\

V) a /

NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 396-4

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology

and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts

research and provides: (I) a basis lor the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and 14) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology,

the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs.

THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United

States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement: coordinates that system

with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry,

and commerce. The Institute consists of the Office of Measurement Services, the Office of Radiation Measurement and the following Center and divisions:

Applied Mathematics — Electricity — Mechanics — Heat — Optical Physics — Center

for Radiation Research: Nuclear Sciences; Applied Radiation — Laboratory Astrophysics

" — Cryogenics - — Electromagnetics - — Time and Frequency '-'. THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of well-characterized

materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides

advisory and research services to other Government agencies; and develops, produces, and

distributes standard reference materials. The Institute consists of the Office of Standard

Reference Materials, the Office of Air and Water Measurement, and the following divisions:

Analytical Chemistry — Polymers — Metallurgy — Inorganic Materials — Reactor

Radiation — Physical Chemistry. , • THE INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED TECHNOLOGY provides technical services to promote

the use of available technology and to facilitate technological innovation in industry and Government: cooperates with public and private organizations leading to the development of technological standards (including mandatory safety standards), codes and methods of test; and provides technical advice and services to Government agencies upon request. The Insti- tute consists of the following divisions and Centers: Standards Application and Analysis — Electronic Technology — Center for Consumer

Product Technology: Product Systems Analysis; Product Engineering — Center for Building

Technology: Structures, Materials, and Life Safety; Building Environment; Technical Evaluation and Application — Center for Fire Research: Fire Science; Fire Safety Engineering.

THE INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts research and provides technical services designed to aid Government agencies in improving cost effec- tiveness in the conduct of their programs through the selection, acquisition, and effective

utilization of automatic data processing equipment; and serves as the principal focus within

the executive branch for the development of Federal standards for automatic data processing

equipment, techniques, and computer languages. The Institute consists of the following

divisions: Computer Services — Systems and Software — Computer Systems Engineering — Information Technology.

THE OFFICE FOR INFORMATION PROGRAMS promotes optimum dissemination and

accessibility of scientific information generated within NBS and other agencies of the Federal Government; promotes the development of the National Standard Reference Data System and

a system of information analysis centers dealing with the broader aspects of the National Measurement System; provides appropriate services to ensure that the NBS staff has optimum

accessibility to the scientific information of the world. The Office consists of the following

organizational units: Office of Standard Reference Data — Office of Information Activities — Office of Technical

Publications — Library — Office of International Relations — Office of International Standards.

1 Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg. Maryland, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington. D C. 20234.

- Located at Boulder. Colorado 80302.
Critical Surveys of Data Sources:

Electrical and Magnetic

Properties of Metals

M. J. Carr, R. B. Gavert, R. L. Moore,

H. W. Wawrousek and J. H. Westbrook

Materials Information Services

General Electric Company

Schenectady, New York 23101

This work was sponsored by the

Office of Standard Reference Data

National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Elliot L. Richardson, Secretary

Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director

Issued July 1976
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Main entry under title:

Critical surveys of data source. (NBS special publication; 396-4) Includes indexes. Supt. of Docs, no.: C13. 10:396-4

1. Metals-Electric properties-Bibliography. 2. Metals-Magnetic

properties-Bibliography. 3. Metals-Information services. I. Carr, M. J.

II. Series: I nited States. National Bureau of Standards. Special publication ; 396-4 QC100.1'57 No. 396-4 (Z6679.E36J [TN690) 602". Is [016.6201'6'97] 76-18879

National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 396-4

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 396-4, 92 pages (July 1976) CODEN: XNBSAV

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1976

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

Price $1.55 Stock Number 003-003-01572-5 (Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing).
Foreword

The National Standard Reference Data System was established in 1963 for the purpose of promoting the critical evaluation and dissemination of numerical data of the physical sciences.

The program is coordinated by the Office of Standard Reference Data of the National Bureau of Standards, but involves the efforts of many groups in universities, government laboratories, and

private industry. The primary aim of the program is to provide compilations of critically

evaluated physical and chemical property data. These tables are published in the Journal of

Physical and Chemical Reference Data, in the NSRDS-NBS Series of the National Bureau of Standards, and through other appropriate channels.

The properties of commercial materials have thus far received rather limited coverage in the

NSRDS program. However, many other groups select and compile data on the properties of such materials, using a variety of criteria for selection. Thus, identifying the best source for a given purpose requires something more detailed than an ordinary bibliographic listing.

This series is designed to provide such guides to data covering selected areas of materials and

properties, with emphasis on commercial materials. Earlier publications covered Mechanical

Properties of Metals (SP 396-1). Properties of Ceramics (SP 396-2), and Corrosion of Metals (SP

396-3). We would appreciate comments and suggestions about the need for and usefulness of additional surveys, and are prepared to consider the coverage of other materials when and if it appears warranted.

The present survey covers electrical and magnetic properties of metals. This is a very broad

field, and there exists a wide variety of data sources, directed at different types of users. A truly

comprehensive listing of such sources would be beyond the scope of this series. However, an

effort has been made to include representative data sources which should prove helpful to various user communities. Many of the entries in this survey contain references to other

valuable sources. For each of these surveys we have sought assistance from specialists, with emphasis on those

involved in the production and use of important commercial materials, and we have been

extremely fortunate in obtaining such advice from panels of the relevant technical societies. For

adequate coverage of the fields represented in this survey, we found it necessary to form a task

force of individuals, rather than representatives of any single society. The assistance of these

individuals, listed below, is gratefully acknowledged. We would also like to acknowledge the

assistance in forming a qualified panel generously given us by H. F. Storm, Chairman of the

Technical Committees Division of the Magnetics Society of the Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers, Inc.. and by J. A. Dwyer, Assistant Manager, Standards Development

Division of the American Society of Testing and Materials. L. H. Bennett. G. C. Carter, and G. Candela of the National Bureau of Standards made valuable suggestions about the sources and

definitions to be included.

David R. Lide. Jr.. Chief

Office of Standard Reference Data

The task force which reviewed the coverage and contents of this survey included the following

individuals. Society and company affiliations are shown for identification only, and do not constitute an endorsement by these organizations.

H. F. Storm (General Electric Corporate Research & Development). Chairman Technical

Committees Division IEEE-S-MAG

D. M. Bolle (Brown University). Past Chairman. High-Frequency Materials, IEEE-S-MAG

R. G. West (Trans-Tech. Inc.), Chairman. High-Frequency Materials. IEEE-S-MAG

K. Foster (Westinghouse Research & Development Center), Chairman. Soft Core Materials.

IEEE-S-MAG

1 1

1
R. J. Parker (Hitachi Magnetics Corp.), Chairman, Permanent Magnets, IEEE-S-MAG

A. A. Jones (New Bedford, Mass.), Member, Committee B-l on Wires for Electrical

Conductors, ASTM

G. B. Finke (Magnetic Metals Company)

F. E. Luborsky (General Electric Corporate Research & Development)
Contents

Page Foreword iii Introduction xi HANDBOOKS AND TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS

Source

No.

1. Advances in Magnetics, Vol. MAG-7, March 1971

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 2

2. Alloy Digest

Engineering Alloys Digest, Inc 2

3. Aluminum Standards and Data

The Aluminum Association 4

4. American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition

McGraw-Hill 5

5. Bibliography of Magnetic Materials and Tabulation of Magnetic Transition

Temperatures

National Bureau of Standards 6

6. Electrical Engineers' Handbook: Electric Communication and Electronics, 4th

Edition

John Wiley & Sons, Inc 6

7. Electrical Engineers' Handbook: Electric Power, 4th Edition

John Wiley & Sons, Inc 7

8. Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Metals

American Society of Metals 7

9. Electrical and Thermal Conductivities of Metals Over Their Entire Liquid

Range

Rev. Hautes Temper, et Refract.. 3 (1966) 115 8

10. Eleetrodeposition of Alloys, Volumes I & II Academic Press, Inc 9

11. Electronic Engineers' Reference Book, 3rd Edition

Heywood Books 9

12. Electronic Properties of Materials: A Guide to the Literature, 1st Edition

Plenum Press 10

13. Encyclopedia of Physics

Springer- Verlag II 14. Engineering Materials Handbook

McGraw-Hill 12 15. Ferromagnetism

D. Van Nostrand Company 12 16. Ferromagnetismus

Springer-Verlag 13

17. Gmelin's Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie

Springer-Verlag 14

18. Handbook of Engineering Materials, 1st Edition

John Wiley & Sons, Inc 14

19. Handbook of Materials and Processes for Electronics

McGraw-Hill 15

20. Handbook on Materials for Superconducting Machinery, MCIC-HB-04

MCIC-Battelle 16

v
21. Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd Edition

CRC Press 16 22. Landolt-Bornstein Tabellen

Springer- Verlag 17 23. Magnetic Alloys and Ferrites

George New lies Ltd 18

24. Magnetic Materials

John W iley & Sons. Inc 19

2fi. Magnetic Materials in the Electrical Industry

Philosophical Library. Inc 19 26. Magnetic Materials and Their Applications

Crane. Russak & Company. Ine 2d

27. Materials Data Book for Engineers and Scientists

McGraw-Hill 21 28. Materials Data Handbooks

Western Applied Research and Development, Inc 21 29. Materials for Magnetic Functions

Hayden Book Company. Ine 22

30. Metal Progress Data Book, 1974 Edition

American Society for Metals 23

31. Metals Handbook, 8th Edition

American Society of Metals 23

32. Metals Reference Book. 4th Edition

Butterworth's 25

33. Permanent Magnets. GE Report No. 66-G-252

GK Research and Development Center 26

34. Permanent Magnets 2-Examination of Commercial Alloys

Electro-Technology. 70 (1962) 94, Conover-Masl 27

35. Permanent Magnet* and Their Applications

John W iley & Sons. Inc 27

36. The Properties of Elect rodeposited Metals and .Alloy*.—A Handbook

American Elsevier Publishing Company. Inc 28

37. Properties of Magnetic Materials for Use in High-Temperature Space Power

Systems

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 29

38. Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers. 10th Edition

McGraw-Hill 30

39. Properties of Selected Superconductive Materials, NBS Technical Notes 724 and

825

National Bureau of Standards 30

40. Standard Handbook: Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Mill Products;

Standard Handbook: Cast Copper and Copper Alloy Products

Copper Development Association 31 41. Superconducting Materials

Plenum Publishing Corporation 32

42. Superconducting Materials—A Survey

Cryogenics. 12 (19721 ll'C Science and Technology Press Ltd 33

43. Survey of Electrical Resistivity Measurements on 16 Pure Metals in the

Temperature Range 0 To 273 K, NBS Technical Notes 365 and 365-1

National Bureau of Standards 33

44. Temperature. Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 4, Parts 1. 2. & 3

Instrument Society ot America 34

\ i
45. Thermophysieal Properties of High Temperature Solid Materials

MacMillan Publishing Company 35

INFORMATION CENTERS

46. Copper Data Center, Battelle Memorial Institute

Copper Development Association, Inc 38

47. Cryogenics Data Center

National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 39

48. NASA Network of University-based Regional Dissemination Centers

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 39

49. Superconducting Materials Data Center, General Electric Corporate Research

and Development Center

National Bureau of Standards H

COMMERCIAL SOURCES AND TRADE ASSOCIATIONS

50. Alloys for Electronic, Magnetic and Electrical Applications

Carpenter Technology Corporation 44

51. Armco Electrical Steels and Magnetic Alloys Handbook

Armco Steel Corporation 44

52. Electrical Materials Handbook

Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation 45

53. Electrical Resistance Alloys for Instrumentation and Control and Resistance

Materials for Electrical Heating Elements

Suppliers technical catalogs 46

54. Magnetic Materials Producers' Association 47

55. Nonoriented Electrical Steel Sheets Handbook and Oriented Electrical Steel

Sheets Handbook

U. S. Steel Corporation 48

56. Permanent Magnet Handbook

Colt Industries 19

TECHNICAL SOCIETY DATA PUBLICATIONS

57. American National Standards

American National Standards Institute 52

58. Publications of The American Society for Metals

American Society for Metals 52

59. American Society for Testing & Materials, Annual Book of Standards

American Society for Testing & Materials 53

APPENDIX—MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES

Direct-Current Magnetic Measurements for Soft Magnetic Materials, ASTM Special

Technical Publication 371 SI

American Society for Testing & Materials 58

EMPIS Materials Information System

General Electric .58

\ 1

1
Industrial Elec Ironic*. Handbook

McGraw-Hill 59

IINSPEC Information Service

The Institution of Electrical Engineers 59

Insulation Directory/Encyclopedia Issue

H. L. Saums 60

Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

Chapman and Hall Ltd 60

Materials Selector

Reinhold Publishing Company 60

INewnes Concise Encyclopedia of Electrical Engineering

George Newnes Ltd 61 NFPA Handbook of The National Electrical Code, 3rd Edition, 1972

McGraw-Hill 61 Properties of Materials for Electrical Engineers

John Wiley & Sons. Ltd 6]

Glossary

Definitions of Electrical and Magnetic Properties 62

Indices

Materials Index 82

Properties Index 8.J

not to be interpreted as a recommendation or endorsement by the National Bureau of Standards

of any specific product or company.

viii
Abstract

This survey is intended to provide a directory of authoritative sources of numerical data on the

electrical and magnetic properties of metals, with emphasis on commercial alloys. Fifty-nine sources, including handbooks and other publications, information centers, trade associations, and

technical societies are described in detail, including information on the properties and materials covered and the criteria used in the selection of data. A few additional related publications are listed with brief descriptions.

Key words: Commercial alloys: data sources: electrical properties; magnetic properties; metals.

ix

Critical Surveys ofData Sources:

Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Metals

M. J. Carr, R. B. Gavert, R. L. Moore, H. W. Wawrousek, and J. H. Westbrook

Introduction

Necessary first steps in the selection and compilation of reference data on any group of properties are

to locate the best existing compilations and to evaluate these critically. Unfortunately, in the case of many

groups of properties, particularly those for commercial metals and alloys, no such compendium exists as

is the case for thermodynamic properties with the JANAF Tables, for example. Furthermore, despite the

recent publication of several bibliographic aids on metals information (1—4), as well as more general

directories to information sources, e.g.. (5), there is no ready guidebook to sources of information on the

properties of metals that gives an adequate evaluation of the scope, currency and validity of the individual sources. The National Bureau of Standards has, therefore, undertaken the preparation of a series of detailed

critical surveys of the existent compilations of property data for materials. Emphasis has been placed on

properties and materials of commercial interest because those have most often been neglected in the past.

Scientific data and pure elements and compounds are by no means neglected; information on reference

sources of this type are also included where appropriate. Each of these surveys is intended to assess the scope, assets and deficiencies of about forty of the most prominent surces of information. The types of sources included are: handbooks and technical compilations, information centers, foreign information

sources, technical societies, and trade associations. The aim is to restrict the surveys to sources which

actually have compilations of property data in some form. Thus, sources which offer only generalized

guides to the literature, monographs, textbooks, or periodicals publishing original research or engineering

articles are not to be included.

The first survey under this program treated compilations of data on the mechanical properties of metals

and alloys (6): others deal with the properties of ceramics (7) and with corrosion data (8). The present study

critically examines sources of electrical and magnetic property data on metals and alloys, again with emphasis

on commercially available materials. The initial listing of sources to be reviewed was compiled by the authors

with the advice and assistance of the Office of Standard Reference Data of the National Bureau of Standards

and individual members of ASTM Committee B-l on Wires for Electrical Conductors and of several

committees of the Magnetics Society of IEEE. Sources from the initial listing which were found upon

examination to fall outside the scope and criteria outlined above are grouped at the rear in a separate section. Miscellaneous Sources. In considering the selection of sources for inclusion in the survey, first priority was

accorded those containing the most data, the best evaluated data, the broadest coverage of materials and

properties, and the most current information Thus many were not included because a listed source covered

the same ground much better or more broadly; and some few were included, even though they did only a fair job within their scope, simply because no other source covered it at aU. A survey of this type is never really complete or up-to-date. Descriptions of any given source need

constant revision, new sources appear each year, and valuable but obscure sources are apt to be missed

entirely. It is, therefore, hoped that readers and users of this survey will call all such errors and

omissions to the attention of the authors.

The sources surveyed are arranged in a convenient, but arbitrary, grouping as set forth in the Contents.

Many sources could as well have been classified in two or more categories and some readers might find

another grouping more appropriate than that shown here. However, the listing is sufficiently short that locating a source of interest should pose no problem.

Finally, a few words on the possible uses of this survey. It should facilitate the determination of: what

significant properties are generally available on important materials; what reasonably finite group of

materials might provide a minimally representative list of well-documented property data sets; what

property determinations are most conspicuously lacking, and what existent compilations might afford the

best base for building a Standard Reference Data set for electrical and magnetic properties.

XI
(1) Wilcox. V. L.. Guide to Literature on Metals and Metallurgical Engineering. ASEE, Washington, DC

(1970) 32 pp.

(2) Hyslop. M.R.. A Brief Guide to Sources of Metals Information. Information Resouces Press,

Washington. DC (1973) 180 pp.

(3) Gibson, E.B. and Topia, E.W.. Guide to Metallurgical Information. 2nd ed.. SLA Bibliog. No. 32,

Special Libraries Association (1965) 222 pp.

(4) Carter. G.C.. Bennett, L.H.. Cuthill, J.R. and Kahan. D.J.. The NBS Alloy Data Center: Function,

Bibliographic System. Related Data Centers and Reference Books. NBS Tech. Note 464 (August

1968) 24 pp + 168 pp of appendices.

(5l Kruzar. A.T.. Encyclopedia of Information Systems and Services. Academic Media, Orange, NJ (1971)

1109 pp.

(6) Gavert. R.B.. Moore. R.L.. and Westbrook, J.H., Critical Survey of Data Sources: Mechanical

Properties of Metals. NBS Spec. Publ. 396-1 (Sept 1974) 81 pp.

(7) Johnson. D.M. and Lynch. J.F.. Critical Survey of Data Sonn e-: Ceramic*. NBS Spec. Publ. 396-2

1 1 (ecember 1976) 11 pp.

(8) Diegle. H.B. and Boyd. W.K.. Critical Surve) of Data Source*: Corrosion of Metal*. NBS Spec. Publ. 396-3 (January 1976) 29 pp.

Xll
Handbooks and

Technical

Compilations

(1-45)
Source 1: Advances in Magnetics.

Transactions on Magnetics, Volume MAG-7. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 345

East 47 St.. New York. NY 10017. 1971. $7.00/IEEE members. $14.00/nonmembers.

Copies of Volume MACi—7 are available from IEEE s Plainfield. NJ office. Reprints of particular review

articles may be obtained from the New York office. Minimum orders of 100 are necessary for reprints.

Scope: The annual "Advances in Magnetics" issue of IEEE Transactions on Magnetics contains review

and tutorial papers on applied and fundamental topics in magnetism. The subject area for the reviews

may be different each year. In the referenced 1971 issue, two out of eight review articles published

contained compilations of magnetic property data for metals. These articles are "Iron and Silicon-Iron

Alloys'". M.F. Littmann. and "Soft Magnetic Structural Alloys for Elevated Temperature Applications", D.A. Colling.

Properties Covered: Soft magnetic property data are given for eleven steels, and eleven high

permeability alloys. These include saturation magnetization, coercive force, initial and high field permeabilities, and core los>.

Sources of Data: Data are selected from journal articles or other data banks.

Size of the Data Bank: Typical articles in 1

i i >eries run from 10-12 pages.

Data Storage and Search: Data are usually presented in tabular form within an individual article. No

index is given.

Selectivity of the Data: The data arc compiled from selected sources by the author of each article. No

statistical treatment of data is given.

Timeliness of the Data: References cited date primarily from the middle 1960's.

General Comments: The "Advances in Magnetics" series is intended to provide a forum for review

articles in magnetics. The data found in them are not in condensed form, although they are generally the most up-to-date available. Locating specific data is difficult, since an index is not provided.

Source 2: Alloy Digest.

Engineering Alloys Digest, Inc., 356 North Mountain Ave., Box 823, Upper Montclair, NJ 07043, $20.00/

year. The Alloy Digest is available to both domestic and foreign subscribers. A set of back issues may be

purchased for $135.00.

Scope: The Alloy Digest is a monthly compilation of data sheets on approximately 500 ferrous and

nonferrous alloys, giving information on composition and general characteristics of commercial alloys.

Electrical properties are generally given. Magnetic properties are not fully covered.

Properties Covered: Electrical properties include: electrical resistivity at room and elevated temperatures, resistivity versus degree of deformation, electrical conductivity percent IACS.

Magnetic properties include: B-H magnetization data, energy product data, residual induction, coercive

force, initial permeability, maximum permeability, hysteresis loss, saturation induction, residual flux density. Curie temperature, permeance coefficient, recoil permeability, reversible effect of temperature

change.

Sources of Data: Data are extracted from vendor data sheets and industry-wide specifications.
Size of the Data Bank: There are over 1600 data sheets in the system in looseleaf binders. Less than 3 percent of the data pertains to electrical and magnetic properties. There are less than 50 data sheets on magnetic materials.

Data Storage and Search: The data are coded generally by chemical symbols, as follows:

Approximate

Number

Code No. Type or Class of Alloy of Data Sheets

Ag Silver-base 5 Al Aluminum base 196

Au Gold-base 11 Cb Columbium-base 17 CI Cast-iron 35

Co Cobalt-base 59

Cr Chromium-base 2 CS Carbon Steels 38

Cu Copper-base 219

Fe Iron-base (contains most magnetic data) 43

Mg Magnesium-base 69

Mn Manganese-base 2 Mo Molybdenum-base 8

Ni Nickel-base 157

Pb Lead-base 6 Pt Platinum 1 Re Rhenium 1 SA Steel-All<)ys (Alloy Steels) 253

Sn Tin-base 2 SS Stainless and Heat Resistant Steels 239

Ta Tantalum 1 Ti Titanium-base 58

TS Tool Steels 222

W Tungsten-base 14

Zn Zinc-base 13 Zr Zirconium-base 5

There is a General Index which cross references trade names of the ferrous and nonferrous alloys to the Code Numbers. As an example:

Trade Name Code No.

Alnico V Fe— 17

Selectivity of the Data: Data are selected by the Editor of the Alloy Digest who is professionally

trained. Reliability of the data varies with the quality of the vendor data sheets and specifications from

which the data are taken. There is no statistical treatment of the data by Alloy Digest.

Timeliness of the Data: Each Data sheet is dated. The dates cover the period from the early 1950"s to the 1970's. Most of the data comes from the 1960's. New sheets are issued monthly with the selections at the convenience of the editor.

3
General Comment!:: The system is useful where it is inconvenient to send directly to vendors for data. This is particularly true for scattered electrical properties. For magnetic properties, where the number of

vendors is small, it may he easier to contact the vendors directly. Broad vendor claims are avoided in the

Alloy Digest data sheets. \ allies used for design should be verified with other sources. The unique value

of this publication is in its trade name index, and this source has been included here mainly due to this feature.

Source 3: Aluminum Standards & Data.

The Aluminum Association. 750 Third Ave.. New York, NY 10017. 1974-75, 200 pp. $2.00.

Seope: Provides composition and properties data on 41 wrought and 13 cast aluminum materials. These

are the commercial aluminum and aluminum alloys used in the United States.

Properties Covered: The following table lists the electrical properties covered:

Type

Property

Electrical

Property Materials Covered

Typical

Typical

Minimum limits *

* For design purposes.

Conductivity A1J 41 commercial wrought aluminum alloys

Resistivity All 41 commercial wroght aluminum alloys

Conductivity The 5 commercial aluminum conductor materials

This publication also includes a cross index to the principal specification systems used in the United

States, to Federal and Military specifications, and to similar foreign alloys.

Sources of Data: The Aluminum Association is an industry-wide organization representing over 70

companies which includes all the primary producers of aluminum in the United States, leading manufacturers

of aluminum products and principal foundries and smelters. Committees from the above companies have prepared and published standards and data (including

electrical properties) for all commercial aluminum ami aluminum alloys. These committees meet at regular intervals to maintain the publications up-to-date.

Size of the Data Bank: Electrical data for commercial aluminum and aluminum alloys are covered in 4 pages of this 200 page book.

Data Storage and Search: Electrical properties are listed in two sections. The first section covers

typical electrical properties for commercial aluminum and aluminum alloys in various tempers. The

second section covers electrical properties limits (electrical conductivity) for commercial aluminum and

aluminum alloys in the various wrought forms and tempers (i.e.. redraw rod, wire, rod, bar, tube, pipe

ami structural shapes).

Selectivity of the Data: Data are reviewed by a committee made up of technical people from the manufacturers of aluminum and aluminum alloys. The data are revised periodically to keep abreast of advances in production methods, to add data on new alloys and to delete those which become inactive.

General Comments: This publication provides an excellent basis in preparing electrical properties

tables. The Aluminum Association should provide a direct access to the most knowledgeable people and

data banks in this area.

1
While the individual companies representing The Aluminum Association have their own literature covering electrical properties, they recommend the use of the data from The Aluminum Association in preference to that published by individual manufacturers. Where specific data arc not covered, the companies also recommend that inquiry by made through The Aluminum Association as the above

mentioned committees could be working on such data; if not, the inquiry would be referred to the companies where such information might be available.

Source 4: American Institute of Physics Handbook.

D. E. Gray, Coordinating Editor, American Institute of Physics, McGraw-Hill, New York. NY, 3rd Edition,

1972, 1100 pp, $49.50.

Scope: This handbook provides definitions, nomenclature, and material property data grouped into eight

(8) major divisions of physics. Provides authoritative reference material described with a minimum of

narration.

Properties Covered: Magnetic property data are found in section 5 and include: saturation magnetization. Curie point and/or Neel point for 11 ferromagnetic elements. Magnetic moment and critical temperatures for rare earth metals and 300 R.E. compounds. Magnetization and Curie point of iron group

alloys as a function of electron concentration.

Properties of 25 high D.C. permeability materials in sheet form are covered.

Constants for 19 permanent magnet materials, including: coercive force, residual flux, and maximum

energy product.

Data for over 50 anti-ferromagnetic metals and alloys studied In neutron diffraction. Data given

include: crystal class. Neel point, magnetic structure, and magnetic moment and direction. Pressure effects on Curie and Neel points.

