1

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REPORTER'S TRANSCRIPT

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PUBLIC HEARING

FOR

PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR

HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FROM COAL AND OIL-FIRED

ELECTRIC UTILITY STEAM GENERATING UNITS AND STANDARDS
OF PERFORMANCE FOR FOSSIL-FUEL-FIRED ELECTRIC UTILITY,

INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL-INSTITUTIONAL, AND SMALL

INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL-INSTITUTIONAL STEAM GENERATING

UNITS

THE WESTIN PHILADELPHIA HOTEL 99 SOUTH 17TH STREET, AT LIBERTY PLACE PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 19103

24 MAY 20112

1 MR. BRENNER: Good morning and thanks to all

2 of you for attending this public hearing. It's one of

3 three hearings that we at the Environmental Protection

4 Agency are holding to take comment on our proposed

5 Mission Standards which will control mercury and other

6 air toxics from coal and oil fired power plants.

7 We're holding a second hearing today in

8 Chicago and the third hearing will be this Thursday in

9 Atlanta.

10 I'm Rob Brenner and I'm the Director of EPA's

11 Office of Policy Analysis and Review and I will be

12 chairing this hearing today.

13 On the panel with me are Kathleen Cox, the

14 Associate Director for Permits and Air Toxics in EPA's

15 Region Three Office here in Philadelphia. Paul Versace

16 from EPA's Office of General Counsel and Kevin Culligan

17 who is an Associate Division Director with our Office

18 of Air Quality, Planning and Standards located in North

19 Carolina.

20 On March 16, the EPA proposed mercury and air

21 toxic standards for coal and oil fired power plants.

22 These clean air act standards would significantly

23 reduce emissions of toxic air pollutants. Toxic air

24 pollutants are also known as hazardous air pollutants

25 and they're known or suspected of causing cancer and3

1 other serious health effects.

2 In addition, we've proposed to review clean

3 air act standards known as new source performance

4 standards and they reduce emissions of particulate

5 matter, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from new

6 coal and oil fired power plants.

7 Power plants emit mercury, arsenic, chromium,

8 nickel, organic air toxics, acid gasses and other

9 harmful air pollutants. They're the largest domestic

10 source of mercury emissions to the air.

11 Once mercury from the air reaches water, the

12 microorganisms in the water can change it into methyl

13 mercury, which is a highly toxic form that builds up in

14 fish. People are primarily exposed to mercury by

15 eating that contaminated fish. And children's

16 developing brains are especially susceptible to damage

17 from this exposure. The efforts include reductions

18 in -- the affects of that exposure include reductions

19 in their IQ and their ability to learn.

20 We estimate that by 2016, the proposed power

21 plant mercury and air toxic standards would prevent

22 sixty eight hundred to perhaps as much as seventeen

23 thousand premature deaths annually, as well as provide

24 many other health and environmental benefits. The

25 portion of those benefits that can be quantified total4

1 more than fifty-nine billion dollars a year and could

2 be as much as a hundred and forty billion dollars a

3 year in benefits annually, beginning with the year

4 2016.

5 Those benefits far outweigh what we estimate

6 the cost of this regulation to be, which is just under

7 eleven billion dollars a year.

8 In addition, implementing these standards

9 would also create good jobs for American workers,

10 building, installing and operating the equipment that's

11 needed to reduce these health threatening emissions.

12 Since proposing this rule, we've updated some

13 of the mercury emissions data used to develop the

14 proposed standards. We do not expect that update,

15 which corrects a calculation error with a small amount

16 of the data that we used to develop the rule, to change

17 the types of pollution controls necessary to comply or

18 the tremendous benefits that I just described for

19 public health.

20 We've made the corrected data available for

21 public review on our website and in the docket that's

22 assigned to this rule making.

23 Currently, there are no existing federal

24 requirements for power plants to limit their emissions

25 of toxic air pollutants, like mercury, arsenic and5

1 metals. The prior administration finalized a rule to

2 cut mercury pollution from power plants, but the DC

3 Circuit struck down the rule as illegal and required

4 EPA to develop standards that follow the law and the

5 science in order to protect human health and the

6 environment.

7 Today, we will be accepting comments on all

8 aspects of our proposal. Written transcripts for all

9 three hearings will be available as part of the

10 official record for the rule and we will consider them

11 as we move forward to complete a final rule in November

12 of this year.

13 We're also accepting written comments for the

14 proposed rule until July 5, 2011. There's a handout

15 available in the registration area with detailed

16 information for submitting written comments by either

17 mail, fax, or electronically, so let me describe the

18 procedures for today's hearing.

19 I'm going to call the scheduled speakers to

20 the microphone in pairs. When it's your turn to speak,

21 if you could start by stating your name and your

22 affiliation before you begin your testimony, that would

23 be very helpful and it would also help our court

24 reporter if you would spell your name.

25 In order to be fair to everyone, please limit6

1 your testimony to five minutes each. I think you may

2 have -- many of you may be aware that we have had

3 requests to speak for each five minute increment

4 available today until pretty late this, this evening.

5 So, if you could limit your testimony to five minutes

6 each and remain at the microphone until both speakers

7 in a pair have finished, we'll be able to work through

8 all of the sets of comments in a timely way.

9 After you finish your testimony, I or other

10 members of the panel here may ask some clarifying

11 questions and to the extent you're able to be very

12 efficient in presenting your testimony, that will give

13 us more of an opportunity to ask you some questions and

14 have a bit of a back and forth which can be very

15 helpful to us.

16 And if in addition to the transcript of your

17 testimony, you would also like the full text of your

18 written comments, included in the docket, just give us

19 a copy of your written comments. You can give it to

20 the staff at the registration table where you came in

21 and they'll make sure that it gets into the docket for

22 the, for the rule making.

23 We have a time keeping system and that

24 consists of green, yellow, and red lights. When you

25 begin speaking, the green light will come on. You'll7

1 have five minutes to speak. The yellow light will

2 signal that you have two minutes left to wrap up your

3 comments and when the red light comes on, that means

4 that your five minutes has, has passed and I'm going to

5 ask you to try to move quickly to wrap up your

6 testimony.

7 So the hearing is going to go from now, this

8 morning, and will continue until eight tonight or, or

9 later if we need to depending on the number of speakers

10 that come in this evening. The hearing will go on

11 recess during the scheduled lunch break from twelve

12 thirty until two p.m. and there will be a dinner break

13 from five until six thirty and then we will reconvene

14 promptly at the end of those two periods; at two

15 o'clock and six thirty respectively. We intend into

16 the evening until everyone has an opportunity to

17 comment. And if you want to testify, but you have not

18 yet registered to do so, please sign up at the

19 registration table and if we can find a way to work you

20 in during the course of the day, hopefully soon, we

21 will make every effort to, to do that.

22 To those of you who have already registered

23 to speak, we've tried to accommodate your request for

24 specific time slots. It's a little hard to predict

25 exactly how the timing will go and we're going to ask8

1 for your patience as we proceed through the list of

2 speakers. There's a chance we may need to make a few

3 adjustments to -- as the day goes on, but we're going

4 to try to be respectful of your time and get you the

5 opportunity to testify as close to the time you

6 requested as, as possible.

7 So thanks again to all of you for

8 participating today and we should go ahead and get

9 started. The first two people to testify are Rabbi

10 Daniel Swartz from the Scranton area Ministerium in

11 Pennsylvania Interfaith Power and Light and Deborah P.

12 Brown from the American Lung Association.

13 Welcome Rabbi Swartz and please get started.

14 RABBI SWARTZ: Sure. Good morning. I'm

15 Rabbi Daniel Swartz, S-W-A-R-T-Z from Pennsylvania

16 Interfaith Power and Light and the Scranton Area

17 Ministerium.

18 I want to thank the EPA staff and

19 Administrator Lisa Jackson for the opportunity to share

20 comments this morning and to say thank you even more

21 for proposing this strong rule designed to protect our

22 children and future generations from devastating

23 consequences of mercury pollution.

24 I'm here this morning in several roles. As a

25 Vice President of Pennsylvania Interfaith Power and9

1 Light, one of thirty-eight affiliates of Interfaith

2 Power and Light, a national effort of more than ten

3 thousand congregations and individuals of faith to give

4 voice to faith based moral perspectives on climate

5 change and energy use.

6 As a Rabbi who seriously takes a prophetic

7 call for justice and as a father of my eleven year old

8 daughter, Alana, who has accompanied me here all the

9 way from Scranton because she too believes so

10 passionately in the importance of this rule.

11 The devastating impact of mercury pollution

12 on developing minds has been well understood and widely

13 accepted in the scientific community for decades. And

14 yet we have failed as a nation to require the biggest

15 polluters, coal-fired power plants, to do all that they

16 can do to protect it -- to prevent it.

17 We have, in effect, subsidized the poisoning

18 of fetuses, babies, and young children. This is wrong.

19 What's worse is that those most affected because they

20 live near pollution sources or subsist to a significant

21 extent on game fish are disproportionately among the

22 least powerful, least well to do members of our

23 society. These children already face significant

24 challenges; under performing schools, inadequate health

25 care, unsafe neighborhoods and homes, and more, placing10

1 the extra burden of brains short circuited in their

2 development by mercury is neither moral, nor fair.

3 EPA's proposed mercury rule goes a long way

4 in addressing these injustices. My daughter and I ask

5 you to please keep it strong so that all of American's

6 children can have brighter futures.

7 I'd like to close with a brief comment on one

8 aspect of the March 2011 regulatory impact analysis of

9 the proposed toxics rule.

10 As is unfortunately required by the Office of

11 Management and Budget, you included in this analysis a

12 look at overall benefits under a seven percent discount

13 rate. A discount rate that high means that future

14 benefits lose half their value every ten years.

15 Because the benefits in question are the health and

16 well being of our children, that discount rate

17 essentially puts the future of our children on half

18 price sale each decade.

19 I know of no parent who believes or acts as

20 if their children lose half their value every ten

21 years, even if there might be days when our children

22 seem to precipitously drop in value.

23 As a parent, I think that the discount rate

24 is inaccurate and as a person of faith, I believe it is

25 profoundly wrong and unjust. When calculating for11

1 generational benefits such as when dealing with climate

2 change, EPA has previously used a two point five

3 percent discount rate. Because we are dealing with

4 impacts that stay with children their entire lives, a

5 two point five percent rate would be both more accurate

6 and more appropriate from an ethical standpoint.

7 Thank you for your consideration.

8 MR. BRENNER: Thank you very much for that

9 testimony. Ms. Brown.

10 MS. BROWN: Good morning. My name is

11 Deborah, D-E-B-O-R-A-H, last name is Brown, B-R-O-W-N

12 and I service -- the CEO for the American Lung

13 Association of the Mid Atlantic which encompasses

14 Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and West Virginia.

15 I'm here today to protect residents of the

16 mid Atlantic from the hazardous air pollution. I

17 support the EPA's proposal to clean up hazardous air

18 pollutants from coal-fired power plants. I support the

19 move to close a toxic loophole that has existed in

20 twenty years.

21 I believe all Americans deserve to be

22 defended from dangerous and sometimes lethal air

23 pollutants.

24 Coal-Fired power plants produce electricity

25 from the nation's power grid, but they also produce12

1 more hazardous air emissions such as arsenic, mercury,

2 formaldehyde, and hydrogen chloride than any other

3 industrial pollution source.

4 Burning coal releases chemicals into the

5 atmosphere that threaten not only the air we breathe,

6 but the water we drink, the soil we live on, and the

7 food we eat.

8 Over three hundred eighty-six thousand tons

9 of eighty-four separate hazardous air pollutants spew

10 from four hundred plants in forty-six states, according

11 to the American Lung Association's report, Toxic Air,

12 the Case for Cleaning up Coal-Fired Power Plants. And

13 hopefully, you all had a chance to see the

14 advertisement that the American Lung Association placed

15 in the Philadelphia Enquirer yesterday which quotes and

16 makes reference to this information as well.

17 Emissions threatens the health of people who

18 live near these plants, as well as those who live

19 hundreds of miles away. Many of these plants are

20 concentrated in the Ohio Valley and the southeast, but

21 their toxic emissions threaten the air and communities

22 throughout the country.

23 In 1990, Congress took action to protect

24 Americans from these airborne hazards. Congress added

25 special requirements in the Clean Air Act, Clean Air13

1 Act to clean -- require the U.S. Environmental

2 Protection Agency to clean up toxic substances. After

3 twenty years of delays, it is finally time for EPA to

4 require the electric utility companies to clean up

5 these dangerous emissions.

6 These clean up requirements are based on what

7 many existing plants are doing. In fact, many plants

8 in Pennsylvania already meet these requirements. This

9 would level the playing field for all utilities and

10 will let them clearly know what is expected going

11 forward. This rule will hold power plants accountable

12 to the same standards that other industries have been

13 held to nationwide.

14 Many plants outside Pennsylvania spew toxic

15 pollution that spreads into our state, but we in

16 Pennsylvania can't make them stop spreading pollution

17 here. This rule will require that those plants be much

18 cleaner, providing healthier air for all.

19 Have you ever watched a -- someone battling

20 to breathe? A child gasping for air? I have. I have

21 watched my own family, as well as others, and I will

22 tell you it is heartbreaking. Hazardous air emissions

23 can make breathing difficult. It can worsen asthma,

24 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchitis, and

25 other lung diseases. These pollutants can also cause14

1 heart attacks and stroke, lung cancer and other

2 cancers, birth defects, and premature deaths.

3 By cleaning up these plants, we know we will

4 save lives.

5 As the Association responsible for protecting

6 the lung health of over twenty-four million people who

7 reside in the mid Atlantic, I ask you today not to wait

8 another twenty years. The impact of clean air is

9 immediate. Start now.

10 Thank you.

11 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. I have one question

12 for Rabbi Swartz. Could you say a bit more about the

13 Pennsylvania Interfaith Power and Light group?

14 RABBI SWARTZ: Sure. We're the -- one of the

15 newest affiliates of a national program that was

16 started in 1998 by Reverend Sally Bingham of Interfaith

17 Power and Light. We were started just about a year ago

18 by concerned people of faith, clergy, and lay leaders

19 headquartered in, in State College now with one part20 time staff person, but we've already signed up dozens

21 of congregations across the country -- across the, the

22 State of Pennsylvania. And we're all trying to take

23 seriously a look at, at the ethical implication of our

24 own energy use, of our society's energy use and how

25 what we do, often thoughtlessly in turning on lights15

1 and using energy affect so many people and, and, and

2 how to be more moral in, in that behavior.

3 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Let me ask my

4 colleagues if there are any additional questions?

5 Thank you very much.

6 Next up, we have Charles McPhedran from the

7 Citizens for Pennsylvania's Future and Robin Mann from

8 the Sierra Club. Give us one minute, we'll see if we

9 can get this to work. Okay. Mr. McPhedran.

10 MR. McPHEDRAN: My name is Charles McPhedran,

11 that's M-C-P-H-E-D-R-A-N. I'm speaking today on behalf

12 of Citizens for Pennsylvania's Future or Penn Future.

13 Penn Future works for a healthy environment, clean

14 energy, and a strong economy across the state. I'm the

15 Chair of our law staff which represents Penn Future

16 members and other groups in litigation.

17 MR. BRENNER: Would you bring the microphone

18 a little bit closer to you?

19 MR. McPHEDRAN: Sure. I'm here today in

20 support of effective regulation of mercury and air

21 toxic emissions from coal and oil fired power plants.

22 Pennsylvania is ground zero for mercury

23 pollution. In 2009, EPA's toxics release inventory

24 placed us second nationally for emissions of mercury

25 and mercury compounds to the air from power plants.16

1 The recent report by the Environmental

2 Integrity Project ranked the Shawville Plant in

3 Clearfield County as having the highest rate of mercury

4 emissions in the country.

5 Mercury is a persistent bio-accumulative

6 toxin. As EPA states in its proposal, mercury places

7 special risks to pregnant women and fetuses. Past

8 studies have estimated that as many as one in six women

9 of child bearing age have mercury in their blood above

10 the level that would pose a risk to a developing fetus.

11 Given our high emissions of mercury in

12 Pennsylvania, it is no surprise that our fish and boat

13 commission has issued a sport fish consumption advisory

14 based in part on mercury pollution.

15 In addition to its health and environmental

16 effects, mercury contamination of Pennsylvania fish

17 threatens negative impacts for recreation fishing,

18 which the fish and boat commission estimates has an

19 economic impact of one point three five billion dollars

20 per year.

21 In August of 2004, in the absence of federal

22 mercury emissions standards, Penn Future led a

23 coalition of over sixteen environmental, public health,

24 sportsmen's and other organizations to petition

25 Pennsylvania DEP to regulate mercury17

1 emissions from power plants.

2 In 2007, DEP issued a final rule requiring

3 mercury reductions from existing coal-fired power

4 plants of up to ninety percent by 2015. However, after

5 federal court action on EPA's clean air mercury rule,

6 the Pennsylvania Supreme Court invalidated the

7 Pennsylvania mercury rule due to limitations on state

8 rule making.

9 Now, after the loss of our strong state rule,

10 we need federal leadership to address mercury.

11 Penn Future supports the EPA proposal which

12 offers ninety-one percent mercury emission reductions.

13 In addition to mercury, Penn Future supports the

14 remainder of the air toxics proposal.

15 Our electric utilities lead the nation in

16 annual arsenic emissions. Besides reducing arsenic,

17 reducing air toxics by regulating fine particles offers

18 the opportunity for significant co-benefits in

19 Pennsylvania. For all or part of twenty-three counties

20 do not attain fine particle standards.

21 According to EPA, the proposed rule will

22 prevent up to seventeen thousand premature deaths,

23 eleven thousand heart attacks and twelve thousand two

24 hundred hospital and emergency room visits each year.

25 As EPA notes in its proposal, the regulation18

1 of other industries, utilities are by far the largest

2 remaining source of mercury in the United States.

3 It's time to move forward with a strong rule

4 to regulate mercury and air toxics. Penn Future

5 supports EPA's proposal.

6 MR. BRENNER: Thank you very much.

7 MS. MANN: Hi, I'm Robin Mann, M-A-N-N with

8 the Sierra Club.

9 Good morning. My name is Robin Mann and I'm

10 President of the Sierra Club. Thank you for the

11 opportunity to testify this morning. I'm very proud to

12 be here on behalf of the Sierra Club's one point four

13 million members and supporters asking the EPA to

14 protect our health from toxic mercury and other

15 pollution from power plants.

16 In particular, I'm proud to speak on behalf

17 of the three hundred thousand Americans who have

18 submitted comments to your agency online voicing strong

19 support for the proposed mercury and air toxic

20 standard.

21 This long overdue proposal would establish

22 the first ever national limits on power plant emissions

23 of heavy metals, including mercury and arsenic, acid

24 gasses, dioxin and other air toxics.

25 As the EPA has recognized and many of the19

1 experts here today will testify, these chemicals are in

2 a special class of pollutants that are extremely

3 harmful to human health. Air toxics are linked to

4 cancer, heart disease, neurological damage, birth

5 defects, asthma attacks, immune system damage, eye

6 irritation and even premature death.

7 It has been a long wait for these standards,

8 too long to wait while corporate polluters have been

9 allowed to emit air toxins with impunity. Twenty years

10 ago, these common sense controls on power plant

11 emissions were mandated as part of the Clean Air Act

12 Amendments. For twenty years, the coal industry has

13 managed to evade their obligation to stop the

14 uncontrolled dumping of mercury and other air toxics

15 into our air and water. Even now while the technology

16 is readily available, the costs are affordable and the

17 public health benefits are so clear, big coal is

18 mounting an intense campaign to resist cleaning up the

19 oldest and dirtiest power plants.

20 The Environmental Protection Agency has the

21 fundamental responsibility to protect public health and

22 the environment by preventing the toxic contamination

23 of our air and water. The American public has the

24 right to clean and clean water, yet our power plants

25 are the largest remaining unregulated source of mercury20

1 and several other toxic air pollutants.

2 While the coal industry would have it

3 otherwise, the proposed mercury and air toxics

4 standards would finally reign in this life threatening

5 pollution.

6 The Sierra Club stands in full support of the

7 EPA's effort to finally shoulder its commitment to

8 clean up dirty power plants and protect public health.

9 Right here in Pennsylvania, the mercury and

10 air toxics standards will make a significant

11 difference. In total Pennsylvania's dirty coal-fired

12 power plants emit fifteen thousand, five hundred fifty

13 pounds of toxic mercury into the air each year. An

14 estimated thirteen hundred fifty-nine premature deaths

15 that occurred in Pennsylvania in 2010 are attributed to

16 toxic emissions from power plants. This is a chilling

17 statistic. And thousands of Pennsylvanians have

18 suffered other illnesses as a direct result of airborne

19 toxics from dirty coal-fired power plants. For

20 example, GenOn's Portland Plant in North Hampton is

21 harming the health of Pennsylvania and New Jersey

22 residents who live nearby the plant.

23 In 2010 alone, thirty premature deaths,

24 fifty-four heart attacks, five hundred asthma attacks,

25 nineteen chronic bronchitis episodes and twenty asthma21

1 related emergency room visits were attributed to the

2 Portland Plant's air emissions.

3 If enacted, the EPA mercury and air toxics

4 standards will eliminate ninety-one percent of these

5 dangerous pollutants in the air in Pennsylvania and

6 around the country. The new standards will protect our

7 health and benefit our economy with reduced costs for

8 medical care and other services.

9 In closing, I'd like to share a personal

10 reason for supporting the mercury and air toxic

11 standards. My first grandchild was born in March, just

12 after EPA announced its intention to establish these

13 standards for power plant pollutants. I feel very

14 blessed, my granddaughter Elsie is a healthy and happy

15 newborn. And yet it might not have been so. My

16 daughter-in-law grew up in a fishing community and fish

17 was a dominant part of her diet. Fortunately, learning

18 of the health risks of absorbing mercury from

19 contaminated fish, she underwent testing and discovered

20 that her mercury count was high. She modified her diet

21 and was able to rid her body of the contamination

22 before she and my son started a family.

23 Young parents, like my son and

24 daughter-in-law make a concerted effort to protect

25 their infants and children, but they cannot control the22

1 quality of the air they breathe. It is the

2 responsibility of the EPA to protect the fragile lungs,

3 brains, and bodies of children from dangerous

4 pollution.

5 For the sake of my own granddaughter and for

6 all, the sake of all of our children, the EPA must

7 enact these mercury and air toxics pollution controls

8 without further delay. Thank you for the opportunity

9 to comment on behalf of the Sierra Club.

10 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. During your

11 comments, there were a couple of studies or numbers --

12 MS. MANN: Yes.

13 MR. BRENNER: -- that you cited regarding

14 impacts of power plants and to the extent those are

15 based on studies, it would be very helpful to have

16 those when you submit your comments to the docket.

17 MS. MANN: Yes [indecipherable] reference.

18 MR. BRENNER: Any additional questions? All

19 right. Thank you very much.

20 Next two witnesses are Joseph Minott from the

21 Clean Air Council, it's probably Minott, I apologize.

22 And Adam Garber from Penn Environment. Is it Minott?

23 MR. MINOTT: Minott, yes.

24 MR. BRENNER: Minott. Okay. Okay.

25 Mr. Minott.23

1 MR. MINOTT: Thank you. My name is Joe

2 Minott and I'm the Executive Director of the Clean Air

3 Council and I'm sitting beside my colleague Adam Garber

4 who's much better dressed than I am, but so be it.

5 On behalf of the Clean Air Council, I want to

6 thank the United States Environmental Protection Agency

7 for the opportunity to comment on its proposed mercury

8 and air toxic rule.

9 Clean Air Council is a nonprofit

10 environmental and public health advocacy organization

11 that was incorporated in 1967 with operations in

12 Pennsylvania, Delaware and New Jersey. The Council's

13 mission is to protect everyone's right to breathe clean

14 air.

15 The purpose of my testimony today is to

16 strongly urge the EPA to ignore the intense lobbying by

17 the coal industry in trying to get the EPA to overlook

18 the public health threat from coal burning power

19 plants.

20 As Administrator Jackson recently pointed out

21 on the Daily Show with Jon Stewart. This rule has been

22 twenty-one years in the making. I actually have a cite

23 for that too, if you haven't seen it.

24 But Pennsylvania is the ideal setting for

25 this discussion on the harm caused by coal burning24

1 power plants. In 2009, EPA placed Pennsylvania second

2 nationally for emissions of mercury from power plants.

3 The Council lauds the EPA for proposing long

4 overdue mercury and hazardous air pollutant standards

5 for coal and all fired electric utility steam

6 generating units. This is commendable and a necessary

7 step towards strengthening national protection of

8 public health and the environment.

9 Currently, power plants are the dominant

10 source of mercury, fifty percent, acid gasses, over

11 fifty percent and other toxic metals over twenty-five

12 percent, pollution in the United States. And coal

13 plants are responsible for ninety-nine percent of

14 mercury pollution. The proposed EPA rule will reduce

15 mercury emission from coal-fired power plants by ninety16 one percent, acid gas emissions by ninety-one percent,

17 sulfur dioxide emissions by fifty-five percent. Each

18 year, it will prevent seventeen thousand premature

19 deaths, eleven thousand heart attacks, a hundred and

20 twenty thousand asthma attacks and twelve thousand two

21 hundred hospital and emergency room visits, forty-five

22 hundred cases of chronic bronchitis and five point one

23 million restricted activity days.

24 These benefits are especially important to

25 minority and low income populations who are25

1 disproportionately impacted by asthma and other

2 debilitating environmental health conditions.

3 The EPA's estimate -- estimates air quality

4 improvements of fifty-nine million -- I'm sorry,

5 fifty-nine to a hundred and forty billion dollars each

6 year, including an estimated five to thirteen in health

7 benefits for every dollar spent to reduce air

8 pollution.

9 The EPA also estimates this rule will provide

10 thirty-one thousand short-term construction jobs and

11 nine thousand long term utility jobs.

12 This rule will level the playing field across

13 the United States so that all power plants will have to

14 limit their emissions of mercury as plants in some

15 states already do. This is not about politics, it's

16 not about profits, it's not even about what America's

17 energy policy should be. It's about public health.

18 I'm going to stop my comments here though

19 I -- they go on and I'd like to enter into the record

20 these comments from Clean Air Council members.

21 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Thank you very much.

22 Mr. Garber.

23 MR. GARBER: Thank you. My name is Adam

24 Garber and I'm the Field Director for Penn Environment.

25 Penn Environment is a statewide citizen funded26

1 environmental advocacy organization and we're part of

2 Environment America, a federation of twenty-nine state

3 environmental advocacy organizations that have been

4 very active in advancing state and federal policies to

5 cut mercury and other toxic air emissions from power

6 plants.

7 I'm here today to testify on behalf of our

8 fifty thousand Pennsylvania members and activists in

9 support of a strong EPA -- EPA's strong proposed

10 mercury and air toxics rule.

11 As previously testified by other people, once

12 implemented, this rule will save as many as seventeen

13 thousand lives every year. Will prevent tens of

14 thousands of more hospitalizations and will

15 significantly cut some of the most hazardous pollutants

16 known to man, such as mercury, lead, and arsenic.

17 For decades, power plants have been a

18 significant source of toxic air pollution in the United

19 States. Coal-Fired power plants are the single largest

20 source of mercury pollution, arsenic, and acid gasses

21 in the United States and here in Pennsylvania are

22 the -- Pennsylvania's power plants create the second

23 most amount of mercury pollution out of any set of

24 power plants in the country.

25 In addition to mercury, arsenic, and acid27

1 gasses, power plants spew dozens of other toxic

2 pollutants in the air including chromium, nickel, lead,

3 and dioxins. They spew hundreds of thousands of tons

4 of these toxic air pollutants into our air and water

5 every year, which are linked to cancer, heart disease,

6 neurological damage, birth defects, asthma attacks, and

7 even premature death.

8 And these coal-fired power plants are

9 responsible for ninety-nine percent of all mercury

10 emissions from power sector in the U.S. Mercury is

11 especially potent and harmful neurotoxin. Even a gram

12 drop -- sized drop of mercury is enough to contaminate

13 an entire twenty acre lake.

14 When coal-fired plants emit mercury from

15 their smokestacks, rain, snow and dust particles wash

16 it out of the air onto land, into waterways and

17 ultimately into our food chain.

18 Mercury is the most common contaminant in the

19 fish in the United States and because of this, every

20 state has some sort of fish advisories due to unsafe

21 levels of the toxic pollutant. Here in Pennsylvania

22 where we have the second most amount of number of

23 stream -- miles of streams and rivers in the entire

24 country, eighty-two of our waterways have unsafe levels

25 of mercury pollution including parts of the Delaware28

1 River, places some of the best trout stream fishing in

2 the entire country.

3 This pollution puts people who eat the fish

4 at risk of mercury affects. It harms the fishing

5 industry and it damages ecosystems and species.

6 Wildlife that is exposed to mercury may die or

7 depending upon the liver -- level of exposure, have

8 reduced fertility or complete reproductive failure, as

9 well as slower growth and development.

10 Mercury and other air toxic pollutants were

11 first listed as a hazard and air pollutant under the

12 Clean Air Act in 1990 and other coal-fired power plants

13 remain the single largest source of mercury, arsenic,

14 and acid gasses in the United States since then and

15 coal companies have successfully fought requirements to

16 reduce these toxic air emissions from their facilities

17 for more than two decades. We can't wait any longer to

18 deal with this dangerous toxic.

19 Penn Environment has a long history of

20 working to cut mercury pollution from power plants and

21 in Pennsylvania, we helped pass a law similar to the

22 proposed rule that would have reduced mercury pollution

23 by ninety percent here in Pennsylvania. Unfortunately

24 that rule was -- law was overturned as we wait for

25 federal and national standards to be developed. We29

1 can't wait any longer and we're excited to see these

2 rules hopefully moving forward in the coming months.

3 With our affiliates and other states across

4 the country, we've helped to annex statewide standards

5 to cut mercury pollution from power plants in thirteen

6 of the eighteen states with standards currently in

7 place. And additionally, other state environment

8 groups -- we've been one of the primary litigants in

9 the suit filed against the Bush administration EPA to

10 repeal their illegal mercury standards.

11 And EPA's currently proposed mercury and air

12 toxic standard, we are excited about the strength of

13 the reductions and the estimated health benefits from

14 the rule. We applaud the Environmental Protection

15 Agency for the strength and look forward to working

16 with them as the rule moves forward. Thank you.

17 MR. BRENNER: Okay. I have one question for

18 you, which is, you just mentioned the litigation

19 regarding a previous version of the standard. Was

20 there a particular set of provisions or concern that

21 you had addressed in the litigation that we should be

22 aware of as we develop the next version of the rule?

23 MR. GARBER: Are you talking about the state

24 rule or the Bush EPA?

25 MR. BRENNER: I thought you were referring to30

1 litigation on the Bush EPA rule, is that right?

2 MR. GARBER: Sure. I, I don't think there

3 are particular -- I mean, the rule as currently

4 proposed is great from our perspective and goes a long

5 way to dealing with the problem.

6 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Thank you. Thank you

7 very much.

8 Our next two witnesses are Paul J. Miller

9 from the Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use

10 Management and Dr. Walter Tsou from the Philadelphia

11 Physicians for Social Responsibility. Gentlemen.

12 Thank you. Mr. Miller.

13 MR. MILLER: Good morning. My name is Paul

14 Miller, it's M-I-L-L-E-R if you need that. I am Deputy

15 of the Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use

16 Management or NESCAUM.

17 NESCAUM is an association of eight state air

18 quality agencies in the northeast, which includes the

19 six New England states, New Jersey and New York.

20 I am speaking today on behalf of NESCAUM's

21 member states on EPA's proposal to establish mercury

22 and air toxic standards for coal and oil electric

23 generating units.

