated according to the CEPMEIP study (Table 8.7).

Table 8.7 Emission factors for particles for railway traffic.

Fuel Emission factor TSP

(EEA, 2001)

Fraction PM10 Fraction PM2.5 unit

Diesel 0.106 95% 90% ton/TJ

Particle emissions from national navigation (NFR1A3d)

Emissions from domestic navigation and bunker emissions cannot be compared with

emissions reported by the National Administration of Shipping and Navigation since the

latter include emissions from the whole region of the Baltic Sea.
48

Emissions from domestic navigation are calculated on the basis of fuels that are bought

and consumed in Sweden according to Statistics Sweden EN31SM, see Table 8.8.

Emissions from fuels that are bought in Sweden and used abroad are reported separately

as international bunker emissions.

Table 8.8 Reporting of emissions from navigation according to IPCC Good Practice

Guidance.

Fuel bought

in

Traffic between

Swedish harbours

Traffic between

Swedish harbours and

international harbours

International traffic:

between two

international harbours

Sweden Domestic emission,

reported

International bunkers,

reported separately

International bunkers,

reported separately

Other country Not included Not included Not included

Emissions of particles from small gasoline engine boats have been estimated with the

assumption that they generate the same amount of emissions per energy unit as those

estimated for gasoline Off Road Vehicles and Working Machinery for households.

These emission factors were derived from estimated particle emissions in Persson and

Kindbom (1999) and allocated amount of gasoline.

Emission factors used for estimating emissions of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 from the use of

heavy oil are from the CEPMEIP study. For diesel use, emission factors for TSP was

derived from measurement results within a recently reported European project (Whall et

al 2002), while the relations of particle sizes were calculated as suggested in the

CEPMEIP project. The same emission factors have been used for the whole time period

1980-2001 (Table 8.9).

Table 8.9 Emission factors for for particles from navigation

Fuel Emission factor

TSP

Emission factor

PM10

Emission factor

PM2.5

unit

Heavy oil 146.3 139.0 132.1 g/GJ

Diesel and EO1 33.6 32.0 30.4 g/GJ

Particle emissions from off-road machinery (NFR 1A3e)

Emissions of particles from off-road vehicles and machinery have been estimated in

national studies (Persson and Kindbom, 1999, ÅF Industriteknik AB, 1990, 3K

Engineering AB, 1989, Andersson, 2000). Information on the total emissions of TSP for

diesel are available for the years 1990, 1995, 1997, 2000 and 2001, and for gasoline

1995, 1997, 2000 and 2001. For gasoline the same emission value was assigned for

1990 as was available for 1995. A linear interpolation has been made for missing years.

The assumed distribution of emissions of particles between the different sectors of offraod machinery has been performed according to Andersson (2000).

The size distribution of particles as TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 was made according to the

relations given in the CEPMEIP study for gasoline and diesel use respectively (Table

8.10).

Table 8.10 Particle size relations from the CEPMEIP study

TSP PM10 PM2.5

Diesel 100% 95% 90%

Gasoline 100% 100% 100%
49

8.2.2. Metal emissions from mobile sources, combustion of fuel

The only metal considered in the emissions from combustion of fuels from road traffic

is lead (Pb), which formerly was emitted from combustion of leaded gasoline. The Pbemissions have been calculated with the national EMV model, where the amount of

gasoline used is the basis for the estimates. The use of leaded gasoline in Sweden was

phased out in 1995 as a result of legisative measures.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

ton Pb

Figure 8.6 Estimated emissions of Lead (Pb) from road traffic combustion of leaded

gasoline (ton).

8.2.3. Dioxin emissions from road traffic

Dioxin emission from road traffic is mainly associated with leaded gasoline, although

the possible contribution from diesel vehicles appears uncertain. The Swedish phaseout

of gasoline lead started in the late 1980 ́s and was complete in 1994. The total

consumption of gasoline and diesel, as well as the fraction of leaded gasoline, was taken

from the Swedish EMV model for traffic emissions.

Different emission factors are found in the literature (Table 8.11), the variation of which

is not surprising since representative emission measurements are difficult to perform.

We have chosen to follow the selection of Finstad et al. (2002). Fuel consumption and

the associated emissions are presented in Table 8.12, showing that emissions have

declined strongly over the period.

Table 8.11 Emission factors for dioxins from road traffic. Mass units are in g TEQ.

Leaded gasoline Unleaded gasoline Diesel Reference

0.01-0.023 ng/vkm ≈

ca 0.04-0.07 μg/ton

Gullett och Ryan (2002) original measurements

2.2 μg/ton 0.5 μg/ton UNEP (2001)

0.01-1.1 μg/ton 0.024-0.05 μg/ton European Dioxin Inventory

2 μg/ton 0.1 μg/ton 0.1 μg/ton Finstad et al. (2002)
50

Table 8.12 Fuel consumption and dioxin emissions (g TEQ/yr) from road traffic during

1980-2001.

Year Leaded

gasoline,

106

 ton

Unleaded

gasoline,

106 ton

Diesel,

 106

 ton

Dioxin,

leaded

gasoline

Dioxin,

unleaded

gasoline

Dioxin,

Diesel

Total

emission

1980 3.11 0.00 1.27 6.22 0.00 0.13 6.35

1981 3.12 0.00 1.28 6.24 0.00 0.13 6.37

1982 3.13 0.00 1.30 6.26 0.00 0.13 6.39

1983 3.14 0.00 1.31 6.29 0.00 0.13 6.42

1984 2.84 0.32 1.32 5.68 0.03 0.13 5.84

1985 2.85 0.32 1.34 5.71 0.03 0.13 5.87

1986 2.58 0.65 1.36 5.16 0.06 0.14 5.36

1987 2.01 1.34 1.39 4.02 0.13 0.14 4.29

1988 2.10 1.40 1.46 4.19 0.14 0.15 4.48

1989 2.19 1.46 1.56 4.39 0.15 0.16 4.69

1990 1.98 1.62 1.55 3.96 0.16 0.16 4.28

1991 1.81 1.81 1.54 3.62 0.18 0.15 3.96

1992 1.64 2.01 1.55 3.29 0.20 0.15 3.64

1993 0.88 2.65 1.53 1.76 0.26 0.15 2.18

1994 0.00 3.53 1.61 0.00 0.35 0.16 0.51

1995 0.00 3.58 1.65 0.00 0.36 0.17 0.52

1996 0.00 3.58 1.70 0.00 0.36 0.17 0.53

1997 0.00 3.48 1.80 0.00 0.35 0.18 0.53

1998 0.00 3.42 2.13 0.00 0.34 0.21 0.55

1999 0.00 3.42 2.13 0.00 0.34 0.21 0.55

2000 0.00 3.37 2.25 0.00 0.34 0.23 0.56

2001 0.00 3.35 2.33 0.00 0.33 0.23 0.57

8.2.4. PAH emissions from road traffic

Road traffic is often reported to be one of the dominant sources for PAH emissions.

SOU (1996:124) states that it is particularly important on a local scale, in urban areas as

a potential source for human exposure. Determining the importance of road traffic for

emissions of PAH-4 to air on a national scale requires an estimate of the total traffic

load combined with emission factors, which relate to the emissions specifically to air.

There are, however, several ways to derive emission factors from traffic. Some studies

have attempted to derive emissions from various sub-sources such as exhaust, road

abrasion, different types of vehicles etc. Ahlbom and Duus (1994) studied the rubber

tyre wear in Sweden, and derived emission factors for PAH emissions from tyres. As

these factors were based on tyre wear, they reflect the total emissions of PAH to the

environment, rather than just emissions to air. As many particles, which are released

from tyre wear, are large and heavy, these are likely to remain close to or on the road,

instead of being dispersed via the atmosphere. The Swedish National Road

Administration uses the so-called TCT-model in order to calculate emissions to air. The

TCT-model concerns total PAH and benzo(a)pyrene, and are not specified for the other

substances of intererst here. Also, it only includes gaseous PAH and not the particlebound substances.

Another way to estimate emissions from traffic is to derive emission factors from tunnel

studies, where the emission of a certain substance from all passing traffic is measured

during a certain period of time. The advantage of this method is that it can provide a

general idea of total emissions to air, including road abrasion, tyre and break wear, as

well as exhaust emissions from a large variety of vehicles. They are thus useful for

rough inventories, where the aim is to get an overall idea of the total emissions from
51

traffic, regardless of vehicle type. Benner et al. (1989) derived emission factors from

traffic by measuring emissions from a traffic tunnel in Baltimore and Wingfors et al.

(2001) measured emissions of different PAH from traffic in two tunnels in central

Gothenburg in the year 2000. The emission factors obtained in these two studies are

shown in Table 8.13. A significant change in fuel use occurred in the time period 1994-

1995, which led to a considerable change in environmental classes of cars. The change

occurred gradually from the early 90’s for diesel, whereas there was a distinct change in

the turn of 1994/1995 for gasoline (Sjödin, Å. pers. comm.). The recent measurements

by Wingfors et al. (2001), are thus likely to be representative for the years from 1995

and onwards, whereas the emission factors from Benner et al. (1989) were adopted for

the years 1980-1994. It should be noted that the emission factors here only indicate

“warm” emissions, they do not include increased emissions that might occur from e.g.

cold starts. The TCT-model does take cold starts into account, but does not specify the

emissons of individual substances, apart from BaP.

Table 8.13 Emission factors for PAH from traffic as observed in two different tunnel

studies. Units are mg/km.

Substance Wingfors et al., 2002 Benner et al., 1989

BaP 5.70×10-4 ± 4.60 ×10-4 2×10-3

BbF 6.70 ×10-4 ± 4.10 ×10-4

BkF 5.10 ×10-5 ± 7.00 ×10-5 3×10-3 (BbF + BkF)

Ind 2.60 ×10-4 ± 2.20 ×10-4 1×10-3

The emissions of PAH-4, which were calculated based on the emission factors given

above are presented in Figure 8.7. The sudden shift in emission levels that occurs

between 1994/1995 is due to the different emission factors applied (see discussion

above). It is likely, however, that this shift occurred more smoothly than indicated here.

The annual emissions of BaP from traffic, as calculated by the TCT-model, are about

ten times higher (300 kg/year) than the emissions calculated using the emission factors

from Wingfors et al. (2001), thus of the same order of magnitude as the emissions based

on factors from Benner et al. (1989).

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Emissions (kg)

Ind

BkF

BbF

BbF+BkF

BaP

Figure 8.7 Emissions of PAH 4 from traffic calculated by using emission factors from

Benner et al. (1989) and Wingfors et al. (2001).
52

PAH emissions from lawn mowers

Persson and Kindbom (1999) compiled emissions from “work tools” in Sweden. In

1995, the number of riding lawn mowers in use was about 120 000 and the number of

walk-behind lawn mowers in use was approximately 1 000 000. The operation time for

these varies from 20 h/year for the riding lawn mowers to about 10 h/year for walkbehind models (Persson and Kindbom, 1999). Christensen et al. (2001) measured

emissions of PAH from motorised lawn mowers. Two different fuel types were included

in the study and both catalytic and non-catalytic lawn mowers were used. According to

Klippo, a major lawn mower sales company, approximately 5 % of the lawn mowers

sold are equipped with a catalyst (Norén S. pers. comm). All of the lawn mowers may

be run on alkyl fuel as well as gasoline. Adopting a worst case scenario, it was assumed

that only gasoline was used, which yielded annual PAH-4 emissions of 2 kg, which can

be regarded as negligible when compared to other sources.

8.3. Emissions of particles and metals from road abrasion and tyre and

brake wear

Emissions of road transport non-combustion particles have been estimated using

emission factors that represent a sum of abrasion from brakes, tyres and the road (Table

8.14). However, these emission factors also include resuspended material, the

contribution of which cannot be specified quantitatively with the current knowledge.

Emissions of particles and metals have been calculated based on these emission factors

and annual total traffic mileage. The activity rate, annual total traffic mileage, is the

same total traffic activity rate as used in the EMV model. The emission factors are

considered to be quite representative for Swedish urban conditions (Areskoug et al

2003, Sternbeck et al 2001, Sternbeck et al 2002). In Table 8.14 emission factors for

TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 suggested in the CEPMEIP project have been included for

comparison. It has not been possible to separate the Swedish data according to those

given in the CEPMEIP project, e.g. separate emission factors for tyre wear, brake wear

and road abrasion, as well as separate factors for different types of vehicles. In order to

make a comparison possible, the CEPMEIP factors have been summed for each vehicle

type and weighted according to the CEPMEIP information on travelled mileage/vehicle

type. The resulting emission factor for TSP is comparable (Table 8.14) whereas the

measured Swedish emission factors for PM10 and PM2.5 are considerably higher than the

CEPMEIP factors.

The emissions of metals from road traffic have been calculated accordingly, using

emission factors developed based on information from literature and measurement data

from Swedish studies (Sternbeck et al., 2001, Sternbeck et al., 2002). Both Ni and Cr

were reported as below detection limit in these studies.

The calculated non-combustion emissions of TSP, PM10, PM2.5 and the metals Pb, Cd,

Cu and Zn from road traffic for the period 1980-2001 are presented in Table 8.15.
53

Table 8.14 Emission factors for road abrasion and tyre-and brakewear

Substance Emission factor

mg/vehicle*km

Reference CEPMEIP, weighted

emission factors

(see text)

TSP 360 Calculated from Sternbeck et al (2001). 332

PM10 200 Areskoug et. al (2002) 24

PM2.5 25 Areskoug et. al (2002) 9

Pb 0.0351 Sternbeck et al (2001 and 2002)

Cd 0.000244 Sternbeck et al (2001 and 2002)

Cr bd* Sternbeck et al (2001 and 2002)

Cu 0.147 Sternbeck et al (2001 and 2002)

Ni bd* Sternbeck et al (2001 and 2002)

Zn 0.205 Sternbeck et al (2001 and 2002)

*bd, below detection limit at traffic tunnel measurements

Table 8.15 Traffic mileage and estimated emissions of particles and metals from road

abrasion and tyre- and brake wear (ton).

Year Total traffic mileage

(1x109

 vehicle*km)

TSP

ton

PM10

ton

PM2,5

ton

Pb

ton

Cd

ton

Cu

ton

Zn

ton

1980 51.8 18648 10360 1295 1.82 0.013 7.6 10.6

1985 55.1 19836 11020 1378 1.93 0.013 8.1 11.3

1987 58.8 21168 11760 1470 2.06 0.014 8.6 12.1

1988 62.0 22320 12400 1550 2.18 0.015 9.1 12.7

1989 65.3 23508 13060 1633 2.29 0.016 9.6 13.4

1990 64.5 23220 12900 1613 2.26 0.016 9.5 13.2

1991 65.1 23436 13020 1628 2.29 0.016 9.6 13.3

1992 65.7 23652 13140 1643 2.31 0.016 9.7 13.5

1993 63.8 22968 12760 1595 2.24 0.016 9.4 13.1

1994 64.4 23184 12880 1610 2.26 0.016 9.5 13.2

1995 65.6 23616 13120 1640 2.30 0.016 9.6 13.4

1996 65.9 23724 13180 1648 2.31 0.016 9.7 13.5

1997 66.1 23796 13220 1653 2.32 0.016 9.7 13.6

1998 66.8 24048 13360 1670 2.34 0.016 9.8 13.7

1999 68.9 24804 13780 1723 2.42 0.017 10.1 14.1

2000 70.0 25200 14000 1750 2.46 0.017 10.3 14.4

2001 71.0 25560 14200 1775 2.49 0.017 10.4 14.6

9. Industrial processes (NFR 2)

9.1. Activity data for industrial processes

The compilation of data concerning emissions from industrial processes has mainly

been based on information in industrial companies legal Environmental Reports to the

environmental authorities, direct contact with companies, trade associations, experts at

county administrations and the Swedish EPA. Further information sources are the

counties administrative board emissions database (EMIR), older reports on emissions

made by the Swedish EPA, national official production statistics and expert judgements.

Information in companies Environmental Reports, which have been mandatory to

submit for larger companies since 1993, are of varying quality and usefulness for the
54

purpose of compiling emission estimates. In later years the information has generally

improved, both as to the level of detail in the reporting, as to the number of emitted

substances that are reported as an emission figure. The database, EMIR, consists of

emission data from Environmental Reports, but does not include all facilities that have

submitted reports.

In order to compile activity data or emission data as such for the 1980 ́s, usually

nationwide information from official statistics or trade associations was used. For some

processes there are only a few facilities within the country, and these were contacted

directly to obtain information.

For some sources and substances only sparse data have been available, e.g. from older

reports or emission data compilations. This is the case especially for the 1980 ́s. In

those cases interpolations have been done and in some cases data from adjoining years

have been used.

In some cases emission data and activity data were available from facilities judged to be

representative, and in those cases emission factors could be developed and used on a

nationwide scale.

9.2. Emissions from industrial processes

Among the sources reported in the industrial processes sector, the largest contribution to

particle emissions has been from processes in the pulp- and paper industry. Metal

production and the group of activities reported as “mineral products, other” including

e.g. sinter and pelletizing plants, construction activites, glass manufacture etc, also

contribute significantly. The estimated emissions of TSP from the industrial processes

sector are presented in Figure 9.1.

Metal emissions, as well as emissions of dioxins, from the industrial processes sector

are dominated by emissions from the activities grouped into “metal production” (Table

9.1, Figure 9.2). Metal production, as reported to UNECE/LRTAP, includes primary

and secondary iron and steel production, non-ferrous metal production and aluminium

production. PAH-4 from industrial processes almost entirely originates from metal

production, i.e. aluminium production. Minor quantities are also emitted from the pulp

and paper industry.

Below the method of estimation as well as emissions from each source is described in

more detail. The general development for many sources and substances has been of

decreasing emissions over the last decade or decades. This is primarily due to more

commonly used and improved abatement techniques.
55

0

5 000

10 000

15 000

20 000

25 000

30 000

35 000

40 000

19801982198419861988199019921994199619982000

ton TSP

2 B 4 Carbide Production

2 A 2 Lime Production

2 A 1 Cement Production

2 A 7 Mineral products, Other 

2 C Metal production

2 D 1 Pulp and Paper

Figure 9.1 Emissions of TSP from industrial processes

Table 9.1 Metal emissions from industrial processes (ton). Mineral products Metal productio

n

Pulp and

paper

Mineral

products

Metal

productio

n

Pulp and

paper

Mineral

products

Metal

productio

n

Pulp and

paper

Mineral

products

Metal

productio

n

Pulp and

paper

Chemical

industry

As Cr Pb Hg

1990 0.2 4.7 0.1 0.2 21 0.2 1.7 73 0.4 0.02 0.46 0.01 0.26

1991 0.3 3.2 0.1 0.2 17 0.2 1.7 57 0.4 0.02 0.33 0.01 0.26

1992 0.1 3.2 0.1 0.2 15 0.2 1.7 45 0.4 <0.1 0.31 0.01 0.25

1993 0.1 1.9 0.1 0.1 15 0.2 1.4 30 0.4 <0.1 0.29 0.01 0.16

1994 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.2 14 0.2 1.2 20 0.4 <0.1 0.28 0.01 0.18

1995 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.1 11 0.2 1.7 14 0.3 <0.1 0.29 0.01 0.13

1996 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 9 0.2 1.5 11 0.3 <0.1 0.29 0.01 0.14

1997 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.2 7 0.2 1.7 10 0.3 <0.1 0.26 0.02 0.11

1998 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 6 0.2 1.7 9 0.3 <0.1 0.24 0.02 0.14

1999 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 5 0.1 2.7 8 0.3 <0.1 0.36 0.02 0.11

2000 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 6 0.2 2.9 5 0.3 <0.1 0.27 0.02 0.09

2001 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 6 0.2 0.8 6 0.3 <0.1 0.17 0.02 0.07

Cd Cu Ni Zn

1990 0.03 1.55 0.09 0.1 21 0.6 1.0 7.3 0.5 0.7 113 0.8

1991 0.03 1.02 0.09 0.1 18 0.6 0.8 6.2 0.5 1.1 97 0.8

1992 0.02 0.93 0.09 0.3 26 0.6 0.7 6.9 0.5 1.7 71 0.8

1993 0.02 0.66 0.09 0.3 16 0.7 0.6 7.4 0.5 0.8 70 0.8

1994 0.02 0.33 0.08 0.1 6 0.6 0.7 8.2 0.4 0.9 65 0.7

1995 0.02 0.31 0.07 0.2 6 0.5 0.4 7.8 0.4 0.8 50 0.7

1996 0.02 0.28 0.07 0.2 6 0.5 0.4 3.0 0.4 1.0 34 0.6

1997 0.02 0.30 0.07 0.1 7 0.5 0.4 2.3 0.4 0.4 33 0.6

1998 0.01 0.25 0.07 0.1 56 0.5 0.4 1.7 0.4 0.3 30 0.6

1999 0.03 0.13 0.06 0.1 3 0.4 0.3 1.1 0.3 0.4 19 0.6

2000 0.03 0.09 0.07 0.1 2 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.3 19 0.6

2001 0.02 0.17 0.07 0.1 2 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.3 20 0.6
56

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

19801982198419861988199019921994199619982000

Dioxin, g TEQ

2 B Chemical industry

2 D 1 Pulp and Paper

2 A 7 Mineral products

2 C Metal production

Figure 9.2 Dioxin emission from industrial processes (g TEQ).

9.3. Mineral products (2A)

9.3.1. Particles from cement production (2A1)

Cement production occurs at three facilities in Sweden, of which one is dominating.

Emissions of particles have been estimated based on information from the industry.

Emissions of heavy metals, PAH-4 and dioxins were calculated based on the energy

statistics, since most of these substances originate from the fuels used. These emissions

have been allocated to the energy sector and are included in the group called

combustion in manufacturing industries.