Magnet ocrystalline anisotropy constants and magnetostriction constants for over 50 metals and alloys.

Hall constants, magneto-optical rotation constants and atomic susceptibilities for four pure elements.

Electrical properties data include: Electrical resistivities of pure elements near room temperature at normal and at elevated pressures.

Hall coefficients: Electronic structure of pure metals characterized by band structure. Fermi surface

form, charge carrier type and effective mass.

Critical temperatures and fields for hundreds of superconducting materials are also found in section 9.

Sources of Data: Sections on magnetic and electrical properties are compiled and edited by

distinguished authories in each field, drawn from government, industry, and educational institutions. Data

are primarily from journal articles.

Size of the Data Bank: About 150 out of 1100 pages are devoted to magnetic and electrical properties

of metals and alloys.

Data Storage and Search: Data are presented in tabular and graphical form. Magnetic property data

are grouped in section 5-f: electrical properties in section 9-d; superconducting data in section 9-g. The

index at the back of the book is used to find specific property data.

Selectivity of the Data: Data are obtained from highly regarded sources. Source references are given

for each table and figure. Usually, individual table entries are referenced.

Timeliness of the Data: The third edition was published in 1972. The data are mostly from middle and

late 1960's. some 1950*s and a few late 1930's and early 1970's.

General Comments: This handbook is strongest in its coverage of magnetic and superconducting

metals.

5
Source 5: Bibliography of Magnetic Materials and Tabulation of Magnetic Transition Temperatures. ORNL-RMIC-7 (Rev 2), T. F. Connolly and E. D. Copenha ven. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge

TN, National Technical Information Service. Springfield. VA 22161. 1970. 116 pp.. $3.00. $0.65 fiche.

Scope: A tabulation of the Curie and Neel temperatures for magnetic materials.

Properties Covered:

Curie temperature

Neel temperature

Sources of Data: This is a bibliography of magnetic materials and 1773 references are listed.

Size of the Data Bank: The publication contains 116 pages of which 23 are listings for Curie

temperature, and 23 are listings for Neel temperature. The remaining 65 pages contain the listing of the references used.

Data Storage and Search: Materials are arranged alphabetically and appear in two lists, one for Curie

and one for Neel temperature.

Selectivity of the Data: Input data conies from the 1773 references listed. All data are referenced to the source.

Timeliness of the Data: The tabulation is based on papers and reports received through May 1970.

General Comments: This book is a most useful reference, of particular value to those interested in magnetic transition temperatures. It may also serve as a guide to additional magnetic properties data

through the 1773 references which are listed.

Source 6: Electrical Engineers' Handbook: Electric Communication and Electronics.

H. Pender & K. Mcllwain. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. 605 Third Ave., New York. NY 10016, 4th Edition.

1950. 1500 pp, $16.00.

Scope: This handbook provides information for engineers in the specific areas of electric communication and electronics. Fundamental engineering material underlying all engineering is published in a separate volume.

Properties Covered: Resistivity and its temperature coefficient for approximately 179 metals and alloys.

Resistivity of 67 metals and metal oxides at high temperatures. Wire tables on resistance for copper wire,

aluminum wire, steel wire and copper-clad steel wire.

Magnetic properties for 17 high-permeability magnetic materials and for 22 permanent-magnet

materials.

Sources of Data: Data for this book were supplied from industry, government and universities by- specialists in their respective fields.

Size of the Data Bank: This book consists of 1500 pages of which 19 provide electrical and magnetic

properties of metals.

Data Storage and Search: Data are presented in tabular form. One section is devoted to Properties of

Materials. The electrical and magnetic properties are indexed in the front of this section.

6
Selectivity of the Data: Most of the data represent typical values. For both electric and magnetic properties the approximate chemical composition is given for the alloys

listed.

Timeliness of the Data: The 4tli edition was issued in 1950. This material was updated previously in 1922 and 1936.

General Comments: This is an excellent source of data for electrical properties of materials other than

the commercial electrical conductor materials.

Source 7: Electrical Engineers' Handbook: Electric Power.

H. Pender & W. A. Del Mar, John Wiley & Sons. Inc.. 605 Third Ave.. New York. NY 10016. 4th Edition,

1950. 1640 pp, $19.95.

Scope: This handbook provides information lor engineers in the specilic area of electric power.

Fundamental engineering material underlying all engineering is published in a separate volume.

Properties Covered: Electrical conductivity and temperature coefficient of resistance for the following

conductor materials: copper, copper alloys, aluminum and some special purpose conductor metals and

alloys.

Resistance, temperature coefficient of resistance and maximum working temperature lor 14 metals and

alloys used in resistors. Magnetic properties lor 13 commercial materials (ferrous) used in electro-magnetic circuits of electrical equipment and for 21 permanent magnet materials.

Sources of Data: Data lor this book were supplied from industry, government and universities by 71

specialists in their respective fields

.

Size of the Data Bank: This book consists of 1640 pages of which 10 provide electrical and magnetic

properties of metals.

Data Storage and Search: Data are presented in tabular form. One section is devoted to Properties of

Materials. The electrical and magnetic properties are indexed in the front of this section.

Selectivity of the Data: Most of the data represent typical values. For electrical properties the nominal

chemical composition is given for the alloys listed. For magnetic properties the materials are identified by tradename or type.

Timeliness of the Data: The 4th edition was issued in 1950. This material was updated previously in 1922 and 1936.

General Comments: A good source of data for electrical conductor materials. Resistor materials are

identified by trade name and the characteristics may have been changed since data were published.

Magnetic properties and permanent magnet properties are given for materials identified by tradenames

which may have changed in composition and characteristics since the data in the book were tabulated.

Source 8: Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Metals.

J. K. Stanley, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH 44073, 1963. 359 pp. $12.50.

The book is out of print. Inquiries should be directed to ASM.

7
Scope: The book concerns: electrical conduction, electron emission, superconductivity, thermoelectricity, origins of magnetism, electrical steels, permanent magnets, and indications of how electrical and

magnetic materials are employed. Electrical conductivity data on approximately 85 metals and alloys are given. Superconductivity data on approximately 60 metals and alloys are given. Around 25 contact metals

are covered and approximately 30 soft and special magnetic materials and 42 hard magnetic materials are covered.

Properties Covered: Electrical properties include: electrical resistivity around room temperature,

temperature coefficient of resistivity, relative resistance of single crystals, resistivity changes with

pressure and composition, conductivity percent 1ACS copper, and specific resistance of contact materials. Superconductivity properties include: critical temperatures, and critical magnetic field. Mass and

volume susceptivities are listed for magnetic phenomena.

Magnetic properties for soft ferrites include: magnetic saturation. Curie temperature, initial permeability, and coercive force. Soft magnetic properties for metals include: permeability, coercive force, saturation induction. Curie

temperature. B-H curves, core loss, and aging effects on hysteresis.

Permanent magnet data include: residual flux density, coercive force, maximum energy product, remanence, and induction at (B-Hl max.

Sources of Data: Data are taken from technical articles appearing in a wide variety of journals from the

fields of physics, metallurgy, and electrical engineering.

Size of the Data Bank: The data are included in a bound volume with text 359 pages in length.

Approximately one-fourth of the book presents tabulated data.

Data Storage and Search: Data are presented as tables and graphs and can be searched through the

table of contents and the index.

Selectivity of the Data: The data presented are as-taken from various technical journals and must be

considered as typical. The author draws on a wealth of experience with the Crucible Steel Company, a prominent magnetic materials supplier. Effort on the part of the reader would be required to search out the original data to determine the experimental and statistical quality.

Timeliness of the Data: The text has a 1963 copyright. References go back to original papers extending

as far back as the early 1800's. The latest references are from the early 1960's with most references from

the prior 30 years.

General Comments: The text is very well organized with theory and data clearly presented. A designer

could use the data to make rough ( hecks on observed phenomena but he would need other sources of

statistical data for his design calculations. Although an updated printing is necessary, this source was

included in tliis survey because of its comprehensiveness and its excellent match with the scope of the survey.

Source 9: Electrical and Thermal Conductivities of Metals Over Their Entire Liquid Range.

Rev. Hautes Temper, et Kefmet.. 3 (1966). 11.5-146. A. V. Crosse.

Scope: Electrical and thermal conductivities of 16 metals over their entire liquid range. (Metals covered

are listed under the paragraph Data Storage and Search below.)

Properties Covered: Electrical and thermal properties from melting point to critical point.

Sources of Data: From high temperature research conducted by Research Institute of Temple

University supplemented by the referenced work of others doing research in this area.

8
Size of the Data Bank: Ten pages covering electrical conductivities of which approximately 4 pages

consist of tables and charts of conductivity versus temperature.

Data Storage and Search: Data are stored in tables and graphs. The data include:

Data over the entire liquid range for: mercury, potassium, sodium, rubidium, and cesium. Data over a portion of the liquid range for: copper, silver, gold, aluminum, lithium, and zinc. Extrapolated data for: tantalum, niobium, tungsten, molybdenum, and rhenium.

No index is provided; the above metals are in the order they appear in the publication.

Selectivity of the Data: The values given for electrical properties are based on experimental data and

that taken from sources listed in the Bibliography.

General Comments: This is one of the few sources available for electrical conductivities of metals in their liquid ranges.

Source 10: Electrodeposition of Alloys.

Volumes 1 & 2, A. Brenner, Academic Press Inc., Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003, 1963, $37.50/

volume.

Scope: These two volumes provide information for preparing and operating alloy plating baths and

scientific presentations of the facts and theory of alloy plating. A limited amount of data is given on the

electrical and magnetic properties of these electrodeposited alloys.

Properties Covered: Curves of electrical resistivity plotted against percent alloying element are given

for: nickel-phosphorus, cobalt-tungsten, cobalt-nickel, and copper-lead.

Permeability, coercive force and residual induction properties are listed for: nickel, nickel-iron alloys,

cobalt-nickel, and cobalt.

Sources of Data: Data are taken from original literature or from previous compilations of data.

Reference is provided either to the primary or secondary source.

Size of the Data Bank: The present edition is published in two bound volumes of about 650 pages each.

Approximately 12 pages are devoted to Electrical and Magnetic Properties.

Data Storage and Search: Tabulated electrical and magnetic properties are in Volume I in a section

titled "Properties of Electrodeposited Alloys.'" There are also occasional references to electrical resistivity in the sections devoted to specific alloys throughout both Volume 1 and Volume 2.

Selectivity of the Data: The data are typical average values selected by the author.

Timeliness of the Data: The Electrodeposition of Alloys volumes were issued in 1963. The data covered

are basic and do not change with time.

General Comments: This is an excellent source for electrical and magnetic properties of electrodeposited alloys which are not readily available from other sources.

Source 11: Electronic Engineer's Reference Book.

L.E.C. Hughes & F. W. Holland. Heywood Books, of Iliffe Books Ltd.. Dorset House. Stamford St.. London S.E.I.. England. 3rd Edition. 1967, 1500 pp. $17.40.

Scope: This handbook is intended to be a desktop source of practical information useful to an engineer

or designer working with electronic devices of all sorts.

9
Properties Covered: Electrical resistivity: data are given only lor copper wire in standard gauges. Hard magnetic properties including energy product, remanence. effect of mechanical shock, and ageing

behavior in alternating fields are given lor 60 American and British commercial permanent magnet

materials.

Soft magnetic properties including initial and maximum permeabilities, saturation, remanence,

coercivity, hysteresis loss, and Curie temperature are given for about IS commercial British materials.

Sources of Data: Data are primarily taken from supplier's specifications and trade journals.

Size of the Data Bank: Approximately 50 out of 1500 pages are devoted to magnetic properties of metals.

Data Storage and Search: Data on magnetic properties of metals arc given in chapter 5 of the book.

Property data are generally in tabular format; an index at the back ol the book is useful for locating

specific properties quickly.

Selectivity of the Data: Thi* book presents typical property data for commercial materials. Sources are given for the data presented.

Timeliness of the Data: The 3rd Edition was published in 1967. Property data arc typical of commercial

materials available at that time.

General Comments: The book meets its objective of providing practical data to the electronic engineer.

It is weak in the area of electrical resistivity. It is strong in the area of hard and soft magnet materials,

especially tor comparing American and British commercial materials.

Source 12: Electronic Properties of Materials; A Guide to the Literature.

H. Thayne Johnson. Editor. Plenum Press. 277 West 17th St.. New York, NY 10011. 1st Edition. (1965)

$150.00. supplements (1967) and (1971). D. L. Grigsby et. al.. editors. All three editions may be purchased at one time for $395.00.

Scope: These volumes comprise an index to sources of property data for electrical, magnetic, and

semiconducting materials, including, but not exclusively, metals. No actual data at all are contained in these volumes, only references.

Properties Covered: Properties are referenced for hundreds of metallic materials, cross-indexed by

generic name and commercial name.

Electrical properties listed include: electric hysteresis, intrinsic and extrinsic resistivity, mean free path. Hall coefficients, electrostriction, surface resistivity, volume resistivity, electrocaloric effect, and

thermoelectric properties.

Magnetic properties listed include: magnetic hysteresis (heading a list of over 35 pertinent properties),

magnetoelectric properties (13 subheadings), magnetomechanical properties (about 15 subheadings),

magnetic susceptibility (7 subheadings), thermomagnetic properties (5 subheadings).

Superconductor properties include: threshold field, critical temperatures, supercurrent penetration

depth.

Sources of Data: Data are derived from over 12.000 individual sources listed in the bibliography. Most

sources are journal articles, manufacturer's data sheets, government agency reprints, or handbooks. Some

are foreign sources.

Size of the Data Bank: Two (2) volumes, totaling over 1700 pages of references and cross-indices

thereto.

10
Data Storage and Search: Volume 2 contains a list of over 12,000 titles or references to data sources. Volume 1 contains a master index and two cross reference indices (by property and material), as well as instructions and a glossary of terms defining properties.

The master index is arranged alphabetically by material name. A cross-reference index is used to convert commercial names or common names to the material name

used in the master index: e.g. Inconel 702. see Aluminum Chromium Nickel Systems; e.g. Brass, see Copper Zinc Systems.

A second cross-reference index is used to convert material property names to the term used in the

master index: e.g. Magnetostriction coefficient, see Magnetomechanical Properties.

The master index listing lor each material contains a number of property subheadings. Under these

subheadings are the identification numbers for the sources in volume 2 that contain the relevant data. The user would then have to obtain a copy of the indicated source by his own means.

Selectivity of the Data: This index is the result of the work of The Electronic Properties Information

Center, an independent agency, formerly funded by the Air Force and aided by the library staff of The

Hughes Aircraft Company. It has recently been incorporated with the Thermophysieal Properties

Information Center at Purdue University. Items considered for inclusion into the Center are individually

examined. About 10 percent of materials proposed for consideration pass examination and are abstracted

and indexed. Final responsibility for accuracy naturally remains with the author of each source.

Timeliness of the Data: Sources indexed in the first edition are mostly from the 1950's and early

1960"s.

General Comments: This index provides a quick, easy means of locating and characterizing sources of

magnetic and electrical properties of metals, oxides, glass, and plastics.

Source 13: Encyclopedia of Physics.

S. Flugge. Springer-Verlag. Berlin. Germany. Vols. 18 and 19: Volume 18. Part 1. (1966) 592 pp. Part 2. (1968). 500 pp, $88.20: Volume 19, (1956), 411 pp, $42.70.

Scope: Intended as an encyclopedic source book on physics. Electrical and magnetic properties are primarily included in volumes 18 and 19.

Properties Covered: Electrical conductivity, resistivity, temperature coefficient of resistivity are found

primarily in volume 19. "Electrical Conductivity I" of the 54 volume set. Magnetic information is found in volume 18 "Magnetism.*" It covers ferromagnetic theory and paramagnetic theory and includes

information on magnetic semiconductors.

Sources of Data: Data are taken primarily from German publications as well as other world-wide

sources.

Size of the Data Bank: There are 54 hard bound volumes. Each volume is approximately 400 pages in

length. There are several pages of graphs and tabulated information in volume 19 on electrical conductivity.

Data Storage and Search: Data are stored in the hard bound volumes in graphs and tables. Data are searched by volume titles and by the Table of Contents in each volume. Parallel German and English

entries are found in the volumes.

Selectivity of the Data: Input data were selected by the editor from established works in physics. Data

are referenced by a footnote system. Statistical treatment depends on each section author's work and was

not generally observed.

Timeliness of the Data: Information dates back from the 1950's to the 40's and 30's.

11
General Comments: The volumes are mostly theoretical treatments. The electrical conductivity data are

generally over 20 years old. Despite this the book is still important as a source of information. The two

part volume on magnetism is of little value to a design engineer as it deals with the theory of

ferromagnetism and paramagnetism rather than design properties. The Encyclopedia is of most use to research scientists.

Souree 14: Engineering Materials Handbook.

C. L. Mantell. McGraw-Hill. Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020, 1958, $37.50.

Seope: Presents the practicing engineer and designer with an authoritative reference work on

engineering materials with emphasis on the fabricated forms.

Properties Covered: Electrical resistivity or conductivity is given for most materials: magnetic

susceptibility for nonferrous materials; magnetic permeability, hysteresis loss and magnetization curves

for ferrous materials and extensive magnetic data for permanent magnet alloys.

Sourees ol Data: This Handbook was prepared by a staff of specialists who u^re authorities in their area and they selected the data.

Size of the Data Bank: The Handbook has approximately 1800 pages of which electrical and magnetic

data comprise approximately 12 pages.

Data Storage and Seareh: Data are arranged by classes of related or similar materials. Electrical or magnetic properties for a specific material are located by use of the index.

Seleetivity of the Data: The data for electrical and magnetic properties are nominal values.

General Comments: This Handbook provides a limited amount of data on a wide variety of metals.

Souree 15: Ferromagnetism.

Richard M. Bozorth, D. Van Nostrand Company, 1951. $26.50.

Seope: The book is divided into two parts, that which describes the properties of magnetic materials and

that which describes the nature of magnetic phenomena. The material in this book has been found useful

to scientists engaged in research and development and engineers interested in the properties and behavior

of magnetic materials.

Properties Covered: The magnetic properties of both soft and hard magnetic materials are presented.

These include saturation induction (B s

), Curie point ((-)), magnetostriction at saturation (A,), crystal

anisotropy constant (A), permeability (pi), coercive force (//,.) remanence [H ,.) and hysteresis loss {If ,,). The

materials are limited to the elements, iron, nickel, cobalt, and manganese, and alloys of these materials.

In addition to the magnetic properties many other physical properties are presented. Much discussion is devoted to the effect of chemical constitution, impurities and processing upon the structure-sensitive

magnetic properties.

Sourees of Data: Data were taken from the greater part of 1500 published references which document

the work of industrial and university laboratories.

Size of the Data Bank: The volume containing these data consists of approximately 900 pages.

12
Data Storage and Search: Data are presented in both graphic and tabular form. The contents of the book are indexed primarily on the basis of the material whose magnetic properties are being considered.

Selectivity of the Data: The data were selected by a prominent magnetics specialist from highly

regarded technical and scientific literature and represent the most significant values available.

Timeliness of the Data: This book has a 1951 copyright and was reprinted January 1953. The sources of data cover the time interval 1842-1951.

General Comments: The book is limited to the magnetic properties of the transition elements—iron,

nickel, cobalt, and alloys thereof. Although almost 25 years have passed since its initial publication,

"Bozorth" is a well established classic reference treatise on the magnetic properties of the transition

metals and alloys. It remains a first reference guide to the literature for both scientists and engineers

interested in the properties and behavior of magnetic materials.

Source 16: Ferromagnetismus.

E. Kneller, Springer-Verlag New York. Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10010, 1962, 791 pp, $48.60.

Text in German.

Scope: This book is an encyclopedic text which treats all aspects of ferromagnetic behavior of materials.

Magnetic data for metals and alloys are presented in the context of illustrating particular effects, usually

accompanied by pertinent theoretical derivations.

Properties Covered: Magnetic property data given generally apply to Fe, Ni, or Co based systems,

including certain commercial materials such as Fe-Si and Supermalloy.

Property data are given for: magnetostriction, susceptibility, saturation magnetization. Curie temperature, exchange energy constant, crystal anisotropy effects, domain wall energies, Barkhausen effect,

coercive force, remanence. hysteresis loss, magnetic resonance, magnetomechanical damping, and

quantum mechanical treatments of ferromagnetism.

Sources of Data: Data are referenced to original journal articles in most cases.

Size of the Data Bank: Data are given in more than 600 graphs or tables dispersed throughout the

book.

Data Storage and Search: Data on a specific property are most likely to be found in the chapter

devoted to that property. Data are generahy presented graphically, occasionally in tabular form.

Data on a specific alloy are best located by using the index at the back of the book. This index is alphabetically arranged according to the principal alloying element's symbol.

Selectivity of the Data: The data used in the text were compiled by the author with the assistance of

his associates at the Max-Planck Institute for Metals Research at Stuttgart and from industry. The data

are not statistically treated.

Timeliness of the Data: The book was published in 1962. Journal references date mostly from the 1950's and

1940"s.

General Comments: This book is a good review of theoretical and empirical aspects of ferromagnetism.

as of the early 1960"s. It presents a summary of the level of general understanding of ferromagnetic

phenomena and uses data in an illustrative manner. So, while the data it contains may be of a practical

nature, this book is not primarily intended to be a source of magnetic property data for metals.

13
Source 17: Gmelin's Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie.

Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Ave.. New York, NY 10010, 8th Edition. (Text in German). There are over 80 volumes in this series, with prices varying from $18.00 to $325.00.

Most do not contain electrical or magnetic property data, however. Such data are found in volumes

labeled '"Teil A" (Part A) for each element. Typically, "Teil A" can be purchased for $150.00

(Average price for '"Teil A's" for Iron, Nickel and Cobalt).

Scop*-: This multivolume handbook is a comprehensive source of preparation methods and property data

for inorganic chemical compounds, including elements and metallic alb »> >

.

Properties Covered: Properties are given lor pure elements and some binary systems.

Electrical properties for pure elements include: bulk and thin film resistivities. Hall effect. Thomson

effect, and the effects of impurities, radiation, and cold work on electrical properties.

Magnetic data are given for all the significant magnetic effects displayed by the material in bulk, single

crystal, or thin film forms.

Sources of Data: Data were obtained from journal articles and other technical publications.

Size of the Data Bank: There are over eighty (80) volumes in this handbook each devoted to a single

element or binary system. Data on electrical and magnetic properties typically occupy less than V2 of 1 percent of a given volume.

Data Storage and Search: Data are usually presented in tabular format. In addition, references to additional sources of data are given for each property subsection.

The indexing system is unique to this handbook. Property data for a given alloy system will be found in the volumes devoted to the principal component, usually in "Teil A" (Part A). Consult the index in the

front of "Teil A" for the specific location of the data.

Selectivity of the Data: The data in the tables are the most up-to-date available, drawn from reputable

journals, both Americ an and foreign. References are given for all data cited. The data are not statistically

t reated.

Timeliness of the Data: The volumes for each element may carry different publication dates. Updated

supplements are published on a continuing basis. For example, the volume containing electrical and

magnetic properties of nickel is dated 1967, with literature reference up to 1963.

General Comments: This handbook is primarily a source of information on the preparation and

properties of inorganic compounds. Although it is so broad in its scope, the coverage of magnetic and

electrical properties of pure elements is quite complete, providing information on all significant electrical and magnetic properties and effects.

Source 18: Handbook of Engineering Materials.

D. F. Miner & J. B. Seastone, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. 605 Third Ave.. New York. NY 10016. 1st Edition.

1955, 1379 pp. This publication is out of print.

Scope: Provides a single source of authentic and useful information on the usual materials of

manufacture and construction.

Properties Covered: The book presents data by material types. For metals used as electrical

conductors extensive data are given, for most other metals only the electrical conductivity or resistivity is

14
given. For magnetic materials, including permanent magnet materials, the following properties are covered where applicable: electrical resistivity, magnetization data, core loss, magnetizing force,

permeability, magnetization and stablization, hysteresis loop and demagnetization curve.

Sources of Data: The contributors who prepared each part of the book were authorities on the subject matter and they selected the data.

Size of the Data Bank: The Handbook is 1379 pages in length. Properties of metals are covered in section 2 which is 575 pages in length. Approximately 100 of these pages apply to electrical and magnetic

properties.

Data Storage and Search: Data are arranged by classes of related or similar materials. Specific

properties lor a metal are located by use of the index.

Selectivity of the Data: Electrical and magnetic properties are presented as nominal values. These data were compiled at a professional level for engineering designers.

General Comments: This handbook presents data on a wide variety of metals many of which are

identified by tradename. While the basic electrical and magnetic properties tor a material do not change,

the Handbook needs updating to include the current materials.

Source 19: Handbook of Materials and Processes for Electronics.

C. A. Harper, McGraw-Hill Book Company. Inc.. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020.

1970. 1288 pp. $33.50.

Scope: This book was prepared to cover the basic and practical knowledge of modern materials and

processes in the electronic industries. Many current materials and processes used by the electrical

industries have their origin in the electronic area. Information is provided on electrical properties for aluminum and aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, titanium alloys, refractory alloys, and precious

metals. Magnetic properties are provided for ferrous materials.

Properties Covered: Electrical conductivity is covered for ferrous and nonferrous metals including the

magnetic materials. Permeability, coercive force, magnetic saturation, magnetizing force and Curie

temperature data are listed for magnetic materials.

Sources of Data: Primary emphasis is on current published and unpublished literature, bulletins and

handbooks of the suppliers of the materials involved.

Size of the Data Bank: The book consists of 1288 pages of which approximately 10 pages are devoted

to electrical properties and 22 pages to magnetic properties.

Data Storage and Search: The book consists of 15 chapters of which the following three contain data

which are presented in tabular form:

Chapter 4—Wires and Cables

Chapter 8—Ferrous Metals

Chapter 9—Nonferrous Metals

Selectivity of the Data: Each chapter was prepared by an expert for the area covered. This expert

gathered and selected the data which are included in these chapters.

Timeliness of the Data: The "Handbook of Materials and Processes for Electronics" was published in 1970.

15
General Comments: This is an excellent source for electric al and magnetic properties.

Source 20: Handbook on Materials for Superconducting Machinery.

MCIC-HB-04 (1974), $35.00 Sponsored by Advanced Research Projects Agency. Available from Metals and

Ceramics Information Center. Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 505 King Avenue. Columbus, OH 43201:

or National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161. Order Number AD/A-002698.