24 The NESCAUM states are pleased to see that

25 EPA's proposed mercury and air toxic standards improve31

1 upon the vacated clean air mercury rule and are better

2 aligned with the statutory language of the Clean Air

3 Act and sound public health policy.

4 For this hearing, I will focus on EPA's

5 proposed maximum achievable control technology or MACT

6 standards for mercury. I would like to leave you with

7 three main points from my testimony today.

8 First, a number of the NESCAUM states have

9 already adopted tight mercury emission limits for coal

10 fired power plants as of matter of state law and a

11 majority of these states, the final mercury limits are

12 substantially more stringent than EPA's proposal.

13 Second, these rules have been in effect for

14 several years now and pollution controls, both newly

15 installed and previously existing, have a track record

16 of demonstrated compliance with the state mercury

17 limits.

18 Third, based on this state's experience with

19 their own rules and a recent NESCAUM control technology

20 assessment, there are a number of demonstrated

21 commercially available and cost effective control

22 options for power plant owners to choose from that will

23 greatly reduce mercury pollution as well as emission to

24 the other air toxic -- air toxics covered under EPA's

25 proposal.32

1 Experience also shows that these can be

2 installed in most cases within the required Clean Air Act

3 time line.

4 From a public health perspective, consumption

5 of mercury tainted fish is the primary route of

6 exposure for most people. To address this public

7 health concern, each NESCAUM state has established a

8 total maximum daily load or TMDL for mercury entering

9 state waters pursuant to the federal Clean Water Act.

10 These water quality standards are based on

11 reducing mercury levels in fish caught in state waters

12 and consumed by the public. The NESCAUM state's

13 project objectives will need a reduction in mercury

14 deposited from the air relative to 1998 levels, in the

15 range of eighty-seven to ninety-eight percent in order

16 to achieve fish tissue mercury levels more fully

17 protective of public health.

18 With regard to state mercury rules. NESCAUM

19 states had begun as early as 2001 to adopt rules

20 addressing mercury emissions from existing coal plants.

21 These states include Connecticut, Massachusetts, New

22 Hampshire, New Jersey, and New York. The majority of

23 the state rules require mercury limits significantly

24 tighter than what EPA is proposing with the tightest

25 state limits set at a level of about one quarter of33

1 EPA's proposed mercury standard.

2 Coal units in the NESCAUM states with mercury

3 rules have demonstrated compliance with those rules.

4 They have, they have achieved the standards using a

5 combination of control options, including activated

6 carbon injections, selective catalytic reduction, dry

7 scrubbers, fabric filters, dry sorbent injection, and

8 spray dryer absorption. Several coal units did not

9 need to install new controls if they were already

10 meeting the applicable mercury limits with existing

11 technology.

12 We will submit to this rule-making docket a

13 recent NESCAUM report assessing control technologies

14 for coal-fired power plants. This report provides an

15 overview of well established, commercially available

16 emission control technologies for coal-fired power

17 plants. Many of these are already installed in coal

18 units in the NESCAUM states and operating successfully.

19 The time lines required to install needed controls

20 typically fall well within the statutory time lines

21 given by the Clean Air Act.

22 The successful track record demonstrates that

23 there are no insurmountable technology, cost, or timing

24 barriers to achieving EPA's proposed mercury and air

25 toxic standards.34

1 In closing, we urge EPA to adhere to the

2 statutory deadlines for implementing its proposed air

3 toxic standards. The NESCAUM states have demonstrated

4 that mercury limits are more stringent -- that mercury

5 limits more stringent than what EPA has proposed are

6 achievable and have been achieved at existing coal

7 units.

8 On a national basis, EPA's proposed standards

9 have been long in coming and any further delay in

10 protecting the public's health and environment is

11 simply unwarranted.

12 NESCAUM will be sending more detail written

13 comments to the docket and we thank you for your

14 attention to our testimony today.

15 MR. BRENNER: Thank you.

16 DR. TSOU: Thank you. My name is Dr. Walter

17 Tsou. I'm the past President of the American Public

18 Health Association and the current President of the

19 Philadelphia Chapter of Physicians for Social

20 Responsibility and today I speak on behalf of both

21 organizations in favor of the proposed mercury and air

22 toxic standards.

23 Known sources like fossil fuel-fired power

24 plants have fought regulations for the past twenty

25 years claiming that compliance is too expensive and35

1 unnecessary; however air pollution remains a serious

2 health hazard and these long overdue rules need to be

3 implemented now.

4 Currently, our air remains a waste dump

5 caused by the spewing of known toxins, such as

6 carcinogenic volatile organic compounds, fine

7 particulate matter that clogs up our airways and

8 triggers asthma and heart attacks, and heavy metals

9 which settle into our soils and end up contaminating

10 our food supply.

11 The American Lung Association estimates the

12 more than four hundred coal powered fired power plants

13 release over three hundred eighty-six thousand tons of

14 air pollution each year into the atmosphere. To give

15 you a picture of what this looks like, consider that

16 the air pollution spewed out by the coal-fired power

17 plants exceeds the weight of the entire Empire State

18 Building by twenty-one thousand tons each year.

19 We cannot allow America's bonafide search for

20 energy to override the public's concern about our

21 health, especially when we have known solutions

22 available in which some businesses will not invest in

23 without a swift kick in the pants by the EPA.

24 The proposed toxic rules mandates the

25 reduction of pollution by installation of scrubbers and36

1 proven technology at the power plants source and it's

2 estimated that more than half of the nation's power

3 plants have already installed such pollution devices,

4 but without a clear national standard, other plants

5 simply feel free to pollute our air and streams.

6 Air pollution, like epidemics, is not

7 contained by political boundaries. Source air

8 pollution in neighboring states can and will travel

9 across borders which is why the EPA is uniquely

10 empowered to create and enforce these regulations. And

11 in fact, that is why you must enforce these standards.

12 By 2016, the EPA estimates that these

13 proposed standards would result in saving an estimated

14 sixty-eight hundred to seventeen thousand premature

15 deaths, eleven thousand heart attacks, a hundred twenty

16 thousand cases of aggravated, aggravated asthma and

17 eight hundred fifty thousand missed days of work.

18 The EPA estimated the health costs associated

19 with this morbidity and mortality at over one hundred

20 billion dollars. The cost of compliance with these

21 regulations is about ten percent of that; ten point

22 nine billion dollars. From a societal point of view,

23 the economic argument overwhelmingly favors the passage

24 of these regulations.

25 The installation of these pollution control37

1 devices are built here in America and they employ

2 American workers to install them.

3 So to summarize, we have waited twenty years

4 to propose these regulations and meanwhile, we have

5 tolerated the equivalent of more than the Empire

6 State Building's weight worth of pollution, of heavy

7 metals, VOC's, and fine particulate matter which has

8 contaminated our air passages, spoiled our soil, and

9 put methyl mercury in our fish.

10 Hundreds of thousands of needless days have

11 been lost to missed days of work and kids have missed

12 school because of asthma attack.

13 We are asking all -- that all power plants

14 comply with some pretty common-sense precautions that

15 comes down to this; if you're going to burn coal or

16 fossil fuels, use the best technology to prevent

17 polluting the air.

18 At a time when the American work force needs

19 to be fully productive and when our kids need to be in

20 school if we are to compete in a global economy.

21 We applaud these new proposed EPA rules that

22 will help reduce mercury and other air toxins from

23 polluting our air and keeping the public healthy.

24 Thank you.

25 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Any questions?38

1 DR. TSOU: Thank you gentlemen.

2 MR. BRENNER: Yes?

3 MS. COX: It would be helpful, Mr. Miller, if

4 you could include information in your report about the

5 size and age of the facilities that have installed the

6 controls. Thank you.

7 MR. BRENNER: All right. Thanks. Next up,

8 we have Steven G. Harvey from the Sierra Club and

9 Reverent Cheryl Prych from the Summit Presbyterian

10 Church.

11 MR. HARVEY: Good morning. My name is Steve

12 Harvey. I'm a lawyer here in Philadelphia and a member

13 of the Sierra Club.

14 I live here in the East Falls section of the

15 city with my family. We are outdoor enthusiasts. I

16 commute to work by bike twelve miles a day, all year

17 around. I also ride and race with the local bike club.

18 My kids ride bikes in this community and play baseball,

19 lacrosse, golf, and tennis and just play, like kids,

20 outdoors whenever the weather is nice, which is pretty

21 often here. My wife often walks in our neighborhood

22 and beautiful city parks.

23 We are very concerned about the quality of

24 the environment here in Philadelphia and everywhere,

25 really. We spend two weeks every summer on a beautiful39

1 lake called Stockbridge Bowl in Stockbridge,

2 Massachusetts. I have been spending time on that lake

3 most every summer since the 1960's.

4 In many respects, the environmental quality

5 seems good up there. I recall a wonderful evening last

6 summer fishing with my son, Jack, from a canoe on

7 Stockbridge Bowl. There were blue herons on the

8 shoreline looking over the water for fish. Over our

9 head in a tall pine tree was an American bald eagle

10 surveying the same scene, also fishing. I looked at my

11 son and said, "Wow. If the blue herrings and the bald

12 eagle fish here, this must be a really good spot."

13 It may be a beautiful spot, but the fact is

14 that we are advised not to eat largemouth bass that we

15 catch in the lake because of mercury contamination. We

16 often catch and release because we are good sports

17 people, but it's really alarming that we cannot eat our

18 largemouth bass if we want to.

19 What does that say about the long-term

20 consequences for the ecosystem? Is it just going to

21 get worse and worse or are we going to take reasonable

22 measures to protect ourselves?

23 The EPA proposed air quality standards are a

24 reasonable measure needed to protect ourselves from

25 mercury pollution. The health risk from mercury,40

1 especially the young children, are undeniable. It's

2 really unbelievable that at present, there are no

3 national limits on the amount of mercury and other

4 forms of pollution released from power points -- power

5 plant smoke stacks. We need the new standards now.

6 I spent most of my time talking about our

7 concern about mercury in our water, but there are other

8 pollutants that are different, but just as bad that

9 will be addressed by these standards. These other

10 pollutants include arsenic, chromium, and nickel, as

11 well as fine particle pollution.

12 Each year, for the past five years, I have

13 worked hard to get myself into peak condition --

14 physical condition for summer races. I was surprised

15 to find that one of the biggest factors that affects my

16 training in performance and races is the asthma that I

17 have developed and it is caused or exacerbated by

18 breathing polluted air, which seems particularly bad in

19 the summer months.

20 I can control the condition with an inhaler,

21 but many people cannot. It would be real nice to know

22 from my neighbors and myself and my children and their

23 children that this problem of air quality is getting

24 better, not worse.

25 I urge the EPA to adopt the new standards and41

1 enforce them aggressively. Please know that the public

2 very much supports the EPA's efforts on this very

3 important subject. Thank you.

4 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Yes.

5 MS. PRYCH: My name is Cheryl Prych. I'm the

6 Pastor of the Summit Presbyterian Church in

7 Philadelphia and I'm speaking on behalf of the

8 Pennsylvania chapter of Interfaith Power and Light.

9 I'm not here to tell you, the EPA, of the

10 dangers of mercury and other toxins. You've done the

11 studies, you've reviewed the literature, and you've

12 told us how many thousands of children struggle with

13 asthma or learning difficulties, how many thousands of

14 people have heart attacks or die before their time

15 because of the poisons in the air.

16 So I'm here to say thank you for your work

17 and to say thank you for proposing standards that will

18 prevent so many deaths and so much suffering.

19 I'm also here to encourage you to stand fast

20 and to not delay.

21 As a Pastor, I visit and pray with families.

22 I've seen the anguish parents face when their child is

23 diagnosed with cancer and I've seen the pain of that

24 child. I've led funerals for middle aged parents who

25 have left teenagers behind. I've listened to worried42

1 parents who can't understand why their child is having

2 so much trouble learning to read and as a former

3 elementary school teacher, I've also seen how hard it

4 is for children to catch up when asthma has sent them

5 to the emergency room, rather than to class.

6 I know we can't trace any particular heart

7 attack or asthma attack or learning disability to

8 mercury poisoning or particulate matter, but I've seen

9 the havoc and the pain that such illnesses bring.

10 The proposed standards will be a blessing for

11 the many families who will be spared such illnesses if

12 we have cleaner air.

13 As a Christian, I believe that God took on

14 the body -- took on a body in Jesus of Nazareth,

15 therefore hallowing all of our bodies, assuring us for

16 those of us who had doubts that they're gifts from God,

17 to be handled with love and care.

18 According to the gospels, Jesus spent most of

19 His days healing people, young and old, rich and poor,

20 showing that God desires us to be healthy and whole and

21 that healing is holy work.

22 I believe that we're all called to that work,

23 whatever our faith or belief system as a community and

24 as a nation.

25 When we protect our air, we're doing that43

1 work. We're caring for our health and protecting the

2 most vulnerable among us, especially children and those

3 who live in poor communities.

4 I support the proposed standards. Thank you.

5 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Any questions?

6 Thanks to both of you.

7 The next two people to testify will be Eileen

8 O'Boyle from Greenpeace and Jay Butera who is an

9 individual who is testifying on his own behalf.

10 MS. O'BOYLE: Good morning. I'm reading this

11 on behalf of Robert Gardner, Coal Campaigner at

12 Greenpeace USA who unfortunately cannot be here today.

13 MR. BRENNER: I'm sorry to interrupt. Could

14 you move the microphone a little closer to you?

15 MS. O'BOYLE: Better?

16 MR. BRENNER: Better and I guess you'll need

17 to speak a little louder too.

18 MS. O'BOYLE: Better?

19 MR. BRENNER: Much better. Thank you.

20 MS. O'BOYLE: Okay. Do you want me to start

21 over?

22 MR. BRENNER: Sure.

23 MS. O'BOYLE: Good morning. I'm reading this

24 on behalf of Robert Gardner, Coal Campaigner at

25 Greenpeace USA who unfortunately cannot be here today.44

1 I would like to begin by thanking the EPA for

2 having this hearing and for following through on your

3 commitment to safeguarding public health. This is

4 especially important given the extreme toxicity --

5 excuse me -- of the hazardous air pollutants covered

6 under this proposed, proposed rule.

7 Burning coal is the cause of about half of

8 the mercury pollution in the United States. By

9 implementing common sense safeguards on coal plants

10 throughout the United States, you, the EPA, are not

11 acting contrary to your mandate or to the will of

12 thousands of Americans that will be protected by these

13 standards. History will judge your action as well

14 reasoned and derived from a place of moral clarity.

15 I say that this rule derives from a position

16 of moral clarity, but there are readily ascertainable

17 benefits to this rule making. Here is what we know

18 with certainty about these rules.

19 This rule will save lives. As you will hear

20 throughout the day, according to your own analysis,

21 this safeguard will prevent seventeen thousand

22 premature deaths, eleven thousand heart attacks and one

23 hundred twenty thousand cases of childhood asthma

24 symptoms at each year. In addition to the eleven

25 thousand cases of acute bronchitis among children45

1 yearly. Over four hundred thousand newborns are

2 affected by mercury pollution each year with as many as

3 one in six American women of child bearing age having

4 high enough mercury levels to risk poisoning their

5 babies, which causes brain damage, birth defects and

6 learning disabilities.

7 Other well known and researched health

8 concerns include premature death, respiratory diseases,

9 cancer, reproductive problems such as reduced

10 fertility, cardiovascular effects, damage to the immune

11 system and also eye irritation.

12 This rule will protect the environment.

13 Mercury, arsenic, acid gasses and other hazardous air

14 pollutants are -- excuse me -- [indecipherable] to our

15 environment.

16 In 2008, nearly half of all U.S. river miles

17 and lake acres were under water contamination

18 advisories. This is including one hundred percent of

19 the Great Lakes. Over time, just one gram of mercury

20 per year can contaminate a twenty acre lake.

21 The vast majority of this contamination was

22 due to coal-fired power plants. Protecting our

23 environment from long term destruction, including the

24 well known effects of acid rain, as a result of

25 hazardous air pollutants is common sense and while it46

1 should have been done twenty years ago, we urge you not

2 to delay these rules any further.

3 This rule will create jobs. Under your own

4 estimates, this rule will lead to thirty-one thousand

5 short-term construction jobs and nine thousand long-

6 term utility jobs.

7 Decreasing mercury levels from coal-fired

8 power plants can be done in the short-term with readily

9 available technology and a willing work force.

10 Put America to work ensuring public health

11 and safety.

12 This rule will create clarity for the utility

13 sector. The energy sector has made it abundantly clear

14 that they crave reliability in the regulatory process.

15 This rule will do just that; transforming a patchwork

16 quilt of state regulations into a baseline safeguard

17 for hazardous air pollutants.

18 Currently, only seventeen states have

19 established mercury emission limits on coal plants.

20 That's far from adequate, especially since the states

21 with the largest volume of mercury emissions do not

22 have emissions limits.

23 While your rationale for enacting these

24 safeguards may include any of the above or maybe more

25 comprehensive, the bottom line is that we cannot47

1 continue to burn coal to generate electricity without

2 safeguarding our public health and our environmental

3 integrity.

4 Coal-Fired power plants are the largest

5 single source of toxic mercury air emissions in the

6 country and nearly ninety-nine percent of mercury

7 emissions from electricity sector. Approximately

8 ninety-six thousand pounds or forty-eight tons of

9 mercury is emitted yearly by coal-fired power plants.

10 That number is staggering.

11 While the coal industry lobbyists are doing

12 everything they can to undermine the EPA's ability to

13 protect American families from these and other

14 pollutants, we would like to take this time to thank

15 you for your effort. However, we would urge you not to

16 respond to industry requests for more time, lesser

17 standards and more flexibility. It is the same mantra

18 repeated time and time again.

19 The time to protect Americans from the coal

20 industry is right now. Energy should not cost lives

21 and any delay will mean lost lives.

22 Thank you very much for your time.

23 MR. BRENNER: And thank you. Mr. Butera, are

24 we still working on getting these set up?

25 MR. BUTERA: Yeah, it might be one minute.48

1 I'm so sorry.

2 MR. BRENNER: That's all right.

3 MR. BUTERA: Great. I appreciate your

4 patience with that. My name is Jay Butera and I'm here

5 today to speak with you as a concerned citizen, as a

6 father of four children, also as a business person.

7 I have lived all my life in this area, built

8 three businesses in this area, so I know what it's like

9 to look at an electric bill, both as a business person,

10 as a manufacturer and as an individual citizen.

11 So what I want to share with you today is

12 some thoughts that I have on how we look at pollution

13 because to me, this seems really fundamental in what

14 we're talking about.

15 I went to school not too far from here, in

16 Haverford, Pennsylvania. To get to school every day, I

17 had to drive through this industrial zone with all

18 kinds of plants belching pollution. At that time,

19 pollution was a little more in your face; you could

20 smell it and we had to roll up the windows to our car

21 as we drove through these plants.

22 Now, at the age of twelve, in sixth grade,

23 something occurred to me. I was having trouble

24 breathing and this is what I was looking at as I drove

25 to school every day, just a couple of miles from my49

1 house. And something went off in my mind, this concept

2 of you know, this is the air that we're breathing and

3 we should not be putting this into the air.

4 And once you realize that, once that occurs

5 to you, it's something you never forget. And so, I

6 really believe that the fact that we go around in our

7 lives these days and drive past factories and power

8 plants that are spewing toxins into the air, it's just

9 not acceptable. You know, we should not become

10 hardened to the fact that this is reality, particularly

11 today because we have technologies to, to clean this

12 before it comes into our atmosphere and we have

13 technologies to make energy without even combusting

14 fossil fuels.

15 So, I learned at that age, air is so precious

16 that we need to absolutely not use it as a toxic

17 dumping ground.

18 I live by this, my liberty ends where yours

19 begins. It sort of means that I can do whatever I want

20 as long as it doesn't impact you. Well, these people

21 burning coal are impacting me and I've lived with that

22 all my life. We have regulations to, to regulate all

23 kinds of things that need to be. This is a few

24 miles - oh, maybe a mile from here on South Street.

25 You get a fine if you play your radio too50

1 loud. We have fines if you drop a candy wrapper on the

2 ground, we have fines. But this is okay. This is free

3 for a lot of industry and I don't think that should be

4 the case. I want us to change our mind set on that and

5 not accept it.

6 I don't accept that to flip a light switch,

7 we need to burn coal and how do I know that? I know

8 that because since 1991, I've been living on solar

9 power right in Gladwyne, Pennsylvania, about twenty

10 miles from here and this is my house, installing the

11 solar panels. We have five kilowatts of

12 [indecipherable] on the roof.

13 Now, Administrator Jackson has said that the

14 proposed rules might cost three to four dollars per

15 household. That's cheap. Now if you break that down,

16 if you figure most houses have three or four people, it

17 comes to a dollar per person per month. There's that

18 dollar. I want to show you this. That's the

19 prescription I picked up yesterday for my asthma

20 medication. One hundred forty dollars and ninety-seven

21 cents. That's a thirty day supply. That's what I

22 paid. That's a hundred and forty dollars and ninety23 seven cents. I counted it myself and I do that every

24 month.

25 So the dollar per person per month is51

1 absolutely offset by all kinds of healthcare costs.

2 Your research shows that and I urge you to consider

3 that.

4 You know, some things are priceless when -- I

5 remember when seatbelts were coming into cars. The

6 auto companies were saying this will kill our industry,

7 it's too expensive, it will hurt sales. Well, does

8 anyone think that seatbelts weren't a good idea?

9 Absolutely not.

10 There are some things that just don't have a

11 price that we have to protect and I think there are

12 those personal liberties that I talked about, clean

13 air, clean water, and our children's future and by

14 implementing this rule and making it stick hard, you

15 can help protect all of those things. It saves lives,

16 saves money, improves health and creates jobs and I

17 don't see where anyone can argue what part of that

18 isn't just wonderful.

19 And you know, it's not just for people; when

20 you do this, it's for every living creature on earth,

21 in the sea and so I'd urge you to think about them too.

22 Thank you very much for considering my

23 comments.

24 MR. BRENNER: Thank you and as far as the,

25 the slides, if you want to give us or send us copies of52

1 the slides, we can arrange to enter those into the

2 docket also.

3 MR. BUTERA: That's great. I'd be glad to.

4 Thank you.

5 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Thank you. Okay. Next

6 we have Reverend Mitchell Hescox from the Evangelical

7 Environmental Network and Leslie G. Fields from Sierra

8 Club.

9 Please proceed.

10 REVEREND HESCOX: Good morning. My name is

11 Mitch Hescox and I am the Reverend Mitch Hescox,

12 President of the Evangelical Environmental Network. It

13 was a group founded in 1993 and dedicated to helping

14 others understand that creation care is a matter of

15 life and I am also a resident of New Freedom,

16 Pennsylvania.

17 Christians are called to protect life. It's

18 sacred and for most of us Evangelicals, that includes

19 the unborn. We take very seriously the biblical belief

20 that life begins at conception. As God knits us

21 together as the Solomon says, for you have formed my

22 inward parts. You knitted me together in my mother's

23 womb. The unborn are the weakest members of our

24 society. We must protect them and insure their right

25 to an abundant life.53

1 We already lose one point two million unborn

2 children in the United States to the painful choice of

3 abortion each year. But few realize that we jeopardize

4 another hundred -- seven hundred thousand unborn

5 children to the neurological damage from mercury

6 poisoning.

7 As you've heard often today, one in six

8 babies is born with harmful levels of mercury in their

9 blood and coal burning power plants are the largest

10 source of domestic mercury pollution.

11 Mercury is extremely toxic to the brain, the

12 nervous system, and especially to the developing brain

13 of the unborn child. Simply consuming mercury

14 contaminated fish during pregnancy exposes the unborn.

15 Eating fish should be healthy. It's filled with lots

16 of Omega threes and other healthy nutrients and it

17 should be encouraged, but in our nation, most

18 physicians recommend in consuming only one serving of

19 mercury per week -- of fish per week because the

20 mercury accumulates in that unborn brain causing

21 developmental disabilities resulting in lowered

22 intelligence and learning problems. This has lifetime

23 implications.

24 One study found that resulting loss of

25 intelligence diminishes economic productivity that54

1 persists over the entire lifetime of these children.

2 We are hindering children from an abundant life and

3 pursuit of their American dreams because we failed to

4 clean up this terrible poison.

5 Jesus said, "Do not hinder the children. Let

6 them come to me." Twenty years worth of inaction by

7 the EPA, Congress and the utility industry is far too

8 long.

9 In our tradition and many other traditions,

10 children are special. Indeed, all life is sacred. We

11 have waited since the amended 1990 Clean Air Act,

12 signed into law by President George H. W. Bush for

13 mercury protection for the unborn to be instituted.

14 Some here today will claim that EPA is acting too

15 quickly and more time is needed, but I ask you, how

16 many lives have been hindered by our inaction to limit

17 our unborn children's exposure to this threat.

18 One child hindered from reaching his or her

19 fullest potential because of our sinful inaction is too

20 many.

21 Last May in 2001, I walked over three hundred

22 miles to West Virginia to Washington, D.C. as part of

23 the event we called the Creation Care Walk. I

24 traversed areas of mountaintop removal and then some of

25 the most beautiful landscapes God created in the55

1 eastern United States. Rural towns, cities, and

2 suburbs. However, the most horrific signs along the

3 way were the mercury fish advisories posted along so

4 many of our streams and rivers.

5 Mercury contaminates six million acres of

6 fresh water lakes. Forty-six thousand miles of streams

7 and twenty-two thousand wetland acres. Much of our

8 fresh water in every corner of America contains

9 dangerous mercury levels. In fact, every state has

10 some type of fish consumption advisory, including the

11 recommendation for pregnant women not to eat any

12 locally caught fish.

13 Just three weeks ago, my family and I had an

14 outing to Valley Forge National Park. My daughter-in15 law is a photographer and as she passed the covered

16 bridge there, she sort of demanded that we stop for a

17 photo. We walked around the bridge and there was a

18 sign posted right along the stream bank, "Attention all

19 fisherman. No fish may be killed or held in possession

20 from this stream." Just thirty feet away, a man was

21 fishing. Returning home, we learned that mercury and

22 PCBs are what contaminated that stream.

23 In another story, I met with a Pastor from

24 your county who shared how his family depended upon

25 locally caught fish as a source of protein. He no56

1 longer can fish, is afraid to fish because of mercury

2 in the streams.

3 I'm running out of time here today, but

4 quickly I would tell you and say we know and believe

5 that the costs are not a problem. Our calculations are

6 a little higher than EPA's and we estimate a maximum

7 average cost of seven dollars.

8 We also know that mercury is transported from

9 other areas, other nations, but clearly much of our

10 country is influenced by our own domestic sources. And

11 while we admit we have no control over what China does,

12 it would be foolish if my mother said for two wrongs to

13 make a right.

14 We cannot clean up our act and take

15 responsibility for who we are and as we do what's

16 right. We can, as some would say, depend on child to

17 protect our unborn children. The Evangelical

18 Environmental Network strongly supports the adoption of

19 this rule, that you not weaken it and it goes forward

20 as planned.

21 Thank you very much.

22 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Ms. Fields.

23 MS. FIELDS: Good morning. My name is Leslie

24 Fields. I'm the Environmental Justice and Community

25 Partnerships Director for the Sierra Club and based in57

1 Washington, D.C., and I'm very appreciative of this

2 opportunity to be here this morning and we're very

3 appreciative of this opportunity that Administrator

4 Jackson and the EPA proposing clean air standards that

5 have been delayed to protect our nations' communities

6 from the effects of toxic air pollution produced by

7 power plants, since no national standards exist to

8 protect communities from toxic air pollution even

9 though power plants are the largest sources of toxic

10 air emissions.

11 And Sierra Club has been encouraged by all

12 the action of this administration on environmental

13 justice and to this end, although we appreciate this

14 opportunity to testify today, I would like to also

15 state and to the also -- the hearings that are going to

16 occur in Chicago and Atlanta this week, three hearings

17 west of the Mississippi is simply not enough.

18 Other hearings should be scheduled. For

19 example, in Texas, in tribal communities, and in the

20 west so that the aforementioned mandate of

21 environmental justice and equal access to this decision

22 making process is achieved for this issue.

23 Due to the legacy of discriminatory siding,

24 racism, and economic disempowerment, many people of

25 color, African-American communities, native58

1 communities, Latino communities and others live in

2 neighborhoods that are much higher average exposure to

3 air pollution of every type.

4 Air pollution from dirty coal-fired power

5 plants harms communities of color. Nationwide, eight

6 percent of Hispanic Americans and seventy-one percent

7 of African Americans live in areas that fail to meet

8 one or more EPA air quality standards as opposed to

9 fifty-seven percent of Caucasians.

10 More than sixty-eight percent of African

11 Americans live within thirty miles of coal-fired power

12 plants. The distance which the maximum effects of

13 smoke stack plumes are expected to occur. In

14 comparison, fifty-six percent of whites live in such

15 proximity to coal-fired power plant.

16 Air pollution from dirty coal-fired power

17 plants harms the health of people of color and low

18 income populations and vulnerable populations

19 disproportionately.

20 Low income communities of color had higher

21 rates of asthma than other communities. African

22 American children have the highest rate of asthma

23 attacks among ethnic groups and Latino children are

24 sixty percent more likely to suffer from asthma attacks

25 than white children. In Central Harlem, a predominantly59

1 African American and immigrant neighborhood in New

2 York City, as many as one in four children have asthma

3 and Maryland census tracts that the highest proportion

4 of African Americans were three times more likely to

5 have a high risk of air pollution related cancer than

6 tracts of the lowest population.

7 Just south here in Delaware County, the

8 Exelon Eddystone generating station emits many,

9 many pounds, almost eighty pounds of toxic

10 mercury into the air according to statistics in 2009

11 and even though that plant is slated to be closed next

12 year, the decades of air pollution affected more than

13 two hundred and thirty thousand people living within a

14 five mile radius. The population with a three mile

15 radius of the Eddystone Plant is about twenty16 seven percent people of color.

17 African Americans from three to thirty-four

18 years of age are five times more likely to die of

19 asthma than Caucasians.

20 All of this is coupled with the fact that

21 black and Latino people are less likely to have health

22 insurance and access to treatment and preventative care

23 than Caucasians.

24 As you well know, coal-fired power plants is

25 the main source of mercury emissions and are60

1 responsible for one third of the mercury pollution in

2 the U.S. and mercury levels accumulate through the food

3 chains of large carnivorous fish like bass and tuna

4 having heaviest concentrations. Mercury pollution is

5 widespread through U.S. waterways, currently, as stated

6 earlier. Forty-eight states have fish consumption

7 advisories due to mercury contamination including

8 twenty-three states that have issued statewide

9 advisories for all their lakes and rivers. These

10 advisories reflect a serious health affect to

11 recreational anglers including one point four million

12 African Americans who fish recreationally and are more

13 likely to eat the fish they catch. Native populations,

14 Latino communities, Asian Americans like the Vietnamese

15 in the gulf area and other communities and low income

16 communities who regularly fish as a mainstay of their

17 diet.

18 These fish advisories, although well

19 intentioned, pushed the burden of action on the people

20 who are the least blamed for the mercury contamination.

21 These advisories may not contain the information in the

22 relevant language of the local fishing population such

23 as Vietnamese in the gulf coast or in Spanish. These

24 advisories may also be hard to understand for that

25 matter by people who are not literate in61

1 English. Such advisories also may become dislodged or

2 damaged by weather or vandals.

3 As a child, I fished in [Indecipherable]

4 State Park in, near Erie, Pennsylvania with my

5 grandparents. We fished -- my family still fishes

6 every year, every summer and so we ate everything we

7 caught. We ate the catfish to the bluegill to the bass

8 and it was a huge part of growing up and is a huge part

9 of what we do as a family and a community. And so,

10 it's -- I, I don't know any, any community that lives

11 near a body of water, any ethnic group that doesn't

12 fish or just fish for recreation. Fish is a way of

13 bringing your families together and enjoying being in

14 the good outdoors.