In order to verify that cement production is not an important source for emissions of

PAH-4, measurement data from the major cement industry in Sweden were used to

roughly estimate the level of emissions. The results from measured emissions of

different PAH substances in 1999 indicated very low emissions of BaP, BbF, BkF and

Ind, representing emission factors <1.4×10-7 mg/ton produced cement. For illustrative

reasons, we multiplied the activities reported from the cement industry by the emission

factors given by the USEPA (1998), which were 3.96×10-5, 2.3×10-5 and 8.68×10-6

mg/ton for BaP, BkF and Ind respectively. The results confirmed that PAH-4 emissions

from cement production are likely to be negligible in Sweden, (<2×10-4 kg).

Emissions of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 were estimated for the time period 1980-2001

(Table 9.2, Figure 9.3). The activity data for all facilities are known. Emission factors

for TSP were developed, based on information on TSP-emissions from two of the

facilities. These emission factors were then used to calculate the emissions from the

third facility. The particle size distribution of the emissions, the fractions of PM10 and

PM2.5, was done by expert judgement, based on a few measurement results and

knowledge about abatement techniques installed.
57

Table 9.2 Annual production of cement (kton), emissions of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5

(ton), calculated emission factor for TSP (kg/ton) and fraction of PM10 and

PM2.5 in relation to TSP.

Emissions Fraction Fraction

Year Production TSP PM10 PM2.5 EF TSP PM10/TSP PM2.5/TSP

ton cement ton ton ton kg/ton

1980 2528000 1459 1167 948 0.58 0.80 0.65

1981 2700000 1364 1091 886 0.51 0.80 0.65

1982 2450000 1271 1017 826 0.52 0.80 0.65

1983 2232000 1344 1075 874 0.60 0.80 0.65

1984 2307000 1148 918 746 0.50 0.80 0.65

1985 2175000 852 682 554 0.39 0.80 0.65

1986 2004000 721 577 469 0.36 0.80 0.65

1987 2225000 930 744 605 0.42 0.80 0.65

1988 2327000 1405 1124 913 0.60 0.80 0.65

1989 2395000 1423 1138 925 0.59 0.80 0.65

1990* 2521000 1003 803 652 0.40 0.80 0.65

1991 2295000 1358 1086 882 0.59 0.80 0.65

1992 2310000 949 806 664 0.41 0.85 0.70

1993 2190000 829 704 580 0.38 0.85 0.70

1994 2312000 705 599 493 0.30 0.85 0.70

1995 2476000 864 734 605 0.35 0.85 0.70

1996 2406000 801 681 561 0.33 0.85 0.70

1997 2321000 695 625 556 0.30 0.90 0.80

1998 2254000 541 487 433 0.24 0.90 0.80

1999 2286000 263 237 211 0.12 0.90 0.80

2000 2465000 216 194 172 0.09 0.90 0.80

2001 2602000 254 229 203 0.10 0.90 0.80

* Comparatively low emissions of particles as reported from the facilities

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

Year

Emissions (ton)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Production (1000 ton)

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

Production

Figure 9.3 Time series of cement production (right axis) and emissions of TSP, PM10

and PM2.5 (left axis), 1980-2001.
58

9.3.2. Particles and dioxins from lime production (2A2)

Lime production occurs at 15-20 facilities in Sweden. Emissions of particles have been

estimated for production of carbonate products, including quarrying, crushing and

grinding, and from production of quick lime. The activity data for production of lime

was calculated from the sum of quarried amount of limestone and dolomite (Swedish

Geological Survey, 2001), from which the use in cement production have been

subtracted (calculated as 2 times the clinker production in the cement industry). The

particle emissions from the lime used in cement production are included in the estimates

for cement production, see above. The Swedish Association of Lime Manufacturers has

provided the approximate figure on annual production of quick lime.

Emission factors for production of lime (Table 9.3) were taken from the CEPMEIP

project and for quick lime from manufacturers and expert judgement on the size

fractions. The estimated emissions of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 for 1980-2001 from lime

and quick lime production are presented in Table 9.4.

Table 9.3 Emission factors for lime production

Time

period

TSP

(kg/ton)

PM10

kg/ton

PM2.5

(kg/ton)

Reference

Lime prod 1980-2001 0.3 0.15 0.03 CEPMEIP

Quick-lime 1980-1998 1 0.9 0.8 *

1999 0.58 0.522 0.5 *

2000 0.43 0.387 0.3 *

2001 0.41 0.369 0.3 *

*Based on information from the trade association (Kalkföreningen) and from individual facilities.

Table 9.4 Production figures and emissions of particles from lime production

Total estimated emissions

Production

of lime

Production

of quick

lime

TSP PM10 PM2,5

kton kton ton ton ton

1980 2670 600 680 580 488

1981 2326 600 670 575 487

1982 2826 600 685 582 488

1983 3262 600 698 589 490

1984 3112 600 693 587 489

1985 3376 600 701 591 490

1986 3718 600 712 596 491

1987 3276 600 698 589 490

1988 3072 600 692 586 489

1989 2936 600 688 584 489

1990 2684 600 681 580 488

1991 3124 600 694 587 489

1992 2865 600 686 583 489

1993 2693 600 681 580 488

1994 3027 600 691 585 489

1995 3430 600 703 591 490

1996 3242 600 697 589 490

1997 3071 600 692 586 489

1998 3205 600 696 588 490

1999 2458 600 422 350 286

2000 3909 600 375 291 218

2001 4084 600 369 283 209
59

The European Dioxin Inventory, citing the previous Swedish inventory (de Wit,

unpubl.), gives values on dioxin emissions from lime production for 1990 and 1993 of

9.8-18 and 2-2.5 g TEQ, respectively. The origin of the estimated dioxin emissions was

however not specified. According to UNEP (2001) dioxin may be formed primarily

originating from the use of waste as fuel in the high-temeperature process. In Sweden

no waste is used in lime production, and thus these earlier estimates were not considered

further. All emissions from the combustion of fuels are accounted for in the energy

sector.

9.3.3. Metals from battery manufacture (2A7)

Heavy metal emissions from battery manufacture originate from three facilities in

Sweden. One of these produces nickel-cadmium batteries and two facilities produce

lead batteries. The time-series from 1990-2001 were compiled based on emission data

reported from the individual facilities to the EMIR database (Table 9.5). For some years

information on emissions was not available, and data have been interpolated.

Table 9.5 Emissions of heavy metals from battery manufacture (kg).

Cd, kg Ni, kg Pb, kg

1990 23 27 240

1991 19 27 199

1992 7 40 157

1993 7 22 119

1994 7 14 140

1995 5 17 123

1996 4 9 91

1997 4 6 97

1998 4 10 87

1999 5 6 28

2000 2 8 28

2001 3 11 28

9.3.4. Particles, metals and dioxins from sinter and pelletizing plants (2A7)

Emission from iron ore mining and sinter/pellets production has been estimated for the

time period 1980-2001 for particles and dioxins and for the time period 1990-2001 for

metals. Data on production statistics as well as on emissions of TSP have been supplied

from the facilities producing sinter/pellets for the entire time period.

Both pellets and sinter have been produced during the time period from 1980-1994, but

since 1995 only pellets are produced (Figure 9.4). Separate emission factors for TSP

from sinter and pellets production respectively, were calculated based on the

information received from industry. The emission factors calculated for TSP are

presented in Table 9.6, where also suggested emission factors from the CEPMEIP

project are shown. The emission factors calculated using information from industry are

considerably higher than those given in the CEPMEIP project, especially for the

production of pellets. Information from the CEPMEIP-project on the particle size

fractions, presented as relevant for conditions in 1995, was used as a basis when, in

cooperation with industry, assigning the particle size distribution for the calculations of

time series of emissions. In the estimated particle emissions (Table 9.7) also dressing

(sifting) and concentrating plants are included, but the contributions from these are only

minor in comparison to the actual sinter and pelletizing processes.
60

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

19801982198419861988199019921994199619982000

kton 

Totalt production

Pellets

Sinter

Figure 9.4 Production statistics for pellets and sinter production 1980-2001 (kton).

Table 9.6 Emission factors for TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 from sinter and pelletizing plants.

Sinter Pellets Unit Comment

TSP 0.7-0.5 0.5-0.1 kg/ton Calculated national EF, 1980-1995 (sinter), 1980-2001

(pellets)

0.2 0.03 kg/ton CEPMEIP for 1995

PM10 50% 90% fraction of TSP Assigned values for 1980-1990

50% 95% -“- Assigned values for 1991-1994

NO* 100% -“- Assigned values for 1995-2001

50% 100% -“- CEPMEIP for 1995

PM2.5 40% 80% fraction of TSP Assigned values for 1980-1990

40% 85% -“- Assigned values for 1991-1994

NO* 100% -“- Assigned values for 1995-2001

50% 100% -“- CEPMEIP for 1995

*NO, not occurring
61

Table 9.7 Production, calculated implied emission factor for TSP, and emissions of

TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 from sinter and pelletizing plants 1980-2001. Sinter

production ended in 1994.

Production Calculated IEF*

for TSP

Emissions

TSP PM10 PM2,5

Year kton totalt kg/ton ton ton ton

1980 7156 0.53 3826 3217 2834

1981 5056 0.56 2830 2279 1996

1982 4841 0.51 2458 1948 1703

1983 5903 0.42 2450 1976 1731

1984 7541 0.42 3147 2617 2303

1985 9872 0.47 4670 3962 3495

1986 9969 0.48 4759 4043 3567

1987 10225 0.48 4858 4144 3658

1988 10195 0.53 5417 4617 4075

1989 11042 0.48 5326 4555 4023

1990 11092 0.41 4499 3847 3397

1991 10944 0.30 3285 2945 2617

1992 11417 0.24 2709 2442 2172

1993 11456 0.21 2427 2189 1946

1994 12081 0.24 2872 2597 2310

1995 14633 0.12 1790 1754 1746

1996 15094 0.10 1505 1505 1505

1997 15443 0.10 1491 1491 1491

1998 15059 0.12 1843 1843 1843

1999 12953 0.10 1353 1353 1353

2000 14929 0.13 2005 2005 2005

2001 13752 0.11 1572 1572 1572

* Implied emission factor

The content of heavy metals in emitted particulate matter, used as emission factors in

the calculations, originates from an analysis provided by industry (Table 9.8). The

analyzed samples were from pellets production, but in the emission estimates the factors

have been used on the sum of produced sinter and pellets. The time series of estimated

emissions of metals from sinter and pelletizing plants are presented in Table 9.9.

Table 9.8 Metal content in emitted TSP from pelletizing plants (Ögren, 2002 pers

comm).

Metal kg/ton TSP

As 0.006

Cd 0.0002

Cr 0.044

Cu 0.01

Hg 0.00004

Ni 0.22

Pb 0.003

Zn 0.07
62

Table 9.9 Estimated emissions of metals from sinter and pelletizing plants (kg).

Year As

kg

Cd

kg

Cr

kg

Cu

kg

Hg

kg

Ni

kg

Pb

kg

Zn

kg

1980 23 0.8 170 38 0.15 840 11 270

1981 17 0.6 120 28 0.11 620 8 200

1982 15 0.5 110 25 0.10 540 7 170

1983 15 0.5 110 24 0.10 540 7 170

1984 19 0.6 140 31 0.13 690 9 220

1985 28 0.9 200 47 0.19 1030 14 330

1986 29 1.0 210 48 0.19 1050 14 330

1987 29 1.0 210 49 0.19 1070 15 340

1988 33 1.1 240 54 0.22 1190 16 380

1989 32 1.1 230 53 0.21 1170 16 370

1990 27 0.9 200 45 0.18 990 13 320

1991 20 0.7 140 33 0.13 720 10 230

1992 16 0.5 120 27 0.11 600 8 190

1993 15 0.5 110 24 0.10 530 7 170

1994 17 0.6 130 29 0.11 630 9 200

1995 11 0.4 80 18 0.07 390 5 120

1996 9 0.3 70 15 0.06 330 5 100

1997 9 0.3 70 15 0.06 330 4 100

1998 11 0.4 80 18 0.07 410 6 130

1999 8 0.3 60 14 0.05 300 4 100

2000 12 0.4 90 20 0.08 440 6 140

2001 9 0.3 70 16 0.06 350 5 110

Sinter plants are very important dioxin emitters according to e.g. the European Dioxin

Inventory. There are presently three pellet plants in operation, whereas a sinter plant

was shut down in 1995.

Total emissions from the three pellets plants were measured during 2001 and amounted

to 1.35 g TEQ, according to their Environmental Report. No major changes in their

process have occurred during the period 1980-2001. We therefore assume that the

formation rate of dioxins (μg/ton) has been constant. Thus, the concentration of dioxins

in dust should also be constant, and emissions of dioxins should be proportional to those

of dust. Dust emission data have been supplied from the pellets plants for the entire

period, allowing for estimating dioxin emissions over time. This translates to calculated

emission factors of slightly more than 0.3 μg/ton during the 1980 ́s. Following a sharp

drop in the early 1990 ́s, calculated emission factors for dioxins vary in the range 0.07

to 0.11 μg/ton during 1995-2001 (Table 9.10).

Dioxin emissions from the sinter plant were measured in 1993 and 1995 and reached 5.4

and 2 g TEQ, respectively. This corresponds to emission factors of 4.9 and 3.5 μg/ton.

In the absence of other data, it is assumed that an emission factor of 4.2 μg/ton is valid

for the period 1980-1995. The total dioxin emissions from this activity were in the range

5.5-7.5 g TEQ/yr until 1994, and then dropped to slightly more than 1 g TEQ/yr

following the closing of the sinter plant (Table 9.10).
63

Table 9.10 Dioxin emissions from the pellets and sinter plants. In the absence of other

information, emission factors for the sinter plant is assumed to be invariant

during the entire period.

Year Pellets Sinter Total emissions

Emissions

g TEQ/yr

Calculated

emission factor

 μg TEQ/ton

Emissions

g TEQ/yr

Assumed

emission factor

 μg TEQ/ton

g TEQ /yr

1980 2.2 0.36 3.9 4.2 6.1

1981 1.5 0.36 4.1 4.2 5.5

1982 1.3 0.33 4.3 4.2 5.6

1983 1.6 0.33 4.7 4.2 6.3

1984 2.0 0.31 4.6 4.2 6.6

1985 2.7 0.31 4.7 4.2 7.4

1986 2.7 0.31 4.7 4.2 7.4

1987 2.8 0.31 4.5 4.2 7.3

1988 2.9 0.32 4.6 4.2 7.5

1989 3.0 0.31 4.7 4.2 7.7

1990 2.7 0.27 4.7 4.2 7.4

1991 1.9 0.20 4.9 4.2 6.8

1992 1.6 0.16 4.6 4.2 6.3

1993 1.4 0.14 5.4 measured 6.8

1994 1.6 0.15 4.7 4.2 6.3

1995 1.0 0.07 2.0 measured 3.0

1996 1.1 0.07 - - 1.1

1997 1.1 0.07 - - 1.1

1998 1.7 0.11 - - 1.7

1999 1.2 0.09 - - 1.2

2000 1.7 0.11 - - 1.7

2001 1.4 0.10 - - 1.4
64

9.3.5. Particles and metals from glass production (2A7)

Emissions of particulate matter and heavy metals from production of float glass,

container and manual glass have been compiled for the period 1990-2001. Data were

obtained from industry and from legal Environmental Reports, and for earlier years in

the time series from national reporting to HELCOM and from Bjärborg (1998). For

manual glass production only emissions of lead and arsenic are reported. Data for

missing years and parameters have been inserted or interpolated. The particle size

distribution used in the emissions estimates was as suggested in the CEPMEIP- project

(for production of flat glass, blown or drawn glass and container glass). The emissions

factors provided by CEPMEIP translates for PM10 into 90% and for PM2.5 into 80% of

the TSP emissions.

Table 9.11 Emissions of particles and metals from glass production (ton)

Year TSP

ton

PM10

ton

PM2.5

ton

Cd

ton

Cr

ton

Hg

ton

Pb

ton

As

ton

1990 164 147 131 0.004 0.02 0.006 1.31 0.10

1991 147 132 117 0.004 0.02 0.00 1.28 0.26

1992 118 106 94 0.005 0.01 0.001 1.15 0.07

1993 131 118 105 0.005 0.01 0.002 1.14 0.06

1994 149 134 120 0.005 0.01 0.002 0.88 0.04

1995 167 151 134 0.009 0.02 0.001 1.49 0.02

1996 149 134 119 0.009 0.02 0.001 1.37 0.02

1997 153 138 123 0.008 0.01 0.001 1.57 0.01

1998 130 117 104 0.009 0.01 0.001 1.54 0.01

1999 87 78 69 0.025 0.03 0.002 2.69 0.01

2000 87 79 70 0.028 0.04 0.002 2.85 0.01

2001 49 44 39 0.013 0.02 <0.001 0.72 <0.01

9.3.6. Particles and metals from glass and mineral wool production (2A7)

Glass and mineral wool have been produced at approximately 5-7 facilities during the

time period 1980-2001. Two have shut down since 1980. Presently the ownership is

distributed on two companies. Emission and production data have been received from

one company (four facilities 1980-1991 and three facilities 1992-2001) for the whole

time series 1980-2001. The data provided for the 1990 ́s and 2000-2001 are primarily

based on measurements whereas for earlier years estimates made by the company are

based on different known circumstances influencing emissions. Concerning the particle

emissions, only the TSP emissions were provided by industry, and the fraction of PM10,

90%, and PM2.5, 70% of TSP, was calculated from emission factors for production of

glass fibres provided in the CEPMEIP study. The emission factor for TSP, according to

CEPMEIP, is 0.3 kg TSP/ton, while the calculated implied emission factors from the

data provided from industry range from 3 kg/ton in the early 1980 ́s, to approximately

0.9 kg/ton in 2000 and 2001. Estimated emissions of particles and metals from glass and

mineral wool production are presented in Table 9.12.
65

Table 9.12 Emissions of particles and metals from glass- and mineral wool production

(particles in ton, metals in kg)

Year TSP

ton

PM10

ton

PM2.5

ton

Pb

kg

Cd

kg

Hg

kg

As

kg

Cr

kg

Cu

kg

Ni

kg

Zn

kg

1980 457 411 320 10 0.4 <0.02 1 22 6 30 131

1981 431 388 302 10 0.4 <0.02 1 21 6 29 129

1982 417 375 292 8 0.3 <0.02 1 21 6 27 113

1983 396 356 277 8 0.3 <0.02 1 20 5 26 109

1984 369 332 258 7 0.3 <0.01 1 19 5 25 104

1985 358 322 251 6 0.2 <0.01 1 18 5 22 91

1986 376 338 263 6 0.2 <0.01 1 20 5 24 93

1987 394 355 276 6 0.2 <0.02 1 21 5 25 96

1988 397 357 278 6 0.2 <0.02 1 22 6 26 99

1989 433 390 303 7 0.3 <0.02 1 25 6 29 112

1990 413 372 289 7 0.3 <0.02 1 24 6 28 109

1991 407 366 285 7 0.3 <0.02 1 26 6 30 114

1992 169 152 118 7 0.3 <0.02 1 25 6 29 111

1993 124 112 87 5 0.2 <0.01 1 21 5 23 85

1994 135 122 95 1 0.1 <0.01 1 29 5 21 67

1995 157 141 110 6 0.2 <0.01 1 22 5 26 98

1996 137 123 96 6 0.2 <0.01 1 22 5 26 98

1997 131 118 92 6 0.2 <0.01 1 20 5 24 90

1998 165 149 116 7 0.3 <0.02 1 23 6 28 107

1999 156 140 109 8 0.3 <0.02 1 24 6 29 116

2000 93 84 65 7 0.3 <0.02 1 24 6 27 103

2001 84 76 59 7 0.3 <0.01 1 24 6 28 107

9.3.7. Particles and metals from mining and extraction of non-iron mineral ore

(2A7)

For mining and the extraction of non-iron mineral ore, emissions of TSP and metals

have been compiled for 1990-2001, based on data reported by the companies in their

legal environmental reporting. Data for earlier years were not available. Also during the

1990 ́s data were not available for all years, so for missing years values have been

interpolated or inserted. The particle size distribution of the particulate emissions was

derived from the emission factors for copper and zinc ore mining given in the

CEPMEIP study. According to those data PM10 is estimated to amount to 50% and

PM2.5 to 7% of the TSP-emissions. The compiled time series of emissions of TSP,

PM10, PM2.5 and metals from non-iron ore mining and extraction are presented in Table

9.13.
66

Table 9.13 Emissions of particles and metals from non-iron ore mining and extraction,

1990-2001. Particles in ton, metals in kg.

Year TSP

ton

PM10

ton

PM2.5

ton

Cu

kg

Pb

kg

Zn

kg

Cd

kg

As

kg

Ni

kg

Hg

kg

1990 4.7 2.3 0.3 84 118 299 3 42 0.2 11

1991 6.1 3.0 0.4 84 218 789 3 42 0.2 11

1992 7.3 3.7 0.5 301 364 1408 3 40 0.2 4

1993 2.6 1.3 0.2 251 140 540 3 30 0.2 3

1994 3.2 1.6 0.2 91 160 650 3 30 0.2 3

1995 16 8.1 1.1 125 104 545 4 39 3.2 3

1996 9.1 4.6 0.6 146 62 848 2 29 3.4 2

1997 3.0 1.5 0.2 68 22 198 3 9 7.2 1

1998 1.2 0.6 0.1 43 28 71 <1 8 0.7 1

1999 1.1 0.5 0.1 42 27 149 1 11 4.0 1

2000 0.9 0.5 0.1 45 16 57 <1 7 1.7 2

2001 1.7 0.8 0.1 28 44 116 1 6 3.2 5

9.3.8. Particles from construction activities (2A7)

Time series of emissions of particles from construction work has been developed. The

basis for the calculations is national data on construction activity. Emission factors from

the CEPMEIP study was used, as presented in Table 9.14.