First Supplement (1976), $20.00. AD/A-023228.

Second Supplement scheduled for 1977. Scope: Provides mechanical, thermal, electrical and magnetic properties of structural and conducting

materials including: aluminum and aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, nickel alloys, alloy steels,

stainless steels, titanium and titanium alloys, and special metals and alloys (niobium and its compounds).

These metals and alloys were selected on the basis that (1) the metal or alloy is suitable for certain

cryogenic components or it has certain intrinsic properties at cryogenic temperatures for super-conducting

machinery, and (2) property data are available on the material at c ryogenic temperatures.

Properties Covered: Electrical resistivity in the temperature range from 0 to 300 K. Magnetic

susceptibility at various cryogenic temperatures. Critical current densitv versus temperature and critical field versus temperature for superconductive materials.

Sources of Data: The data presented are based on compilations of data collected from documents in the

tiles nt the Metals and Ceramics Information Center (MCIC). The reference section lists about 740

references on these materials.

Size of the Data Bank: The handbook is a single volume looseleaf notebook containing approximately

500 pages, with about 10 percent providing data on elec trical and magnetic properties.

Data Storage and Search: The handbook is divided into sections by material type and all properties are presented with each material. Electrical resistivity is given in tabular form and charts are plotted from

these data with the curves visually fitted. Magnetic properties are given in tabular form. The electrical and magnetic data tor the superconducting state are presented in chart form.

Selectivity of the Data: Input data come from a wide variety of test programs and literature in the

MCIC Data Bank. These data were reduced to best values. The designer must make his own analysis,

referring to the original sources for more detailed information if needed.

Timeliness of the Data: Majority of the data comes from the 1960's period with a sizeable amount from

the 1970's.

General Comments: This is a good comprehensive reference source on electrical and magneticproperties at c ryogenic temperatures. The data are of particular interest to designers and material

engineers.

Source 21: Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science.

R. E. Baltz & G. L. Tuve, CRC Press, 18901 Cranwood Parkway, Cleveland. OH 44128. 2nd Edition. 1973. 1166 pp. $33.50.

Scope: The handbook is intended as a desktop source of numerical data related to many fields of engineering required for preliminary study of a subject and for planning, reviewing, and evaluating the

feasibility of engineering projects.

If.
Properties Covered: Electrical conductivity data for metals are found in several locations and include:

electrical resistivity of 35 pure metals at room temperature, temperature coefficient of resistivity, bulk

resistivity, thin film resistivity, magnetic materials resistivity, high temperature metals resistivity, rare earth metals electrical resistivity at 298 K and residual resistivity at 4.2 K. resistivity of tin, lead and

antimony solders as a ratio to copper, flat cable nominal conductor resistance, integrated circuit bonding

wire resistance, maximum amperes for AWG wire sizes. Soft magnetic properties of metals for over 50 alloys and compounds include: permeability, coercivity,

retentivity. flux density maximum. DC flux density saturation, residual flux density (residual induction),

coercive force. Curie temperature.

Hard magnetic properties for over 40 alloys and compounds include: remanence. coercive force, and

maximum energy product.

Other magnetic properties include: rare earth metal magnetic constants, Neel point, asymptotic Curie

point, electronic state, and magnetic moment.

Superconductive properties include: critical temperatures and Type I critical magnetic fields for over

800 alloys and compounds. Critical magnetic field values for Type II superconductors are given for //,., (diamagnetic) Hc2 (mixed state) and Hr3 (sheathed state) for over 100 alloys and compounds.

Sources of Data: Data were supplied by over 35 contributors selected from industry, government and

university laboratories.

Size of the Data Bank: Approximately 2 percent of the 1166 page handbook is devoted to electrical and

magnetic properties of metals.

Data Storage and Search: Data are presented in tabular format. The index of properties presented at the beginning of the handbook lists the location of conductivity, electrical and magnetic properties

information. Two sections cover most of the magnetic and electrical properties of interest: section 1

Engineering Materials and their Properties and section 2—Electrical Science and Radiation.

Selectivity of the Data: The book presents data obtained from highly regarded sources. The sources are indicated on each table of data presented. Additional references are provided at the end of each

subsection in the book. Reasonable effort has been given to provide reliable data but the editors do not assume responsibility for the validity of all information.

Timeliness of the Data: The 2nd edition was issued in 1973. The data are primarily from the 1960's but

information from the 1940"s to the 1970's is also included.

General Comments: The handbook meets its objective of providing preliminary numerical data for engineering projects.

Source 22: Landolt-Bornstein Tabellen.

K. H. and A. M. Hellwege, Springer-Verlag New York. Inc.. 175 Fifth Ave.. New York. NY 10010. (Text in German)

Band II, 6. Teil: Elektrische Eigenschaften I (1959), $190.60

Band II. 7. Teil: Elektrische Eigenschaften II (1960). 203.50

Band II, 9. Teil: Magnetische Eigenschaften I (1962), 210.90

Band II, 10. Teil: Magnetische Eigenschaften II (1967), 45.20

Scope: This handbook is a concise summary of physical-chemical properties of metallic, organic, and

inorganic materials.

17
Properties Covered: Electrical resistivity data for pure metals and alloys are given as functions of

temperature and pressure. Magnetic property data for metallic elements and alloys cover ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, and

diamagnetic behavior, and include: permeability, saturation magnetization, remanence. coercive force,

hysteresis loss. Curie temperatures. Hall constant, and magnetic moment.

Properties for liquid metals and alloys are also included.

Sourees of Data: Data are primarily from journal articles and other existing data banks.

Size of the Data Bank: Four (4) books out of a total of thirty (30) in the series contain electrical and

magnetic property data for metallic materials. Oi these four, totaling over 4000 pages, large sections are devoted to nonmetallic materials.

Data Storage and Search: Electrical property data for metals are found in Teillen 6 and 7. and

similarly, magnetic property data are found in Teillen 9 and 10. An index at the back of each book is arranged alphabetically by material name and provides an easy means of locating data on a specific material.

Selectivity of the Data: Compilations of data included in these tables are made by a large number of

contributors using many different sources. The quality and completeness of the data, therefore, vary.

Timeliness of the Data: Current as of the time of publication.

General Comments: Exhaustive search of literature but exceedingly concise treatment of data

extracted. Better for elements than for alloys, most of which are simple binaries rather than complex

commercial allo\ s.

Source 23: Magnetic Alloys and Ferrites.

M. G. Say. George Newnes Limited. Tower House. Southampton St., London W.C.2 England, 1954. 196

pp. Out of print.

Scope: This book covers magnetic theory followed by an application section for each class of magnetic

material.

Properties Covered: Magnetic properties of both soft and hard magnetic materials are covered

including curves for: magnetization, permeability, hysteresis loop. Langevin magnetization, and

saturation. Tables are also given for remanence, energy product and coercivity.

Sources of Data: Each section of the book was prepared by an expert in that field and the sources of

the data are listed.

Size of the Data Bank: The book has 196 pages and the data are distributed through all sections.

Data Storage and Search: The book consists of eight sections with the following section headings:

1. Ferromagnetic Theory

2. (a) Soft Magnetic Materials

(b) Magnetically-soft Ferrites

3. (a) Permanent Magnet Steels and Alloys

(b) Micropowder Magnets

4. Permanent Magnet Ferrites

5. Magnetic Powder Cores

6. Nonmagnetic Ferrous and Magnetic Compensating Alloys

7. Magnetic Recording Materials

1 8
Selectivity of the Data: Data were selected by the author of each section from reliable sources. Source

references are given.

General Comments: This book provides a broad coverage of magnetic materials but because of age

does not include the developments of the last twenty years.

Source 24: Magnetic Materials.

R. S. Tebble & D. J. Craik. Wiley—Interscience. a division of John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. 1969. $36.25.

Scope: The largest fraction of this book is a presentation of the intrinsic magnetic properties of

magnetically ordered materials, i.e.. ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic or anti-ferromagnetic. The smaller

fraction is devoted to the extrinsic, structure-sensitive magnetic properties of both soft and hard

commercial magnetic materials.

Properties Covered: Intrinsic magnetic properties ol the transition series metals and many of their alloys are discussed and presented. These include magnetic susceptibility (x). Hall constant (R 0 ). anisotropy constants (A

- ), saturation magnetization (a) and saturation magnetostriction (A). Room temperature

susceptibility (\) and Hall constants (R 0

) arc presented tor diamagnetic elements.

The temperature dependence of susceptibility, magnetostriction and saturation magnetization for the

transition elements and certain of their alloys is also presented.

The structure-sensitive magnetic properties of the Spinels and Orthoferrites. including saturation

magnetization. Curie temperature (Tr ). anisotropy constants (A) and magnetostriction constant are

presented.

The permanent magnet properties, remanence (B r). coercive force (H c ) and energy-product (BH)max are given for many commercial alloys.

The soft magnetic properties: coercive force (//,.). saturation induction (B s

) and hysteresis loss at 10 kilogauss are also given for many of the commercial magnetic materials.

Sources of Data: The greater part of the data were taken from 600 published references which

document the work of industrial and university laboratories.

Size of the Data Bank: These data are contained in a single volume of approximately 700 pages.

Data Storage and Search: Data are presented in both tabular and graphic form. The book is divided

into two parts. The larger part covers the intrinsic magnetic properties and the second and smaller part covers the structure-sensitive extrinsic magnetic properties of more commercially oriented materials. The

book is structured primarily on a material and/or alloy basis and is indexed accordingly.

Selectivity of the Data: The data were selected from highly regarded technical and scientific literature and represent the most significant values available.

Timeliness of the Data: This book has a 1960 copyright. The data cover primarily the decades of the

1950's and 1960's.

General Comments: The book does serve the purpose of being a handbook for both scientists and

engineers. The book is somewhat unique in that structure-sensitive properties are presented with auxiliary

information such as material purity, heat treatment, and microstructure.

Source 25: Magnetic Materials in the Electrical Industry.

P. R. Bardell, Philosophical Library, Inc., 15 East 40th Street, New York, NY 10016, 1955, 285 pp. $12.00.

19
Scope: This book aims to link the properties of materials with their application. Magnetic properties

data are given for representative permanent magnet materials. Electrical and magnetic properties data are given for representative soft magnetic materials.

Properties Covered: Permanent magnet materials: magnetizing force, magnetic induction, and permeability. Soft magnetic materials: Permeability, saturation, hysteresis loss, remanence. coercivity. electrical

resistivity, and core loss.

Sources of Data: The sources for the data are not listed, the author in the Preface indicates

indebtedness to many writers and commercial firms for the information.

Size of the Data Bank: The book has 285 pages with magnetic data on permanent magnet materials

covering approximately 4 page--. Electrical and magnetic data lor soft magnetic materials cover

approximately 6 pages.

Data Storage ami Search: Most data are given in reference tables which are indexed by title of the reference table and also by the properties covered by the data in the tables.

Selectivity of the Data: The data presented are typical values and in many cases selected to be

representative of a type of material, not of a specific substance.

General Comments: This book is intended to lie helpful to senior students in physics and electrical engineering and to physicists and engineers in industry. One of the purposes of this book which

influences the selection of data presented is to show the link between properties of materials and their application. For this reason much of the data shown are typical values for typical materials. This text is not a source of data for design purposes.

Source 26: Magnetic Materials and Their Applications.

C. Heck: Crane, Russak & Company. Inc.. 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York. NY 10017. 1974. 770 pp. $49.50.

Translated from German by: S.S. Hill

Scope: This book covers the requirements of magnetic materials in the various technically important

fields and the problems of particular material applications.

Properties Covered: Properties covered are: chemical composition, density, electrical resistance. Curie

temperature, hysteresis loop, flux density, and permeability.

Sources of Data: The references of the sources are listed and the data are derived principally from the manufacturers.

Size of the Data Bank: The 1 k is 770 pages in size. There are approximately 46 pages of data in the chapter "'Tables of Materials" and an estimated 90 additional pages of data scattered throughout the other

chapters.

Data Storage and Search: Data are stored in tabular form in chapter 19 which is a rough guide to the

magnetic materials available today and their magnetic characteristics. This chapter also includes a listing

of the tradenames and producers of magnetic materials. In addition there are many data scattered

throughout the entire book.

Selectivity of the Data: The data represent values quoted by the manufacturers for materials which are

quite often tailored to meet the specific need of their customers.

20
Timeliness of the Data: The book was revised and updated when translated into English tor publication

in 1974.

General Comments: This book provides excellent coverage of the entire field of magnetic materials and

includes detailed information on most of the magnetic materials available today on the market.

Source 27: Materials Data Book for Engineers and Scientists.

E. R. Parker, McGraw-Hill, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York. NY 10020, 1967, 398 pp. $11.50.

Scope: The objec tive of the book is to provide up-to-date tabulated engineering data on solid materials.

Properties Covered: Electrical properties include: electrical conductivity percent 1ACS at 70 °F and

electrical resistivity at 70 °F. There are no reported magnetic properties.

Sources of Data: Data have been taken from handbooks and specifications of government and industry.

Size of the Data Bank: The book is 398 pages in length. Less than ten percent of the book is devoted

to electrical properties data.

Data Storage and Search: The Table of Contents groups the data under the metal involved,

specifically: iron alloys, aluminum alloys, copper alloys, nickel alloys, magnesium alloys, titanium alloys, lead

alloys, zinc alloys, tin alloys, and refractory metals. Material suppliers and their addresses are listed in the back of the book.

Selectivity of the Data: The data are typical values. There is no statistical treatment. Influence of

internal structure and environment on reported properties is not fully treated. References are given and

footnotes also provide reference information.

Timeliness of the Data: The book was published in 1967. References cover the 1960*s as well as some

sources from the 1950's and 40*s.

General Comments: The book does not have a broad coverage of electrical properties, however the

metals are well categorized and cross referenced. The listing of vendors and their addresses is useful and

permits the designer to go directly to the manufacturer for detailed information on electrical properties.

Source 28: Materials Data Handbooks.

Western Applied Research & Development, Inc., 1403-07 Industrial Rd., San Carlos. CA 94070.

Copies are available from National Technical Information Service. 5285 Port Royal Road. Springfield.

VA 22161.

Materials Data Handbook Date Published Cost

Aluminum alloy 2014 5-72 $8.50

Aluminum alloy 2219 3-72 $9.50

Aluminum alloy 5456 6-72 $7.25

Aluminum alloy 6061 5-72 $7.75

Aluminum alloy 7075 4-72 $9.25

Inconel alloy 718 4-72 $7.75

Stainless steel alloy A-286 6-72 $7.50

Stainless steel type 301 4-72 $7.50

Titanium 6Al^iV 5-72 $8.25

21
Scope: This is a series of nine handbooks, each covering a specific alloy, which provides information on

physical, mechanical, cryogenic, and corrosion properties for the following alloys: Aluminum alloys 2014,

2219, 5456. 6061. and 7075; Inconel alloy 718; Stainless Steel alloy A-286. Stainless Steel type 301; and

Titanium 6A1-4V.

Properties Covered: Electrical properties include: electrical resistivity, conductivity percent IACS.

Magnetic properties are not included as most of the alloys arc non-magnetic.

Sources of Data: Data listed as design properties are based on procurement specifications, such as

Military. Federal, AMS, and ASTM specifications.

Properties are based on such sources as "Aluminum Standards and Data," "Alloy Digest" and "Metals

Handbook."

Size of the Data Bank: A typical handbook is made-up of 100 pages. Electrical properties data are scattered throughout the nine volumes.

Data Storage and Search: Electrical properties data are searched under the alloy designation presented

in each handbook.

Selectivity of the Data: The intent of these handbooks is to present a summary of the materials

property information presently available. Typical data are presented. There is no formal statistical presentation of the data.

Timeliness of the Data: Current as of time of publication.

General Comments: These handbooks are useful for general reference on aluminum, stainless steel and

titanium for the alloys listed. The data are up-to-date and may be expanded in the future.

Source 29: Materials for Magnetic Functions.

F. N. Bradley, Hayden Book Company. Inc.. New York. NY, 1971, 300 pp. $\7.50.

Scope: This book presents an overview of magnetic materials and the devices that employ them by

examining the theory that determines their limits as well as by describing them in terms of chemistry and

processing. The book is not intended as a compilation of data, and specific design data are generally not presented. The materials considered fall into three categories, the ferrites and the soft and hard magnetic

metals.

Properties Covered: The following properties of selected ferrites are presented; Curie temp., initial permeability (/j.), coercive force (//,.)„ D.C. resistivity, saturation magnetization {4tt Ms), energy product

(BH). Selected soft magnetic metals are characterized by such data as: saturation magnetization. Curie

temperature, saturation magnetostriction, hysteresis loss and maximium permeability. Certain of the data

characterizing hard magnetic metals such as energy product (BH), coercive force (Hr

) and remanence [B ,.) are also presented.

Sources of Data: Data were taken from approximately 120 published references which document the

work of industrial and university laboratories.

Size of the Data Bank: The data are scattered throughout the 300-page volume.

Data Storage and Search: Data are presented mostly in graphic form. Very few data are presented in tabular form. The data are presented under the categories of ferrites. soft magnetic metals and hard

magnetic metals.

22
Selectivity of the Data: The data were selected from highly regarded technical and scientific literature.

Timeliness of the Data: The book has a 1971 copyright. The sources of data cover the time period of the 1950" s and the 1960V

General Comments: This book is not really intended as a compilation of magnetic data but is oriented more to the phenomenology of magnetics and applications of magnetic materials to specific devices. As a

result this book contains very limited design data.

Source 30: Metal Progress Data Book.

American Society for Metals, Metals Park. OH 44073. 1974. $10.00.

Scope: Paperback notebook containing data sheets for materials selection, process engineering and

fabrication technology extracted from past issues of "Metal Progress" magazine. Metals covered include:

carbon steel, alloy steels, low alloy steels, tool steels, titanium, magnesium, aluminum, copper, die

casting alloys, superalloys. cryogenic alloys, noble metals and relractory metals.

Properties Covered: Electrical properties include: electrical conductivity percent IACS. electrical

resistivity, temperature coefficient of resistivity, and volume resistivity.

Magnetic properties include: magnetic permeability.

Sources of Data: In-field experts from the membership of ASM plus written works of industry,

government, university and foreign sources.

Size of the Data Bank: The data book is over 250 pages in length. Less than one percent of the data is devoted to electrical and magnetic properties.

Data Storage and Search: The data are presented in three sections. (1) Materials Selection. (2) Process

Engineering, and (3) Fabrication Technology. There are only scattered amounts of data in sections 2 and

3. The data are presented in tables and charts. Section 1 on Material Selection covers: irons and steels,

nonferrous metals and alloys, superalloys. and special duty metals.

Selectivity of the Data: The material is selected by the editors of "Metal Progress" magazine. There is no statistical treatment of the data by the ASM. No references are given.

Timeliness of the Data: The data book is an annual publication.

General Comments: The amount of data is small. Some direct alloy electrical properties are provided

which are not found in places other than vendor's literature.

Source 31: Metals Handbook.

American Society for Metals. Metals Park, OH 44073, 8th Edition, Volumes 1-9. Volume 1, (1961), $45.00

Volume 2, (1964), $42.50

Volume 3, (1967), $42.50

Volume 4, (1969), $42.50

Volume 5, (1970), $37.50 (in two volumes)

Volume 6, (1971), $45.00

Volume 7, (1972), $42.50

Volume 8, (1973), $42.50

Volume 9, (1974), $45.00

Outside the USA and Canada an added charge of $5.00 is required per volume.

23
Scope: Provides information on electrical and magnetic properties of over 200 metals and alloys

including: copper, aluminum, contact materials, heating alloys, control alloys and thermostat metals,

permanent magnets, soft magnets, relay steels, stainless and heat resisting alloys. Volume 1 which covers

the properties and selection of metals is of most interest to users of electrical and magnetic materials.

Properties Covered: Electrical properties include: electrical resistivity at room temperature, temperature coefficient of resistivity, liquid resistivity, conductivity percent IACS at room and elevated

temperatures, conductivity versus deformation curves, conductivity versus composition curves, change of resistance versus time and temperature curves, and contact resistance. Magnetic properties include:

saturation magnetization, coercive force, maximum permeability, magnetic susceptibility, hysteresis loss curves, D-C magnetization, B-H curves, residual induction, intrinsic induction, retentivity, and maximum

energy product demagnetization curves.

Sources of Data: Data are obtained from 300 to 1300 technical experts, mostly members or associates of The American Society for Metals, and from up to 600 plants in the metalworking field. The data for the

most part come from direct experience and testing.

Size of the Data Bank: There are nine volumes published to-date in the 9th edition of the Metals

Handbook and others are in progress. Volume 1, the largest covering 1300 pages, contains most of the

electrical and magnetic property information. The remaining volumes are from 300 to 700 pages in length

and contain small and scattered electrical and magnetic property information. Volume 1 consists of 430

compilations of data on different metals and alloys. In addition there are 100 major articles, 1500 detailed

"case method" examples, 6700 illustrations, 132 tables of recommended selections for 4400 combinations

of service conditions, 2800 definitions and a 64-page index.

Data Storage and Search: Data are stored as tables, illustrations, and example problems in bound

volume form. Data are searched through use of the table of contents and indices given respectively in the

front and back of each volume.

Volume 1: Properties and Selection—This volume presents classes of materials as follows:

Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels

Cast Irons

Stainless Steels and Heat-Resisting Alloys

Tool Materials

Magnetic, Electrical and Other Special-Purpose Materials

Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys

Copper and Copper Alloys

Lead and Lead Alloys

Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys

Nickel and Nickel Alloys

Tin and Tin Alloys

Titanium and Titanium Alloys

Zinc and Zinc Alloys

Precious Metals

Pure Metals

The data are presented to convey specific properties of the metals covered and to guide the reader in selecting a material for a particular application. There are also included: a section of metallurgical

definitions, and special reference tables on physical properties, conversion factors, compositions, and

sizes.

Volume 2: Heat Treating, Cleaning and Finishing

24
Volume 3: Machining

Volume 4: Forming

Volume 5: Forging and Casting

Volume 6: Welding and Brazing

Volume 7: Atlas of Mierostructures

Volume 8: Metallographic Structures and Phase Diagrams

Volume 9: Fractography and Atlas of Fractographs

Selectivity of the Data: The data are presented without references to specific originating reports.

Different committees of experts are responsible for each major topic in the various volumes. Each topic

represents their combined experiences. Statistical treatment of the electrical or magnetic property data is seldom shown.

Timeliness of the Data: Volume 1 of the 8th edition was issued in 1961. Previous to that time, the

Metals Handbook was issued as a single volume (1948). Volume 2 was issued in 1964, volume 3 in 1967,

volume 4 in 1969, volume 5 in 1970, volume 6 in 1971, volume 8 in 1973, and volume 9 in 1974.

General Comments: Volume 1 is the most important reference for electrical and magnetic property

data. Less than 25 percent of this volume is devoted to electrical and magnetic properties. The volume

emphasizes selection for properties and economy. The number of metals covered is small compared to the

volume of material presented. Volumes 2 through 9 emphasize industrial metal processing operations,

such as metal stamping for electrical sheet, rather than direct magnetic or electrical properties. Volumes

7 and 8 deal with some electrical and magnetic metal mierostructures. Identification of sources of data is limited; there is only a listing of contributing authors for reference. The large size of these volumes and

the focus on manufacturing details makes the Metals Handbook less of an engineering first reference for metal properties than the previous 1948 single volume edition. The Metals Handbook has enjoyed a reputation among metallurgists as being of reasonably good reliability.

Source 32: Metals Reference Book.

C. J. Smithells. Butterworth's, London. England, 1967. 4th Edition. 3 Volumes, $92.50.

Copies are also available from Plenum Press, New York, NY.

Scope: A concise summarization of physical, chemical and mechanical data on elemental metals and

common alloys, including electrical and magnetic properties of copper, aluminum, steel and nonferrous

alloys and compounds.

Properties Covered: Electrical properties include: resistivity, temperature coefficient of resistivity,

resistivity versus alloy composition curves, percent increases over room temperature resistance values,

resistance of nickel alloy strips, ohms per foot for wire sizes, resistance per foot of copper and aluminum

bars and strip.

Superconducting properties include: Rt IR 0 ratios and transition temperature for superconducting metals. Magnetic properties include: flux density, permeability, remanence, coercive force, energy product,

hysteresis loop, eddy current losses, and Curie temperature.

Sources of Data: Data are taken from the original literature or from previous compilations of data.

Size of the Data Bank: The present edition is published in three bound volumes of about 500 pages

each. Volume 2 contains the electrical and magnetic properties. Approximately 5 percent of the volume

involves these properties.

Data Storage and Search: Data are presented very concisely in tables and graphs with minimal

25
introductory text or footnote explanation. Data are organized by alloy group as follows: aluminum and its alloys, copper and its alloys, lead and its alloys, magnesium and its alloys, nickel and its alloys, titanium

and its alloys, zinc and its alloys, steels, cast irons and cast steels, bearing alloys, and other industrially

important metals. Alloys are designated by their nominal composition and with approximate British

Standard and U.S. Specification numbers.

Selectivity of the Data: The data are typical average values selected by the editor. Contradictory or discrepant data are sometimes presented in parallel without comment. Reference is provided to either the

primary or the secondary source.

Timeliness of the Data: Since its inception, a new edition of Smithells has appeared every 5 to 6 years. Each has represented an expansion, rearrangement, correction and up-dating over its predecessors. The

present 4th edition was published in 1967; a new edition should be forthcoming within a year or two.

General Comments: The lack of criticality, the frequent use of secondary sources and the absence of

explanatory material limit its utility to rough comparisons, or calculations. The data are not suitable for design or calibration work. The amount of data on electrical and magnetic properties is small.

Source 33: Permanent Magnets.

F. E. Luborsky & R. J. Parker, Report No. 66-C-252, Information Sciences Laboratory, General Electric Co. Research & Development Center, Schenectady, NY 12345, 1966. 170 pp.

Scope: Presents a comprehensive review of permanent magnets, including chemical composition,

processing practices, and magnetic properties. Commercial magnet materials of both foreign and domestic

origin are considered.