15 And so mercury, since it's such a powerful

16 neurotoxin and has exposure to serious health effects

17 for children and developing fetuses.

18 So, the remedy really is to reduce emissions

19 and as an excellent point, I would recommend

20 particularly the health effects of reducing power plant

21 emissions by Abt Associates details

22 reducing emissions from older coal-fired power plants,

23 that would alone save eighteen thousand lives, three

24 million lost work days and sixteen million restricted

25 activity days per year.62

1 And I'm sorry, I've gone over my time, but I

2 also wanted to just mention that EPA also needs to

3 abide by certain internal interim guidance on

4 considering environmental justice during the

5 development of an action and the framework for

6 community risk assessment in promulgating this rule and

7 I appreciate this opportunity and thank you so much

8 again for holding these hearings and we hope that you

9 will be able to hold some other ones as well.

10 MR. BRENNER: Thanks to both of you. The

11 next two witnesses are Paul G. Billings from the

12 American Lung Association and James W. Banford, Jr.,

13 from the International Brotherhood of Boiler Makers.

14 Okay. Go ahead Mr. Billings.

15 MR. BILLINGS: Good morning. I'm Paul

16 Billings. I'm the Vice President of National Policy

17 and Advocacy for the American Lung Association.

18 Before I start, Rob, I want to thank you for

19 all you've throughout your career at EPA and let

20 everyone in the room know that millions of people

21 breathe easier because of your career protecting public

22 health and the environment, so thank you Rob.

23 MR. BRENNER: Thank you very much for that.

24 MR. BILLINGS: Thank you for the opportunity

25 to share my views on the mercury and air toxics63

1 standards proposal. We appreciate all the time the EPA

2 has provided for public comment. By my count, we will

3 have had a hundred and eleven days by the July 5th

4 deadline.

5 I will briefly overview the American Lung

6 Association's support for the proposal and we will also

7 file detailed comments by that deadline.

8 This is a critical public health measure and

9 the stakes are enormously high. The clean-up of toxic

10 air pollution from oil and coal-fired power plants is

11 long overdue. Congress first required the EPA to clean

12 up toxic air pollution industries in the Clean Air Act

13 Amendments of 1990. The electric power companies have

14 successfully delayed having to comply since then.

15 More than four hundred coal powered fired

16 power plants located in forty-six states across the

17 country, release in excess of three hundred and eighty18 six thousand tons of hazardous air pollutants into the

19 air each year.

20 The wide range of uncontrolled pollutants

21 from these plants include toxic metals and metal like

22 substances such as arsenic, lead, and mercury, dioxins,

23 chemicals known or thought to cause cancer including

24 formaldehyde, benzene, and radioisotopes and acid

25 gasses such as hydrogen chloride. These emissions64

1 threaten the health of people who live near these

2 plants, as well as those that live hundreds of miles

3 away.

4 People most at risk of the health effects of

5 breathing these hazardous air pollutants include

6 infants, children, and teenagers. Older adults,

7 pregnant women, people with asthma and other lung

8 diseases, people with cardiovascular disease,

9 diabetics, people with low income, and healthy adults

10 who work or exercise outdoors.

11 This rule is literally a matter of life and

12 death. According to EPA's analysis, in 2016, the

13 implementation of these standards and compliance with

14 this rule will each year result in the prevention of

15 approximately eleven thousand heart attacks, a hundred

16 and twenty thousand asthma attacks, twelve thousand

17 hospitalizations and emergency room visits, eleven

18 thousand fewer cases of acute bronchitis among children

19 and seventeen thousand premature deaths.

20 Seventeen thousand premature deaths is an

21 unimaginable sum. Allow me to put this in context. At

22 the University of Pennsylvania, there are over -- just

23 over ten thousand undergraduate students. Together

24 with the sixty-four hundred under grads at Villanova,

25 they still don't equal the seventeen thousand people65

1 whose lives would be saved each and every year by this

2 rule.

3 The proposed clean-up requirements are based

4 on the pollution reductions achieved by the top twelve

5 percent of facilities in the country, so no power plant

6 is being asked to achieve reductions that haven't

7 already been achieved. In fact, many power plants have

8 already installed the modern pollution control

9 technologies needed to comply.

10 On Sunday, I read in the Philadelphia

11 Enquirer about the Mercer Generating Station in New

12 Jersey, that because of the pollution controls it has

13 already has installed, it is expected to meet the

14 updated standards.

15 Other plants built in the 1950's and 60's

16 have not installed modern pollution controls. Now is

17 the time for all plants to clean up and operate by the

18 same set of rules.

19 The most widely used and effective controls

20 fall into three groups; mercury control technology

21 called activated carbon injection which also removes

22 arsenic, chromium, dioxin and other compounds. There

23 are technologies that control metals and fine particles

24 such as bag houses and electrostatic precipitators and

25 acid gas controls which target hydrogen chloride,66

1 hydrogen fluoride, and they also reduce sulfur dioxide

2 and other gasses. These include wet and dry scrubbers

3 and dry sorbent injection.

4 The Clean Air Act gives great flexibility to

5 comply with these standards. Some power companies may

6 decide to switch fuels to get the emission levels down

7 to the updated limits. Others may close down old

8 boilers. They may choose to combine all three

9 approaches with some boilers adding modern pollution

10 control equipment, switching to cleaner fuels or

11 shutting one down. Those decisions are up to the

12 individual companies. The companies finally just have

13 to follow the law and meet the standards to start

14 saving lives.

15 In closing, I urge EPA to resist delays.

16 When a comment period on this proposal ends on July 5,

17 all interested people will have had a hundred and

18 eleven days to express their views. That is more than

19 enough time to prepare detailed and thorough comments.

20 Further, EPA must meet the deadline of

21 November 16, 2011 to complete the rule.

22 And most important, EPA should follow the law

23 and make sure that all plants comply with the

24 requirements in three years, by 2015.

25 Think about it. Children born when Congress67

1 debated and passed the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments

2 just completed their Junior Year at U Penn, Villanova,

3 and universities across the nation. This rule must be

4 completed by November and the life saving clean-up must

5 begin.

6 Thank you.

7 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Let me ask one

8 quick question. You touched on lifetime of some of

9 these power plants that one of -- that some have been

10 around for a long time and one of the concerns we've

11 had raised to us is that it might not be a good use of

12 dollars to control plants that are very old and may

13 well be retiring soon.

14 Does ALA have a perspective on that?

15 MR. BILLINGS: Well, I think that individual

16 companies can make a decision whether they want to

17 invest and modernize their facility by installing

18 modern pollution control or shut that plant down and

19 then either develop power generation or seek power

20 generation on the grid.

21 So the Lung Association thinks that we should

22 maximize the pollution reduction from the power sector

23 and that's a combination of shutting down old, the

24 oldest dirtiest plants, cleaning up the plants that are

25 going to continue to operate and developing new, clean,68

1 efficient generation.

2 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Thank you. Mr. Banford.

3 MR. BANFORD: Good morning. I'm James W.

4 Banford, Jr. and I'm here on behalf of the members of

5 Boiler Makers Local Thirteen and the International

6 Brotherhood of Boiler Makers.

7 Our members are concerned that EPA's proposed

8 rules for maximum achievable control technology at new

9 and existing coal based generating units could lead to

10 tens of thousands of job losses at utility plants, coal

11 mines, and in the rail sector.

12 Our members livelihoods depend upon the

13 construction and maintenance of coal-fired power

14 plants.

15 The proposed new source emission limits will

16 not allow any new coal plants to be constructed because

17 no single unit could meet all of the proposed emission

18 limits. The new source limits are based on emission

19 data from many different coal plants with widely

20 varying fuel and pollution control characteristics.

21 We are skeptical about the job analysis --

22 I'm sorry -- we are skeptical about your job analysis.

23 We agree that thousands of construction jobs will be

24 created, but believe the agency is underestimating the

25 loss of permanent jobs if hundreds of coal plants69

1 close and utilities switch to natural gas.

2 The United Mine Workers of America has

3 estimated that more than fifty thousand direct jobs are

4 at risk in the coal transportation and utility sectors.

5 If three hundred workers lose their jobs at a coal

6 plant, the new jobs created at a natural gas plant

7 would make up only a small fraction of the losses.

8 Community impacts, such as loss of tax basis,

9 and support for local school systems need to be

10 addressed in EPA's analysis.

11 We support the construction of controlled

12 technologies to enable coal to be burned cleanly, but

13 required multiple new emission standards for many older

14 plants will drive investments away from these plants

15 and their workers.

16 A major concern with this rule is its thirty17 six month compliance time frame as set by section one

18 twelve of the Clean Air Act.

19 We urge EPA to provide an across the board

20 extension of at least one year as it did for the marine

21 maximum achievable control technology, technology rule.

22 More plants will be shut down and more jobs lost with a

23 short three year time table impacting more than one

24 thousand units.

25 I just want to thank everybody for taking the70

1 time and opportunity to comment. Thank you.

2 MR. BRENNER: I want to thank you for coming

3 and I do want to make one comment in response to that

4 because, of course, the jobs issues, especially during

5 these economic times are very important to us and your

6 suggestion that maybe there needs to be an additional

7 year is something we have been looking at. In fact,

8 when the rule was proposed, Administrator Jackson

9 commented on that, that under the Clean Air Act, states

10 have the ability where warranted to provide an

11 additional year for sources to comply and she said that

12 we would be working closely with the states to help

13 them figure out where that is needed in order to

14 achieve the, the results you're, you're talking about,

15 so we will be looking at that further as we proceed

16 towards completing the rule.

17 And thank you for flagging that issue for us.

18 MR. BANFORD: Okay. Thank you.

19 MR. BRENNER: Thanks. Next two witnesses are

20 Poune Sabieri from the Sierra Club and Doug Keith also

21 from the Sierra Club.

22 DR. SABIERI: Good morning. My name is Poune

23 Sabieri and I'm a physician at the University of

24 Pennsylvania. I practice in a full spectrum family

25 medicine health center in west Philadelphia. I see71

1 newborns, children, as well as pregnant women.

2 We always advise our pregnant women to take

3 their prenatal vitamins and eat food that are high in

4 Omega three fatty acids. Why? Because Omega three

5 fatty acids help with brain formation in the embryo,

6 protect against asthma and allergies, and strengthen

7 the vascular system such as the heart.

8 Who would not want that for their growing

9 baby or themselves?

10 Many of the families I see either receive

11 medical assistance along with food subsidies or they

12 are uninsured. As you may or may not know, in low

13 income families, a household of one mother and one

14 child receives a maximum of eighty dollars per week in

15 food subsidies.

16 Tuna is a great source of Omega three fatty

17 acids and a five ounce can of tuna cost about one

18 dollar. It's an obvious choice for what seems to be

19 economical and healthy consumption. Other fish also

20 provide these vital fatty acids, but one can of salmon

21 costs more than two dollars. If you are a family of

22 two living with eighty dollars per week for food, would

23 you be more likely to buy tuna or salmon? Well, if you

24 are like any of my patients, the answer is obviously a

25 can of tuna.72

1 There's one big problem with this scenario

2 and it is called a blatant case of environmental

3 injustice. One can of tuna may have up to thirty-five

4 times as much mercury as one can of salmon. Mercury, I

5 don't -- I'm sure I don't need to tell this to this

6 audience, but I will go through it anyway. Mercury

7 accumulates in bodies of water from air pollution from

8 coal burning power plants. It gets deposited in the

9 tissues of large fish, like tuna, living in those

10 bodies of water. The fish are then caught and consumed

11 by humans.

12 The accumulation in smaller fish is much less

13 since fish like salmon, do not feed the same way.

14 In pregnant women, mercury crosses the

15 placental barrier and then the fetal brain barrier. In

16 the fetal brain, it hinders the message for the correct

17 migration of nerve cells and because the early brain is

18 much more active, mercury accumulates faster and

19 faster.

20 The mechanism is similar in children's

21 developing nervous system. The effects are

22 unsurprisingly a lifetime of physical and mental

23 damage.

24 In 1924, the deadliness of lead exposure was

25 scientifically documented, and yet it was not until73

1 1970's -- fifty years later, that by enforcing the

2 Clean Air Act, the U.S. government was able to ban lead

3 use in all products.

4 The effects of mercury have been known for at

5 least twenty years if not longer. This time period is

6 long enough to have a generation of children with

7 learning disabilities and other neurological problems.

8 Is this the fate we are choosing for our future

9 generations? How can we move forward knowing that

10 toxic air emissions harm humans irreversibly?

11 I'm here today to advocate on the behalf of

12 those who cannot do that for themselves; babies who are

13 not yet born, toddlers too small to speak, and children

14 too young to understand what is happening in their

15 environment. They should not be denied healthy food

16 that has become toxic by air and water pollution from

17 coal burning power plants. Their families should not

18 have to choose between providing food that they can

19 afford or food that contains less heavy metals.

20 We must create an environment where health

21 care professionals and all those agencies involved in

22 providing a healthy future for children can do the

23 right thing.

24 We must recognize that the effects of harmful

25 air emissions ripple all the way to the most vulnerable74

1 members of our society. We must act now and support

2 EPA's proposed mercury and air toxics standards.

3 I thank you for allowing me this opportunity.

4 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Mr. Keith.

5 MR. KEITH: Thank you. My name is Doug Keith

6 and I'm semi-retired history teacher and a member of

7 the Sierra Club for many years.

8 I remember as a high school student attending

9 the first earth day at Fairmont Park, a few miles from

10 here, and in my lifetime, I've been able to see and

11 sense the differences that the Clean Air Act and the

12 Clean Water Act have made, but I believe that the

13 current proposal to regulate mercury and other toxins

14 addresses an important, if invisible gap, in the

15 current law.

16 I am not a scientist and I can't speak with

17 any authority about specific levels, but I urge the EPA

18 to follow the science and regulate the power industry

19 for the benefit of society as a whole.

20 I understand that regulations have real

21 economic costs including to those jobs, but I also know

22 that industries that pollute and cause harm are

23 generally never in favor of regulations that effect

24 their costs and their profits.

25 Few would argue now that we should return to75

1 where we were in 1970 before effective regulation of

2 air and water began and one of the reasons for that, I

3 think, is because good businesses adapt to new

4 realities.

5 In an efficient, economic system, we need to

6 recognize and account for the hidden costs, both

7 economic and human, that toxic air pollution causes.

8 I ask you to do the right thing and adapt

9 these standards as expeditiously as this process

10 permits.

11 Thank you for the opportunity to make this

12 statement and I must say that being able to be part of

13 this makes me grateful and, and proud to be a citizen

14 of this country.

15 MR. BRENNER: Well thank you for, for that.

16 I have one question for Dr. Sabieri. You said that you

17 treat a number of people, especially children here and

18 I guess I'd ask whether you've seen a relationship

19 between high pollution episodes that can occur during

20 the course of the year and the people you have coming

21 in for, for treatment. Do you see evidence that

22 there's a relationship?

23 DR. SABIERI: Yes, absolutely. I mean, the

24 biggest, you know, issue is asthma in children,

25 especially you know, in the inner city and especially76

1 in the neighborhood that I practice and there's clearly

2 a much higher rate of hospitalization for example, from

3 asthma and during the times of the year when there is

4 a, a higher air pollution.

5 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Are there other

6 questions? Thanks to both of you. Thanks for coming.

7 Next two witnesses are Joy Bergey from the

8 Center for the Celebration of Creation and I apologize

9 if I messed up the pronunciation, and Kevin Stewart

10 from the American Lung Association.

11 MS. BERGEY: I'll be brief. My name is Joy

12 Bergey and I serve as Executive Director of the Center

13 for the Celebration of Creation. The Center is an

14 interreligious partnership of the Chestnut Hill United

15 Church in Philadelphia. We work with congregations and

16 individuals across the country to encourage people of

17 faith to address the problems of environmental justice.

18 First, let me thank Administrator Jackson and

19 all of you in EPA for coming to Philadelphia and for

20 proposing this strong mercury rule.

21 We encourage its prompt adoption and

22 implementation without any weakening.

23 Mercury is a proven neurotoxin. It's

24 settled science that mercury poses special risks to the

25 developing nervous systems and brains of fetuses and77

1 babies.

2 It is deeply disturbing to note that as many

3 as one in six women of child bearing age in this

4 country have mercury levels in their blood that we know

5 are unsafe for babies, but that the country hasn't yet

6 seen fit to regulate mercury from coal burning power

7 plants, our largest source of that pollution.

8 Every major faith tradition calls on its

9 followers to protect those at the margins of society

10 who cannot defend themselves; our babies, born and

11 unborn, certainly need our protection.

12 Now, we hear the claims of those in industry

13 who resist paying for the necessary controls on power

14 plants to stop this mercury pollution, but we also know

15 the cumulative healthcare costs of treating all the

16 illnesses caused by the mercury pollution and that

17 those costs far outweigh the costs of the pollution

18 controls.

19 So apart from the ethical issues, it's an

20 economic no-brainer to start controlling mercury

21 pollution.

22 The state of affairs is this. It's immoral

23 that this country should resist controlling toxic

24 mercury pollution from power plants when we know how to

25 control it and we can afford to control it. In fact,78

1 we can ill afford not to enact a strong mercury rule.

2 The Center for the Celebration of Creation

3 urges adoption of the mercury rule set forth by

4 Administrator Jackson and the EPA.

5 Thank you.

6 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Yes.

7 MR. STEWART: Good morning. I thank the

8 hearing panel for your work here today. I am Kevin

9 Stewart, S-T-E-W-A-R-T. I serve as Director of

10 Environmental Health for the American Lung Association

11 of the mid-Atlantic and I am representing not only the

12 three million people in our four state service area who

13 suffer from chronic lung disease, but also the tens of

14 millions more who desire to breathe clean air and so

15 protect their good health.

16 In 1990, a bi-partisan Congress and a

17 Republican President amended the Clean Air Act to

18 provide protection to the public from toxic air

19 pollutants. With President Bush's signature, the

20 United States made a promise to itself to clean up the

21 nation's biggest industrial source of these hazardous

22 air pollutants, coal-fired electric power plants.

23 It is a simple promise. It is the promise of

24 air that is clean and healthful to breathe. It is a

25 simple promise, but it is proven hard to achieve. Two79

1 months ago, after a delay of two decades, after years

2 of foot dragging by opponents to avoid having to clean

3 up like all other industries and after a court decision

4 requiring the EPA to act, the administration took the

5 first step necessary to see that this promise is

6 fulfilled.

7 We are here today to ensure that the

8 administration stays on track to issue a strong final

9 rule.

10 Coal-Fired power plants produce more air

11 toxics than any other category of industrial pollution

12 sources and these pollutants include things that we

13 learned a long time ago are not good for us or our

14 children. Such things as mercury, arsenic, chromium,

15 lead, benzene and formaldehyde, acid gasses, dioxins,

16 furans, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

17 Breathing these toxins is hazardous to our

18 health. Many are ingested as well. Some of them cause

19 cancer. Some cause birth defects and harm children's

20 brain development. Some cause asthma attacks and

21 exacerbate lung disease. Some cause heart attacks and

22 strokes. And some of these toxic substances kill

23 people.

24 The populations potentially at risk of harm

25 from exposure to HAPS include infants, children and80

1 teens under eighteen, those age sixty-five and above,

2 persons with asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease,

3 cardiovascular disease, diabetes, persons living in

4 poverty, pregnant women, their developing unborn,

5 persons who work or exercise outdoors and many others

6 with existing health problems are also at risk.

7 Far from being a small minority, the millions

8 of persons falling into one or more of these high risk

9 groups together comprise over half the population and

10 everyone of these people is a human being, worthy of

11 our attention; a neighbor, a coworker, a friend, a

12 family member, maybe even yourself.

13 Very few of us can avoid exposure to these

14 dangerous air pollutants because over four hundred coal

15 burning plants operate in forty-six states. But

16 exposure to toxic emissions from coal-fired power

17 plants is also an issue of environmental justice. The

18 heaviest burdens fall on those who live closest to the

19 plants. Too often, those are the people who are least

20 able to bear them. These are the people Congress and

21 administrations of both parties have promised to

22 protect.

23 After the power plants install the needed

24 equipment no later than 2016, some seventeen thousand

25 lives will be saved each year. That bears repeating.81

1 Seventeen thousand lives will be saved each year and

2 that is why this is so important and why we cannot

3 afford any more delays.

4 Equipment that can save those lives is

5 already in place in many power plants. And moreover,

6 the same equipment needed to clean up air toxics also

7 reduces many of the ambient air pollutants we've been

8 battling for decades; sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,

9 fine particle pollution. The last of which very

10 effectively carries air toxics into the body and is the

11 most deadly air pollutant in its own right.

12 The rule will hold power plants nationwide

13 accountable to the same standards that other industries

14 have, have been held to fo u r years. The rule would

15 properly reward all those utilities that have already

16 done the right thing by installing stringent controls

17 and would provide regulatory certainty for the power

18 industry going forward.

19 Our nation has waited a long time for the

20 promise of 1990 to be kept. When they become final,

21 the new standards for clean-up will save lives, protect

22 the health of millions of Americans and finally bring

23 about an action that is twenty years overdue. This

24 must happen. Delay is unacceptable and we all have a

25 duty to make sure that this promise is kept.82

1 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Let me, let me ask

2 one question because I've been struck already this

3 morning by the extent of participation from religious

4 groups and from the environmental justice community

5 which you also mentioned and I want to ask one of the

6 future witnesses about the reasons for the

7 environmental justice community engagement here.

8 But for the religious community, I think all

9 the rules I've worked on by far the most extensive

10 participation and interest from the religious community

11 has been associated with this rule. Does that have to

12 do with, with mercury or what is it that has caused

13 that?

14 MS. BERGEY: Well, that's an interesting

15 question. I can speculate -- I think the fact that

16 it's such clear science. Science is not up for grabs.

17 This hurts babies. It hurts children. It's just so

18 clearly -- I think, to the faith community, a question

19 of moral responsibility. My speculation is that that's

20 what brings the faith community to the front on this

21 issue.

22 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. I'll just add one

23 more comment which is, one of the things we have been

24 trying to do and especially Administrator Jackson has

25 been trying to do is to bring additional groups into83

1 these discussions on rule making and it's one of the

2 reasons for holding hearings like this and it, it's

3 just great to see the additional involvement from

4 groups that have not been as much, traditionally, a

5 part of these discussions.

6 Thank you for coming. Thanks to both of you.

7 MS. BERGEY: We're honored to be part of it.

8 Thanks.

9 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Next we have Christine

10 Guhl from the Sierra Club and Scott Segal from the

11 Multi-state Alliance to Promote Clean Energy. That's

12 what I thought. So, Scott I'll give you an opportunity

13 to introduce yourself appropriately and sorry about the

14 wrong attribution. But let's start with Christine

15 Guhl.

16 MR. SEGAL: I might take you up on that.

17 MS. GUHL: Hi. Thank you. I'm, I'm actually

18 going to read my statement and, and I'll, I'll be brief

19 and I also have a statement written from someone else

20 that couldn't be here today. So I promise I won't go

21 over my time.

22 Thank you very much for this opportunity. My

23 name is Christine Guhl and I'm a New Jersey Beyond Coal

24 Representative for the Sierra Club.

25 I'm also a lifelong New Jersey resident. I'm84

1 a thirty-two year old woman, a fish eater, and I'm also

2 a runner and in the next few years, I'll be thinking

3 about having children. Just like other future mothers,

4 I want my children to be healthy and happy. I want to

5 protect them from harm and help them develop to the

6 best of my ability.

7 But like other mothers, I need your help. We

8 all need the EPA to protect our children from toxic air

9 pollution emitted by coal and oil power plants which

10 causes neurological problems and developmental

11 disabilities.

12 We need the EPA to ensure that we can breathe

13 clean air and eat fish without risk of mercury

14 contamination.

15 Growing up, I ate tuna fish every week,

16 twice, even three times sometimes and recently I had my

17 hair tested for mercury and was forced to think about

18 the effects that mercury could have on my children.

19 This is something that all young women need

20 to think about. We are encouraged to eat lean protein

21 like tuna fish to stay healthy, but we cannot do that

22 without worrying about potential risks for mercury

23 contamination.

24 The EPA's own estimate is that as many as one

25 in six women my age are at risk for mercury85

1 contamination. We need the EPA to protect us from

2 those risks. They are too severe to ignore. The

3 status quo is not enough for us or for our children.

4 I live in a state that has strict standards

5 limiting mercury pollution, but that state standard is

6 not enough to protect me and is not enough to protect

7 other New Jersey residents from toxic air pollution.

8 Power plants to the west of New Jersey

9 produce thousands of pounds of mercury each year. The

10 GenOn Coal Plant sits right across the Delaware River

11 from New Jersey. There was an EPA hearing recently

12 addressing air pollution from that plant. That's

13 further evidence that we need federal standards.

14 Traces of mercury can be found in almost all

15 fish, whether they are swimming in the Great Lakes or

16 off the coast of New Jersey. New Jersey state

17 standards are not enough to ensure that the fish we eat

18 are free of dangerous mercury. State standards have

19 helped to limit in-state pollution, but we need the

20 strong federal standard to protect people across the

21 nation.

22 We have been waiting for this protection for

23 far too long. The coal and oil companies have been

24 fighting this standard for years. It's time to end

25 that right.86

1 The proposed air toxics rule will save

2 thousands of lives and millions in public health costs

3 and will prevent tens of thousands of hospitalizations

4 and missed work days. It will create new, high paying

5 jobs in power plant retrofit and decommissioning.

6 The proposed regulation will protect our

7 children from serious neurological disorders,

8 developmental disabilities, and birth defects. These

9 are benefits that cannot be matched by coal or oil, or

10 the bottom line.

11 That was mine. Thank you.

12 This is from Anna Maria Caldera [phonetic].

13 Good morning. My name is Anna Maria Caldera. I live a

14 few miles from the GenOn Coal Burner in Portland. This

15 plant has wreaked havoc on the environment for its

16 entire life span.

17 Consider DEP [phonetic] statistic on the

18 amount of mercury emitted in 2009; a hundred seventy19 seven point eight pounds. Mercury the size of a dime

20 is capable of poisoning a twenty-five acre lake.

21 Coal combustion acidifies water, which causes

22 atmospheric elemental mercury to become methylated.

23 Methylated mercury is acutely toxic. Not only does it

24 attack the nervous system, chiefly the brain, but it

25 bio-accumulates in fish. The risk of consuming mercury87

1 contaminated fish is especially high for pregnant

2 women, nursing mothers, and children.

3 The burning of coal is responsible for sixty-

4 five percent of the mercury in our air and incineration

5 of garbage and medical waste contributes the remaining

6 thirty-five percent.

7 Across the Delaware from my home in Bangor is

8 Warren County, New Jersey, where GenOn's plumes combine

9 with the Covanta energy garbage incinerator in Oxford.

10 In this vicinity, three bodies of water, at least, have

11 been documented with high mercury levels over the

12 years. Mountain Leak, a resort community, where

13 warnings are posted not to eat fish. Harmony

14 Reservoir, a recreational site which has also been

15 posted. And even the trout raising waters of the Pea

16 Quest Fish Hatchery.

17 For over a century, our local farms, tress,

18 and waterways of the Delaware have been receiving an

19 insidious load of mercury. When is enough, enough?

20 The GenOn plant is long overdue for closure.

21 Please help our valley to be restored by weighing the

22 toll of mercury. How many dimes equals a hundred

23 seventy-seven point eight pounds?

24 Thank you.

25 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Mr. Segal.88

1 MR. SEGAL: Okay. Can you hear me okay?

2 MR. BRENNER: Yes.

3 MR. SEGAL: All right. My name is Scott

4 Segal and I'm Director of the Electric Reliability

5 Coordinating Counsel. ERCC's a group of power

6 generating companies that provides reliable and

7 affordable power to millions of households, small

8 businesses, schools, and hospitals. Thanks for letting

9 us talk today.

10 Although only part of a complex regulatory

11 puzzle, the utility MACT we discuss today would be the

12 most expensive rule in EPA history.

13 Some experts believe that EPA's actually

14 understated its likely cost, but even EPA acknowledges,

15 it would impose cost of about eleven billion dollars a

16 year on the U.S. economy. Yet EPA has also gone to

17 great lengths to argue that the benefits of this rule

18 will greatly exceed the costs.

19 Under the requirements of two executive

20 orders on regulatory process, the EPA prepared a cost

21 benefit analysis that it claims demonstrates net

22 savings attributable to the agency's benefits analysis.

23 This is an interesting view, given that the

24 target of the rule is costly indeed. Utility MACT will

25 impact roughly four hundred thousand megawatts of oil89

1 and coal-fired generation. That's about forty percent

2 of current available electric capacity in the U.S.,

3 fifty percent of U.S. total electric generation at a

4 cost of about three hundred billion dollars in the next

5 five years.

6 Large as these costs are, they are in part

7 based on EPA's assessment of the removal efficiency for

8 mercury, which is, I would remind everybody the primary

9 target of the proposal. And yet, recent analysis of

10 EPA's data gathering has shown that the agency's

11 contractors allow statistical transcription errors that

12 over estimated removal efficiencies by a factor of one

13 thousand. The EPA has since contended that such large

14 errors are still within its acceptable margin of error

15 for variability.

16 We're disappointed in this view and contend

17 that errors of this sort constitute a basis for re18 proposal.

19 We also believe that these and other errors

20 coupled with the general complexity and cost of this

21 proposal at least justify additional time for the

22 comment period of the proposal to put it on par with

23 other rules the agency has proposed in recent years.

24 But more on cost. According to an analysis

25 of data gathered by ICF International, U.S. employment90

1 income is estimated to drop as a result of the proposal

2 by an amount equivalent to the earnings of about two to

3 two point five million full-time workers. Aren't there

4 workers involved in construction and, and in placement

5 of new equipment? Certainly. But this estimate

6 includes an estimated increase and offsetting

7 compliance related employment income equivalent to

8 about zero point two to one million full time workers

9 in the early years of implementation.

10 Retail electricity prices are estimated to

11 increase by twenty to twenty-five percent in certain

12 regions to cover the cost of complying with the new

13 environmental regulations, so how do the agency come to

14 believe that its rule would have such great advantages

15 as to diminish or ignore these tremendous costs.

16 The agency's sole basis for issuing this

17 proposal is a regulatory determination that then EPA

18 Administrator Browner had made in December of 2000 that

19 it was appropriate and necessary to regulate hazardous

20 air pollutants or HAPs from power plants. This

21 determination was based almost entirely on the

22 administrator's concerns about mercury from coal-fired

23 power plants.

24 It stands to reason then that the vast

25 majority of benefits claimed by EPA to justify the91

1 proposed rules must be the result of reductions in

2 mercury. But the agency's cost benefit analysis tells

3 a very different story.

4 In a rule estimated by EPA to cost eleven

5 billion dollars annually, the maximum total benefit of

6 reducing emissions of mercury from this rule, the

7 emissions which serve as the primary basis of this rule

8 is a onetime benefit of five hundred thousand dollars

9 to six point one million.

10 EPA asserts, however, that the proposal could

11 generate as much benefits as a hundred and thirty

12 billion. How? It comes almost entirely from

13 reductions in particulate matter. You might find that

14 odd for those of you who studied the Clean Air Act

15 because the maximum achievable control technology

16 program, that controls hazardous air pollutants is not

17 a particulate matter program. Nowhere does the EPA

18 explain whether there's a less costly way to achieve

19 these same benefits, which is puzzling because Congress

20 created a whole separate part of the Clean Air Act to

21 deal just with particulate matter. More flexibly and

22 less costly than the maximum achievable control

23 technology program.