Table 9.14 Emission factors for construction-related activities (CEPMEIP)

TSP PM10 PM2.5 Unit

Dwellings 0.215 0.108 0.011 ton/1000 m2/year

Utilities 0.123 0.061 0.006 ton/1000 m2/year

The activity data that was chosen as a basis for the calculations, is economic statistics

on annual investments in construction-related activities 1980-2001, obtained from The

Swedish Construction Federation (Rydell, 2002). The data is divided into four subgroups, dwellings, industries, other buildings and construction. The latter three are

considered to be utilities and are treated as a sum. No consistent reliable statistics on

activity in the form of “constructed area” or likewise are available. In order to transform

this economic information into a unit where the suggested emission factors (Table 9.14)

can be used, 1995, the inventory year in the CEPMEIP study, was used as a base year

for transforming economics into constructed square meters.

The number of square meters of construction work in 1995 in Sweden, provided in the

CEPMEIP study, together with data from The Swedish Construction Federation on

investments in construction-related activities in 1995, were used to calculate an average

cost per constructed square meter for dwellings and utilities respectively.

For the calculations of the time series of emissions, the economic information was

normalised to the 1995 level, and the costs per square meter was assumed to be constant

throughout the time series. Using the derived factor “costs per square meter”, emissions

for the whole time series were calculated from the emission factors and the magnitude

of investments for each year (Table 9.15).
67

Table 9.15 Emissions of particles from construction-related activities

Year TSP (ton) PM10 (ton) PM2.5 (ton)

1980 936 468 47

1981 883 441 44

1982 865 433 43

1983 865 433 43

1984 923 462 46

1985 906 453 45

1986 916 458 46

1987 965 482 48

1988 1001 500 50

1989 1066 533 53

1990 1097 548 55

1991 1035 518 52

1992 982 491 49

1993 792 396 40

1994 717 359 36

1995 704 352 35

1996 718 359 36

1997 660 330 33

1998 678 339 34

1999 688 344 34

2000 722 361 36

2001 731 366 37

9.4. Chemical industry (2B)

Estimates of emissions of particles and mercury have been made from chemical

industry. It is known that also dioxin emissions may occur from chemical industry, but

reliable data have been difficult to obtain. A few indicative figures from Environmental

Reports from later years are discussed below.

The mercury emissions reported originate from the chlor-alkali industry and from

sulphuric acid production. Particle emissions have only been estimated from carbide

production. Chemical industry in general is not expected to contribute significantly to

particle emissions.

9.4.1. Particles from carbide production (2B4)

Calcium-carbide production is located at only one facility in Sweden, which has

provided production statistics as well as information on particle emissions for the whole

time series (Löfstrand, E. 2002). Based on this information, emission factors for TSP

could be calulated (Table 9.16). There seems to be some inconsistencies in the time

series from the mid 1980 ́s to the mid 1990 ́s, when considerably lower specific

emissions of particles were reported from the facility. It has not been possible to clarify

if this was caused by changes in the production process or if it is an effect of different

ways of estimating the particle emissions. Considering other sources of particle

emissions, carbide production cannot be considered to be a significant source.

The partitioning of particles between TSP, PM10 and PM2,5 has been done by expert

judgement, after discussions with the facility. PM10 was judged to amount to 90% and

PM2.5 to 80% of the TSP emissions. Carbide production is not specifically treated in the

CEPMEIP project.
68

Table 9.16 Estimated emissions of particles from carbide production

Year Production

(ton)

Emissions of

TSP (ton)

Emissions of

PM10 (ton)

Emissions of

PM2.5 (ton)

Calculated emission

factor for TSP

(kg/ton)

1980 29700 215 194 172 7.2

1981 20700 205 185 164 9.9

1982 31600 220 198 176 7.0

1983 33000 200 180 160 6.1

1984 34800 310 279 248 8.9

1985 30400 290 261 232 9.5

1986 36600 230 207 184 6.3

1987 29200 94 85 75 3.2

1988 47100 60 54 48 1.3

1989 54800 120 108 96 2.2

1990 54900 120 108 96 2.2

1991 55500 199 179 159 3.6

1992 42500 124 112 99 2.9

1993 43700 278 250 222 6.4

1994 45600 150 135 120 3.3

1995 46100 153 138 122 3.3

1996 47000 198 178 158 4.2

1997 46600 337 303 270 7.2

1998 43100 232 209 186 5.4

1999 42800 372 335 298 8.7

2000 38100 241 217 193 6.3

2001 37300 263 237 210 7.1

9.4.2. Mercury from the chlor alkali industry (2B5)

In the past the chlor alkali industy has been a significant source of mercury emissions.

Levander (1989, unpubl) has estimated that this source was one of the predominant

sources of mercury in Sweden during the 1950 ́s with emissions in the order of 10

tons/year.

The estimated Swedish emissions 1990-2001, originating from approximately five

facilities, are presented in Table 9.17. Reported emissions of mercury were derived

from information in the EMIR database, from industries Environmental Reports or

unpublished earlier estimates (Levander, 1989). Data were however, not available for all

years and a few interpolations had to be made.

Table 9.17 Emissions of mercury (Hg) from the chlor alkali industry 1990-2001.

Year Hg, ton

1990 0.20

1991 0.19

1992 0.16

1993 0.12

1994 0.13

1995 0.12

1996 0.11

1997 0.08

1998 0.06

1999 0.06

2000 0.05

2001 0.05
69

9.4.3. Mercury from sulphuric acid production (2B5)

Sulphuric acid production occurs at a large smelter, and all data on emissions of

mercury from this process have been obtained from Environmental Reports from the

facility. The production at this facility is complicated and involves a number of different

processes. It has not been meaningful to try and find relevant activity data since the

reporting of emissions as such is considered to be sufficient. Some data on emissons of

mercury for years before 1990 exist, but they have only been sporadically reported.

Earlier there were some more facilities producing sulphuric acid in Sweden.

Table 9.18 Emissions of mercury from sulphuric acid production 1990-2001.

Year Hg (ton)

1990 0.063

1991 0.069

1992 0.095

1993 0.033

1994 0.051

1995 0.010

1996 0.031

1997 0.024

1998 0.074

1999 0.043

2000 0.047

2001 0.019

9.4.4. Dioxins from chemical industry (2B)

Hardly any information on dioxin emissions from chemical industry has been available,

and it has not been possible to compile any time series of dioxin emissions from these

sources. Reported emissions from a few Environmental Reports from later years are

presented in Table 9.19.

Dioxins are formed during the production of ethylene dichloride (EDC) and vinyl

chloride monomer (VCM). UNEP (2001) gives a default emission factor of 0.95 μg

TEQ/ton. One Swedish facility has reported emissions for the more recent years (Table

9.19). Using their production of EDC and VCM during 2000, an average emission

factor of 0.02 μg TEQ/ton is calculated, significantly lower than the UNEP default

value.

There is also a single value on dioxin emissions from a major facility for production of

pharmaceuticals from 2001 (Table 9.19).

Table 9.19 Dioxin emissions from chemical industry. Data were obtained from

Environmental Reports from the facilities.

Subcategory Year Emission (g TEQ/yr)

Production of EDC and VCM 1998 0.015

Production of EDC and VCM 2000 0.005

Production of EDC and VCM 2001 0.003

Pharmaceutical industry 2001 0.2
70

9.5. Metal production (2C)

Processes that are included in this category are primary and secondary iron and steel

production, non-ferrous metal production and aluminium production.

9.5.1. Particles, metals and dioxins from the iron and steel industry (2C)

There are three primary iron and steel facilities in Sweden and about ten steel plants

equipped with electric arc furnaces. Totally, there are approximately 20 various

facilities included in the estimates. Processes that occur besides the primary processes

and secondary steel production are rolling mills, pickling and other steel related

processes.

The estimated TSP emissions are based on data provided from the trade association

(Jernkontoret, 2000) for almost all years 1980-1999 (for 2000 and 2001 companies’

legal Environmental Reports). Data for some missing years have been interpolated. The

PM size fractionation has been made according to expert judgement, based on

knowledge about changes in production methods and abatement technology. The chosen

time series in particle size distributions and the reported emissions are presented in

Table 9.20.

Table 9.20 PM fractions in percent of TSP, and estimated emissions of TSP, PM10 and

PM2.5 for the iron and steel industry.

Year PM10

(% of TSP)

PM2,5

(% of TSP)

TSP (ton) PM10 (ton) PM2.5 (ton)

1980 80 60 8866 7093 5320

1981 80 60 7333 5866 4400

1982 80 60 5800 4640 3480

1983 80 60 5600 4480 3360

1984 80 60 5400 4320 3240

1985 80 60 5200 4160 3120

1986 80 70 4996 3997 3497

1987 80 70 4856 3885 3399

1988 80 70 4716 3773 3301

1989 85 75 3700 3145 2775

1990 85 75 3300 2805 2475

1991 85 75 3450 2933 2588

1992 85 75 3600 3060 2700

1993 85 75 3665 3115 2749

1994 85 75 3730 3171 2798

1995 85 75 3365 2860 2524

1996 95 85 1768 1680 1503

1997 95 85 1788 1699 1520

1998 95 85 1575 1496 1339

1999 95 85 1282 1218 1090

2000 95 85 1169 1111 994

2001 95 85 1293 1228 1099

The estimated metal emissions from iron and steel processes are based on known

activity data, i.e. total and primary production, published by the trade association

(Jernkontoret, 2000). The secondary production has been calculated as total production

minus primary production. The activity data are presented in Table 9.21. Calculated

implied emission factors for metal emissions from primary and secondary production

are based on compiled emissions in older trade specific reports made by the Swedish

EPA for some years during the 1990’s. Implied emission factors have been calculated
71

for Cd, Cr; Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn. The emissions of As, arsenic, have not been covered

due to lack of data. For years for which the Swedish EPA did not provide trade specific

reports, or when the trade was not fully covered in the reports, emission factors have

been interpolated. The emissions from primary and secondary production have been

calculated as the product of the implied emission factor and the activity data for the

whole time-series. The calculated implied emission factors that have been used are

presented in Table 9.22. The annual total estimated emission of each metal (Table 9.23)

has been calculated as emission from primary plus secondary production.

Table 9.21 Activity data for iron and steel production for 1980-2001.

Year Total production

(Gg= kton)

Primary production

(Gg= kton)

Secondary production

(Gg= kton)

1980 4237 2435 1801

1981 3770 1770 2000

1982 3900 1779 2121

1983 4210 2011 2199

1984 4705 2214 2492

1985 4813 2424 2389

1986 4716 2435 2280

1987 4595 2313 2282

1988 4779 2492 2287

1989 4692 2638 2054

1990 4454 2736 1718

1991 4252 2812 1440

1992 4359 2735 1623

1993 4591 2845 1746

1994 4967 3037 1930

1995 4953 3020 1934

1996 4910 3130 1780

1997 5148 3060 2088

1998 5153 3150 2004

1999 5067 3212 1855

2000 5229 3146 2083

2001 5229 3146 2083

Table 9.22 Calculated implied emission factors for primary and secondary iron and

steel production for 1990-2001 (g/ton).

Primary

Secondary

Primary

Secondary

Primary

Secondary

Primary

Secondary

Primary

Secondary

Primary

Secondary

Primary

Secondary

Year Cd Cd Cr Cr Cu Cu Hg Hg Ni Ni Pb Pb Zn Zn

1990 0.04 0.07 0.10 6.98 0.37 0.58 0.01 0.15 0.15 4.00 4.75 4.66 4.8 37.8

1991 0.03 0.07 0.09 5.34 0.26 0.50 0.01 0.14 0.15 4.00 3.66 3.99 2.9 27.4

1992 0.03 0.06 0.07 3.70 0.15 0.50 0.00 0.13 0.15 4.00 2.56 3.33 3.3 21.6

1993 0.03 0.05 0.07 3.06 0.13 0.50 0.00 0.13 0.13 4.00 1.29 2.46 2.6 19.4

1994 0.03 0.03 0.06 2.43 0.11 0.50 0.00 0.12 0.15 4.00 1.19 1.59 2.3 17.3

1995 0.03 0.02 0.05 1.79 0.10 0.50 0.00 0.11 0.14 3.83 1.09 0.71 2.5 15.2

1996 0.03 0.02 0.03 1.00 0.09 0.45 0.00 0.10 0.10 1.50 0.85 0.69 1.0 10.0

1997 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.80 0.08 0.40 0.00 0.08 0.06 1.00 0.61 0.66 0.9 8.0

1998 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.80 0.08 0.34 0.00 0.08 0.03 0.80 0.37 0.64 0.8 7.0

1999 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.70 0.05 0.29 0.00 0.08 0.04 0.50 0.23 0.62 0.8 4.4

2000 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.60 0.02 0.10 0.00 0.08 0.04 0.30 0.08 0.42 0.5 4.6

2001 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.50 0.02 0.07 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.29 0.08 0.25 0.5 3.9
72

Table 9.23 Reported metal emissions from iron and steel production 1990-2001

Year Cd (ton) Cr (ton) Cu (ton) Hg (ton) Ni (ton) Pb (ton) Zn(ton)

1990 0.22 12 2.0 0.27 7.3 21 78

1991 0.18 7.9 1.4 0.22 6.2 16 60

1992 0.17 6.2 1.2 0.23 6.9 12 44

1993 0.17 5.5 1.2 0.23 7.4 8.0 41

1994 0.15 4.9 1.3 0.23 8.2 6.7 40

1995 0.13 3.6 1.3 0.22 7.8 4.7 37

1996 0.13 1.9 1.1 0.19 3.0 3.9 21

1997 0.13 1.8 1.1 0.18 2.3 3.3 19

1998 0.13 1.7 0.93 0.17 1.7 2.5 17

1999 0.06 1.4 0.70 0.16 1.1 1.9 11

2000 0.03 1.3 0.27 0.17 0.75 1.1 11

2001 0.03 1.1 0.20 0.08 0.72 0.76 9.7

According to USEPA (1997), dioxin emissions from steel production are strongly

dependent on a number of parameters that are likely to vary between steel plants.

Whether steel is produced from primary metals or from scrap metal is one very

important factor, with the latter giving much higher dioxin emissions. Plant specific

data is therefore recommended, if available.

From Environmental Reports from the last two years, dioxin emission data for this

activity have been compiled in Table 9.24. For the years 2000 and 2001, the sum of the

reported dioxin emissions to air was 6.3 and 3.7 g TEQ, respectively. The calculated

implied emission factors from the individual plants show a fairly wide scatter (0.07 –13

μg/ton;Table 9.24). This range is similar to the total range of emission factors presented

by UNEP (2001), where high values represent contaminated scrap metal and low values

represent virgin iron.

Table 9.24 Dioxin emissions from iron and steel plants during 2000 according to

companies legal Environmental Reports, excl. iron ore sintering and

aluminum.

Process details Dioxin

(g TEQ)

Calculated emission factor

(μg/ton)

Primary steel 0.3 0.167

Sponge iron 0.0089 0.071

Electric arc furnace 0.2 0.470

Electric arc furnace 2.3 12.8

Electric arc furnace/steel plant 0.4 0.776

Electric arc furnace 0.015 0.109

Electric arc furnace 1 2.16

Electric arc furnace 2.1 8.14

Electric arc furnace/steel plant 0.023 0.334

Total 6.3

Since the emission factors vary widely depending on several process factors, no

straightforward calculations using an emission factor were made when compiling a time

series of national dioxin emissions from the iron and steel industry. Instead, the

estimates for the time period 1980-2001 are based on a combination of information

concerning production data for scrap-based steel, results from dioxin measurements,

earlier estimates and expert judgement in co-operation with the trade association

(Jernkontoret). The result is presented in Figure 9.5. The estimated emissions range

from approximately 30 g TEQ/year in the early 1980 ́s, to less than 5 g in 2001.
73

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

19801982198419861988199019921994199619982000

Dioxin emissions (g TEQ)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Secondary steel production (kton)

Dioxin emissions

Secondary steel production

Figure 9.5 Estimated dioxin emissions from secondary steel production, and

production statistics, 1980-2001.

Measurements of PAH emissions from electric arc furnaces in 1990 showed nondetectable levels of the four specified compounds of interest (Boström et al., 1993), thus

the emissions of PAH-4 from the steel industry were assumed to be insignificant, and

were not further considered.

9.5.2. Particles and metals from ferroalloys production (2C)

Ferroalloy production in Sweden occurs at one facility. The TSP emissions have been

calculated based on activity data provided by the company (1980-2001) and emission

factors derived from reported emissions of TSP in the company’s legal Environmental

Reports in later years. The calculated average emission factor has been used for all

years during 1990’s and was doubled for the period 1980-1989, as suggested by the

company experts (Table 9.25). The estimated time series of TSP emissions is presented

in Table 9.26. The size distribution of particulates between PM10 (95%) and PM2,5

(75%) has been estimated by an expert who has performed measurements at the facility

since the beginning of the 1980’s (Peterson, 2002). The same particle size distribution

was assumed for the whole time series.

Metals emitted to air from ferroalloy production are primarily Cr, Pb and Zn. Chromium

emission have been reported by Environmental Reports to the EMIR database since

1992. The chromium (Cr) emissions in the database and the activity data obtained from

the company have been used to calculate the emission factors. The mean implied

emission factor for 1992-1994 has been calculated and used for 1990-1991, and the

mean implied emission factor for 1990-2001 has been doubled and used for 1980-1989,

see Table 9.25. Zinc and lead emissions have only been sporadically reported to the

EMIR database during the 1990’s, therefore data from older Swedish EPA reports ( e.g

Swedish EPA reports 3429 (1988), 1570 (1982), Monitor 1982, Monitor 1987) have

been combined with the reported EMIR-data in order to calculate the emission factors

for the 1990’s. As for chromium the mean emission factor for zinc for 1990-2001 has
74

been doubled and used for 1980-1989. The calculated zinc emissions for 1980’s are

much lower than formerly reported for 1984 and 1985 (Swedish EPA report 3429).

Table 9.25 Emission factors for particles and metals (kg/ton alloy) from ferro alloys

production.

Year(s) TSP Pb Zn Cr

1980-1989 1.34 0.00035 0.017 0.10

1990-1995 0.67 0.00020 0.009 0.07-0.05

1996 0.67 0.00015 0.007 0.04

1997 0.67 0.00015 0.007 0.05

1998 0.67 0.00015 0.007 0.03

1999 0.68 0.00015 0.006 0.03

2000 0.66 0.00013 0.009 0.03

2001 0.66 0.00016 0.006 0.04

Table 9.26 Activity data for ferro alloys production, and emissions of particulate

matter and metals, 1980-2001.

Year Production,

kton alloy

TSP

(ton)

PM10

(ton)

PM2.5

(ton)

Pb

(ton)

Zn

(ton)

Cr

(ton)

1980 94.8 127 121 95 0.03 1.6 9.4

1981 113 151 144 113 0.04 1.9 11

1982 139 186 177 140 0.05 2.3 14

1983 107 143 136 107 0.04 1.8 11

1984 118 158 150 118 0.04 2.0 12

1985 123 164 156 123 0.04 2.0 12

1986 118 158 150 118 0.04 2.0 12

1987 122 164 156 123 0.04 2.0 12

1988 143 191 182 143 0.05 2.4 14

1989 124 166 158 125 0.04 2.1 12

1990 128 85 81 64 0.03 1.2 8.4

1991 136 91 86 68 0.03 1.3 8.9

1992 136 91 87 68 0.03 1.3 8.9

1993 136 91 86 68 0.03 1.3 9.7

1994 146 98 93 73 0.03 1.4 8.9

1995 147 99 94 74 0.03 1.4 7.0

1996 156 104 99 78 0.02 1.1 7.0

1997 120 80 76 60 0.02 0.9 5.5

1998 139 93 89 70 0.02 1.0 4.3

1999 133 91 86 68 0.02 0.8 3.8

2000 153 101 96 76 0.02 1.4 4.2

2001 128 85 81 64 0.02 0.8 4.8

9.5.3. Particles, metals and dioxins from primary and secondary non-ferrous

metal smelters

One large non-ferrous smelter and seven smaller facilities have been studied in order to

compile time series of emissions of particles and metals. Estimates of dioxin emissions

have only been possible to obtain for the large facility in their annual Environmental

Reports.

At the large smelter, a variety of processes occur, including both primary and secondary

processes, and a number of products are produced. This facility has a long history of

submitting environmental reports to the authorities, why emission estimates for all
75

substances were readily available, except for the size fractions of emitted particles

(Table 9.27).

Emission factors for PM10 and PM2.5, as fractions of emitted TSP, have for the period

before 1995 been assigned by expert judgement, in cooperation with company experts.

Fractions range from 60-95% for PM10 from 1980-2001 and from 30-80% for PM2.5

during the same period of time. The suggested emission factors from CEPMEIP

correspond to a value of 90% for PM10 and 80% for PM2.5, which were used for the later

period, e.g. 1995-2001.

Table 9.27 Time series of emissions of particles and metals from a large non-ferrous

smelter, 1980-2001.

