ffational Bureau of Standards

Library! I^i Admin, Bidg,

APR 2 4 1970

NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 525

The Flammable

Fabrics Program

1968-1969
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards ' was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. Today,

in addition to serving as the Nation's central measurement laboratory, the Bureau is a principal

focal point in the Federal Government for assuring maximum application of the physical and

engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. To this end

the Bureau conducts research and provides central national services in four broad program

areas. These are: (1) basic measurements and standards, (2) materials measurements and

standards, (3) technological measurements and standards, and (4) transfer of technology.

The Bureau comprises the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the

Institute for Applied Technology, the Center for Radiation Research, the Center for Computer

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divisions:Applied Mathematics—Electricity—Metrology—Mechanics—Heat—Atomic and Molecular Physics—Radio Physics -—Radio Engineering - —Time and Frequency - —Astrophysics -—Cryogenics.

-

THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research leading to im- proved methods of measurement standards, and data on the properties of well-characterized

materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; develops,

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THE OFFICE FOR INFORMATION PROGRAMS promotes optimum dissemination and

accessibility of scientific information generated within NBS and other agencies of the Federal Government; promotes the development of the National Standard Reference Data System and a system of information analysis centers dealing with the broader aspects of the National Measure- ment System, and provides appropriate services to ensure that the NBS staff has optimum accessibility to the scientific information of the world. The Office consists of the following

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Maurice H. Stans, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • Lewis M. Branscomb, Director

NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 525

ISSUED APRIL 1970

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 525, 84 pages (Apr. 1970)

CODEN: NBTNA

The Flammable Fabrics Program

1968-1969

U.S. Department of Commerce Report of Activities

Under the Flammable Fabrics Act

1968-1969

•*•' " e,

NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bureau's regular publications program. They provide a means for making available scientific data that are of transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be

listed or referred to in the open literature.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402.

(Order by SD Catalog No. C13.46:525). Price 75cents.
PREFACE

The 90th Congress amended the Flammable Fabrics Act of 1953 to

authorize the Secretary of. Commerce to conduct research on the

flammability of fabrics, related materials, and products; to

conduct studies on the feasibility of reducing their flammability;

to develop test methods and devices; and to offer training in

the use of these devices. The responsibility for these activities

was delegated by the Secretary to the National Bureau of Standards

The amended Act (PL 90-189) requires annual reports to the

Congress on the above activities. The first such report was transmitted to the Congress on March 23, 1970. It is believed

that the information in this report is of interest to the public

and should be made readily available. This Technical Note is

thus a publication of that report.

11
Summary

This report describes the work carried out during 196 8

and 1969, by the Department of Commerce to fulfill the responsibilities delegated to that Department under Section

14(b) of the Flammable Fabrics Act as amended (81 Stat. 568)

December 14, 1967. This section of the Act states:

"Sec. 14(b) In cooperation with appropriate public and

private agencies, the Secretary of Commerce is authorized

to

(1) conduct research into the flammability of products,

fabrics, and materials;

(2) conduct feasibility studies on reduction of flammability of products, fabrics, and materials;

(3) develop flammability test methods and testing

devices; and

(4) offer appropriate training in the use of flammability test methods and testing devices.

The Secretary shall annually report the results of these

activities to the Congress."

This report describes the activities carried out under

the above responsibilities and in addition describes cooperation with public and private agencies. •

1. Under Research into the Flammability of Products, Fabrics,

and Materials, Sec. 14(b)(1) , work is described on seven

projects being carried out in-house , and on three projects

carried out under contract with outside research organizations.

In-house research is being carried out on the following

items

:

1.1 Products of combustion - This project is to learn

the amounts and nature of combustion products (some of which

are toxic) to be expected from fabrics during normal burning.

The study is directed primarily at interior furnishings. Fires

from such furnishings often are dangerous because of the toxic

products produced.

1.2 Calorimetry - The amount of heat released from a

burning fabric, and the rate at which it is released are basic

in determining the hazard from the fabric. It is important to

know these quantities when designing new and meaningful standards. In addition, these quantities are important to the

nature of the flammability of fabrics.

iii
I 1.3 Full Scale-Garment Burning - This research effort

is an attempt to reproduce in the laboratory what happens in

actual accidents. Measurements of such quantities as ease

of ignition, heat transferred to the body, and the temperatures

developed, with various garment configurations and with various

materials, are important in determining the hazards from

apparel fabrics. This information is necessary to develop

meaningful test methods and reasonable and appropriate standards .

1.4 Analysis of Burn Case Data - A significant effort

has been devoted to the analysis of burn case data supplied

to NBS by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,

as well as to the testing of garments recovered by that

Department from some of the cases investigated. This analysis has been used to substantiate in part a finding of probable need for a new standard for apparel published on

October 23, 196 8. A finding of probable need for certain

items of children's apparel, published on January 24, 1970,

(shortly after the close, of the reporting period) was also

based on the analysis. In addition, the results of tests on

the recovered garments, and the relationships of these results

to the accident cases have yielded important information

about what constitutes meaningful apparel standards.

1.5 Analysis of Data from Outside Laboratories - Data

on the testing of carpets and rugs using the present Federal

purchase specification DDD-C-95 were provided to NBS by Consumers Union, an organization located in Mount Vernon,

New York, epecializing in the testing of consumer products.

After analysis, these data were used to substantiate in

part a finding of probable need for standards for carpets

and rugs published December 3, 196 8.

1.

6

Investigation of the Mechanism of Flame Retardants - One of the most important means of reducing the flammability

of fabrics is by the addition of flame retardants. These

are presently available for cellulosic fabrics, but are

useful only for certain types and constructions. This

effort is to understand the means by which the flammability

is reduced.

Contract Research was carried out in the following three

areas

:

1.7 Characterization of Actual Hazards from Interior

Furnishings Fires - Full-scale assemblies of beds were

burned in a normal sized room, and temperature increase,

smoke, and toxic gas concentrations were measured. These

were related to the bedding materials and the means of

ignition. Similar studies were carried out with upholstered

chairs. The work was carried out by the Southwest Research

Institute in San Antonio, Texas.

iv
1.8 Heat Transfer from Burning Fabrics - Heat transferred

from a burning fabric to the body, and the rate at which

it is transferred are what ultimately cause injury in

apparel fires. To determine the important factors in determining this heat transfer, a contract was funded at the

Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory in Buffalo, New York.

1.9 Sampling Plan and Model Questionnaire - Data

on burn statistics are important in assessing unreasonable

risk. A project to develop a system to obtain such data was

funded under contract with the Denver Research Institute of

the University of Denver, in Denver, Colorado. This is expected

to be completed in early 1970.

2. The activities carried out under Feasibility Studies , Sec. 14 (b) (2) , were all carried out in-house . These are

grouped under the following headings

:

2.1 Pyrolysis Products - A study of the pyrolysis

products is a way of determining the manner in which flameretardants act, and thus of improving present f lame-retardant

treatments, and aiding in the development of new flame

retardants. This project was begun late in 1969.

2 .

2

Industry and Other Government Developments - Considerable effort has gone into keeping abreast of outside

efforts in this area, for these efforts are important

in determining what standards are reasonable.

2.3 Evaluation of Durability of Existing Treatments - Considerable effort has gone into the evaluation of the

durability to laundering and drying existing treated fabrics.

Some treatments were found to be quite durable.

3. The activities carried out in Test Method Development , Sec. 14 (b) (3) , were all carried out in-house. These

activities were as follows

:

3.

1

Development of a standard for Carpets and Rugs - A test method and standard based on the Federal purchase

specification DDD-C-95 was developed and published as

a proposed standard on December 18, 1969. Comments on

this standard were being received at the end of 1969.

3.2 Revision of Apparatus in CS 191-53 - The present

mandatory standard for flammable fabrics has several technical

deficiencies. Foremost among these are the inability

to distinguish between time to ignition and rate of burning.

To correct this, an ignition test and a rate of burn test

were developed.
3.3 Vertical Test Method - The vertical test is the

most stringent of those in present use, and is used for

those special circumstances when maximum protection is

required and other considerations are secondary. Considerable

work was done with this test method.

3 .

4

Tests on Bed Materials - A program was begun

during 1969, to develop methods for testing the flammability

of bed materials. Mattresses are receiving considerable

attention, using cigarettes as a source of ignition.

3.5 Heat Release Test - No present test method measures

the heat released by a burning fabric, despite the importance

of this quantity in determining the hazard from the fabric.

Work was begun in 1969, to develop a test for measurement

of heat released during burning.

4. Activities under Training, Sec. 14(b)(4) , were carried

out in these ways

:

4.1 Research Associates - The Research Associate

program of NBS is a direct means of providing training.

One Research Associate (from Consumers Union) was on board

during part of the reporting period, and discussions for

others were held with various interested organizations.

4 .

2

Bibliographies and Information Center - Three

bibliographies, quoting pertinent literature references

in the areas of Wearing Apparel, Fabrics Used on Beds,

and Carpets and Rugs were completed during 1969, and were

scheduled to be published early in 1970. Other bibliographies

are scheduled for preparation, and an information center

for flammable fabrics has been set up at NBS.

In addition to the above , there have been numerous

formal and informal contacts with outside organizations

and individuals , either by talks given by Department of

Commerce personnel or visits by interested parties.

vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Preface ii

Summary m

Introduction 1

Activities Under Sec. 14(b)(1):

Research 2

2.1 In-House Research 2

2.1.1 Products of Combustion 2

2.1.2 Calorimetry 3

2.1.3 Full Scale Garment Burning 3

2.1.4 Research Associate 4

2.1.5 Analysis of Burn Case Data 5

2.1.6 Analysis of Data from Outside

Laboratories 6

2.1.7 Investigation of the Mechanism

of Flame Retardants 7

2.2 Contract Research 8

2.2.1 Characterization of Actual

Hazards from Interior

Furnishings Fires 8

2.2.2 Heat Transfer from Burning

Fabrics 9

2.2.3 Data Collection 11

2.2.3.1 Cooperation with HEW

in Data Collection

Improvement 11

2.2.3.2 Sampling Plan and

Model Questionnaire ... 11

Activities Under Sec. 14(b)(2):

Reduction of Flammability 12

3.1 Pyrolysis Products 12

3.2 Industry and Other Government

Developments 13

3.3 Evaluation of Durability of

Existing Treatments 14

Activities Under Sec. 14(b)(3):

Test Method Development 14

4.1 Proposed Carpet and Rug Standard 14

Vll
Page

4.2 Revision of Apparatus in CS 191-5 3 .... 16

4.2.1 Development of Test to

Measure Rate of Burning 16

4.2.2 Ease of Ignition Test 17

4.3 Vertical Test Method 18

4.4 Tests on Bed Materials 19

4.5 Heat Release Test 20

5. Activities Under Sec. 14(b)(4):

Training 20

5.1 Research Associates 20

5.2 Bibliographies and Information

Center 21

5.3 Symposium on the Measurement of

Flammability 21

6. Cooperation with Public and Private

Agencies 21

6.1 Liaison with Industry and

Other Groups 22

6.2 Liaison with Voluntary Standards

Organizations 22

6.3 General Liaison 23

7. Conclusion 2 3

Appendix I 25

Appendix II 51

Vlll
1. Introduction

The Flammable Fabrics Act was enacted in 1953, amended

in 1954, and further amended in 1967, in order ,; . . .to

protect the public against unreasonable risk of the

occurrence of fire leading to death or personal injury,

or significant property damage ..." resulting from the

accidental burning of fabrics, related materials or

products

.

The Act, as amended, states in part:

"Sec. 14(b) In cooperation with appropriate

public and private agencies, the Secretary of

Commerce is authorized to--

(1) conduct research into the f lammability

of products, fabrics, and materials;

(2) conduct feasibility studies on reduction

of f lammability of products, fabrics, and

materials

;

(3) develop f lammability test methods and

testing devices; and

(4) offer appropriate training in the use

of flammability test methods and testing

devices

,

The Secretary shall annually report the results of these

activities to the Congress."

The Secretary of Commerce delegated responsibility

for activities under Section 14(b) to the National

Bureau of Standards by revision of Department Organization

Order 30-2A dated October 1, 196 8.

Funds to carry out these activities were not made

available to the Department of Commerce until October 196 8.

As a result, progress in calendar year 196 8 was

minimal, and this report covers both years 196 8

and 1969.

