# United States Court **of Appeals**  **f or the Fifth Circuit** 

**____________** No. 23

- 60294 Summary Calendar

**____________ United States of America,** 
Plaintiff

— Appellee **,**

versus
**Ronald Harris Cuevas,**
Defendant

— Appellant

**.**

**______________________________** Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi USDC No. 1:21

- CR

- 145

- 1

**__________ ____________________**  Before **Higginbotham ,**  **Stewart ,**  and **Southwick ,**  Circuit Judges

**. Per Curiam**  **:** ***** Ronald Harris Cuevas pled guilty to one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). In his written plea agreement, Cuevas expressly waived the right to appeal his conviction or sentence on any grounds and reserv ed only the right to bring an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. The district court accepted Cuevas’s guilty plea

**_____________________**

* This opinion is not designated for publication. See **5th Cir**

**. R** 

**.** 47.5. 4. United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit 

### FILED January 26, 2024

Lyle W. Cayce Clerk Case: 23-60294 Document: 00517046574 Page: 1 Date Filed: 01/26/2024No. 23

- 60294

2 and sentenced him to a 120

- month imprisonment term and three years of supervised release

. Cuevas did not object to the constitutionality of Secti on 922(g)(1) before the district court

. The court granted Cuevas’s 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to file an out

- of

- time appeal. Following an extension, Cuevas timely filed a notice of appeal. S ee **Fed. R. App. P. 4** (b)(4). The Government subsequently filed a m otion to dismiss, or alternatively for summary affirmance. S ummary affirmance is **GRANTED**

. Cuevas argues that Section 922(g)(1) is unconstitutional under the Supreme Court ’s decision in New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass ’ n v. Bruen , 597 U.S. 1 (2022) , and our subsequent ruling in United States v. Rahimi , 61 F.4th 443 (5th Cir.), cert. granted , 143 S. Ct. 2688 (2023)

. Cuevas argues Bruen and Rahimi render his plea agreement, including the appeal waiver, unenforceable under the Second Amendment. Thus, effectuating Cuevas’s appeal waiver would constitute a miscarriage of justice.

Cuevas raises this constitutional challenge for the first time on appeal

. We therefore review it for plain error. United States v. Fernandez , 559 F.3d 303, 316 (5th Cir. 2009 ). An appeal waiver is considered valid “if the defendant indicates that he read and understood the agreement and the agreement contains an explicit, unambiguous waiver .” United States v. Kelly , 915 F.3d 344, 348 (5th Cir. 2019 ) (quoting United States v. Keele , 755 F.3d 752, 754 (5th Cir. 2014) )

. Constitutional rights can be waived as part of appeal waivers, United States v. Portillo

- Munoz , 643 F.3d 437, 442 (5th Cir. 2011), but t he waiver will not be enforced if the language is “insufficient to accompli sh an intelligent waiver of the right not to be prosecuted (and imprisoned) for conduct that does not violate the law , ” United States v. White , 258 F.3d 374, 380 (5th Cir. 2001 ). In his plea agreement, Cuevas “expressly” waived the “right to appeal [his] conviction and sentence imposed in this case, or the manner in Case: 23-60294 Document: 00517046574 Page: 2 Date Filed: 01/26/2024No. 23

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3 which that sentence was imposed, on the grounds set forth in [18 U.S.C. §] 3742, or on any ground whatsoever.” This waiver does not expressly bar or except a challenge to the constitutionality of Section 922(g)(1), but that is of no consequence here under plain error review because a pplying Bruen would not establish an “error, that is plain , and that affects [Cuevas’s] substantial rights .” Fernandez , 559 F.3d at 316.

Fo r a legal error to be plain, it “must be clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable debate.” Jimenez v. Wood Cnty

. , 660 F.3d 841, 847 (5th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted)

. A “lack of binding authority is often dispositive in the plain

- error contex t.” United States v. Gonzalez , 792 F.3d 534, 538 (5th Cir. 2015). Further, the error must be considered “clear under current law .” United States v. Trejo , 610 F.3d 308, 319 (5th Cir. 2010) (citation and emphasis omitted). “An error is not plain under c urrent law if a defendant’s theory requires the extension of precedent.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).

In Bruen , t he Supreme Court articulated a new test for assessing the constitutionality of a statute under the Second Amendment. See 597 U .S. at 17, 24

– 25. This court extended Bruen to a preserved Second Amendment challenge to 18 U.S.C. § 9 22(g)(8), which bans the possession of firearms by a person subject to a domestic violence restraining order. Rahimi , 61 F.4th at 448. However, neither Bruen nor Rahimi dictate s such a result for Section 922(g)(1) , and this lack of binding authority is dispositive. Gonzales , 792 F.3d

at 538. Indeed, we have rejected similar unpreserved Second Amendment challenges to Section 922(g)(1) based on Bruen

. See, e.g., United States v . Roy , No. 22

- 10677, 2023 WL 3073266 (5th Cir. Apr. 25, 2023); United States v. Pickett , No. 22

- 11006, 2023 WL 3193281 (5th Cir. May 2, 2023). Summary affirmance **GRANTED**

. Case: 23-60294 Document: 00517046574 Page: 3 Date Filed: 01/26/2024