Year TSP (ton) PM10 (ton) PM2.5 (ton) Hg (ton) Pb (ton) Cd (ton) Cu (ton) Zn (ton) As (ton)

1980 1585 951 476 0.64 213 3.20 137 142 56

1981 1480 888 444 0.74 173 3.00 108 169 37

1982 1411 847 423 0.74 198 4.30 77 170 35

1983 1400 840 420 0.64 186 6.50 80 192 47

1984 857 686 429 0.74 103 2.50 42 122 39

1985 997 798 499 0.54 101 2.70 41 145 40

1986 984 787 492 0.37 67 1.70 232 81 24

1987 450 383 270 0.26 73 1.40 46 62 12

1988 317 276 206 0.31 64 0.90 38 38 6.0

1989 250 218 163 0.19 48 0.90 20 31 5.3

1990 250 218 163 0.18 52 1.32 18 33 4.7

1991 230 200 150 0.11 40 0.81 17 35 3.2

1992 200 174 130 0.08 32 0.74 24 25 3.2

1993 167 145 109 0.06 22 0.48 14 27 1.9

1994 101 91 71 0.04 13 0.17 5.0 23 0.7

1995 63 60 50 0.06 8.6 0.16 4.5 11 0.8

1996 65 62 52 0.10 6.0 0.15 5.2 12 0.5

1997 97 92 78 0.08 7.2 0.17 6.2 13 0.6

1998 79 75 63 0.07 6.3 0.12 4.2 13 0.5

1999 67 64 54 0.20 5.6 0.07 2.3 7.8 0.2

2000 57 54 46 0.10 3.8 0.06 1.9 6.2 0.2

2001 57 54 45 0.09 5.0 0.14 1.6 9.0 0.4

Emissions of particles and metals from seven smaller secondary non-ferrous metal

smelters have been compiled. Emissions, presented in Table 9.28, are for TSP and the

metals as reported by the companies in Environmental Reports, and further into the

EMIR database. The inclusion of data into EMIR has, unfortunately not been consistent,

and several instances of missing values have had to be interpolated in order to complete

the time series. Emissions, as a total from this category, are generally low, and no

further attempts to track missing data were made. Estimates of the emissions of PM10

and PM2.5 were made using the same assumptions concering particle size fractions as

was applied for the large smelter, i.e PM10 and PM2.5 from 90-95% and 70-80% of TSP

respectively for the period 1990-2001.
76

Table 9.28 Emissions of particles and metals from small non-ferrous metal smelters,

1990-2001.

Year TSP

(ton)

PM10

(ton)

PM2.5

(ton)

Pb

(ton)

Cd

(ton)

Cu

(ton)

Zn

(ton)

As

(ton)

Cr

(ton)

Hg

(ton)

Ni

(ton)

1990 8 7 6 0.465 0.013 0.038 0.623 0.001 0.017 0.005 0.002

1991 11 10 8 1.019 0.027 0.069 0.924 0.001 0.017 0.004 0.002

1992 9 8 6 0.454 0.017 0.058 0.744 0.001 0.017 0.007 0.002

1993 9 8 6 0.525 0.018 0.064 0.573 0.001 0.017 <0.001 0.001

1994 5 5 4 0.349 0.010 0.029 0.519 0.001 0.005 0.007 0.003

1995 5 5 4 0.190 0.011 0.021 0.208 0.001 0.018 0.004 0.011

1996 5 5 4 0.086 0.005 0.021 0.181 0.001 0.016 0.004 0.002

1997 5 5 4 0.065 0.005 0.008 0.170 0.002 0.014 0.003 0.002

1998 4 4 4 0.073 0.004 0.008 0.176 0.002 0.012 0.003 0.002

1999 4 4 3 0.082 0.004 0.008 0.151 0.001 0.010 0.002 0.002

2000 4 4 4 0.148 0.004 0.004 0.141 0.001 0.008 0.002 0.002

2001 5 4 4 0.224 0.006 0.005 0.132 0.001 0.006 0.002 0.002

Primary non-ferrous metal production is not associated with major dioxin emissions to

air. From secondary processes, however, dioxin emissions are known to occur. No

information has been available for the smaller secondary non-ferrous metal smelters, but

data have been obtained from the large non-ferrous smelter mentioned above. Dioxin

emissions during 2001, for different processes at the smelter, are displayed in Table

9.29. Emission measurements started ca 1985, but we have only been able to find

emission data from 1990 onwards, displayed in Table 9.30 (pers. comm. with M.

Borell). The major dioxin sources are metal recovery from electronic waste (associated

with secondary production of several metals including copper) and secondary zinc

production. These emissions display variations over time (Figure 9.6). While the decline

in emission from electronic waste recovery is due to improved flue gas cleaning that

was installed in November 1997, there is no obvious explanation for the increasing

emissions from secondary zinc production.

Table 9.29 Dioxin emissions from the large metal smelting plant during 2001,

according to their environmental report.

Activity TEQ gram/yr

Clinker plant 0.14

Converter ventilation 0.022

Sulphuric acid production 0.002

Sulphur products 0.02

“Slagfuming” (secondary Zn) 1.48

Lead kaldo (recovery of

electronic waste)

0.034

Sum 1.698
77

Year

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

g TEQ Eadon /yr

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

Electronic waste 

Secondary Zn 

Figure 9.6 Dioxin emissions from the large metal smelting plant during 1990-2001.

Table 9.30 Total dioxin emissions from the metal smelting plant 1990-2001

Year Dioxins

g TEQ

1990 0.53

1991 0.23

1992 0.33

1993 0.21

1994 0.3

1995 0.19

1996 0.28

1997 1.94

1998 0.744

1999 0.684

2000 0.866

2001 1.756

9.5.4. Particles and PAH from primary aluminium production (2C)

There is only one primary aluminium production facility in Sweden. The facility

consists of two plants. The first plant includes 56 closed pre-baked ovens, each of 150

kA. In the second plant, there are 3 pre-baked ovens and 259 open ovens with so-called

Söderberg anodes. The anodes are produced in the electrode pulp factory. The time

series of emissions that have been compiled from primary aluminium production

include emissions of particles and PAH.

Information concerning production statistics and emissions of TSP and BaP were

provided by industry, and only a few missing years have had to be interpolated.

The particle size fractions of PM10 and PM2.5 have been assumed for the whole time

period, as given in the CEPMEIP-project for primary aluminium production. The

assumption is thus that PM10 constitutes 95% and PM2.5 43% of the reported TSP

emissions.
78

Emissions of benzo(a)pyrene and “PAH” have been reported from the facility as far

back as 1984. It is not known which compounds are included in the term “PAH”. In

1984 and 1986, BaP emissions occurred from plant 1 and 2. From 1987 and onwards,

emissions were reported to occur only from plant 2, which represents the production of

Söderberg anodes and anode baking in the so-called Söderberg ovens.

The reported BaP emissions were given in g/h, which was converted to g/year, given an

annual operation time of 8760 h. Emission factors expressed in g/ton were then derived

based on the annually produced amounts of Al. For some missing years, the emission

factors were interpolated.

Table 9.31 shows derived emission factors for the four PAH substances, where the

profile between BaP and the other three PAH substances was obtained from the

Emission Inventory Guidebook (EEA, 2001).

Table 9.31 Emission factors (g/ton Al) for BaP, BkF+BbF and Ind for aluminium

production in Sweden (Industrial information for BaP, profiles from EEA,

2001)

Year 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996* 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

BaP 22.4 19.7 16.9 5.9 12.6 17.9 14.4 19.1 13 10.4 13 13.7 15.7 9 17.4 22.9 11.1 13.9

BkF + BbF 49.4 43.3 37.2 13 27.8 39.3 31.7 42 28.6 22.8 28.5 30.1 34.6 19.9 38.2 50.4 24.4 30.5

Ind 11.2 9.8 8.5 2.9 6.3 8.9 7.2 9.5 6.5 5.2 6.5 6.8 7.9 4.5 8.7 11.4 5.6 6.9

* Interpolated emission factors for BaP.

Time series of production statistics and of reported emissions of TSP and

benzo(a)pyrene, as well as calulated emissions of PM10, PM2.5, benzo(b)fluoranthen

+benzo(k)fluoranthene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene and the resulting sum of PAH-4 are

presented in Table 9.32. The estimated time series of PAH emissions are also presented

in Figure 9.7.
79

Table 9.32 Total production and emissions of particles and PAH-species from primary

aluminium production, 1980-2001.

Production, of

aluminium (kton)

TSP (ton)

PM10 (ton)

PM2.5 (ton)

benso(a)pyrene,BaP

(ton)

benso(b)fluoranthene+

benso(k)fluoranthene

BbF+ BkF (ton)

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene

ind (ton)

Total PAH-4

(ton)

1980 81.2 485 461 207 na* na na na

1981 83.5 474 450 203 na na na na

1982 78.6 447 424 191 na na na na

1983 82.0 389 369 166 na na na na

1984 82.8 535 508 229 1.8 4.1 0.9 6.87

1985 83.5 385 365 164 1.6 3.6 0.8 6.08

1986 77.7 287 273 123 1.3 2.9 0.6 4.86

1987 81.5 110 105 47 0.4 1.0 0.2 1.62

1988 99.2 148 141 63 1.0 2.1 0.5 3.56

1989 97.0 261 248 112 1.3 2.9 0.6 4.86

1990 96.3 325 309 139 1.0 2.3 0.5 3.89

1991 96.9 258 245 110 1.4 3.1 0.7 5.19

1992 77.2 216 206 92 0.7 1.5 0.4 2.59

1993 82.4 215 204 92 0.6 1.3 0.3 2.27

1994 83.9 203 193 87 0.8 1.7 0.4 2.92

1995 95.1 247 235 106 1.0 2.2 0.5 3.66

1996 98.7 190 181 81 1.2 2.6 0.6 4.40

1997 98.8 228 216 97 0.7 1.5 0.3 2.53

1998 96.3 344 327 147 1.3 2.8 0.6 4.70

1999 99.3 247 235 106 1.7 3.8 0.9 6.45

2000 101.3 223 212 95 0.9 1.9 0.4 3.21

2001 101.8 214 203 91 1.1 2.4 0.5 4.05

* na, not available

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Emissions (kg)

Ind

BkF+BbF

BaP

Figure 9.7 Estimated emissions of PAH-4 between 1984 and 2001 from primary

aluminium production, based on reported BaP emissions.
80

According to UNEP (2001) primary production of aluminium has no significant

emissions of dioxins to air. This was confirmed by mesurements made at the facility in

the late 1970 ́s and early 1980 ́. The measurements in the early 1980 ́s did not result in

any detectable amounts.

9.5.5. Dioxins from secondary aluminium production

The secondary production of aluminium in Sweden has amounted to ca 25 000 ton/yr

during 1995-2000 (USGS, 2000). Compared to primary aluminium production, this

process has a stronger potential for dioxin formation due to impurities, e.g. various

plastics, in the metal source. The environmental report for 2001 from one of the major

plants shows that 0.063 g TEQ was emitted to air and that 29 560 ton Al was produced.

This translates to an emission factor of 2 μg TEQ/ton Al, compared to the range of 0.5-

150 μg TEQ/ton Al presented in UNEP (2001). No emission data has been found for

previous years. While considering the wide range of default emission factors and the

apparently low contribution of this activity to the national total, no estimates for

previous years have been done.

9.6. Other production (2D)

9.6.1. Particles, metals, PAH and dioxins from the pulp and paper industry

(2D1)

Forty-two individual pulp and paper facilities are included in the estimates, as well as

two manufacturers of board. The kraft process is dominating in Sweden but there are

also six sulphite and 14 CTMP (Chemo Thermo Mechanical Pulp) or TMP (Thermo

Mechanical Pulp) facilities.

Time series of emissions of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, metals, dioxins and PAH-4 for the period

1980-2001 have been compiled. Calculations were made based on production statistics,

emission factors and for the size distribution of particles, expert judgement. Emission

factors were derived based on reported data from different plants and on information

from published reports (as referred below). Calculated emission factors are presented in

Table 9.33 to Table 9.36.

The emission factors for particles have, when considered neccessary, been separately

assigned for the sulfite and the Kraft process (Table 9.36). (EPA 1997, Moisio 1999,

SSVL 24 Branschutredningar DP 8, SSVL 85-Rapport nr 53)

The emission factors for metals that are presented in Table 9.33 represent conditions

during the 1980 ́s, and are primarily derived from actual measurement results (EPA

1997, SSVL Miljö 2000 Rapport nr 2, NCASI-reports and internal IVL material). These

emission factors refer to emission per produced unit, and are used to estimate emissions

during the 1980 ́s. From around 1990 abatement techniques were more widely

introduced, resulting in a total lowering of particle emissions/unit produced, and also in

a changed composition of the particle emissions towards a larger share of smaller

particles. The emitted particle bound metals are to a large extent associated with the

smaller particles. This fact has been considered in the estimates of metal emissions, in

such a way that between 1991-2001 the metal emissions have been assumed to

constitute a larger share of the calculated TSP-emissions see also chapter 7.5. (Table

9.34). For Hg, which primarily is emitted in gaseous form, the emission factor in Table
81

9.33 has been used for the whole time period. Arsenic (As) has been treated similarly,

since it is emitted partly in gaseous form.

The emission factor for dioxin in Table 9.35 is valid for 1995-2001, when chlorine

bleaching had been phased out. Between 1980-1994 the emission factor, 0.06 μg/ton,

has been multiplied with a factor of 5 in the beginning of the 1980 ́s down to a factor of

1.2 in 1994.

Table 9.33 Emission factors for metals from pulp production, valid for the 1980 ́s

(mg/t90#

).

Substance Emission factor,

Kraft process

1980-1990

Emission factor,

Sulfite process

1980-1990

Unit

As 0.02 0.002 mg/t90

Cd 0.013 * mg/t90

Cr 0.032 0.01 mg/t90

Cu 0.060 0.1 mg/t90

Hg** 0.002 * mg/t90

Ni 0.070 * mg/t90

Pb 0.060 * mg/t90

Zn 0.120 * mg/t90 #

 t90, 90% of the production in ton, a measure of product to the market

*Emission factor for the Sulfite process is the same as for the Kraft process

** Valid for the whole time period, 1980-2001

Table 9.34 Calculated emission factors for metals in relation to emitted TSP for pulp

and paper production.

Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn

Year kg/ton TSP

1980 0.005 0.01 0.04 0.001 0.03 0.02

1985 0.007 0.02 0.05 0.001 0.04 0.03

1990 0.009 0.02 0.07 0.001 0.05 0.04

1995 0.010 0.02 0.07 0.002 0.05 0.05

2000 0.012 0.03 0.08 0.003 0.06 0.05

Table 9.35 Emission factors for PAH-4 (1980-2001) and for dioxins (1995-2001).

Substance Emission factor Unit

PAH(4)* 0.0022 g/t90

Dioxin** 0.06 μg/t90

* valid for the whole time period

** valid for 1995-2001
82

Table 9.36 Time series of emission factors for particles and dioxin, 1980-2001.

Kraft process

Year Black liqour

recovery furnace

Smelt

dissolver

Lime kiln Sulfite process Both processes

TSP TSP TSP TSP PM10 PM2.5 Dioxin

kg/ton kg/ton kg/ton kg/ton fraction of

TSP

fraction of

TSP

factor*

1980 2.0 0.25 0.3 2.0 0.85 0.60 5*EF

1981 1.9 0.25 0.3 1.7 0.85 0.60 5*EF

1982 1.8 0.25 0.3 1.7 0.85 0.60 5*EF

1983 1.7 0.25 0.3 1.5 0.85 0.60 5*EF

1984 1.6 0.25 0.3 1.5 0.85 0.60 5*EF

1985 1.5 0.25 0.3 1.2 0.85 0.60 4*EF

1986 1.4 0.25 0.3 1.2 0.90 0.65 4*EF

1987 1.3 0.25 0.3 0.9 0.90 0.65 3*EF

1988 1.2 0.25 0.3 0.7 0.90 0.65 3*EF

1989 1.1 0.25 0.3 0.6 0.90 0.65 2*EF

1990 1.0 0.25 0.3 0.5 0.90 0.65 2*EF

1991 0.9 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.95 0.70 1.5*EF

1992 0.9 0.25 0.3 0.2 0.95 0.70 1.5*EF

1993 0.9 0.25 0.3 0.1 0.95 0.70 1.2*EF

1994 0.7 0.25 0.3 0.1 0.95 0.70 1.2*EF

1995 0.6 0.25 0.3 0.1 0.95 0.70 1*EF

1996 0.6 0.25 0.25 0.1 0.95 0.75 1*EF

1997 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.1 0.95 0.75 1*EF

1998 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.1 0.95 0.75 1*EF

1999 0.5 0.15 0.20 0.1 0.95 0.75 1*EF

2000 0.4 0.15 0.20 0.1 0.95 0.75 1*EF

2001 0.4 0.15 0.20 0.1 0.95 0.75 1*EF

* EF= emission factor for 1995-2001 (Table 9.35).

Estimated time series of emissions from the pulp and paper industry for 1980-2001 are

presented in Table 9.37. The emissions of PAH 4 are very low (0.01-0.02 ton/year), and

the dioxin emissions have decreased from this source from approximately 2 g TEQ/year

in the early 1980 ́s to about 0.5 g TEQ/year in later years (Miljövänlig tillverkning av

blekt massa. Rapport nr 96, SSVL85 Rapport nr 28, SSVL Miljö 90 Rapport nr 1, SSVL

Miljö 90 Rapport nr 80). In Figure 9.8 the estimated particle emissions are shown,

together with production statistics. The figure shows that the specific emissions of

particles have decreased substantially over this period of time. The emissions of metals

(Figure 9.9) have also declined but according to the discussion above not as much,

relatively, as the decrease in TSP emissions. The smaller particles, which in later years

constitutes a relatively larger share of the TSP emissions, contains proportionally more

metals.
83

Table 9.37 Emissions from pulp and paper production 1980-2001.

Year TSP

ton

PM10

ton

PM2.5

ton

PAH-4

ton

Dioxin

g TEQ

As

ton

Cd

ton

Cr

ton

Cu

ton

Hg

ton

Ni

ton

Pb

ton

Zn

ton

1980 15770 13410 9460 0.01 1.9 0.11 0.08 0.18 0.60 0.01 0.45 0.38 0.77

1981 14890 12660 8940 0.01 1.9 0.12 0.08 0.18 0.60 0.01 0.45 0.38 0.76

1982 12930 10990 7760 0.01 1.7 0.11 0.07 0.17 0.54 0.01 0.40 0.34 0.69

1983 13930 11840 8360 0.01 1.9 0.12 0.08 0.19 0.61 0.01 0.45 0.39 0.78

1984 14190 12060 8520 0.02 2.1 0.13 0.09 0.20 0.65 0.01 0.48 0.41 0.82

1985 12830 10900 7700 0.01 1.6 0.12 0.09 0.19 0.63 0.01 0.46 0.39 0.79

1986 12420 11180 8070 0.01 1.6 0.13 0.09 0.20 0.64 0.01 0.46 0.40 0.80

1987 12170 10950 7910 0.02 1.3 0.13 0.09 0.21 0.67 0.01 0.49 0.42 0.83

1988 11660 10500 7580 0.02 1.3 0.14 0.09 0.21 0.68 0.01 0.50 0.43 0.85

1989 10850 9770 7050 0.02 0.8 0.13 0.09 0.21 0.68 0.01 0.49 0.42 0.85

1990 9580 8620 6230 0.01 0.8 0.13 0.09 0.20 0.64 0.01 0.47 0.40 0.80

1991 9290 8830 6500 0.02 0.6 0.13 0.09 0.20 0.65 0.01 0.48 0.42 0.83

1992 9060 8610 6340 0.02 0.6 0.13 0.09 0.19 0.63 0.01 0.47 0.40 0.81

1993 9250 8790 6480 0.02 0.5 0.13 0.09 0.20 0.67 0.01 0.49 0.42 0.85

1994 7940 7540 5550 0.02 0.5 0.11 0.08 0.17 0.57 0.01 0.42 0.36 0.72

1995 7420 7050 5200 0.02 0.4 0.11 0.07 0.17 0.54 0.01 0.40 0.34 0.68

1996 7020 6660 5260 0.02 0.4 0.10 0.07 0.15 0.50 0.01 0.37 0.32 0.63

1997 6800 6460 5100 0.02 0.5 0.11 0.07 0.16 0.52 0.02 0.38 0.33 0.65

1998 6710 6370 5030 0.02 0.5 0.10 0.07 0.15 0.50 0.02 0.37 0.32 0.63

1999 5820 5520 4360 0.02 0.5 0.09 0.06 0.14 0.44 0.02 0.32 0.28 0.56

2000 5760 5480 4320 0.02 0.5 0.10 0.07 0.15 0.49 0.02 0.36 0.31 0.61

2001 5720 5430 4290 0.02 0.5 0.10 0.07 0.15 0.48 0.02 0.35 0.30 0.60

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

19801982198419861988199019921994199619982000

Year

Emissions, ton

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Production, kton

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

Kraft process

Sulfite process

Figure 9.8 Emissions of particles from pulp production (ton) and production statistics

for the Kraft process and Sulfite process (kton).
84

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

Year

ton

Zn

Cu

Ni

Pb

Cr

As

Cd

Hg

Figure 9.9 Emissions of metals from pulp- and paper production 1980-2001 (ton)

10. Solvent and product use (NFR 3)

Emissions from tobacco smoking, the use of fireworks and from the wood preservation

industry were studied as sources to emissions from product use. From tobacco smoking,

emissions of particles and PAH were estimated and from fireworks only the particle

emissions. Dioxin emissions from the wood preservation industry are discussed and

stated to be negligible.

The time series for particulate emissions have been compiled for 1980-2001.

Calculations were based on activity data from statistics on sold amount of tobacco

(Statistical yearbook of Sweden) and fireworks (Sweden ́s Statistical Databases)

respectively. Emission factors from the CEPMEIP study have been used. All particle

emissions are considered to consist only of small particles, PM2.5.There is also some

information available on metal emissions from fireworks, and this issue will be studied

further in teh future.

10.1. Emissions from solvent and product use

Particle emissions from product use presented in Figure 10.1. The sum of emissions

from tobacco smoking and from the use of fireworks has been estimated to about 700

tons in later years. Emissions from tobacco smoking have decreased since less tobacco

is sold, while emissions from the use of fireworks have increased, due to an increased

use of fireworks.
85

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

19801982198419861988199019921994199619982000

TSP, PM10 and PM2.5, ton

Total

Tobacco smoking

Use of fireworks

Figure 10.1 Emissions of particles from product use (ton). All particles are considered

to be PM2.5.

10.1.1. Particles and PAH from tobacco smoking (3D)

Emissions of particles from tobacco smoking were estimated based on official statistical

sales figures and the emission factors suggested in the CEPMEIP project. According to

CEPMEIP all particles are small and consequently the emission factor the same for

TSP, PM10 and PM2.5. Activity data and estimated emissions are presented in Table

10.1. The statistics on tobacco is given in number of cigars, cigarills and cigarettes. The

figure for 1995 on ton tobacco consumed in Sweden according to the CEPMEIP project

was used as a conversion factor to calculate tons of tobacco each year from the available

statistics.