At the end of calendar year 1969, the National Bureau

of Standards had 17 staff members directly employed in

the implementation of the Department's responsibilities

under the amended Act, plus the partial efforts of other

staff members equivalent to a rate of another three manyears. This is in contrast to a full time staff of five

at the end of calendar 1968. In addition, three contracts

with outside research organizations had been negotiated

and initiated in 1969, to complement the in-house effort.
2. Activities Under Sec. 14(b)(1): Research

Although many thousands of persons have been injured

or killed as a result of the burning of flammable fabrics,

adequate details have not been available as to the causes

of the accidents, the frequency of ignition of different

kinds of garments and interior furnishings, the nature,

extent and severity of injury, and the nature of the

hazards to which the public is exposed from burning fabrics

Much of the emphasis in research has been to identify

these hazards and obtain quantitative information about

them. In addition to in-house research, three contracts

with outside research organizations have been funded.

The two types of research are complementary, but for

clarity they will be described separately.

2 . 1 In-House Research

2.1.1 Products of Combustion

Both actual fire reports and laboratory studies

indicate that interior furnishings frequently become

involved in slow, smoldering combustion with production

of large quantities of smoke and fumes, but without open

flaming. Moreover, in a large percentage of interior

furnishing fires, fatalities are believed to have resulted

from oxygen depletion, toxic gases, smoke inhalation,

heat, or combinations of these, rather than burns. It

is known that burning fabrics may produce toxic gases

such as carbon monoxide, particulate smoke, and nonburned residues, but it is not known how much of each

particular kind of product a burning fabric will produce

during normal combustion. The amounts and kinds of combustion

products are clearly related to the hazard from the burning

of the fabric, and the amounts and kinds can be determined

by performing a material balance for the burning of the

fabric.

A research project has been started to carry out

such a material balance on interior furnishing materials.

This project involves the collection of the solid, liquid,

and gaseous products of combustion, as well as any solid

residues. Typical gases expected from the combustion

of most materials are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,

and water. These are invisible and odorless. However,

other products of combustion are liquids such as tarry

aerosols, and solids such as carbon particles. Excessive

inhalation of these can and does cause death. Some materials

give off other, less common but still highly toxic, gases

during combustion. These products, which often act as
lachrymators , must be collected, identified, and the amounts

measured quantitatively.

The technique involves ignition of representative'

specimen materials in a sealed chamber, in the presence

of a carefully controlled atmosphere, and gathering of

the combustion products and residue for analysis. Preliminary

results indicate that the visible smoke from burning

mattress materials is composed mainly of tarry aerosols.

To date, there has been no attempt to further characterize

these tars, which would be a long and tedious task. In

experiments with polyurethane bedding materials, special

emphasis will be placed on the detection and identification

of types and amounts of toxic gases, particularly hydrogen

cyanide

.

2.1.2 Calorimetry

The principal aim of test method research is to

determine what fabric parameter is representative of

the hazard from the burning fabric. It is tacitly assumed

in the present mandatory standard (CS 191-53) that those

materials that burn more rapidly are more dangerous.

It is known, however, that the total amount of heat given

off as well as the rate of burning are important in determining

the hazard from a burning fabric; in order to be dangerous,

a fabric must give off a significant amount of heat and

must do this in a short time. Thus, in order to characterize

the hazard from a burning fabric, the amount of heat

given off must be known, as well as the rate at which

it is given off.

A research study is in progress to measure the total

amount of heat released from burning fabrics, by calorimetric

techniques. The apparatus, shown in Figure 1, is currently

capable only of measurement of total heat release, but

further refinement will permit measurement of the rate

of heat release as well. While calorimetry may be carried

out in various atmospheres, and pure oxygen is used frequently,

in this study, the atmosphere was air, as in normal use

conditions. Preliminary results indicate the combustion

of cotton flannelette in air is about 80 percent complete,

in terms of the ratio of actual heat release to the theoretical

heat release.

2.1.3 Full Scale Garment Burning

The measurements of flame spread, heat, and other

parameters with small fabric specimens in a laboratory

test device are of greatest value only if they can be

related to the burning behavior of the materials in
actual fire conditions. Therefore, considerable work

has been done on the burning of actual garments on

mannequins (Figure 2). The initial phase of this study

involved primarily visual observations of the pattern

of burning as related to the design of the garment, the

point of ignition, and the materials from which the garment

was made. The second phase of the study involved the

measurement of temperatures at various locations near

the surface of the mannequins.

The results showed that temperatures of 600-700°C

were attained near the surface of the mannequin shortly

after ignition of the garment. They also showed that

heat may concentrate in certain areas, such as the axilla

(armpits) and that temperatures are lower where the garment

is relatively close fitting. These results were compared

with the experience of physicians specializing in the

treatment of burn victims,, and were found to be consistent

with their observations.

The third phase of the study, still in progress

at the end of 1969, involves an attempt to estimate the

probability that the wearer of a garment will become aware

that he is dangerously close to a source of ignition

before the garment is ignited. This is accomplished

by placing a series of temperature sensing devices along

the surface of the body of the mannequin near the point

at which the ignition of the garment takes place. Concurrent

records are made of the temperature at the "skin" surface

and of the time for the garment to become ignited. The

temperature data will be related to the heat sensitivity

reaction of humans, as given in the literature. Clearly,

if garments are so designed, and are made of such materials

that the wearer feels the heat of the ignition source

before the garment is ignited, the wearer has a good chance

of avoiding a burn injury. The object of this study

is to determine how such factors as garment material and

garment design influence probability of ignition, and

relate these factors to possible laboratory tests on

fabric specimens.

2.1.4 Research Associate

In Play of 196 8, a Research Associate was placed

at the National Bureau of Standards by Consumers Union

to study the flammability characteristics of blankets

and other products used on beds, to study the applicability

of existing flammability tests to these products, and,

if existing tests proved to be inadequate, to identify

the parameters that should be considered in the development

of a new test. Figures 3, 4, 5 and 6 illustrate some
of the test methods studied. These studies will be of

value in future test method development.

2.1.5 Analysis of Burn Case Data

During 196 3, the primary research effort was devoted

to the analysis of data provided to the Bureau by other

agencies, or developed by the Bureau in cooperation with

the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. The

latter data are derived from the field investigations

carried out by teams of HEW accident investigators. Data

from the first 153 cases reported to the Bureau were

analyzed in mid 1968, to identify the extent of risk in

terms of sex and age of the wearer, and type of garment.

In approximately half the cases investigated by HEW,

garments involved in the accident were recovered. The

flammability of these garments was measured using the

present mandatory standard (CS 191-53). All the garments

passed the present requirements of the Flammable Fabrics

Act. Over half the garments did not ignite in the onesecond exposure specified in that test. Figure 7 illustrates

a garment recovered from one of the burn cases.

As a result of the above described research, the

Department published, in the Federal Register of October 23,

1968, (33 F.R. 15662), a notice of finding that there

may be a need for new or amended flammability standards

for wearing apparel. The notice also instituted proceedings

for the development of such standards.

During 1969, analysis was continued of data from

burn cases reported by the Food and Drug Administration,

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, as was

testing and fiber analysis of the materials recovered

by that agency and sent to the National Bureau of Standards

.

Reports were received on 109 cases during 1969; 74 of

these were accompanied by samples of items ignited. Of

these 109 cases, 83 were cases involving only wearing

apparel, 11 were cases involving interior furnishings,

and 14 were cases involving both wearing apparel and

interior furnishings. One case was reported in which

no fabrics were involved. At the end of 1969, the FDA

had reported 417 cases to NBS

.

Analysis of the data from the wearing apparel cases

and the testing of the garments recovered from them showed

that the general results derived from the first analysis,

carried out in mid 1968, were modified somewhat on the

basis of the larger total number of cases reported through

1969. Whereas 24 percent of the cases in the initial

analysis had involved contamination of the garment (s)
with flammable liquids, this percentage was raised to

28 on the basis of the cases in the latest analysis.

Whereas 54 percent of the garments recovered from the

initial group of cases did not ignite in the one-second

exposure of the present test, 63 percent of the 1968-

69 total did not ignite. These, and other changes in

the overall averages, show the need for the continuation

of the accumulation and analysis of such data. Even

more, they indicate the need for the accumulation of

data at a greatly increased rate, so as to develop a

statistically valid data base.

With the enlarged body of data, it was possible

to identify more clearly those categories of garments

that represented particularly unreasonable risks. Some

categories of garments were found to be involved in accident

cases more frequently than other categories. Moreover,

some categories of garments were found to be involved

in accidents more frequently in certain age groups than

in other age groups. For example, the frequency with

which children's sleepwear, underwear, and dresses were

involved in burn cases of children from 1 through 5 years

of age, compared to all burn cases reported for those

garments, was found to be 2.5 to 3.9 times as great as

the frequency with which children of that age group

occur in the total population.

As a result of the above described research, the

Department had in preparation at the end of 1969, a notice

of finding that there may be need for new or amended

flammability standards for children's sleepwear, underwear,

and dresses in the size range up through 6X, and instituting

proceedings for the development of such standards. (Such

a notice was published in January 1970.)

2.1.6 Analysis of Data from Outside Laboratories

In 196 8, Consumers Union, an independent organization

specializing in the testing of consumer products, provided

the National Bureau of Standards with flammability test

results for carpets and rugs . The Consumers Union had

made a market analysis and had selected and tested carpets

that the analysis indicated were representative of production.

They found that several carpets failed the test presently

used by the Federal Government as a purchase specification

(DDD-C-9 5) for carpets, and recommended to the Secretary

of Commerce that the data be the basis for development

of a standard. To examine the basis for that recommendation,

the data presented by Consumers Union were examined
critically, and their facilities and capabilities were

investigated. The Bureau was satisfied that the experiments

were well carried out and the data sound.

Figures 8 and 9 illustrate the test used and a burning

specimen tested thereby.

As a result of this research, the Department published,

in the Federal Register of December 3, 1968, (33 F.R. 17921),

a notice of finding that there may be need for flammability

standards for carpets . and rugs, and instituting proceedings

for the development of such standards. That proceeding has

advanced to the publication of a proposed standard. This

will be reported in more detail in the section on Test

Development later in this report.

Other data provided by Consumers Union were the

results of flammability tests of regular, electric, and

children's receiving blankets. The tests were made in

conformance with the present method for wearing apparel,

but with a slightly different criterion of failure. Consumers

Union selected the blankets on the basis of a market

analysis in order to select representative samples and

found that several blankets failed the test, and recommended

to the Secretary that the data be the basis for development

of a standard.

A finding that there may be need for a standard

for blankets is presently under preparation, using these

data as well as other data developed by in~house research.

2.1.7 Investigation of the

Mechanism of Flame Retardants

Cellulosic fabric materials, such as cotton or rayon

can be treated chemically to make them non-burning, although

this is not esthetically or economically possible for

all types of cellulosic fabrics. The chemicals which

are used in this treatment are called "flame retardants."

There is surprisingly little that has been firmly

established as to the chemical mechanism by which these

retardants act. The thermal decomposition reactions

involved have been studied conventionally by "thermal

analysis'1 methods, such as thermogravimetric analysis,

where the rates of the pyrolysis reactions are deduced

from weight records of the reacting solids. Another

method is differential thermal analysis, where the course

of pyrolysis is determined from measurements of heat evolved

or absorbed by the reactions. These methods have serious

limitations in sensitivity, in permissible heating rates,

and in ability to differentiate among concurrent reactions.
8

To circumvent these limitations, a new method was

developed for deriving reaction kinetics through measurements of the rate of evolution of volatiles from pyrolyses.

At the end of 1969, the apparatus for this purpose had

been assembled, consisting of a tube furnace with appropriate

power controls and temperature recording devices, a flow

system for an inert carrier gas, and a continuous analyzer

for detecting one or more constituents of the effluent

gas flowing from the tube furnace. This apparatus is

shown in Figure 10. The apparatus has been designed so

that several different types of analyzers may be used

interchangeably, thereby making it possible to study a

wide range of materials. The system has been demonstrated

to be operable and experimental test work has been initiated.

2 .2 Contract Research

The program of research for the Flammable Fabrics

Act is a new program for the National Bureau of Standards.

In order to implement this program, it was necessary to

recruit staff, obtain equipment, and modify facilities.

During this period, it was desirable that research be

initiated under contract with outside research organizations

that were equipped to undertake relevant projects immediately.

In this way, pertinent research could be undertaken

with a minimum of delay. Three contracts were negotiated

during 1969; all three were still in progress at the end

of the year.

2.2.1 Characterization of Actual Hazards

from Interior Furnishings Fires

Assumptions have been made concerning the actual life

hazards that occur in a room as the result of the burning

of interior furnishings. These assumptions were based

on the limited evidence remaining after many fires, and

have not been verified by sufficient laboratory experimentation.