24 Why should this matter to the public? Why

25 should you care? Because EPA is mandated to find the92

1 most cost effective solution for regulatory priorities.

2 You should want them to do that so that there's more

3 regulatory assets available to address other air

4 pollutants as well.

5 The other reason this type of analysis

6 matters is that EPA has already controlled emissions of

7 PM2.5 by setting a national standard, a national

8 ambient air quality standard under section 108 of the

9 Clean Air Act. And by the way, in doing that, they

10 said that that standard is adequate to protect public

11 health and welfare with an adequate margin of safety.

12 By not including these benefits that are

13 already achieved by the Clean Air Act in establishing

14 the baseline of how much benefit utility MACT

15 generates, EPA is essentially claiming these same

16 benefits, the seventeen thousand figure you keep

17 hearing, they're claiming these same benefits a second

18 time.

19 I represent corporations. I admit it. If we

20 did the same thing in our corporate reports, we'd be in

21 a lot of trouble from federal regulators. This is

22 double counting of benefits.

23 But the agency to undertake a proper math

24 analysis does not require any gap in the regulation of

25 the power sector. Indeed, by 2015, coal fueled power93

1 plants in the U.S. will have invested as much as a

2 hundred and twenty-five billion dollars in advance

3 control technologies reducing air emissions

4 substantially under existing programs, despite the

5 demand for electricity, from coal having tripled in

6 recent years.

7 But by ignoring substantial costs and double

8 counting its benefits, the agency has failed to meet

9 the letter and spirit of President Obama and President

10 Clinton's executive orders.

11 With the livelihoods of so many American

12 families on the line, you simply have to do a better

13 job. Thanks.

14 MR. BRENNER: Thanks. I guess as, as an

15 economist, I do need to respond to one of the, the

16 things of your comments which is when we do benefit

17 cost analysis -- in fact, when anybody does an

18 appropriate cost and benefit analysis, they look at the

19 full set of direct costs and they look at the full set

20 of benefits and if it turns out, which it is -- does

21 turn out in this case -- that controls on power plants

22 required by this regulation will not only reduce

23 mercury levels and reduce the levels of acid gasses,

24 but also help them move closer to meeting the fine

25 particle standards which are also important from a94

1 health perspective, then those should be included in

2 the benefits and it's a fortunate outcome of the

3 regulation if we get multiple benefits for the

4 pollution control investments that are made. At least

5 that's the perspective we've put into our analysis and

6 I should give you a chance to respond to that if you'd

7 like to.

8 MR. SEGAL: Well, what I would say is the

9 United States Congress and the Environmental Protection

10 Agency has spent millions of dollars implementing its

11 PM2.5 national ambient air quality standard. As a

12 legal matter and as a policy matter, that reduces

13 particulate matter to a level adequate to protect

14 public health and safety.

15 Not everyone reacts to particulate matter in

16 the same way. There are those individuals who are more

17 uniquely susceptible and I think we've heard some

18 pretty compelling testimony from folks that are

19 uniquely susceptible. But the PM2.5 NAAQS is what

20 is -- is the program that is designed to effectively

21 respond to those issues and to add to -- to try and

22 jury rig, essentially, the MACT program to do the same

23 thing only does so at the expense of affordability and

24 reliability of power, which affects those in society

25 least able to afford it the most. It's like a very95

1 regressive form of tax in the sense that people who

2 live at or near the poverty level or are on fixed

3 incomes pay more of their monthly salaries on power and

4 that is the worst way, that is the most regressive way

5 to wring the last several reductions in PM when you

6 have a perfectly acceptable -- and I might add -- very

7 effective PM2.5 program.

8 So I would just urge you to not double count

9 the benefits.

10 MR. BRENNER: And then one other question for

11 Ms. Guhl. We've heard testimony before of costs on the

12 order of three dollars a month, which is EPA's estimate

13 for the average household. There was one comment this

14 morning that perhaps it could be as high as seven

15 dollars a month. Do you have a reaction to whether

16 those sorts of costs are, are appropriate and

17 acceptable?

18 MS. GUHL I, I, I don't think that three

19 dollars or seven dollars a month, at least for me

20 personally, is too much to pay to ensure the protection

21 of my future children and I'm sure that there are many,

22 many people out there that would feel the same way.

23 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Other questions? All

24 right. Thanks to both of you.

25 MS. GUHL: Thanks.96

1 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Next we have Corrinne

2 Wright from the Sisters of Saint Francis of

3 Philadelphia and Thomas Au from the Clean Air Board of

4 Central Pennsylvania. Welcome. Please proceed.

5 MS. WRIGHT: I wasn't sure if I had to push

6 the button. I want to say that when I was a young

7 student many years ago, I was reading about the

8 terrible effects of mercury in the waters outside of

9 Japan and thought surely, the effects of mercury -- the

10 Minamata Disease that resulted -- would be taken care

11 of right away and here we are, I think it's forty-five

12 years later. I'm not sure of the date, but here we

13 are. And I thank the EPA for this hearing because, of

14 all states, Pennsylvania -- and I also thank Sandy

15 Bowers with her article, timely article in the

16 Philadelphia Enquirer this weekend comparing the power

17 plants in New Jersey, the Mercer Power Generating Plant

18 and the, the one in North Hampton here in Pennsylvania,

19 for that information because I, I come as a -- and I

20 wonder why I'm coming here as a Sister of Saint

21 Francis.

22 I've been working for ten years with our

23 congregation's sustainable efforts. And started at

24 home. We tried to lighten our footprint at home by

25 purchasing wind power, installing a solar roof on the97

1 barn of our CSA which feeds a hundred twenty families

2 in the Aston area and so, and so is that enough?

3 It certainly is not enough. We have to

4 really speak out on these issues that affect everybody

5 and for us as Franciscan's, we feel that a total

6 commitment to the poor, the vulnerable, those that

7 can't speak for themselves and I include in those my

8 Newman students. I teach environmental courses at

9 Newman University and I had a student this semester --

10 and not just an eighteen year old. A thirty year old

11 woman who wants to get a PhD. in environmental science

12 who said, "I never knew mercury was that bad." I said,

13 "Where have you been?"

14 So anyway, I, I, I say it is so important to

15 speak out simply because people do not know and that

16 little seven, three to four or seven dollars per month

17 or whatever is going to add to that bill, the electric

18 bill. I heard on, I think it was NPR, but I -- don't

19 quote me. The other day about twenty years ago, would

20 anybody say that they would be paying a hundred twenty

21 dollars a month for cable tv? Would they be paying a

22 hundred twenty dollars for their cell phones? And yet,

23 we do and nobody's complaining if you're sitting there

24 with a cell phone, so those kind of expenses,

25 particularly when it's effecting the lives of people98

1 that cannot make these decisions.

2 The effect on children and the unborn is so

3 much more than for those of us that lived a long life.

4 So I want to thank Sandy for her article and

5 I want to thank you for the opportunity to speak here

6 today.

7 MR. BRENNER: Thank you.

8 MR. AU: Good morning. My name is Thomas Au,

9 it's spelled A-U. I'm President of the Clean Air Board

10 of Central Pennsylvania.

11 MR. BRENNER: If you could bring the

12 microphone a little closer.

13 MR. AU: Okay. The Clean Air Board was

14 formed in the Fall of 2005 after a hundred

15 Cumberland County physicians signed and published

16 in a local newspaper an open letter informing the

17 community of the growing danger of air pollution.

18 Initially, a small group of people of faith

19 gathered to support the physicians in educating our

20 community and advocating for clean air.

21 We have grown to, not include -- not only

22 include that faith community, but people in the

23 transportation business, teachers, lawyers, parents,

24 and the medical community.

25 For many years after the enactment of the99

1 Clean Air Act, American's coal-fired generating plants

2 have avoided the maximum achievable emission technology

3 regulation required by the act. We've heard today that

4 utility power plants constitute the single largest

5 unregulated source of mercury emissions.

6 Our Congress told the EPA to clean up toxic

7 air pollution in 1990. Assuming that the EPA's final

8 rule complies with Congress' directive, Americans can

9 look forward to a day where they can again eat fish

10 without serving their families with an unhealthy dose

11 of methyl mercury.

12 We've heard that the mercury emitted by coal

13 fired utilities is highly toxic to humans. Exposure to

14 even small amounts of methyl mercury can lead to

15 irreversible neurology damage. Methyl mercury's

16 neurodevelopmental effects pose a particular risk to

17 developing fetuses, children, and adults up to age

18 twenty.

19 The most recent data suggests risks to the

20 cardiovascular system of adults as well and in my

21 prepared comments, I site to a May 2011 study.

22 Mercury emitted to the, to the air from coal

23 plants and other sources, deposits on the surrounding

24 lands, make its way into fish tissue in the form of

25 methyl mercury and the primary route of human exposure100

1 to methyl mercury is through the consumption of fish.

2 With widespread mercury contamination in the

3 nation's rivers and lakes, agencies have increased

4 numbers of fish consumption advisories. All fifty

5 states have issued advisories placed on some or all

6 their waters off limits for those who would eat fish

7 that they catch. That includes a hundred percent of

8 Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron and Erie and

9 significant stretches of coastal waters.

10 Currently, all of Pennsylvania remains under

11 a blanket advisory that recommends limiting consumption

12 of recreationally caught fish to one meal per week.

13 And the major U.S. physicians associations,

14 including the American Medical Association, the

15 American Academy of Pediatrics and the Physicians for

16 Social Responsibility have all urged stronger mercury

17 rules.

18 One consequence of the various regulations at

19 state level is the control of mercury through activated

20 carbon injection. That has been successfully

21 implemented by a number of utilities across this

22 country.

23 I refer to a 2009 General Accounting,

24 Accountability Office study which shows that mercury

25 emission reductions can be achieved as high as101

1 ninety-nine percent and these can be achieved over the

2 various coal-fired plants in the country.

3 Some utility companies have recognized the

4 need for reductions of mercury and other toxic

5 emissions. According to one utility executive, Paul

6 Allen [phonetic] at Constellation Energy, they have,

7 "We have recently completed the installation of major

8 air quality control systems, including scrubber bag

9 house and other equipment at our major coal facilities

10 in Maryland. These systems work effectively and

11 reduce, result in dramatically lower emissions of

12 mercury, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and acid

13 gasses."

14 We know from experience that constructing

15 this technology can be done in the reasonable time

16 frame especially with good advance planning and there

17 is meaningful job creation associated with these

18 projects.

19 We at the Clean Air Board support the

20 proposed rule on mercury and air, other air toxics. We

21 think this rule can help the air that we breathe and

22 the fish that we put -- make the fish that we put on

23 our tables safer.

24 Thank you.

25 MR. BRENNER: And thanks to both of you. Our102

1 next two witnesses are Ed Perry from the National

2 Wildlife Federation and Don Robertson from the Isaac

3 Walton League of America.

4 MR. PERRY: My name is Ed Perry. I'm the

5 Pennsylvania Outreach Coordinator for the National

6 Wildlife Federation's Clean Energy and Climate Change

7 Campaign.

8 In a former life, I was a chronic biologist

9 who spent a thirty year career with the United States

10 Fish and Wildlife Service working to protect streams

11 and wetlands from unwise development.

12 Unfortunately, I couldn't protect them from

13 mercury contamination.

14 I'm also a lifelong fisherman and my wife and

15 two sons and I have fished and camped all over our

16 great country and some of my best experiences were

17 catching grayling and west slope cut throat from high

18 altitude model lakes that we thought were pristine and

19 having these fish for dinner over a campfire at night.

20 But my favorite in the, in the whole country

21 is right in my backyard; the Susquehanna River and my

22 family and I have been floating that river, camping on

23 the islands and wading, fishing for small mouth bass

24 for thirty years.

25 The one thing we don't experience though is103

1 cooking those fish and eating more at our campfire at

2 night because I know they're contaminated with mercury.

3 Pennsylvania is downwind from hundreds of coal-fired

4 power plants and that river, all the way to the New

5 York border down to the west branch of the Susquehanna

6 River is a fish advisory for mercury.

7 This year for the first time, I'm going to be

8 taking my grandson fishing and like anyone who's taken

9 their -- a little kid fishing, you know any fish he

10 catches, he's going to want to keep and take home. And

11 I'm going to have him throw his fish back because I

12 don't want that little kid who's still growing to be

13 eating fish that are contaminated with mercury.

14 You know, when you think about it, it's the

15 year 2011. It's hard to believe that mercury,

16 something so toxic as mercury, is not being regulated

17 from coal-fired power plants.

18 Pennsylvania ranks second in the country in

19 the pounds of mercury emitted and we're -- we have four

20 of the dirtiest coal-fired power plants in the nation.

21 This is one area where we don't want to be a leader.

22 Even though mercury contamination or toxicity

23 is well documented in the scientific literature, the

24 coal industry and its allies have been fighting against

25 sensible regulations for decades. Frankly, I have had104

1 it with that tired refrain that these new regulations

2 are going to damage our economy when the real cost is

3 born by our kids, our families, and those with health

4 problems.

5 It's long past time that we implement the

6 technically and economically feasible alternatives that

7 EPA is proposing to regulate mercury emissions and we

8 strongly support your actions in this regard.

9 Thank you.

10 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Mr. Robertson.

11 MR. ROBERTSON: Can you hear me okay? I'm

12 Don Robertson. I'm the President of the Pennsylvania

13 Division of the Isaac Walton League. The Isaac Walton

14 League strongly supported the new updates for clean air

15 acts, safeguards, and reduced hazard air pollution from

16 power plants, including mercury, acid -- acid gasses

17 and toxins -- and other pollutants known as air toxins.

18 For more than a decade, the League has

19 actively campaigned strong federal regulations for

20 these -- for the largest source of mercury and air

21 toxins emissions in the United States, coal-fired power

22 plants.

23 Our organization participated in legal action

24 to ensure the Clean Air Act standards are achieved and

25 our members have previously testified before the EPA105

1 for control of these dangerous pollutants.

2 Today, we applaud the EPA for taking the

3 appropriate, significant, long overdue steps to protect

4 the environmental health.

5 These standards will provide a level playing

6 field for power plants across the country because if

7 mercury pollution can travel long distances

8 nationwide. Standards in the central to reduce

9 contamination of water bodies and fish across the

10 nation. For example, the Isaac Walton League members

11 of Minnesota were successful, successfully in getting

12 requirements for the Minnesota power plants to reduce

13 mercury emission by ninety percent.

14 But Minnesota's efforts to reduce mercury

15 contamination in fish will fall short if other states'

16 power plants do not reduce their mercury as well.

17 Thank you for your time and, and we hope that

18 you can take and bring us to a better effort for both

19 sides.

20 MR. BRENNER: Okay.

21 MR. PERRY: Thank you.

22 MR. BRENNER: And thank you for coming and

23 providing that testimony. Thanks to both of you.

24 Next we have Horace W. Strand from the

25 Chester Environmental Partnership and William Krammer106

1 from the Sierra Club.

2 REVEREND DR. STRAND: My name is Reverend

3 Dr. Horace Strand. I'm the Chairman of the Chester

4 Environmental Partnership in the City of Chester.

5 The Chester Environmental Partnership was

6 organized to deal with the enormous clustering of

7 environmental unfriendly facilities in our small

8 community with a population of about forty-five hundred

9 residents.

10 In our small community, we have approximately

11 three coal power plants; one on the eastern side, one

12 on the western side and one centrally located within

13 the community. We're also surrounded by facilities

14 such as the Covanta Trash to Steam Plant which is the

15 fourth largest in the nation. A rock crushing facility

16 called [indecipherable] and at one point, we had a

17 [indecipherable] facility of [indecipherable] medical

18 waste that brought in five point five times the amount

19 of medical waste generated in the entire state of

20 Pennsylvania as well as BP refinery, Sun Oil, and

21 Conoco Phillips and other facilities that

22 emit unfriendly toxins and particulates into our

23 airway.

24 As a result of these combined environmental

25 unfriendly facilities, our city which was unknown to a107

1 lot of folks, as one of the first cities in America as

2 noted as having health conditions that are ranked in

3 comparison with a third class nation. We have some of

4 the highest cancer rate, infant mortality rate, heart

5 and respiratory problems, and we are noted as the

6 cancer belt along this some part of Delaware County and

7 the eastern part and western part of 291, ranking with

8 Eddystone, Chester, [Indecipherable], and Trainer

9 [Indecipherable].

10 I'm here to say that people are hurting,

11 people are dying prematurely and suffering as a result

12 of improper emissions into our airways.

13 There's not enough money in the world that

14 you can pay an individual for loss of life and for a

15 short life expectancy due to the fact that they have

16 inhaled toxins and particulates that have caused them

17 to develop all type of cancers, respiratory problems

18 and health effects.

19 Our children are suffering. We applaud the

20 EPA for taking this bold step. At this pivotal time in

21 history to do something to help people who are hurting

22 the most. I ask the EPA to resist the pressures of

23 industries whose only interest is the bottom dollar and

24 preserving the status quo and to keep ten percent of

25 America who makes over a hundred thousand dollars a108

1 year in power, while the other ninety percent suffer as

2 a result of their practices.

3 I do believe that if we stand together and

4 let our voices be heard, America will have a better

5 chance and the quality of life for our citizens will

6 be, be encouraged to be better and I also believe that

7 we can win this battle.

8 Once again, I applaud President Obama for his

9 leadership and for the EPA secretary, Ms. Jackson, for

10 taking this bold initiative and from the point of view

11 of people who are hurting and dying and suffering,

12 please do what you can do to help us have a reasonable

13 quality of life.

14 In closing, in our city, we are also noted

15 for a high crime rate where many young men in our city

16 have been killed and murdered in our streets. And even

17 though we have a high crime rate of murder, yet it does

18 not compare to the many people who died prematurely as

19 a result of developing cancer, heart problems and

20 having heart attacks and losing their lives prematurely

21 because of bad emissions and things that are

22 [indecipherable] in the airway.

23 I think that we need to look at this issue as

24 just as serious as a crime rate in our communities and

25 help people who are hurting the most. Thank you very109

1 much.

2 MR. BRENNER: Just a quick comment,

3 Mr. Strand, because Chester -- gosh, over ten years ago

4 now -- was one of the first communities to come to us

5 and express their deep levels of concerns over

6 environmental justice issues and I know the regional

7 office has been working with Chester since then to try

8 to see what could be done to, to help.

9 I want to thank you for coming today and

10 participating in this rule making and assure you we

11 will be listening to those, those comments and taking

12 them into account.

13 MR. STRAND: And we thank you for the

14 opportunity as well. And also we thank you because

15 this is one of the rare times in history that the

16 community is not fighting its government and that's,

17 that's what EPA has brought to the table; an agency

18 that's listening to the people and is trying to make a

19 difference and I, I don't want -- I, I was in Texas

20 where they had a meeting with the Congress fighting the

21 EPA, accusing the EPA of hindering economic development

22 and growth and because you're coming out with rules to

23 try to help people live longer.

24 Don't fall for that baloney. Don't give into

25 it. Stand for what is right as you're doing in, in the110

1 community and the American citizens will applaud you

2 and thank you continuously.

3 MR. BRENNER: Thanks for being here today.

4 Mr. Krammer.

5 MR. KRAMMER: Thank you. My name is William

6 Krammer and I'm an organizer with the Sierra Club and

7 also the father of a four year old named Noah.

8 I do not currently live in Philadelphia, but

9 I'm hoping to move here by the end of the year. And

10 I'm also not a neurologist, but when my wife was

11 pregnant, we started reading about the health effects

12 of mercury on infants and we got scared. We read that

13 one out of every six pregnant women have mercury levels

14 in their blood, high enough to, to reach or surpass the

15 EPA's safety threshold for mercury.

16 Even though we work hard to feed our son a

17 healthy diet and are especially careful about the kinds

18 of fish he eats, there's nothing we can do about the

19 air he breathes. The only people who can change that

20 are our elected and government officials and that's why

21 it's so important for me to speak to you today.

22 For me, clean air is important for my health

23 and for the health of my son. We all enjoy biking and

24 hiking. We are concerned about the quality of air so

25 we can enjoy these activities when we move here, so111

1 it's something that's important to us economically too

2 as -- and I think it's important to other people that

3 when they move to a city, they expect clean air and I

4 think people factor that in and that's, that impacts

5 the economies of cities.

6 And also, my son has allergies, so we want to

7 make sure that he can play outside and still be healthy

8 when we move here.

9 My wife and I as parents, try our best to

10 provide our son with a well balanced diet so he can

11 grow up healthy, but the consumer choices we make are

12 not the only things impacting his health. My son and

13 all of us have our health impacted by our environment.

14 The air we breathe, the water we drink. We

15 count on our government, in this case the Environmental

16 Protection Agency to protect us from air and water

17 pollution that will harm our health.

18 I am grateful that the EPA has finally, after

19 twenty years or more than twenty years, come up with a

20 strong rule to reduce air toxins like mercury. And I

21 believe that this rule will benefit our environment,

22 public health and the economy since a healthy workforce

23 is a productive work force.

24 I urge you to adopt the new mercury air

25 toxics rule. Thank you very much.112

1 MR. BRENNER: And thanks to both of you for

2 coming today.

3 Next, we have Scott Manaker from the American

4 Thoracic Society and Chris Salmi from the New Jersey

5 Department of Environmental Protection. Go ahead.

6 DR. MANAKER: Well thank you. Good morning.

7 I'm Dr. Scott Manaker, a Pulmonary and Critical Care

8 Physician at the University of Pennsylvania. I'm an

9 active runner, I'm a parent of three children. My

10 family, my colleagues and my patients all will benefit

11 from the cleaner air that will result from implementing

12 this proposed rule.

13 But I speak this morning on behalf of the

14 American Thoracic Society, a medical professional

15 organization of over fifteen thousand physicians,

16 researchers, and allied health professionals dedicated

17 to the prevention, detection, treatment, and cure of

18 respiratory, sleep, and critical care illnesses through

19 research, education, and advocacy.

20 Abundant research demonstrates that air

21 pollution is bad for your health. Numerous chamber

22 studies convincingly show that exposure to air

23 pollution reduces pulmonary function and promotes

24 airway inflammation. Epidemiologic studies link air

25 pollution to a multitude of adverse health consequences113

1 including cardiac deaths, respiratory deaths, heart

2 attacks, vascular remodeling, exacerbations of chronic

3 obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma flares and

4 low birth weights in newborns.

5 But the most impressive feature of the

6 scientific literature regarding air pollution is the

7 comprehensive demonstration, with literally hundreds of

8 studies that air pollution in myriad forms is bad for

9 human health. These research results are also

10 consistent over decades as researchers applied ever

11 better research technologies to demonstrate these

12 adverse health effects of air pollution at consistently

13 smaller doses.

14 Coal and -- coal and air -- I'm sorry, excuse

15 me. Coal- and oil-fired power plants are a significant

16 source of air pollution in the United States.

17 Coal-fired power plants emit a complex mixture of air

18 pollutants, including acid gasses, heavy metals and

19 particulate matter.

20 Additionally, the pollutants emitted from

21 these smoke stacks are precursors for additional

22 pollutants like ozone and PM2.5, particulate matter

23 less than twenty-five micrometers in diameter.

24 Pollution from these power plants has an immediate

25 health impact on the nearby community as well as114

1 sending pollution to downwind communities.

2 The American Thoracic Society strongly

3 supports the EPA proposed rule to reduce toxic air

4 emissions from coal-fired and oil-fired power plants.

5 Implementation of the proposed rule will have

6 a significantly positive impact on our nation's health.

7 The rule will require that all coal- and oil-fired

8 power plants install pollution control equipment that

9 reduces air pollution emissions. It is encouraging

10 that operators of over half of U.S. coal-fired power

11 plants have already acted responsibly and proactively

12 installing equipment that meets the standards of the

13 proposed rule.

14 We hope that with implementation of the EPA

15 rule, the remaining power plants will follow the

16 actions of their industry partners and install readily

17 available pollution control technology.

18 Reducing air pollution will have a

19 significant health benefits for the American people.

20 When implemented, the toxic air rule will prevent

21 seventeen thousand premature deaths and eleven thousand

22 heart attacks. The rule will protect the health of

23 America's children by avoiding a hundred and twenty

24 thousand cases of asthma symptoms, eleven thousand

25 cases of acute bronchitis and twelve thousand emergency115

1 room and hospital visits each year.

2 In conclusion, exposure to air pollution

3 creates real dangers. The science documenting the

4 adverse health effects of air pollution is conclusive.

5 The technology required to reduce air pollution is

6 readily available and in use today and the benefits of

7 the proposed rule are meaningful and significant.

8 And for all these reasons, the American

9 Thoracic Society strongly supports the proposed air

10 toxic rule. Thank you for your time and the

11 opportunity to speak on behalf of the American Thoracic

12 Society.

13 I'd be happy to answer any questions.

14 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Thank you. Mr. Salmi.

15 MR. SALMI: Good morning. My name is Chris

16 Salmi. I am Assistant Director of the Division of Air

17 Quality in the New Jersey Department Environmental

18 Protection.

19 New Jersey supports this effort by the United

20 States Environmental Protection Agency to set standards

21 to address its finding in 2000 that is appropriate and

22 necessary to regulate emissions of hazardous air

23 pollutants from power plants.

24 The proposed U.S. EPA standards are

25 achievable. Most of New Jersey's coal-fired power116

1 plants already have installed modern air pollution

2 controls that meet these proposed standards and we are

3 pleased that the U.S. EPA is acting to reduce emissions

4 of poorly controlled plants in other states.

5 Air pollution from sources in other states is

6 a major contributor to poor air quality in New Jersey.

7 Setting emission standards for mercury, non-mercury

8 toxic metals, acid gasses, and total metals is a

9 practical and effective way to minimize the impact of

10 hazardous air pollutants on the environment.

11 Additionally, the U.S. EPA should require

12 that the controls needed to achieve these emission

13 standards be operated in such a manner to minimize the

14 air toxic emissions by optimizing the air pollution

15 control systems after construction.

16 For acid gasses, the proposal appropriately

17 allows the use of hydrochloric acid or sulfur dioxide

18 as a surrogate for acid hazardous air pollutant

19 emissions. While the proposed sulfur dioxide surrogate

20 standard is not as stringent as the New Jersey 2012

21 emission standard, it requires a good scrubber that

22 meets the maximum achievable control technology

23 requirements.

24 However, compliance with the hydrochloric

25 acid limit may not guarantee the best sulfur dioxide117

1 controls. Additional sulfur dioxide emission

2 reductions may be needed to meet a revised fine

3 particulate matter health and welfare standard. If the

4 hydrochloric acid controls do not sufficiently reduce

5 sulfur dioxide emissions.

6 The U.S. EPA should encourage facilities to

7 install the best controls as soon as possible to

8 provide the public health benefits for all pollutants

9 sooner.

10 The U.S. EPA should make it clear that dry

11 sorbent injection may be a good start, a good short-term

12 hydrochloric acid emission reduction measure, but

13 over the longer term, better control of sulfur dioxide

14 may be required.

15 For mercury, the existing New Jersey rule

16 limits for mercury emissions from coal-fired power

17 plants have been in effect for some units since 2007.

18 Compliance with these rules has demonstrated mercury

19 reductions over ninety percent.

20 The U.S. EPA mercury proposal is also not as

21 stringent as the New Jersey rule, but it requires the

22 installation of good control technology.

23 The U.S. EPA rule should be augmented with

24 the requirement to maximize the emission reductions by

25 optimizing the air pollution control systems after118

1 installation. For example, if carbon injection units

2 are, are installed, sufficient carbon should be used to

3 reasonably minimize mercury emissions. An example of

4 such provisions are included in the New Jersey mercury

5 rule.

6 Also, we prefer a more, a more stringent

7 concentration limit combined with a ninety percent

8 control option. This is more reflective of maximum

9 achievable control technology for average mercury coal

10 and accommodates high mercury coal.

11 For total metals, a stringent particulate

12 limit is appropriate to minimize the emissions of

13 particulate hazardous air pollutants including heavy

14 metals.

15 The U.S. EPA proposal to utilize fuel

16 sampling to determine compliance for oil burning

17 sources is generally reasonable. Sampling or testing

18 ultra low sulfur distillate oil is not necessary.

19 Good particulate control -- good particulate matter

20 controls are appropriate for heavy oil combustion.

21 For products of incomplete combustion, New

22 Jersey agrees that good combustion is the appropriate

23 way to minimize organic hazardous air pollutant

24 emissions.

25 We specify carbon monoxide emission limits in119

1 our rules. These provide a practical and measurable

2 indicator of good combustion. We encourage the U.S.

3 EPA to do the same.

4 The health benefits from this proposed rule

5 are compelling and require expeditious action. The

6 U.S. EPA indicates the proposal will provide

7 significant health benefits in terms of avoided

8 premature deaths, cases of bronchitis, heart attacks,

9 hospital emergency room visits, etcetera.

10 The proposal requires the units to install

11 controls in three years with a provision for an

12 additional one year extension. New Jersey encourages

13 the U.S. EPA to maximize the benefits by requiring

14 those who choose to utilize dry sorbent injection

15 controls to install them quickly and provide the extra

16 year to units which selects to install the best

17 controls if more time is necessary.

18 New Jersey will be submitting more detailed

19 written comments to the docket and I wish to thank you

20 for your attention to this important source of

21 emissions in the nation.

22 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. It would be helpful

23 if as part of those comments, you could provide us a

24 copy of the New Jersey rule.

25 MR. SALMI: Okay.120

1 MR. BRENNER: So we can see how you handled

2 some of the technical issues associated with the rule.

3 I have one question for Dr. Manaker.

4 DR. MANAKER: Certainly.

5 MR. BRENNER: If you could give us a sense of

6 how air pollution compares to other kinds of causes of

7 respiratory disease, what you've been, been seeing in

8 terms of the, the relevance of, of air pollution.

9 DR. MANAKER: I can say that, well not having

10 the, the literature at my fingertips, I can say that

11 there have been probably twenty to fifty papers over

12 the past decade pointing out that even earlier limits

13 in, in accord with whether another conditions, even

14 earlier limits of particulate matter and other

15 constituents of air pollution have been temporally

16 associated with respiratory disease, flares of asthma,

17 emergency room visits and that's part of the rationale

18 of why the Society is so supportive of the proposed

19 rule.

20 We, we now recognize scientifically that

21 earlier limits were helpful at reducing, but still are

22 not where the limits need to be to reduce the effective

23 air pollution on health, particularly in children with

24 asthma, as well as the elderly with chronic bronchitis.

25 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Thank you very much both121

1 of you. I guess -- go ahead Kevin.

2 MR. CULLIGAN: I have a question for Chris.

3 Chris, you have talked about optimizing controls after

4 construction and I think you gave an example of

5 mercury. Are there other -- is it, is, is the focus

6 mercury and if not, would, will you be detailing your

7 comments to other areas you think we should be focused

8 on then?

9 MR. SALMI: Yes. Mercury as well as, I

10 think, depending upon the technology before the acid

11 gasses. There may be a way to optimize the, the, the

12 re-agent they inject, what gets injected so that you

13 minimize the emissions that come out and we certainly

14 provide our provisions that we have in our rule as well

15 as the experience of some sources in New Jersey.

16 MR. CULLIGAN: Thanks, Chris

17 MR. SALMI: Yeah.

18 MR. BRENNER: Yes?

19 MS. COX: You say that you've had a more

20 strict rule in New Jersey for a number of years, so at

21 this point, do you have any statistics on the impact,

22 the economic impact on those regulations?

23 MR. SALMI: I'll have to go back and check on

24 that one.

25 MS. COX: Okay. If, if you have that122

1 information, that would be a useful part of the record.