Rogge et al. (1994) measured emissions of organic substances from cigarette smoking.

Several PAH substances were identified in the smoke, however, only one of the four

PAHs investigated here was found, at an emission rate of 5.4 × 10-4 mg/cigarette.

Multiplied by the total number of cigarettes sold, this yields an annual emission of

PAH-4 of 0.8 g, which can be regarded as negligible. Although a significant additional

number of cigarettes is likely to be consumed, as a result of smuggling, the emissions

are assumed to be insignificant in comparison to other sources. Cigarettes were thus not

further considered as emission source for PAHs in this inventory.
86

Table 10.1 Activity data, emission factor and emissions of particles from tobacco

smoking.

Emission factor for TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 Emissions of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5

Year ton

tobacco

ton/ton ton

1980 11300* 0.04 452

1981 11306 0.04 452

1982 11865 0.04 475

1983 11365 0.04 455

1984 11302 0.04 452

1985 10954 0.04 438

1986 11009 0.04 440

1987 10900 0.04 436

1988 10981 0.04 439

1989 10747 0.04 430

1990 10449 0.04 418

1991 10387 0.04 415

1992 10796 0.04 432

1993 8592 0.04 344

1994 8568 0.04 343

1995 7988 0.04 320

1996 8132 0.04 325

1997 5905 0.04 236

1998 5650 0.04 226

1999 6748 0.04 270

2000 6932 0.04 277

2001 6900* 0.04 276

* No data available, data have been assumed.

10.1.2. Particles from the use of fireworks (3D)

Particle emissions from the use of fireworks have been estimated based on sales

statistics and emission factors from the CEPMEIP project. The sales statistics is

available from 1988-2001, given as ton fireworks sold. In the CEPMEIP project an

emission factor is suggested as ton particulate matter/inhabitant. Using the information

for 1995 on this emission factor, number of inhabitants and tons of fireworks sold an

emission factor of 0.156 ton PM/ton fireworks could be calculated. According to

CEPMEIP all particles emitted are PM2.5. The activity data for 1980-1987 have been

assumed, based on the available data for the later period, which show an increasing

trend in the use of fireworks. An increasing tendency has been applied also to the years

where activity data are lacking. In Table 10.2 activity data and calculated emissions are

presented. The particle emissions from this source are small compared to most other

national sources.
87

Table 10.2 Activity data and emissions of particles for the use of fireworks. Activity

data for 1980-1987 have been assumed.

Year Import (ton) Emissions of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 (ton)

1980 650 101

1981 700 109

1982 750 117

1983 800 125

1984 850 132

1985 900 140

1986 950 148

1987 1000 156

1988 1045 163

1989 909 142

1990 1276 199

1991 1350 210

1992 1652 257

1993 1606 250

1994 1512 235

1995 1985 309

1996 2123 331

1997 2184 340

1998 2322 362

1999 2460 383

2000 2598 404

2001 2736 426

10.1.3. Dioxin from the wood preservation industry

In the European Dioxin Inventory (EDI) it is estimated that ca 8 g TEQ/yr is emitted

from wood preservation with pentachlorophenol in Sweden. This is based on an

uncorrect assumption, because the use of PCP has not been permitted since 1978 in

Sweden. The conclusion is that there is no reason to believe that wood preservation in

Sweden is associated with significant dioxin emissions.

11. Agriculture (NFR 4)

Included in the estimates of particles from agricultural activities for 1980-2001 are

emissions from handling of fertilisers, from handling of crops and particulate emissions

from livestock farming. All emission factors are as suggested in the CEPMEIP study,

and no changes in emission factors over time have been assumed.

The calulated emissions of TSP from the agricultural sector are substantial, where the

major part according to the calculations arises from livestock farming (Figure 11.1). In

later years estimated TSP emissions from livestock farming contribute approximately

8% of the calculated national total emissions of TSP. Unlike most other sources, the

fraction of large particles is comparatively high from these sources (Figure 11.2). The

contribution to the national totals of PM10 and PM2.5 is thus lower, relatively, than for

TSP.
88

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

6 000

7 000

8 000

9 000

1980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton TSP

Fertilizers

Crops

Livestock farming

Figure 11.1 Estimated emissions of TSP from the agricultural sector, ton TSP.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

1980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001

ton

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

Figure 11.2 Calcualted emissions of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 from the agricultural sector.

11.1. Activity data for the agricultural sector

Estimates of emissions from fertilizer use are based on activity data from official

statistics on sold amount of commercial fertilizer to agriculture and horticulture
89

(Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics). The fertilizers taken into consideration are both

single and combined fertilizers.

Particle emissions from handling of crop have been estimated based on official statistics

where activity data have been aggregated and include figures on harvested and imported

amounts of wheat, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, buckwheat, maize and leguminous plants.

Activity data used to estimate particle emissions from livestock farming were from

statistics on the number of animals, using the sub-groups cattle (including horses), pigs,

chicken and other poultry.

11.2. Emissions of from the agricultural sector (4G)

11.2.1. Particles from storage and handling of fertilizers

Emissions of particles from storage and handling of fertilizers have been estimated

based on national sales statistics on single and combined artificial fertilizers, and

emission factors suggested by the CEPMEIP project (Table 11.1). The results of the

calculation, as well as the activity data as sold amount of fertilizer are presented in

Table 11.2.

Table 11.1 Emission factors for particles from storage and handling of fertilizers (from

the CEPMEIP project).

TSP PM10 PM2.5

0.0001 0.000032 0.000004 ton/ton

Table 11.2 Sold amount of fertilizers and calculated particle emissions from storage

and handling of fertilizers 1980-2001.

Year Sold amount of fertilizer Emission TSP Emission PM10 Emission PM2.5

kton ton ton ton

1980 1495 150 48 6

1981 1523 152 49 6

1982 1542 154 49 6

1983 1571 157 50 6

1984 1498 150 48 6

1985 1404 140 45 6

1986 1380 138 44 6

1987 1341 134 43 5

1988 1314 131 42 5

1989 1247 125 40 5

1990 1131 113 36 5

1991 900 90 29 4

1992 1047 105 33 4

1993 1105 111 35 4

1994 1051 105 34 4

1995 967 97 31 4

1996 1028 103 33 4

1997 1036 104 33 4

1998 882 88 28 4

1999 954 95 31 4

2000 950* 95 30 4

2001 950* 95 30 4

* Data for 2000 and 2001 were not available and have been assumed
90

11.2.2. Particles from storage and handling of agricultural crops

Particle emissions from storage and handling of agricultural crops (and products) were

calculated based on official statistics on production and import. Crops considered were

wheat, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, buckwheat, maize and leguminous plants. Emission

factors from CEPMEIP were used for the entire time period 1980-2001. No distinction

between emission factors for different crops is made by CEPMEIP, and all crops are

assigned the same emission factors (Table 11.3). The sum of the amounts of produced

(harvested) and imported crop as well as calculated emissions of particles is presented

in Table 11.4.

Table 11.3 Emissions factors for particles from storage and handling of crops (from

CEPMEIP).

TSP (ton/ton) PM10 (ton/ton) PM2.5 (ton/ton)

0.0001 0.000025 0.000004

Table 11.4 Total amount of crop, imported and produced, and emissions of particles

1980-2001.

Year Amount of crop

(kton)

Emissions

TSP

(ton)

PM10

(ton)

PM2.5

(ton)

1980 3415 342 85 14

1981 3669 367 92 15

1982 3916 392 98 16

1983 3822 382 96 15

1984 4585 459 115 18

1985 3718 372 93 15

1986 4148 415 104 17

1987 3683 368 92 15

1988 4932 493 123 20

1989 5602 560 140 22

1990 6490 649 162 26

1991 5157 516 129 21

1992 3764 376 94 15

1993 5060 506 126 20

1994 4276 428 107 17

1995 4494 449 112 18

1996 5600 560 140 22

1997 5754 575 144 23

1998 5493 549 137 22

1999 4969 497 124 20

2000 5604 560 140 22

2001 5604 560 140 22

*Activity data for 2001 were not available and have been assumed to equal 2000

11.2.3. Particle emissions from livestock farming

Statistics on the number of cattle, pigs, chicken (slaughter chicken from The Swedish

Poultry Meat Association), other poultry and horses (information from the Riding

Association) was used together with emission factors from the CEPMEIP project (Table

11.5) to estimate particle emissions from livestock farming. Emission factors are based

on measurements from North European stables (Takai et al, 1998) and are considered
91

primarily to arise from feeding activities, faecal material and from bedding, with lesser

contributions from skin, hair, mould, pollen grains and insect parts (Klimont et al 2002).

No national information concerning particle emissions from this source is available. The

calculated time series of emissions is presented in Table 11.6. According to the

calculations it constitutes quite a large part of the total national emissions, especially of

TSP.

Table 11.5 Emission factors for particle emissions from livestock farming.

CEPMEIP EF TSP EF PM10 EF PM2.5

poultry, chickens 8.3093E-05 3.7429E-05 8.3093E-06 ton/year/animal

poultry, other poultry 0.00055395 0.00024953 5.5395E-05 ton/year/animal

live stock, pigs 0.00060628 0.0002731 6.0628E-05 ton/year/animal

stock, cattle 0.00088825 0.00040011 8.8825E-05 ton/year/animal

Table 11.6 Estimated emissions of particles from livestock farming 1980-2001.

Year

TSP

ton

PM10

ton

PM2.5

ton

1980 7211 3248 721

1981 7094 3195 709

1982 7343 3308 734

1983 7634 3439 763

1984 7524 3389 752

1985 7549 3400 755

1986 7397 3332 740

1987 7204 3245 720

1988 7242 3262 724

1989 7334 3304 733

1990 7441 3352 744

1991 7294 3286 729

1992 7418 3342 742

1993 7256 3269 726

1994 7433 3348 743

1995 7482 3370 748

1996 7343 3308 734

1997 7371 3320 737

1998 7152 3222 715

1999 7136 3214 714

2000 7005 3155 701

*2001 7005 3155 701

*Data on number of animals for 2001 have been assumed equal to 2000, no new information available.

12. Waste (NFR 6)

Emission estimates from the waste sector include incineration of hazardous waste

(including also cremation) and also various types of fires such as forest fires, landfill

fires, bonfires and open burning of garden waste. Combustion of municipal waste is

accounted for in the energy sector, since it is used as fuel for energy production

(Chapter 7).

The emitted substances that were covered in the waste sector are mercury (Hg), dioxins,

PAH-4 and particles.
92

For accidental fires, activity data as to annual forested area affected by forest fires, has

been obtained from the Swedish Rescue Services Agency (Räddningsverket) for the

period 1996-2000. Information on forest volume and species corresponding to this area

was obtained from “ForestSweden on the Internet” (www.skogssverige.se). In order to

estimate emission of PAH, emission factors from USEPA were used, while emission

factors for open burning of waste suggested by CEPMEIP were used to estimate

emissions of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5.

12.1. Emissions from incineration of hazardous waste (6C)

12.1.1. Mercury, PAH and dioxins from cremation

Estimated emissions of mercury, Hg, (1990-2001), PAH-4 (1980-2001) and dioxin

(1980-2001) from cremation have been calculated based on emission factors and

statistics on number of annual cremations. For mercury, from the late 1990 ́s abatement

techniques have been considered in the estimations of mercury emission. An expert

(Åkesson, regional county administration, Skåne) has provided emission estimates for

Hg, given for each year as an interval. Reported emissions are the average of the

intervals. In Table 12.1 the calculated implied emission factors for mercury are

presented. Emission factors used to calculate PAH-emissions from cremation are from

USEPA and for dioxin a suggested emission factor from the European Dioxin Inventory

was used.

UNEP presents emission factors for dioxins in the range 0.4 – 90 μg TEQ/cremation,

while the earlier Swedish Inventory (deWit, unpubl) suggested 6-12 μg TEQ/cremation,

referred in the European Dioxin Inventory. An average of 9 μg TEQ/cremation has been

selected in the present emission estimates (Table 12.1). This agrees with a recent

experimental study (6-13 μg TEQ/cremation; Wang et al., 2003). The number of annual

cremations has increased from 47 000 to 65 000 over the period, and associated dioxin

emissions have thus increased from 0.42 g TEQ in 1980 to 0.58 g TEQ during 2001.

For PAH, only benzo(a)pyrene is considered to be emitted from cremation according to

USEPA (1998). Calculated emissions of BaP from cremation are presented in Table

12.2, from which it is clear that the emissions of benzo(a)pyrene are very small.

Table 12.1 Emission factors for dioxins, benso(a)pyrene and mercury from cremation.

Substance Time period Emission factor Unit Reference

Dioxin 1980-2001 9 μg TEQ/cremation derived from EDI

B(a)P 1980-2001 0.0001 mg/cremation US EPA

Hg 1980-1991 0.004 kg/cremation Calculated implied emission

factor

Hg 1992-1995 0.005 kg/cremation -“-

Hg 1996-1997 0.004 kg/cremation -“-

Hg 1998-1999 0.003 kg/cremation -“-

Hg 2000-2001 0.002 kg/cremation -“-
93

Table 12.2 Time series of annual estimated emissions of mercury (Hg), dioxins and

benzo(a)pyrene from cremation 1980-2001.

Emissions

Year Number of

cremations

Hg

ton

Dioxin

g TEQ

benzo(a)pyrene

ton

1980 47 130 0.20 0.42 4.71E-09

1981 48 286 0.20 0.43 4.83E-09

1982 48 930 0.20 0.44 4.89E-09

1983 49 426 0.21 0.44 4.94E-09

1984 49 866 0.21 0.45 4.99E-09

1985 52 828 0.22 0.48 5.28E-09

1986 53 307 0.23 0.48 5.33E-09

1987 54 689 0.23 0.49 5.47E-09

1988 56 366 0.24 0.51 5.64E-09

1989 56 201 0.25 0.51 5.62E-09

1990 58 093 0.26 0.52 5.81E-09

1991 59 607 0.27 0.54 5.96E-09

1992 60 385 0.28 0.54 6.04E-09

1993 61 237 0.29 0.55 6.12E-09

1994 60 221 0.29 0.54 6.02E-09

1995 60 824 0.29 0.55 6.08E-09

1996 61 734 0.28 0.56 6.17E-09

1997 62 953 0.27 0.57 6.3E-09

1998 63 273 0.22 0.57 6.33E-09

1999 64 814 0.18 0.58 6.48E-09

2000 64 867 0.12 0.58 6.49E-09

2001 *65 000 0.12 0.58 6.52E-09

* Activity data was not available, 2001 was assumed to equal 2000.

12.1.2. Dioxin emissions from other hazardous waste

Hazardous waste, other than cremation, is incinerated at nine plants in Sweden. There is

no information on the total activity of hazardous waste incineration in Sweden. Two of

these plants, however, are reported in the category municipal waste. There is a major

plant for handling and destruction of hazarduous waste, which is the only one for which

we have emission data. The facility was operated with an electric precipitator from the

start in 1983 until 1990, from when a textile filter with coal injection replaced the

electric precipitator. During 2000, wet flue gas cleaning was installed after the textile

filter. Dioxins in flue gases have been measured by spot tests, but are continously

measured since June 2001. The plant combusted 31 000 ton of hazardous waste during

2001; the activity has increased over time and was ca 22 000 ton during 1995. Emission

data (Table 12.3) were obtained from the facility for the time period 1990-2001.

According to their Environmental Report for 2001, dioxin emissions to air were 0.093 g

TEQ, which does not corrrespond to the information obtained in direct contact with

experts the facility. This difference has not been possible to clarify.

Concerning incineration of medical waste, we are not aware of any national activity data

for this source category.
94

Table 12.3 Dioxin emissions from combustion of hazardous waste at a major plant.

This is not the total Swedish activity in this category, but probably a major

share.

Year Emissions (g TEQ/yr)

1990 3.6E-03

1991 3.6E-03

1992 7.2E-04

1993 2.5E-03

1994 3.6E-04

1995 2.1E-03

1996 3.6E-02

1997 3.6E-02

1998 3.6E-02

1999 3.6E-02

2000 5.2E-02

2001 1.4E-02

12.2. Other waste (6D)

12.2.1. PAH from cooking processes (barbecuing, frying)

Most barbecues are driven by charcoal or coal briquettes. Swedish charcoal is mainly

based on deciduous wood such as aspen and birch, but to our knowledge, no studies

concerning PAH emissions from these have been performed. In a recent Finnish study

the total amount of charcoal consumed at barbecuing in Finland was estimated to 18

tonnes per year (Karveosenoja et al. 2002). Assuming similar barbecue habits in

Sweden and Finland and scaled on a population basis, that yields a total annual

consumption of 33 tonnes charcoal in Sweden. Oanh et al. (1999) have measured

emissions of PAH from combustion of Vietnamese coal briquettes and mangrove

charcoal. For illustrative purposes, due to lack of data on Swedish charcoal emissions,

and to evaluate the possible impact of this source we used the emission factors derived

by Oanh et al. (1999; see Table 12.4). Based on the assumptions mentioned above, the

total emissions of PAH-4 from barbecuing turn out to be as low as 0.1 kg/year.

Therefore, this source was not further considered in the inventory.

Table 12.4 Emission factors for four PAHs from charcoal burning (Oanh et al. 1999)

Charcoal (mangrove) Coal briquettes (from Vietnam)

Substance

mg/kg fuel mg/kg fuel

BaP 0.3 0.2

BkF 1.7 0.9

BbF 1.7 0.02

Ind nd nd

PAH have also been reported to be emitted from frying processes. This emission source,

however, mainly influence the indoor environment. The extent of dispersion to the

outdoor environment of these pollutants is difficult to estimate, since there are so many

factors involved. In order to assess the PAH emissions to outdoor air from households

this source should be investigated in a separate study.
95

12.2.2. Particles and PAH from garden burning, bonfires and forest fires

Open burning of garden waste could be a significant source of PAH emissions. This

combustion process is relatively uncontrolled which can lead to significant emissions.

USEPA (1998) specifies emission factors for BaP from uncontrolled burning of garden

waste, based on controlled laboratory experiments. The emission factor for BaP is 0.35

g/ton combusted material. There are no national statistics regarding the extent of garden

burning and bon fires, although several municipalities have restrictions concerning this

kind of activities (Nilsson, J. pers. comm.). A rough estimate can be done, however, in

order to investigate the importance of this source category.

A first assumption is that garden burning only occurs in areas with freestanding houses.

Furthermore, we assume that about 50 % of these households actually burn their garden

waste (which probably is not an underestimate, rather the opposite), and that this takes

place three times a year on the average. According to Statistics Sweden, the number of

freestanding houses is about 2.2 millions (SCB, 2002). Assuming an average weight of

10 kg of the combusted material, this yields a total combustion of 3.3 ×104

 tonnes

garden waste.

The basic assumption in the calculation of the contribution of bonfires to PAH

emissions, is that each municipality has five bonfires/year on the average. The average

mass is assumed to be one ton, which gives a total mass of 1445 ton combusted

material, given 289 municipalities.

The total amount of material combusted at garden burning and bon fires is estimated to

be 34 700 ton in the year 2000. Multiplied by the emission factor for BaP and the

profiles given by EEA (2001) yields a total emission of PAH 4 of 28 kg in 2000.

Considering forest fires, USEPA specifies emission factors for PAH from combustion

of coniferous trees. As the Swedish forest largely consists of coniferous forest (ca 85 %;

SLU, 2002), we consider these factors as useable. The average density of a pine is

roughly 400 kg/m3

 and the total volume of spruce and pine in Sweden is about 2.45

×109 m3 (SLU, 2002), which gives a total mass of about 9.8×1011 kg. The total forested

area is about 2.3×107 ha (SLU, 2002), and according to the Swedish Rescue Services

Agency (Räddningsverket) the total forest area burnt in 2000 was 1113 ha, i.e. 0.005 %

of the total forest area (Nilsson, J. pers. comm.). Assuming that spruce and pine

dominated the burnt forest, the total mass burnt can be calculated as:

mburnt = 0.00005 × 9.8×1011 = 47 500 ton

Table 12.5 Emission factors for PAH species from forest fires and for particles for

open burning of waste.

Substance Emission factor Unit Reference

BaP 0.74 g/ton U.S.EPA (1998)(g/ton)

BbF + BkF 2.57 g/ton U.S.EPA (1998)(g/ton)

Ind 1.7 g/ton U.S.EPA (1998)(g/ton)

TSP 0.008 ton/ton CEPMEIP, open burning of waste

PM10 0.006 ton/ton CEPMEIP, open burning of waste

PM2.5 0.006 ton/ton CEPMEIP, open burning of waste

The Swedish Rescue Services Agency has during the later years acknowledged the

environmental impact of fires and suggested a sampling program in connection to fires.

A pilot study showed that high levels of PAH were found in smoke and in water that
96

had been used to control the fires, but emission factors and detailed studies concerning

emissions from fires are still lacking (Rosén et al., 2001.).

The estimated emissions of particles and PAH from forest fires and garden burning of

waste are presented in Table 12.6. As obvious from the discussions above, the data

should be considered as indicative levels of emissions from these sources.

Table 12.6 Estimated emissions of particles and PAH from forest fires and garden

burning of waste, 1996-2001.