A contract was negotiated with the Southwest Research

Institute for study of the actual life hazards occurring

from interior furnishing fires. The study was accomplished

by experiments in an instrumented room. The room, which

had dimensions of 14 x 12 x 8 feet, was equipped for continuous

measurements of smoke density (by light obscuration along

a horizontal path) , of temneratures (at several locations

and levels in the room) , and of concentrations of carbon

monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen (also at several locations

and levels). Spot checks were made for other toxic fumes

in some of the experiments.

A total of 30 experiments were conducted, 22 involving

the ignition of a bed and the other eight involving the

ignition of an upholstered chair. In each experiment,
The beds were furnished with a mattress, plus sheets,

blankets , or spreads , the particular combination being

one of the variables in the study. Of particular importance

in the study was the variation among the types of materials

used in the construction of the mattresses, and for the

other bed items. One experiment involved treated mattress,

sheets, and blanket, of types used by the Veteran's

Administration in their hospitals. Similarly, the chairs

were of standardized design, but the materials used for the

upholstery varied among the experiments. Figure 11 shows

the bed in a typical experiment.

The experimental work has been completed at the end

of 1969, and the final report was under review. The preliminary

results clearly showed that smoke was developed in all

experiments but one in sufficient quantity to obscure completely

a strong light source across the 13-foot room. Temperatures

in the room sometimes did not rise appreciably above the

starting temperature and, in some cases, were not high enough

to constitute a hazard in themselves. However, previous

studies have shown that even moderate elevations of temperature

cause the body to become more susceptible to effects of

toxic gases. Significant concentrations of carbon monoxide

and of carbon dioxide were measured, and the oxygen content

of the air was lowered by several percent. Lethal conditions

were developed in all experiments with the possible exception

of one

.

It is expected that this study will provide guidance

for research with reduced scale apparatus and specimens,

and for the development of test methods related to life

hazard conditions.

2.2.2 Heat Transfer from Burning Fabrics

A contract was negotiated with the Cornell Aeronautical

Laboratories for a study of the variables affecting the

transfer of heat from burning fabrics to skin. The study

has two goals, the first being an understanding of the heat

transfer parameters, and the second being the development

of a test apparatus for the measurement of both amount

and rate of heat transfer from various materials that

might be used in apparel.

A test chamber with a flat vertical test surface has

been constructed. Figure 12 shows the chamber with four

heat meters mounted on a vertical center-line of an asbestos

board. Figure 13 is a diagram of the heat meter. The meter

output is dependent on the temperature gradient between the

edge and center of the stainless steel disc.
10

As noted in Figure 12, the meters are spaced a known

distance apart, and it is possible to measure the rate

of heat released as well as the rate of upward progression

of the flame front.

Ignition takes place across the bottom of the fabric

and the air flow through the test chamber is maintained

at a constant known value and is such as to approximate

,: open air" burning. The fabric is held between thin

wire grids, to maintain a fixed distance from the meters.

The grids are made of 0.025 inch diameter wire spaced

six inches apart. Without these grids, thermal drafts

changed the separation between the meters and the burning

fabric and gave results that were not reproducible.

Figure 14 shows the results of burning a 5.44 oz/sq. yd.

cotton fabric one inch from the heat meters. The ignition

(by a quartz-iodide lamp), required about 17.5 seconds.

Meters A, B, C, and D are 4, 10, 16, and 22 inches above

the bottom of the fabric where ignition took place. Overlaid on the heat meter curves is the threshold curve

for second degree burns taken from Derkson, et. al.^

The data have been plotted from the time of ignition,

and one can read directly from the curves the time required

to achieve a second degree burn after ignition takes

place. Heat meter A indicates that an individual has

approximately eight seconds after ignition before a second

degree burn results four inches above the ignition point.

The heat transfer data obtained will be related

to available data in the literature on the thermal damage

of skin. The literature data appear to be adequate,

so that it will not be necessary to conduct experiments

with actual skin or skin simulants.

The anticipated work was about half completed at

the end of 1969.

Derkson, W. L. , Monahan, T. I., and de Lhery, G. P.,

"The Temperature Associated with Radiant Energy Skin

Burns in Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in

Science and Industry." Vol. Ill, Reinhold (1963).
11

2.2.3 Data Collection

Mention has been made, under In-House Research,

of the analysis of the data derived from the burn cases

investigated by the HEW field investigators. However,

as emphasized there, there is need for more and better

data. This fact has led to additional efforts of a research

nature, specifically a contract with the Denver Research

Institute described below.

2.2.3.1 Cooperation With HEW in Data in. w*T i — .i— i i — - —— I—,— —.... Collection Improvement

The number of cases investigated by HEW, and the

nature of the sample represented in the cases investigated,

are such as to limit their usefulness in making meaningful

extrapolations to the total population. Nearly all the

cases have been those of individuals brought to emergency

rooms of hospitals. Such a sampling clearly is not

representative, for example, of the cases that are treated by

first aid, by a doctor in his office, or result immediately

in death. Moreover, the FDA sampling plan, based essentially

in Denver and Boston, is such that it does not lead to

a knowledge of what happens in all hospital emergency

rooms in the country. Therefore, the Office of Flammable

Fabrics, NBS , and the Office of Product Safety, FDA,

HEW have instituted a program to explore means to make

the present data collection effort more effective. The

discussions have involved not only those trained in

investigation, but also persons trained in statistics,

economics, and social behavior. This effort is expected

to be a continuing joint effort.

2.2.3.2 Sampling Plan and Model Questionnaire

In addition to the joint effort by NBS and FDA,

a contract was let to the Denver Research Institute for

the design of a sampling plan and the development of

a model questionnaire for the collection of burn case

statistics. The plan is intended to provide for identification

of cases of individuals involved in a fire, on a random

sample out of a defined segment of the national population.

Since the sample will be well defined in relation to

the total population, extrapolation of the data will

be possible, to make estimates of national totals with

reasonable degrees of accuracy. The model questionnaire

is intended to provide for an in-depth investigation

of the accident identified by the sampling.
12

The study involves design of the sampling plan and

testing it on a limited basis. This has been done within

the city of Denver. The results indicate that to obtain

meaningful results in a final study, a larger sample will

be necessary. The people who suffer burn accidents represent

a small percentage of the total population. Therefore,

large numbers of individuals must be contacted in order

to find statistically meaningful numbers of persons who

have experienced a fire within a reasonably recent time

period.

The questionnaire to be used in the study had been

designed by the end of 1969, but had not been tested.

The work is continuing into 1970.

3. Activities Under Sec. 14(b)(2):

Reduction of Flammability

Present knowledge indicates that flammability of

a material is influenced by its chemistry, construction,

weight per unit area, moisture content, and the presence

of chemical treatments. Reduction of flammability might

be accomplished by variations of any of these parameters.

However, past experience suggests that construction,

chemical treatments, and the chemistry of the basic

material are the parameters that may be varied with the

greatest prospects for significant improvement. Mention

has been made earlier in this report, under Research,

of in-house efforts toward fundamental understanding

of the mechanisms by which retardants are effective in

reducing flammability. It is expected that this understanding

will provide guidance for the development of new and

better retardants.

3. 1 Pyrolysis Products

A variety of chemical f ire-retardant treatments

has been developed for cellulosic fabrics, mainly on

an empirical basis. Many of the details of the chemical

action of flame retardants remain obscure and a better

understanding is required to provide a basis for the

development of more effective retardants, and to advance

the art of flame retardancy in man-made fibers.

In order to elucidate the detailed mechanism of

the action of retardants, the Inorganic Chemistry Section

of the National Bureau of Standards has initiated a program

that will apply the techniques of measurement and characterization that have proven effective in related areas, such

as high temperature chemistry, and vaporization phenomena.

These techniques include electron spin resonance (ESR)

to monitor free radicals produced during pyrolysis, mass
13

spectrometry for the identification of reactive decomposition

products, and infrared spectrometry and gas chromatography.

This work will consist of an intensive investigation

of a few carefully selected systems to elucidate the

mechanism on a molecular level. This program will also

study the thermal behavior of a few selected retardants of

commercial importance, such as tetrakis (hydroxymethyl)phosphoniu

derivatives (THPC, THPOH) and tris (aziridyl)phosphine oxide (APO

The chemical nature of many of the retardants (mainly

phosphorous, halogen and nitrogen compounds) is such that

many of their decomposition products may be toxic. Their

use may, in effect, replace the flammability hazard with the

danger of toxicity. Therefore, identification of toxic

products will be emphasized.

The initial phase of this project was the development of general capabilities. A commercial quadrapole

mass spectrometer is available, as is the ESR and infrared

equipment. However, a differential high pressure/high

temperature sampling system must be assembled. Development of this system was under way at the end of 1969.

3. 2 Industry and Other Government Developments

Considerable work in the development of retardants

has been done by the Southern Utilization Research and

Development Laboratories, U. S. Department of Agriculture,

where many of the currently available permanent flameretardant treatments for cotton were developed. Advances

have also been made by industry in the development of

treated cellulosic fabrics which retain a large measure

of the esthetic and other characteristics that make fabrics

acceptable for wearing apparel and other uses. Several

different treated garments made from cellulosic materials have

been offered for sale to the consuming public by major

distributors. No information is available on the public

reaction to the garments, and the number of different

types offered is still small in proportion to the total

market. The Department of Commerce has been advised by

several manufacturers of their efforts and progress toward

the development of new treatments , or improvements on

existing treatments, not yet marketed.

In view of the substantial efforts of other government agencies and industry, the level of effort toward

the reduction of flammability was limited to that alreadydescribed under Research, and to active liaison.
14

3 • 3 Evaluation of Durability of Existing Treatments

A limited study was initiated, late in 1969, to

investigate the durability of the more common "permanent"

treatments now available for cotton and other cellulosic

fabrics. The objective of the study is to expose the

various treated fabrics to controlled standard washing

and drying cycles. Washing is carried out by standard

machine washing technique. Drying is carried out in

normal household dryers; in simulated sunlight; and in

actual sunlight. In addition, testing is carried out in

an instrument called a "weatherometer , " in which the

material is subjected to exposure to simulated sunlight

(light from a xenon arc lamp) with intermittent water

spray.

A limited supply was obtained of a few treated

fabrics. Repeated cycles were carried out for machine

washing and drying, and in the "weatherometer". The results

indicate that commercial treatments for cellulosic materials

are durable under these tests.

The weather has been unsuitable for outdoor drying in

actual sunlight. This work will be undertaken as soon as

feasible.

4. Activities Under Sec. 14(b)(3):

Test Method Development

4 . 1 Proposed Carpet and Rug Standard

During 196 8, notice was published instituting proceedings

for the development of a standard for carpets and rugs.

Such development was completed during 1969.

As the initial step, in this development, careful

consideration was given to the various circumstances

under which carpets or rugs might be exposed to ignition,

and to the nature of the resulting hazard. These circumstances

are

:

(1) A carpet or rug might be exposed to a small

ignition source, (such as a dropped match, cigarette,

or an ember from a fireplace) become ignited therefrom, and cause fire spread to other combustible

contents of the room or building.

(2) A carpet or rug might be exposed to a moderate

to large source of thermal energy, and in the

presence of significant air movement, become ignited,

and cause fire spread to other parts of the room

or building.
15

(3) A carpet or rug might become ignited, or be

exposed to a moderate to large energy source , and

give off smoke or toxic fumes in dangerous

quantities.

Consideration of the above circumstances , and of the

comments received in response to the published notice,

led to the conclusion that circumstance (1) was the most

appropriate for simulation in a first-generation standard,

but that (2) and (3) should receive attention for secondgeneration tests.

A modification was developed of an existing flammability

test for carpets and rugs, namely, that given in Federal

Specification DDD-C-9 5, Carpets and Rugs, Wool, Nylon, Acrylic,

Mod-acrylic. With the cooperation of a task group set

up by Committee D-13 on Textiles, of the American Society for

Testing and Materials and representatives of other interests,

an interlaboratory evaluation was carried out on the

modified test method. The evaluation was designed by NBS

statistical experts, who also carried out the analysis of

the data.

The new test is illustrated in Figure 15.

Twelve laboratories participated, six being those

of producers of carpets or rugs, and six having consumer

or general interest. Each tested twelve carpets selected

as representative of the three major categories of interest

in any test evaluation: those expected to pass consistently, those expected to fail consistently, and those expected

to show marginal performance. One objective of test

development is to minimize uncertainties among the results

obtained both within individual laboratories and among them.

Each laboratory tested 16 specimens of each of the twelve

carpets. This required 192 specimens of each carpet.

All 192 specimens of each carpet were cut from a

single roll of that carpet, according to a pattern defined

in the statistical plan. Each specimen was assigned

an identification from a table of random numbers provided

by NBS. Upon receipt by the individual participating

laboratories, the 16 specimens of each carpet were further

randomized into two sets of eight. Figure 16 shows

representative burn patterns of samples of the 12 carpets.