2 Thank you.

3 MR. BRENNER: Thank you gentlemen.

4 We now have Michael Bradley from the Clean

5 Energy Group and Anthony Disorbo, who is an individual

6 testifying on his own behalf. Go ahead.

7 MR. BRADLEY: Good morning. And thank you

8 for the opportunity to provide testimony on behalf --

9 on, on the utility toxics rule.

10 My name is Michael Bradley and the Executive

11 Director of the Clean Energy Group. I'm testifying

12 today on behalf of the Clean Energy Group's clean air

13 policy initiative; a coalition of electric power

14 companies. The member companies are some of the

15 nation's largest generators of electricity with over

16 seventeen -- one hundred and seventy thousand megawatts

17 of electric generating capacity, including a hundred

18 and ten megawatts of fossil generating capacity located

19 throughout the U.S. and, and together they serve nearly

20 a fifth of all U.S. electric consumers.

21 On behalf of the member companies, I offer

22 the following observations on the proposed utility

23 toxics rule.

24 The rule provides the business certainty

25 required for the industry to move forward with capital123

1 investment decisions. The proposal, while not perfect,

2 is reasonable and consistent with the requirements of

3 the Clean Air Act. The electric sector overall is very

4 well positioned to comply. And the Clean Air Act

5 provides sufficient time to comply as well as the

6 authority to accommodate special circumstances where

7 additional time is necessary.

8 There should be no surprise that EPA issued

9 this rule. Since 2000, the electric industry has known

10 that the hazardous air pollutants would be regulated

11 under the Clean Air Act. Now, over a decade later, the

12 EPA is under a court ordered deadline to finalize the

13 rule by November.

14 Additionally, EPA conducted an extensive

15 emission data collection effort with the cooperation of

16 the electric industry to insure that the standards were

17 based on real world operating experience.

18 The proposed standards for coal-fired units

19 are not as burdensome as some of the electric sector

20 had anticipated. In fact, if there was any surprise,

21 it was the degree of compliance flexibility proposed by

22 EPA in the rule. For example, the proposal includes

23 work practice standards for dioxins, surrogates for

24 certain hazardous air pollutants, as well as the

25 ability to average among units at a facility.124

1 We are evaluating specific technical issues

2 with the rule that we think need to be addressed, but

3 we expect continued engagement with EPA will lead to a

4 final rule that is both balanced and flexible.

5 For example, we recently have seen EPA

6 promptly fix areas identified in the proposed mercury

7 standard for coal-fired power plants. This minor

8 update to the proposed mercury standard is a normal

9 function of the public comment process and the updated

10 proposed standard will not change the overall impact on

11 the utility toxics rule on affected power plants.

12 The technologies to control hazardous air

13 pollutants, including mercury and acid gasses, are

14 commercially available. Also the industry has very

15 extensive experience with the installation and

16 operation of these controls.

17 Companies will generally have three years to

18 comply once the rule is final. We believe that the

19 vast majority of generating units can meet this

20 schedule for several reasons.

21 First, to their credit, many companies have

22 already installed major components of pollution control

23 systems that will be required to comply. For example,

24 about sixty percent of the nation's coal capacity has

25 already been retrofit with scrubbers. Moreover, as125

1 shown in the, in the attachments that I'll submit for

2 the record, at least coal-fired units already --

3 existing units already comply with each of EPA's

4 proposed emission standards under the rule.

5 It's important to realize that we are not

6 starting from scratch here.

7 Second, EPA's -- EPA allows compliance

8 flexibility in the rule by allowing power plant owners

9 to average their emissions across all the boilers at a

10 facility. Almost twenty percent of the coal capacity

11 that currently lacks scrubbers happens to be co-located

12 at plants with scrubbers. Great opportunity for

13 averaging.

14 Third. Historical experience shows that the

15 industry has the capacity to install a large number of

16 pollution control systems in a relatively short period

17 of time. Between 2008 and 2010, the industry installed

18 about sixty gigawatts of scrubbers and twenty gigawatts

19 of advanced NOx controls.

20 Fourth, most of the control technologies that

21 coal-fired power plants will use to comply, like

22 activated carbon injection and dry sorbent injection

23 can be installed in less than two years. Dry sorbent

24 injection is a proven technology that reduces SO2 and

25 other acid gasses.126

1 Relative to a scrubber, dry sorbent injection

2 requires much lower capital cost. Generally, dry

3 sorbent injection will be considered for coal units

4 burning low sulfur coal. Other factors that will drive

5 the deployment of DSI include unit size, percentage

6 reduction of emissions required, plant economics, and

7 site specific characteristics. Several companies have

8 already installed or are in the process of installing

9 DSI technology, including NRG, Duke, and Midwest

10 Generation.

11 If a company is unable to comply in time, the

12 Act allows up to one additional year to install the

13 necessary controls. Furthermore, EPA has the authority

14 and has used this authority in similar situations, to

15 provide additional time beyond the one year extension

16 on a case by case basis. This will allow companies to

17 manage multiple control installations and avoid

18 potential reliability concerns.

19 In fact, the U.S. Department of Energy

20 recently projected relatively modest coal plant

21 retirements under EPA's air rules in the

22 Annual Energy Outlook, 2011.

23 Even a scenario that forecast SCR's and

24 scrubbers on all coal plants, which certainly we do not

25 expect to be the case, results in only ten gigawatts of127

1 coal plant retirements above the reference case.

2 In conclusion, the Clean Air Act amended by

3 Congress in 1990 with overwhelming bi-partisan support

4 and signed by George H. W. Bush requires regulations

5 that limit hazardous air pollutants from the electric

6 sector.

7 In 2000, EPA took the first steps towards

8 regulating those emissions and over the -- and over a

9 decade later, EPA is now working to finalize the rule.

10 While complying with these obligations will,

11 will require extensive planning and significant

12 resources, many companies are well on their way to

13 complying. There is no reason to delay the

14 implementation of the utility toxics rule. Proceeding

15 on schedule with the flexibility that's available will

16 provide the business certainty that the industry needs.

17 Thank you.

18 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Thanks. I'll have a

19 question for you regarding international mercury, but

20 first let's hear from Mr. Disorbo.

21 MR. DISORBO: Thank you. My name is Anthony

22 Disorbo. I live in Center City, Philadelphia. I'm an

23 advocate for healthy living and also an avid runner.

24 I'm here today to express my support for the proposed

25 rule because it will improve the health of citizens128

1 across the U.S. and make living a healthy lifestyle

2 more obtainable, especially for those Pennsylvanians

3 who live near and downwind from emission sources.

4 Pennsylvania is the second most mercury

5 polluted state in the U.S. Each year, power plants in

6 Pennsylvania emit over fifteen thousand pounds of

7 mercury into our air and water endangering the health

8 and quality of life of our fellow citizens.

9 Mercury's toxic effects are worse for

10 children, infants, and fetuses where mercury exposure

11 damages their fast developing nervous systems causing

12 cognitive and learning disorders, motor impairment,

13 speech disorders, and increased risk for cerebral

14 palsy.

15 Adults are also susceptible to mercury

16 poisoning. According to the American Heart

17 Association, there is also growing evidence that

18 prolonged mercury exposure through one's diet could

19 increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and

20 coronary heart disease in adults.

21 Mercury pollution is not enough. Coal- and

22 oil-fired plants also emits other toxic metals that are

23 known causes of cancer. They emit acidic gasses such

24 as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride known to

25 cause irritation to the breathing passages, especially129

1 for those with faster breathing rates and those who

2 tend to spend more time outside, such as runners and

3 other athletes.

4 Finally, they emit particulate matter

5 pollution which aggravates asthma and causes

6 cardiovascular disease.

7 I support the proposed mercury and air toxic

8 standards rule because of the smart and responsible

9 action that protects public health, that will reduce

10 all the aforementioned pollutants in our environment

11 and subsequently our bodies.

12 Everyone should have the right to live a

13 healthy life and we should not trample over that right

14 just to power our homes and our offices.

15 Fortunately, technology and practices that

16 greatly reduce the amount of mercury and other

17 pollutants emitted from coal and oil plants exists and

18 the proposed rule will make sure that these

19 technologies and practices are used to their fullest

20 extent.

21 Once fully implemented, the proposed rule

22 will reduce mercury emissions by ninety-one percent and

23 reduce the number of infants born with cognitive and

24 neurological disorders.

25 The health benefit from the reduction of130

1 other pollutants will also be astounding, reducing a

2 number of cases of chronic bronchitis, non-fatal heart

3 attacks, and asthma.

4 As a final note, I support the proposed rule

5 because it also makes economic sense. The national

6 cost for implementation is tiny compared to the health

7 care savings. Even after the cost to implement the

8 proposed rule, our nation will save over a hundred

9 billion dollars in health care.

10 Finally, installing pollution control is

11 necessary to meet the proposed standards that require

12 and create jobs in manufacturing, skilled labor,

13 engineering, and management, so not only is the

14 proposed rule good for the health of the people, it's

15 also good for the health of our economy.

16 Thank you.

17 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. The question I had

18 was one of the concerns we've heard expressed regarding

19 the mercury component of the rule is that much of the

20 mercury that is deposited in the U.S. comes from

21 sources emitting it from overseas and is there a

22 prospective from the Clean Energy Group on that issue

23 and what the appropriate response is?

24 MR. BRADLEY: We, we don't have a position on

25 international mercury emissions. We recognize that131

1 there is a, a global transport mechanism, but we also

2 recognize that the Clean Air Act is very clear about

3 the need for the sector to, to reduce mercury emissions

4 like other sectors have in the U.S. and we have the

5 hands on experience of reducing mercury emissions in a

6 number of coal facilities from member companies and

7 believe that it's time to get on with it.

8 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Thank you very much to

9 both of -- oh, there's one more. Kevin.

10 MR. CULLIGAN: Michael, you cited three

11 companies that were using or planning to use DSI. I

12 think it was NRG, Duke, and Midwest Gen. To, to the

13 extent that you can document any more of that in your

14 comments, that would be quite helpful.

15 MR. BRADLEY: We're, we're definitely

16 planning to do that, Kevin.

17 MR. CULLIGAN: Thank you.

18 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Thank you. We now have

19 two members of the public who will be testifying. John

20 McLaughlin and Jack Miller. Please come up. Okay.

21 Mr. McLaughlin.

22 MR. McLAUGHLIN: Hello. Thanks for letting

23 me speak. I work with ex-offenders and people coming

24 out of prison, guys coming out of prison and a lot of

25 them live in halfway houses that are held accountable132

1 for every move they make, to the parole officers and at

2 the halfway houses.

3 One time I was in [indecipherable] in

4 Pennsylvania and I was with a buddy. We were right on

5 Susquehanna River and we were near a coal plant and

6 they were just dumping fly ash, which they're not

7 supposed to do. They actually pump it into lakes and

8 if you go on Google maps where the borders of West

9 Virginia, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, you can see one of

10 these fly ash lakes. It's bright blue, like Caribbean

11 water. One of them burst and pretty much wiped out a

12 town in Tennessee.

13 But I was wondering, as I'm watching this fly

14 ash, you know, who's holding these coal companies

15 accountable. They're not supposed to do that, but here

16 they are doing it and I think there's too much -- this

17 notion that the government is getting too big and it's,

18 it's intrusive in people's lives. I think that the

19 government needs to be big and it needs to be intrusive

20 in these corporations that will murder us for a dollar.

21 I think it's the duty of the government to impose these

22 regulations and enforce them and hold these

23 corporations accountable. They make billions of

24 dollars giving us electricity, which we need, but I

25 don't think it's wrong to enforce regulations on them.133

1 Thank you.

2 MR. BRENNER: All right. Thank you.

3 Mr. Miller.

4 MR. MILLER: Yes. I'm Jack Miller. I'm not

5 here representing anybody. As a matter-of-fact, I did

6 not really intend to speak, but on my drive up here

7 from Ocean City, I felt compelled to speak.

8 I admire what you're doing so much. You need

9 to stand up. I mean, I'm going to speak for a minute.

10 You can take thirty seconds of my time and stand and

11 stretch.

12 MR. BRENNER: As a matter-of-fact, I'm going

13 to take you up on that while you speak and I will

14 stand, so thank you.

15 MR. MILLER: That -- please do. I'm not sure

16 what to do with this. I just photocopied this, this

17 morning. This is a record of some blood work that I

18 had done two years ago because I was suffering from

19 many different kinds of problems and I can give you

20 this copy. My levels of mercury are rated very

21 elevated. Everything else is under control. Mercury

22 is out of control.

23 I have a triple whammy here. I lived in

24 Upper Township, which is where B.L. England coal-fired

25 plant exists. I worked in Ocean City, so whichever way134

1 the wind blew, I'm getting B.L. England into me. I

2 also fish and I used to eat fish. I don't eat fish

3 very much any more. I was kayaking yesterday with this

4 on my mind and I caught a blue fish and I looked at it

5 like it was something out of a fifty's sci-fi film. I

6 was afraid of this fish. It is no longer my friend in

7 terms of diet. It is a polluted unhealthy thing for me

8 to be with.

9 There are thirteen states that I read

10 somewhere that have been the manufacturing and

11 distribution of thermometers, fever thermometers and

12 that's because they contain mercury. And I think that,

13 we know that the mercury is bad, and so a state will

14 say no to that because it's a very visible, concrete

15 thing. It's much harder to say no to the air, which we

16 can't really grasp concretely.

17 We've had issues like this in the past and

18 have done the right thing. I think of, of polio. We

19 found out polio is bad. It cripples children and we

20 put together our resources and our good science and we

21 put an end to polio basically. We've made adjustments

22 with products like gasoline. We used to have leaded

23 gas. We said lead is not good for us, we eliminated

24 the leaded gas. Somehow the oil companies survived

25 that particular blow.135

1 I believe the energy companies will survive a

2 blow that says stop polluting the air.

3 We used to think of, of coal burning as a

4 cure for the winter cold. It turns out that that cure

5 is more aligned with bleeding of patients, how we used

6 to do that. That it was -- it's not a cure. It's,

7 it's harming us.

8 How might we pay for this because it is going

9 to require rearranging of monies and I, I feel in

10 speaking here, there's, there's all these facts and

11 experts and people who really can give you the numbers,

12 so I won't do that. But I do know that there's an

13 increasing gap between the very wealthy and the not so

14 wealthy. There are ways that we could probably

15 redistribute monies.

16 So, one way we can pay for this is through

17 cutting spending, taxes, there's alternatives. The

18 other way we can, we can pay for this is with the, with

19 our children and we will be paying for this with our

20 children. They will not have the same opportunities in

21 terms of good health that the generations before them

22 had.

23 Thank you.

24 MR. BRENNER: Thanks to both of you and

25 although I'm a little bit off the topic of the rule, I136

1 do have a question for, for both of you because it's,

2 it's always a challenge for a federal agency to figure

3 out how best to engage the public on the work that we

4 do that will affect them and for some set of reasons,

5 both of you decided to take the time to come here and,

6 and to testify at this hearing and if you want to give

7 us any insights as to what it is about this rule or

8 this process that caused you to decide that you wanted

9 to participate, that would sure help us as we try to do

10 more of that in the future.

11 Either of you have a reaction?

12 MR. MILLER: Yes. This is a wonderful

13 opportunity. This is, this is government. This is

14 American citizens helping to determine policy. How

15 could I not want to be present at such a thing. It's,

16 it's a grand opportunity and your dedication and all of

17 these people who have taken their time, whether they're

18 doing it professionally or just someone like me. So I,

19 I thought that maybe I could put some images to those

20 facts that you're receiving.

21 I don't know the facts on these things. I, I

22 know that mercury is a poison, so I just thought it was

23 a duty as a citizen to be involved in such hearings.

24 MR. McLAUGHLIN: Yeah. Same thing with me.

25 I'm just, you know, I see what's going on in the news137

1 and how the rich are getting richer, you know the poor

2 are just worse off. You know, we're struggling and you

3 know we got to deal with this pollution and all that

4 kind of stuff and I just, you know, I'm getting fed up

5 and I want to do something about it, so I'm glad that,

6 you know, we have this opportunity to, to speak to the

7 government, you know? And just feel like I need to do

8 something other than just vote every couple of years.

9 MR. BRENNER: Well, thanks to both of you for

10 coming here today.

11 MR. MILLER: Thank you.

12 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Next we have Marico

13 Franz who is also testifying as a member of the public

14 and Paul J. Mellon, Jr. from Novetas Solutions. And I

15 see we have two people testifying.

16 MS. FRANZ: Yes. Is it okay if after I

17 testify, I just -- I don't think she'll sit still

18 for --

19 MR. BRENNER: It's fine, it's fine. Not a

20 problem at all.

21 MS. FRANZ: Okay. My name is Marico Franz.

22 So I just wrote my testimony.

23 When my daughter was nine months old, a

24 routine blood test revealed that she had an elevated

25 lead level. Like any mother, I immediately felt138

1 anxious. Questions whirled as I read through the

2 literature provided by the doctor and I wondered how

3 this would impact her cognitive and behavioral

4 development.

5 While we were able to swiftly identify the

6 source of the lead and we were able to bring the level

7 back down to normal, still I couldn't help but worry if

8 the damage had already been done.

9 Today, she seems like a bright and well

10 adjusted two year old and so it would seem my initial

11 fears have been assuaged. Still I wonder, if anything,

12 this toxin has deprived my daughter.

13 I mention this story because like lead,

14 mercury is a toxin, especially dangerous to fetuses and

15 young children that can cause irreversible damage and

16 like lead, it exists in our environment as assumingly

17 invisible substance and for as much of the literature

18 as I read to prepare myself for motherhood, I could

19 have never expected the sheer volume of environmental

20 dangers I would face.

21 While it's easy to avoid things like tuna and

22 fish for myself and my daughter, I can't avoid the air

23 we breathe and the fumes laden with toxics like mercury

24 that accompany it.

25 As mothers, it seems that every day we're up139

1 against some new and ever daunting challenge. Whether

2 it's the toxins in breast milk, BPA in plastic,

3 pesticides in food, the lead in old homes, and the

4 mercury in the air. Lead was an obstacle I wasn't

5 expecting in my journey as a mother and I hope to

6 prevent any more obstacles like it.

7 While we are still experiencing the aftermath

8 of lead, this country realized the danger associated

9 with it and we did the right and safe thing for our

10 children and we banned it. We need to do the same

11 thing for mercury and other air toxics, so I'm asking

12 just that you please enact the mercury and air toxics

13 standard.

14 Thank you.

15 MR. BRENNER: Thank you and I will ask the

16 panel now if they have any questions for you? Okay.

17 You can go back to being a mom now. Thank you very

18 much for your testimony.

19 MS. FRANZ: All right. Thank you.

20 MR. BRENNER: All right. Mr. Mellon. Good

21 afternoon.

22 MR. MELLON: That will be a hard act to

23 follow. My name is Paul Mellon. I'm President of

24 Novetas Solutions. We're a small company based in

25 Philadelphia. We make products from industrial,140

1 industrial type products made from one hundred percent

2 recycled glass. In fact, one of our major brands is

3 called new age glass media and it's used for abrasive

4 blasting.

5 Our product is safe for workers because it

6 does not contain free silica, nor does it contain heavy

7 metals or toxins.

8 In March 2011, the EPA Office of Air proposed

9 the rule that we're here today discussing which is to

10 set limits on the amount of toxins coming out of the

11 smoke stacks of power plants. The EPA is using their

12 mandate under the Clean Air Act.

13 One of the issues that they addressed is that

14 there are harmful particle pollution will also be

15 reduced preventing hundreds of thousands of illnesses

16 and up to seventeen thousand premature deaths each year

17 from breathing what is in the, the toxins contained in

18 coal combustion waste.

19 Today's hearing on this issue of managing the

20 waste output from coal power plants however, should be

21 put into context because this discussion is directly

22 related to renewed efforts across the entire EPA to

23 apply sound science to manage the impact of coal waste

24 on human health and the environment.

25 Coal is a very important source of power. I141

1 think everyone here can agree to this country and to

2 especially Pennsylvania. In fact, the Philadelphia

3 Enquirer this week, on the front page, devoted an

4 article to this meeting and to the whole issue of coal

5 combustion waste.

6 As a note here, about forty power plants are

7 currently in operation in Pennsylvania alone generating

8 yes, a lot of power that's needed and very affordable

9 power for people, but also generating a lot of toxic

10 waste.

11 So the goal of the EPA seems to be two-fold.

12 Reduce the impact of harmful combustion waste to human

13 health while also insuring the, there's technology used

14 to keep coal affordable in terms of its power

15 generation.

16 I applaud this effort today and I'd like to

17 state that it's the perfect opportunity for the EPA

18 Office of Air to work with your sister division, the

19 Office of Solid Waste and share some of the information

20 that your office has on the toxic impact of breathing

21 CCR waste.

22 The Office of Solid Waste is also engaged in

23 a very similar discussion about how to minimize the

24 impact of the disposal of CCR waste and their products,

25 however it absolutely overlaps with a lot of the work142

1 that's being discussed here today.

2 Just as there was a lack of national rules on

3 air emissions which we're addressing today, believe it

4 or not, there is no national guidelines currently in

5 place that regulate the disposal of a hundred and

6 thirty million tons of solid waste that comes from coal

7 power plants.

8 In 2000, the OSW issued a ruling in which

9 they declared CCR waste was non-hazardous. In addition

10 to that, in 2000, they created what's called the

11 beneficial use program. The beneficial use program was

12 to take the coal waste and actually turn it into

13 products that the EPA certified were safe to use.

14 One of these products, I'm here to talk to

15 you today. This is a bag of black beauty abrasives,

16 okay. This product is made by Harsco Corporation.

17 Ironically, they sell about a million tons of this

18 product every year for sandblasting. They're

19 headquartered actually right here in Pennsylvania.

20 You'll notice on the back of the bag, the

21 product says, contains coal slag. The product has low

22 health risk by inhalation. Treat as a nuisance dust.

23 The product in this bag is one hundred percent coal

24 combustion waste. It is the exact product that comes

25 out of these coal power plants. Harsco was telling143

1 people it is safe to breathe, calling it a nuisance

2 dust. I think that the Office of Air actually, we find

3 this statement kind of curious because in 1992 the

4 Office of Air did a study for the ship yard industry

5 and in that study, they discovered that black beauty --

6 did the study on black beauty, found that point two

7 five pounds of -- per ton -- of hazardous waste was

8 contained in this bag. One ship yard alone, this

9 study showed generated seventeen hundred pounds of

10 toxic waste, which the study also admitted was put into

11 non-hazardous landfills because the OSW put it into the

12 beneficial use program and said it's not hazardous.

13 In 1997, your office issued regulations on

14 the blast industry. Again, I will read what they had

15 to say about black beauty abrasives. Coal and smelter

16 slags are commonly used for abrasive blasting at ship

17 yards.

18 Black beauty, which consists of crushed slag

19 from coal-fired utility broilers is a commonly used

20 slag. Slags have the advantage of low silica content,

21 but have been documented to release other contaminants

22 including hazardous airborne pollutants into the air.

23 I should note, by the way, this bag was purchased about

24 fifteen miles from here, over the counter at a

25 distributer in [indecipherable] actually North144

1 Philadelphia. For about ten dollars a bag, you can

2 have a bag of what you're saying has hazardous air

3 pollutants in it.

4 I would also take this time to say that mid

5 July, this July, your office is going to enact a new

6 rule for the Metal Fab Industry. And again, you

7 address abrasive blasting and in the rule that's going

8 to affect hundreds of businesses across this country,

9 the Office of Air makes the following statement. The

10 final rule requires owners and operators who, of dry

11 abrasive blasting operations to comply with the

12 following four management pollution prevention

13 practices to minimize hazardous air pollutants in, in

14 the operation.

15 The first thing you say, switch from a high

16 particulate matter blast media such as sand, to a low

17 emitting blast media such as crushed glass. In the

18 background document of, of this rule, you actually

19 address because a commentator put some information to

20 you, when you were promulgating the rule and said, what

21 if you know, you use coal slag. Coal slag has

22 hazardous air pollutants.

23 The Office of Air said, therefore, if the

24 operation is using blast media that contains hazardous

25 air pollutants such as slag based abrasives, all of the145

1 management practices would apply for the new hazardous

2 regulations.

3 I'd like to take a minute and say that I want

4 to thank the EPA Office of Air for making this rule

5 change in advocating crushed glass. Turns out that the

6 commentator who submitted that information was, in

7 fact, myself as Novetas Solutions, it was one of the

8 first things we did when we broke out as a separate

9 company.

10 But just to recap this real quick. So while

11 the Office of Air have studied extensively black beauty

12 and issued for the last twenty years studies detailing

13 how toxic this product is for people to breathe and by

14 the way, it's not just workers breathing it. If you go

15 across bridges, if you're around tanks, this stuff is

16 blasted into the air, it falls to the ground, it falls

17 on worker's clothes. If you're driving by, it's what's

18 coming through your radiators.

19 The OSW, in 2000, created, like I said, the

20 partnership program with the industry, the CCP2

21 program. I read what this bag said. Here's what the

22 EPA's own website, office of solid waste has to say

23 about coal slag --

24 MR. BRENNER: We will need you to wrap up

25 pretty quickly though. Go ahead.146

1 MR. MELLON: Black beauty as replacement

2 for sand. Its use eliminates the potential health risk

3 of silica. No mention of hazardous airborne

4 pollutants.

5 As I said, I appreciate the opportunity to

6 come in today. My goal was to say that the information

7 that you have here, I can no longer give to the Office

8 of Solid Waste because they closed down the public

9 comment on the regulation of these type of products. I

10 would ask though, as the EPA, if you could perhaps send

11 the information from North Carolina up to Washington,

12 D.C. so that this message gets to the entire EPA and

13 not just the Office of Air.

14 Thank you.

15 MR. BRENNER: Thank you and we will work with

16 the people here to make sure that -- as, as we look at

17 the comments you submit to us to the extent they have

18 overlap with the work being done by the Office of Solid

19 Waste on that rule making, that we take that into

20 account. There is a work group in the agency that has

21 members of both parts of the agency involved in it and

22 they're involved, to some extent, in the development of

23 this air related rule. We're involved to some extent

24 with them on the development of the coal ash rule and

25 we'll make sure those perspectives are shared.147

1 MR. MELLON: That's good. Thank you.

2 MR. BRENNER: Thank you.

3 MR. MELLON: And that's good to hear and just

4 real quickly, I had worked extensively also with the

5 Office of Solid Waste. In fact, I was in Washington,

6 D.C. talking to them yesterday and this whole topic

7 came up and there seemed to be a little bit of

8 confusion in terms of whether or not they're actually

9 looking at the information from [indecipherable]. It's

10 good to hear you say that.

11 MR. BRENNER: Okay. We will work to sort

12 that out. Thank you.

13 MR. MELLON: Thank you.

14 MR. BRENNER: All right. Next up, Jim Black

15 for the Partnership for Sustainability in Delaware and

16 Kevin Pflug from the Sierra Club. Okay. Mr. Black.

17 MR. BLACK: Thank you. Thank you for having

18 this hearing today. I'm feeling a little like, in the

19 words of Yogi Berra a deja vous all over again. I can

20 remember being in a very similar hearing. I think it

21 was not exactly the same topic back in 2003 in a hotel

22 just a little north of here. I don't know if any of

23 you were involved in that hearing.

24 And at that hearing, I remember a couple of

25 points that were made. The New Jersey DEP stated that148

1 the cost savings they had from their rule in New Jersey

2 that they had implemented a couple of years earlier

3 than that, had already saved the states in just worker

4 productivity because their workers were healthier

5 because the emissions from the power plants were

6 reduced, an amount of money greater than the entire

7 cost of doing the upgrades for all of their power --

8 coal burning power plants.

9 And then there was also a speaker from the

10 AG's office in New York, Elliott Spitzer's group, that

11 they considered the power industry with the coal

12 burning power plants was getting a fifty billion dollar

13 subsidy and there's been some reports done since then

14 that showed that there was at least a fifty billion

15 dollar cost to the, the country in just health related

16 health effects from coal burning power plants.

17 We've been working down in Delaware with the

18 state PFC on a life cycle analysis of all of the energy

19 generation that the state is procuring and doing a full

20 life cycle analysis of that and they've determined just

21 for the little state of Delaware, that the cost savings

22 of going to cleaner generation is going to save that

23 state between one and a half billion dollars and five

24 billion dollars over the ten years of the integrated

25 resource plan, so there are significant savings. This149

1 doesn't have to be a cost. There's significant savings

2 for making these changes and we're very much in support

3 of the rule making process that you're doing now.

4 We're just encouraging it to be done and

5 moving as quickly as possible.

6 You had a question about international

7 mercury emissions. It's, it's true that the U.S.'s

8 mercury emissions as significant as they are, are going

9 to be overwhelmed by China and India and then you've

10 got all the natural sources like forest fires and

11 volcanoes, but what's affecting us primarily here in

12 Pennsylvania and in other east coast states is the

13 mercury from our power plants. Those cause hot spots

14 directly downwind of all these power plants. So yeah,

15 the Indians and the Chinese are going to overwhelm

16 anything that we're doing, but that's distributed

17 broadly and what's going to cause the health effects

18 here and what does cause the health effects here is

19 specifically from our coal burning power plants, so

20 anything we can do to clean those up is going to help

21 our health effects here.

22 And we had a gentleman here, sitting in this

23 chair just about an hour ago from Chester. Some of the

24 affects of these toxic substances cause violence. You

25 know, that's, that's reaction to elevated levels of150

1 these toxins in our systems. It's perhaps no

2 coincidence that a city that's as contaminated as

3 Chester has such a high rate of violence and I would

4 venture a guess that the most violent neighborhoods in

5 Philadelphia or Wilmington are also areas where there's

6 high levels of these toxins in the environment.

7 And then this, this week in the news, there

8 were a couple of stories that were interesting.

9 The Heart Association came out with a

10 recommendation that we should eat at least two servings

11 of fish every week. And then I was reading an article

12 in the -- I'm a member of the Academy of the Natural

13 Sciences and there was an article in their membership

14 magazine this month with a study of fish oil

15 substances -- fish oil supplements that are sold over

16 the counter having elevated levels of PCB's and mercury

17 in them because of course, they're coming from the fish

18 too.

19 So on the one hand, we're recommending that

20 we eat more fish which is healthy, but at the same

21 time, there's these toxins in the fish and those

22 toxins, a lot of them are coming from our coal burning

23 power plants and not handling those toxics

24 sufficiently.

25 So, I just, I want to close just stating that151

1 we are very much in support of what you're doing here

2 and we just hope that it can be implemented efficiently

3 and, and in a timely manner.

4 So thank you very much.

5 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Yes?

6 MR. PFLUG: Hello. My name is Kevin Pflug

7 and I'm here today to speak in favor of the proposed

8 mercury rule. I live in Newark, New Jersey, and I'm a

9 member of the Sierra Club.

10 As you know, the proposed rule could prevent

11 seventeen thousand premature deaths each year, as well

12 as eleven thousand heart attacks annually.

13 Furthermore, eleven thousand cases of acute bronchitis

14 would be prevented and perhaps most stunningly, a

15 hundred and twenty thousand children would not be

16 diagnosed with asthma each year.

17 The value of preventing these deaths and this

18 unnecessary suffering cannot be measured in economic

19 terms. If adopted, the proposed mercury rule would be

20 a major achievement in the history of Environmental

21 Protection in this country.

22 Coal plants are responsible for ninety-nine

23 percent of the mercury emissions in the United States.

24 As you know, and as many people have testified here

25 today, mercury is a highly toxic substance and can152

1 cause extremely detrimental effects to both physical

2 and mental health.

3 Even very small exposure to mercury has been

4 shown to cause tremors, impaired cognitive skills, and

5 sleep disturbances.