Forest fires

and garden

waste

Emissions

TSP PM10 PM2.5 BaP BbF BkF Ind PAH-4

Year kton burnt ton ton ton ton ton ton ton ton

1996 86 687 515 515 0.05 0.14 0.00 0.09 0.29

1997 243 1946 1460 1460 0.17 0.55 0.00 0.36 1.08

1998 43 344 258 258 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.07

1999 81 647 485 485 0.05 0.13 0.00 0.08 0.26

2000 82 657 493 493 0.05 0.13 0.00 0.09 0.27

2001 244 1953 1464 1256 0.17 0.55 0.00 0.36 1.08

12.2.3. Dioxin emissions from landfill fires

The potential for dioxin formation in landfill fires is obvious, and consequently it has

been suggested as a major source in previous inventories (e.g. EDI). A few

measurements of dioxin in air during landfill fires have been performed in Sweden. A

study performed in 1989 gave concentrations of 220 ng TEQ/m3 (Bergström och

Björner, 1992). With a gas production rate of 5000 m3

/ton waste that was burnt, this

translates to an emission factor of 1100 μg TEQ/ton waste. A similar study gave an

interval of 50-900 μg TEQ/ton waste that was burnt (Peterson et al., 1996). The higher

value was obtained when the waste contained large amounts of chlorinated plastics.

As a comparison, burning of household waste in open barrels resulted in average dioxin

emissions of 840 - 3300 μg TEQ/ton (Lemieux et al., 2000). Considering the inherent

experimental uncertainties in all these studies, it must be concluded that the studies

agree well.

For the purpose of this inventory, a value of 500 μg TEQ/ton waste is selected. It has

been estimated that ca 25 000 ton waste burns annually on Swedish landfills (Bergström

och Björner, 1992; Ahlgren and Marklund, 2001). There is no temporal resolution of

these estimates, why the emission is estimated to 13 g TEQ/yr for the entire period. In

agreement with the initial assumptions, landfill fires is a major dioxin source in Sweden

at present.
97

13. Conclusions and suggestions for further work

This study represents a first attempt to compile and estimate emissions of particles,

metals, PAHs and dioxins from Sweden, according to the international requirements for

reporting of national emissions.

In many cases, for particles, national information did not exist, especially for PM10 and

PM2.5, why international information on emission factors had to be used. The estimates

probably do not lack important emission sources, since the CEPMEIP project, even if

the suggested emission factors were not always used, provided a comprehensive list of

emission sources for particles that should be considered in national emission estimates.

For metals, no comparable international guidance was available, but since metals have

been more of a concern for a longer period of time, earlier national studies provided

information, especially concerning emission sources that have been considered to be

important contributors to metal emissions. All important emission sources are thus

probably considered in the estimates.

For dioxins, through the European Dioxin Inventory and guidelines from UNEP (2001),

good international guidance on important sources is available, and since these were

considered in the current national inventory, the coverage is good. The main problem

with dioxins is, generally, the wide intervals given on emission factors, which

introduces uncertanties in the emission estimates.

All important sources for emissions of PAH-4, except emissions from mobile sources,

were covered in the current estimates, according to information in international

background documents (e.g. USEPA, 1998).

Further work should, generally, be directed towards verifying the reported emission

levels, especially for sources with substantial contributions to the estimated national

emissions of the different substances. Specific issues of further concern are PAHemissions from mobile sources, which were not reported in the Swedish submission to

UNECE/LRTAP in 2003, and also the problem of correctly allocating information from

the Energy Statistics to the code system required for international reporting.

A more thorough work, especially on estimating particle emissions, can be expected in

many countries in the near future as a result of increasing international attention.

Results and experiences from efforts in individual countries and in international bodies

such as UNECE would presumably result in more information on emissions and

emission factors for different sources, which would justify and facilitate a review and an

improvement of the current Swedish estimates.
98

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104

15. Appendix 1 Emission factors

TSP stationary combustion

1980-81 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Gas/diesel oil

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002

Gas/diesel oil Other consumption 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003

Residual fuel oil

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.035 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Residual fuel oil Other consumption 0.035 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015

LPG

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

LPG Other consumption 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002Gas works gas

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

Gas works gas Other consumption 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005Natural Gas

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

Natural Gas Other consumption 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005Coke oven gas All consumption 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

Blast furnace gas All consumption 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

Steel converter gas All consumption 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Coking coal, other bituminous coal

Power plants, district heating 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.03 0.03 0.025 0.025 0.02 0.02 0.02

Coking coal, other bituminous coal Industry 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.04 0.04 0.035 0.035 0.03 0.03 0.03Coking coal, other bituminous coal Other consumption 0.2 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1Coke

Power plants, district heating 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.03 0.03 0.025 0.025 0.02 0.02 0.02

Coke Industry 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.04 0.04 0.035 0.035 0.03 0.03 0.03Coke Other consumption 0.2 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Wood

Power plants, district heating 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

Wood Industry 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.065 0.065 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.04 0.04Wood Households 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.65 0.65Wood Other consumption 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.065 0.065 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045Peat

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.07 0.07 0.065 0.065 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035

Municipal Solid Waste

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.04 0.04 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.03 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0.003 0.003 0.0025 0.0025 0.0014 0.0017 0.0017 0.0011 0.0014 0.0012 0.0009

Black liquor Industry 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06Tall oil All consumption 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002

kg/GJ

Fuel type Area of consumption
105

TSP stationary combustion, cont.

1980-81 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Kerosene

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002

Kerosene Other consumption 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003

Landfill gas

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

Landfill gas Other consumption 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005Petroleum coke

Power plants, district heating 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.03 0.03 0.025 0.025 0.02 0.02 0.02

Petroleum coke Industry 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.04 0.04 0.035 0.035 0.03 0.03 0.03Petroleum coke Other consumption 0.2 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Other biomass Industry 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.065 0.065 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.04 0.04Other biomass Other consumption 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.065 0.065 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045

Other petroleum fuels All consumption 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

Other solid fuels All consumption 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

Other not specified fuels All consumption 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

Refinery gases All consumption 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Environmental Research Institute Ltd

kg/GJ

Fuel type Area of consumption
106

PM 10, Stationary combustion

1980-81 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Gas/diesel oil

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002

Gas/diesel oil Other consumption 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003Residual fuel oil

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.035 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Residual fuel oil Other consumption 0.035 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015LPG

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

LPG Other consumption 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002Gas works gas

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

Gas works gas Other consumption 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005Natural Gas

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

Natural Gas Other consumption 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005Coke oven gas All consumption 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Blast furnace gas All consumption 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Steel converter gas All consumption 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Coking coal, other bituminous coal

Power plants, district heating 0.04275 0.04275 0.04275 0.04275 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325 0.0285 0.0285 0.02375 0.02375 0.019 0.019 0.019

Coking coal, other bituminous coal Industry 0.0385 0.0385 0.0385 0.0385 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.028 0.028 0.0245 0.0245 0.021 0.021 0.021Coking coal, other bituminous coal Other consumption 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.085 0.085 0.08 0.08 0.075 0.075 0.07 0.07 0.065 0.065 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05Coke

Power plants, district heating 0.04275 0.04275 0.04275 0.04275 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325 0.0285 0.0285 0.02375 0.02375 0.019 0.019 0.019

Coke Industry 0.04565 0.04565 0.04565 0.04565 0.0415 0.0415 0.0415 0.0415 0.0415 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.0332 0.0332 0.02905 0.02905 0.0249 0.0249 0.0249Coke Other consumption 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.085 0.085 0.08 0.08 0.075 0.075 0.07 0.07 0.065 0.065 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05Wood

Power plants, district heating 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.0675 0.0675 0.0675 0.0675 0.0675 0.0558 0.057 0.05225 0.05225 0.0475 0.0475 0.04275 0.04275 0.033 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325

Wood Industry 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.0664 0.0664 0.0664 0.0664 0.0664 0.05395 0.0559 0.0516 0.0516 0.0473 0.0473 0.043 0.0387 0.0387 0.0387 0.03825 0.0344Wood Households 1.98 1.98 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.8 1.71 1.62 1.53 1.44 1.35 1.26 1.17 1.08 0.99 0.9 0.81 0.72 0.63 0.585 0.585Wood Other consumption 0.0825 0.0825 0.0825 0.0825 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.052 0.052 0.048 0.048 0.04675 0.04675 0.0425 0.03825 0.03825 0.03825 0.03825 0.03825Peat

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06375 0.0595 0.0595 0.05525 0.05525 0.054 0.054 0.0495 0.045 0.045 0.0405 0.0405 0.0405 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315

Municipal Solid Waste

Power plants, district heating 0.034 0.034 0.0323 0.0323 0.0342 0.027 0.018 0.0135 0.009 0.0045 0.00285 0.00285 0.002375 0.002375 0.00133 0.001615 0.001615 0.001045 0.00133 0.00114 0.000855

Municipal Solid Waste Industry 0.04 0.04 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.03 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0.003 0.003 0.0025 0.0025 0.0014 0.0017 0.0017 0.0011 0.0014 0.0012 0.0009Black liquor Industry 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06Tall oil All consumption 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002

kg/GJ

Fuel type Area of consumption
107

PM 10, Stationary combustion, cont.

1980-81 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Kerosene

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002

Kerosene Other consumption 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003Landfill gas

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

Landfill gas Other consumption 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005

Petroleum coke

Power plants, district heating 0.04275 0.04275 0.04275 0.04275 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325 0.0285 0.0285 0.02375 0.02375 0.019 0.019 0.019

Petroleum coke Industry 0.04565 0.04565 0.04565 0.04565 0.0415 0.0415 0.0415 0.0415 0.0415 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.0332 0.0332 0.02905 0.02905 0.0249 0.0249 0.0249Petroleum coke Other consumption 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.085 0.085 0.08 0.08 0.075 0.075 0.07 0.07 0.065 0.065 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Other biomass

Power plants, district heating 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.0675 0.0675 0.0675 0.0675 0.0675 0.0558 0.057 0.05225 0.05225 0.0475 0.0475 0.04275 0.04275 0.033 0.03325 0.03325 0.03325

Other biomass Industry 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.0664 0.0664 0.0664 0.0664 0.0664 0.05395 0.0559 0.0516 0.0516 0.0473 0.0473 0.043 0.0387 0.0387 0.0387 0.03825 0.0344

Other biomass Other consumption 0.0825 0.0825 0.0825 0.0825 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.052 0.052 0.048 0.048 0.04675 0.04675 0.0425 0.03825 0.03825 0.03825 0.03825 0.03825

Other petroleum fuels All consumption 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

Other solid fuels All consumption 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

Other not specified fue All consumption 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

Refinery gases All consumption 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

Fuel tFor all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Environmental Research Institute Ltd

ype Area of consumption

kg/GJ
108

PM 2.5, Stationary combustion

1980-81 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Gas/diesel oil

district heating, industry 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002

Gas/diesel oil Other consumption 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003Residual fuel oil

district heating, industry 0.02905 0.0249 0.0166 0.0166 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083

Residual fuel oil Other consumption 0.02905 0.0249 0.0166 0.0166 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245 0.01245

LPG

district heating, industry 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

LPG Other consumption 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002Gas works gas

district heating, industry 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

Gas works gas Other consumption 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005Natural Gas

district heating, industry 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

Natural Gas Other consumption 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005Coke oven gas All consumption 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Blast furnace gas All consumption 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Steel converter gas All consumption 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Coking coal, other bituminous coal

Power plants, district heating 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.02905 0.02905 0.02905 0.02905 0.02905 0.0249 0.0249 0.02075 0.02075 0.0166 0.0166 0.0166

Coking coal, other bituminous coal Industry 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.0135 0.012 0.012 0.0105 0.0105 0.009 0.009 0.009Coking coal, other bituminous coal Other consumption 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.0425 0.0425 0.04 0.04 0.0375 0.0375 0.035 0.035 0.0325 0.0325 0.03 0.03 0.0275 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025Coke

Power plants, district heating 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.02905 0.02905 0.02905 0.02905 0.02905 0.0249 0.0249 0.02075 0.02075 0.0166 0.0166 0.0166

Coke Industry 0.0385 0.0385 0.0385 0.0385 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.028 0.028 0.0245 0.0245 0.021 0.021 0.021Coke Other consumption 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.0425 0.0425 0.04 0.04 0.0375 0.0375 0.035 0.035 0.0325 0.0325 0.03 0.03 0.0275 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025

Wood

Power plants, district heating 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04875 0.04875 0.04875 0.04875 0.04875 0.042 0.042 0.0385 0.0385 0.035 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0245 0.0245 0.0245 0.0245

Wood Industry 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.0455 0.0455 0.042 0.042 0.0385 0.0385 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.028 0.028Wood Households 1.76 1.76 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.6 1.52 1.44 1.36 1.28 1.2 1.12 1.04 0.96 0.88 0.8 0.72 0.64 0.56 0.52 0.52Wood Other consumption 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.0455 0.0455 0.042 0.042 0.0385 0.0385 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315Peat

district heating, industry 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.04875 0.0455 0.0455 0.04225 0.04225 0.042 0.042 0.0385 0.035 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0245 0.0245 0.0245

Municipal Solid Waste

district heating, industry 0.03 0.03 0.0285 0.0285 0.0285 0.024 0.016 0.012 0.008 0.004 0.00255 0.00255 0.002125 0.002125 0.00119 0.00153 0.00153 0.00099 0.00126 0.00108 0.00081

Black liquor Industry 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048 0.048Tall oil All consumption 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002Fuel type

kg/GJ Area of 

consumption
109

PM 2.5, Stationary combustion, cont.

1980-81 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Kerosene All consumption 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002Landfill gas

district heating, industry 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

Landfill gas Other consumption 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005Petroleum coke

Power plants, district heating 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.03735 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.02905 0.02905 0.02905 0.02905 0.02905 0.0249 0.0249 0.02075 0.02075 0.0166 0.0166 0.0166

Petroleum coke Industry 0.0385 0.0385 0.0385 0.0385 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.028 0.028 0.0245 0.0245 0.021 0.021 0.021Petroleum coke Other consumption 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.0425 0.0425 0.04 0.04 0.0375 0.0375 0.035 0.035 0.0325 0.0325 0.03 0.03 0.0275 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025Other biomass

Power plants, district heating 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04875 0.04875 0.04875 0.04875 0.04875 0.042 0.042 0.0385 0.0385 0.035 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0245 0.0245 0.0245 0.0245

Other biomass Industry 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.0455 0.0455 0.042 0.042 0.0385 0.0385 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.028 0.028Other biomass Other consumption 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.066 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.0455 0.0455 0.042 0.042 0.0385 0.0385 0.035 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315 0.0315Other petroleum fuels All consumption 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

Other solid fuels All consumption 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

Other not specified fuel All consumption s 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

Refinery gases All consumption 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.06 0.06 0.055 0.055 0.05 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

Fuel typeFor all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Environmental Research Institute Ltd

Area of consumption

kg/GJ
110

As

Stationary combustion

kg/GJ1990-2001

01, 21 Eldningsolja 1 Gas/diesel oil All consumption 0.000000402, 03 Eldningsolja 2-5 Residual fuel oil All consumption 0.000001207 Koksugnsgas Coke oven gas All consumption 0.00000308 Masugnsgas Blast furnace gas All consumption 0.00000310 Kol Coking coal, other bituminous coal All consumption 0.00000311 Koks Coke All consumption 0.00000312 Trädbränsle Wood All consumption 0.000000413 Torv Peat

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.000006

14 Sopor Municipal Solid Waste

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.0000012

16 Tallolja Tall oil All consumption 0.000000420 Fotogen Kerosene All consumption 0.000000424 Petroleumkoks Petroleum coke All consumption 0.00000391 Övriga biobränslen Other biomass All consumption 0.0000004For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd

Fuel type Area of consumption Kod Bränsleslag
111

Cd

Stationary combustion

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998-2001

Gas/diesel oil All consumption 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002

Residual fuel oil All consumption 0.0000004 0.0000004 0.0000004 0.0000004 0.0000004 0.0000004 0.0000004 0.0000004 0.0000004

Coking coal, other bituminous coal

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005

Coking coal, other bituminous coal Other consumption 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004

Coke

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005

Coke Other consumption 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004

Wood

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.0000015 0.0000015 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001

Wood Other consumption 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003

Peat

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001

Municipal Solid Waste

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.000037 0.000002 0.000002 0.0000014 0.0000008 0.0000006 0.0000006 0.0000008 0.0000003

Black liquor Industry 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

Kerosene All consumption 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002

Petroleum coke

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005

Petroleum coke Other consumption 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004

Other biomass

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.0000015 0.0000015 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001

Other biomass Other consumption 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003

For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Environmental Research Institute Ltd

kg/GJ

Fuel type Area of consumption
112

Cr

Stationary combustion

1990-91 1992-93 1994 1995 1996-2001

Gas/diesel oil All consumption 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005Residual fuel oil All consumption 0.0000007 0.0000007 0.0000007 0.0000007 0.0000007Coking coal, other bituminous coal All consumption 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001Coke All consumption 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001Wood Households 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000001 0.000001Wood Other consumption 0.0000033 0.0000033 0.0000033 0.0000033 0.0000033Peat

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.000006 0.000006 0.000006 0.000006 0.000006

Municipal Solid Waste

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.00006 0.00003 0.00002 0.000008 0.000016

Kerosene All consumption 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005

Petroleum coke All consumption 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001Other biomass All consumption 0.0000033 0.0000033 0.0000033 0.0000033 0.0000033For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVLSwedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd

kg/GJ

Fuel type Area of consumption

Cu

Stationary combustion

1990-91 1992-93 1994 1995 1996-2001

Gas/diesel oil All consumption 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002

Residual fuel oil All consumption 0.000005 0.000005 0.000005 0.000005 0.000005Coking coal, other bituminous coal All consumption 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001Coke All consumption 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001Wood Households 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001Wood Other consumption 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.00001 0.00001Peat

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001

Municipal Solid Waste

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.00006 0.00003 0.00002 0.000008 0.000016

Black liquor Industry 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06

Kerosene All consumption 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002Petroleum coke All consumption 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001Other biomass All consumption 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.00001 0.00001For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Environmental Research Institute Ltd

kg/GJ

Fuel type Area of consumption
113

Hg

Stationary combustion

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999-2001

Gas/diesel oil All consumption 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001

Residual fuel oil All consumption 0.00000006 0.00000006 0.00000006 0.00000006 0.00000006 0.00000006 0.00000006 0.00000006 0.00000006 0.00000006Coke oven gas All consumption 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003

Blast furnace gas All consumption 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003

Coking coal, other bituminous coal

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003

Coking coal, other bituminous coal Other consumption 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004

Coke

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003

Coke Other consumption 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004

Wood

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003

Wood Other consumption 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005Peat

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002

Municipal Solid Waste

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.00025 0.0000116 0.0000064 0.0000055 0.0000064 0.000005 0.000004 0.0000033 0.0000028 0.0000014

Kerosene All consumption 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001

Petroleum coke

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003

Petroleum coke Other consumption 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004

Other biomass

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003

Other biomass Other consumption 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000005Fuel typeFor all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd

kg/GJ

Area of consumption
114

Ni

Stationary combustion

1990 1991-92 1993 1994 1995-96 1997 1998-2001

Gas/diesel oil All consumption 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008

Residual fuel oil All consumption 0.00024 0.00024 0.00024 0.00024 0.00024 0.00024 0.00024

Coking coal, other bituminous coal All consumption 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008

Coke All consumption 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008

Wood Households 0.0000045 0.000004 0.000004 0.000004 0.000003 0.000003 0.0000025Wood Other consumption 0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045

Peat

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005

Municipal Solid Waste

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.00006 0.0000046 0.000003 0.000002 0.0000011 0.000002 0.0000005

Tall oil All consumption 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008

Kerosene All consumption 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008

Petroleum coke All consumption 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008 0.000008

Other biomass All consumption 0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045 0.0000045

For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd

kg/GJ

Fuel type Area of consumption
115

Pb

Stationary combustion

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999-2001

Gas/diesel oil All consumption 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024

Residual fuel oil All consumption 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015

Coking coal, other bituminous coal All consumption 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024

Coke All consumption 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024

Wood

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013

Wood Other consumption 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015Peat

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004

Municipal Solid Waste

Power plants, district heating 0.0001 0.000045 0.000035 0.000027 0.000019 0.0000075 0.000011 0.0000138 0.0000158 0.0000014

Municipal Solid Waste Industry 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001Kerosene All consumption 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024 0.0000024

Petroleum coke All consumption 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024 0.000024

Other biomass

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013 0.000013

Other biomass Other consumption 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015 0.000015For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Environmental Research Institute Ltd

kg/GJ

Fuel type Area of consumption

Se

Stationary combustion

Fuel type Area of consumption kg Se/GJGas/diesel oil All consumption 1.6E-07Residual fuel oil All consumption 1.5E-06Coking coal, other bituminous coal All consumption 3E-06

Coke All consumption 3E-06

Wood All consumption 2.2E-06Peat Power plants, district heating, industry 5.6E-06

Kerosene All consumption 1.6E-07Petroleum coke All consumption 3E-06

Other biomass All consumption 2.2E-06For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd
116

Zn

Stationary combustion

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995-96 1997 1998-2001

Gas/diesel oil All consumption 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016

Residual fuel oil All consumption 0.000012 0.000012 0.000012 0.000012 0.000012 0.000012 0.000012 0.000012

Coking coal, other bituminous coal

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001

Coking coal, other bituminous coal Other consumption 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021

Coke

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001

Coke Other consumption 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021

Wood

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048

Wood Households 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001Wood Other consumption 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

Peat

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003

Municipal Solid Waste

Power plants, district heating 0.0003 0.000176 0.0000046 0.000003 0.000002 0.0000011 0.000002 0.0000005

Municipal Solid Waste Industry 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048

Tall oil All consumption 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000008

Kerosene All consumption 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016 0.0000016

Petroleum coke

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001

Petroleum coke Other consumption 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021 0.00021

Other biomass

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048 0.00048

Other biomass Other consumption 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd

kg/GJ

Fuel type Area of consumption
117

PAH-4, stationary combustion

1980 1981-82 1983-84 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000-2001

Gas/diesel oil All consumption 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Residual fuel oil All consumption 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Other consumption 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50Power plants, district heating, industry 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Other consumption 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50Power plants, district heating, industry 100 75 60 50 50 30 30 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 5 3 3 3Households 1100 1100 1050 1050 1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 325Other consumption 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500Power plants, district heating, industry 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20Other consumption 0 0 0000000000000000 0Power plants, district heating, industry 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Other consumption 0 0 0000000000000000 0

Tall oil All consumption 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Kerosene All consumption 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Other consumption 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50Power plants, district heating, industry 100 75 60 50 50 30 30 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 5 3 3 3Other consumption 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500

CokeWoodPeatMunicipal Solid WastePetroleum cokeOther biomassFor all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd

μg/MJ = mg/GJ = g/TJ

Fuel type Area of consumptionCoking coal, other bituminous coal
118

Dioxin

Stationary combustion

1980 - 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 - 2001

Coking coal, other bituminous coal All consumption 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1Coke All consumption 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1Wood Households 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05Wood and other biomass All other consumption 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11Peat

Power plants, district heating, industry 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11

Municipal Solid Waste

Power plants and district heating 8.3 6 4 2 1 0.7 0.55 0.35 0.25 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.15 0.12 0.12

Municipal Solid Waste Industry 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11

Petroleum coke All consumption 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

For all other fuels emissions are assumed to be not occuring.Source: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd

ng/MJ = μg/GJ = mg/TJ

Fuel type Area of consumption
119

TSP, mobile combustion

Fuel type Sector Subsector Region 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989Aviation GasoAviation Domestic 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010

Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Biogas NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Diesel oil Military abroad Bunkers NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Navigation/Shipping 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034Off Road Vehicles and Working Machinery NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NERailways Railways 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106Road Traffic Bus Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEPassenger CaCountry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Truck 16t- Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Truck 3,5-16t Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Truck -3,5t Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Diesel oil* Navigation/Shipping 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034Etanol NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEGasoline Navigation/Shipping 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090

Off Road Vehicles and Working Machinery Farming NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Forestry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEHouseholds NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEIndustry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEOther NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Road Traffic Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Moped Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Motorcycel Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Passenger CaCountry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Truck -3,5t Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Jet Gasoline 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010Kerosene Aviation Bunkers 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

Domestic 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Natural Gas NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEResidual Fuel Oil 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146RME NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE - = Not occuring, NE= Not estimatedSources: Swedish National Road Administration, IPCC, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd* In Sweden often called domestic heating oil** Emissions in the inventory are not based on fuel consumption at all.Note that the figures above are to a large extent Implied Emission Factors. Emissions in the Swedish inventory are estimated by models where fuel consumption is only one of all used input parameters.

kg TSP/GJ
120

TSP, mobile combustion, cont.