The experimental plan called for measurement of

several different parameters. The data were analyzed

in terms of the repeatability and reproducibility to
16

be expected from various criteria based on the measured

parameters. A copy of the statistical analysis of the

test data is given in Appendix 1.

The various possible criteria for which analyses

had been made were considered in relation to their probable

effect upon choices available to the consumer and to

the effect on the industry. A criterion judged to be

reasonable was selected.

A market sampling of carpets and rugs was purchased,

indicative of the range of fibers and constructions available

to the consuming public. These carpets and rugs were

tested by the proposed method, using the proposed criterion,

to assess the impact of the proposed test and standard.

The proposed standard was published in the Federal Register

of December 18, 1969, (34 F.R. 19812). A copy of the

notice and proposed standard is given in Appendix 2.

4 .2 Revision of Apparatus in CS 191-53

The present method for testing the flammability

of fabrics, as embodied in CS 191-53, has several technical

shortcomings. The major shortcoming is that, in attempting

to measure both ease of ignition and burning rate of

fabrics, neither characteristic is adequately measured.

It was decided to separate the two aspects of fabric

flammability and design independent tests to measure

ease of ignition and burning rate.

4.2.1 Development of Test to Measure Rate of Burning

For the measurement of burning rate, a Burning Rate

Test Method (BRTM) was developed during 1969. An extensive

series of experiments was undertaken to pin-point the

effects of several variables, to design means to minimize

them, and to optimize the overall test. Various specimen

sizes (6-1/4" x 2-1/2", 11" x 2-1/2" and 11" x 4

"

) " and

two specimen inclinations (45° and 60°) above the horizontal

were studied. The relative merits of edge ignition versus

surface ignition were examined. In order to avoid the

effects of transients during and just after ignition,

study was made of the length of specimen (lead length)

that should burn before measurement of burning rate was

started. The minimum length over which burning should

be measured (gage length) was also studied. Ignition

at the edge rather than on the surface was found to lead

to more consistent burning. For edge ignition, a lead

length of about 4-1/2 inches and a gage length of six

inches were found to be optimum, resulting in an overall

specimen 11 inches long and 2-1/2 inches wide (width unchanged

from the present standard)

.
17

The selection of a larger specimen size than that

given in CS 191-53, and the demand for improved accuracy

and precision of measurement led to several changes in

the test cabinet, the flame burner, and the timing mechanism.

The burning of the larger specimen in the present cabinet

was accompanied by a collection of smoke and hot gases

in the top of the chamber, with some inhibition of combustion

during the test. Therefore, the overall height of the

cabinet was increased by eight inches. For ease of operation,

and in conformance with the use of edge ignition, the

burner was simplified, and placed in a vertical orientation.

A digital clock, started and stopped by microswitches

,

was substituted for the present system of a stopwatch

activated by a lever and a falling weight. The modified

apparatus is shown in Figure 17

.

An extensive series of 58 representative fabrics

was tested using this new method. The fabrics tested

are given in the Table. For most of the fabrics tested,

it was found that the heavier fabrics (higher weight per

unit area) gave higher values for the time to burn the

specified distance of six inches, and that the relationship

of burn time to fabric weight per unit area was linear.

The results are shown in Figure 18. In common with all

other such tests, thermoplastic materials which melt away

from the igniting flame are difficult to test and will

require more research.

Work is continuing to modify CS 191-53 to permit the

testing of loose, fibrous materials, and thin, narrow

ribbons and tapes. The experience of the Federal Trade

Commission has shown that the testing of these often

constitute problems.

4.2.2 Ease of Ignition Test

Ignition has been recognized as the beginning of a

chain of events that can end in tragedy. Therefore, the

measurement of the ease of ignition of materials and

fabrics is essential to characterization of their flammability. Mention has already been made of the study of

the relationship of this parameter to the sensory reaction

of an individual to heat from an ignition source, and of

the failure of the present wearing apparel test to measure

ignition. Therefore, the development of a test for ease

of ignition under exposure to a small flame was initiated

and completed during 1969.
18

The test utilizes the cabinet, burner, fuel, and

burner rotation hardware from the present apparel test.

However, the burner has been equipped with a mechanism

and controls to permit varying the time of flame impingement,

or contact, on the specimen from essentially zero to

15 seconds. The time is monitored by a digital clock.

The specimen holder consists of two matching aluminum

plates, of 8-inch diameter, with six 2-inch diameter

holes in each. One large, or up to six smaller pieces,

of the test material may be clamped between the plates.

Figure 19 shows the equipment.

This test calls for subjecting the suitably conditioned

specimen to successively varied periods of flame impingement

until the minimum time is found that is required to produce

sustained burning of the material. This time is measured

by the clock, and has been found to be reproducible to

0.1 second. A new area on the specimen is used for each

trial.

A group of 58 materials, representative of a wide

selection of apparel fabrics now on the market, was purchased

in retail outlets, and subjected to the ease of ignition

test. This is the group shown in Table 1. Results ranged

from 0.2 seconds for very light materials to 5.8 for

a heavy wool flannel. The results for ignition time

plotted against fabric weight per unit area are shown

in Figure 20. Again there is a high correlation between

ignition time and fabric weight for many fabrics.

A technical paper describing the test and its development

is under review, and will be offered for publication in 1970.

4. 3 Vertical Test Method

Strong arguments have been advanced for a test method

for essentially non-burning fabrics. Such a test might be

applied when the degree of risk to the public, or to a

segment, such as small children, dictates the maximum

possible level of protection. Of the types of tests

currently applied to fabrics , those placing the specimen in

a vertical orientation are more severe than those involving

other orientations, all other factors being equal. Several

voluntary standards organizations have published variations

of a vertical test, and one appears in the Federal purchase

specifications for items purchased by the Federal Government.

Although there is overall similarity, there is variation in

details among the versions of various organizations. The

degree to which the dissimilarities influence the results
19

obtained is not well documented. A study has been

started of some of the differences. The apparatus

is shown in Figure 21.

The usefulness of such a test is dependent on the

availability of products that will pass the test. Several

fabrics have been evaluated by one of the several versions

of the test.

A difficulty common to all the versions of the vertical

test is experienced with thermoplastic materials. Although

some of these materials have been known to ignite when

used in garments , and lead to serious burns to the wearers,

the same fabrics merely melt away from the exposing flame

in the test and do not burn. The failure of a test method

to give a measurement for a material subject to the test

is a serious inadequacy. A study was carried out to

investigate the effectiveness of several techniques in

assuring the ignition and burning of thermoplastic materials,

The study was similar to one carried out by a voluntary

standards group (in which the National Bureau of Standards

also participated) , but involved some techniques not

tried. The results confirmed those of the private sector

group. The most effective means presently known for testing

such materials is by stitching parallel rows of glass

thread up the middle of the specimen.

4.4 Tests on Bed Materials

Both the results of research already described and

the experiences of many fire departments show that a

smoldering cigarette can, under certain circumstances,

cause smoldering combustion or open flaming of bed materials

(particularly mattresses), and upholstered furniture.

Either type of combustion can lead to death of the occupants

of the building within which the ignition occurs.

In order to investigate the circumstances under

which cigarettes ignite beds, and to design a suitable

test for that behavior, a program has been initiated

for characterizing the f lammability of bed materials when

subjected to a smoldering cigarette. A series of simulated

bed systems have been exposed to cigarettes. These systems

have consisted of 3- by 5-inch arrays of mattress core

materials and ticking (or mattress upholstery systems)

with sheets and blankets. In addition to the 3- by 5-

inch simulated bed arrays, various types of miniature

mattresses, approximately 20-inches square, have been

subjected to smoldering cigarettes, with and without

overlaid sheets or blankets. Figure 22 shows such an

experiment in progress.
20

At the end of 1969, agreement had been reached with

representatives of mattress manufacturers for them to

conduct a market survey to identify suitable representative materials to be used as specimens in an interlaboratory

evaluation of a test using smoldering cigarettes as the

ignition source.

4.5 Heat Release Test

A new test method, undergoing preliminary study,

is designed to measure the rate at which sensible heat

is evolved in the gases convected from burning fabrics - a parameter that previously has not been systematically

quantified. Such measurements should prove to be a useful

component of a hazard index for fabrics. Such data might

usefully support, supplement, and/or correlate with the

total heat data to be obtained with the calorimetry apparatus

as well with the calorific indications that may be

obtained in the study of pyrolysis reactions.

The gas-flow and temperature recording portions

of the apparatus were tested briefly and appeared to

operate satisfactorily. The apparatus is shown in Figure 23.

The apparatus design calls for instruments for continuous

analysis of the oxygen and the combustible gas contents

of the effluent gas stream. Such analysis will permit

a cross-checked total heat balance to be made. This

instrumentation was ordered, but had not been delivered

at the end of 1969.

5. Activities Under Sec. 14(b)(4): Training

Activities in training were carried on in three

identifiable ways, each discussed separately below. None

of these took the form of scheduled classes or lectures.

5 . 1 Research Associates

The Research Associate Program provides an

excellent mechanism for training. The Consumers Union

Research Associate, discussed above, obtained valuable

training and experience in test methods, and in government

research operations and procedures. The value of such

experience to the sponsor may be as great as that of

the research results. The technical accomplishments

of the Research Associate furnished by Consumers Union

have been described under In-House Research.

The use of the Research Associateship mechanism

has been explored with several industry groups and associations
21

Although no new associates were assigned to NBS during

1969, discussions under way at the end of that year indicate

a strong possibility of one or more in 1970.

5.2 Bibliographies and Information Center

Bibliographies, which list all the literature

articles pertinent to a technical subject, are very

valuable to anyone conducting research or development in

that subject. Such bibliographies thus constitute a

valuable means of education and dissemination of

information.

Three bibliographies were sent to the printer late

in 1969, and are expected to be released early in 1970.

These cover the areas of Wearing Apparel, Bed Fabrics

and Carpets and Rugs. Citations have been collected

for other areas of interest in the flammable fabrics

program. The bibliographies will be published at irregular

intervals during 1970. Interior furnishings and test

method development will be the next two bibliographies

to be published.

An information center has been established under

the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards library.

All of the citations reported in the various bibliographies

are available there for public examination.

5. 3 Symposium on the Measurement of Flammability

Over 600 persons attended a symposium in Washington,

D. C, June 5 and 6, 1969, organized by the National

Bureau of Standards. The symposium was opened by

Secretary Stans, with additional opening remarks by

Assistant Secretary Myron Tribus and the then NBS Director,

A. V. Astin. The technical papers dealt with the reasons

for measuring flammability, the particular phenomena

that should be measured, the state-of-the-art for measuring

those phenomena, and the applicability of those measurements

to several categories of items subject to the Flammable Fabrics

Act. The specific categories were wearing apparel, blankets,

mattresses, upholstered furniture, drapes, rugs and carpets,

and linens. The Proceedings of the Symposium are in

preparation for publication.

6. Cooperation with Public and Private Agencies

The Flammable Fabrics Act as amended specifies that

the activities authorized under Section 14(b) are to be

done in cooperation with appropriate public and private

groups

.
22

6 . 1 Liaison With Industry and Other Groups

A continuous effort is being made to keep all concerned

industry, government, and private sector groups informed of

the status of research and test method development, and

of the progress being made. Liaison is maintained

with trade associations. As a consequence, outstanding

cooperation has been received from these groups , for

example in the development of the proposed carpet and

rug standard. Liaison is also maintained with interested

consumer groups and government agencies, some of which

participated in the development of the proposed carpet

and rug standard. Talks were given by NBS staff members

before several meetings, including those of:

National Advisory Committee for the Flammable Fabrics Act;

National Cotton Batting Institute Workshop;

American Association of Textile Technologists;

Information Council on Fabric Flammability;

Chemical Finishing Conference, National Cotton Council;

Home Safety Workshop, National Safety Council;

Polymer Conference Series, University of Detroit.

The staff members made several visits to other laboratories

engaged in testing, test method development, and product

development.

6 . 2 Liaison With Voluntary Standards Organizations

Liaison has been maintained and strengthened with the

appropriate committees of the national voluntary standards

organizations concerned with tests for materials and products

subject to the provisions of the Act. This has been of

advantage to both the Department and the voluntary standards

organizations. NBS staff members have been able to draw

upon the expertise of the members of the committees in

planning and carrying out the development and evaluation

of test methods. Members of the committees were among

the participants in the interlaboratory evaluation

of the proposed carpet and rug standard. Similarly,

NBS staff members have participated in interlaboratory

evaluations of tests being developed by committees.