6 The mental health effects of mercury exposure

7 are considerably worse in children. And mercury

8 exposure at an early age can have severe negative

9 effects on a child's ability to learn and develop

10 healthy critical thinking and decision making skills.

11 The proposed mercury rule, however, is not

12 just about mercury. It is also about reducing the

13 amount of energy produced from coal.

14 About sixty percent of the coal plants in

15 this country already have pollution control technology

16 installed that satisfies the requirements of the

17 proposed rule. Of the remaining forty percent of, of,

18 of, of the power plants in this -- of the coal power

19 plants, it would be economically feasible for some of

20 them to install pollution controls that will capture

21 the mercury emissions as required by the rule, but some

22 coal plants will undoubtedly close.

23 As the agency charged with protecting the

24 environment, I ask that you not be reluctant in

25 adopting a rule that will result in coal plants153

1 closing.

2 I am here today to tell you what you already

3 know. The United States must lead the world in ending

4 the use of fossil fuels. If we continue to burn coal,

5 the earth may one day no longer be able to support and

6 sustain human life. In the meantime, we are

7 increasingly seeing the affects of a rising climate;

8 severe storms, droughts, and once in a hundred year

9 weather events are becoming common place and increasing

10 frequently.

11 To the extent the proposed rule will lead to

12 the closing of coal plants and the reduced use of coal,

13 I ask that you not give into claims from industry that

14 this rule will be bad for the economy. As the fossil

15 fuel age comes to its inevitable end, hopefully during

16 our lifetimes, the nation's economy will benefit

17 immensely as we are forced by necessity to innovate and

18 invent clean and renewable sources of energy.

19 In the short-term, this transformation may be

20 disruptive, but the long-term consequences of doing

21 nothing will be far more painful and possibly

22 catastrophic.

23 To conclude, I applaud the EPA for proposing

24 this rule to reduce mercury pollution. I look forward

25 to seeing it enacted.154

1 Thank you for the opportunity to comment.

2 MR. BRENNER: And thanks to both of you. Are

3 there questions? All right. Thanks gentlemen.

4 We next have another member from the public,

5 Mervin Kline and Alicia McDevitt, a fellow regulator

6 from the Massachusetts Department of Environmental

7 Protection. Welcome Mr. Kline.

8 MR. KLINE: Thank you. My name, as you

9 mentioned, is Mervin Kline and I'd like to thank the

10 EPA for the opportunity to be here to testify in favor

11 of reducing pollutants entering the air by establishing

12 national emissions standards to deal with the problem.

13 MR. BRENNER: Let me ask you to move the

14 microphone a little bit closer please, sir. Thank you.

15 MR. KLINE: Now I will tell you what it means

16 to me and the majority of the people who are not here

17 in this room today, especially the children.

18 We depend on the EPA, we depend on the

19 federal state and local governments to pass laws and to

20 enforce those laws to protect the air we breathe. It

21 doesn't matter if you're a democrat or republican or an

22 independent, we all breathe the same air.

23 If you live in California or New York or

24 somewhere in between, we all breathe the same air. If

25 you're a rich person or a poor person. We all breathe155

1 the same air.

2 Until about three years ago, I was unaware of

3 a number of facts. There were no national limits on

4 the amount of mercury and other toxic air pollutants

5 that were allowed to be released from power plant smoke

6 stacks. Although Congress passed amendments to improve

7 the Clean Air Act twenty years ago, coal-fired power

8 plants were exempt from these regulations.

9 Over three hundred thousand tons of eighty10 four pollutants have been in these power plant

11 emissions. Mercury is present in these hazardous

12 emissions. Mercury has been detected in only three

13 percent of women in 1996, but is now being detected in

14 thirty percent of the women as of 2006.

15 Children are much more at risk from these

16 emissions than adults. Children suffer the greatest

17 physical and mental risks from mercury and other

18 pollutants while they are fetuses in their mother's

19 body.

20 Hundreds of thousands of illnesses and up to

21 three hundred thousand premature deaths would not have

22 occurred during the past twenty years if emissions had

23 been reduced twenty years ago when the amendments to

24 the Clean Air Act were passed.

25 It is cheaper to reduce hazardous emissions156

1 than to pay the cost of health care for people sickened

2 by these emissions. The mercury pollution from these

3 emissions gets into our food supply and contaminates

4 one of America's favorite food, canned tuna.

5 The emissions contain toxic and carcinogenic

6 pollutants. I was one of the lucky ones, ignorant of

7 the problems and still a survivor of a polluted

8 environment in a nation in which the air is still being

9 contaminated.

10 Where was I until three years ago? I was

11 working full-time teaching, eighteen years teaching

12 medical school biochemistry, twelve years teaching high

13 school biology, physical science, and environmental

14 science. Bundled with my years of heavy teaching were

15 the responsibilities of fatherhood and other family

16 obligations. This left no time for other activities.

17 Nevertheless I expect, and I still expect the

18 Environmental Protection Agency to protect me and my

19 family against environmental hazards.

20 Everyone should expect this. What changed

21 three years ago? I retired. This freed up time for me

22 to volunteer for the Clean Air Counsel and over several

23 years, I became their mercury pollution specialist.

24 I've learned how dangerous our environment had become.

25 Childhood cancers are becoming more prevalent and being157

1 attributed to environmental pollutants.

2 Other species are affected. Over four

3 thousand fishing advisories have been issued for all

4 fifty states and eighty percent of them were issued at

5 least in part because of mercury pollution.

6 Birds high in the mountains, far away from

7 any recognized mercury sources contain mercury. Some

8 land creatures now contain mercury. The explanation

9 focuses on environmental pollution.

10 I'm fortunate that I have been able to

11 retire. Many people work two jobs or have lost their

12 jobs and their homes. Many people are caretakers or

13 are themselves in need of care. Some are mentally

14 handicapped, some are physically handicapped. There

15 are enough personal problems to keep people occupied

16 twenty-four seven.

17 People who work for EPA work full time on the

18 environmental problems. The rest of us work full time

19 and whatever our jobs demand. We all depend upon the

20 system of laws to protect us against these problems

21 while we struggle to solve all the rest of our problems

22 until the environmental problems and the personal

23 problems become the same.

24 Because this generation is responsible for

25 the health of the next generation, I would like to158

1 conclude by repeating what I said initially. I'm a

2 concerned citizen who is strongly in favor of and

3 supports the EPA in establishing and enforcing national

4 standards to reduce emissions from these power plants.

5 Thank you very much for giving me time to

6 talk to you.

7 MR. BRENNER: Thank you.

8 MS. McDEVITT: Good afternoon. My name

9 Alicia McDevitt and I am the Deputy Commissioner for

10 the Massachusetts Department of Environmental

11 Protection. On behalf of Mass. DEP and the

12 Commonwealth of Massachusetts, I'm pleased to be here

13 today to provide testimony in support of EPA's proposed

14 mercury and air toxics rule.

15 To start, I'd like to congratulate EPA for

16 completing and releasing these draft standards which

17 are a vast improvement over the vacated clean air

18 mercury rule or CAMR.

19 On February 8, 2008, the U.S. Court of

20 Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated

21 CAMR in response to suits by a number of petitioners,

22 including Massachusetts, who were concerned that

23 mercury emissions trading allowed under CAMR would

24 create, exacerbate, or perpetuate existing mercury hot

25 spots. The court concurred with the petitions that159

1 claims that CAMR inappropriately used a trading

2 approach under section one eleven of the Clean Air Act

3 rather than requiring emissions to be controlled using

4 maximum achievable control technology or MACT under

5 section one twelve.

6 EPA's recently proposed regulations now

7 appropriately addressed power plant emissions under

8 section one twelve of the Clean Air Act by requiring

9 MACT.

10 This approach is consistent with the

11 requirements of the Clean Air Act and will achieve more

12 substantial and faster reductions in emissions of

13 mercury and other hazardous air pollutants than under

14 CAMR.

15 These reductions are necessary to protect the

16 environment and human health, particularly children,

17 from acid gasses, dioxins, and metals including in

18 particular, mercury.

19 Emissions of hazardous air pollutants from

20 power plants are of great concern to Massachusetts.

21 Due to prevailing weather patterns and winds that

22 carry pollutants into our region, out of state power

23 plants are a significant source of air pollution,

24 including mercury deposition in Massachusetts and

25 across the northeast.160

1 Mercury is of great concern because it is a

2 potent neurotoxin particularly to the developing

3 brains of fetuses and young children. Even small

4 amounts of mercury are harmful. A two pound fish

5 containing less than one, one hundred thousandth of an

6 ounce of mercury is unsafe to eat.

7 Unfortunately, extensive scientific research

8 demonstrates widespread mercury pollution in

9 Massachusetts and across New England largely

10 attributable to air deposition of mercury.

11 All New England states have fish consumption

12 advisories in effect because of elevated levels of

13 mercury. These advisories cover thousands of lakes,

14 ponds, and reservoirs, and tens of thousands of river

15 miles.

16 Because of widespread pollution, mercury's

17 potent toxicity and its ability to bioaccumulate in

18 the food chain, tens of thousands of children in the

19 northeast are exposed to unacceptable levels of mercury

20 each year, primarily due to in utero exposures

21 attributable to their mother's consumption of

22 contaminated fish.

23 As required under the U.S. Clean Water Act,

24 Massachusetts, together with the other New England

25 states and New York, completed an assessment of the161

1 maximum amount of mercury pollution that fresh water

2 bodies can tolerate and still have fish that are safe

3 to eat. This New England regional total maximum daily

4 load or TMDL for mercury concluded that anthropogenic

5 mercury pollution will ultimately need to be reduced by

6 more than eighty-seven percent to allow for the safe

7 consumption of fish from many lakes and ponds in our

8 region.

9 In order to achieve reductions of this

10 magnitude, the maximum level of control of mercury

11 emissions will need to be achieved from all significant

12 sources, particularly coal-fired power plants which

13 constitute the largest unregulated national source of

14 mercury emissions.

15 Mass. EPA has been working on mercury

16 pollution since the 1990's leading national and

17 international efforts to reduce mercury pollution. To

18 address our sources of mercury pollution, Massachusetts

19 is implementing a statewide, multi media mercury

20 strategy as part of a regional effort through the New

21 England governors and eastern Canadian premier's

22 mercury action plan.

23 Under these initiatives, Massachusetts and

24 regional sources of mercury pollution from all sources,

25 including coal-fired electric generating units, have162

1 been dramatically reduced. For example, under phase

2 one of our power plant regulations, which took affect

3 on January of 2008, each Massachusetts coal-fired

4 facility was required to capture at least eighty-five

5 percent of the mercury and coal burned or emit no more

6 than zero point zero, zero, seven five pounds of

7 mercury per net gigawatt-hour of electricity generated.

8 In phase two, which takes effect on October

9 1, 2012, each facility must capture at least ninety10 five percent of the mercury in the facility's coal or

11 emit no more than point zero, zero, two, five pounds of

12 mercury per net gigawatt-hour of electricity generated.

13 Other states have also adopted more stringent

14 mercury limits than EPA is proposing.

15 Although Massachusetts mercury emission

16 limits for existing coal-fired power plants are

17 considerably more stringent than those now proposed by

18 EPA, Massachusetts facilities have been able to install

19 control equipment with no impact of reliability of the

20 electric power grid and have demonstrated consistent

21 compliance with the limits.

22 Therefore, based on state experience, EPA's

23 proposed mercury limits are achievable by power plants

24 around the country and perhaps should even be

25 tightened.163

1 In addition to leading to faster mercury

2 reductions, EPA's new rule will level the playing

3 field. Massachusetts and several other states have

4 dramatically reduced mercury and other harmful

5 emissions from local power plants and we pay amongst

6 the highest electricity rates in the country, in part

7 because of these types of rules.

8 The fact that we have done this in the

9 absence of federal regulation of mercury, not only puts

10 us at a competitive disadvantage, but also means that

11 we do not enjoy the full benefit of these pollution

12 reductions because we are downwind of states that have

13 not imposed similar controls.

14 The EPA's new rules go a long way to

15 addressing this inequity.

16 Encouragingly, ongoing monitoring efforts in

17 Massachusetts and other states indicate that mercury

18 levels in fish and other biota have fallen

19 as we have addressed our region's sources of mercury

20 pollution. However, fish mercury levels for most water

21 bodies still remain too high. Due to air transport and

22 deposition, emissions from out of state and out of

23 region sources, in particular, of coal-fired power

24 plants are now the largest contributors to our mercury

25 pollution problem and must be reduced to protect our164

1 environment.

2 The health of our children and to meet the

3 objectives of the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts.

4 Reducing power plant emissions will also

5 improve environmental quality on public health, not

6 only in my state and region, but also in other -- all

7 areas downwind of these facilities.

8 In conclusion, Massachusetts believes that

9 the proposed regulations are a considerable improvement

10 over CAMR and we urge EPA to move expeditiously with

11 finalizing and implementing the rules. EPA's inclusion

12 of multiple hazardous air pollutants in the proposed

13 rule is also appropriate as it will ultimately be more

14 cost effective for power plants to address toxic

15 emissions together rather than piece meal.

16 Finally, we note that Massachusetts and

17 several other states have already adopted more

18 stringent regulations to limit mercury emissions from

19 coal-fired power plants. EPA must ensure that the

20 states continue to have the flexibility to implement

21 more aggressive standards and should urge power plants,

22 to where possible, reduce mercury emissions beyond the

23 EPA's proposed limits.

24 Thank you for the opportunity to speak. We

25 do plan to submit more detailed comments to EPA by the165

1 close of the comment deadline and to expand upon the

2 remarks I've made here.

3 In summary, we urge EPA to finalize the

4 regulation on schedule so that the work of reducing

5 power plant emissions can begin and reductions are

6 achieved in 2014. We will all breathe easier when that

7 occurs.

8 Thank you.

9 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Let me ask you one

10 question because it strikes me that your decision,

11 Massachusetts decision to proceed with regulations of

12 mercury from coal-fired power plants even before we had

13 put in place requirements at the national levels is

14 analogous to the situation we're facing where we're

15 deciding whether to proceed with our national standards

16 while internationally the world is still developing

17 control requirements.

18 Can you say something about how you dealt

19 with that and why you decided to proceed even though

20 the national standards were still under development?

21 MS. McDEVITT: Well, as I mentioned,

22 Massachusetts has participated along with the other

23 northeast states and the eastern Canadian premiers and,

24 and a regional mercury action plan, so it wasn't a

25 matter of our state proceeding entirely on our own.166

1 And we did look to have a regional solution because all

2 of the states in the northeast and the eastern Canadian

3 provinces are facing similar problems.

4 I think that it's important in thinking about

5 taking these steps in advance, to note as I touched

6 upon that we'll have more details about this in our, in

7 our written, written comments, but that shortly after

8 those, those standards had been imposed in the

9 northeast and eastern Canadian provinces, we have good

10 data showing that as soon as two years after the, the

11 requirements went in place, that, that mercury levels

12 in fish have started to, to decrease by measurable

13 amounts and so there is solid evidence that, that

14 moving ahead can be done in a cost, you know, effective

15 and feasible manner without impacts to our liability.

16 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. And thanks to both

17 of you. I think that -- do we have? Okay. All right.

18 We have four more people before lunch and then I'll

19 make a couple of comments to wrap up the morning

20 session.

21 First we have Catherine Bowes from the

22 National Wildlife Federation and Margaret Motheral from

23 the Union of Concerned Scientists.

24 MS. MOTHERAL: Okay. I'm Margaret Motheral,

25 I'm not really from the Union of Concerned Scientist.167

1 I'm a citizen.

2 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Thank you.

3 MS. MOTHERAL: And my head is on mercury, so

4 my notes are kind of discombobulated.

5 I was exposed in 2006 really rapidly in the

6 [Indecipherable] neighborhood of Philadelphia when they

7 dug up a contaminated brown field next to my house.

8 My talk has kind of two part. One, my

9 symptoms. I was like laying on the floor for like

10 three months, really weak, couldn't eat, lost thirty

11 pounds, until I finally ended up in the hospital

12 because I couldn't breathe and had to leave my house.

13 Since then, I'm still coughing. One cat died

14 of cancer. The other cat, I have to wake up every

15 morning listening to her lung distress. I can't dance

16 anymore because my, my feet are numb.

17 So this just gives you an idea of the impact

18 on -- it's totally changed my life.

19 One day I was, I went to lay down and I was

20 tired and this idea came to mind about these issues and

21 I want to thank the EPA for working on this. A couple

22 of years ago, I went to an EPA conference and the topic

23 was enlisting the help of citizens in your work and

24 recognizing them as a good resource and the idea I came

25 up with in that nap is like related to the fact that we168

1 days we take, take it for granted that our food and our

2 products have the ingredients listed on them.

3 And that was a big struggle. It was a big

4 political struggle to get that done. And so my idea

5 was like we have a right to know what's in our oil --

6 our air and our soil and our water and I wrote up

7 basically a bill of rights that gives every citizen the

8 right to find -- and ways to find this out. Because as

9 hard as the government works, there's a real lack of

10 response and there's a real disconnect between a

11 citizen in trouble that needs their help and a real

12 response on the part of the government.

13 And the equipment in laboratory things that

14 we need these days to ascertain what's in our air,

15 water, and soil is not that complicated. There's like

16 machines, there's testing and everything and people can

17 learn this. And it would seem to me that every person

18 has the right to obtain rapid and transparent

19 information regarding the health and chemical

20 composition of their local air, water, and soil and

21 that they should not be stopped. It should be a right,

22 just like the right of speech.

23 And the like we have libraries, these

24 facilities or you know, borrowing, lending tool sheds,

25 you know, and some instruction. You know, like if169

1 you're worried about your well or you're worried about

2 your soil and you want it tested, you can go do that

3 and you don't have to call the EPA.

4 Last -- I've been connecting with a lot of

5 people who are sick from mercury and other chemicals

6 and this one woman last night, she, she -- for the last

7 few months, she's been complaining about it being sick

8 and then yesterday she found out that the well on her

9 landlord's land -- there's a truck with diesel or

10 something coming out of it and essentially there's

11 benzene in the water and so she's been getting sick

12 with this, but the EPA came out and they said, "Well,

13 it's under the limit." You know, but she's still sick,

14 so the limits are also something to look at.

15 But all in all, I really feel that engaging

16 the public in a more active way and for it to be our

17 automatic right and not have to go through a court or

18 wait ten years to find out, like what you were exposed

19 to is essential just like those labels that we have on

20 our food in our grocery stores.

21 So, I just ask for your continued cooperation

22 and interest in working with just regular people who

23 deal with this everyday and know something about it.

24 MR. BRENNER: Okay.

25 MS. MOTHERAL: Thank you.170

1 MR. BRENNER: Thank you for being willing to

2 come here and relate your experience to us.

3 Next we have Catherine Bowes from the

4 National Wildlife Federation.

5 MS. BOWES: Yes, hi. Thank you. Again,

6 Catherine Bowes, the National Wildlife Federation. On

7 behalf of our four million members and supporters

8 nationwide, I thank you for the opportunity to comment

9 on the proposed mercury and air toxics rule.

10 For over a decade, National Wildlife

11 Federation has pushed for strong regulations to limit

12 mercury pollution from all sources. Given the grave

13 threat that mercury contamination poses to both people

14 and wildlife.

15 After years of unnecessary and unacceptable

16 delays, we applaud the Environmental Protection Agency

17 for finally moving forward to require coal-fired power

18 plants, the nation's largest source of toxic mercury

19 pollution to cut their emissions. We strongly support

20 EPA's proposal under discussion today.

21 For me and many others in this room today, it

22 does feel like a bit of deja vous. Seven years ago,

23 EPA collected public comments here in Philadelphia on a

24 very different mercury rule proposed by the Bush

25 administration.171

1 At that hearing, I voiced [indecipherable]

2 strong opposition to their flawed proposal and called

3 on EPA to go back to the drawing board and draft a

4 standard that followed the stringent hazardous air

5 pollution requirements of the Clean Air Act.

6 After years of legal challenges, I'm both

7 personally and professional relieved to see EPA's

8 strong proposal today. Sadly, readily available

9 technology to control mercury pollution has sat on the

10 shelf collecting dust all these years while massive

11 amounts of preventable toxic pollution has continued

12 unabated.

13 Decades of delay and inaction to address

14 toxic pollution have resulted in thousands of premature

15 deaths, heart attacks, birth defects, and incidences of

16 diseases like childhood asthma among others.

17 Additionally, while several states have

18 stepped up and set strong toxic pollution limits for

19 power plants within their borders, the lack of a

20 national standard has led to severe contamination of

21 our lakes, rivers and forests from both acid rain and

22 mercury pollution.

23 Today, every state in the country has some

24 form of mercury advisory warning people to limit or

25 avoid eating certain species of fish because of the172

1 dangers of mercury exposure.

2 As a federation founded by hunting and

3 fishing organizations, NWF is particularly concerned

4 about the threat this poses to those of us who fish and

5 to our outdoor heritage. Mercury even in small amounts

6 is a potent neurotoxin, especially dangerous in the

7 early stages of development for both people and

8 wildlife. And while we have the benefit of fish

9 consumption advisories to help limit our mercury

10 intake, wildlife do not have the luxury of choosing a

11 food source that has lower mercury levels and are not

12 able to avoid the dangers lurking in their contaminated

13 habitats.

14 And it's not just fish. Historically,

15 scientists believe that mercury only threatened species

16 that live and feed in aquatic habitats. However,

17 recent research is showing that mercury is accumulating

18 at dangerous levels in terrestrial species as well. No

19 longer is the threat of mercury exposure limited to

20 only fish eating wildlife, such as loons and eagles.

21 Scientists now know that mercury is building up in

22 insect eating species, such as forest song birds and

23 there's truly link in the food chain untouched by

24 mercury.

25 As a result, mercury pollution is a far173

1 greater threat to bio-diversity than we previously

2 thought.

3 There's a wide range of wildlife species

4 beyond fish that accumulate mercury including birds,

5 mammals, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates and marine

6 wildlife.

7 There are many health impacts associated with

8 high mercury levels in these species. The primary

9 consequences are increased vulnerability due to

10 reproductive and neurological problems, which lead to

11 behavioral abnormalities and immune system

12 deficiencies.

13 For example, fish with high mercury levels

14 have difficulty schooling and decreased spawning

15 success. Birds lay fewer eggs and have trouble caring

16 for their chicks and mammals have impaired motor skills

17 that affect their ability to hunt and find food.

18 All these effects combine to create a severe

19 threat to wildlife survival.

20 But there is good news. Research shows that

21 once sources of mercury pollution are cleaned up,

22 mercury levels in nearby waters go down in a matter of

23 years, not decades.

24 Coal-Fired power plants play a major role in

25 contaminating local fish and wildlife and once this new174

1 rule goes into effect, that will change.

2 EPA must move forward and finalize a strong

3 mercury and air toxics rule without delay in order to

4 protect public health and our treasured wildlife from

5 toxic pollution.

6 It is time for the owners and operators of

7 these facilities to be finally held responsible and

8 accountable for their preventable toxic emissions. Our

9 children, wildlife and future generations should no

10 longer be sacrificed to satisfy polluters special

11 interest.

12 Thank you and I will be providing more

13 detailed comments to the docket before the deadline.

14 Thanks.

15 MR. BRENNER: Thanks to both of you. All

16 right. Our last panel for the morning is Rabbi Kevin

17 Kleinman and Jamie Bogi. Please go ahead.

18 RABBI KLEINMAN: Good afternoon. My name is

19 Rabbi Kevin Kleinman. I'm the Assistant Rabbi at

20 Reformed Congregation Keneseth Israel in Elkins Park,

21 Pennsylvania. I'm also a fellow with Green Faith, a

22 religious organization dedicated to using our religious

23 values to protect environmental health and advocate

24 toward a more sustainable future for ourselves and our

25 communities.175

1 Thank you for the opportunity to testify

2 today in support of the proposed rule change to reduce

3 mercury and other toxic air pollution from coal and oil

4 fired power plants under section one twelve of the

5 Clean Air Act.

6 When put into place, this rule will benefit

7 our health, the environment and create American jobs.

8 In Jewish texts and traditions, we are

9 instructed that while God created the earth, it is the

10 responsibility of men and women to care for the

11 creation. The mandate for environmental stewardship is

12 at the core of the Reformed Jewish Movements and Green

13 Faith's work to change both policy and practices that

14 effect our environment and all the species including

15 humans which inhabit and rely on our natural world.

16 Additionally, the Jewish tradition insists

17 that saving a life takes precedence over all other

18 concerns, be they religious or economic.

19 These values lead directly to my faith based

20 support for creating mercury and air toxic standards

21 for coal and oil fired power plants.

22 My wife and I had a baby nine months ago. My

23 son and my wife are the most important things in the

24 world to me right now. I sit before you today because

25 I find it unconscionable from both the perspective of176

1 the new dad and the leader in the faith community that

2 there are currently no controls on air pollution from

3 coal and oil fired power plants when it is widely known

4 that these pollutants cause irreparable harm to

5 fetuses, newborns, and growing children. The very

6 future of our country.

7 By updating safeguards under the Clean Air

8 Act to reduce mercury, acid gasses, and other life

9 threatening pollution in our air, I believe the EPA is

10 acting to protect our health and our families from the

11 illnesses and premature deaths linked to these

12 pollutants.

13 Uncontrolled releases of toxic air pollutants

14 like mercury from power plants damage children's

15 developing brains, reduces their IQ and their ability

16 to learn. They also lead to a range of dangerous

17 health problems in adults.

18 These standards will save lives. Each year,

19 up to seventeen thousand premature deaths, eleven

20 thousand heart attacks, a hundred and twenty thousand

21 asthma attacks, twelve thousand hospital and emergency

22 room visits and four thousand, five hundred cases of

23 chronic bronchitis will be prevented.

24 Think not only about the emotionally costs

25 saved, but actual costs for families and hospitals to177

1 treat these patients.

2 The value of the air quality improvements

3 totals fifty-nine to a hundred and forty billion

4 dollars each year. For every dollar spent to reduce

5 this pollution, Americans will get five to thirteen

6 dollars in health benefits.

7 This rule will also lead to the creation of

8 new American jobs. Money spent on pollution control at

9 power plants creates high quality American jobs in

10 manufacturing steel, cement, and other materials needed

11 to build pollution control equipment and creating and

12 assembling pollution control equipment and installing

13 the equipment at power plants and operating and

14 maintaining the equipment once it is installed.

15 The EPA has estimated the proposed rule will

16 create thirty-one thousand short term construction jobs

17 and nine thousand long-term utility jobs. We all know

18 how important job creation is right now to the well

19 being of our nation.

20 Lastly, this rule will level the playing

21 field for cleaner energy sources. These updated and

22 long overdue Clean Air Act standards will provide

23 regulatory certainty, opening up the opportunities for

24 investment in cleaner energy.

25 It has been shown that power plants are able178

1 to install the technology to reduce pollution within

2 the proposed time frame. The technology already exists

3 and certain plants have voluntarily installed the

4 necessary scrubbers.

5 Installing these widely available controls

6 will help modernize the aging fleet of uncontrolled

7 power plants, significantly reducing the toxins put

8 into the air each year.

9 In time, I hope that we as a nation reduce

10 the amount of electricity we use and seek to supplement

11 alternative sources to generate this energy with the

12 traditional coal and oil fired plants. This will be

13 the only way to truly lesson the harm to our children

14 and our planet.

15 In closing, I thank you again for the

16 opportunity to testify today in support of the proposed

17 rule change of the Clean Air Act. This rule will save

18 lives. This rule will save money. This rule will

19 create jobs.

20 As a religious leader, part of the religious

21 environmental movement, I urge you to take to heart the

22 teachings of my faith tradition, as well as the

23 Christian and Islamic traditions that value human life

24 and take seriously our obligations to care for the

25 earth.179

1 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Mr. Bogi.

2 MR. BOGI: Good afternoon and thank you for

3 holding this hearing today and for getting my name

4 right.

5 Recent studies show that some judges are

6 harsher to suspects they see right before lunch, so

7 please be kind.

8 I work for a group against smog and

9 pollution, also known as GASP, a non-profit fighting

10 for clean air in southwestern Pennsylvania.

11 We've been doing so for forty-two years now.

12 We're older than the national ambient air quality

13 standards by a few months, standards for which our

14 region is in non-attainment for ozone and PM2.5.

15 Forty-two years is a long time. Some of our

16 members and board members have been with us since the

17 beginning. We have two nuclear physicists on our

18 board. One in his eighties, the other in his nineties.

19 With GASP from the start and they're still pushing us.

20 They're a little intimidating actually. Can we get a

21 tour of X facility? Can we get data on Y? Still

22 pushing us, keeping us busy and we are busy.

23 We can, and do, review permits for major

24 sources of pollutants in our region, but we can't

25 create a legal definition of a major source. We look180

1 to you for that definition. We can, and do, review and

2 collect and count notices of violation, but we look to

3 you to say what a violation is. We can, and do, train

4 citizens to use their eyes and EPA method nine to

5 observe and report on smoke stack opacity, but we look

6 to you to set sound observation methods and proper

7 opacity standards.

8 Today we look to you again to adopt strong

9 regulations which will greatly reduce emissions of

10 toxic heavy metals and acid gasses.

11 Some of our members have been waiting forty12 two years just for the chance to say yes, please reduce

13 these emissions. It doesn't matter how we got here.

14 Consent decree, the court vacating the last attempt at

15 this, shifting political pressures, none of it matters.

16 What does matter is we, you, have the opportunity to

17 move this debate forward.

18 And is there really a debate about a rule

19 that would prevent seven to seventeen thousand

20 premature deaths? About a rule that would stop ninety21 one percent of mercury from coal burning from entering

22 the air? That provides benefits many times greater

23 than costs?

24 I guess there still is a debate, so let me

25 simply state GASP's position. We support strong181

1 regulations that will take particulate matter, acid

2 gasses, and heavy metals out of our air. I'm tired of

3 visiting high schools, seeing the kids full of energy,

4 excitement, only to watch their jaws drop as I talk to

5 them about cancer, stroke, arrhythmia. Telling them

6 that the city they live in might be giving them asthma.

7 I'm tired of mile after mile after mile of

8 our waterways containing fish that have mercury levels

9 high enough to make our fishermen unable to eat their

10 catch.

11 Imagine how tired the people are who have

12 been doing this with us for forty two years, especially

13 all the people living in the affected communities.

14 I don't want to be back before you forty-two

15 years from now, so please enact strong regulations now

16 while we have the chance.

17 I'd like to conclude with a passage from the

18 Good Society by John Kenneth Galbraith. "The Good

19 Society does not deny the existence of the conflict

20 between basic economic motivation and contemporary and

21 long-run environmental effects. It seeks to resolve

22 the conflict in a rationale way. There is no escape

23 from the role of government. It is for the larger

24 community interest and its future protection that

25 government and governmental regulation exist."182

1 Thank you.

2 MR. BRENNER: Thanks to both of you to be

3 willing to stay late to, to testify and let me just

4 very briefly wrap up the, the morning session by saying

5 that I'm sure I speak for the full panel how impressed

6 we've been by the caliber of testimony this morning.

7 It was very clear that everyone, without

8 exception, who testified took a good deal of time to

9 prepare their statement and there were a lot of views

10 expressed that were backed up by statistics and science

11 and facts and that's enormously helpful to us as we try

12 to put together the final version of this, this rule.

13 So thanks to all of you. I want to make one

14 other comment which is on the diversity of people who

15 testified. We've heard from people from many different

16 walks of life and many different perspectives, people

17 from the public, people from the faith based community,

18 people from the business community, people from science

19 and medical professions and all of that is also very

20 useful to us.

21 So thanks and look forward to seeing some of

22 you back this afternoon and to another round of

23 testimony. Thank you.

24 (Lunch break from 12:58 p.m. until 2:07 p.m.)