Properties Covered: Intrinsic magnet properties include anisotropy constants (A., and K2

), coercive force

(//,.;) and intrinsic saturation induction. The principal extensive properties include maximum energy product

(BH ,„). coercive force (H( .) and residual induction (#,.). The materials are categorized into groups according to the mechanism which operates to promote the high (//,,) and/or {BHm ). These groups are the magnetic steels, precipitation hardenable alloys, order-disorder alloys and fine particle alloys.

The effect of addition elements upon the magnetic properties (//,., B ,. and BHm ) of magnet steels is also presented.

The temperature dependence of the magnetic properties is also considered. Demagnetization curves tor many commercial alloys are also presented.

Sources of Data: Data were obtained from over 250 publications, domestic and foreign. These data were

generated primarily in university and industrial laboratories.

Size of the Data Bank: The book consists of 170 pages with the greater fraction of the data compiled in the 37 pages of appendices.

Data Storage and Search: Data are presented in both graphic and tabular form with half being

distributed throughout the text and the other half presented in a series of appendices to the book, all of which are indexed in the table of contents.

Selectivity of the Data: The data were selected from highly regarded technical and scientific literature and represent values with a level of significance beyond that of so called typical values.

Timeliness of the Data: This book was issued in 1966. Most of the data are from the 1950's and the

1960's with a smaller fraction dating back to the 1930's and 1940's.

26
General Comments: This publication provides a very concise and comprehensive presentation of

permanent magnet history—chemistry, processing and magnet properties which could find useful

application in both scientific and engineering activities.

Source 34: Permanent Magnets 2-Examination of Commercial Alloys.

Electro-Technology, Vol. 70, No. 2. August 1962. 94-102 pp., F. E. Luborsky, Conover—Mast Technical

Publications Corporation, 205 East 42 Street. New York, NY 10017.

Scope: The article presents a review of the basic magnetic properties of approximately forty (40)

standard commercial permanent magnet alloys. The alloys surveyed are categorized under the headings of

martensitic steels, precipitation hardened alloys, order hardened magnetic alloys and fine particle

magnetic alloys.

Properties Covered: The hard magnetic properties are presented in tabular form with reference to trade names and nominal chemical composition. The properties include maximum energy product

(BHmax), coercive force (//,.), remanence (B ,.) and the Curie temperature.

Sources of Data: Data were obtained from over forty (40) sources selected largely from the published

results of industrial and university research. These data emanated mostly from foreign sources: Japanese,

Russian, Dutch, and German.

Size of the Data Bank: The data are confined to nine (9) pages of a periodical.

Data Storage and Search: Data are presented in tabular form under the broad headings of martensitic

steels, precipitation hardened magnet alloys, cast Alnico alloys, order-disorder permanent magnets and

fine particle magnets.

Selectivity of the Data: These data were selected by a magnetics specialist from highly regarded

technical and scientific literature. The level of significance would be beyond that of so called typical or nominal values.

Timeliness of the Data: These data were generated in the time span bounded by the turn of the century

and the early 1960's.

General Comments: These data represent good information which can be used for both scientific and

engineering purposes. The materials under consideration include complex commercial alloys referred to by trade names.

Source 35: Permanent Magnets and Their Applications.

R. J. Parker & R. J. Studders, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10016, 1962,

400 pp. $20.25.

Scope: This book is directed primarily toward the engineer concerned with application of the permanent

magnet. The permanent magnet materials covered are as follows:

Aluminum-Nickel-Iron Alloy

Copper-Nickel-Cobalt Alloys

Copper-Nickel-Iron Alloys

Iron-Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloys

Iron-Cobalt-Vanadium Alloys

27
Manganese-Aluminum Alloys

Manganese Bismuthide

Martensitic Steels

Nonmetallic Materials

Platinum Alloys

Silver-Manganese-Aluminum Alloys

Properties Covered:

Electrical Properties:

Resistivity

Magnetic Properties:

Peak H, oersteds

Peak induction, B, gausses

Residual induction, B ,., gausses

Coercive force, H,.. oersteds

Maximum energy' product, (BH mill.) Loss of (If -s/ cycle )/\h Recoil permeability

Demagnetization curves

Sourees of Data: The data presented are based on information furnished by the companies producing

permanent magnet materials.

Size of the Data Bank: The book has 400 pages with electrical and magnetic data covering

approximately 28 pages.

Data Storage and Seareh: Most data are provided in one chapter covering permanent magnet

materials, however there is much additional material scattered throughout the book, usually a comparison

of several materials in chart or tabular form.

Selectivity of the Data: The data are based on information furnished by the companies producing

permanent magnet materials.

General Comments: This book provides typical data for magnetic properties of commercially important

permanent magnet materials up to 1962.

Souree 36: The Properties of Eleetrodeposited Metals and Alloys—A Handbook.

W. H. Safranek, American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, NY 10017,

1974. 517 pp, $24.50.

Seope: The Handbook has organized quantitative data on the magnetic and electrical properties of

eleetrodeposited metals. It also presents physical and mechanical properties.

Properties Covered: Electrical data include: resistivity range of electrodeposits, minimum resistivity of metal electrodeposits and resistivity of unplated wrought metals.

Magnetic property data include: coercivity values of electrodeposits and the ratio of remanence to saturation magnetization (B rIB m

ratio) which is a measure of squareness of the hysteresis loop.

Plating metals include: aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, iron, lead, nickel,

palladium, rhodium, silver, tin, and zinc.

Sources of Data: The author organized and correlated information found in more than 1500 separate

articles. Approximately 20 percent of the references appeared in "Plating" or "Technical Proceedings" of

the American Electroplaters Society Inc. Many foreign data sources are included.
Size of the Data Bank: Approximately ten percent or less of the 517-page handbook is devoted to

electrical and magnetic properties.

Data Storage and Search: Data are presented in tabular format. The handbook has 23 chapters titled by the deposited metal including: aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, iron, lead,

manganese, nickel, platinum, rhenium, silver, tin, zinc, uncommon metals, and alloys of these metals.

Selectivity of the Data: The author is the manager of the Electrochemical Engineering Technology

Section, Battelle, Columbus Laboratories and has authored many publications on electrodeposition. The

data selections were made by the author with assistance of the staff of Battelle's Columbus Laboratories.

References are provided after each chapter in the Handbook.

Timeliness of the Data: The Handbook was issued in 1974. The data cover primarily the 1960"s with

additional information from the 1950"s and earlier.

General Comments: The data are of practical value. Electrodeposits providing good conductivity are needed for high strength steel wire, printed circuits, electrical contacts and radar waveguides.

Electrodeposits with magnetic properties are needed for applications such as memory storage and memory

switching devices. The researcher or design engineer should develop new application ideas knowing the

availability of these data.

Source 37: Properties of Magnetic Materials for use in High-Temperature Space Power Systems.

P. E. Kueser, D. M. Pavlovic, D. H. Lane, J. J. Clark, & M. Spewock, Westinghouse Electric Corportion,

Lima, OH, Scientific and Technical Information Division, Office of Technology Utilization, National

Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC, 1967, 318 pp, $2.25.

Copies are available from: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

Scope: Collection of information on the properties of eight selected materials found suitable for use in high-temperature advanced electric power systems.

Properties Covered: Discussion of magnetic material properties up to 760 °C (1400 °F) ambient and

frequencies to 3200 Hz.

Radiation effects on magnetic materials.

Tables are given for: electrical resistivity, DC magnetization, AC magnetization, core loss, constant

current flux reset, and magnetic stability.

Sources of Data: A literature search was conducted and there are 8 pages listing the References and

Bibliography.

Size of the Data Bank: Data are stored in paperback book form. There are 318 pages. Over 50 percent

of the book is comprised of magnetic and electrical property data.

Data Storage and Search: The publication is indexed by properties which are further broken down into sections on each of the alloys covered. Most of the data is presented in graph form.

Selectivity of the Data: A thorough search of literature was made for magnetic material properties of

the following materials: Cubex alloy; Hiperco 50 alloy; Supermendur; Hiperco 27 alloy; Iron 1-percent

silicon investment casting (AMS5210); 15-percent Nickel maraging steel; AISI grade H-ll steel, Premium

quality (AMS6487 and 6437); and Nivco alloy.

29
General Comments: This is a prime source for high temperature magnetic properties for the alloys

covered.

Souree 38: Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers.

(knowlton*s Handbook), D. G. Finke, McGraw-Hill Book Company. Inc.. 1221 Avenue of the Americas,

New York, NY 1968, 10th Edition, $33.50.

Scope: This handbook is intended to be a desktop source of practical data for engineers and designers.

Properties Covered: Electrical properties include: conductor properties of standard copper, aluminum,

or iron conductors, properties of (over 50) resistance metals and alloys, and properties of 12 fusible metals

and alloys. Soft magnetic properties of ten common commercial grades of motor and transformer steels are given.

These include: induction curves, maximum core loss curves, permeability and saturation magnetization

data. Hard magnetic properties for 21 commercial permanent magnet materials are given. These include:

coercive force, residual induction, and energy product.

Sources of Data: Data are acquired from magnetic and electrical textbooks, manufacturer's specification sheets, journal articles, and other handbooks.

Size of the Data Bank: About 350 pages are devoted to electrical and magnetic properties of metals out of a total of over 2200 pages.

Data Storage and Search: Electrical and magnetic data are collected within the first 360 pages of

Section 4 of the handbook. Data are usually presented in tables, occasionally as graphs. A straightforward index is given at the beginning of section 4.

Selectivity of the Data: Each subsection was edited by a specialist in the field. Every effort is made to up-date the information contained in each new edition to conform with the latest ASTM standards.

References for the sources of individual bits of data are given in the text that precedes or describes each

table or graph.

Timeliness of the Data: Sources for the electrical and magnetic data in the 9th edition (published in 1957) are mostly from the 1940's and 1950's. The 10th edition was published in 1968.

General Comments: This handbook meets its objective of being a desktop source of practical property

data for commercial materials and would be of use to engineers and designers.

Source 39: Properties of Selected Superconductive Materials.

NBS Technical Notes 724 and 825, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.). B. W. Roberts, United States Department of Commerce.

These booklets are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, DC 20402.

NBS Technical Note 724, 1972, $1.40

NBS Technical Note 825, 1974, Supplemental $1.25

Scope: Tabulation of superconductive materials (including proven non-superconductors) with critical temperature and field, crystal struture data where determined, and references.

30
Properties Covered: Critical temperatures, fields and crystal structure data.

Sources of Data: All data are referenced as to the source.

Size of the Data Bank: These data are contained in two booklets of approximately 175 pages.

Data Storage and Search: Data are tabulated and listed alphabetically by material.

Selectivity of the Data: The booklets present 4 tables. In the first table are listed data for the elements,

selected generally from recent studies in which the sample purity and perfection appear to have been

seriously considered. The second table contains information on superconductive materials plus all materials that have been reported to be tested specifically for a superconducting transition down to some

temperature T n without discovery of a transition. The third table covers superconductive materials with

organic constituents. The fourth table lists high magnetic field superconductors.

Timeliness of the Data: NBS Technical Note 724 was issued in June 1972. NBS Technical Note 825,

1974 supplement, was issued in April 1974.

General Comments: These are an excellent comprehensive reference source on superconductive

materials.

Source 40: Standard Handbook; Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Mill Products.

Standard Handbook; Cast Copper and Copper Alloy Products.

Copper Development Association, 405 Lexington Ave.. New York, NY 10017. No charge to customers of the copper and brass industry.

Scope: Provides electrical properties on over 300 commercial copper-based materials.

Properties Covered: The following electrical properties are listed for each material:

Wrought Materials Cast Materials

Electrical resistivity Electrical resistivity

Electrical conductivity

Magnetic properties are not covered.

Included is a cross index of the principal specification systems used in the United States for wrought

and cast copper and copper alloys. These systems have used different codes to identify the same

materials.

Sources of Data: Prepared by a committee of technical experts in the copper industry.

Size of the Data Bank: All standard coppers and copper-based alloys are covered in these publications;

there are 238 alloys covered in the handbook on wrought alloys which includes approximately 450 pages

and 93 alloys in the cast products handbook which has 241 pages.

Data Storage and Search: "The Standards Handbook; Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Products" is compiled in six separately bound parts: Part I—Tolerances

Part 2—Alloy Data

Part 3—Terminology

31
Part 4—Engineering Data

Part 5—Sources

Part 6—Specifications Cross Index

"The Standards Handbook; Cast Copper and Copper Alloy Products" is compiled in one bound book:

Part 7—Data/Specifications

Electrical Properties data are listed in the following two parts of the Standards Handbook.

Part 2—Alloy Data

Part 7—Data/Specifications for cast materials

Data are listed by CDA copper alloy numbers, for a cross reference to other material identification

systems, refer to the following: Part 6—Specifications cross reference for wrought materials Part 7—Data/Specifications for cast materials.

Selectivity of the Data: The data are based on years of experience in the production, specification and

purchase of all copper products and are used by the mill product producers as applicable to commercial

material.

Timeliness of the Data: The parts of the Standards Handbook which are of interest for electrical data were issued at the following times.

Part 2—1973

Part 7—1970

These parts have been updated in the past approximately every four years.

General Comments: These data were developed for CDA by a committee which represented nearly all of the producers in the copper and brass industry.

If contacted, CDA will make a search through its Copper Data Center for any properties or values

which are not presently covered by the "Standards Handbooks."

While literature of the individual companies in the copper industry is available, the companies

recommend CDA Handbook data be used for general purposes, since values presented by one

manufacturer may vary slightly from the industry in general, due to their particular manufacturing set-up

or customer requirements.

Source 41: Superconducting Materials.

E. M. Savitskii, V. V. Baron. Y. V. Efimov, M. I. Bychkova. and L. F. Myzenkova, Plenum Publishing

Corp.. 227 West 17th St., New York, NY 1001 1, 1973, 459 pp, $27.50.

Scope: A comprehensive review and summary of superconducting materials.

Properties Covered: The temperature of transition into the superconducting state (7',.). the critical magnetic

field [Hc l and tlie critical current for the twenty-seven superconducting elements and many superconducting

compounds.

Sources of Data: A most thorough review of the literature on this subject was made when originally

prepared by the Russian authors in 1969 and it has been specifically updated for this translation.

Size of the Data Bank: The data are included in a bound volume text, 459 pages in length. There are approximately 10 pages of tabulated data. However, the major portion of the text is devoted to the effect of various factors on the electrical and magnetic properties.

Data Storage and Search: The tabulated data are in one section of the text titled "Properties of

Superconducting Elements." Scattered throughout the text are curves showing the effect of different factors on the subject properties.

32
Selectivity of the Data: The data were selected by the authors and the source literature cited.

Timeliness of the Data: The text was published in Russian in 1969 and was updated to include the

results of recent publications when prepared for the American edition which was published in 1973.

General Comments: Superconductivity of a material is defined by the electrical and magnetic

properties. This is a complete and authoritative summary and review of superconducting materials to 1973.

Source 42: Superconducting Materials—A Survey.

Cryogenics, Volume 12, October 1972, P. A. Battams, IPC Science and Technology Press Ltd, IPC House,

32 High St., Guilford, GUI 3EW, Surrey, England, 6 pp, $7.50.

Scope: A tabulation of superconducting materials from a survey of all major producers throughout the world of the materials they produce and the operating performance expected.

Properties Covered: Nature of material, ratio superconductor/stabilizer, range of diameters available,

number of filaments available, highest operating temperature, highest operating field, and price per unit length.

Sources of Data: These data were furnished by the leading manufacturers throughout the world on their own products.

Size of the Data Bank: This is a six page article of which 5V2 pages are data.

Data Storage and Search: Each producer is listed alphabetically and the data for a producer's

materials are tabulated after the producer's name.

Selectivity of the Data: The data represent the operating performance expected from each material by

the firms furnishing these materials.

Timeliness of the Data: The survey from which these data were obtained was conducted late in 1971.

General Comments: This is a very complete coverage of the operating characteristics of the commercial

superconductors available up to 1972.

Source 43: Survey of Electrical Resistivity Measurements on 16 Pure Metals in the Temperature

Range 0 to 273 K.

NBS Technical Note 365 & 36,5-1, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), L. A. Hall, United States Department of

Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1968, Out of Print.

Scope: Experimental electrical resistivity data for 16 pure metals have been compiled, tabulated and

graphically illustrated for a temperature range 0 to 273 K. A section has been prepared for each

particular metal which includes references, brief comments concerned with preparation of sample, purity,

and any other pertinent information, tabulated data and graphs.

Properties Covered: As the title implies, electrical resistivity is the only property covered in this booklet. Experimentally determined electrical resistivity data measured at room temperature and below

are presented for a total of 16 pure metals including: aluminum, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt,

copper, gold, indium, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, platinum, silver,

tantalum, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zinc, and zirconium.

33
Sources of Data: Over 300 sources of data are referenced in addition to over 400 additional references

representing work of industrial as well as university laboratories.

Size of the Data Bank: These data are contained in a booklet of approximately 100 pages.

Data Storage and Search: Data are presented in both tabular and graphic form.

Selectivity of the Data: The booklet presents data obtained from highly regarded sources. The sources

are indicated on each table and graph of the presentations.

Timeliness of the Data: This booklet was issued in 1968. The sources of data cover the time span of

the 1930's thru the 1960's.

General Comments: These data are limited to a small group of pure metals which probably would be of more interest to scientists than to engineers. Out of print but available in photocopy or microfiche from

National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.

Source 44: Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry.

Vol. 4, Parts 1, 2 and 3, H. H. Plumb. Instrument Society of America, 400 Stanwix Street. Pittsburgh. PA

15222, 2380 pp. SI 10.00.

Scope: Volume four represents the change and development in thermometry from the time the previous

volume three was issued in 1962 up to June 1971. During this period, the adoption of the International

Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68) stimulated research and development for precision

thermometry.

Properties Covered: Electrical and magnetic properties used to determine thermometric fixed points,

i.e. transition temperature for superconductors, emf versus temperature for thermocouples, and mutual

inductance for germanium thermometers.

Sources of Data: These data are from papers presented at the '"Fifth Symposium on Temperature" and

most are values selected or observed by the authors.

Size of the Data Bank: There are 2380 pages in the three parts of Volume four. Electrical and magnetic

data are limited to a few pages.

Data Storage and Search: There are 10 sections in the three parts of volume four. Electrical and

magnetic data are limited to: Section I. Temperature Scales and Fixed Points

Section V. Magnetic and Quantum Electronic Thermometry

Section VIII. Thermoelectric Thermometry

Selectivity of the Data: The data presented are selected or observed by the authors of the articles. There is a very limited amount of data on materials. Most data are on materials used as a part of a temperature measuring device. Data are to show the accuracy and limitations of these devices.

Timeliness of the Data: This source covers data developed up to June. 1971.

General Comments: While "Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry"

include electrical and magnetic data, such information is not segregated in any way and hence is very

difficult to retrieve. 34
Source 45: Thermophysical Properties of High Temperature Solid Materials.

Y.S. Touloukian, Purdue Research Foundation, Purdue University, MacMillan Publishing Co., 866 3rd

Avenue, New York, NY, 1967, 6 vols., $250.00.

Volumes 2 and 3 are available separately at $100.00 and $60.00 respectively.

Scope: This series, prepared by the Thermophysical Properties Research Center at Purdue University,

attempts to bring together in a single work a large portion of the available data on the thermophysical

properties of high temperature materials. This current work is an up-dated version of the original work

titled "Handbook of Thermophysical Properties of Solid Materials."

Properties Covered: Electrical resistivity data for most pure elements and hundreds of alloys are given as a

function of temperature, usually from room temperature, often up to near the melting point.

Sources of Data: Data are taken from journal articles, government reports, industry reports, and

manufacturer's data sheets.

Size of the Data Bank: There are six volumes in this book, of which the first three apply to metallic

materials. Electrical resistivity is one of 15 selected properties given for each material.

Data Storage and Search: Electrical resistivity data for metals are given in volumes 1, 2, and 3. Graphs

of p versus T are given for each element or alloy listed. Materials are grouped into Elements, Nonferrous

Alloys, and Ferrous Alloys. An alphabetical index in each of the pertinent volumes guides the user to the

location of the data. Materials are listed by generic type and commercial name.

Selectivity of the Data: The book presents data from all available sources. Each given value is identified as to its source, reported probable error, and method or technique used to obtain it.

Timeliness of the Data: This work was published in 1967. Most ot the references are from the early

1960's and 1950's.

General Comments: This is excellent source for electrical resistivity data, including high temperature

data for a large number of metals and alloys used for high temperature applications. The compilation of

scattered data into a single book is a valuable asset.

35

Information

Centers

(46-49)
Source 46: Copper Data Center, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201.

Publisher or Custodian: Copper Development Association Inc., 405 Lexington Avenue, New York,

New York 10017.

Scope: Covers copper technology from the refining of metal through the end-use performance of parts,

components and systems made from its mill products. Materials included: copper, copper alloys, iron and

steel with copper as an alloying element, copper chemicals and also materials which compete with

copper.

Properties Covered: The intent is to provide information on all properties, including electrical and

magnetic properties under all conditions of use.

Sources of Data: Primary emphasis is on current published and unpublished material from world

sources. Published world literature dating back to 1959 is included in a computerized retrieval system.

Size of the Data Bank: The data bank now contains information and data based on pertinent published

material from 107 sources. There are over 5,000 terms and 20,000 interrelationships stored on computer tape.

Each document put in the system is given a serial number and this number is stored behind each term

used to index it.

Data Storage and Search: Data are correlated and stored in a computerized data bank and are immediately available through technical specialists at the Data Center.

Selectivity of the Data: Information and data from both published and unpublished sources are

collected and screened by specialists at Battelle. Each document selected for inclusion is sent for evaluation to one of 90 engineers and scientists who are the staff of experts that guides the program

technically.

Timeliness of the Data: The latest information from world-wide technical data and information is continually collected and screened for inclusion.

Availability: The Copper Data Center serves the users of copper and copper alloys in two ways:

User-Oriented Data: Using the Data Center facilities, specialists prepare application data sheets,

technical reports, and handbooks. A comprehensive, computer-coded field-of-interest register is maintained for prompt and accurate distribution of these publications. Requests for individual listing in this interest-register may be addressed to CDA in New York or to Copper Data Center at Battelle in Columbus.

Special Service: Engineers needing special information and data on the application and performance of

copper and copper alloys can contact CDA or Battelle for assistance. The same technical specialists

working in the Data Center program who monitor and evaluate information on copper technology going

into the Center also research and respond to written or telephoned requests for assistance on specific

topics. When required, computer searches are made. The requestor gets the information or data as soon

as possible and in usable form.

Cost of Access to Data: No charge. It is a technical service to the customers of the copper and brass

industry.

General Comments: This is an excellent source for electrical and magnetic properties of copper based

alloys which are not readily available from other sources.

38
Source 47: Cryogenics Data Center, National Bureau of Standards.

Publisher or Custodian: Cryogenics Data Center, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado

80302, and National Technical Information Service, 528S Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22161.

Scope: Acquire and catalogue for bibliographic purposes all literature and data of interest in cryogenics

and evaluate and compile low-temperature data on properties of materials.

Published quarterly: "Superconducting Devices and Materials Literature Survey."

Properties Covered: The intent is to provide information on all properties including electrical and

magnetic properties under low-temperature conditions.

Sources of Data: All literature and data of interest to cryogenics.

Size of the Data Bank: There are 80,000 to 85,000 documents on file.

Data Storage and Search: Documents are correlated, evaluated, compiled, and stored in a computerized data system.

Selectivity of the Data: Information and data from all sources are evaluated and compiled by a staff of

experts.

Timeliness of the Data: The latest information from world-wide technical literature and data are

continually collected and screened for inclusion in the data book.

Availability: The data are available to anyone on inquiry to the Data Center at Boulder. The

"Superconducting Devices and Materials Literature Survey" may be ordered from the National Technical

Information Service, Springfield, Va. 22161.

Cost of Access to Data: The cost of time required for search. Average cost is approximately $50.00 per

search.

Price of "Superconducting Devices and Materials Literature Survey" is $20.00 per year.

General Comments: The Data Center at Boulder is an excellent source for electrical properties under

low-temperature conditions which are not available from other sources.

Source 48: National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Network of University-based

Regional Dissemination Centers (RDC's).

Publisher or Custodian: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is the sponsor of the

National Network of University-based Regional Dissemination Centers (RDC's). The NASA Regional

Dissemination Centers include:

Area RDC Phon

Midwest Aerospace Research Applications Center (ARAC) (812) 337-7970

Indiana University Foundation

Bloomington, Indiana 47405

East Knowledge Availability Systems Center (KASC) (411) 624-5212

University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15113

39
Southwest Technology Application Center (TAC)

University of New Mexico, Box 185

Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106

(505) 277-3118

New England

and

North East

New England Research Application Center (NERAC)

University of Connecticut

Storrs, Connecticut 06268

(203) 429-6616

South East North Carolina Science & Technology Research Center

(NCSTRC), P.O. Box 12235

Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27709

(919) 549-8291

West Western Research Applications Center (WESRAC)

University of Southern California

Lo> Angeles, California 90007

(213) 746-6133

Scope: Each center has the mission to solicit and service fee-paying subscribers for services involving

the selective provision of scientific, technical and other information from a miscellany of information

sources. This mission includes the provision of available technical information on the electrical and

magnetic properties of metals.

Properties Covered: Data can be searched on all key electrical and magnetic properties such as: electrical resistivity, temperature coefficient of resistivity, core loss, maximum permeability, B-H

magnetization data, maximum energy product, coercive force, remanence, Curie temperature, and

superconducting data.

Sources of Data: NASA's RDC's include data from: NASA, the Department of Defense, the Atomic

Energy Commission and foreign sources. The Regional Dissemination Centers are depositories for the

U.S. Government publications. In addition, the RDC's University libraries provide additional information

from books and periodicals. Some examples of computerized information sources reported by an RDC

(NERAC) include material from:

National Technical Information Service (NTIS, DoD. GRAIt

PADEX (McMillian Index of Technical Literature)

TRANS DEX (US Joint Publications Research Service)

American Society for Metals

Chemical Abstracts Condensates

Engineering Index (Compendex)

Institute for Scientific Information

Science Information Exchange

Tie-ins with all world-wide specialized information centers INSPEC/Physics

INSPEC/Electrical Engineering

The Regional Dissemination Centers can also search computer "software*' such as tapes, cards,

program listings, and machine-run instructions that come from the NASA COSMIC Center at the

University of Georgia.