Committees in which NBS staff members hold active

membership include : the American National Standards

Institute Ad Hoc Committee on Fabric Flammability, the

I
23

AST!! Committee D-13 on Textiles, the ASTM Committee E~5

on Fire Tests of Materials and Constructions , the

American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists

Committee RA-46 on Fire Resistance Test Methods, and the

National Fire Protection Association Committee on Wearing

Apparel.

6.3 General Liaison

Finally, the Department and NBS have been host to

numerous visitors, have responded to numerous inquiries,

and handled voluminous correspondence. It is estimated

that the Office of Flammable Fabrics has handled 5,000

telephone and 1,300 written inquiries, and 200 visitors

during 1969.

7. Conclusion

The period covered by this report has been one in which

the staff and facilities necessary to carry out the

responsibilites delegated to the Department of Commerce under

the Flammable Fabrics Act have been built up and organized.

Within the limitations imposed by time and budget, a program

designed to carry out these responsibilities has been

developed. While the pace is still accelerating, a significant increase in the rate of progress will require further

support.
24

FABRIC MATERIALS USED FOR IGNITION, TEST AND TIME OF FLAME SPREAD TEST

To. MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION COLOR WEIGHT i- o

OZ/YD^ G/M^

1 COTTON CORDUROY BROWN W 6.3 2llt 2 COTTON VELVETEEN GRAY 5.6 190

3 RAYON VELVETEEN RED k.2 ll*2 h RAYON VELVETEEN DARK RED 6.0 20U

5 COTTON SUEDE BLUE 7.1 2l+l 6 COTTON FLANNELETTE YELLOW 3.9 132

7 COTTON TERRY CLOTH WHITE 8.6 292

8 COTTON NYLON 95-5 LACE PINK 3.9 132

9 COTTON ACETATE BONDED LACE ROSE 1*.5 153

10 LINEN L BROWN 6.8 230

11 COTTON BROADCLOTH ORANGE 3.5 119

12 COTTON BATISTE WHITE 1.9 61* 13 COTTON POLYESTER 35-65 BATISTE L GREEN 3.2 108

lit NYLON PINK 0.5 17

15 NYLON FLEECE DARK GREEN 3.2 119

16 NYLON NET' RED 0.1* lit IT POLYESTER CREPE L BLUE 1.8 6l

18- RAYON PEAU DE SOIE YELLOW 5.

H

183

19 ACETATE SATIN ROSE 5.3 180

20 NYLON CHIFFON WHITE 0.8 27

21 RAYON CHIFFON GRAY 1.0 3'1* 22 SILK CHIFFON CREAM 0.6 20

23 NYLON L GREEN 1.5 51

2\ WOOL FLANNEL CHARCOAL 6.6 20

25 RAYON METALLIC THREAD GOLD 3.6 122

26 ACETATE TAFFETA ROSE 2.9 98

27 WOOL FELT WHITE 5.1* 183

28 RAYON ACETATE BONDED CREPE PEACH 6.7 227

29 RAYON CREPE ROSE It.

3

11*6 30 WOOL FLANNEL YELLOW 6.0 201* 31 ACRYLIC ACETATE BONDED PINK 7.6 258

32 RAYON PLAIN WHITE 2.3 78

33 ACETATE TAFFETA YELLOW 2.6 78

3U POLYESTER DOUBLE KNIT CREAM 6.9 231* 35 POLYESTER PINK 2.8 61

36 COTTON PETTI POINT WHITE It.

3

11*6 37 COTTON PINK 1+.0 136

38 COTTON POLYESTER 50-50 BLUE 5.1 173

39 WOOL NYLON 80-20 PLAID OGW 7.6 252

HO COTTON POLYESTER 50-50 CORAL 7.1* 252

Ul COTTON RAYON 50-50 WHITE It.

2

11*3

1*2 COTTON RAYON 35 65 PRINT PW 3.9 133

U3 COTTON ACETATE 85-15 BROWN 6.7 227

It It ACETATE BROCADE WHITE 1*.9 166

It5 RAYON ACETATE 83-17 AQUA 9.1* 319

1*6 RAYON A ACETATE 50-50 CHECK OW 9.0 305

lt7 ACETATE NJLON POLYfiSTER SILK ltlt-39-H-3-3 WHITE 3,5 119

U8 RAYON POLYESTER 92-5-3 GOLD 1*.9 166

1*9 COTTON RAYON 3U-63 WHITE 8.6 292

50 COTTON RAYON 55-U5 BLUE 9.3 315

51 COTTON BLUE 3.1* 115

52 POLYESTER PRINT BY 1.7 58

53 COTTON PRINT GBR 3.6 122

5U ACRYLIC CHECK 5.6 190

55 RAYON ACETATE 75-25 GREEN 6.2 210

56 RAYON ACRYLIC 50-50 PEACH-BLUE 6.7 227

57 RAYON TWILL BLACK 3.1* 115

58 RAYON SPUN PINK BG 8.3 281
APPENDIX 1

Analysis of Data from Interlaboratory Study

of Carpet Flammability Test

Introduction

This report presents the statistical analysis of data

from an interlaboratory evaluation conducted cooperatively

among the Carpet and Rug Institute, Committees of the

American Society for Testing and Materials, and the National

Bureau of Standards. The subject of the evaluation was a

procedure for flammability tests of carpets and rugs. Several

parameters were measured and considered as possible end-point

criteria.

The test procedure involves the ignition, by a match,

of a specified timed burning tablet (methanemine) on a piece

of carpet within a draft shield. The carpet specimens had

been dried in an oven and cooled in a desiccator. During

the test, each specimen is held flat by a steel plate 9 x

9 x 1/4 in. with a 6 in. diameter hole in its center. The

various parameters considered as possible end-point criteria

are described in a later section of this report. This test

method is a modification of the flammability test given in

Federal Specification DDD-C-95, Carpets and Rugs, Wool, Nylon,

Acrylic, Modacrylic.

The Carpet and Rug Institute was represented by an executive of the Institute and by six member companies. This group

formed the nucleus of a task group operating under an ASTM

committee, and drafted the initial version of the test method.

Committee D-13 on Textiles of ASTM, in cooperation with

Committee E-5 on Fire Tests, and under direction of the ASTM

Board of Directors, has initiated a program of development

of flammability tests for many textile items, including

wearing apparel and interior furnishings. A task group on

carpets and rugs provides the direct ASTM contact with this

study.

On December 3, 1968 there appeared in the Federal Register

notice of finding that that there may be need for flammability

standards for carpets and rugs. That notice was published

25
26

under authority to set standards granted to the Secretary

of Commerce by PL 90-189, Amendments to the Flammable Fabrics

Act. Pursuant to that notice, the National Bureau of Standards

has been engaged in the development and evaluation of possible

test methods for measuring the flammability of carpets and

rugs. This interlaboratory evaluation and statistical

analysis are part of that effort.

Data

The data subjected to a statistical analysis consist of

measurements of the char radius and of the time of burning

made on two sets of 8 specimens each, for each of 12 carpets,

in each of 12 laboratories. The complete data are given in

Table 1.

Objective of the Analysis

The data were collected for the purpose of developing a

satisfactory discrimination test between acceptable and

unacceptable materials. This task comprises two phases:

a) A "test criterion" must be established to decide

whether any single test specimen passes or fails the

test.

b) A "sampling plan" must be selected, specifying the

number of specimens that shall be tested and the manner

in which the number of passes and failures leads to

acceptance or rejection of the material.

Establishing a Test Criterion

The test criterion suggested by the Carpet and Rug Institute

was described as based on the concept of self-extinguishment . For measurement purposes, a carpet is considered to be selfextinguishing under that criterion if the flame goes out before

it reaches the metal ring; i.e. the char radius is less than

three inches. For convenience, this criterion shall be referred

to as the "Three Inch" criterion.

Another concept that was considered in this test is that

of ignition . To establish whether ignition has taken place,

two possibilities suggest themselves. Ignition may be considered to have occurred when burning continues for a length of time

longer than that required for the timed burning tablet to be completely consumed in the absence of other fuel. Also, ignition
27

may be considered to have occurred whenever the flame travels

beyond the distance that would be reached by burning of the tablet on a non-combustible carpet. One can also combine these two

requirements

.

A number of possibilities listed below, were considered as

possible test criteria in the statistical evaluation of the

interlaboratory results. The first is based on the selfextinguishing concept, the other six on the ignition concept.

1. Char radius less than 3 inches.

2. Char radius 1 inch or less.

3. Char radius 2 inches or less.

4. Time of burning 120 seconds or less.

5. Time of burning 150 seconds or less.

6. Char radius 1 inch or less and time of burning 120

seconds or less.

7. Char radius 2 inches or less and time of burning

120 seconds or less.

Table 2 shows the overall percentage of "passing" specimens

for each carpet, for each of the seven criteria. Among these,

criteria 6 and 7 turn out to be the most promising for the

sharpest separation of materials as acceptable or unacceptable.

It also appeared that these two criteria lead to almost

identical results for all carpets included in the study. In

view of these results, one test criterion, in addition to the

"Three Inch" criterion, was selected for study. This criterion

is formulated as follows:

Dual Test Criterion : A specimen shall be considered to have passed the test if

the char radius is 1 inch or less and the burning time is 120

seconds or less. If either one of these two requirements, or

both, are not fulfilled, the specimen is considered to have

failed .

Analysis of the Two Test Criteria

Table 3 summarizes the results of the interlaboratory

test, using the "Three Inch" criterion. For each laboratory

and carpet, two values are given. These are the number of

specimens that passed in each of the two sets of 8 specimens.

Table 4 summarizes, in a similar fashion, the results of

the interlaboratory test, this time using the "Dual Test"

criterion.
28

For each of the two test criteria, an analysis was made

to determine the degree of consistency of the 2k results

obtained for each carpet. Table 5 exhibits this analysis

for the "Three Inch" criterion, and Table 6 for the "Dual

Test" criterion. In each of these tables, a comparison is

made between the observed and the theoretical frequency

distribution of passing specimens in sets of eight; the

theoretical frequency distribution is calculated on the basis

of the overall percent of passing specimens, also given in

the tables, using the binominal distribution. It is seen from

these tables, that the binominal distribution is by and large

an adequate representation of the results. This conclusion

is discussed in more detail in the following section.

Repeatability and Reproducibility

It is customary to characterize methods of test by

measures of repeatability and reproducibility. The former

is related to variability of test results obtained by repeated

measurements of the same material in a single laboratory. The

latter refers to the variability of test results obtained on

the same material in different laboratories. In the present

instance, the result of the test is not a quantitative measurement, but rather a count: the number of passing specimens in

either one or two groups of eight specimens each. If the

distribution of these counts follows the binomial law, the

variance of the count can be derived by mathematical theory

from the overall percent of passing specimens in the carpet.

This formula is:

P P Variance (n) = m i~qq~ (1 - Yoq) (D

where n is the number of passing specimens in a group of m

specimens, and P is the overall percent of passing specimens

for the carpet under consideration. The standard deviation

of n is the square root of the variance. In our study, m is

either 8 or 16, depending on whether we compare the two results

obtained within a laboratory or the twelve results, on 16

specimens each, between laboratories.

We could conceivably define the standard deviation of

the count n, or an appropriate multiple of this standard

deviation, as repeatability or reproducibility. The former
29

would apply to the within laboratory comparison and the

latter to the between laboratory comparison. These standard

deviations would be calculated in the usual fashion from the

observed counts, and Equation (1) would be used as a

theoretical check. However, according to Equation (1), we

would expect a variance twice as large for m = 16 as f or

m = 8, and consequently a reproducibility which is V 2 times

larger than repeatability. For this reason we will define

repeatability and reproducibility in a slightly different

way, namely as the ratios of the standard deviations just

described to the corresponding theoretical values, i.e., to

4

P P / P P

8

Too"

^ " Too^ for rePeatability> and to -J 16 Yoo^ " Too^

• • . 1/ for reproducibility— . To avoid ambiguity, we will call

these ratios the repeatability ratio and the reproducibility

ratio .Table 7 exhibits the repeatability and reproducibility

ratios for all carpets, for each of the two test criteria.

On the whole, the ratios tend to be close to unity. Ratios

exactly equal to unity generally occur for carpets in which

specimens either all pass or all fail. Where the ratios

differ from unity, there is seen to exist a tendency to

obtain values less than unity for the repeatability ratio

and larger than unity for the reproducibility ratio. This

indicates a tendency for slightly better agreement (smaller

standard deviation) within laboratories than between

laboratories. In the cases where the differences between

the two ratios is pronounced, or where both ratios depart

appreciably from unity, the binomial distribution, when

applied to all 24 sets of 8 specimens, will not be a perfect

representation of the data because of unequal distribution

within and between laboratories. For those cases, the agreement between theory and observation in Tables 5 and 6 is

somewhat poorer than for those in which the repeatability

and reproducibility ratios are close to unity.