25 MR. BRENNER: With apologies to the people183

1 who were here this morning. I'm going to repeat again

2 some of the comments I made this morning so that people

3 are aware of how the hearing process will work and give

4 you a little bit of background.

5 So let me just start by saying good afternoon

6 and thanks for coming to this public hearing. For

7 those of you who are not aware of this, there are going

8 to be three hearings overall. There's one here today.

9 There's another one going on at the same time in

10 Chicago and a third one on Thursday in Atlanta and the

11 hearings, of course, are taking comment on the proposed

12 emission standards that we issued a few weeks ago to

13 control mercury and other toxics from coal and oil

14 fired power plants.

15 I'm Rob Brenner and I'm the Director of EPA's

16 Office of Policy Analysis and Review which is part of

17 the Office of Air and Radiation. I'll be chairing the

18 hearing and the other people, my colleagues on the

19 panel here are Kathleen Cox who's the Associate

20 Director for Permits and Air Toxics in our Regional

21 Office here in Philadelphia, Paul Versace from our

22 Office of General Counsel, and Kevin Culligan who's an

23 Association Division Director with our Office of Air

24 Quality, Planning and Standards which is in North

25 Carolina.184

1 Back in March, we proposed these mercury and

2 air toxic standards for coal and oil fired power plants

3 with the goal of significantly reducing emissions of

4 toxic air pollutants. These are also known as

5 hazardous air pollutants and they're either known or in

6 some cases suspected of causing cancer and other

7 serious health effects.

8 We've also proposed to revise another set of

9 Clean Air Act standards at the same time, which are

10 known as new source performance standards and those

11 reduce the emissions of particulate matter, sulfur

12 dioxide and nitrogen oxides from new coal and oil fired

13 plants.

14 Power plants emit mercury, arsenic, chromium,

15 nickel, organic air toxics, acid gasses and a series of

16 other harmful air pollutants. They are the largest

17 domestic source of mercury emissions to the nation's

18 air.

19 Once mercury from the air reaches water,

20 microorganisms can change it to methyl mercury, which

21 is a highly toxic form that builds up in fish. People

22 are primarily exposed to mercury by eating contaminated

23 fish. And it's especially dangerous for children's

24 developing brains which are susceptible to damage from

25 this type of exposure. The effects include reductions185

1 in their IQ and in their ability to, to learn.

2 So our estimates are that by 2016, if these

3 proposed standards were to be put into place, that they

4 would prevent somewhere on the order of seven thousand

5 to seventeen thousand premature deaths annually, as

6 well as provide many, many other environmental and

7 health benefits. When we try to quantify those

8 benefits that we can attach values to, we get numbers

9 on, on the order of sixty billion to up to a hundred

10 and forty billion dollars annually, every year starting

11 in 2016 and ramping up between now and then.

12 And although the costs are significant, this

13 regulation if it was issued as we proposed it, would

14 cost on the order of ten point nine billion per year

15 compared to the sixty to a hundred and forty billion.

16 The costs are small, are small relative to the

17 benefits.

18 We also found that implementing these

19 standards would create some very good jobs for

20 American workers who would be building, installing and

21 operating the equipment to reduce these health

22 threatening emissions.

23 Since proposing the rule, we've updated some

24 of the data that we use for developing the rule as we

25 began to hear comments from groups on the outside that186

1 looked at the data we'd used in developing the

2 proposal. So we issued an update last week which

3 corrects a calculation error, error that affected a

4 small amount of the data we used for the proposal and

5 it is not going to have much an affect at all in terms

6 of the types of pollution controls that would be

7 necessary to comply with the rule and it's certainly

8 not going to change the kind of very large benefits

9 that I just spoke about.

10 So we've made that corrected data available

11 for public review on our website and we also will have

12 it in the docket that's assigned for the rule making.

13 So right now, there, there are no existing

14 federal requirements for power plants to limit their

15 emissions of toxic air pollutants, like mercury, and

16 arsenic and metals. The previous administration, the

17 Bush administration finalized a rule to cut mercury

18 pollution from power plants, but the DC Circuit Court

19 in Washington struck down the rule as illegal and

20 required EPA to develop standards that follow the law

21 and the science in order to protect human health and

22 the environment.

23 So today, we're going to be taking oral

24 comments on all aspects of that proposed rule that we

25 have now developed in response to that court decision.187

1 And there are going to be written transcripts for all

2 three hearings that I just mentioned that will be

3 available as part of the official record for the rule

4 and we will consider all of the comments that are in

5 those transcripts as we move forward to complete the,

6 the final rule which is under a court deadline and will

7 be done by November of, of this year.

8 And we will also be accepting additional

9 written comments for the proposed rule until July 5 of

10 this year. So, if as a result of this discussion,

11 there's additional comments you want to submit, put

12 them in written form and submit them to us and as I

13 said, we'll be taking them until the first week of

14 July, July 5.

15 There's a handout in the registration area

16 where you came in that can provide you with much more

17 detailed information for how you can go about

18 submitting those written comments and you can do it

19 either by mail, or by fax, or electronically.

20 So, just a couple words about the procedures

21 for this afternoon's part of the hearing. I'm going to

22 call the scheduled speakers to the microphone in pairs.

23 And when it's your turn to come up to, to speak, if you

24 would state your name and your affiliation before you

25 begin your testimony. And it would also be helpful to188

1 our court reporter if you could also spell your name so

2 that he gets it right in the transcript.

3 And what we're asking in order to be fair to

4 everybody, we have a full slate of people scheduled to

5 testify this afternoon, so in fairness if you would

6 limit your testimony to five minutes each. And if you

7 could stay at the microphone until both speakers in a

8 pair have, have finished, there will be occasionally

9 some questions from the panel to clarify or follow-up

10 on some of the issues that, that you may have

11 After you finish the testimony, if, if --

12 well, let me just say this then that if in addition to

13 the transcript, you would also like the full text of

14 what you provided us to be included in, in the docket,

15 then just give us a copy of your written comments. You

16 can give it to our staff or at the registration table,

17 or you can give it to Paul here and we will insure that

18 it gets into the, the docket.

19 We have a time keeping system on -- for the

20 hearing that has a series of green, yellow, and red

21 lights. And what will happen is when you begin

22 speaking, the green light will come on. That marks the

23 five minute point and then the yellow light will signal

24 that you have two minutes left, that you're three

25 minutes into the testimony and have two minutes left189

1 and when the red light comes on, five minutes has

2 passed and I'm going ask you to try to wrap up the, the

3 testimony as quickly as you can.

4 So the hearing began this, this morning.

5 It's going to continue until eight or later if

6 necessary tonight depending on the number of speakers

7 that we, we have. We're going to have a dinner break

8 that will go from five tonight until six thirty and

9 then we're going to try to start promptly again at six

10 thirty because we do want to accommodate everyone who

11 wants to comment and if in order to do that, we need to

12 go later than eight o'clock, we will, but we hope not

13 to go too much later than, than eight o'clock. We do

14 want to accommodate those people who need to be at work

15 during the day and wanted to have an opportunity to

16 testify on this rule after, after work.

17 Although we don't' have a number of

18 identified spots available for people, additional

19 people to testify, if have not registered, please do so

20 and we will do our best to work you in to this

21 afternoon's session and give you an opportunity to

22 provide us with, with your comments and you can sign up

23 at the registration table outside to, to do that.

24 For those who did register to testify, we've

25 done the best we can to enable you to speak as close as190

1 possible to the time slot that you, you requested. You

2 may need to be a bit patient because as I said, we are

3 fortunately full up on, on speakers and but we'll try

4 to keep the adjustments in order to accommodate as,

5 as -- keep the adjustments as small as possible.

6 So thanks again to everybody for coming here

7 today to participate and we will go ahead and get

8 started. I'm going to call up the first two witnesses.

9 We have Jay Butera here who is representing One Million

10 Calls for Clean Energy and Nancy Parks who is from the

11 Pennsylvania Chapter of the Clean Air Committee.

12 FEMALE: Why don't you have Mr. Butera go

13 second.

14 MR. BRENNER: Okay. So, if you don't mind,

15 we'll have you follow-up after we have Ms. Parks

16 speaks. Okay.

17 MS. PARKS: Good afternoon. I am Nancy

18 Parks. I am the Chairperson for -- the Clean Air

19 Chairperson for the Committee for the Pennsylvania

20 Chapter of the Sierra Club.

21 We are representing over twenty-four thousand

22 plus members across the state.

23 The Sierra Club has been committed to

24 controlling air pollution in Pennsylvania for the last

25 thirty-one years, especially since the promulgation and191

1 implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.

2 We have actively participated in government

3 hearings, advisory committees, stakeholder's groups,

4 developing options for the reduction of emitted air

5 pollutants from mobile and stationary sources and

6 precursor air pollutants of, of acidic deposition and

7 ground level ozone smog.

8 We were there for Pennsylvania's extensive

9 discussion and development of their own mercury control

10 regulation and actively supported it and we welcome the

11 opportunity to testify again today about the benefits

12 of reducing highly toxic mercury and additionally area

13 source acid gasses nationally.

14 I, myself, am a research scientist with a

15 bachelor's in human genetics and a master's agronomy

16 and remote sensing and I have worked in medical

17 research and published research in juried

18 scientific journals.

19 I understand the science behind the need for

20 national regulation of mercury and air toxics air

21 pollution. It is, in fact, this prior training and

22 research that has brought me to this need for the focus

23 on the science of air pollution control.

24 I support and the Sierra Club supports these

25 EPA proposals to regulate, reduce, and clean up192

1 hazardous air pollutants under section one twelve of

2 the Clean Air Act.

3 Throughout today, you have heard that the

4 public is tracking the success of EPA and even some in

5 the regulated utility industry who have -- who actively

6 have taken steps to add pollution control equipment

7 that will already meet the new standards and

8 regulations as proposed.

9 Yet we know that still forty-four percent of

10 all U.S. coal-fired power plants still have not yet

11 installed advanced pollution control equipment.

12 We know that U.S. electric generating

13 utilities, EGU's, emit fifty percent of all the mercury

14 emitting in the United States, with ninety-nine percent

15 of that emitted by coal-fired power plants.

16 Additionally, coal-fired power plants emit

17 fifty percent of acid gas emissions and twenty-five

18 percent of the toxic metal emissions here in the U.S.

19 Pennsylvania produces a huge proportion of

20 our national air pollution burden for mercury. We are

21 the second largest emitter in the U.S.

22 Heavy metal air toxics and acid gasses and

23 our state has the moral and ethical responsibility to

24 assist all of you in EPA in implementing and enforcing

25 under section one twelve these new regulations which193

1 can reduce exposure of all Pennsylvanians and those

2 living downwind of Pennsylvania to mercury and acid gas

3 toxic emissions.

4 These regulations as presented are estimated

5 to prevent ninety-one percent of the mercury that is

6 currently released through combusting coal from every

7 being emitted in the future. If we can achieve that

8 goal, we could have a really spectacular success and an

9 achievement a necessary government regulation to

10 protect our most vulnerable citizens from the

11 increasingly well documented affects to human health.

12 Over six hundred thousand women of child

13 bearing age across the U.S. have quantities of mercury

14 in their blood that exceeds the safe level set by EPA

15 and supported by the national academy of sciences with

16 as many as seventeen thousand persons protected from

17 premature death, over twelve thousand hospital and ER

18 visits prevented, over a hundred and twenty thousand

19 cases of aggravated asthma prevented, over eleven

20 thousand cases of acute bronchitis and forty-five

21 hundred cases of chronic bronchitis prevented by the

22 year 2016, perhaps we could now regain some of the

23 eight hundred and fifty thousand days of missed

24 employee work that EPA estimates results from the poor

25 health caused by air pollution here in the United194

1 States.

2 I would also urge EPA to continue their

3 research into human health affect benefits and

4 secondary benefits of reducing air toxics and their

5 affects on ecosystems, habitats, and visibility

6 impairment. These are important benefits to all U.S.

7 citizens and should receive attention and

8 quantification where possible.

9 Pennsylvania endured an extensive discussion

10 process through its own investigation of its own

11 mercury emissions. And all possible methods that could

12 be used on currently to reduce those emissions and we

13 found reasons to support the use of activated carbon

14 injection here in Pennsylvania. With ninety to ninety15 nine percent reduction of mercury from coal-fired power

16 plants using ACI, recent research has shown that many

17 bituminous, sub-bituminous and lignite coal burning

18 facilities have all, now applied ACI technology as

19 their mercury reduction technology of choice

20 nationally.

21 I urge EPA to, to require the very best

22 technologies available, regardless of cost, to reduce

23 these various mercury and acid gas pollutants.

24 It is important for EPA to require the states

25 to keep the national technology database constantly195

1 updated and I hope that we can continually require the

2 best technologies to be applied to air pollution

3 reduction activities now and throughout the future.

4 And I want to thank you for the opportunity

5 to testify here today. The Sierra Club will be

6 submitting technical comments from Pennsylvania by your

7 January -- July 5 deadline.

8 But I also wanted to say that I am really

9 impressed by the wealth of young people that I've seen

10 coming in here today that really have begun to care

11 about clean air and I'm very happy to see that.

12 Thank you.

13 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Okay. Mr. Butera

14 MR. BUTERA: Thank you. Thank you very much.

15 This afternoon I'm here to speak to you on behalf of

16 the seven thousand, five hundred members of One Million

17 Calls for Clean Energy. This is an organization that I

18 founded to give citizens a voice, to allow them to

19 voice their desire for clean energy to the federal

20 government.

21 Just by way of background, there's no outside

22 funding to this organization. It's entirely funded

23 from my own personal pocket, and so there's no industry

24 spin, there's no commercial agenda in what I'm saying.

25 I'm just trying to help the country and the planet.196

1 On the screen here is the clean energy

2 petition that four thousand, four hundred and eighty-

3 one of our members have signed and it reads this:

4 We have joined One Million Calls for Clean

5 Energy to tell you that it's time to make clean energy

6 an urgent national priority.

7 America wants a fast track plan that cuts our

8 dependence on dirty fossil fuels and puts us on the

9 path toward clean energy future.

10 We want green jobs, environmental solutions

11 and freedom from fossil fuels and we want it right now.

12 And I think those are the goals that this

13 rule will help us achieve and I want to talk to you

14 about the connection between the air toxics ruling and

15 clean energy in general.

16 For the record, I will submit this petition

17 in PDF form. It's ninety-six pages long. People have

18 signed this from every state in the United States, from

19 Alaska to Hawaii, Maine to Florida.

20 Just have to switch gears here. One moment

21 please. Okay. The connection that I see between your

22 rule and clean energy is this; dirty energy kills clean

23 energy.

24 When we have a market that's not fair and

25 level. When one type of energy production can use the197

1 air and water as a free waste dumping ground, we don't

2 have a level market. Therefore, anything that we allow

3 to -- when we allow dirty energy to continue to exist

4 in its current form, we are subverting the

5 possibilities of clean energy and we are altering the

6 economics of clean energy.

7 And most people in the clean energy industry,

8 what they want is a level playing field.

9 A problem that we have right now is on our

10 total energy mix, eighty-five percent of the energy

11 that we're using comes from fossil fuels. I feel we

12 need to actually reverse this pie chart so that the

13 renewable energies and clean energies are that largest

14 piece of the pie. And we can do that, incidentally.

15 Stanford University just issued a very interesting

16 study says, we could completely run the country on

17 clean energy within ten years with a massive effort at

18 reasonable cost.

19 So when they tell us that it can't be done, I

20 don't believe it. I believe it can be done and

21 economically.

22 So can energy be clean? I just want to run

23 through a few of the options that are on the pallet

24 here. We have photovoltaics, now scaled up to utility

25 grid scale. We have solar thermal, a very interesting198

1 and economical form of producing electricity with zero

2 emissions. Another type of solar thermal. Of course,

3 we have wind. Wind power in many forms is highly

4 evolved. This is actually a personal wind turbine you

5 can put at your house. Offshore wind now viable.

6 Radical new designs in wind coming along, future wind.

7 We have geothermal. We have hydro power. We have wave

8 energy. Ocean swell energy.

9 So when they tell us that clean energy can't

10 exist, when I drive the Pennsylvania turnpike and see

11 this bulletin boards that say the sun -- the clean --

12 you know, the sun sets at night. Well, I want to tell

13 you about solar thermal. They're running that after

14 the sun sets on molten salt, like capturing the heat

15 and running it for hours after sunset. So it can be

16 done and it really needs to be done.

17 Fossil fuel is not limitless.

18 This is a menu of energy options. The

19 problem that I see is, after thousands of years of

20 earth, mankind is still down at the bottom there using

21 coal and oil and dirty sludge dug out of the bowels of

22 the earth and we can do better than that in my opinion.

23 I just want to also mention the connection

24 between what you're doing here and climate change,

25 which I believe is the number one threat to mankind and199

1 most scientists would also agree with that.

2 The -- if we can move to clean energy, we

3 reduce the carbon footprint of energy production and we

4 take a giant step toward hopefully mitigating the worst

5 affects of climate change.

6 You know, unlike taking toxins out of the

7 air, if we tilt the planet, that's a permanent change

8 and so we need to be very mindful of that and your

9 ruling that will help to promote the viable nature of

10 clean energy will help us address that issue as well.

11 So I want to thank you on behalf of One

12 Million Calls for Clean Energy for hearing our comments

13 today.

14 MR. BRENNER: Great. Thank you. We'll look

15 forward to receiving both of your written testimonies.

16 We appreciate that.

17 MR. BUTERA: Thank you.

18 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Next up, we have Katie

19 Feeney from the Clean Air Counsel and Tyra Bryant, Tyra

20 Bryant Stevens, excuse me, from the Community Asthma

21 Prevention Program.

22 MS. FEENEY: Thank you. Just a point of

23 clarification. My name is Katie Feeney. I do work at

24 the Clean Air Counsel, but if possible, could the

25 record reflect that I'm speaking as an individual?200

1 MR. BRENNER: Sure. Absolutely. We'll do

2 that.

3 MS. FEENEY: Thank you. Thank you again. My

4 name is Katie Feeney. I would like to thank EPA for

5 allowing me this opportunity today to speak as a young

6 adult woman who is very concerned about pollution from

7 coal-fired power plants.

8 I'm twenty-six years old. When I was

9 sixteen, I chose to become a vegetarian. Eventually,

10 that evolved into a pesco-ovo-lacto vegetarian, which

11 basically means that I -- it's a very fancy word --

12 meaning that I love fish. I, I rely on it. I chose to

13 do this because I was upset about factory farming and

14 animal cruelty and as such, I rely on fish for most of

15 my iron and my protein. And I desperately need it to

16 fuel my body as I am anemic and as such have suffered

17 from fainting spells in the past.

18 Without meat in my diet, I want and need to

19 eat fish. It's pretty simple.

20 In addition to this, I do not make a lot of

21 money. As I mentioned, I work for the Clean Air

22 Counsel. I live paycheck to paycheck..

23 While I've been advised that tuna should be

24 avoided because it is contaminated with mercury that

25 could harm me or the children that I hope to have201

1 someday, it is often all that I can afford and frankly,

2 I don't have the financial luxury to avoid it if I

3 don't want to faint.

4 So herein lies my outrage. Some of you may

5 just say, just eat meat. But to me, I'd rather ask the

6 question, why can't I eat tuna? Why can't we just

7 eliminate mercury from the environment and from fish so

8 I can eat tuna? As most people in this room know, tuna

9 is delicious, especially in sushi.

10 I recently had my hair tested, working with

11 the Sierra Club for mercury and I received very

12 shocking results from a laboratory in Atlanta. I was

13 shocked to learn that my mercury levels are much higher

14 than EPA says are safe. I clocked in at about one

15 point five six parts per million meaning that there's

16 this much mercury in my body.

17 EPA, I believe and I'm sorry, I didn't look

18 this up before I left. I believe it's one point two

19 parts per million is deemed the -- over that is deemed

20 the unsafe level. There is some medical professionals

21 that I've talked to who have suggested that perhaps any

22 amount of mercury in my blood might be unsafe for me.

23 So, in brief -- I will be very brief -- I am

24 just asking EPA today to please help protect people

25 like me. I try very hard to live a very healthy202

1 lifestyle and the pollution from coal-fired power

2 plants, especially mercury pollution, is way out of my

3 control. There's nothing I can do about it. I don't

4 want to start eating meat. I like fish. I'd like to

5 be able to, you know, buy tuna because it's affordable

6 and it just really makes me angry. It just really

7 unfair that I can't -- that I have to have, you know,

8 these financial obstacles and health obstacles all

9 because, you know, coal-fired power plants can't just

10 limit the mercury and toxics they're putting into the

11 air.

12 It's a threat to my health, it's an obstacle

13 for my bank account. I'm pleading with you today to

14 protect women like me and the children we want to have

15 by supporting a strong standards, reduce mercury and

16 other air toxics from big coal.

17 Thank you.

18 MR. BRENNER: Thank you.

19 DR. BRYANT-STEVENS: Good afternoon. My name

20 is Tyra Bryant-Stevens. I'm a Pediatrician for the

21 past twenty-four years in Philadelphia, a practicing

22 primary care Pediatrician and I'm the Director of

23 Community Asthma Prevention Program at the Children's

24 Hospital of Philadelphia for the past thirteen years.

25 I'm here to support the EPA's proposal to203

1 clean up hazardous air pollutants from coal-fired power

2 plants.

3 As a primary care pediatrician, I am

4 concerned about the impact of toxic air pollutants on

5 children's health. As we know in each life stage,

6 children may be effected by mercury and toxic air

7 pollutants which can cause learning difficulties,

8 respiratory symptoms, asthma attacks, and birth

9 defects.

10 The most innocent and vulnerable citizens of

11 our society, the children, should not have to breathe

12 recognized and probable carcinogens including

13 formaldehyde, benzene, [indecipherable] dioxins and

14 other harmful chemicals and gasses.

15 They should not have to inhale metals or

16 metal like substances including lead, arsenic, nickel,

17 and other heavy metals.

18 And to the best of our ability, the air they

19 breathe should not be contaminated with acid gasses

20 such as sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride.

21 They should be able to eat a healthy diet

22 that includes fish that is not contaminated by mercury

23 toxins.

24 Asthma, as you know, is the most common

25 chronic childhood disease effecting seventeen percent204

1 of children in the inner city nationally and in

2 Philadelphia one out of four children has been

3 diagnosed with asthma.

4 In my work as the Director and Founder of

5 Community Asthma Prevention Program, I've seen how

6 asthma symptoms and asthma attacks affect children's

7 ability to run, play, sleep and learn. For the past

8 thirteen years, we have worked with over two thousand

9 families to try to clean up their indoor air and we are

10 not asking EPA to clean up their outdoor air because

11 these attacks can be prevented by making the air

12 cleaner through actions such as the proposed mercury

13 emissions and toxic air pollutant standards, especially

14 in high risk communities.

15 I support the EPA proposed standards because

16 I know that these pollutants can make breathing more

17 difficult for my personal patients and can worsen their

18 asthma and as children to grow up to young adults,

19 because we all grow up, these pollutants can cause

20 heart attacks and strokes, lung cancer and other

21 cancers and even kill them.

22 In closing, I hope that this standard is also

23 fully supported by my colleagues in the public health

24 community and again raises our consciousness as a

25 society that we need to continue to work towards making205

1 the air cleaner and safe for my patients, American

2 children.

3 By implementing these standards and others

4 like them, you may save their lives. Thank you.

5 MR. BRENNER: Thank you and Ms. Feeney, I'm

6 going to put you on the spot just a little bit.

7 MS. FEENEY: Okay.

8 MR. BRENNER: You raised the concern over

9 health effects from, from mercury and the ability to

10 eat the foods that you need for health and also the,

11 the cost issues that you're facing, constraints on

12 cost. And we talked some this morning about the fact

13 that this, this rule could end up costing three dollars

14 a month for the average consumer of electricity, the

15 average family and how do you feel about that kind of

16 trade off? Does three dollars a month seem something

17 that, that's worth it given the health benefits?

18 MS. FEENEY: I mean -- in order that

19 question, I'd have to look up the, the perceived health

20 benefit cost. You know, the reduced health care cost,

21 you know the reduced, you know, those kind of costs to

22 weigh them. I think, you know, coal companies make a

23 lot more than I do, you know. I would like to see the

24 numbers in front of me to answer that more accurately,

25 but I think there is, you know, an external cost of our206

1 health that's not being internalized by these

2 companies, so. That's my short --

3 MR. BRENNER: Okay.

4 MS. FEENEY: -- on, on a --

5 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Thank you.

6 MS. FEENEY: -- specific answer. Thank you.

7 MR. BRENNER: Thanks to both of you for

8 testifying.

9 MS. FEENEY: Thank you.

10 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Mark Schmerling who is,

11 who is testifying as a member of the public and Candace

12 Cheatham from the Sierra Club.

13 MS. CHEATHAM: So good afternoon. My name is

14 Candace Cheatham and I am a Philadelphia resident. I

15 live in University City with my husband and our seven

16 month old baby daughter Micaiah [phonetic].

17 Micaiah is my first child, so of course,

18 she's very precious to me. And when I first got

19 pregnant with her, my doctor's gave me a bunch of

20 pamphlets and information about the things I needed to

21 do to have a healthy pregnancy. Some of it was useful,

22 but some of the information was too basic. It really

23 didn't cover a lot to have anything to do with mercury

24 and so I had -- I kind of did my own research. I

25 looked up on the internet and I was just very207

1 concerned, very precautious, making sure that I was

2 eating the right things and so kind of was like okay,

3 let me make sure that I'm getting every tidbit and I'm

4 not missing any of the cracks or the holes of, you

5 know, what, what could possibly my baby and my

6 pregnancy.

7 So before this, I was eating a whole lot of

8 tuna and you know, I didn't really eat any swordfish,

9 but I was eating a lot of tuna fish and a lot of

10 seafood -- a lot of seafood in general and I found out

11 through the internet that I was only recommended to eat

12 about six ounces of fish per week and only certain

13 types of fish too.

14 Before this, I was eating a lot more seafood

15 and once again, it was potentially hazardous for me.

16 She came out healthy, thanks to the extra work I did

17 and I can only assume that I must have did the right

18 thing, but it's very upsetting that despite everything

19 I've done to protect myself and my daughter that the

20 coal-fired power plants are still allowed to dump the

21 toxic mercury into the air, which is a part of the

22 pollution in the water and the high levels of mercury

23 that's in the fish.

24 So, I think that the -- well of course

25 because they have the power, that they are allowed to208

1 kind of do as they please. But, maybe if we kind of

2 continue to rally about this and have some, some rules

3 established from by the EPA that the mercury and the

4 air toxic standards would be monitored, would lower the

5 risk of the mercury that gets into the water and causes

6 the fish to be high in mercury and potentially

7 hazardous for women, women who are pregnant and young

8 children.

9 Certainly no, no woman should be responsible,

10 no unborn child should be responsible and be born with

11 any disabilities or malformations because of it and

12 definitely not me and thank God, not my daughter, so

13 let's just continue to enforce this and get some kind

14 of control and restriction on it.

15 Thank you for the opportunity to testify.

16 MR. BRENNER: And thank you.

17 MS. CHEATHAM: Yes.

18 MR. SCHMERLING: [Difficult to hear, not

19 talking into a microphone] One of the first questions

20 that people might ask about this photograph is what was

21 there first, the church or the coal-fired power plant

22 you see in the background?

23 The church was built in 1954 and this is

24 the St. George Serbian Orthodox Church is the oldest

25 recognized church in Greene County, Pennsylvania. It209

1 was built in 1954 before the coal plant was there.

2 This [indecipherable] industry has been

3 preying on the public for over a hundred years. One

4 thing you'll notice, [indecipherable] other coal-fired

5 power plants. You'll notice in the air the smell of

6 gas. It smells like a chemical plant there.

7 I, I'm here to support EPA and thank EPA for

8 bringing these rules to the forefront and hope they

9 [indecipherable] passage to protect all of us.

10 You'll get a [indecipherable] from the coal

11 industry, the electronic -- the electric and utility

12 industries. They have a lot of money to spend on, on

13 fear based advertizing. Where do they get that money?

14 They get it on externalizing all their cost as much as

15 they can on environmental health, on killing babies, on

16 killing people who live near coal-fired power plants.

17 That's where they get their money to buy these ads to

18 counter what the EPA is trying to do. They put up

19 these insane billboards on the turnpike.

20 We need to fight for the people and not the

21 corporations. [Indecipherable]. Thank you very much.

22 MR. BRENNER: Thanks to both of you.

23 MS. CHEATHAM: Thank you.

24 MR. BRENNER: All right.

25 MR. VERSACE: Can I ask a question?210

1 MR. BRENNER: Yes, go ahead.

2 MR. VERSACE: I -- several people have asked,

3 have mentioned billboards. I haven't seen any. If you

4 have pictures of them, could you submit them to the --

5 MR. SCHMERLING: [Indecipherable] I do have --

6 MR. VERSACE: -- to the docket.

7 MR. SCHMERLING: -- [indecipherable].

8 MR. VERSACE: But if you could submit them.

9 MR. SCHMERLING: Sure.

10 MR. VERSACE: Thank you.

11 MR. SCHMERLING: Thank you.

12 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Next up to testify, we

13 have Ms. Rima Synnestivedt from the Sierra Club and

14 Robert Cooper from the Union of Concerned Scientists.

15 MS. SYNNESTIVEDT: [Difficult to hear, not

16 talking into a microphone] Okay. I think I'll go

17 first. My name is Rima Synnestivedt and I'm actually

18 speaking on behalf of human beings, as a member and

19 affiliate of the planet earth.

20 These are my three grandchildren, my daughter

21 and my son-in-law and they live within a couple of

22 miles of two coal-fired power plants. They live in a

23 very lovely suburban development in South Carolina and

24 they are at risk every single day and this makes me mad

25 and it makes me sad and I'm here to do something about211

1 it.

2 Environmental Protection Agency.

3 Environment, that's where we live. Protection, who can

4 protect my little family? That father is protecting

5 his children and his wife, which you guys got to

6 protect [indecipherable]. And Agency. Agency means we

7 are giving you the power. You are our agency. We need

8 your help.

9 Power plants have the power. We need to be

10 empowered, but we can't without [indecipherable]. We

11 need your help. Please. Thank you so much.

12 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Mr. Cooper.

13 MR. COOPER: All right. We've heard --

14 MR. BRENNER: Could you pull the microphone a

15 little closer to you please. Thank you.

16 MR. COOPER: We've heard a lot about the

17 mercury aspect of these proposed rules and I wanted to

18 speak of it more to the other air toxics and

19 particularly particulate matter that this rule would

20 cover.

21 I'm here on behalf of athletes like myself

22 who, on hot summer days, can literally feel the air

23 pollution.

24 I'm also here on behalf of people like my

25 brother who grew up with asthma. Luckily he was able212

1 to outgrow that, but I'm also here on behalf of people

2 who, like my mother, did not outgrow their lung

3 disease.

4 So my mother, despite never having smoked,

5 was diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

6 Doctors couldn't tell us what caused it, but I can tell

7 you what makes it worse. What makes it worse are code

8 red air quality days, which we had to be aware of

9 growing up because they meant that my mother could not

10 go outside for fear of having a flare-up. And if the

11 air outside was bad enough, she might not be able to

12 make it back upstairs without oxygen.

13 And every one of those air pollution induced

14 flare-ups would leave a little bit more lung scarring

15 to the point where she had less than fifty percent of a

16 normal person's lung capacity.

17 So to anyone who says that reducing air

18 pollution is too hard, I invite you to try swimming

19 laps with your oxygen tank on the side of the pool,

20 taking a shot of oxygen after lap because your doctor

21 says that by staying in shape, you may be able to be

22 around a little bit longer for your kids.