Size of the Data Bank: The NASA data bank includes approximately ten million records with 400,000

to 500,000 reports on 16,000 to 18,000 subjects. Individual centers also have local libraries for access to reference books and periodicals. An estimate of 5 percent or less of the data is related to the electrical and magnetic properties of metals.

NASA File

10
Data Storage and Search: Data are stored in hard copy form and computer tape form. Computerized

search makes it possible to search as many as one million documents in an eight hour shift. A client subscriber may ask for a retrospective search on electrical or magnetic properties of metals which would

include:

1. Presearch analysis and search strategy set for obtaining specific electrical or magnetic property data

by an assigned specialist.

2. Computerized or manual retrieval of the data and data compilation.

3. Delivery of the data in: evaluated print-out form, hard copy form or microfiche form along with

analysis where necessary.

In addition to the retrospective search, a selective dissemination service provides:

1. Development, updating and use of any specific electrical or magnetic property interest file by the

assigned specialist for a regular period of time, such as a year.

2. Development of general interest files for a regular period of time.

Selectivity of the Data: The quality of data retrieved depends in part on the skill of the university-type

search specialists in interrogating the data bank and in the selection and elimination procedures used in handling the data retrieved. The data bank has an entire spectrum of data quality from high to mediocre.

Any statistical treatment of the data is only as dependable as was done in any original investigation.

Timeliness of the Data: The data come primarily from the 1960's as well as from earlier periods and

the 1970's.

Availability: The open literature information is available on a world-wide basis. The system encourages

use by small business organizations.

Cost of Access to Data: New clients may pay for searches as performed through a letter of intent or a blanket purchase order. The price of individual searches has varied between $90.00 and $900.00. Clients are encouraged to prepay an annual retainer for which they receive a ten percent discount. The minimum

annual retainer is $1000.00.

General Comments: A good source for superconductivity information. There are some high temperature

and high energy product magnetic properties data available. The pricing system tends to discourage usage

where the nature of the data feedback is unknown in terms of quality and quantity.

Source 49: Superconducting Materials Data Center.

Publisher or Custodian: General Electric Company, Corporate Research and Development Center,

Schenectady, N.Y. 12345.

Sponsored by: The National Bureau of Standards

Scope: The purpose of the Superconducting Materials Data Center is to collect data on superconducting

materials and to provide qualified information to workers in the field of superconductivity.

Properties Covered: Superconducting properties include: critical temperatures along with purity and

structure information.

Magnetic properties include: critical magnetic field Hcl , Hc2, Hc3 , and low temperature data where a

material is found not to be superconductive (T„). Thermodynamic data, Oivbyo ar| d electronic specific

heat, related to superconductivity are also provided.

Sources of Data: Data are taken from original world-wide literature. Unpublished results by recognized

workers in the field are also included in the data input.

1

1
Size of the Data Bank: IBM card entries covering 10,000 specific alloys and compositions are in the

data bank. A popular material may include up to 50 entries whereas perhaps only one card maybe

provided for a lesser known material.

Data Storage and Search: Data are stored on IBM cards. Keypunched and written data are included.

The cards are sorted on alloy composition and critical temperature. Cards are made up after reading the

literature and surveying original data. New original data are separated from other data repeated in more

than one publication.

Selectivity of the Data: There is some statistical evaluation using a hand calculator. The date of

measurements is given consideration since it can qualify the value of the data due to purity and

processing improvements. Mechanical variables such as dislocations and cold work, which can influence

the data values, are also considered. The data are keyed to literature through references.

Timeliness of the Data: The data goes back to 1911 when the phenomenon was discovered. Bulk of the

working data is from 1955 and later. Approximately 500-700 new entries are made per year.

Cost of Access to Data: Reports are published by NBS as technical notes. Approximately 500-600

copies of these reports are distributed at no charge to workers in the field. There is no charge for short

questions made by letter or telephone.

General Comments: The program operates on a modest budget but is quite effective in reaching worldwide sources of information. The data are given a good review and are properly referenced. The Center is a useful tool to workers in the area of superconductivity.

12
Commercial Sources and

Trade Associations

(50-56)
Source 50: Alloys for Electronic, Magnetic and Electrical Applications.

Carpenter Technology Corporation, 150 W. Bern St., Reading, PA 19603, 66 pp. Bulletins are supplied at no cost.

Scope: This bulletin covers the magnetic properties of 17 commercial alloys identified by Carpenter

tradenames and electrical properties of 1 resistance alloy identified by the Carpenter tradename.

Properties Covered: This bulletin provides the following data: High permeability alloys; permeability, hysteresis curves, and core loss. Magnetostrictive alloys; permeability and magnetostriction coefficient. Core irons; hysteresis curves, and permeability.

Resistance alloy; electrical resistance, and thermal coefficient of resistance.

Sources of Data: Carpenter Technology Corporation has a technical staff which is the primary source of

data on these alloys.

Size of the Data Bank: This bulletin has 66 pages, 42 of which are devoted to magnetic and electrical properties.

Data Storage and Search: The bulletin is divided into sections by the general type of magnetic

materials. The alloys covered for each section are indexed in front of the Handbook.

Selectivity of the Data: The data presented are based on data used in Carpenter's quality control program to insure that every lot of magnetic alloy meets the same standard of quality and uniformity.

Timeliness of the Data: The bulletins are revised as necessary to keep them up-to-date, usually to add new alloys.

General Comments: This publication is the basic source for magnetic properties of alloys for electronic,

magnetic and electrical applications supplied by Carpenter Technology Corporation. In contrast to many

handbook compilations, these data are usable for design purposes with this vendor's products.

Source 51: Armco Electrical Steels and Magnetic Alloys Handbook.

Publisher or Custodian: Armco Steel Corporation, Middletown, Ohio.

Scope: The Armco Design Manuals are made for designers of electric apparatus. They provide specific

information on the advantages of each class of Armco magnetic material as well as pertinent data on

fabrication and extensive design curves.

Properties Covered: The design manual on "Armco Nonoriented Electrical Steels" includes data on hot and cold rolled fully processed and semiprocessed sheet steel in AISI grades M^15, M^3, M-36, M-22,

M-15, and high silicon TRANCOR A-6. The design manual on "Armco Oriented Electrical Steels"

includes design curves for AISI materials M-A, M-5, and M-6. The design manual 'Armco Thin Electrical

Steels" presents electrical design data on three trade name types, ORIENTED T, ORIENTED T-S, and

TRAN-COR T in five different thicknesses. Armco Steel also has property sheets on core loss, exciting

RMS amperes per pound, AC permeability, DC magnetization, DC hysteresis loops, AC flux-current

loops, exciting power, reactive power, inductance permeability, flux control curves, induction versus frequency curves, figure of merit at induction of 5 gausses, and lamination factor curves. 44
Sources of Data: Data were obtained primarily from research and development work involving the

testing of Armco products at the Armco Steel Corporation's plants and laboratories.

Size of the Data Bank: Data are provided in three ring-bound volumes. Approximately 76 pages are devoted to nonoriented electrical steels, 70 pages to oriented electrical steels, and 50 pages to thin

electrical steels. Data for other materials, such as electromagnetic iron and nickel-iron magnetic alloys are supplied as small vendor booklets or sheets.

Data Storage and Search: Data are presented primarily as curves. Data are searched by a Table of

Contents and Trade Name page finder on the first page of each booklet.

Selectivity of the Data: The data were developed using Armco material rather than typical AISI

material. These are no statistical presentations in the data presented. No references are given.

Timeliness of the Data: "Armco Nonoriented Electrical Steel" is dated 1974. "Armco Oriented

Electrical Steels" is dated 1973. These booklets are updated around every five years. Most of the data curves come from the 1960's.

Availability: Available to potential customers from the publisher.

Cost of Access to Data: The handbooks are supplied free of c harge upon request to potential customers

and related people.

General Comments: The handbooks contain good engineering data based on Armco produced material. The designer is left with the uncertainty of the data spread if he should use a competitor's material for the same AISI standard class.

Source 52: Electrical Materials Handbook. Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation.

Publisher or Custodian: Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation, Division of Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Inc., Oliver Building, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222.

Scope: Intended as a single source of information about magnetic and electrical properties of steels and

alloys produced in various forms by Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation.

Properties Covered: Magnetic core materials include: AISI types M-6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 17, 19, 22, 27, 32,

36, 43, and 50. Properties given are: electrical resistivity at room temperature, core loss, saturation

induction, DC permeability, DC hysteresis, initial permeability, permeability at 200 gausses, maximum

permeability, induction at maximum permeability and coercive force. Nonoriented and oriented silicon steel data also include: magnetization curves, core loss curves, and

DC hysteresis loops.

Nickel-iron alloy properties are given for: mumetal, 4750 monimax, 4-79 permalloy, deltamax, and

vanadium permendur. The nickel-iron data include: performance range curves at high and low induction,

magnetization curves at various thicknesses, core loss curves, 60 cycle incremental permeability curves,

effect of temperature on permeability curves, DC hysteresis loop curves. The properties data also include:

Curie temperature, saturation induction, electrical resistivity, coercive force, and hysteresis loss values.

Permanent magnetic materials include: Alnico 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5cc, 6, 7, 8, X-900, 17 percent cobalt alloy,

36 percent cobalt alloy, 3V3 chromium alloy and Vicalloy. Permanent magnet properties include:

demagnetization and energy-product curves, typical normal magnetization curves, typical hysteresis loss curves, temperature and mechanical shock effects on magnetic remanence curves, and dimension ratio curves for permanent magnets.

15
Special materials data include: resistivity, temperature-resistivity curves, magnetization curves for Ohmalloy and 400 series stainless steel as well as magnetic permeability and resistivity data on

nonmagnetic alloy steels. Tape core data are also presented tor nickel-iron alloys and Selectron steel. Powder core data for Molybdenum Permalloy are also presented.

Sources of Data: Data were generated primarily at the Allegheny Ludlum shops and laboratories. Other

data were generated by Arnold Engineering Company or taken from outside references.

Size of the Data Bank: The data are provided in a permanent bound book. 334 pages in length.

Data Storage and Search: Data are provided in the form of graphs and tables: Data are searched by

using the Table of Contents and by using finder charts related to desired considerations such as: low core

loss, high permeability, low or high retentivity or high frequency operation using laminated cores, relay cores, powder or wound cores or permanent magnets.

Selectivity of the Data: The data are typical. References are given in some chapters. In other chapters,

it must be assumed that the data were generated by Allegheny Ludlum.

Timeliness of the Data: The handbook was copyrighted in 1961. Available references date back through

the 20's, 30's, 40"s. and 50's.

Availability: Available to potential customers from the publisher.

Cost of Access to Data: The handbook is supplied free of charge upon request to potential customers

and related people.

General Comments: The handbook is unique in the wide range of coverage of soft and permanent

magnetic materials properties. The design data are at least ten years old and are only typical rather than

statistical. Older grades discussed in the book may not be commercially available. A new revision is needed.

Source 53: Technical Data Centers.

Publications of the manufacturers of electrical resistance alloys for instrumentation and control and of

resistance materials for electrical heating elements.

These technical data catalogs are available at no cost from the manufacturers.

The following is a partial list of the companies who manufacture these materials: W. M. Chace Co. (GTE Sylvania Inc.). 1614 Beard Ave., Detroit. MI 48209

Driver-Harris Company, Harrison, NJ 07029

J. M. Ney Co.. 27 Maplewood Ave.. Bloomfield. CT 06002

Ohmite Mfg. Co. (North American Philips Co.), 3604 Howard St., Skokie, IL 60076

Westinghouse Electric Corp.. Specialty Metals Division, Blairsville, PA 15717

Wilber B. Driver. 1875 McCarter Highway, Newark, NJ 07104

Hoskins Manufacturing Company, 4445 Lawton Ave., Detroit, MI 48208

The Kanthal Corporation, Wooster St.. Bethel, CT 06801

Scope: The subject materials are with few exceptions identified by tradename. Each manufacturer

provides publications with complete technical data on their own materials. The following explanations are

typical of the information provided by each manufacturer.

Properties Covered: Properties include: electrical resistivity, temperature coefficient of resistance,

EMF vs copper (for electrical resistance alloys), maximum continuous service temperature, temperatureresistance curves, and detailed tables of resistance per foot by wire size or strip dimensions.

46
Sources of Data: Data are provided by the manufacturer of each alloy and they are the sole source ol

this information.

Size of the Data Bank: Approximately 4 pages are used to cover the properties for each alloy. Total

pages of data from a supplier depends on the number of alloys they supply.

Data Storage and Search: It is necessary to go to the supplier's literature for data on a specific alloy.

All data, except comparison tables with other alloys, are published on consecutive pages under the

tradename of the alloy.

Selectivity of the Data: Values assigned represent the most probable values that would be obtained

under given conditions. Some critical values such as resistance are guaranteed to be within certain

tolerances.

Timeliness of the Data: The data represent up-to-date properties on commercially available materials.

General Comments: Inasmuch as the majority of alloys in this class are proprietary formulations,

detailed property data are not found in handbook compilations but only in the technical publications of

each manufacturer.

Source 54: Magnetic Materials Producers' Association.

Publisher or Custodian: Magnetic Materials Producers Association, 1717 Howard Street, Evanston,

Illinois 60202.

Scope: The Association embraces ten of the important producers of permanent magnet materials,

namely: Allen-Bradley Co., Arnold Engineering Co., Colt Industries, General Electric Co., General

Magnetics Co., Indiana General Corp., The Permanent Magnet Co., Inc., Raytheon Co., Stackpole

Carbon Co., and Thomas and Skinner, Inc. Each company distributes its own literature. The Association

itself has two current booklets that it sells: "Standard Specifications for Permanent Magnet Materials"

and "Permanent Magnet Guidelines."

Properties Covered: The Association lists 36 permanent magnet materials of importance:

3V2% Co Steel

3% Co Steel

17% Co Steel

36% Co Steel

Sintered Alnico 2*

Sintered Alnico 5 Sintered Alnico 8

Sintered Alnico 8 HC

Alnico 1* Alnico 2 Alnico 3

Alnico 4

Alnico 5DG

Alnico 5 Col. Alnico 8

Alnico 8HC

Alnico 9

Ceramic 1** Ceramic 2 Ceramic 3

Ceramic 4

Ceramic 5 Ceramic 6

Ceramic 8

ESD31***

ESD32

ESD41

ESD42

Cunife 1 (Cu.Ni.Fe)

Vicalloy 1 (V,Co,Fe)

Remalloy (Co.Mo.Fe)

* Alnicos are Al-Ni-Co alloys. ** Ceramic refers to MO-6Fe2 03 where M represents one or more of the metals Ba. Sr. Pb.

*** ESD refers to Elongated Single Domain particles of Fe-Co in a metal matrix.

Data in the booklet "Permanent Magnet Guidelines" are limited to flux loss with time data and

irreversible flux loss at service temperatures of 350, 200, —20 and —60 °C. The booklet "Standard

Specifications for Permanent Magnet Materials" lists nominal chemistries, residual flux density, coercive

force and maximum energy product values for the 36 materials with major emphasis on dimensions and

tolerances.

47
Sources of Data: Detailed data derive from each individual member company of the Association.

Size of the Data Bank: The Association itself has very little technical data. The members collectively,

however, are caretakers of practically all the known information on permanent magnet materials. The

booklets are 12 to 17 pages in length.

Data Storage and Search: Data in the two Association booklets are found by random page turning.

Data held by individual member companies are best searched by a direct call to the company of interest. Each company has its own trade names for the 36 materials but they also recognize the nomenclature of

the Association.

Selectivity of the Data: The data in the Association booklets are typical. Data provided by each

individual member company include typical magnetic and material characteristics along with energy

product design curves. Statistical confidence limits are not provided in nearly all cases. Bibliography is provided by the Association. The " Standard Specification for Permanent Magnet Materials" is a recognized Department of Defense document.

Timeliness of the Data: The two Association booklets are updated every one to three years. The

bibliography covers primarily the 1960's.

Availability: Available to all from the publisher.

Cost of Access to Data: The Association booklets are priced at $2.00 each. Individual company

literature is supplied free of charge to potential customers.

Genera] Comments: The Magnetic Materials Producer Association provides a useful standardization

function for the permanent magnet industry. Although data from present Association publications are

limited, they can lead a designer to the company that will give him the magnetic data he desires.

Source 55: Nonoriented Electrical Steel Sheets; Oriented Electrical Steel Sheets.

United Slates Steel Corporation Handbooks on Electrical Steel Sheets.

Publisher or Custodian: United States Steel Corporation, 525 William Penn Place, Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania 15230.

Scope: The handbooks provide engineering details on the characteristics of U.S. Steel Nonoriented and

Oriented Electrical Steels.

Properties Covered: For the nonoriented steels, properties include: core loss curves, volt-ampere

characteristics, AC magnetization curves, DC magnetization curves, DC permeability curves, core loss- frequency curves and hysteresis loops.

For the oriented electrical steels, properties include: core loss curves, AC magnetization curves,

exciting RMS curves, polydirectional exciting RMS volt-ampere curves for high induction and core loss, AC permeability and exciting RMS volt-amperes curves for low inductions. Core loss-frequency curves

are also given.

Electrical resistivity data are given for both nonoriented and oriented electrical steels.

Sources of Data: Data were obtained from research and development work done at the US Steel's laboratory and processing locations.

Size of the Data Bank: Data are provided on looseleaf pages. Approximately 230 pages are devoted to nonoriented electrical steels and 80 pages to oriented electrical steels.
Data Storage and Search: Data are presented primarily as curves and tabulated information. Data in the Nonoriented Electrical Steel Handbook are indexed according to core loss quality by trade name and

AISI standard designations as follows: LAMINEX A and STATOR A Motor Laminations, AISI M-45, M43, M-36, M-27, M-22, and M-19.

Data in the Oriented Electrical Steel Handbook are indexed according to the thickness of the sheet

laminations as follows: 0.011, .012, .014, .025 inches. Within each section, data for the AISI grades 1VM-,

M-5, M-6, and M-7 are presented.

Selectivity of the Data: The data were developed as typical design information using US Steel material

rather than typical AISI material. There are no statistical presentations in the data presented. No

references are given.

Timeliness of the Data: The handbooks have looseleaf pages which facilitates updating. Most of the data

appear to have been prepared in the mid 1960's.

Availability: Available to potential customers from the publisher.

Cost of Access to Data: The Handbooks are supplied free of charge upon request to potential customers

and related people.

General Comments: The handbook data are good typical engineering information based on the US Steel

produced material. The designer is left with uncertainty as to the data spread if he should use a competitor's material for the same AISI standard class. The designer can also be uncertain as to what the mean values of magnetic properties really are for the cheaper grades of the nonoriented electrical steels covered in the Handbook.

Source 56: Permanent Magnet Handbook.

E. M. Underbill, Ed., Colt Industries, Crucible Magnetics Division, Box 100, Elizabethtown. I\Y 42701. 357

pp. $25.00.

This handbook is out of print. There are a limited number still available.

Scope: Presents a history of the development and design of permanent magnets. This is broken down

into details of each type of material and ends with a section on the specifications and data for important

magnetic materials.

Properties Covered: Nominal magnetic, physical and mechanical data as well as demagnetization

curves, energy product and B-H values.

Sources of Data: Much of the data were developed at the Crucible Steel Company of America or

selected by the chapter authors.

Size of the Data Bank: Permanent Magnet Handbook is 357 pages in length with approximately 125 of

these pages devoted to magnetic properties of individual magnetic materials.

Data Storage and Search: The handbook is divided into sections with general information on each type

of permanent magnet material followed by one section. Specifications and Data, which contains the

magnetic properties data for each individual magnetic material. These individual magnetic materials are

listed in the index by tradename or by commercial type and referenced to the page which has the

applicable data.

Selectivity of the Data: The data are based on years of experience by the publisher in the production of permanent magnet materials.

49
Timeliness of the Data: This handbook was published in looseleaf form in 1957 and new data sheets

and revisions of the various sections were issued as new developments were recorded. The latest sheets were issued in 1965.

General Comments: The Permanent Magnet Handbook is an excellent source of data for the magnetic

properties of the commercially important permanent magnet materials up to 1965. The book is not being

updated and several commerciahy important new materials have not been covered.

50
Technical Society

Data Publications

(57-59)

51
Source 57: American National Standards.

"American National Standards"

Publisher or Custodian: American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, New York

10018.

Scope: Provides information on electrical and magnetic properties for ANSI's 420 commercial standards on metals and alloys. Less then 10 percent of the standards involve electrical and magnetic properties.

Properties Covered: ANSI standards for metals and alloys are all ASTM specifications. They usually

define the chemical composition and those electrical and magnetic properties that are necessary to control

the quality of the product. For a more detailed description refer to the write-up on ASTM.

Sources of Data: ANSI does not prepare or develop property data for materials. These data were

prepared by ASTM.

Size of the Data Bank: There are approximately 420 standards for metals and alloys.

Data Storage and Search: Each standard is published as a separate document and is listed in the

ANSI 1973 catalogue under one of the following sections:

G—Ferrous materials and metallurgy

H—Nonferrous materials and metallurgy

Selectivity of the Data: Since these data are prepared by ASTM, please refer to the write-up on them

for this information.

Timeliness of the Data: Same as above.

Availability: Distribution is unlimited. Copies are available from American National Standards Institute.

Cost of Access to Data: The applicable standards are all priced at $1.50 per copy.

General Comments: These specifications are a duplicate of ASTM specifications but at present do not include all of the ASTM specifications in this area. The amount of electrical and magnetic data is small.

Source 58: Publications of The American Society for Metals.

Publisher or Custodian: American Society for Metals. Metals Park, Ohio 44073.

Scope: The American Society for Metals in a 38,000 member organization with six major promotional

goals in the field of metals and engineering materials: (1) Communications, (2) Meetings, (3) Education, (4) Unity of Field, i.e., interdisciplinary field of metals, (5) Interrelationship among Engineers, Scientists, and

Technologists, (6) Professional responsibility and public understanding. The organization allocates 62

percent of its resources to technical periodical and reference publications, 14 percent to scientific and

engineering conferences and exhibits, 9 percent to metals information, 8 percent to education with the

balance going to membership and general services. Electrical and magnetic properties are presented at random in all of the above activities.

Properties Covered: Electrical resistivity for around 800 ahoys has been randomly reported in the

various activities of the ASM. Standard magnetic properties, including B—H curves and energy product

curves of approximately 200 soft and hard magnetic materials, have been also randomly reported. (See

also "Metals Handbook" and "Metal Progress Data Book").
Sources of Data: In-field experts from the membership plus associates from all over the world prepare

the various publications and services. A small permanent ASM staff of less than 100 people coordinate

the activities.

Size of the Data Bank: The accumulated knowledge and recorded data of the 38,000 members of the

ASM.

Data Storage and Search: Random storage and search for electrical and magnetic properties is the

general mode for all the ASM books, conferences, journals, and magazines. The Information Retrieval

Service of the ASM is the easiest way to get at the data for a fee.

Selectivity of the Data: Input data are selected by the editors of The American Society for Metals and

by member-selected special panels of experts. There is no statistical treatment of the data unless

individual authors choose to do so.

Timeliness of the Data: Abstract information dates back to January 1967. Magazines, journals,

conferences, and courses are highly current representing work now being done or done within the past

two years approximately.

Availability: Publications and conferences are open to the technical people of the entire world. Most of

the ASM activities are within North America. The ASM in Metals Park, Ohio should be consulted for specific publications.

Cost of Access to Data: Cost varies, consult ASM, Metals Park, Ohio.

General Comments: The ASM information on electrical and magnetic properties other than what is found in the "Metals Handbook" is not very recent or given much attention. In 1958 ASM put on a seminar and issued the book "Magnetic Properties of Metals and Alloys

,

' by R. M. Bozorth and others. The book contained mostly theory. In 1963 another book was issued, "Electrical and Magnetic Properties

of Metals" by J. K. Stanley; see Source 8. New conferences are needed in the electrical and magnetic

properties area. Manufacturing process information dominates most of the ASM technical publications.

Source 59: ASTM Annual Book of Standards and the associated data services of the American Society for Testing and Materials.

Publisher or Custodian: American Society for Testing & Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103.

Scope: Provides information on electrical and magnetic properties for approximately 1100 metals and

alloys in the "ASTM Annual Book of Standards" and in its special technical publications.

Properties Covered: In the ASTM Annual Book of Standards, electrical or magnetic properties arc specified only where they are necessary to control the quality of the product. Occasionally, supplemental

information is provided with expanded electrical or magnetic properties requirements. There are also appendices and footnotes to the specification standards which provide added electrical and magnetic

property information. Part 44 "Magnetic Propeties; Metallic Materials for Thermostats, Electrical

Resistance Heating, Contacts; Temperature Measurement" is one of the more important volumes related

to electrical and magnetic properties. Electrical properties include: volume resistivity, weight resistivity,

temperature coefficient of resistance, conductivity percent IACS, conductivity of contact alloys, contact

resistance, resistance changes, and DC voltage of film breakdowns. Magnetic materials cover ingot iron, silicon-iron alloys up to 5.25 percent Si, nickel-iron alloys, cobalt-iron alloys, permanent magnet alloys,
Alfenol and some stainless steel alloys. Part 6, "Copper and Copper Alloys" includes another

concentration of electrical properties. Other electrical and magnetic properties are scattered throughout

the volumes involved with metallic materials (Parts 1 through 12). In addition to the ASTM Annual Book of Standards, there are other data services of ASTM, including:

"Standardization News*", a magazine, also "Special Technical Publications and Data Series," some of which are

directly involved with electrical and magnetic properties.

Sources of Data: Data originate with the members of ASTM, including consumers, producers and a general interest group composed of engineers, scientists, educators, testing experts, and research

workers. Specification standards are adopted for publication only when approved by a series of votes by

the membership. ASTM technical papers are edited by special committees made-up of members and staff of the ASTM. Data obtained by the Metal Properties Council are frequently presented in these technical papers.

Size of the Data Bank: There are 48 bound parts in the "ASTM Annual Book of Standards." Each part

is 500 to 1000 pages in length. There are over 38,000 total pages and over 5800 standards. Fourteen of the

parts or nearly one-third of the total number of standards are devoted to metallic materials. The quantity

of electrical and magnetic properties in the fourteen parts is small and scattered. ASTM data services

also include electrical and magnetic property data in special technical publications. As an example, the

publication STP371-51 covers "Direct-Current Magnetic Measurements for Soft Magnetic Materials,'*

presenting over 72 pages of magnetic property data.