1/ It may be useful to point out that these calculations are

mathematically equivalent to a partitioning of the chi-square

criterion within and between laboratories (of A. E. Maxwell,

Analysing Qualitative Data, Chapter III, Methuen's Monographs

on Applied Probability and Statistics, John Wiley & Sons,

N. Y. 1961). The quantities defined by us as the repeatability

ratio and the reproducibility ratio are the square roots of

the quotients of the partitioned chi -squares divided by their

degrees of freedom.
30

Selection of a Sampling Plan

Here again, two sampling plans were considered. One

had been originally proposed and consists of the following

rule.

Single Sampling Plan : Eight specimens shall be tested. The

material shall be considered acceptable if and only if at

least seven of the eight specimens pass the test.

As an alternative, we propose the following double

sampling plan.

Double Sampling Plan : Eight specimens shall be tested. If

all eight pass, the material is considered acceptable. If

less than seven specimens pass, the material is considered

unacceptable. If exactly seven specimens pass, a second

set of eight specimens are tested. In order for the material

to be considered acceptable, all eight specimens of the

second sample must pass.

Figure 1 shows "operating characteristic curves" (0C

curves) for both plans. The ordinate represents the probability

of accepting a material for which the overall fraction of

individual "passing" specimens is plotted on the abscissa.

The double sampling plan is seen to be appreciably more

discriminating than the single sampling plan.

The Probability of Agreement

For a fuller evaluation of the two test criteria and

the two sampling plans, we introduce a further concept,

defined as follows.

The probability of agreement is the probability that

two independent tests, carried out on the same carpet, will

result in the same verdict of acceptable or non-acceptable . It should be noted that the qualification "independent

tests" implies the use of the binominal distribution. Using

this law, the probability of agreement can be derived

mathematically for any given sampling plan, as a function

of the overall percentage of passing specimens (% P). The

latter depends of course on the choice of the test criterion.

These calculations have been made and the results are given
31

in Table 8 and in Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5. The first two of

these figures show the results for the Single Sampling

Plan. In Fig. 2, the values of the overall percentage of

passing specimens for the twelve carpets are those based

on the Three Inch criterion; whereas in Fig. 3, they are

based on the Dual Test Criterion. Fig. 4 and 5 are similar

to Fig. 2 and 3, but show the probability of agreement in

accordance with the Double Sampling Plan.

Summary of the Analysis

Table 9 is an overall summary of the statistical analysis

of the data. It shows the percent of "passing" specimens {% P)

for each carpet according to both test criteria; the probability

of acceptance of each carpet for both test criteria and both

sampling plans; and the corresponding probabilities of agreement for independent tests. An examination of this table shows

that for the twelve carpets included in this study the double

sampling plan, used in conjunction with the dual test criterion,

provides a fairly sharp distinction between acceptable and nonacceptable carpets. Furthermore, the probability of agreement

is reasonably close to 100 percent for all twelve carpets, when

this test criterion and sampling plan are followed.

To the extent that conclusions may be drawn from this

study, the adoption of the dual test criterion and the double

sampling plan seems clearly indicated.
l 1

32

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43

Table 7 Repeatability and Reproducibility Ratios —

1-inch and 120-second

5-inch Criterion Criterion

Repeatability Reproducibility Repeatability Reproducibility

Ratio Ratio Ratio

.82 .98 1.38

1.15 .86 1.74

1.00 1.22 1.05

1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00 1.00

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.80 .95 1.34

1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00 1.00

1.96 1.00 1.00

.88 .59 1.02

1.37 1.00 1.00

1/ For definition, see body of report.
44

Table 8

Probability of Agreement Between Two Laboratories

, n „ Probability of Agreement, in Percent

Overall Percentage * 6 • of Passing Specimens

10

20

30

40

50

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

92

94

96

98

100

Single Sampling Plan Double Sampling Plan

100. 100.

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99.98 100.

99.74 99.99

98.31 99.87

93.21 99.20

80.99 96.41

71.90 93.02

61.98 87.14

53.53 77.85

50.02 65.47

54.94 53.01

69.61 51.81

77.42 57.72

85.42 67.92

92.66 81.18

97.95 93.98

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19812 APPENDIX II

Proposed Rule Making

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Office of the Secretary

[ 15 CFR Part 7]

CARPETS AND RUGS

Notice of Proposed Flammability

Standard

On December 3, 1968, there was published in the Federal Register (33 F.R.

17921) a notice of finding that a flammability standard or other regulation,

including labeling, may be needed for carpets and rugs, to protect the public

against unreasonable risk of the occur- rence of fire leading to death, injury, or

significant property damage, arising from

the hazards of rapid flash burning or

continuous slow burning or smoldering,

and for institution of proceedings for the development of an appropriate flammability standard or other regulation. In

order that the Department of Commerce,

hereinafter referred to as the "Department," might receive adequate and de-. liberative responses representing the

considered views and recommendations

of interested persons and to accommodate a number of requests for additional time to respond to the December 3 notice, the Department by notice in the Federal

Register on January 10, 1969 (34 F.R.

398) , extended the period for filing comments to February 3, 1^69. After review and analysis of the comments received, analysis of material de- veloped through research, and after fur- ther review of information previously

cited in the December 3, 1968, Federal

Register (33 F.R. 17921), it is hereby

found that a flammability standard for carpets and rugs is needed to protect the

public against unreasonable risk of the occurrence of fire leading to death, injury, or significant property damage aris- ing from the hazards of rapid flash burning or continuous slow burning or smoldering.

Proposed standard. It is preliminarily

found that the proposed flammability standard as set out in full at the end

hereof as Appendix I: (a) Is needed for carpets and rugs

to protect the public against unreasonable risk of the occurrence of fire aris- ing from the hazards of rapid flash burning or continuous or slow burning or

smoldering, and leading to death, personal injury, or significant property

damage;

(b) Is reasonable, technologically

practicable and appropriate and is stated

in objective terms; and

(c) Is limited to carpets and rugs which currently present the unreasonable risks specified in (a) above. Basis for proposed flammability standard. Although there are standards for

certain specialized applications, there

now exists no national flammability standard for carpets and rugs affording

protection to the general public from an

unreasonable risk of the occurrence of

fire. An analysis of data and all comments received and research conducted

pursuant to inquiry by this Department

into flammability problems in carpets and

rugs reveals that carpets and rugs are being produced and made available for consumer purchase which present,

through ordinary use, an unreasonable

risk of the occurrence BS fire leading to death or personal injury, or significant

property damage, arising from the fore- seeable hazards of rapid flash burning or continuous slow burning or smoldering.

The proposed standard would remove

from the market those rugs and carpets

which present either of these hazards. This analysis further reveals that the proposed standard will protect against such risks and, at the same time, is reasonable, technologically practicable and

appropriate and is stated in objective terms. The current state of the art in car- pet and rug manufacture can conform to

this proposed standard, and rugs and

carpets are, in fact, available to the public which meet the requirements of this proposed standard. This proposed stand- ard is limited to rugs and carpets which

present the hazards of rapid flash burning or continuous slow burning or smoldering. The information upon which the

finding is made indicates that such items

present the unreasonable risks mentioned

above unless produced in conformance

to the proposed standard. In federally owned or leased buildings, a measure of protection against hazards from the flammability of carpets and

rugs is afforded through the requirement

of the Federal Supply Service, General

Services Administration, that all rugs and carpets purchased for use in such

buildings must comply with the flame

resistance criteria of Federal Specification DDD-C-95, Carpets and Rugs, Wool,

Nylon, Acrylic, Modacrylic. Under the

test procedure prescribed therein, each

of two specimens of carpet, conditioned

at a prescribed temperature and relative humidity aAd placed in a horizontal

position, is subjected to controlled igni- tion from a timed burning tablet. Flammability is evaluated by measuring the maximum dimension of the charred area produced.

The Department proposes that all carpets and rugs, and fabrics or related materials intended to be used, or which

may reasonably be expected to be used

as carpets or rugs, shall be classed as

"resistant to flammability" in the test method described in Appendix I. This

test method is a modification of the test method in Federal Specification DDDC-95, Carpets and Rugs, Wool, Nylon,

Acrylic, Modacrylic. The method tests the resistance to flammability of rugs

and carpets only under draft-protected

conditions by requiring that the maximum dimension of charred area pro- duced under certain carefully prescribed

conditions and after controlled ignition

from a timed burning tablet shall not

exceed a certain limit as set forth in the Standard in Appendix I. From observations made during development of this method, it can be concluded that if combustion has progressed to the limit defining failure in the test, combustion, wherever initiated, may reasonably be

expected to progress in actual service to the edges of the carpet and provide a

possible source for subsequent ignition of other furnishings.

The Department has (1) conducted an

interlaboratory evaluation to develop the

test method; (2) developed the test method for use in connection with the proposed flammability standard; and

(3) used the test method on a selected sample of carpets and rugs being offered at retail outlets selling to the consuming

public. The results of these latter tests are given in Appendix n. Based on the analysis of the test data and subsequent economic investigations

by the Department's Office of Textiles, the proposed standard in Appendix I has

been developed.

Participation in proceedings. All in- terested persons are invited to submit

written comments relative to the pro- posed flammability standard within 30 days after the date of publication of this notice in the Federal Register. Written comments should be submitted in at least four (4) copies to the Assistant Secretary

for Science and Technology, Room 5051, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. 20230, and may include any

data or other information pertinent to the subject.

Inspection of relevant documents. The

written comments received pursuant to this notice will be available for public

inspection at the Central Reference and

Records Facility of the Department,

Room 2122, Main Commerce Building, 14th Street between E Street and Constitution Avenue NW., Washington, D.C.

20230. Issued: December 12, 1969. Myron Tribus,

Assistant Secretary

for Science and Technology.

[Appendix I] Carpets and Rugs

proposed standard for the resistance to flammability of carpets and rugs (methenamine pill)

.1 Definitions

.2 Scope and Application

.3 General Requirements

.4 Test Procedure

.5 Labeling

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 34, NO. 242—THURSDAY, DECEMBER 18, 1969 51
52

PROPOSED RULE MAKING 19813

.1 Definitions. In addition to the defi- nitions given in section 2 of the Flammable Fabrics Act, as amended (sec. 1, 81 Stat 568; 15 U.S.C. 1191), and section

7.2 of the Procedures (33 F.R. 14642,

Oct. 1, 1968), the following definitions apply for the purposes of this Standard:

(a) "Acceptance Criterion" means

that at least seven out of eight individual specimens of a given carpet or rug shall meet the test criterion as defined in this Standard.

(b) "Carpet" means any type of fin- ished product made in whole or in part

yi fabric or related material and intended

for use or which may reasonably be

sxpected to be used as a floor covering

which is exposed to traffic in homes,

offices, or other places of assembly or accommodation, and which may or may

not be fastened to the floor by mechanical means such as nails, tacks, barbs,

staples, adhesives, etc. Mats, hides with

natural or synthetic fibers, and other

similar products are included in this definition, but resilient floor coverings such

as linoleum, asphalt tile and vinyl tile are not.

(c) "Rug" means, for the purposes of

this Standard, the same as carpet and

shall be accepted as interchangeable with

:arpet.

(d) "Resistant to Flammability" means that a carpet or rug complies with

the acceptance criterion.

(e) "Timed Burning Tablet" means

the methenamine tablet, weighing apDroximately 0.149 grams, sold as Catalogue No. 1588 by the Eli Lilly Co. of

Indianapolis, Ind. 46206.

(f) "Test Criterion" means the basis

for judging whether or not a single spec- imen of carpet or rug has passed the test,

I.e., the charred portion of a tested speci- men shall not extend to within one inch

yi the edge of the hole in the flattening frame at any point.

(g) "Underlayment" means any pad,

cushion, mat, or other material, used Detween the floor and the carpet or rug.

(h) "Fire-Retardant Treatment"

means any chemical or process to which

a carpet or rug has been exposed, which

significantly modifies the resistance to flammability, as defined in this standard,

>f the carpet or rug.

.2 Scope and application, (a) This Standard provides a test method to de- ermine the resistance to flammability of

finished carpets and rugs when exposed

to a standard source of ignition under

carefully prescribed draft-protected coniitions. It is applicable to all types of carpets and rugs used as floor covering

materials regardless of their method of

fabrication or whether they are made of

natural or synthetic fibers or films, or combinations of or substitutes for these.