Fuel type Sector Subsector Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Aviation GasoAviation Domestic 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010

Military 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010

Biogas NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEDiesel oil Military abroaBunkers 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.016

Navigation/Shipping 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034Off Road Vehicles and Working Machine   **  **   **  ** ** ** 0.094 0.094Railways Railways 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106Road Traffic Bus Country 0.039 0.038 0.030 0.027 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.020 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015

Urban 0.083 0.078 0.058 0.052 0.047 0.046 0.040 0.035 0.030 0.028 0.025 0.022

Military 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011Passenger CaCountry 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005

Urban 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.007

Truck 16t- Country 0.047 0.049 0.041 0.039 0.035 0.034 0.030 0.025 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.015

Urban 0.028 0.029 0.024 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.018 0.015 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.009

Truck 3,5-16t Country 0.098 0.094 0.075 0.069 0.064 0.065 0.063 0.060 0.056 0.055 0.054 0.050

Urban 0.074 0.070 0.055 0.051 0.049 0.050 0.047 0.044 0.041 0.040 0.039 0.037

Truck -3,5t Country 0.022 0.020 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.021 0.019 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018

Urban 0.031 0.030 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.026 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.028 0.029

Diesel oil* Navigation/Shipping 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034Etanol NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEGasoline Navigation/Shipping 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090

Off Road VehFarming **   **  **   **  ** ** 0.000 0.000

Forestry   **  **   **  **   0.093 0.093Households **  **   **  **   **  ** 0.093 0.093Industry   **  **   **  **   0.093 0.093Other **  **   **  **   **  ** 0.093 0.093

Road Traffic Military 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011

Moped Country 0.223 0.214 0.213 0.219 0.227 0.240 0.243 0.225 0.257 0.255 0.256 0.251

Urban 0.356 0.358 0.357 0.351 0.354 0.326 0.314 0.332 0.295 0.293 0.294 0.289

Motorcycel Country 0.049 0.049 0.048 0.049 0.049 0.051 0.055 0.055 0.054 0.053 0.053 0.052

Urban 0.040 0.038 0.038 0.040 0.039 0.035 0.035 0.036 0.034 0.035 0.035 0.035

Passenger CaCountry 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005

Urban 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.007

Truck -3,5t Country 0.022 0.020 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.021 0.019 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018

Urban 0.031 0.030 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.026 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.028 0.029

Jet Gasoline 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 - - - - - - - -Kerosene Aviation Bunkers 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

Domestic 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Military 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

Natural Gas NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEResidual Fuel Oil 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146 0.146RME NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE** Emissions in the inventory are not based on fuel consumption at all.Sources: Swedish National Road Administration, IPCC, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd

kg TSP/GJ
121

PM10, mobile combustion

Fuel type Sector Subsector Region 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989Aviation GasoAviation Domestic 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010

Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Biogas NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Diesel oil Military abroad Bunkers NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Navigation/Shipping 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032Off Road Vehicles and Working Machinery NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NERailways Railways 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101Road Traffic Bus Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEPassenger CaCountry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Truck 16t- Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Truck 3,5-16t Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Truck -3,5t Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Diesel oil* Navigation/Shipping 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032Etanol NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEGasoline Navigation/Shipping 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090

Off Road Vehicles and Working Machinery Farming NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Forestry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEHouseholds NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEIndustry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEOther NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Road Traffic Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Moped Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Motorcycel Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Passenger CaCountry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Truck -3,5t Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Jet Gasoline 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010Kerosene Aviation Bunkers 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

Domestic 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Natural Gas NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEResidual Fuel Oil 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139RME NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE - = Not occuring, NE= Not estimatedSources: Swedish National Road Administration, IPCC, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd* In Sweden often called domestic heating oilNote that the figures above are to a large extent Implied Emission Factors. Emissions in the Swedish inventory are estimated by models where fuel consumption is only one of all used input parameters.

kg TSP/GJ
122

PM10, mobile combustion, cont.

Fuel type Sector Subsector Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Aviation GasoAviation Domestic 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010

Military 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010

Biogas NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEDiesel oil Military abroaBunkers 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.016

Navigation/Shipping 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032Off Road Vehicles and Working Machine **   **  **   **  ** ** 0.089 0.089Railways Railways 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101Road Traffic Bus Country 0.039 0.038 0.030 0.027 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.020 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015

Urban 0.083 0.078 0.058 0.052 0.047 0.046 0.040 0.035 0.030 0.028 0.025 0.022

Military 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011Passenger CaCountry 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005

Urban 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.007

Truck 16t- Country 0.047 0.049 0.041 0.039 0.035 0.034 0.030 0.025 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.015

Urban 0.028 0.029 0.024 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.018 0.015 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.009

Truck 3,5-16t Country 0.098 0.094 0.075 0.069 0.064 0.065 0.063 0.060 0.056 0.055 0.054 0.050

Urban 0.074 0.070 0.055 0.051 0.049 0.050 0.047 0.044 0.041 0.040 0.039 0.037

Truck -3,5t Country 0.022 0.020 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.021 0.019 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018

Urban 0.031 0.030 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.026 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.028 0.029

Diesel oil* Navigation/Shipping 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032Etanol NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEGasoline Navigation/Shipping 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090

Off Road VehFarming **   **  **   **  ** ** 0.000 0.000

Forestry   **  **   **  **   0.093 0.093Households **  **   **  **   **  ** 0.093 0.093Industry   **  **   **  **   0.093 0.093Other **  **   **  **   **  ** 0.093 0.093

Road Traffic Military 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011

Moped Country 0.223 0.214 0.213 0.219 0.227 0.240 0.243 0.225 0.257 0.255 0.256 0.251

Urban 0.356 0.358 0.357 0.351 0.354 0.326 0.314 0.332 0.295 0.293 0.294 0.289

Motorcycel Country 0.049 0.049 0.048 0.049 0.049 0.051 0.055 0.055 0.054 0.053 0.053 0.052

Urban 0.040 0.038 0.038 0.040 0.039 0.035 0.035 0.036 0.034 0.035 0.035 0.035

Passenger CaCountry 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005

Urban 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.007

Truck -3,5t Country 0.022 0.020 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.021 0.019 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018

Urban 0.031 0.030 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.026 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.028 0.029

Jet Gasoline 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 - - - - - - - -Kerosene Aviation Bunkers 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

Domestic 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Military 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

Natural Gas NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEResidual Fuel Oil 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.139RME NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE** Emissions in the inventory are not based on fuel consumption at all.Sources: Swedish National Road Administration, IPCC, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd

kg TSP/GJ
123

PM2.5, mobile combustion

Fuel type Sector Subsector Region 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989Aviation GasoAviation Domestic 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010

Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Biogas NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Diesel oil Military abroad Bunkers NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Navigation/Shipping 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030Off Road Vehicles and Working Machinery NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NERailways Railways 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096Road Traffic Bus Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEPassenger CaCountry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Truck 16t- Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Truck 3,5-16t Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Truck -3,5t Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Diesel oil* Navigation/Shipping 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030Etanol NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEGasoline Navigation/Shipping 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090

Off Road Vehicles and Working Machinery Farming NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Forestry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEHouseholds NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEIndustry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEOther NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Road Traffic Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Moped Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Motorcycel Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Passenger CaCountry NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Truck -3,5t Country NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Urban NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Jet Gasoline 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010Kerosene Aviation Bunkers 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

Domestic 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Military NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

Natural Gas NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEResidual Fuel Oil 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132RME NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE - = Not occuring, NE= Not estimatedSources: Swedish National Road Administration, IPCC, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd* In Sweden often called domestic heating oilNote that the figures above are to a large extent Implied Emission Factors. Emissions in the Swedish inventory are estimated by models where fuel consumption is only one of all used input parameters.

kg TSP/GJ
124

PM2.5, mobile combustion, cont.

Fuel type Sector Subsector Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Aviation GasoAviation Domestic 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010

Military 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010

Biogas NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEDiesel oil Military abroaBunkers 0.021 0.019 0.017 0.017 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.015

Navigation/Shipping 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030Off Road Vehicles and Working Machine **   **  **   **  ** ** 0.085 0.085Railways Railways 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096Road Traffic Bus Country 0.037 0.036 0.028 0.026 0.023 0.023 0.021 0.019 0.017 0.016 0.016 0.014

Urban 0.078 0.074 0.056 0.050 0.045 0.044 0.038 0.034 0.029 0.026 0.024 0.021

Military 0.021 0.019 0.017 0.017 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011Passenger CaCountry 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005

Urban 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.007

Truck 16t- Country 0.045 0.047 0.039 0.037 0.034 0.032 0.028 0.024 0.021 0.019 0.017 0.014

Urban 0.026 0.027 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.020 0.017 0.014 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009

Truck 3,5-16t Country 0.093 0.090 0.071 0.066 0.061 0.062 0.060 0.057 0.053 0.052 0.051 0.048

Urban 0.071 0.067 0.052 0.049 0.046 0.047 0.045 0.042 0.039 0.038 0.037 0.035

Truck -3,5t Country 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017

Urban 0.030 0.028 0.027 0.027 0.026 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.028

Diesel oil* Navigation/Shipping 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030Etanol NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEGasoline Navigation/Shipping 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090

Off Road VehFarming **   **  **   **  ** ** 0.000 0.000

Forestry   **  **   **  **   0.093 0.093Households **  **   **  **   **  ** 0.093 0.093Industry   **  **   **  **   0.093 0.093Other **  **   **  **   **  ** 0.093 0.093

Road Traffic Military 0.021 0.019 0.017 0.017 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011

Moped Country 0.212 0.203 0.202 0.208 0.216 0.228 0.231 0.214 0.244 0.243 0.243 0.239

Urban 0.338 0.340 0.339 0.333 0.336 0.309 0.298 0.315 0.280 0.279 0.279 0.275

Motorcycel Country 0.047 0.046 0.045 0.046 0.046 0.049 0.053 0.052 0.051 0.050 0.050 0.049

Urban 0.038 0.036 0.036 0.038 0.037 0.033 0.033 0.034 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033

Passenger CaCountry 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005

Urban 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.007

Truck -3,5t Country 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017

Urban 0.030 0.028 0.027 0.027 0.026 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.028

Jet Gasoline 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 - - - - - - - -Kerosene Aviation Bunkers 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

Domestic 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001Military 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

Natural Gas NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NEResidual Fuel Oil 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132RME NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE** Emissions in the inventory are not based on fuel consumption at all.Sources: Swedish National Road Administration, IPCC, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd

kg TSP/GJ
125

16. Appendix 2 Estimated emissions 1980-2001

TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP

TSP (metric ton) 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

1 ENERGY

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production 4176 3599 3632 2977 3651 4073 4137 4011 3513 29281 A 1 b Petroleum refining 515 402 376 251 206 179 213 2 192 2211 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy 

d i

333 2 2 2 2 6 2 2

1 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 10171 5484 13299 12353 9312 7786 6977 6731 6781 69561 A 3 a ii (i) Civil Aviation (Domestic, LTO) 8 9 9 8 9 8 10 8 9 91 A 3 a ii (ii)Civil Aviation (Domestic, Cruise) 25 26 27 25 26 25 29 25 26 281 A 3 b Road Transportation 23920 24135 24350 24564 24779 24994 25650 26305 27470 286931 A 3 c Railways 146 145 152 150 165 169 160 162 158 1401 A 3 d ii National Navigation 618 540 562 755 959 1078 1158 1000 994 9111 A 3 e ii Other mobile sources and machinery NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional NE NE NE 645 579 474 372 412 429 3741 A 4 b i Residential plants NE NE NE 79018 89378 103584 93586 81514 73184 665261 A 4 b ii Household and gardening (mobile) NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

1 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry and fishing NE NE NE 235 274 324 318 378 359 3381 A 4 c ii Off-road Vehicles and Other Machinery NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 A 5 b Other, Mobile (Including military) NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 NE 2 21 B 1 c Other 329 313 444 465 598 734 676 603 581 5601 B 2 a Oil 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 NE 0 01 B 2 a i Exploration Production, Transport NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE 0.1 0.11 B 2 a iv Refining / Storage NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 B 2 b Natural gas 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 NE 0.0 0

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

2 A 1 Cement Production 1459 1364 1271 1344 1148 852 721 930 1405 14232 A 2 Lime Production 680 670 685 698 693 701 712 698 692 6882 A 7 Other including Non Fuel Mining & Construction 5218 4143 3740 3711 4439 5934 6051 6217 6815 68252 B 4 Carbide Production 215 205 220 200 310 290 230 94 60 1202 C METAL PRODUCTION 10578 8964 7397 7143 6950 6746 6425 5580 5372 43772 D 1 Pulp and Paper 15774 14893 12932 13930 14192 12830 12418 12170 11664 10851

3 SOLVENT AND PRODUCT USE

3 D OTHER including products containing HMs and 

POPs 601 608 603 569 556 537 535 523 504 510

4 AGRICULTURE

4 G OTHER 7703 7613 7889 8173 8133 8061 7950 7706 7866 8019

5 WASTE

6 D OTHER WASTE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

National Total 82142 73119 77592 157218 166363 179383 168330 155077 148078 140501
126

TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP TSP

TSP (metric ton) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

1 ENERGY

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production 2944 3332 3284 3616 3886 3821 5267 3774 3473 3073 2858 35001 A 1 b Petroleum refining 183 171 246 239 220 219 219 257 253 221 1044 10101 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy 

d i

0 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 9370 9586 8867 9392 9899 9519 8954 8018 7795 7342 6831 70931 A 3 a ii (i) Civil Aviation (Domestic, LTO) 3 3 3 2332 333331 A 3 a ii (ii)Civil Aviation (Domestic, Cruise) 8 8 8 7888 889881 A 3 b Road Transportation 27774 28050 28027 27068 27232 28056 27354 27197 27315 27980 28180 283181 A 3 c Railways 149 134 126 122 114 114 92 88 95 103 111 1111 A 3 d ii National Navigation 718 614 582 452 419 438 401 520 579 618 624 6451 A 3 e ii Other mobile sources and machinery 386 383 380 377 375 372 370 369 368 368 367 3671 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional 1438 1269 838 777 694 621 644 590 562 505 469 5331 A 4 b i Residential plants 63361 59485 55751 52212 45239 44606 41388 35287 30731 25363 23576 269221 A 4 b ii Household and gardening (mobile) 441 441 440 440 439 439 439 439 458 476 494 494

1 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry and fishing 614 573 524 476 271 243 212 194 174 142 23 291 A 4 c ii Off-road Vehicles and Other Machinery 1537 1525 1514 1502 1490 1479 1473 1467 1460 1452 1445 14441 A 5 b Other, Mobile (Including military) 45 44 42 40 43 44 37 32 28 24 31 221 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation 3 3 2 2433 233331 B 1 c Other 539 479 462 491 469 543 512 516 482 466 478 4511 B 2 a Oil 42 42 42 42 42 41 39 37 35 35 36 331 B 2 a i Exploration Production, Transport 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 NE 0.0 0.01 B 2 a iv Refining / Storage 42 42 42 42 42 41 39 37 35 35 36 331 B 2 b Natural gas NE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 NE NE 0.1

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

2 A 1 Cement Production 1003 1358 949 829 705 864 801 695 541 263 216 2542 A 2 Lime Production 681 NE 686 681 691 703 697 692 696 422 375 3692 A 7 Other including Non Fuel Mining & Construction 6060 4779 3907 3386 3769 2719 2424 2330 2733 2236 2862 24162 B 4 Carbide Production 120 199 124 278 150 153 198 337 232 372 241 2632 C METAL PRODUCTION 3960 4028 4107 4138 4132 3774 2127 2193 2091 1687 1550 16492 D 1 Pulp and Paper 9580 9290 9063 9249 7935 7425 7016 6802 6707 5815 5763 5718

3 SOLVENT AND PRODUCT USE

3 D OTHER including products containing HMs and 

POPs 668 696 730 640 587 629 628 596 611 600 624 646

4 AGRICULTURE

4 G OTHER 8203 7900 7900 7873 7966 8028 8006 8 050 7789 7728 7575 7575

5 WASTE

6 D OTHER WASTE NE NE NE NE NE NE 415 1674 69 371 380 1674

National Total 139870 134468 128645 124375 116822 114906 109768 102205 95326 87711 86202 91582
127

PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10

PM10 (metric ton) 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

1 ENERGY

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production 3750 3538 3470 2818 3396 3824 3869 3738 3257 26951 A 1 b Petroleum refining 515 402 376 251 206 179 213 2 192 2211 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy 

d i

333 2 2 2 2 4 2 2

1 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 9001 5064 12245 11422 8165 6729 6027 5893 6167 62001 A 3 a ii (i) Civil Aviation (Domestic, LTO) 8 9 9 8 9 8 10 8 9 91 A 3 a ii (ii)Civil Aviation (Domestic, Cruise) 25 26 27 25 26 25 29 25 26 281 A 3 b Road Transportation 15632 15741 15850 15960 16069 16178 16538 16897 17550 182451 A 3 c Railways 139 138 145 142 156 160 152 154 150 1331 A 3 d ii National Navigation 597 523 544 728 922 1034 1112 962 956 8781 A 3 e ii Other mobile sources and machinery NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional NE NE NE 629 557 467 363 408 422 3701 A 4 b i Residential plants NE NE NE 71210 80521 93299 84288 73430 65928 599311 A 4 b ii Household and gardening (mobile) NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

1 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry and fishing NE NE NE 159 175 196 192 222 210 1931 A 4 c ii Off-road Vehicles and Other Machinery NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 A 5 b Other, Mobile (Including military) NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 NE 2 21 B 1 c Other 329 125 178 186 239 294 270 241 232 2241 B 2 a Oil 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 NE 0.1 0.11 B 2 a i Exploration Production, Transport NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE 0.1 0.11 B 2 a iv Refining / Storage NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 B 2 b Natural gas 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 NE 0.0 0.0

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

2 A 1 Cement Production 1167 1091 1017 1075 918 682 577 744 1124 11382 A 2 Lime Production 580 575 582 589 587 591 596 589 586 5842 A 7 Other including Non Fuel Mining & Construction 4096 3109 2756 2765 3411 4738 4839 4981 5475 54782 B 4 Carbide Production 194 185 198 180 279 261 207 85 54 1082 C METAL PRODUCTION 8165 6898 5664 5456 5664 5479 5207 4529 3773 37692 D 1 Pulp and Paper 13408 12659 10992 11840 12063 10905 11176 10953 10498 9766

3 SOLVENT AND PRODUCT USE

3 D OTHER including products containing HMs and 

POPs 601 608 603 569 556 537 535 523 504 510

4 AGRICULTURE

4 G OTHER 3381 3336 3455 3585 3552 3538 3480 3380 3427 3484

5 WASTE

6 D OTHER WASTE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

National Total 61593 54032 58116 129601 137476 149127 139683 127770 120545 113967
128

PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10 PM10

PM10 (metric ton) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

1 ENERGY

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production 2719 3150 3106 3426 3690 3616 5016 3578 3275 2916 2706 33171 A 1 b Petroleum refining 183 171 246 239 220 219 219 257 253 221 1034 10011 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy 

d i

0 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 7999 8236 7572 7894 8588 8181 7631 6695 6586 6093 6140 63831 A 3 a ii (i) Civil Aviation (Domestic, LTO) 3 3 3 2332 333331 A 3 a ii (ii)Civil Aviation (Domestic, Cruise) 8 8 8 7888 889881 A 3 b Road Transportation 17454 17634 17515 16860 16928 17560 16810 16621 16627 16956 16980 169581 A 3 c Railways 141 127 120 116 109 109 87 83 91 98 105 1051 A 3 d ii National Navigation 694 595 566 441 410 429 393 505 561 599 604 6241 A 3 e ii Other mobile sources and machinery 368 365 362 360 357 354 353 352 351 351 350 3501 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional 1324 1168 772 716 639 570 590 536 511 461 428 4871 A 4 b i Residential plants 57084 53587 50223 47030 40757 40185 37280 31786 27680 22845 21235 242471 A 4 b ii Household and gardening (mobile) 438 438 437 437 437 436 436 437 455 473 491 491