Data Storage and Search: Data for the "ASTM Annual Book of Standards" are stored as printed pages

in annual bound parts. Data are searched using a Subject Index (Part 48) for situations where the

specification number is unknown or a Numeric List when the specification number is known. The

following Parts include electrical or magnetic property as well as other information on metals and alloys:

Part 1 Steel Piping. Tubing and Fittings Part 2 Ferrous Castings; Ferro-Alloys

Part 3 Steel Plate. Sheet. Strip, and Wire: Metallic Coated Products

Part 4 Structural Steel: Concrete Reinforcing Steel, Pressure Vessel Plate and Forgings; Steel Rails.

\\ heels and Tires

Part 5 Steel Bars. Chain, and Springs: Bearing Steel: Steel Forgings

Part 6 Copper and Copper Alloys Part 7 Die-Cast Metals: Light Metals and Alloys

Part 8 Nonfenous Metals—Nickel, Lead, and Tin Alloys, Precious Metals: Primary Metals; Reactive

Metals

Part 9 Electro-deposited Metallic Coatings; Metal Powders, Sintered P/M Structural Parts Part 41 General Test Methods

Part 43 Electronics Part 44 Magnetic Properties; Metallic Materials for Thermostats and for Electrical Resistance

Heating and Contacts; Temperature Measurement

To assist in promoting the knowledge of materials of engineering, ASTM issues a five year Index to ASTM Technical Papers and Reports. The index provides detailed author and subject listings to all proceedings. Materials Research and Standards reports, and special technical publications issued in the

five year time span. There is also a yearly report called "ASTM Publications."

Selectivity of the Data: Proposed standards are drawn up by ASTM members who contribute the input

technical data on property requirements. The Society then follows a three step procedure:

(1) Technically qualified committees and members of ASTM study proposed standards extensively,

debate on their acceptability, and vote on adoption of the standards.

54
(2) Before standards are formally adopted, the principal persons concerned—consumers, produce rs, and general interest—agree on the necessary requirements.

(3) As developments take place, requirements for standards are revised.

The ASTM Committee on Papers and Publications has jurisdiction in all matters relating to publications such as: papers from technical symposia, reports by ASTM technical committees, special

books and compilations of data developed in special Society groups with many organizations cooperating.

Some criteria used in judging the publications are:

(1) Whether or not subject matter promotes the knowledge of the properties of materials.

(2) Whether or not contents are of an advertising value.

(3) Whether or not subject matter is of a speculative nature.

(4) Whether or not subject matter is new.

(5) Literary form, ethical and legal considerations.

Timeliness of the Data: The "Annual Book of ASTM Standards" has on the average 30 percent of each

part revised or presented new each year. They are issued annually as new bound books. Each standard

has the year of last revision or approval suffixed to its numeric designation. There is a five year revision or reapproval requirement for published standards to remain in the system. The specifications in the

"ASTM Annual Book of Standards" nearly all fall within the 1964 to 1972 time span. For other ASTM

papers and publications, a lead time of approximately two years lies between the originating date and the

final publication date.

Availability: Distribution is unlimited. Copies are available from ASTM.

Cost of Access to Data: Separate standards for the "ASTM Annual Book of Standards" are priced at $1.75 each. The complete set is $904.00. Special quantity prices are also available. Papers and

publications generally are priced from under $10.00 up to around $50.00 each. No search function is provided by the publisher or custodian.

General Comments: The amount of electrical and magnetic property data that can be extracted from

the "ASTM Book of Standards" is small. Searching is not easy except for Part 44. The data that are given are key requirement data. In contrast to the "ASTM Annual Book of Standards," the ASTM papers

and special publications are presented opportunistically as information becomes available and there is no procedure to update, correct or revise past publications.

Appendix:

Miscellaneous Sources

Glossary

Indices

57
Source: Direct-Current Magnetic Measurements for Soft Magnetic Materials, ASTM Special

Technical Publication 371 Si, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia,

PA 19103, 1970.

Scope: Provides in a simple and understandable manner the theory and practice basic to the art of

direct-current testing of magnetically soft, ferromagnetic materials.

General Comments: Principally devoted to exposition of the theory underlying the magnetic tests and

the procedures for conducting such tests. Only such data are included as are necessary for illustrative purposes.

Source: General Electric EMPIS System

Publisher or Custodian: General Electric Company. Materials Information Services. Building .5-327. 1 River Road, Schenectady, New York 12345.

Scope: Provides electrical and magnetic property information, including specification requirements and

ordering lists for approximately 2000 ferrous and nonferrous materials used in the General Electric

Company.

Properties Covered: Typical electrical and magnetic properties as well as required properties are presented for each GE specification in the EMPIS system. Property data are given primarily at room

temperature but elevated and low temperature data are also presented. Properties include:

Electrical: Volume and weight resistivity, Conductivi

Magnetic:

Magnetizing force

Magnetic induction

Biased induction

Remanent induction

Energy product

Maximum energy product

Intrinsic induction (ferric induction)

Maximum induction in a hysteresis loop

Residual induction

Retentivity

Saturation induction

Incremental induction

Demagnetizing coefficient

Magnetomotive force

Frequency

Form factor

Biasing magnetizing force

Coercive force

Intrinsic coercive force

Relaxation coercive force

Coercivity

Demagnetizing force

Incremental magnetizing force

58

y percent of copper standard

Maximum magnetizing force in hysteresis loop

Permeance

Apparent core loss Core loss (iron loss) Eddy current loss Specific core loss Hysteresis loss Incremental core loss Reluctance

Lamination factor Permeability

Alternating current permeability

Differential permeability

Intrinsic permeability

Maximum permeability

Initial permeability

Reversible permeability

Space permeability

Incremental permeability

Reluctivity

Magnetic flux
Included is a system of indices and tables to facilitate material identification, selection, specification

and procurement.

Sources of Data: Handbooks; trade association compilations; original technical literature; industrial,

national, and international standards; research reports, GE test reports and in-service failure records.

Selectivity of the Data: Input of data into the EMPIS system is primarily initiated by requests for specification and property documentation from GE departments. For each specification grade there is an

associated property sheet which details the properties of the grade. The data for each grade are collected

and screened by Materials Engineers within the GE Corporate staff. Data reference cards are maintained

for important entries identifying the source of the data entered into the system. Files are maintained on each listed material. They contain vendor responses, originating correspondence, and chronological

documentation. Specimen types and test methods are established by ASTM or EMPIS referee methods

for specification properties. Statistical confidence is not listed.

Timeliness of the Data: The EMPIS data sheets are issued in groups of new and updated documents

three or four times per year. The majority of the published data sheets are dated in the late 1960's with

the remainder primarily in the early 1970's and early 1960's.

Availability: The EMPIS system is an internal document system of the General Electric Company and is not generally available to the outside. Only the specifications portion of the system is regarded as public

information and hence, is available to all.

Cost of Access to Data: Individual specifications are free to active suppliers; grouped specification sets, e.g. steels, fasteners, etc., are specially priced. Data questions may be directed to General Electric

Company (EMPIS), Schenectady, New York 12345 where special inquiries are sometimes accommodated

on a professional courtesy basis. Regular data search assistance in the EMPIS system is provided only to subscribing GE departments.

General Comments: This data source is strong in the area of magnetic materials properties. The

presentation of metals is biased to the specification needs of the General Electric Company. The

electrical and magnetic property information represents mostly typical data and/or maximum-minimum

property limits of the specifications. Reliability of the data is based on a "used successfully elsewhere in GE" criterion.

Source: Industrial Electronics Handbook, W. D. Cockrell, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020, 1958, 1355 pp, $32.50.

Scope: Provides data for industrial electronics except for communication and nuclear fields. There are

electrical data for structural and conductor materials, and also a copper wire table.

Data Storage and Search: The "Industrial Electronics Handbook" is divided into 10 sections. The

electrical properties are covered in Sections 1 and 2.

Selectivity of the Data: Typical data are given for 19 structural and conductor materials.

General Comments: This book provides a very limited amount of data, most of which are available from

a number of other sources, and therefore has been excluded from the main body of this report.

Source: INSPEC Information Service, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, London

WC2R OBL, England.

59
Scope: Includes—Physics Abstracts, Electrical and Electronics Abstracts, Current Papers in Electrical

& Electronic Engineering.

General Comments: INSPEC services are provided in the following ways:

Science Abstracts —for retrospective searching. Current Papers —for current awareness SDI —for recovery of items by secondary aspects

Topics —for recovery of items by secondary aspects

These services are basically designed to retrieve articles and papers for electrical engineers and not for data retrieval.

Source: Insulation Directory/Encyclopedia Issue, Lake Publishing Corporation. 700 Peterson Road,

Liberty ville, IL 60048, June/July 1975. Product Information—Magnet Wire, Strip, Hollow Conductors, and Superconductors

Prepared by: Harry L. Saums, Magnet Wire Consultant

Scope: This product information for the most part deals with magnet wire insulation. There are several

pages on aluminum conductors, copper conductors and superconductors.

General Comments: There are no data on electrical or magnetic properties of the conductors. It describes the various configurations of insulated aluminum and copper conductors. For superconductors,

a listing and description is given for those now commercially available.

Source: Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, J. C. Anderson, Chapman and Hall Ltd., 11 New Fetter Lane, London, EC4, England, 1968. 240 pp, $8.00.

Available from Halsted Press, 605 3rd Ave., New York, NY 10016

Scope: To provide fundamental treatment of magnetism for undergraduates and post graduates

embarking on study and research in some branch of magnetism.

General Comments: This book is intended to provide a fundamental treatment of magnetism and not to provide data of properties of these materials. Data, where provided, are used to show relative values for the different magnetic materials.

Source: Materials Selector, Reinhold Publishing Company, Inc.. 600 Summer Street, Stamford. CT 06904.

1975. Domestic subscriptions are $18.00 per year. Foreign subscriptions are $36.00 per year. Qualified

individuals may receive free copies. Subscription also includes receiving monthly copies of "Materials

Engineering" magazine.

Scope: Provides a materials reference guide to individuals who function in materials evaluation and

selection, design, development, production, and management or wherever there is an involvement in the

application and selection of metals, nonmetallics, forms, and finishes.

Size of the Data Bank: The "Materials Selector" is approximately 500 pages in size. Less than 3% of

the 115 pages dealing with metallic materials are devoted to electrical and magnetic properties.

General Comments: The "Materials Selector" has a' good comparison chart for selecting a material

60
based on electrical resistivity. The rest of the data is scattered and randomly organized. Use of the data

for direct design is questionable unless supported by other data sources.

Source: Newnes Concise Encyclopedia of Electrical Engineering, M. G. Say, George Newnes

Limited. Tower House, Southhampton St., London, W.C. 2, England, 1962, 906 pp.

Properties Covered: This is an encyclopedia of electrical engineering terms and provides a description

of all electrical and magnetic terms.

General Comments: This book is no longer in print and provides a very limited amount of data.

Source: NFPA Handbook of The National Electrical Code, Third edition, 1972, Editor: John H. Watt

Scope: The handbook has as its purpose aiding those concerned with electrical safety in understanding

the scope and intent of the 1971 National Electrical Code.

Publishers: McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, New York

Properties Covered: One short table of properties of copper and aluminum conductors. The rest of the

748 pages are concerned with giving and explaining specifications contained in the 1971 National

Electrical Code.

General Comments: This is not a source for electrical and magnetic properties.

Source: Properties of Materials for Electrical Engineers, Pascoe. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 605 Third

Ave.. New York, NY 10016.

Scope: The purpose of this book is to introduce the reader to structure and properties of materials and

elaborate particular facets to the stage where he can understand the function and behavior of electrical materials and the ever growing number of ways in which they are applied.

General Comments: Electrical data are only presented as an example or to supplement an explanation

in the text. Data are typical and this text is not recommended as a source for electrical or magnetic data.

61
Glossary

During the compilation of the indices for this Survey it became evident that a set of

definitions would be extremely helpful. However, we could not find any existing set which

covered all the properties listed, and drawing from two or three sets introduces inconsistencies

and other problems. To cover the magnetic terms we reproduce here, with the kind permission

of the American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM Standard A 340-65, from Part 44 of

the 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards. For terms not covered in A 340 we suggest reference

to IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms, WileyTnterscience, 1972, or The International Dictionary of Physics and Electronics, 2nd edition, W. C. Michels, Editor in Chief, Van Nostrand, 1961.

62
Designation: A 340 - 65 (Reapproved 1970)

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS

1916 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa., 19103

Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards Copyright ASTM

Standard Definitions of

TERMS, SYMBOLS, AND CONVERSION FACTORS

RELATING TO MAGNETIC TESTING1

This Standard is issued under the fixed designation A 340; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year ol

last reapproval.

'Note —The definition for magnetization was corrected editorially and symbols Np and A7

., were replaced with /V, and

A/2 , respectively, in December 1970.

Introduction

In preparing this glossary of terms, an attempt has been made to avoid, where possible, vector analysis and differential equations so as to make the definitions more intel- ligible to the average worker in the field of magnetic testing. In some cases, rigorous treatment has been sacrificed to secure simplicity, but it is believed that none of the

definitions will prove to be misleading.

When ANSI Sectional Committee C42 on Definitions of Electrical Terms

(functioning under the sponsorship of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) completes and approves the American Standard Definitions of Electrical Terms,

it is planned, so far as is consistent with the above aims, to use the same wording for selected terms of this glossary. The definitions identical with those of the American

National Standard will be so designated.

Terms primarily related to magnetostatics are indicated by the symbol * and those

related to magnetodynamics are indicated by the symbol ** General (non-restricted) terms are not marked.

Part 1—Symbols Used in Magnetic Testing

Symbol

iA

A'

B

AB

Bb Bd Bam Bd Hrt (Bd Hd ) n

Term

cross-sectional area of B coil cross-sectional area of specimen

solid area [magnetic induction <normal induction [magnetic flux density excursion range of induction

biased induction remanent induction remanence

energy product

maximum energy product

incremental induction

Symbol

B,Bm

Br B'r Br , Bs cf

Term

intrinsic induction maximum induction in a hysteresis loop

maximum induction in a flux current loop

residual induction apparent residual induction

retentivity saturation induction

crest factor

1 These definitions are under the |urisdiction of ASTM

Committee A -6 on Magnetic Testing. Current edition effective Dec. 27, 1965. Originally issued 1949 to replace A 127. Replaces A 340 64
Symbol Term

\_cmin pvi"*lif*a 1 1 v ma onpt

1

v 7pH r*r*nH it irvn j t 1 1 td 1 1 j II 1 4^,1 Itl liCU tw 1 IU a 1 IU 1

1

.1 idfiiiiidiiun inicKncss npm Uvlllag a onpt 1 Itl i1£171 nlito pnpffipipnt V Vt 1 1 It It 1 1

1

df dutnrtmn U131UI L1VJII factnr Idvlvl maonptir Illagiitiit fiiccinatinn U I^M ValitMi taptrir IdV/lUI F pypitmo tAtlllUg unit VUlldgC a op

E, flux volts £ secondarv induced voltape

f cyclic frecjucncy in hertz mapnptomnti IMlaglltlvlllUllVV vp forcp lUlUt

ff /j fn rm fq r*t c\ r 1 HI HI 1 dV/LUI H

I

i mapnpti7ino 11 lU^I It lljLl llg fnrcp lUIWV mQ<rn#*tir* fi^lri ct rp not n \ iilagUtllt MtlU birciigui H' aUUaltllL a nna rp nt m1 1 1 ag, a onpt I It V

1

I 7in i- 1 1 1 o1 fnrpp luitv

LAS1 AW CAtUIMUIl lallgt UI mag,llCllZI fnrpp l vi tt H HiUladlllg a si n o mi 1 1 aonpti7ino 1 1 t 1 fnrpp

1

1-\ 1 1 g, IUI H* C coercive force H' snnfl rpnt coercive force

/I c f intrinsic 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 I J I W coercive VVV I V 1 ' V force \\J\ V, V coercivity

demagnetizing force Ha'a incremental magnetizing force H'A apparent incremental magneti7inp force H sir gap magnetizing force " i atq _p mapneti7inp liiaKiittit-iiit, force lui ffrom ^ 1 1 Ulll anall assumed ojjui iiwu oea uvafvk value » ui uv nf map- iliac neti7inp 1 It I 1 £. 1 1 1 1 currpnt^ tUl 1 t 1 1 I ) I'm u mavimnm lllaAilllUHi min agiit aonpti7ino tp<rpp in nz. i lie iui tt ill a h vsfprpcis Innn

JHJ mai maximum llldAilUUlii mapneti7inp iiiaKiittiZ-lHK force lul inIII a flux-current loop

tMH' ma i annarent aLsLsaitlll maximum HluAllllUllI mapneti7inp lliatL,lltll£-lll£, force in a flux-current loop

a-c d V mapnetizinp lllUCIIvllLlllg force 1 \J 1 W (from \ H vlll at* mea su red nea k value of exciting current)

insf antanpnus mapnetizinp force

( rnmriHpnt u/ith R \

* " z da C m1 1 1 aca onpt el 1 1 1

11Z.711 n1 1 a ic\tc(* i 1 rnm a n 1, Ivl vt V' 1 win an

SCCIliTIPn np:j I valllP nf PXcitino tlLlIlg fiirrpnt^ LUI 1 till/

/ aM-Pt PYPitmo tAtiLiiig r*nrr*»nt tuiltlll /rmc valiiP^ ^lllld » a 1 ut / a t tuit UJ»a turitUl \rilio Valut ) L constant v>ull Alall l rurrpnt tuiltlll

11 TO aa~ct mapnpti7inp 11 1 a g, nt 1 iz. 1 currpnt tuiltlll /rms V

1 1 1 * >> value)

i magnetic polarization

coupling coefficient

flux path length

effective flux path length gap length

a 1 a n Symbol Term

£ (also 4> N) flux linkage

mutual flux linkage L self inductance

L, core inductance La incremental inductance

L, intrinsic inductance

L m mutual inductance

L0 initial inductance

L, series inductance

Lw winding inductance m magnetic moment

A/ magnetization

m total mass of a specimen m, active mass of a specimen

demagnetizing factor N, turns in a primary winding

N2 turns in a secondary winding

a-c excitation P magnetic pole strength

<? permeance

P active (real) power

Pa apparent power

Pa iB;f 1 specific apparent power

Pc total core loss Pc (B;f ) specific core loss Pc* incremental core loss Pe normal eddy-current core loss P*e incremental eddy-current core

loss P, normal hysteresis core loss PAh incremental hysteresis core loss P. reactive (quadrature) power

P, residual core loss P„ winding loss (copper loss) P! exciting power

Pz (B.Y) specific exciting power

Cm magnetic storage factor

(R reluctance

/?, core resistance R B insulation resistance Rw winding resistance S lamination factor (stacking fac- tor) SCM symmetrically cyclically magnetized condition

1Tc Curie temperature

W lamination width

wh hysteresis loop loss hysteretic angle

7 loss angle cos 7 magnetic power factor 7p proton gyromagnetic ratio rm magnetic constant

64
®> A 340

Symbol Term

h density

k susceptibility

A -C Permeabilities: Ha ideal permeability Mi inductance permeability Mat incremental inductance permeability Mod initial dynamic permeability

Hp peak permeability Ha p incremental peak permeability

M< instantaneous permeability

Hz inpedance permeability MA? incremental impedance permeability D-C Permeabilities: M normal permeability

Moos absolute permeability

Md differential permeability

Part 2

Definition of Terms

*a-c excitation, A\//A—The ratio of the rms

ampere-turns of exciting current in the pri- mary winding of an inductor to the effective length of the magnetic path. **active (real) power, P—The product of the rms, current, /, in an electrical circuit, the rms voltage, E, across the circuit, and the cosine of the angular phase difference, 0 between the current and the voltage.

P = EI cos 6 Note—The portion of the active power that is expended in a magnetic core is the total core loss, Pc

aging coefficient—the percentage change in a

specific magnetic property resulting from a

specified aging treatment. Note—The aging treatments usually specified

are:(a) 100 h at 150 C, or

(b) 600 h at 100 C. aging, magnetic—the change in the magnetic

properties of a material resulting from metallurgical change. This term applies

whether the change results from a continued

normal or a specified accelerated aging

condition. Note—This term implies a deterioration of

the magnetic properties of magnetic materials for electronic and electrical applications, unless oth- erwise specified.

* air-gap magnetizing force, Hg —the magnetSymbol Term

Ma incremental permeability

Uert effective circuit permeability

Hi intrinsic permeability

Ma/ incremental intrinsic permeability

x m maximum permeability

Mo initial permeability

ur relative permeability

Hv (also Tm ) space permeability

Hreu reversible permeability

M'/cot 7 figure of merit

v reluctivity

rr the numeric 3. 1416

<t> magnetic flux 0 N flux linkage (see £)

X mass susceptibility

u) angular frequency in radians per second

Used in Magnetic Testing

izing force required to produce the induction existing at some point in a nonmagnetic

gap in a magnetic circuit. In the cgs system, Hg

is numerically equal to the in- duction existing at such a point and exceeds

the magnetizing force in the magnetic material. ampere-turn—unit of magnetomotive force in the rationalized mksa system. One ampereturn equals 47r/10 or 1.257 gilberts.

ampere-turn per meter—unit of magnetizing

force (magnetic field strength) in the rationalized mksa system. One ampere-turn per meter is 47r x 10" 3 or 0.01257 oersted.

anisotropic material —a material in which the magnetic properties differ in various directions. antiferromagnetic material —a feebly magnetic

material in which almost equal magnetic

moments are lined up antiparallel to each

other. Its susceptibility increases as the temperature is raised until a critical (Neel)

temperature is reached; above this temperature the material becomes paramagnetic.

"apparent coercive force, H'c —the value of apparent magnetizing force on a flux-current loop coincident with zero induction. •apparent magnetizing force, H'—the abscissa value of a point on a flux-current loop

computed in terms of the instantaneous exciting current, /', using the magnetostatic
equation:

•apparent magnetizing force, incremental, H'A —the apparent H' value for a point on

an incremental flux-current loop,

apparent magnetizing force, maximum,

H'max —the maximum value of H' attained

in a flux-current loop.

apparent power, Pa—the product (volt-amperes) of the rms exciting current and the applied rms terminal voltage in an electric

circuit containing inductive impedance. The

components of this impedance due to the winding will be linear, while the components

due to the magnetic core will be non-linear. apparent power; specific, PatB:n—the value

of the apparent power divided by the active mass of the specimen (volt-amperes per unit mass) taken at a specified maximum value of cyclically varying induction B and at a specified frequency /. apparent residual induction, B' r—the value of induction on a flux-current loop when the apparent magnetizing force has a zero

value. area, A —the geometric cross-sectional area of

a magnetic path which is perpendicular to the direction of the induction. cgs-em system of units—system for measuring

physical quantities in which the basic units are the centimeter, gram, and second, and

the numerical value of the magnetic constant, Tm , is unity.

coercive force, Hc —the (d-c) magnetizing

force at which the magnetic induction is zero when the material is in a symmetrically

cyclically magnetized condition. coercive force, intrinsic, Hci —the (d-c) magnetizing force at which the intrinsic induction is zero when the material is in a symmetrically cyclically magnetized condition. coercivity, Hcs —the maximum value of coercive force. core, powder (dust) —a magnetic core comprised of small particles of electrically insu- lated metallic ferromagnetic material. These

cores are characterized by low hysteresis

and eddy-current losses. core, laminated —a magnetic core constructed by stacking thin pieces of suitable shape,

which are stamped or sheared from sheet or

strip material. Individual pieces usually have an insulating surface coating to minimize eddy-current losses in the assembled

core. core, tape-wound —a magnetic core

constructed by the spiral winding of strip material onto a suitable mandrel. The strip material usually has an insulating surface coating which reduces interlaminar eddycurrent losses in the finished core. **core loss current, a-c Ic —See current, a-c core loss. core loss, incremental, Pc —the core loss in a magnetic material when subjected simul- taneously to a d-c biasing magnetizing force and an alternating magnetizing force. **core loss, residual, Pr —that portion of the core loss power, Pc , which is not attributed

to hysteresis or eddy-current losses from

classical assumptions.

•*core loss, specific, Pc ,B;n—the active power

(watts) expended per unit mass of magnetic

material in which there is a cyclically

varying induction of a specified maximum

value, B, at a specified frequency,/.

core loss, (total), Pc —the active power

(watts) expended in a magnetic circuit in which there is a cyclically alternating induction.Note—Measurements of core loss are nor- mally made with sinusoidally alternating induction, or the results are corrected for deviations from the sinusoidal condition.

core plate—a generic term for any insulating

material, formed metallurgically or applied

externally as a thin surface coating, on sheet or strip stock used in the construction of laminated and tape wound cores. coupling coefficient, k' —the ratio of the mutual inductance between two windings and

the geometric mean of the individual self- inductances of the windings.

crest factor, cf—the ratio of the maximum

value of a periodically alternating quantity

to its rms value. Note—For a sinusoidal variation the crest factor is y/T. Curie temperature, Tc —the temperature above

which a ferromagnetic material becomes

paramagnetic.

current, a-c core loss, Ic —the rms value of

the in-phase component (with respect to the induced voltage) of the exciting current supplied to a coil which is linked with a ferro- magnetic core.
A 340

•current, a-c exciting, /—the rms value of the

total current supplied to a coil that is linked with a ferromagnetic core. Note—Exciting current is measured under the condition that any other coil linking the same

core carries no current.

••current, a-c magnetizing, lm —the rms value of the quadrature component (leading with

respect to the induced voltage) of the exciting current supplied to a coil that is linked with a ferromagnetic core. current, constant, Id . c —the steady current which is located in a winding and which

produces a magnetostatic condition.

cyclically magnetized condition, CM—a magnetic material is in a cyclically magnetized

condition when, after having been subjected

to a suffcient number of identical cycles of magnetizing force, it follows identical hysteresis or flux-current loops on successive

cycles which are not symmetrical with re- spect to the origin of the axes. •demagnetization curve—that portion of a normal (d-c) hysteresis loop which lies in the second or fourth quadrant, that is, be- tween the residual induction point, Br , and

the coercive force point, Hc . Points on this curve are designated by the coordinates Bd and Hd . demagnetizing coefficient, DB—is defined by

the equation:

DB = [r m(H„ - H)]/B, where:

applied magnetizing force, H = magnetizing force actually existing

in the magnetic material, and

B> = intrinsic induction. rm = 1 in the cgs system and 4ir x 10" 7 henry/meter in the mksa system

(rationalized). Note—For a closed, uniform magnetic circuit the demagnetizing coefficient is zero. demagnetizing factor, ND—defined as 4tt times the demagnetizing coefficient, DB . •demagnetizing force, Hd —a magnetizing

force (on the demagnetization curve) applied in such a direction as to reduce the induction in a magnetized body. See demagnetization curve.

density, b—the ratio of the mass to the volume

of a magnetic material, g/cm.3 diamagnetic material —a material whose relative permeability is less than unity. Note—the intrinsic induction, B„ is oppositely

directed to the applied magnetizing force H.