(b) This Standard requires the deter- mination of the resistance to flammabilty of carpets and rugs as such. However,

Decause an underlayment may modify

;he resistance to flammability of these

materials under some conditions of use, where the combination of carpet and

inderlayment is available, consideration

should be given to performing the test on

;he combination as It would be used in

service.

.3 General requirements—(a) Summary of test method. This method in- volves the exposure of each of eight conditioned, replicate specimens of a given

carpet or rug to a standard igniting source in a draft-protected environment

and measurement of the proximity of the charred portion to the edge of the

hole in the prescribed flattening frame.

(b) Test criterion. A specimen passes the test if the charred portion does not extend to within one inch of the edge

of the hole in the flattening frame at any point.

(c) Acceptance criterion. If at least seven of the eight specimens meet the

test criterion, the material shall be classified as resistant to flammability.

.4 Test Procedure—(a) Apparatus—

( 1 ) Test chamber. The test chamber shall consist of an open top hollow cube made

of noncombustible material * with inside dimensions 12 x 12 x 12 inches (30.5 x 30.5 x 30.5 cm.) and a minimum of 14-inch

(6.4 mm.) wall thickness. The flat bottom

of the box shall be made of the same material as the sides and shall be easily removable. The sides shall be fastened

together with screws or brackets and

taped to prevent air leakage into the box

during use. (A minimum of two chambers and two

extra bottoms are suggested for efficient operation.)

(2) Flattening frame. A steel plate

9x9 inches (23x23 cm.), %-inch (6.4 mm.) thick with an 8-incH (20.3 cm.)

diameter hole in its center is required

to hold the carpet or rug flat during the

course of the test. It is recommended that one be provided for each test chamber.

(3) Standard igniting source. No. 1588 methenamine timed burning tablet These tablets shall be stored in a desic- cator over a desiccant for 24 hours prior

to use. (Small quantities of sorbed water may cause the tablets to fracture when

first ignited. If a major fracture occurs, any results from that test shall be

ignored, and it shall be repeated.)

(4) Test specimens. Each test speci- men shall be a 9 x 9 Inches (23 x 23 cm.)

section of the carpet or rug to be tested. Eight specimens are required.

(5) Circulating air oven. A forced

circulation drying oven capable of re- moving the moisture from the specimens

when maintained at 105° C. for 2 hours."

(6) Dessicating cabinet. An air- and

moisture-tight cabinet capable of holding the floor covering specimens horizontally without contacting each other during the cooling period following drying, and containing an efficient desic- cant, such as calcium chloride or silica

gel.(7) Glove. A nonhygroscopic glove

(rubber, polyethylene, etc.) for raising the pile on specimens prior to testing.

(8) Hood. A hood capable of being

closed and having its draft turned off during each test and capable of rapidly

removing the products of combustion fol- lowing each test. The front or sides of the hood should be transparent to permit

observation of the tests in progress.

(9) Mirror. A small mirror mounted

above each test chamber at an angle to permit observation of the specimen from

outside of the hood.

(10) Vacuum cleaner. A vacuum

cleaner to remove all loose material from

each specimen prior to conditioning. All surfaces of the vacuum cleaner contact- ing the specimen shall be flat and

smooth.

(b) Sampling—(1) Selection of samples. If there is an applicable material

specification, take a lot sample. If not,

select a sample of the material representative of the lot and large enough to per- mit cutting eight specimens 9x9 inches

(23 x 23 cm.) , free from creases, fold marks, delaminations or other distortions. The sample of material representative of the lot may be more than one

carpet or rug.

If the carpet or rug has had a fire- retardant treatment, or is made of fibers which have had a fire-retardant treat- ment, the selected sample shall be washed, dry-cleaned or

- shampooed 10 times in a manner normally used for that

carpet or rug in service prior to cutting

of specimens.

(2) Cutting. Cut eight 9±^-in. (23±

0.6 cm.) square specimens of each carpet

or rug to be tested.

(c) Conditioning. Clean each specimen

with the vacuum cleaner until it is free from all loose ends left during the manufacturing process and from any material

that may have been worked into the pile

during handling.3 Care must be exercised

to avoid "fuzzing" of the pile yarn. Place the specimens in the drying oven

in a manner that will permit free circula- tion of the air at 105° C. around them for

2 hours.* Remove the specimens from the oven and place them horizontally in the

desiccator with pile side up and free from

contact with each other until cooled to room temperature, but in no instance less than 1 hour.

(d) Testing. Place the test chamber in the draft-protected environment (hood

with draft off) with its bottom in place.

Remove a test specimen from the desiccator, brush its surface with a gloved

hand in such a manner as to raise its pile. Place the specimen on the center of the floor of the test chamber, pile side UP. exercising care that the specimen is horizontal and flat. Place the flattening

frame on the specimen and position a

1 Yi -Inch (6.4 mm.) cement asbestos board

Is a suitable material.

2 Option 1 of ASTM D 2654-67T, "Methods

of Test for Amount of Moisture in Textile

Materials," describes a satisfactory oven.

("1969 Book of ASTM Standards," Part 24, published by the American Society for Test- ing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103.)

5 The vacuum cleaning described Is not In- tended to simulate the effects of repeated vacuum cleaning in service.

* If the specimens are moist when received, permit them to air-dry at laboratory conditions prior to placement In the oven. A satis- factory preconditioning procedure may be found in ASTM D 1776-67, "Conditioning

Textiles and Textile Produots for Testing."

("1969 Book of ASTM Standards", Part 24, published by the American Society for Test- ing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103.) FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 34, NO. 247—THURSDAY, DECEMBER 18, 1969
53

19814 PROPOSED RULE MAKING

methenamine tablet on one of its flat sides in the center of the 8-inch (20.3 cm.) hole. Ignite the tablet by touching a lighted

match or an equivalent igniting source

carefully to its top.5 Continue each test until one of the

following conditions occurs:

(1) The last vestige of flame or glow

disappears (this is frequently accompanied by a final puff of smoke)

.

(2) The flaming or smoldering has ap- proached within 1 inch of the edge of the hole in the flattening frame at any

point.

When all combustion has ceased, ventilate the hood and measure the shortest distance between the edge of the hole in the flattening frame and the charred

area. Record the distance measured for each specimen.

Remove the specimen from the chamber and remove any burn residue from

the floor of the chamber. Before proceeding to the next test, the floor must be

cooled to room temperature or replaced

with one that is at room temperature.

(e) Report—The number of speci- mens of the eight tested in which the charred area does not extend to within one inch of the edge of the hole in the

flattening frame shall be reported.

(f) Interpretation of results—If the charred area does not extend to within one inch of the edge of the hole in the

flattening frame at any point for at least seven of the eight specimens, the carpet

or rug meets the acceptance criterion.

.5 Labeling—If the carpet or rug has had a flre-retardant treatment during

the manufacturing process, or is made of

fibers which have had a flre-retardant treatment, it shall be labeled with the

letter "T."

[Appendix II]

The results of the resistance to flammability tests are summarized in Table 1. Table 1.—Resistance of Carpets and Rugs To

Fammabujty

Item NumberNumber meeting

tested acceptance

criterion

Carpets (from rolls). __ 29 Rugs and mats 14 By pile fiber material: ' Acrylic. 6 Cotton 2 Nylon 10 Olefin 8 Polyester 2 Rayon _ 3 Wool 2 Blends 10 By construction:

'

Indoor-Outdoor 4 Loop 10 Plush 5 Sculptured 7 Shag 5 Tweed 1 Twist 2 Rugs and mats 14

i Fiber content and construction information as pro- vided by the retailer. Some construction designations were combinations of three types of construction, and

are listed with each type. Therefore, the individual numbers do not add up to the total number of carpets and rugs tested. [P.R. Doc. 69-14969; Piled, Dec. 17, 1969; 8:45 a.m.]

DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING

AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Office of the Secretary

E 24 CFR Part 31 1 GUARANTEE OF PRIVATE OBLIGATIONS FOR FINANCING NEW COMMUNITY LAND DEVELOPMENT

Tests of Selected Carpets and Rugs Notice of Proposed Rule Making

In order to determine to what extent

carpets and rugs that, would not pass

the acceptance criterion were sold on

the market, the National Bureau of Standards purchased a sample of carpets and rugs indicative of the fiber and

construction types available to the

public.

Forty-three separate and distinct car- pets and rugs were purchased from six

retail outlets. Twenty-nine of these were cut from large rolls of material, or were floor samples taken originally from

rolls, and fourteen were items made up

for sale in predetermined sizes. Of these

forty-three carpets and rugs, 33 were la- beled as having a single fiber type in the

pile and 10 were labeled as containing blends of two or more fibers in the pile. The former contained the following car- pet fibers: Acrylic, cotton, nylon, olefin, polyester, rayon and wool. The blends contained two or more of the following: Acetate, acrylic, cotton, modacrylic,

nylon, olefin, polyester, and rayon.

Notice is hereby given that the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

proposes to issue the regulations set forth below as a new Part 31 of Title 24, pursuant to the New Communities Act

of 1968 (title IV of the Housing and

Urban Development Act of 1968, 42 U.S.C. 3901 et seq.). Although the pro- posed regulations relating to a guarantee are not subject to the rule-making

requirements of 5 U.S.C. 553, interested persons are. invited to submit written comments or suggestions regarding the proposed regulations to the Assistant Secretary for Metropolitan Development, 451 Seventh Street SW., Washington, D.C. 20410, within 30 days of the

publication of this notice in the Federal

Register.

The proposed regulations are as follows

:

PART 31—GUARANTEE OF PRIVATE OBLIGATIONS FOR FINANCING

NEW COMMUNITY LAND DEVEL- OPMENT

6 Care must be exercised to avoid igniting the carpet prior to the tablet. If more than

2 minutes elapse between the removal of the specimen from the desiccator and the ignition

of the tablet, the conditioning must be

repeated.

Sec.

31.1

31.2

31.3 31.4

Subpart A—General Statement of applicable law. Definitions. Information.

[Reserved].

Subpart B—New Community Criteria and

Standards

Sec.

31.5 General criteria for new communities.

31.6 Specific characteristics of a new community.

31.7 Other requirements for new community development.

Subpart C—Financial and Economic Criteria and

Standards

31.8 Economic feasibility. 31.9 General financial plan and program.

Specific Financial Elements

31.10 Maximum Federal guarantee.

31.11 Land valuation.

31.12 Cost estimation. . 31.13 Terms and conditions of borrowing.

31.14 Equity and working capital. 31.15 Security for the guarantee.

31.16 Terms and conditions of payment under the guarantee.

31.17 [Reserved]

Subpart D—Procedures 31.18 Pre-application proposal.

31.19 Application.

31.20 Project agreement.

31.21 Issuance of guaranteed obligations.

31.22 Project execution and monitoring.

31.23 [Reserved]

Subpart E—Fee and Charge Schedule

31.24 Application charge.

31.25 Commitment oharge.

31.26 Reopening charges.

31.27 Guarantee fee. 31.28 Annual fee. 31.29 Transfer charge. Authority: The provisions of this Part 31 issued under section 413 of the New Communities Act of 1968, 42 TJ.S.C. 3912; and sec. 7(d), Department of HUD Act, 42 U.S.C. 3535(d). Subpart A—General

§31.1 Statement of applicable law.

(a) The New Communities Act of 1968

(42 U.S.C. 3901-3914) authorizes the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development to guarantee obligations issued by

private developers to help finance new

community development projects. It also authorizes the Secretary to make grants

to State and local public bodies and agencies to supplement the Federal assistance that is otherwise available for certain water, sewer, or open-space projects if these projects are needed or desirable in connection with a new community which

will make available a substantial number

of housing units for persons of low and

moderate income. The amount of such

grants may not exceed 20 percent of project costs, and, since this is to supplement

other Federal assistance, the projects must also meet the applicable require- ments for regular grants under section 702 of the Housing and Urban Develop- ment Act of 1965, as amended (42 U.S.C. 3102) ; section 306(a) (2) of the Consoli- dated Farmers' Home Administration

Act, as amended (7 U.S.C. 1926(a) (2) )

;

or title VII of the Housing Act of 1961, as amended (42 U.S.C. 1500-1500e)

.

(b) The Act (1) amends section 202

(b) (4) of the Housing Amendments of

1955, as amended (42 U.S.C. 1492), to permit public facilities loans without re- gard to the population limits otherwise

applicable for facilities serving a new

community development; (2) amends

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 34, NO. 242—THURSDAY, DECEMBER 18, 1969
54

rf

'*

1 1

E^H

.

'

'

: -.

: :-''*

1

_!