1 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry and fishing 460 455 444 408 235 216 192 176 158 130 23 291 A 4 c ii Off-road Vehicles and Other Machinery 1461 1450 1439 1428 1417 1406 1400 1395 1388 1381 1374 13731 A 5 b Other, Mobile (Including military) 44 43 41 38 42 43 36 31 27 23 30 211 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation 3 3 2 2433 233331 B 1 c Other 215 192 185 196 188 217 205 206 193 186 191 1811 B 2 a Oil 40 40 40 40 40 39 37 35 33 33 34 311 B 2 a i Exploration Production, Transport 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 NE 0.0 0.01 B 2 a iv Refining / Storage 40 40 40 40 40 39 37 35 33 33 34 311 B 2 b Natural gas NE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 NE NE 0.1

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

2 A 1 Cement Production 803 1086 806 704 599 734 681 625 487 237 194 2292 A 2 Lime Production 580 NE 583 580 585 591 589 586 588 350 291 2832 A 7 Other including Non Fuel Mining & Construction 4810 3874 3125 2735 3117 2302 2042 1981 2372 1872 2488 20392 B 4 Carbide Production 108 179 112 250 135 138 178 303 209 335 217 2372 C METAL PRODUCTION 3413 3464 3527 3551 3548 3249 2022 2083 1987 1603 1473 15762 D 1 Pulp and Paper 8622 8826 8610 8787 7538 7054 6665 6462 6372 5525 5474 5432

3 SOLVENT AND PRODUCT USE

3 D OTHER including products containing HMs and 

POPs 668 696 730 640 587 629 628 596 611 600 624 646

4 AGRICULTURE

4 G OTHER 3550 3443 3469 3430 3489 3513 3481 3 497 3387 3369 3298 3298

5 WASTE

6 D OTHER WASTE NE NE NE NE NE NE 311 1256 51 278 285 1256

National Total 113232 109309 104082 100359 93706 91844 87335 80133 74300 66982 66118 70639
129

PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5

PM2.5 (metric ton) 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

1 ENERGY

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production 3024 2943 2881 2338 2799 3149 3202 3081 2667 21821 A 1 b Petroleum refining 427 334 312 208 171 148 177 2 160 1831 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy 323 2 2 2 2 3 2 11 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 7994 4095 10705 9841 7300 6170 5540 5435 5929 55981 A 3 a ii (i) Civil Aviation (Domestic, LTO) 8 9 9 8 9 8 10 8 9 91 A 3 a ii (ii)Civil Aviation (Domestic, Cruise) 25 26 27 25 26 25 29 25 26 281 A 3 b Road Transportation 6303 6298 6293 6288 6283 6278 6314 6350 6443 65581 A 3 c Railways 132 131 137 135 149 152 145 147 142 1261 A 3 d ii National Navigation 577 507 527 702 887 994 1067 926 920 8461 A 3 e ii Other mobile sources and machinery NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional NE NE NE 562 497 426 335 381 386 3391 A 4 b i Residential plants NE NE NE 63339 71616 82977 74969 65325 58653 533231 A 4 b ii Household and gardening (mobile) NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

1 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry and fishing NE NE NE 113 118 126 124 139 132 1181 A 4 c ii Off-road Vehicles and Other Machinery NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 A 5 b Other, Mobile (Including military) NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 NE 2 21 B 1 c Other 329 13 18 19 24 29 27 24 23 221 B 2 a Oil 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 NE 0.1 0.11 B 2 a i Exploration Production, Transport NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE 0.1 0.11 B 2 a iv Refining / Storage NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE1 B 2 b Natural gas 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 NE 0.0 0.0

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

2 A 1 Cement Production 948 886 826 874 746 554 469 605 913 9252 A 2 Lime Production 488 487 488 490 489 490 491 490 489 4892 A 7 Other including Non Fuel Mining & Construction 3201 2342 2038 2052 2706 3791 3876 3982 4403 43792 B 4 Carbide Production 172 164 176 160 248 232 184 75 48 962 C METAL PRODUCTION 5891 4989 4043 3887 4016 3906 4230 3839 3301 31752 D 1 Pulp and Paper 9465 8936 7759 8358 8515 7698 8072 7910 7582 7053

3 SOLVENT AND PRODUCT USE

3 D OTHER including products containing HMs and 

POPs 601 608 603 569 556 537 535 523 504 510

4 AGRICULTURE

4 G OTHER 741 730 756 785 776 776 762 740 749 760

5 WASTE

6 D OTHER WASTE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

National Total 40332 33503 37601 100757 107934 118470 110561 100010 93483 86725
130

PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5

PM2.5 (metric ton) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

1 ENERGY

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production 2226 2575 2548 2758 2961 2827 3955 2776 2574 2247 2072 25361 A 1 b Petroleum refining 152 142 204 199 182 182 182 220 214 184 1022 9891 A 1 c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy 0 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 6791 6882 6455 6775 7236 7074 6599 5794 5697 5324 5181 55501 A 3 a ii (i) Civil Aviation (Domestic, LTO) 3 3 3 2332 333331 A 3 a ii (ii)Civil Aviation (Domestic, Cruise) 8 8 8 7888 889881 A 3 b Road Transportation 5939 6011 5799 5490 5455 5858 5096 4884 4774 4739 4581 43951 A 3 c Railways 134 121 114 110 103 103 83 79 86 93 100 1001 A 3 d ii National Navigation 671 577 550 431 401 419 386 492 545 581 585 6051 A 3 e ii Other mobile sources and machinery 351 348 346 343 341 338 337 336 335 335 334 3341 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional 1186 1046 694 643 576 515 531 480 459 415 385 4371 A 4 b i Residential plants 50795 47677 44687 41840 36263 35755 33167 28280 24622 20324 18893 215701 A 4 b ii Household and gardening (mobile) 436 435 435 434 434 434 434 434 452 471 489 489

1 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry and fishing 363 374 380 352 203 190 170 156 139 116 21 261 A 4 c ii Off-road Vehicles and Other Machinery 1389 1379 1368 1358 1347 1337 1331 1326 1320 1313 1307 13061 A 5 b Other, Mobile (Including military) 42 41 39 37 40 41 34 29 25 22 29 201 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation 3 3 2 2433 233331 B 1 c Other 22 19 18 20 19 22 20 21 19 19 19 181 B 2 a Oil 36 36 36 36 36 35 33 31 30 30 31 281 B 2 a i Exploration Production, Transport 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 NE 0.0 0.01 B 2 a iv Refining / Storage 36 36 36 36 36 35 33 31 30 30 31 281 B 2 b Natural gas NE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 NE NE NE

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

2 A 1 Cement Production 652 882 664 580 493 605 561 556 433 211 172 2032 A 2 Lime Production 488 NE 489 488 489 490 490 489 490 286 218 2092 A 7 Other including Non Fuel Mining & Construction 3778 2991 2372 2105 2474 1935 1681 1652 2029 1527 2139 16902 B 4 Carbide Production 96 159 99 222 120 122 158 270 186 298 193 2102 C METAL PRODUCTION 2841 2916 2990 3018 3029 2754 1714 1755 1619 1318 1211 12992 D 1 Pulp and Paper 6227 6503 6344 6475 5554 5197 5262 5101 5030 4362 4322 4289

3 SOLVENT AND PRODUCT USE

3 D OTHER including products containing HMs and 

POPs 668 696 730 640 587 629 628 596 611 600 624 646

4 AGRICULTURE

4 G OTHER 775 754 761 750 764 770 761 764 741 738 724 724

5 WASTE

6 D OTHER WASTE NE NE NE NE NE NE 311 1256 51 278 285 1256

National Total 86105 82647 78170 75150 69158 67681 63970 57821 52526 45874 44981 48969
131

As (metric ton) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

1 ENERGY

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production 0.38 0.42 0.42 0.40 0.35 0.40 0.39 0.36 0.46 0.34 0.32 0.351 A 1 b Petroleum refining 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.011 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 0.14 0.22 0.21 0.23 2.64 0.26 0.25 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.23 0.191 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.011 A 4 b i Residential plants 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.041 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry, fishing 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001B1 Fugitive Emissions from Solid Fuels 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS 0.17 0.32 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.30 0.03 0.03 0.022 C METAL PRODUCTION 4.70 3.24 3.22 1.90 0.66 0.78 0.49 0.55 0.49 0.23 0.17 0.362 D 1 Pulp and Paper 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10

NATIONAL TOTAL 5.63 4.44 4.21 2.87 3.96 1.71 1.39 1.31 1.61 0.94 0.91 1.09

Cd (metric ton) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

1 ENERGY

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.20 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.221 A 1 b Petroleum refining 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.011 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 0.24 0.30 0.31 0.33 0.39 0.37 0.36 0.27 0.28 0.26 0.28 0.281 A 3 b vi R.T., Automobile tyre and brake wear 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.021 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.011 A 4 b i Residential plants 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.131 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry, fishing 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.012 C METAL PRODUCTION 1.55 1.02 0.93 0.66 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.30 0.25 0.13 0.09 0.172 D 1 Pulp and Paper 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07

NATIONAL TOTAL 2.24 1.78 1.71 1.46 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.04 1.01 0.86 0.80 0.91
132

Cr (metric ton) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

1 ENERGY

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production 1.13 1.21 0.78 0.78 0.46 0.45 0.67 0.59 0.63 0.34 0.31 0.351 A 1 b Petroleum refining 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.031 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 0.48 0.71 0.71 0.72 0.77 0.79 0.78 0.47 0.47 0.43 0.66 0.401 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.011 A 4 b i Residential plants 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.071 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry, fishing 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS 0.24 0.19 0.16 0.14 0.17 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.15 0.112 C METAL PRODUCTION 20.70 16.87 15.12 15.25 13.76 10.61 8.89 7.27 6.02 5.18 5.53 5.912 D 1 Pulp and Paper 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.15 0.15

NATIONAL TOTAL 22.9 19.3 17.2 17.3 15.5 12.2 10.7 8.7 7.5 6.3 6.9 7.0

Cu (metric ton) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

1 ENERGY

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production 1.38 1.52 1.09 1.21 0.87 0.84 1.25 1.04 1.12 0.82 0.74 0.911 A 1 b Petroleum refining 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.03 0.031 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 1.38 1.57 1.70 1.72 1.93 1.53 1.48 1.21 1.20 1.11 2.68 1.231 A 3 b vi R.T., Automobile tyre and brake wear 9.48 9.57 9.66 9.38 9.47 9.64 9.69 9.72 9.82 10.13 10.29 10.441 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional 0.10 0.10 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.041 A 4 b i Residential plants 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.52 0.51 0.48 0.47 0.521 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry, fishing 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS 0.14 0.12 0.33 0.28 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.052 C METAL PRODUCTION 20.52 18.51 25.73 15.64 6.30 5.79 6.30 7.24 5.16 3.03 2.19 1.812 D 1 Pulp and Paper 0.64 0.65 0.64 0.67 0.57 0.54 0.50 0.52 0.50 0.44 0.49 0.48

NATIONAL TOTAL 34.3 32.7 40.1 29.7 20.0 19.2 20.1 20.5 18.6 16.2 17.0 15.5
133

Hg (metric ton) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

1 ENERGY

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production 0.34 0.27 0.19 0.16 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.071 A 1 b Petroleum refining 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.011 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.19 0.151 A 4 a 1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001 A 4 b i 1 A 4 b i Residential plants 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.031 A 4 c i 1 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry, fishing 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001B1 1B1 Fugitive Emissions from Solid Fuels 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

2 A 2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS (b) 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.002 B 2 B CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.16 0.18 0.13 0.14 0.11 0.14 0.11 0.09 0.072 C 2 C METAL PRODUCTION 0.46 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.36 0.27 0.172 D 1 2 D 1 Pulp and Paper 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

6 WASTE

6 C 6 C WASTE INCINERATION (e) 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.22 0.18 0.12 0.12

NATIONAL TOTAL 1.56 1.40 1.27 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.11 0.92 0.88 0.89 0.81 0.65

Ni (metric ton) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

1 ENERGY

1 A 1 a 1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production 4.35 4.84 4.80 5.18 4.89 5.19 7.30 4.50 6.13 3.84 2.28 3.561 A 1 b 1 A 1 b Petroleum refining 4.37 4.10 5.90 5.74 5.27 5.26 5.26 5.26 5.49 5.31 0.71 0.711 A 2 1 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 11.08 9.85 8.94 10.33 12.68 13.36 12.54 14.95 14.04 12.74 10.43 10.241 A 4 a 1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional 2.27 2.04 1.19 1.18 0.70 0.45 0.45 0.39 0.08 0.22 0.22 0.331 A 4 b i 1 A 4 b i Residential plants 1.31 1.47 1.01 1.00 1.38 0.92 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.48 0.29 0.391 A 4 c i 1 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry, fishing 0.35 0.35 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.38 0.19 0.27 0.27

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

2 A 2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS (b) 1.02 0.75 0.63 0.56 0.65 0.42 0.39 0.36 0.43 0.33 0.47 0.382 C 2 C METAL PRODUCTION 7.27 6.17 6.90 7.36 8.16 7.85 2.99 2.27 1.70 1.06 0.75 0.722 D 1 2 D 1 Pulp and Paper 0.47 0.48 0.47 0.49 0.42 0.40 0.37 0.38 0.37 0.33 0.36 0.35

NATIONAL TOTAL 32 30 30 32 34 34 30 29 29 24 16 17
134

Pb (metric ton) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

1 ENERGY

1 A 1 a 1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production 2.70 2.13 1.99 1.88 1.46 1.66 2.16 1.78 2.05 1.52 1.34 1.611 A 1 b 1 A 1 b Petroleum refining 0.27 0.26 0.37 0.36 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.33 0.09 0.091 A 2 1 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 2.04 2.55 2.56 2.67 2.99 3.03 2.94 2.37 2.32 2.14 2.47 2.551 A 3 b i 1 A 3 b i R.T., Passenger cars 352 298 271 213 14 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO1 A 3 b ii 1 A 3 b ii R.T., Light duty vehicles 38.0 32.0 29.0 22.0 1.45 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO1 A 3 b iv 1 A 3 b iv R.T., Mopeds & Motorcycles 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.03 0.13 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO1 A 3 b vi 1 A 3 b vi R.T., Automobile tyre and brake wear 2.26 2.29 2.31 2.24 2.26 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.34 2.42 2.46 2.491 A 4 a 1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional 0.21 0.19 0.13 0.13 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.071 A 4 b i 1 A 4 b i Residential plants 1.03 1.04 1.01 1.01 0.99 0.81 0.82 0.76 0.75 0.69 0.68 0.761 A 4 c i 1 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry, fishing 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.03

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

2 A 2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS (b) 1.69 1.72 1.69 1.41 1.19 1.73 1.54 1.70 1.67 2.75 2.91 0.802 C 2 C METAL PRODUCTION 73.49 57.07 44.88 30.50 20.05 13.50 10.78 10.54 8.85 7.57 5.10 6.002 D 1 2 D 1 Pulp and Paper 0.40 0.42 0.40 0.42 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.33 0.32 0.28 0.31 0.30

NATIONAL TOTAL 474 398 355 276 45 24 21 20 19 18 15 15

Se (metric ton) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

1 ENERGY

1 A 1 a 1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.20 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.221 A 1 b 1 A 1 b Petroleum refining 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.011 A 2 1 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 0.24 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.27 0.28 0.26 0.28 0.281 A 4 a 1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.011 A 4 b i 1 A 4 b i Residential plants 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.101 A 4 c i 1 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry, fishing 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

NATIONAL TOTAL 0.56 0.63 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.71 0.75 0.61 0.64 0.60 0.57 0.61
135

Zn (metric ton) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

1 ENERGY

1 A 1 a 1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production 11.02 11.26 8.77 13.31 12.86 19.77 30.86 24.43 24.96 27.72 26.60 33.171 A 1 b 1 A 1 b Petroleum refining 0.22 0.20 0.29 0.29 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.05 0.051 A 2 1 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 30.70 29.70 36.00 34.81 39.82 37.84 36.72 35.06 35.38 33.12 25.68 33.431 A 3 b vi 1 A 3 b vi R.T., Automobile tyre and brake wear 13.22 13.35 13.47 13.08 13.20 13.45 13.51 13.55 13.69 14.12 14.35 14.561 A 4 a 1 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional 0.29 0.20 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.111 A 4 b i 1 A 4 b i Residential plants 8.02 4.11 4.10 4.14 3.90 4.17 4.25 4.01 3.94 3.70 3.69 4.211 A 4 c i 1 A 4 c i Stationary, agriculture, forestry, fishing 0.42 0.29 0.17 0.15 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.02

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

2 A 2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS (b) 0.72 1.13 1.71 0.79 0.92 0.77 1.05 0.39 0.31 0.36 0.30 0.332 C 2 C METAL PRODUCTION 112.7 97.00 70.94 70.07 65.07 49.79 34.25 32.98 30.42 19.48 18.95 19.652 D 1 2 D 1 Pulp and Paper 0.80 0.83 0.81 0.85 0.72 0.68 0.63 0.65 0.63 0.56 0.61 0.60

NATIONAL TOTAL 178 158 136 138 137 127 122 112 110 99 90 106
136

PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4

PAH-4 (metric ton) 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

1 ENERGY

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production 1.40 0.14 0.41 0.41 0.55 0.69 0.77 0.56 0.57 0.451 A 1 b Petroleum refining 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 5.93 0.01 6.15 4.93 3.12 2.99 2.73 1.62 1.67 1.191 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional NE NE NE 0.20 0.22 0.21 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.371 A 4 b i Residential plants NE NE NE 39.01 44.28 51.44 46.48 40.42 36.30 33.001 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing NE NE NE 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.201 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation NE NE NE NE NE NE NE 1.12 0.90 0.99

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

2 C METAL PRODUCTION NE NE NE NE 6.87 6.08 4.86 1.62 3.57 4.862 D 1 Pulp and Paper 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02

6 WASTE

6 C WASTE INCINERATION 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

NATIONAL TOTAL 44.71 55.22 61.61 55.45 45.96 43.63 41.08

PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4 PAH-4

PAH-4 (metric ton) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

1 ENERGY

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Production 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.54 0.48 0.44 0.38 0.36 0.431 A 1 b Petroleum refining 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.001 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 1.25 0.93 1.11 0.73 0.84 0.41 0.40 0.36 0.21 0.21 0.14 0.191 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional 0.37 0.35 0.24 0.24 0.37 0.24 0.28 0.29 0.32 0.29 0.32 0.371 A 4 b i Residential plants 31.39 29.49 27.64 25.91 22.41 22.11 20.54 17.50 15.26 12.59 18.03 20.601 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.00 0.001 B 1 b Solid fuel transformation 1.06 1.13 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.16 1.16 0.16 1.20 1.20

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

2 C METAL PRODUCTION 3.89 5.19 2.59 2.27 2.92 3.66 4.40 2.53 4.70 6.45 3.21 4.052 D 1 Pulp and Paper 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

6 WASTE

6 C WASTE INCINERATION 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

NATIONAL TOTAL 38.67 37.78 33.44 31.00 28.37 28.14 27.44 22.43 22.21 20.18 23.29 26.86
137

Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox

Dioxin (g) 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

1 ENERGY

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Prod. 120.01 47.01 72.44 72.44 92.94 102.06 87.36 64.11 34.27 18.831 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and 

C i

9.02 1.31 10.72 10.72 7.79 8.73 8.04 8.07 8.56 9.02

1 A 3 b Road Transportation 6.35 6.37 6.39 6.42 5.84 5.87 5.36 4.29 4.48 4.691 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional NE NE NE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001 A 4 b Residential NE NE NE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing NE NE NE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS 6.11 5.51 5.56 6.27 6.60 7.45 7.42 7.33 7.48 7.712 B CHEMICAL INDUSTRY NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE2 C METAL PRODUCTION 37.60 31.90 29.50 28.00 27.90 27.50 24.80 22.70 23.00 20.802 D 1 Pulp and Paper 1.90 1.90 1.70 1.90 2.10 1.60 1.60 1.30 1.30 0.80

6 WASTE

6 C WASTE INCINERATION 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.516 D OTHER WASTE 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00

NATIONAL TOTAL 194.41 107.43 139.75 139.19 156.62 166.69 148.06 121.29 92.60 75.36

Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox Diox

Dioxin (g) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

1 ENERGY

1 A 1 a Public Electricity and Heat Prod. 14.34 13.28 5.46 9.61 6.05 8.72 11.14 10.09 10.05 10.21 9.89 11.371 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and 

Construction 11.56 11.55 12.52 12.62 13.79 13.57 13.29 10.03 10.18 9.46 10.65 11.07

1 A 3 b Road Transportation 4.28 3.96 3.64 2.18 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.571 A 4 a Commercial / Institutional NE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 NE 0.00 0.001 A 4 b Residential 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001 A 4 c Agriculture / Forestry / Fishing 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 NE NE

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS 7.39 6.81 6.29 6.82 6.29 3.01 1.05 1.14 1.65 1.15 1.69 1.352 B CHEMICAL INDUSTRY NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE 0.202 C METAL PRODUCTION 17.93 13.23 12.73 11.81 11.10 9.49 7.08 7.94 6.54 6.18 7.17 5.522 D 1 Pulp and Paper 0.80 0.60 0.60 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50

6 WASTE

6 C WASTE INCINERATION 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.596 D OTHER WASTE 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00

NATIONAL TOTAL 69.83 62.97 54.78 57.10 51.78 49.26 47.09 43.84 43.08 41.67 44.09 44.17
138