••dissipation factor, magnetic, Dm —the tan- gent of the hysteretic angle that is equal to the ratio of the core loss current, /r , to the magnetizing current, Im . Thus: Dm = tan 0 = cot y = IJIm . = uLJR l = \/Dm Note —This dissipation factor is also given

by the ratio of the energy dissipated in the core

per cycle of a periodic SCM excitation (hysteresis and eddy current heat loss) to 2v times the maximum energy stored in the core.

••distortion, harmonic —the departure of any periodically varying waveform from a pure sinusoidal waveform. Note —The distorted waveform which is symmetrical about the zero amplitude axis and which

is most frequently encountered in magnetic test- ing, contains only the odd harmonic components,

that is fundamental, 3rd harmonic, 5th harmonic,

etc. Nonsymmetrical distorted waveforms must

contain some even harmonic components, in addition to the fundamental and, perhaps, some odd harmonic components.

** distortion factor, df—A numerical measure

of the distortion in any nonsinusoidal waveform. For example, if by Fourier analysis or

direct measurement £2 . £3, etc., are the

effective values of the pure sinusoidal har- monic components of a distorted voltage

waveform, then the distortion factor is the

ratio of the root mean square of the second and all higher harmonic components to the fundamental component.

df= {Ef + £3

2 + E? + }"2 /El Note —There are no d-c components (£0 ) in the distortion factor. domains, ferromagnetic—magnetized regions,

either macroscopic or microscopic in size, within ferromagnetic materials. Each do- main, per se, is magnetized to intrinsic satu- ration at all times, and this saturation in- duction is unidrectional within the domain.

••eddy-current loss, incremental, PAe—the active power (watts) due to eddy currents and

expended in a ferromagnetic material which

is subjected to CM excitation. ••eddy current loss, normal, Pe —that portion of the core loss which is due to induced currents circulating in the magnetic material

subject to a SCM excitation.

electrical steel —a term used commercially to
A 340

designate a flat-rolled iron-silicon alloy used

lor its magnetic properties.

*energy product, Bd Hd —the product of the coordinate values of any point on a demagnetization curve. 'energy-product curve, magnetic—the curve

obtained by plotting the product of the cor- responding coordinates, B„ and Hd , of

points on the demagnetization curve as abscissa against the induction, Bd , as ordinates. Note 1 —The maximum value of the energy

product, (Ba H„) m< corresponds to the maximum

value of the external energy. Note 2 —The demagnetization curve is plotted

lo the left of the vertical axis and usually the en- ergy-product curve to the right. 'energy product, maximum (Bd Hd ) m—for a given demagnetization curve, the maximum

value of the energy product.

** exciting current, a-c, / —See current, a-c

exciting.

* 'exciting power, rms, P2 —the product of the rms exciting current and the rms voltage induced in the exciting (primary) winding on

a magnetic core. Note—This is the apparent volt-amperes re- quired for the excitation of the magnetic core

only. When the core has a secondary winding the induced primary voltage is obtained from the measured open-circuit secondary voltage multiplied by the appropriate turns ratio.

* 'exciting power, specific, P2lB:i>—the value of the rms exciting power divided by the active mass of the specimen (volt- amperes/unit mass) taken at a specified

maximum value of cyclically varying induction B and at a specified frequency /. "exciting voltage, £, —the rms value of the

a-c voltage existing across the assumed parallel combination of core inductance L y and

core resistance /?,. feebly magnetic material—a material generally

classified as "nonmagnetic," whose max- imum normal permeability is less than 4. ferrimagnetic material—a material in which

unequal magnetic moments are lined up antiparallel to each other. Permeabilities are of the same order of magnitude as those of ferromagnetic materials, but are lower than

they would be if all atomic moments were

parallel and in the same direction. Under

ordinary conditions the magnetic characteristics of ferrimagnetic materials are quite

similar to those of ferromagnetic materials. ferromagnetic material—a material that, in general, exhibits the phenomena of hysteresis and saturation, and whose permeability

is dependent on the magnetizing force. "figure of merit, magnetic, ^t'/cot —the

ratio of the real part of the complex relative permeability to the dissipation factor of a ferromagnetic material. Note—The figure of merit is a useful index of

the magnetic efficiency of the core in various a-c electromagnetic devices. "flux-current loop, incremental (biased)—

a

flux-current loop resulting from CM excita- tion and having both d-c and a-c components of exciting current or magnetic induction, or both. Such a loop will not be symmetrical about the B and H axes, "flux-current loop, normal —a dynamic loop

of flux, versus current, /, or induction, B, versus magnetizing force, H, that is obtained by using a symmetrically alternating

magnetizing force to produce a SCM exci- tation in the core material. Note—The area of the loop is proportional to the sum of the static hysteresis loss and all dy- namic losses.

flux linkage, £—in a coil having N turns the

flux linkage

£ = <)>l + <t>l + 03 + •

• • <t>N where:

</>! = flux linking turn 1,

<j> 2 = flux linking turn 2, etc., and

<t> N = flux linking the Nth turn. Note—When the coupling coefficient, k', is less than unity, the flux linkage equals the product of the average flux linking the turns and

the total number of turns. When the coupling

coefficient is equal to unity, the flux linkage

equals the product of the total flux linking the

coil and the total number of turns.

flux linkage, mutual, £m —the flux linkage existing between two windings on a magnetic

circuit. Mutual linkage is maximum when

the coupling coefficient is unity. flux path length, (—the distance along a flux loop.

flux path length, effective, l x —in a magnetic

core, the equivalent mean length of the flux path which is used in the calculation of cer- tain magnetic parameters.

"flux volts, E, —the average emf induced in a winding on a magnetic circuit (multiplied by
A 340

1.1107) when subjected to repeated SCM

magnetization having a maximum induction

value flmai, or having a CM incremental

excursion range AB.

E, = 4.443 fl m„ A 'Nf x lO" volts (SCM excitation) E, = 2.221 ABA'Nf x 10" volts (CM excitation) E, = 1.1107£avg

in which A' = solid cross-sectional area of

the core in cmJ

; N = number of winding

turns, and / = the frequency in hertz, ••form factor, Jf—The ratio of the rms value of a periodically alternating quantity to its average absolute value. Note—For a sinusoidal variation the form

factor is: t/2v/2= 1.1107 ••frequency, angular, a> —the number of

radians per second traversed by a rotating vector that represents any periodically

varying quantity. Note—Angular frequency, w, is equal to 2ir times the cyclic frequency,/

••frequency, cyclic, /—the number of hertz (cycles/second) of a periodic quantity. gap length, tg —the distance which the flux tranverses in the central region of a gap in a core having an "air" (nonmagnetic) gap in the flux path. Relative permeability may be considered unity (cgs) in the gap. gauss (plural gausses)—the unit of magnetic

induction in the cgs electromagnetic system.

The gauss is equal to 1 maxwell per square

centimeter or 10~ 4 tesla. See magnetic in- duction (flux density).

gilbert—the unit of magnetomotive force in the cgs electromagnetic system. The gilbert

is a magnetomotive force of 10/4tt ampereturns. See magnetomotive force. gyromagnetic ratio, proton, yp—the ratio of

the magnetic moment of a hydrogen nucleus

to its angular momentum.

Note—The gyromagnetic ratio is used to cal- culate the magnetic field from a measured reso- nance frequency when using the nuclear magnetic

resonance technique.

The relationship is: B = (2 ir//7 P ) gausses = (2izf/yp ) x 10"*teslas where: / = the resonance frequency in cycles/second (hertz)

7P = the gyromagnetic ratio (the accepted

value at present for water is 2.67512 x 10* gauss

-1

s _1

). henry (plural henries) —the unit of self- or mutual inductance in the mksa (Giorgi) and

in the practical system. The henry is the in- ductance of a circuit in which an electro- motive force of 1 V is induced by a uniform

rate of change of 1 A/s in the circuit. Alternatively, it is the inductance of a circuit

in which 1 A produces a flux linkage of 1 Wb turn or 10" maxwell-turns. See induct- ance, mutual, and inductance, self-. ••hertz —the unit of cyclic frequency, /. 1 Hz = 1 cps. •hysteresis loop, biased —an incremental hysteresis loop that lies entirely in any one

quadrant. Note—In this case both of the limiting values

of H and B are in the same direction.

•hysteresis loop, incremental—the hysteresis

loop, nonsymmetrical with respect to the B

and H axes, exhibited by a ferromagnetic

material in a CM condition. Note —In this case both of the limiting values H may have opposite polarity, but definitely have

different absolute values of Hm . An incremental

loop may be initiated at either some point on a normal hysteresis loop or at some point on the normal induction curve of the specimen.

•hysteresis loop, intrinsic—a hysteresis loop

obtained with a ferromagnetic material by

plotting (usually to rectangular coordinates)

corresponding d-c values of intrinsic induction, Bt , for ordinates and magnetizing force H for abscissae.

* hysteresis loop, normal—a closed curve obtained with a ferromagnetic material by

plotting (usually to rectangular coordinates)

corresponding d-c values of magnetic induction (B) for ordinates and magnetizing force (H) for abscissa when the material is passing through a complete cycle between

equal definite limits of either magnetizing

force, ±//m , or magnetic induction, ±Bm . In general the normal hysteresis loop has mirror symmetry with respect to the origin of the B and H axes but this may not be

true for special materials.

* hysteresis loop loss, Wh —the energy ex- pended in a single slow excursion around a normal hysteresis loop is given by the fol- lowing equation:
A 34©

Wh = (/ HdB/4jt) ergs

where the integrated area enclosed by the loop is measured in gauss-oersteds.

** hysteresis loss, incremental, P&n —the active power (watts) due to hysteresis expended in a ferromagnetic material while being driven through an incremental flux-current loop by

a CM type of excitation. ** hysteresis loss, normal, Ph —(/) the power

expended in a ferromagnetic material, as a

result of hysteresis, when the material is subjected to a SCM excitation.

(2) The energy loss/cycle in a magnetic

material as a result of magnetic hysteresis

when the induction is cyclic (but not necessarily periodic).

hysteresis, magnetic—the property of a fer- romagnetic material exhibited by the lack of correspondence between the changes in in- duction resulting from increasing magnetizing force and from decreasing magnetizing

force. ** hysteretic angle, magnetic, f3 —the mean

angle by which the fundamental component

of exciting current leads the fundamental

component of magnetizing current, Im , in an inductor having a ferromagnetic core. Note —Due to hysteresis, the instantaneous

value of the hysteretic angle will vary during the cycle of SCM excitation. However, /3 is taken to be the mean effective value of this angle. ** induced voltage, secondary, £„—the open

circuit rms voltage induced in a secondary

winding on an inductor. If the coupling

coefficient has the maximum value of unity, then each winding has the same induced

volts/turn so that: E„ = N1 EJN1 where: N2 = number of turns in secondary winding,

/V, = number of turns in primary winding,

and

Ei = rms voltage induced in the primary

winding.

** inductance, core, L, —the effective parallel

inductance of a hypothetical path that is considered to carry exclusively the magnetizing current, I m . Note I —The product l^uL^ equals the quadrature power delivered to the core. Note 2 —The core inductance is related to the

intrinsic induction in the core material.

** inductance, incremental, Z. A —the self-in- ductance of an electrical circuit when the ferromagnetic core has a CM excitation produced by specified values of both a-c and

d-c components of the exciting current. ** inductance, initial, L0—the limiting value of

the core inductance, L x reached in a ferro- magnetic core when, under SCM excitation, the magnetizing current has been progressively and gradually reduced from a comparatively high value to a zero value. Note—Initial inductance may be obtained by

highly sensitive ASTM bridge methods working

in the range where n L is a linear function of H. A

series of decreasing values of n L is measured and

plotted versus corresponding values of magnetizing current, I m (or other suitable excitation pa- rameter) and the data extrapolated to zero excitation. See permeability, initial dynamic.

inductance, intrinsic (ferric), L t —that portion of the self-inductance which is due to the

intrinsic induction in a ferromagnetic core. Note—It is determined at a specified value of

the magnetizing current

inductance, mutual, Lm —the common property of two electrical circuits that deter- mines the flux linkage in one circuit (the secondary) produced by a given current in the other circuit (the primary). The mutual

inductance, L m , is defined by the equation: L m = £2/, where: £2 = flux linkage in the secondary, and

/, = current in the primary, assuming no

current in the secondary. Note I —If£2 is in maxwell-turns and /, is in amperes, then the mutual inductance in henries is defined by the equation:

L„ = (£,//,) x 10 8 Note 2 —If the linkage is proportional to the current (no ferromagnetic material present) the inductance is constant and may be obtained from

the equation:

et = -L m (dijdt)

where:

e2 = instantaneous induced emf in the secondary, and

di',/d/ = time rate of change of the current in the primary. Note 3 —If ferromagnetic materials or eddy

currents are present, the mutual inductance must

be regarded as a function of the primary current,

its rate of change, and the magnetic history of the material. Thus:

e2 = -(d(L m/1 )/dO= -[Z. m(d/ 1 /df) + / 1 (dZ\ m /dO]
A 340

inductance, self, L—that property of an electric circuit which determines the flux linkage produced by a given current in the

circuit. The self-inductance, L, is defined by

the equation: L = £//

where: £ = flux linkage, and

/ = the current. Note 1 —If £ is in maxwell-turns and / in amperes, then the self-inductance in henries is defined by the equation: L = (£//) x lO' 8 Note 2 —If the linkage is proportional to the current (no ferromagnetic material present) the inductance is constant and may be obtained from

the equation:

e = -L(d//d/)

where:

e = instantaneous induced emf, and

d//df = time rate of change of the current. Note 3 —If ferromagnetic material or eddy

currents are present, the self-inductance must be regarded as a function of the circuit current, its rate of change, and the magnetic history of the material. Thus:

e = -(d(I;)/d/) = -[I(diydi) + /(dl/d/)] ** induction, series, L s —the effective series a-c self-inductance exhibited by an inductor

having a ferromagnetic core and subjected

to an SCM excitation after the core has been demagnetized.

Note—The value of series inductance is a function of the level of excitation. ** inductance, winding, L w—the effective a-c

series inductance of an inductor when no

ferromagnetic materials are present. Note—The winding inductance, L w , is not changed when ferromagnetic materials are

present. induction, B—See magnetic induction (flux density ). ** induction, biased, Bb —the value of the ap- parent d-c magnetic induction around which

the a-c cyclic changes are occurring in a magnetic material resulting from the

biasing magnetizing force. This value is a function of the incremental magnetizing

force and is not determined by the normal

induction curve. ** induction, incremental, fi A —one half the algebraic difference of the extreme values of

the magnetic induction during a cycle in a

magnetic material that is subjected simulta- neously to a biasing magnetizing force and

a symmetrically cyclically varying magnetizing force. Twice the incremental induction

is indicated by the symbol AB, thus:

* induction, intrinsic, B,—the vector difference between the magnetic induction in a magnetic material and the magnetic induction

that would exist in a vacuum under the in- fluence of the same magnetizing force. This

is expressed by the equation:

B, = B - rm H

Note —In the cgs-em system B,/4tt is often

called magnetic polarization.

induction, maximum:

*(/) Bm —the maximum value of B in a

hysteresis loop. The tip of this loop has the magnetostatic coordinates Hm , Bm , which

exist simultaneously.

**(2) Bmax —the maximum value of in- duction in a flux-current loop.

Note—In a flux-current loop, the magnetodynamic values Bmal and Hmax do not exist si- multaneously; Bmax occurs later than Hmax .

* induction, normal, B—the maximum induction, in a magnetic material that is in a symmetrically cyclically magnetized condition. Note—Normal induction is a magnetostatic

parameter usually measured by ballistic methods.

* induction, remanent, Ba —the magnetic in- duction that remains in a magnetic circuit after the removal of an applied magnetomotive force. Note —If there are no air gaps or other inho- mogeneities in the magnetic circuit the remanent

induction, B„ , will equal the residual induction, Br ; if air gaps or other inhomogeneities are present, Ba will be less than Br .

* induction, residual, Br—the magnetic induction corresponding to zero magnetizing

force in a magnetic material that is in a symmetrically cyclically magnetized condition.

* induction, saturation, Bs —the maximum in- trinsic induction possible in a material.

* induction curve, intrinsic (ferric)—a curve of

a previously demagnetized specimen depicting the relation between intrinsic induction and corresponding ascending values of
A 340

magnetizing force. This curve starts at the

origin of the B, and H axes.

* induction curve, normal—a curve of a pre- viously demagnetized specimen depicting

the relation between normal induction and

corresponding ascending values of magnetizing force. This curve starts at the origin of

the B and H axes.

insulation resistance, Rs —the apparent resist- ance between adjacent contacting laminations, calculated as a ratio of the applied

voltage to conduction current. This parameter is normally a function of the applied

force and voltage.

isotropic material —material in which the magnetic properties are the same for all directions. joule—the unit of energy in the mksa (Giorgi)

and the practical systems. One joule is one

watt-second. lamination factor (space factor, stacking

factor), 5—the ratio of the calculated volume of a stack of laminations to the measured volume under a given pressure. It

is usually expressed as a percentage. Note —The calculated volume is the equivalent

solid volume based on the weight of the material and on assumed or measured density.

lamination stack resistance—the electrical re- sistance measured in the direction perpendicular to the plane of lamination in a stack of laminations. lamination surface insulation—the insulation between core laminations produced by a surface condition or layer either formed or applied for this purpose. Note—In commercial practice, this insulating

layer is frequently designated as core plate. lamination thickness, d—the active thickness of a single lamination cut from sheet slock,

excluding any core plate material. lamination width, w—the width of a core lami- nation perpendicular to the direction of the induction therein. leakage flux—the flux outside the boundary of

the practical magnetic circuit. lines/in2 —the unit of induction frequently used

in commercial practice. One line/in2 equals 0.1550 gauss and 1.550 x 10 ' tesla. **Ioss angle, magnetic, 7—the mean angle by

which the fundamental component of core

loss current leads the fundamental component of exciting current, /, in an inductor having a ferromagnetic core. Note 1 —The loss angle, 7, is the complement

of the hysteretic angle, p. Note 2 —Due to hysteresis, the instantaneous

value of the loss angle will vary during the cycle of SCM excitation; however, ~y is taken to be the mean effective value of this angle. magnet—a body that produces a magnetic

field external to itself. Note 1 —By convention, the north-seeking

pole of a magnet is marked with an N, +, or is colored red. Note 2 —Natural magnets consist of certain ores such as magnetite (loadstone); artificial (permanent) magnets are made of magnetically hard materials; electromagnets have cores made

of magnetically soft materials which are ener- gized by a current carrying winding.

magnetic circuit—a region at whose surface

the magnetic induction is tangential. Note —A practical magnetic circuit is the re- gion containing the flux of practical interest, such

as the core of a transformer. It may consist of ferromagnetic material with or without air gaps

or other feebly magnetic materials such as procelain, brass, etc. magnetic constant (permeability of space), Fm —the dimensional scalar factor that relates the mechanical force between two currents

to their intensities and geometrical configurations. That is: dF = rm /,/^/, x (dl2 x r^/nr* where: Tm = magnetic constant when the element

of force, dF, of a current element

/,*//, on another current element Ijdl2 is at a distance r, = unit vector in the direction from

to dl2 , and

n = dimensionless factor. The symbol n

is unity in unrationalized systems

and 4ir in rationalized systems. Note 1 —The numerical values of T m depend upon the system of units employed. In the cgs-em

system Tm = I, in the rationalized mksa system Tm = 4ir x 10"' h/m. Note 2 —The magnetic constant expresses the

ratio of magnetic induction to the corresponding

magnetizing force at any point in a vacuum and

therefore is sometimes called the permeability of

space, fi u . Note 3 —The magnetic constant times the rel- ative permeability is equal to the absolute permeability.

Mate = FmVr magnetic excursion range, AB, AH—for any
hysteresis loop or any flux-current loop, the excursion ranges equal the algebraic differ- ences between the upper and lower values of

B, and between the upper and lower values of H, obtained in the loop.

magnetic field of induction—a state of a region such that a conductor carrying a current in the region would be subjected to a mechanical force, and an electromotive force would

be induced in an elementary loop rotated with respect to the field in such a manner as

to change the flux linkage.

magnetic field strength, H—See magnetizing

force. magnetic flux, <t> —the product of the magnetic

induction, B, and the area of a surface (or cross-section), A, when the magnetic induction B is uniformly distributed and normal

to the plane of the surface.

<t> = BA

where:

</> = magnetic flux, B = magnetic induction, and

A = area of the surface. Note 1 —If the magnetic induction is not uni- formly distributed over the surface, the flux, 0, is the surface integral of the normal component of B over the area.

<t> = SS.B-dA

Note 2 —Magnetic flux in a scalar and has no

direction. magnetic flux density, B—See magnetic induction (flux density).

magnetic induction (flux density), B—that magnetic vector quantity which at any point

in a magnetic field is measured either by the mechanical force experienced by an element

of electric current at the point, or by the electromotive force induced in an elementary loop during any change in flux linkages

with the loop at the point. Note 2—If the magnetic induction, B, is uni- formly distributed and normal to a surface or

cross-section, then the magnetic induction is: B = 4,1 A

where: B = magnetic induction, 0 = total flux, and A = area. Note 2

B,n is the instantaneous value of the magnetic induction and Bm is the maximum value of the magnetic induction. magnetic line of force—an imaginary line in a

A 340

magnetic field which at every point has the direction of magnetic induction at that

point. Note—Extended lines of force must always form nonintersecting closed loops. magnetic moment, m—a measure of the magnetizing force, H, produced at points in space by a plane current loop or a magnetized body. Note I —The magnetic moment of a plane

current loop is a vector, the magnitude of which

is the product of the area of the loop and the current; the direction of the vector is normal to the plane of the loop in that direction around which

the current has a clockwise rotation when viewed

along the vector. Note 2 —The magnetic moment of a magnetized body is the volume integral of the magnetization, M.

Note 3 —In the cgs-em system magnetic moment is usually defined as the pole strength multiplied by the distance between poles. This is sometimes called the magnetic dipole moment.

magnetic ohm—the unit of reluctance sometimes used in the cgs-em system. One magnetic ohm equals one gilbert/maxwell or 4 7r / 1

0

9 ampere-turns/weber.

* magnetic particle inspection method —

a

method for detecting magnetic discontinuities or inhomogeneities on or near the sur- face in suitably magnetized materials, that employs finely divided magnetic particles that tend to congregate in regions of magnetic nonuniformity associated with the magnetic discontinuities or inhomogeneities. Note—Magnetic particle inspection is an ac- cepted method for the detection of defects. "magnetic polarization, J—in the cgs-em sys- tem, the intrinsic induction divided by 4ir is sometimes called magnetic polarization or magnetic dipole moment per unit volume. 'magnetic pole—the magnetic poles of a magnet are those portions of the magnet

toward which or from which the external magnetic induction appears to converge or

diverge respectively. Note I —In the hypothetical case of a uni- formly magnetized body of constant cross-sectional area the poles would be located at its ends. Note 2 —By convention, the north-seeking

pole is marked with an N, or +, or is colored red.

* magnetic pole strength, p—the magnetic

moment divided by the distance between the

poles. p = m//

73
where: p = pole strength, m = magnetic moment, and

/ = distance between the poles,

magnetics (magnetism)—that branch of sci- ence which deals with the laws of magnetic

phenomena and their application to practice. magnetician—one skilled in the theory and

practice of magnetics.

'magnetization, M—the component of the

total magnetizing force that produces the

intrinsic induction in a magnetic material. M = (B - T m H)ITmnr = fl,/M.b. where: M = magnetization.

H = applied magnetizing force, rm = magnetic constant. B = total magnetic induction.

Mr = relative permeability, absolute permeability, and

B, = intrinsic induction. Note—The magnetization can be interpreted

as the volume density of magnetic moment. "magnetizing current, a-c, lm —See current, a-c magnetizing,

magnetizing force (magnetic field strength), H —that magnetic vector quantity at a point

in a magnetic field which measures the

ability of electric currents or magnetized

bodies to produce magnetic induction at the given point. Note 1 —The magnetizing force, H, may be

calculated from the current and the geometry of

certain magnetizing circuits. For example, in the center of a uniformly-wound long solenoid. H - C(NIIl)

where H = magnetizing force. C = constant whose value depends on the system of units. N = number of turns,

I = current, and

/ = axial length of the coil. If / is expressed in amperes and / is expressed

in centimeters, then C = 47r/10 in order to obtain H in the cgs-em unit, the oersted.

If / is expressed in amperes and / is expressed

in meters, then C = 1 in order to obtain H in the mksa unit, ampere-turn per meter. Note 2 —The magnetizing force, H, at a point

in air may be calculated from the measured value of induction at the point by dividing this value by

the magnetic constant 1 m . "magnetizing force, a-c—three different

A 340

values of dynamic magnetizing force pa- rameters are in common use: (a) HL —an assumed peak value computed in terms of peak magnetizing current (considered to be sinusoidal).

(b) Hz—an assumed peak value computed

in terms of measured rms exciting current (considered to be sinusoidal).

(c) Hp —computed in terms of a measured peak value of exciting current, and

thus equal to the value H' ma „. "magnetizing force, biasing, Hb —the al- gebraic mean value of the magnetizing force

in a magnetic material that is subjected

simultaneously to a constant magnetizing

force and a periodically varying magnetizing force. Note 1 —The biasing magnetizing force and

the biased magnetic induction are corresponding

coordinates of a single point on the B-H plane but not necessarily on the normal induction

curve. Note 2 —The biasing magnetizing force, Hb , is equal to the applied constant magnetizing force only when the applied periodically varying magnetizing force is symmetrical.