FIGURE .1

PROTOTYPE CALORIMETER. THIS INSTRUMENT, SHOWN HERE IN

ITS EARLY DEVELOPMENT STAGES, WILL MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO

MEASURE THE TOTAL HEAT GIVEN OFF BY A BURNING FABRIC AS

WELL AS THE RATE AT WHICH IT IS GIVEN OFF. THE AMOUNT

OF HEAT GIVEN OFF, AND THE RATE AT WHICH IT IS GIVEN

OFF ARE IMPORTANT IN DETERMINING THE HAZARD FROM A

BURNING FABRIC.
55

FIGURE 2

AN INSTRUMENTED MANNEQUIN. THE BURNING OF GARMENTS ON

SUCH MANNEQUINS, AND THE MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURES AND

AMOUNT OF HEAT TRANSFERRED TO THE BODY WILL MAKE POSSIBLE

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE MEANINGFUL TESTS FOR APPAREL

FABRICS

.
56

FIGURE 3

BURNING OF A SAMPLE OF FABRIC IN THE TEST (CS 191-53)

PRESENTLY SPECIFIED IN THE FLAMMABLE FABRICS ACT. THIS

TEST HAS SEVERAL TECHNICAL INADEQUACIES, FOREMOST OF

WHICH IS THE INABILITY TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN EASE OF

IGNITION AND RATE OF BURNING.
57

FIGURE k

A VERSION OF THE VERTICAL FLAMMABILITY TEST. THIS IS

THE MOST STRINGENT OF THE TESTS PRESENTLY IN USE. IN

ORDER TO PASS IT, A MATERIAL MUST ONLY CHAR AND NOT

BURN. ONLY A VERY FEW MATERIALS CAN PRESENTLY PASS

THIS TEST, WHICH IS USED WHERE A MAXIMUM DEGREE OF

PROTECTION IS DESIRED AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ARE

SECONDARY

.
58

FIGURE 5

HORIZONTAL BURNING TEST METHOD. IN THIS TEST, THE SAMPLE

OF FABRIC TO BE TESTED IS HELD IN A HORIZONTAL POSITION.

THE TEST IS NOT USED IN STANDARDS AT THE PRESENT TIME.
59

FIGURE 6

THE SO-CALLED "SEMICIRCULAR" TEST. THIS TEST HAS THE

ADVANTAGE OF INVOLVING. ALL ANGLES OF BURN. IT IS A

RESEARCH TEST, AND NOT USED FOR ANY TEST METHOD.
6o

FIGURE 7

A PORTION OF A SHIRT RECOVERED FROM AN ACCIDENT CASE,

SUBMITTED TO THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS BY THE

OFFICE OF PRODUCT SAFETY, FDA. THE CORRELATION OF THE

BEHAVIOR OF THE FABRIC IN SUCH GARMENTS ON THE TESTS

UNDER DEVELOPMENT, AND THE DETAILS OF THE ACCIDENT

FROM WHICH THE GARMENT WAS RECOVERED, WILL PERMIT THE

DEVELOPMENT OF PROPER STANDARDS.
6l

-;»^«lu- .

V? ,

FIGURE 8

THE APPARATUS USED IN THE STANDARD DDD-C-95 PRESENTLY

USED TO CONTROL THE FLAMMABILITY OF CARPETS PURCHASED

FOR FEDERAL GOVERNMENT INSTALLATIONS. THE SAMPLE OF

RUG IS 6" X 6", AND THE 'WHITE TABLET IN ITS CENTER IS

A TIMED BURNING TABLET WITH THE NAME "METHENAMINE"

.

THIS TABLET BURNS WITH AN APPROXIMATELY M^TCH-SIZE

FLAME FOR ABOUT 90 SECONDS.
62

FIGURE 9

A SPECIMEN OF RUG BURNING IN THE APPARATUS DESCRIBED IN

FIGURE 8. IN ORDER TO PASS THIS TEST, WO SPECIMENS OF

RUG MUST NOT BURN MORE THAN WO INCHES IN ANY DIRECTION.

THE BURNED SQUARE OF CARPET ON THE RIGHT IS ONE SIMILAR

TO THE ONE IN THE BOX AFTER TESTING. IT HAS FAILED THE

TEST.
63

FIGURE 10

APPARATUS FOR PYROLYSIS STUDY. IN THIS APPARATUS, A

SMALL SAMPLE OF THE FABRIC TO BE STUDIED IS HEATED TO

A TEMPERATURE THAT CAUSES DECOMPOSITION. THE RESULTING

GASES WOULD BURN IN NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES. THE MEASUREMENT OF THE RATE OF EVOLUTION OF THESE CASES, AND A

MEASUREMENT OF THEIR CALORIFIC CONTENT, PERMITS A STUDY

OF THE FLAMMABILITY OF A MATERIAL.
6k

FIGURE 11

A BED AND MANNEQUIN AT THE BEGINNING OF ONE OF THE TESTS

USED TO DETERMINE THE LIFE HAZARDS FROM BEDDING FIRES.

THE SMOLDERING SPOT NEAR THE END OF THE ARM OF THE

MANNEQUIN WAS CAUSED BY A CIGARETTE. TOXIC GAS SENSORS

AND THERMOCOUPLES WERE PLACED AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS IN

THE ROOM. SMOKE DENSITY WAS DETERMINED BY MEASURING

THE OBSCURATION OF A LIGHT BEAM ACROSS THE ROOM. THE

TEST BEGAN AT 12:00 ON THE CLOCK.
65

FIGURE 12

A VIEW OF THE APPARATUS USED TO MEASURE HEAT DELIVERED

TO A SUBSTRATE FROM A BURKING FABRIC. THE BLACK DOTS

ARE HEAT METERS. IN PRACTICE, A PIECE OF FABRIC IS

SUSPENDED IN FRONT OF THEM AND BURNED, AND THE HEAT

SENSED BY THE METERS IS MEASURED. IN COMBINATION WITH

THE RESULTS OBTAINED WITH THE APPARATUS SHOWN IN

FIGURES 1 AND 2, THIS IS EXPECTED TO LEAD TO MORE

MEANINGFUL TEST METHODS.
66

METER IS MOUNTED

FLUSH WITH

TEST SURFACE

l.OO"

DIA. 0.750"

DIA.

17-Y PH STAINLESS

STEEL

DISC.

0.250" DIA. 0.011" THICK

(TYPICAL)

.250"

NSULATED

CONSTANTAN

LEADS

FIGURE 13

A DIAGRAM OF THE HEAT METERS SHOW IN FIGURE 12.
67

15

O METER A

D METER B A METER C O METER D • SECOND DEGREE BURN THRESHOLD

20 30

TIME , SECONDS

FIGURE ill

50

RESULTS OBTAINED WITH THE APPARATUS SHOW IN FIGURES 12

AND 13. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT, FOR THIS PARTICULAR

SPACING OF FABRIC AND SUBSTRATE, SECOND DEGREE BURNS WOULD

HAVE BEEN SUSTAINED FOR SKIN AT THE POSITION OF THE LOWEST

METER EIGHT SECONDS AFTER IGNITION. THESE RESULTS DO NOT

TAKE INTO ACCOUNT HUMAN REACTION TIMES.
68

FIGURE 15

AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE APPARATUS USED FOR THE CARPET AND

RUG STANDARD PROPOSED ON DECEMBER 18, 1969- THE TEST

IS SIMILAR TO THAT SHOWN IN FIGURE 8. THE SAME BURNING

TABLET IS USED, BUT IN THIS PROPOSED STANDARD AT LEAST

SEVEN OUT OF EIGHT SPECIMENS MUST NOT BURN THREE INCHES

OR MORE IN MY DIRECTION. THIS REQUIREMENT, ALONG WITH

THE REQUIREMENT THAT THE SAMPLES OF CARPET BE TESTED DRY,

MAKES THIS A MORE STRINGENT STANDARD THAN THAT USED IN

DDD-C-95.
69

FIGURE 16

SPECIMENS OF THE TWELVE RUG TYPES USED IN THE DEVELOPMENT

OF THE PROPOSED CARPET AND RUG STANDARD.
TO

FIGURE 17

A PICTURE OF THE NEWLY DEVELOPED RATE-OF-BURN TEST.

WHILE SUPERFICIALLY SIMILAR TO THE TEST SHOWN IN FIGURE 3,

THIS TEST MEASURES ONLY BURN TIME. THE RESULTS ARE NOT

COMPLICATED BY THE ADMIXTURE OF TIME TO IGNITION IN THE

RESULTS

.
71

BURNING TIME (6 in.) vs FABRIC WEIGHT

29.8 t

A (35)

56.90 27.42

•(30) D (3D

18 - a

16 —

(52)

(47)

14 X

12 - o

a>

iS> -—* 10 -

LU^ -

h8

- o

-z. cr >cx Z) cb^o

DQ 6

-

A

-

A

4

— O

o o

Xb

D

A

C .OX

X D

J I I I L

COTTON, RAYON, OR

° COTTON -RAYON BLEND

• WOOL, SILK

a ACETATE

a NYLON, POLYESTER

n BLEND, BONDED

x NOT KNOWN

J I I 2 4 6 8 10

FABRIC WEIGHT (oz /yd 2

)

FIGURE 18

RESULTS OF BURN TIMES OBTAINED IN THE APPARATUS SHOWN

IN FIGURE 17 PLOTTED AGAINST FABRIC WEIGHT PER UNIT ARM.

FOR MANY FABRICS, THE BURN TIME IS LINEARLY DEPENDENT

ON THE FABRIC WEIGHT PER UNIT AREA. OTHER FABRICS DO

NOT FOLLOW THIS CORRELATION.
72

FIGURE 19

A PHOTOGRAPH OF THE APPARATUS USED IN THE NEWLY DEVELOPED

TEST METHOD FOR EASE OF IGNITION. THE SMALL FLAME IS

IMPINGED ON THE SPECIMEN OF FABRIC FOR SUCCESSIVELY

LONGER TIMES UNTIL THE SHORTEST TIME FOR WHICH IGNITION

IS OBTAINED IS FOUND.
73

CO

U_l CO

CJ>

CD

C_>

RELATIONSHIP OF IGNITION TIME 7.3A

6 _ TO FABRIC WEIGHT

#5-C0TT0N

#7 -COTTON

So •39

5

- * 27- WOOL

*30-W00L

•27

•5

• • #39-W00L,NYL0N

4

•

i " # I5- NYLON -Nl (NOT • *I6-NYL0N-NI

•

£

•

•

•

3 _ #22-SILK-NI

*24-W00L-NI • . •

• •

/\ *34 -POLYESTER- Nl *

. •

• 2

1

•

. . * •

•

•

• •

i

••

••

|

1

•7

50 100 150 200 250 300

WEIGHT OF FABRIC MATERIALS ,g/m'

350

FIGURE 20

RESULTS OBTAINED ON A REPRESENTATIVE SERIES OF FABRICS

WITH THE TEST METHOD SHOWN IN FIGURE 19 PLOTTED AS A

FUNCTION OF FABRIC WEIGHT PER UNIT AREA. THE FABRICS

ARE THE SAME AS THOSE USED TO OBTAIN THE RESULTS SHOWN

IN FIGURE 18. THE TIME TO IGNITION IS A LINEAR FUNCTION

OF THE FABRIC WEIGHT PER UNIT AREA FOR SOME TYPES OF

FABRICS, BUT OTHERS DO NOT FOLLOW THIS CORRELATION.
7^

FIGURE 21

THE MOST MODEM MODIFICATION OF THE VERTICAL TEST

DESCRIBED IN FIGURE k. THE COMMENTS MADE THERE APPLY

EQUALLY TO THIS TEST.
75

FIGURE 22

A SMALL MATTRESS BEING USED TO DEVELOP A MATTRESS TEST.

ONE OF THE POSSIBILITIES FOR THIS TEST IS A CIGARETTE

TEST SUCH AS ILLUSTRATED HERE. IN THIS PARTICULAR TEST

WITH THIS PARTICULAR MATTRESS, THE MATTRESS WILL BEGIN

TO SMOLDER SHORTLY AFTER PLACEMENT OF THE CIGARETTE,

AND EVENTUALLY EMIT COPIOUS QUANTITIES OF FUMES.
76

FIGURE 23

A TEST BEING DEVELOPED TO MEASURE THE COHVECTIVE HEAT

GIVEN OFF DURING BURNING OF A FABRIC. THE HOT GASES

ARE DRAWN UP THROUGH THE COPPER TUBE BY THE FAN AND

THEIR TEMPERATURE MEASURED. THE RESULTS OF THIS TEST

METHOD, COMBINED WITH THOSE SHOWN IN FIGURES 1, 2 AND

12, WILL MAKE MORE MEANINGFUL TEST METHODS POSSIBLE.
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