"magnetizing force, incremental, H\ —one

half the algebraic difference of the max- imum and minimum values of the magnetizing force during a cycle in a magnetic

material that is subjected simultaneously to a biasing magnetizing force and a symmetrical periodically varying magnetizing force. Twice the incremental magnetizing force

is indicated by the symbol AH.

Thus: HA

= AH/2

"magnetizing force, instantaneous,

{coincident with Bma% ) H, —in an SCM flux- current loop, at the instant when Bmax occurs, the exciting voltage is zero and the in- stantaneous exciting current, /, is assumed

to be all magnetizing current so that: H, = OAwNJ/f,

magnetizing force, maximum:

*(a) Hm —the maximum value of H in a

hysteresis loop.

**(b) HmBX—the maximum value of H in a flux-current loop,

"magnetodynamic—the magnetic condition

when the values of magnetizing force and

induction vary, usually periodically and re- petitively, between two extreme limits.
magnetomotive force, —the line integral of

the magnetizing force around any flux loop

in space. r g

r = <p//d/

where: J = magnetomotive force, H = magnetizing force, and

dl = unit length along the loop.

Note—The magnetomotive force is proportional to the net current linked with any closed loop of flux or closed path. J = CNI

where: 5 = magnetomotive force, N = number of turns linked with the loop,

/ = current in amperes, and

C = constant whose value depends on the system of units. In the cgs system C

= 4ir/10. In the mksa system C = 1. *magnetostatic—the magnetic condition when

the values of magnetizing force and induction are considered to remain invariant with time during the period of measurement.

This is often referred to as a d-c (direct current) condition. magnetostriction—changes in dimensions of a body resulting from magnetization. mass, active, m,—a value of mass, which may

be used with ll and A' to evaluate a magnetic core as though it has an equivalent

uniform flux path having the same induction at all points. mass, total, m—the actual mass of a magnetic

core. maxwell —the unit of magnetic flux in the cgs electromagnetic system. One maxwell

equals 10" 8 weber. See magnetic flux.

Note—

e = -Nd<j>/dt x 10" 8 where:

e = induced instantaneous emf in volts,

d<t>/dt = time rate of change of flux in maxwells

per second, and N = number of turns surrounding the flux, assuming each turn is linked with all the flux. mksa (Giorgi) rationalized system of units

system for measuring physical quantities in which the basic units are the meter, kilo- gram, and second, and the ampere is a derived unit defined by assigning the magnitude 4t x 10" 7 to the rationalized magnetic

A 340

constant (sometimes called the permeability

of space). Note I —The electrical units of this system were formerly called the "practical" electrical

units. Note 2 —In this system dimensional analysis

is customarily used with the four independent

(basic) dimensions: length, mass, time, and current. nonmagnetic—a relative term describing a material which, for practical purposes, may

be considered to have a relative permeability close to unity. Note—Certain materials may be nonmagnetic

only under limited conditions. nonoriented electrical steel —a flat-rolled electrical steel which has approximately the same magnetic properties in all directions. oersted —the unit of magnetizing force (magnetic field strength) in the cgs electro- magnetic system. One oersted equals a magnetomotive force of 1 gilbert/cm of flux path. One oersted equals 1000/4tt or 79.58 ampere-turns per meter. See magnetizing

force (magnetic field strength).

paramagnetic material—a material having a

relative permeability which is slightly

greater than unity, and which is practically

independent of the magnetizing force. ** permeability a-c—a generic term used to express various dynamic relationships be- tween magnetic induction, B, and magnetizing force, H, for magnetic material subjected to a cyclic excitation by alternating or pulsating current. The values of a-c permeability obtained for a given material depend fundamentally upon the excursion

limits of dynamic excitation and induction,

the method and conditions of measurement,

and also upon such factors as resistivity, thickness of laminations, frequency of excitation, etc. Note—The numerical value for any permeability is meaningless unless the corresponding B

or H excitation level is specified. For incremental

permeabilities not only the corresponding d-c B

or H excitation level must be specified, but also

the dynamic excursion limits of dynamic excitation range (A/? or AH).

A-C permeabilities in common use for magnetic testing are: (a) ** impedance (rms) permeability, n2 —

the ratio of the measured peak value of magnetic induction to the value of the ap-
parent magnetizing force, H2 , calculated from the measured rms value of the exciting

current, for a material in the SCM condition.

Note—The value of the current used to compute Hz is obtained by multiplying the measured

value of rms exciting current by 1.414. This as- sumes that the total exciting current is magnetizing current and is sinusoidal.

(b) ** inductance permeability, nL —for a material in an SCM condition, the permeability is evaluated from the measured inductive component of the electrical circuit rep- resenting the magnetic specimen. This cir- cuit is assumed to be composed of paralleled linear inductive and resistive elements,

ojLt and /?,. (c) **peak permeability, nP —the ratio of

the measured peak value of magnetic induction to the peak value of the magnetizing

force, Hp , calculated from the measured

peak value of the exciting current, for a material in the SCM condition. Other a-c permeabilities are: (d) **ideal permeability, //„ —the ratio of

the magnetic induction to the corresponding

magnetizing force after the material has

been simultaneously subjected to a value of

a-c magnetizing force approaching saturation (of approximate sine waveform) super- imposed on a given d-c magnetizing force, and the a-c magnetizing force has thereafter been gradually reduced to zero. The re- sulting ideal permeability is thus a function

of the d-c magnetizing force used. Note —Ideal permeability, sometimes called anhysteretic permeability, is principally signifi- cant to feebly magnetic material and to the Rayleigh range of soft magnetic material.

(e) ** impedance, permeability, incremental, —impedance permeability, nz , obtained when an a-c excitation is superimposed on a d-c excitation, CM condition.

(J) ** inductance permeability, incremental, MAi —inductance permeability, hl, obtained when an a-c excitation is superimposed on a d-c excitation, CM condition.

(g) **initial dynamic permeability, ^M—

the limiting value of inductance permeability, n L , reached in a ferromagnetic core when, under SCM excitation, the magnetizing current has been progressively and gradually reduced from a comparatively high

A 340

value to zero value. (See initial inductance) Note—This same value, mm, is also equal to the initial values of both impedance permeability,

Hz, and peak permeability, ii p

. (h) '"instantaneous permeability

(Coincident with BmBX ), M( —with SCM excitation, the ratio of the maximum induction

fi ma, to the instantaneous magnetizing

force, H, , which is the value of apparent

magnetizing force, //', determined at the

instant when B reaches a maximum.

(i) **peak permeability, incremental, ^ —peak permeability, obtained when an

a-c excitation is superimposed on a d-c excitation, CM condition.

* permeability, d-c—permeability is a general term used to express relationships between

magnetic induction, B, and magnetizing

force, H, under various conditions of magnetic excitation. These relationships are ei- ther (/) absolute permeability, which in general is the quotient of a change in magnetic induction divided by the corresponding

change in magnetizing force, or (2) relative permeability, which is the ratio of the absolute permeability to the magnetic constant (rm ). Note 1 —The magnetic constant Tm is a scalar quantity differing in value and uniquely deter- mined by each electromagnetic system of units. In the unrationalized cgs system r m is 1 gauss/oersted and in the mksa rationalized system rm = 4*- x 10" 7 H/m.

Note 2 —Relative permeability is a pure number which is the same in all unit systems. The

value and dimension of absolute permeability

depends on the system of units employed.

Note 3 —For any ferromagnetic material

permeability is a function of the degree of magnetization. However, initial permeability, jio, and maximum permeability, n„, are unique values for a given specimen under specified conditions. Note 4—Except for initial permeability, /x 0 , a numerical value for any of the d-c permeabilities

is meaningless unless the corresponding B or H

excitation level is specified. Note 5 —For the incremental permeabilities, ma and mai. a numerical value is meaningless unless both the corresponding values of mean exci- tation level (B or H) and the excursion range (AB

or AH) are specified.

The following d-c permeabilities are frequently used in magnetostatic measure- ments primarily concerned with the testing of materials destined for use with permanent or d-c excited magnets.

(a) * absolute permeability, n at)e —The
A 340

sum of the magnetic constant and the in- trinsic permeability. It is also equal to the product of the magnetic constant and the

relative permeability:

M»i>« = rm + n, = r„Mr

(b) * differential permeability, fi d —the

absolute value of the slope of the hysteresis

loop at any point, or the slope of the normal

magnetizing curve at any point.

(c) * effective circuit permeability, ^err

when a magnetic circuit consists of two or more components, each individually homogeneous throughout but having different permeability values, the effective (over-all) permeability of the circuit is that value computed in terms of the total magnetomotive force, the total resulting flux, and

the geometry of the circuit. Note—For a symmetrical series circuit in which each component has the same cross-sectional area, reluctance values add directly giving:

(x + h + h + ....

Ml Hi M.t For a symmetrical parallel circuit in which each component has the same flux path length, permeance values add directly giving: MlA + M2^2 + Ml^3 +

Metf = A x + A2 + A, +

(d) * incremental intrinsic permeability, nAi —the ratio of the change in intrinsic in- duction to the corresponding change in magnetizing force when the mean induction

differs from zero.

(e) * incremental permeability, n& —the

ratio of a change in magnetic induction to the corresponding change in magnetizing

force when the mean induction differs from

zero. It equals the slope of a straight line joining the excursion limits of an incre- mental hysteresis loop. Note—When the change in H is reduced to zero, the incremental permeability, nA

, becomes

the reversible permeability, /j rev .

(/) * initial permeability, n0—the limiting value approached by the normal permeability as the applied magnetizing force, H, is reduced to zero. The permeability is equal

to the slope of the normal induction curve

at the origin of linear B and H axes.

(g) * intrinsic permeability, Ml —the ratio of intrinsic induction to the corresponding

magnetizing force. Note—See definition of susceptibility.

(h) * maximum permeability, n m —the

value of normal permeability for a given material where a straight line from the origin of linear B and H axes becomes tangent

to the normal induction curve.

(/) * normal permeability, fi —(without

subscript)—the ratio of the normal induction to the corresponding magnetizing force.

It is equal to the slope of a straight line joining the excrusion limits of a normal hysteresis loop, or the slope of a straight line joining any point (Hm , Bm ) on the normal

induction curve to the origin of the linear B

and H axes.

(J) * relative permeability, Mr—the ratio of the absolute permeability of a material to the magnetic constant Tm , giving a pure numeric parameter.

Note —In the cgs-em system of units the rela- tive permeability is numerically the same as the absolute permeability.

(k) reversible permeability, p Tey —the

limit of the incremental permeability as the change in magnetizing force approaches

zero.

(/) space permeability, nv —the permeability of space (vacuum), identical with the magnetic constant, Tm . permeance, (P —the reciprocal of the reluc- tance. ** power factor, magnetic, cos 7—the cosine of the magnetic loss angle. (The sine of the magnetic hysteretic angle.) ** reactive power (quadrature power), PQ —the product of the rms current in an electrical

circuit, the rms voltage across the circuit, and the sine of the angular phase difference between the current and the voltage. P„ = EI sin 6 where: PQ = reactive power in vars, E = voltage in volts,

/ = current in amperes, and

6 = angular phase by which E leads /. Note—The reactive power supplied to a magnetic core having an SCM excitation is the product

of the magnetizing current and the voltage induced

in the exciting winding.

reluctance, (ti —that quantity which determined

the magnetic flux, <b, resulting from a given
magnetomotive force,?, around a magnetic

circuit. (R = {F/0

where:

(R = magnetic reluctance, = magnetomotive force, and

<t> = flux. The reluctance is measured in gilberts per maxwell (magnetic ohms) in the cgs-em

system and in ampere-turns per weber in the mksa system.

reluctivity, v —the reciprocal of the per- meability of a medium.

*remanence, Bdm —the maximum value of

the remanent induction for a given geometry

of the magnetic circuit. Note —If there are no air gaps or other inho- mogeneities in the magnetic circuit the remanence, Bdm , is equal to the retentivity, Brs ; if air gaps or other inhomogeneities are present, Bdm will be less than 8re .

'remanent induction, Bd —See induction, remanent.

* residual induction, Br —See induction, residual. ** resistance, core, R t —the effective parallel a-c resistance of a hypothetical path that is considered to carry exclusively the core loss current, Ic

. Note —The product, /c

2 /?,, equals the total core loss, Pc

. ** resistance, winding, Rw —the effective a-c

series resistance of an inductor when no fer- romagnetic materials are present. Note I —At low frequencies, Rw is only

slightly greater than the d-c resistance of the winding. Note 2 —The product PR U, equals the sum of

the copper, eddy current, and dielectric losses in the winding. Note 3 —The total active power, P, delivered

to an inductor having a ferromagnetic core is: P = Pc + PRW

* retentivity, Brs —that property of a magnetic

material which is measured by its maximum

value of the residual induction. Note—Retentivity is usually associated with saturation induction. **skin effect, magnetic —this magnetodynamic term applies to the nonuniform dis- tribution of induction existing at various

points in the cross section of a magnetic

core. Skin effect is produced, primarily by

A 340

eddy-current phenomena and it increases with the frequency of a-c excitation. It can

ordinarily be neglected in testing at commercial power frequencies.

solid area, A' —the effective solid portion of

the cross section of a core (perpendicular to the induction) which is composed of magnetic material.

stabilization—a treatment of magnetic material designed to increase the permanency of

its magnetic properties or conditions. ** storage factor, magnetic, Qm —the cotan- gent of the hysteretic angle that is equal to the ratio of the magnetizing current, /m , to the core loss current, Ic

. Qm = cot B = tan y\= \/Dm = ljlc = RJ WL, Note —The storage factor is also given by

the ratio of 2ir times the maximum energy stored

in the core to the energy dissipated in the core

(hysteresis and eddy-current heat loss) per cycle of a periodic SCM excitation.

* susceptibility, k —the ratio of the intrinsic induction, fl, , due to the magnetization of a material to the induction in space due to the influence of the corresponding magnetizing

force, H.

k = BJTmH = n, - 1 where. Tm = magnetic constant, and

Mr = relative permeability. Note 1 —The above equations apply to an iso- tropic material if the mksa system of units are

used. Note 2 —In the classical cgs-em system of

units:

ic = BJ4wrm H = ( Mr - 1)/4tt

* susceptibility, mass, x —the susceptibility divided by the density of a body is called the

susceptibility per unit mass, x* or simply

the mass susceptibility.

X

= k/S

where 5 = density,

symmetrically cyclically magnetized condition,

SCM—a magnetic material is in a SCM

condition when, under the influence of a magnetizing force that varies cyclically be- tween two equal positive and negative limits, its successive hysteresis loops or flux- current loops are both identical and symmetrical with respect to the origin of the

axes.

tesla—the unit of magnetic induction in the
# A 340

mksa (Giorgi) system. The tesla is equal to

1 Wb/m2 or 104 gausses,

var—the unit of reactive (quadrature) power in the mksa (Giorgi) and the practical systems,

volt-ampere—the unit of apparent power in the mksa (Giorgi) and the practical systems,

watt—the unit of active power in the mksa

(Giorgi) and the practical systems. One watt

is a power of one joule/second,

weber—the unit of magnetic flux in the mksa

and in the practical system. The weber is the magnetic flux whose decrease to zero when linked with a single turn induces in the turn a voltage whose time integral is one

volt-second. One weber equals 108 maxwells. See magnetic flux, winding loss, (copper loss), Pw—the power

expended, as heat, in the conductors of an

inductor or resistor, or both, due to the electric current in them.

Part 3

Selected Conversion Factors

TABLE 1 Selected Conversion Factors

Multiply By To Obtain

Weight

Pounds 453.59 grams

Pounds 0.45359 kilograms Grams 0.0022046 pounds

Kilograms .... 2.2046 pounds

Length

Feet 30.480 centimeters

Inches 2.5400 centimeters Centimeters 0.032808 feet Centimeters 0.39370 inches Inches 0.025400 meters

39.370 inches

Area

Square feet 929.04 square centimeters 6.4516 square centimeters

1.0764 x 10 3 square feet 0.15500 square inches 6.4516 x 10 "* square meters

1.5500 x 10 3 square inches

10"' square meters Square meters 104 square centimeters

Sinusoidal Waveform

Peak current or voltage . 0.70711 rms current or voltage Peak current or voltage 0.63662 average current or voltage Rms current or voltage . . . 1.4142 peak current or voltage Rms current or voltage 0.90032 average current or voltage Average current or voltage 1.5708 peak current or voltage Average current or voltage . . . 1.1 107 rms current or voltage

Magnetic Induction, B

Gausses lines per square inch

10 8 webers per square inch Gausses 10-' webers per square meter (teslas) Lines per square inch 0.15500 gauses

Lines per square inch 1.5500 x IO" 5 webers per square meter (teslas) Lines per square inch io- 8 webers per square inch 1.5500 x 10' gausses Webers per square inch 108 lines per square inch 1550 webers per square meter (teslas)
9 A 340

TABLE 1

Continued

Multiply By To Obtain

Magnetizing Force, H

2.0213 ampere-turns per inch 0.79577 ampere-turns per centimeter 79.577 ampere-turns per meter Ampere-turns per centimeter 1.2566 oersteds Ampere-turns per centimeter 2.5400 ampere-turns per inch Ampere-turns per centimeter 100.00 ampere-turns per meter Ampere-turns per inch 0.49474 oersteds Ampere-turns per inch 0.39370 ampere-turns per centimeter Ampere-turns per inch 39.370 ampere-turns per meter Ampere-turns per meter 0.012566 oersteds Ampere-turns per meter 10"' ampere-turns per centimeter Ampere-turns per meter 0.025400 ampere-turns per inch

Permeability

Gausses per oersted 3.1918 lines per ampere-turn inch 3.1918 x 10 s webers per ampere-turn inch 1.2566 x io-« webers per ampere-turn meter Webers per ampere-turn meter 7.9577 x 10* gausses per oersted 2.5400 x 10' lines per ampere-turn inch 0.025400 webers per ampere-turn inch 3.1330 x 10' gausses per oersted Webers per ampere-turn inch 10" lines per ampere-turn inch 39.370 webers per ampere-turn meter

0.31330 gausses per oersted 39.370 x 10 • webers per ampere-turn meter

Lines per ampere-turn inch 10" webers per ampere-turn inch

Materials Index

Source Number

A-286 28

Alfenol 59

Alnico's 35, 52, 54 Aluminum and its alloys 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 19, 20, 27, 28, 30, 31. 32, 35, 36, 38, 43

Anti-terromagnetic materials 4. 5, 24

Beryllium 43 Cadmium 36. 43 Cesium 9 Chromium and its alloys 2, 36, 43, 52

Cobalt and its allovs 2, 10, 16. 36. 37.

43, 52, 54, 59 Columbium, See Niobium

Compensating alloys 23 Compounds 4, 24, 32, 35 See also Ferrites Contact materials 8, 31, 59

Control alloys 31, 52 Copper and its alloys 2, 6, 7. 9, 10, 11.

19, 27. 28, 30, 31, 32, 35. 36. 38. 40. 43. 46. 54. 59

Cryogenic allovs 30 Cubex 37

Cunife 54 Deltamax 52

Die casting alloys 30. 59

Electrical conductors 3. 6. 7. 8. 1 1. 12.

13. 14. 18. 27

Electrical heating elements 31. 53. 59

Electrical resistance alloys 7. 38. 50. 52. 53

Electrodeposits 10. 36. 59 Elements 4. 1 7. 2 1 . 22. 24. 43. 45

Ferrimagnetic materials 24

Ferrites 8. 23. 29. 54

Fine particle magnets 34. 54

Fusible metals 38

Gold and its alloys 2, 9. 36. 43 Germanium 44

Heat-resistant alloys 28. 30. 31. 37. 45 High permeability alloys 1, 4. 6 High temperature magnetic alloys 37 Hiperco 37

Inconel 718 28 Indium 43

Iron and its alloys 2, 16. 27. 35. 36. 37. 38. (other than Steels, q.v.) 43, 45. 46. 52, 54, 59 Lead and its alloys 2, 27, 31. 36, 43. 59

Liquid metals 9. 22 Lithium 9 Magnesium and its alloys 2. 27. 30. 31, 43 Manganese and its alloys 2, 35. 43 Mercury 9 Molybdenum and its alloys 2, 9, 43 Monimax 52 Mumetal 52 Nickel and nickel alloys 2, 10, 16. 20, 27, 31, 36, 43, 59

Niobium and niobium alloy- and compounds 9, 20. 43

Source Number

Nivco 37 Noble metals, See Precious metals Nonmetallic materials 35 Ohmalloy 52 Order hardened alloys 34

Palladium 36

Permalloys 52 Permanent magnet alloys 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, See also specific types: 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, Alnico, Alfenol etc. 24, 25, 26, 29, 31, 33, 34,

35. 38, 52, 54, 56 Permendurs 37, 52 Platinum and its alloys 2, 35, 43 Potassium 9 Powder metallurgy products 23, 59

Precious metals 19, 30, 31, 59

Precipitation hardened alloys 34 Rare earth metals and compounds 4, 21 Reactive metals 2, 19, 27, 28, 30, 43, 59

Recording materials 23

Refractory metals and alloys 2, 9, 19, 27. 30, 43 RemaJloy 54

Resistance alloys, See Electrical resistance alloys Rhenium 2, 9 Rhodium 36 Rubidium 9 Semiconductors 13 Silver and its alloys 2. 9. 35. 36. 43 Sodium 9

Soft magnetic materials 1. 5. 7. 8. 11, 12, 13, See also specific types: 14. 15. 18. 19. 21. 22.

silicon steel, high 23. 24. 25. 26. 29. 31. permeability. Deltamax etc 38, 50, 51, 52, 55 Solders 21 Spinels 24

Steels. Alloy 20. 28. 30. 31, 37, 46. 52, 54 Carbon 2. 6. 30, 31, 32. 59

Martensitic 34, 35 Relay 31. 52

Silicon 7, 8. 16, 37. 52, 55, 59

Stainless and heat

resistant 2. 20. 28. 31. 45. 52. 59

Tool 2. 30, 31 Superalloys, See Heat-resistant alloys Superconducting materials! 4, 8, 1 1, 20. 21.

39. 41. 42, 44. 47. 48. 49 Supermalloy 16 Supermendur 37 Tantalum 2. 9, 43 Thermoelectric allovs 44, 59 Thermostat metals 41, 59 Tin and its allovs 2, 27, 31, 36, 43, 59 Titanium and its alloys 2, 19, 27, 28, 30, 43 Tungsten and its alloys 2, 9, 43

\ anadium 43

Vicalloys 52, 54

Zinc and its alloys 2. 9, 27. 31, 36, 43 Zirconium and its alloys 2, 43
Properties Index

Source Number

Atomic susceptibilities 4 Barkhausen effect 16 B-H curves 2, 8, 12, 14, 18, 23, 26, 31, 32,

48, 50, 51, 52, 55, 58 B r IB m ratio (squareness of B-H loop) 36

Coercive force 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 15, 16, 19, 21,

22, 24, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 48, 52, 54

Coercivity 1 1, 21, 23, 25, 36

Conductivity, see Resistivity Contact resistance 8, 59 Core loss 8, 18, 25, 37, 38, 48, 50, 51, 52, 55

Critical current, Critical field. Critical temperature, See Superconducting properties Curie temperature 2, 4, 5, 8, 11, 16, 19, 21, 22,

24, 26, 29, 32, 34, 48, 52 Debye temperature 49

Demagnetization curves 18, 35, 52, 56 See also B-H curves Domain wall energies 16 Eddy current losses 32

Electrical conductivity, see Resistivity

Electrical properties (N.E.C.) 46, 47

Electrical resistivity, See Resistivity Electrocaloric effect 12 Electron mean free path 12 Electronic specific heat 49

Electrostriction 12 EMF vs copper 53 EMF vs temperature 44 Energy product (BH) 2, 4, 8, 11, 21, 23, 24, or (BH) max 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 48,

52, 54, 56, 58 Exchange energy 16 Exciting current 51, 55

Flux control curve 51 Flux density, See Induction Flux loss : 54

Flux reset 37

Hall constant 4, 12, 17, 22, 24

Hysteresis, See B-H curves

Hysteresis loss 2, 1 1, 15, 16, 22, 24,

25, 29, 31, 35, 52

Induction 1, 2, 8, 11, 15, 16, 19, 21, 22.

23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 38, 51, 52 Langevin magnetization 23

Source Number

Magnetic moment 4, 21, 22 Magnetic properties, (N.E.C.) 7, 13, 17, 47 Magnetic properties, effect of radiation 37

Magnetic resonance 16 Magnetic saturation, see Induction Magnetic stability 11, 37

Magnetization 4, 18, 23. 31. 37. 51, 52, 55 Magnetizing force 18, 19, 25 Magnet ocryst alii ne

anisotropv constants 4, 15, 16, 24, 33 Magnetoelectric properties 12 Magnetomechanical properties 12, 16 Magneto-optical rotation constants 4

Magnetostriction coefficient 4, 15, 16, 24, 29, 50 Mutual inductance 44

Neel temperature 4. 5. 21 Permeance coefficient 2 Permeabilities 1, 2, 8, 10, 1 1, 14. 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35. 38. 48.

50, 51, 52, 55

Reactive power 51 Remanence 8, 1 1, 15. 16, 22, 23, 24, 25,

29. 32. 34, 48, 52 Residual induction 2, 4, 8. 10. 21, 3l' 33^ 35* 38' 54

Resistivity 2, 3, 4, 6. 7, 8. 10. 1 1, 12. 13,

14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27. 28. 29, 30. 31, 32. 35. 36. 37, 40. 43. 45. 48. 50. 52. 53, 55. 58. 59

Resistivity, effect of composition 8. 31

Resistivity, effect of pressure 8

Resistivity, effect of strain 2. 31

Resistivity, effect of temperature 2. 6. 7. 8. 13. 21.

30. 31, 32. 48. 50. 52 ,53 Retentivity 21, 31 Saturation. See Induction Service temperature, maximum continuous 7. 53 Squareness of B-H loop 36

Susceptibility 4. 8. 12. 14. 16, 20, 24. 31 Superconducting properties 4, 8, 12, 20, 21,

32. 39. 41, 42, 44, 49

Thermoelectric properties 12 Thermomagnetic properties 12 Thomson effect 17 Transition temperature, See Superconducting

properties

Volt-ampere characteristics 55

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Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Metals

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