23 And if anyone says that complying with these

24 regulations are too painful, I invite you to spend a

25 month watching your mother fade further and further213

1 into a coma because that exercise was not enough.

2 And if anyone says that it's too expensive to

3 reduce air pollution, I'd like to know how much my

4 mother's life was worth. Thank you.

5 MR. BRENNER: Thanks to both of you. Thanks

6 for coming today.

7 Next we have Christine Welker-Hood

8 from the Physicians for Social Responsibility and we

9 have Sarah Bucic from the Sierra Club.

10 MS. BUCIC: And just for the record, I, I am

11 a Board Member of the Sierra Club in Delaware, but I'm

12 testifying as an individual today.

13 Thank you. My name is Sarah Bucic. I'm a

14 nurse. I'm a citizen from Delaware and I'm also a

15 mother and I'm here today to support the EPA's proposal

16 to clean up hazardous air pollutants from coal-fired

17 power plants.

18 I'm from Delaware and it's often called the

19 tail pipe of the country. This is referring to the

20 fact that our air is polluted, yet much of the

21 pollution is said to blow in from other parts of the

22 country. Regardless of where it comes from, my county,

23 New Castle County, is not in attainment for fine

24 particulate matter and ozone.

25 On hot summer days, we have numerous orange214

1 days where we are advised to limit activity and stay

2 indoors if possible.

3 In 1990, when I was twelve, Congress first

4 told the EPA to reduce toxic air pollution. I am now

5 thirty-two and a mother.

6 My child is now breathing in unnecessary

7 levels of arsenic, mercury, formaldehyde and hydrogen

8 chloride.

9 I grew up, was pregnant, and delivered my

10 child breathing and living in this environment.

11 Children have not traditionally been included

12 in the risk process by which environmental protection

13 standards are set. When human exposure is developed or

14 protected, it is based on adult males. Even animal

15 models are almost always adult animals.

16 As an advance practice registered nurse in

17 psychiatric mental health, I can only wonder how these

18 toxic elements are effecting the developing fetal

19 brain. The nervous system is the most vulnerable

20 during embryonic fetal and early infant development.

21 In the absence of a blood brain barrier during these

22 developmental stages, toxic exposures have unhampered

23 access to the developing central nervous system.

24 Mercury is a toxic substance that crosses the

25 placental barrier and methyl mercury halts cell215

1 division in the fetal brain by binding directly to

2 chromosomes and interfering with their ability to make

3 copies of themselves.

4 Methyl mercury interferes with the migration

5 of brain cells, especially in the cerebellum, the

6 control center for posture, balance and muscle

7 coordination and we know that even before conception,

8 maternal exposures, as well as paternal exposures can

9 play a role in compromising fetal and child

10 development.

11 Hazardous air pollutants from coal-fired

12 power plants include dioxins and dioxins are stored in

13 fatty tissues and they accumulate in the food chain, in

14 breast milk.

15 In utero and infant exposures to dioxin may

16 account for as much as ten percent of one's life long

17 exposure and rapid cell growth makes fetal tissues

18 particularly susceptible to damage caused by these

19 environmental exposures.

20 Sandra Steingraber in her book, Having Faith,

21 mentioned a study in which monitored breast milk of a

22 U.S. mother who nursed twins for three years and by the

23 time of weaning, the mother had lowered her own body

24 burden of dioxin by sixty-nine percent, which

25 is to say that by breast feeding, she delivered each of216

1 her children a third of her own lifetime exposure to

2 dioxin.

3 These are unacceptable realities. Mothers

4 should not have to worry if their air or water is safe

5 or if their own breast milk contains toxins.

6 Control technologies to meet the new coal

7 plant requirements to clean up pollutants currently

8 exist. Many Georgia power plants, like the Hammond

9 Plant in Rome use them already and the patients I treat

10 need to have cleaner air that is free from toxic air

11 pollutants. This should have ended twenty years ago.

12 My patients who face many uphill climbs do

13 not need to breathe in recognized and probable

14 carcinogens including formaldehyde, benzene,

15 toluene, dioxins and furans. They should not

16 have to inhale lead, arsenic, or nickel and they don't

17 need to eat fish filled with mercury.

18 These emissions can make breathing more

19 difficult. It can worsen asthma, COPD, bronchitis and

20 lung diseases. These pollutants can cause heart

21 attacks, strokes, lung cancer, birth defects and even

22 kill my patients.

23 In this economy, I ask you to consider that

24 while you think of jobs, you think about what is

25 necessary for people to keep those jobs; their own217

1 health. Think about how these proposed regulations and

2 how eight hundred and fifty thousand days per year of

3 missed work could be avoided.

4 I beg you as a mother, a young adult cancer

5 survivor, and a health practitioner to think about

6 seventeen thousand lives which can be saved with these

7 regulations.

8 Thank you.

9 MR. BRENNER: Thanks.

10 DR. WALKER-HOOD: Good afternoon. My name is

11 Dr. Christine Walker-Hood and I am the Director of the

12 Environmental Health Program and Physicians for Social

13 Responsibility National Office in D.C.

14 As a nurse and as an environmental health

15 scientist, I am heartened and grateful to witness the

16 release of such a health protective standard that will

17 greatly diminish the air emissions of hazardous air

18 pollutants from coal and oil fired power plants.

19 Raised in the Philadelphia area, I worked for

20 years in the city as a community health nurse. The

21 harmful effects of soot and air toxics had devastating

22 effects on the fragile health of my patients with heart

23 disease, asthma, and other respiratory ailments and

24 cancer.

25 On days in which outdoor air quality was218

1 poor, my patients with lung disease were chained to

2 their twenty foot oxygen tubing for life support. They

3 aimed to just get through the day.

4 My patients with asthma had more frequent

5 attacks, required their rescue inhalers repeatedly, and

6 too often needed to be rushed to the hospital when I

7 was unable to stabilize them at home.

8 Those suffering from heart, from heart

9 disease were confined to reduced activity and feared

10 that they -- if they did not, their crushing pain in

11 their chest would return and perhaps they would not

12 survive another heart attack.

13 As a cancer nurse, I sought to ease the pain

14 and suffering of my patients as they and their families

15 struggled to come to terms with their debilitating

16 illness. All the while never knowing why they had

17 become sick.

18 This is what air pollution does to people.

19 This is what coal power plant pollution does to people.

20 The emissions from coal and oil fired power plants

21 contain eighty-four of the one hundred and eighty-seven

22 hazardous air pollutants identified by the EPA to pose

23 the threat to human health and the environment and are

24 regulated under HAPS in the clean air act.

25 These pollutants include carcinogens like219

1 arsenic, hexavalent chromium, benzene and dioxin,

2 neurotoxins like mercury and lead and non-mercury

3 metals and acid gasses that help form fine

4 particulates. They increase asthma attacks, lead to

5 premature deaths from cardiovascular disease, stroke,

6 and cancer.

7 Coal-Fired power plants release three hundred

8 and eighty-six thousand tons of air toxics every year

9 accounting for forty percent of all of the hazardous

10 air pollutants spewed from point sources that we are

11 forced to breathe.

12 A recent EPA national scale air toxic

13 assessment determined that in many regions of the

14 country, breathing air toxics from outdoor sources over

15 a lifetime exposure contributes to nearly thirty

16 percent of the overall average cancer risk. This

17 increased cancer risk is unacceptable.

18 Controlling hazardous air pollutants from

19 coal-fired power plants will make significant strides

20 in lowering the lifetime cancer risks.

21 Hazardous air pollutants released from coal

22 fired power plants influence the environmental quality

23 and local and regional and also on a global scale.

24 Communities most heavily affected by certain air toxics

25 such as acid gasses and mercury are those nearest to220

1 the power plant. However acid gasses form sulfur

2 dioxide and fine particulates in the atmosphere.

3 Sulfur dioxides react with atmospheric gasses to

4 produce fine particulates. Metals, dioxins and other

5 hazardous air pollutants emitted from power plants

6 adhere to these fine particulars and can travel great

7 distances from the coal plant impacting the health of

8 people hundreds, even thousands of miles away.

9 Coal-Fired power plants are the predominant

10 source of acid gasses, like hydrochloric acid,

11 accounting for seventy-six percent of the air toxic

12 released into the atmosphere.

13 The hazardous air pollutant standard for the

14 coal and oil fired power plant will cut mercury

15 emissions by ninety-one percent. Emissions for acid

16 gasses by ninety-one percent and sulfur dioxide

17 emissions by fifty-three percent. It would eliminate a

18 hundred thousand tons of particulate pollution. The

19 EPA estimates the proposed mercury and air toxic

20 standards would avoid seventeen thousand premature

21 deaths, eleven thousand heart attacks, twelve thousand

22 hospital and emergency visits, a hundred and twenty

23 thousand asthma attacks every year nationwide.

24 While not estimated, the reductions of

25 carcinogens released into the air from these power221

1 plants will have profound reductions in new air toxics

2 related cancer cases.

3 In closing, Physicians for Social

4 Responsibility wishes to show deep appreciation and

5 support for the EPA for proposing this long overdue

6 clean air standard that will safeguard the health of

7 our nation's communities now exposed to unregulated air

8 toxic pollution from power plants.

9 We encourage the EPA to hold firm to its

10 ground and to move forward with the strongest air toxic

11 controls possible to defend public health and to

12 protect people across the life span from toxic mercury,

13 carcinogens like arsenic, and dangerous particulates.

14 Thank you.

15 MR. BRENNER: And thanks to both of you.

16 Next we have Gretchen Dahlkemper Alfonso testifying as

17 an individual and Judith Focareta, also testifying as

18 an individual member of the public.

19 MS. DAHLKEMPER-ALFONSO: Good afternoon. My

20 name is Gretchen Dahlkemper Alfonso and as a mother of

21 two kids under the age two, I am here today because I'm

22 concerned about the very real threat that mercury poses

23 to the health of my children, especially to the healthy

24 development of my children before birth.

25 When it comes to protecting my children,222

1 taking precautions on their behalf, I do not ignore the

2 facts. It makes me angry that despite my best efforts

3 at living a healthy lifestyle, my body is being invaded

4 by toxins from all angles.

5 The most disturbing fact is that coal and oil

6 fired plants release more than three hundred eighty-six

7 thousand tons of eighty-four hazardous pollutants into

8 the atmosphere each year. Many of these pollutants are

9 damaging to the health of my family, but I am

10 particularly concerned with the dangerous amounts of

11 mercury that these coal-fired power plants release into

12 our air and water and into the bodies of my children.

13 High blood levels of methyl mercury in unborn

14 babies and children are extremely dangerous. Exposures

15 before birth are of special concern because the

16 developing fetus is highly vulnerable to the effects of

17 toxic chemicals. The fetus develops quickly in the

18 womb and that development is easily derailed by toxic

19 chemicals.

20 Mercury can harm the nervous system and

21 interfere with the development of a growing child's

22 brain. Impacts on cognitive thinking, memory,

23 attention, language, and fine motor and visual spacial

24 skills have been seen in children exposed to methyl

25 mercury in the womb.223

1 The scary fact is that according to research

2 conducted by EPA scientists, one in twelve and it may

3 be as high as one in six women of child bearing age, my

4 age, has enough mercury in her body to put her unborn

5 child at risk.

6 This alarming statistic is a serious health

7 issue that threatens our health and that of our

8 children and future children.

9 As a mother, I feel that it is important for

10 me to speak up today and encourage the EPA to enact new

11 standards that will help reduce the amount of mercury

12 pollution being put into our environment.

13 As a mother, I am worried about the constant

14 threat our children face from pollution in our air and

15 water; pollution that can cause range of health issues

16 from small and causing asthma attacks to -- or to toxic

17 mercury harming children's neurological development.

18 As a mother, I agree with the need for

19 updated clean air standards. These new safeguards

20 against air toxins will protect public health, save

21 lives, and prevent disease. Most importantly to me,

22 clean air will help protect my children and yours.

23 Today, as a mother, I am encouraging the EPA

24 to move forward and enact newer and stronger clean air

25 standards to reduce harmful pollutants from our224

1 environment for the health of mothers and children

2 everywhere.

3 Thank you.

4 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Go ahead.

5 MS. FOCARETA: My name's Judy Focareta. I'm

6 a maternal child nurse and I'm speaking as an advocate,

7 a nurse advocate for Healthcare Without Harm.

8 I believe that clean air and pure water are

9 inherent rights. Florence Nightingale was keenly aware

10 of the environment's influence on health and she

11 strongly advocated for fresh air as a preventative and

12 curative for ailments.

13 Modern medicine also recognizes, not only the

14 advantages of clean air, but the links between air

15 pollution and disease as well. The science linking air

16 pollution to diseases from asthma to developmental

17 problems is voluminous, but you don't have to be a

18 medical professional to make these connections.

19 It simply makes sense that breathing

20 contaminated air will produce harm.

21 In our clinical practice, both physicians and

22 nurses counsel child bearing families about the harmful

23 effects of mercury on the developing baby and how is

24 the baby exposed to mercury. Simply put, coal-fired

25 power plants release a form of mercury into the air225

1 which falls into our waterways and is converted into

2 methyl mercury which is a potent neuro-toxin.

3 A neurotoxin can disrupt normal brain and

4 nervous system development. Methyl mercury

5 contaminates the fish in the waterways and when this

6 fish is eaten by pregnant moms or small children, they

7 may be exposed to levels of mercury above what are

8 considered safe levels.

9 In a report released in 2004, the CDC

10 estimated that eight percent of American women of child

11 bearing age are exposed at level -- mercury at levels

12 above the EPA's referenced dose that is deemed safe for

13 a human fetus and EPA's own analysis of the data

14 suggest that as many as six hundred and thirty thousand

15 babies born each year are exposed to unsafe levels of

16 mercury.

17 The real tragedy is the fish with its high

18 levels of omega three fatty acids is essential for

19 normal brain development and many women of child

20 bearing age who are struggling to make ends meet, as

21 we've heard in previous testimony, rely on inexpensive

22 types of fish such as tuna to provide needed protein

23 in their diets.

24 The EPA recently released guidelines for moms

25 and their children about how much fish was considered226

1 safe for them to include in their diets so

2 professionals who counsel families and families

3 themselves are caught between advice about the health

4 benefits of fish and the harmful effects of eating fish

5 laden with mercury.

6 In 2004, the March of Dimes asked the EPA to

7 consider stronger regulations around mercury releases

8 into the air.

9 In 2011, the EPA is listening.

10 Proposal of new standards to decrease mercury

11 and other toxic air pollutants from power plants were

12 released in March and the new rule would reduce mercury

13 from power plants by ninety-one percent. In doing so,

14 they also follow the tenants laid out in the

15 Declaration of Rights of the Pennsylvania Constitution,

16 which was a model for the Bill of Rights of the United

17 States Constitution.

18 Those rights and prohibitions are set forth

19 in the twenty-eight sections of the Declaration. In

20 particular, we refer them to article one, section

21 twenty-seven which states, "The people have a right to

22 clean air, pure water, and the preservation of the

23 natural scenic, historic, and aesthetic values of the

24 environment including generations to come."

25 So in conclusion, as a registered nurse who227

1 counsels child bearing families, I would fully support

2 the proposed EPA guidelines and I'd like to end with a

3 quote from Sandra Steingraber, that noted biologist and

4 mother who we just heard about. She was pregnant when

5 she wrote a book about her pregnancy experience from an

6 environmental health perspective and she was writing

7 about the aspects of amniotic fluid, which is the fluid

8 that surrounds the baby and she stated, "When I hold in

9 my hands a tube of my own amniotic fluid, I'm holding a

10 tube full of raindrops. It's the juice of the orange

11 that I had for breakfast. When I look at amniotic

12 fluid, I'm looking at the rain falling on orange

13 groves. Whatever is in the world's water is here in my

14 hands."

15 Thank you. That's it.

16 MR. BRENNER: Thank you very much.

17 MS. FOCARETA: You're welcome.

18 MR. BRENNER: We now have Sarah Landini who

19 is a member of the Pittsburgh City Council and John

20 Elwood from the Evangelical Environmental Network.

21 Welcome. Ms. Landini.

22 MS. LANDINI: Just a correction. I'm not

23 actually a member of the Pittsburgh City Council, but

24 I've just been elected to read this for you from them.

25 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Fair enough. Thank you.228

1 MS. LANDINI: Pittsburgh City Council

2 Proclamation. Whereas coal-fired power plants emit air

3 toxics and heavy metals including mercury, arsenic,

4 lead, dioxin and acid gasses, and whereas mercury is a

5 harmful neuro-toxin that can build up in women of child

6 bearing age and can cause developmental disorders and

7 learning disabilities in children and fetuses.

8 And whereas EPA's studies show that at least

9 one in twelve and as many as one in six American women

10 of child bearing age have enough mercury in their

11 bodies to put a fetus at risk.

12 And whereas the Federal Environmental

13 Protection Agency has proposed new standards for

14 mercury and air toxics, which would update provisions

15 in the Clean Air Act and establish emission limits for

16 coal-fired power plants in, in the United States.

17 And whereas these new protections will save

18 as many as seventeen thousand lives and prevent a

19 hundred and twenty thousand cases of childhood asthma.

20 And whereas the Sierra Club, Sierra Club is

21 educated people about this issue by offering free

22 mercury testing.

23 And whereas Sierra Club, Sierra Club

24 volunteers and others will travel to Philadelphia,

25 Pennsylvania on May 24 to attend one of three public229

1 hearings on this matter being held by the EPA to submit

2 their official support for this proposal.

3 Now therefore, be it resolved that this

4 Council of the City of Pittsburgh does hereby recognize

5 and commend the Sierra Club for their ongoing advocacy

6 for clean air and public health.

7 And be it further resolved that the Council

8 of the City of Pittsburgh does hereby support the EPA's

9 proposed emission standards for mercury and other air

10 toxics sponsored by Councilwoman Natalia Rudiac

11 [phonetic], co-sponsored by Council President Darlene

12 Harris and council members Reverent Ricky Burgis

13 [phonetic], Patrick Dowd [phonetic], Bruce Kraus

14 [phonetic], Daniel Lavell [phonetic], William Padudo

15 [phonetic], Douglas Sheilds, and Teresa Kelsmith

16 [phonetic].

17 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Please go ahead.

18 MR. ELWOOD: Good afternoon. My name is John

19 Elwood. I'm speaking to you today as a citizen of the

20 State of New Jersey and as a Board Member of the

21 Evangelical Environmental Network.

22 MR. BRENNER: Could I ask you to bring the

23 microphone a little bit closer to you, please.

24 MR. ELWOOD: Yes.

25 MR. BRENNER: Great, thanks.230

1 MR. ELWOOD: Again, as I said, I'm speaking

2 on behalf of the Evangelical Environmental Network. We

3 are an organization of Christians who advocate care for

4 God's creation.

5 I live in Andover, New Jersey where I also

6 operate a sustainable produce farm.

7 Andover is located in northwest New Jersey,

8 near the Pennsylvania boarder.

9 In New Jersey, we have made great strides in

10 reducing mercury contamination. Since 1992, our state

11 has reduced its mercury emissions by more than two

12 thirds from more than nine thousand pounds of mercury

13 per year to about three thousand pounds in 2006 and the

14 goal for 2011 is a reduction of eighty-five percent

15 below the 1992 levels.

16 This result has been achieved by across the

17 board improvements including improved incineration of

18 municipal and medical waste, iron and steel

19 manufacturing improvements, and coal-fired utility

20 generation improvements among many, many others.

21 The greatest impact has come from

22 implementing proven, mature, emission technologies. As

23 an example of New Jersey's success, our state's largest

24 steel mill has reduced mercury emissions from nine

25 hundred pounds in 2005 to only thirty pounds in 2009231

1 and our municipal waste incinerator is now emitting

2 ninety-seven percent less mercury than they did in

3 1990.

4 And yet, despite these accomplishments, the

5 archives of environmental health have reported that in

6 New Jersey, thirteen percent of pregnant -- one out of

7 eight -- have mercury levels considered unsafe for

8 child bearing. And in further defiance of our state's

9 progress, the New Jersey DEP has analyzed mercury

10 concentrations in fish and found "no apparent trend" in

11 mercury concentrations as recently as 2006.

12 In the words of DEP scientist, Michael Alcott

13 [phonetic], "Mercury is a metal that just won't go

14 away."

15 But New Jersey's mercury problem is not ours

16 alone. We share a one hundred and ninety mile border

17 with Pennsylvania and while our coal-fired power plants

18 emit only two hundred and eighty-four pounds of mercury

19 per year, Pennsylvania's plants emit fifteen thousand,

20 five hundred and fifty pounds. Fifty-five times more

21 than our state.

22 Not surprisingly, our neighbor's mercury

23 emissions are not regulated.

24 In 2009, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court

25 upheld a ruling which overturned the State's attempt to232

1 reduce mercury emissions presumably because the EPA was

2 supposed to be carrying out this function itself.

3 In New Jersey, we live downwind of the

4 country's worse mercury polluting state unable to do

5 anything out about it because the Courts have found

6 that only the EPA can come to our aid.

7 Now my family has a poignant reminder of this

8 on a weekly basis. Every Sunday, I take them to our

9 church in the town of Knowlton. Directly across the

10 Delaware River from Knowlton is the Portland Power

11 Plant in Mount Bethel, Pennsylvania.

12 The Portland Plant uses few if any smoke

13 stack emission controls and the prevailing winds carry

14 its coal pollutants across the river and into New

15 Jersey.

16 The plant emits three hundred and sixty-nine

17 pounds of mercury per year. Compare that, from only

18 one plant, to the two hundred and eighty-four pounds

19 emitted by all of New Jersey's power plants combined.

20 In the words of New Jersey's top environmental officer,

21 it is unacceptable to have a single power plant on our

22 border emitting more sulfur dioxide and mercury than

23 all of New Jersey's coal, oil and gas-fired power

24 plants combined.

25 Now eighteen months ago, my daughter, Lindsey233

1 Burns, who's seated in the front, brought to us the

2 wonderful news that she was pregnant with our first

3 grandchild. She was determined to make every effort to

4 protect her child from mercury, so she religiously

5 avoided all but the freshest, safest fish and that very

6 sparingly.

7 Happily she gave birth to a healthy baby

8 girl. We have brought her with us today, Clara May

9 Burns. But on the day Clara was born and everyday in

10 New Jersey, one out of every eight babies is born from

11 mothers bearing unsafe levels of mercury and that

12 mercury remains unregulated in many places.

13 Today, we would ask you to remember the

14 thousands of other children in our country who are just

15 like this beautiful girl, Clara, except for unregulated

16 mercury poisoning.

17 Thank you.

18 MR. BRENNER: And thanks to both of you for

19 your testimony.

20 Next we have Leah Schade for the Evangelical

21 Lutheran Church in America and we have Donna Henry

22 testifying as an individual who is here with her son,

23 Brandon.

24 REVEREND SCHADE: Good afternoon. I am the

25 Reverend Leah Schade. I'm a Ph.d. student at the234

1 Lutheran Theological Seminar at Philadelphia and I

2 first want to thank the EPA and Administrator, Lisa

3 Jackson, for paying serious attention to this issue of

4 mercury pollution. I want to commend them for having

5 done the right thing by giving citizens the opportunity

6 to be heard on this important issue and for the four of

7 you for sitting through all of these testimonies today.

8 It gets to be a long day. I appreciate that you're

9 here.

10 I'm an ordained clergy of the Evangelical

11 Lutheran Church in America, ELCA. Having served as a

12 Pastor at Reformation Lutheran Church in

13 Media and Spirit and Truth Worship Center in

14 Yeadon where nearly every member of that

15 congregation either suffers from asthma or has a

16 relative who does.

17 I'm also a Ph.d. student at the seminary where

18 my concentration is on preaching and ecological

19 theology, so I approach environmental issues from a

20 lens of faith, scripture, and spirituality.

21 As Christians, we are called to cherish and

22 tend to God's creation as part of our loving and

23 serving God and neighbor, which includes answering

24 Jesus' mandate to care for the least of these both in

25 the human community.235

1 I come today on behalf of myself, my two

2 children, my congregations, the Southeastern

3 Pennsylvania Senate and the ELCA to express concern

4 that the tough new EPA rule to reduce toxic mercury

5 pollution is under attack from industry groups that

6 want to weaken this life saving measure.

7 I also come as an avid lover of the outdoors

8 and fishing. Since I was twelve years old, I have

9 fished the Susquehanna River, the Yellow Breaches Creek

10 in northern York County, the Little

11 Tuscarora in Huntingdon County as well as

12 numerous lakes and ponds in the Poconos.

13 Imagine my distress as a pregnant mother

14 learning that I had to limit the consumption of the

15 fish because of the mercury hidden in their bodies and

16 even now, I'm afraid to take my children fishing and

17 let them eat what ought to be the clean bounty of our

18 state's streams and rivers because I worry about how it

19 will affect their brain development and overall health.

20 And it's not just the fish that effect the

21 health. It's just the breathing of the air that

22 threatens their well being, as well as that of all

23 children.

24 I firmly believe that the failure -- that

25 failure to implement these regulations would harm God's236

1 creation and exacerbate the already difficult

2 situations from millions of the most vulnerable

3 citizens, especially pregnant women, unborn fetuses,

4 infants, and young children.

5 The ELCA, along with our partners, the

6 Lutheran World Federation and Lutheran World Relief,

7 recognizing the gravity of these threats has long been

8 committed to addressing environmental issues as part of

9 our call to justice, sustainability and solidarity with

10 effected communities.

11 I acknowledge that the short-term cost of the

12 measure might mean a small price increase and impose a

13 burden on the poor, but I believe that having no

14 regulation or weakened regulation would impose greater

15 financial burdens and health burdens because of threats

16 of cancer, respiratory problems, and birth defects.

17 Whether you are a Christian, a member of

18 another faith expression, or seeking a completely

19 different path, I appeal to your sense of justice and

20 your ability to see this action as one that will lead

21 to the greater common good.

22 Scripture teaches us that one of the duties

23 of government is to protect those who are most

24 vulnerable. Those who have no voice. Those who are

25 least able to protect themselves.237

1 In this case, I believe that the damage done

2 to babies, fetuses and children warrants protection.

3 I am committed to helping the congregations

4 of my denomination learn how to do their part, to care

5 for the earth and support ecological justice issues.

6 I call on this country to be morally

7 compelled to regulate mercury pollution, to protect our

8 most vulnerable citizens.

9 For the EPA to succumb to the temptation to

10 weaken the rule based on the argument of increased cost

11 to the power industry would be immoral, unethical,

12 unpatriotic and against common sense.

13 I call for the EPA to stand its ground and

14 move forward with the strongest air toxics protections

15 possible to defend public health and protect children

16 from toxic mercury.

17 Thank you.

18 MR. BRENNER: Thank you

19 MS. HENRY: Thank you. Good afternoon. My

20 name is Donna Henry. I live in South Jersey with my

21 three children; two sons and a daughter. Twenty miles

22 from the B.L. England coal-fired power plant.

23 Currently, there are no federal limits on how much

24 mercury or toxic pollutants can be released from

25 coal-fired power plants.238

1 Scientific evidence shows that air toxics,

2 including mercury, threatens the health of people, fish

3 and wildlife everywhere.

4 Air toxics can cause serious health problems;

5 asthma, cancer, birth defects. Ingested mercury acts a

6 potent neurotoxin and can cause damage to the brain

7 and nervous system. My son was diagnosed with

8 Asperger's, an autism spectrum disorder that causes

9 abnormal neurological development.

10 Studies have indicated that industrial air

11 pollutants may be a contributing factor to an increased

12 risk of autism. As a parent, I worry about what we're

13 doing to the environment. What negative health effects

14 on my children and what kind of world we leave for

15 them.

16 Mercury is a particularly harmful pollution

17 because it builds up in the environment and

18 contaminates our water. Nearly all fish contain traces

19 of mercury.

20 The EPA recommends that Americans concerned

21 about mercury limit their fish consumption, warnings

22 that eating fish is dangerous or an obvious alarm that

23 mercury is everywhere and poisonous.

24 How can we be so callous to overlook the

25 chilling effects of mercury present in our environment?239

1 We pollute our air, water and soil. We kill the fish,

2 the birds, and ultimately ourselves.

3 I worry that if we don't take care of our

4 planet, what are we going to hand over to our children?

5 I've instilled in my children a respect and

6 appreciation for the environment. We enjoy the

7 outdoors, the beach, birding, camping and fishing.

8 From an early age, I've encouraged my children to not

9 just explore nature, but to understand it and be

10 responsible.

11 We all have a responsibility to this planet

12 and it saddens me that more people don't value our

13 precious planet and those that occupy it. We all

14 deserve to live in a healthy environment, to breathe

15 clean air, to drink clean water.

16 I'm here today to help my children and your

17 children with the hope of a future, a good future. The

18 proposed mercury and air toxic standards will provide

19 that all power plants limit their toxic emissions,

20 ultimately preventing ninety-one percent of the mercury

21 in burned coal from being emitted into the air.

22 Reducing exposure to air toxics will

23 significantly improve public health. We need the EPA

24 to enact the strongest mercury and air toxic standard

25 protections possible to protect our families' health240

1 and the health of our planet. We have the knowledge

2 and the power to stop this toxic destruction, but I

3 hope that we have the wisdom.

4 Thank you for taking my comments into

5 consideration today.

6 MR. BRENNER: Thanks to both of you for

7 coming this afternoon.

8 MS. HENRY: Thank you.

9 MR. BRENNER: We have Kevin Usterhoudt from

10 the American Academy of Pediatrics and Theodore

11 Carrington from the NAACP.

12 DR. USTERHOUDT: Hi, good afternoon. I am

13 Dr. Kevin Usterhoudt, a Pediatrician and a toxicologist

14 from the Poison Control Center at the Children's

15 Hospital of Philadelphia and I'm proud today to be

16 representing the American Academy of Pediatrics at this

17 hearing.

18 The American Academy of Pediatrics is a non19 profit professional organization of more than sixty

20 thousand pediatricians dedicated to the health, safety,

21 and well being of infants, children, adolescents, and

22 young adults and we are proud to have a long history of

23 supporting the work of the EPA in cleaning up the air

24 we breathe.

25 When our nation's forefathers met not far241

1 from here in 1775 and 1776, in the second continental

2 Congress, they famously put to paper that we are all

3 endowed with certain unalienable rights. It had to be

4 unthinkable to them that two hundred years later, we

5 would have a debate of the rights of our children to

6 breathe air and drink water free from industrial

7 pollution with mercury, arsenic and other toxicants.

8 Polluted air makes people sick, particularly

9 infants and children.

10 Toxicants in the air which can further

11 accumulate in our water and food supply cause numerous

12 health effects. These health effects include birth

13 defects, asthma exacerbations, other respiratory

14 illnesses, and heart disease.

15 Our current federal standards requiring

16 power plants to limit emissions of hazardous air

17 pollutants are weak and outdated leaving children and

18 communities to bear the consequences.

19 This great commonwealth of Pennsylvania has

20 one of the highest environmental mercury burdens in the

21 nation. Mercury is released into the air from fossil

22 fuels, is deposited into waterways and is converted to

23 methyl mercury. States, such as Pennsylvania as we've

24 heard many times today, have had to issue advisories

25 about eating fish due to excessive mercury exposure242

1 with health concerns greatest for children and pregnant

2 women.

3 Methyl mercury is a poison to the developing

4 brain and exposure during pregnancy has been associated

5 with childhood affects on memory, attention, and

6 language skills, and potentially cripples a child's

7 future before it even begins.

8 Release of fine particle pollutants is known

9 to increase respiratory problems and days of increased

10 air pollution levels are associated with increased

11 emergency room visits and increased hospitalizations

12 from asthma.

13 Reducing air pollution can have life

14 preserving effects. A 2009 study in the New England

15 Journal of Medicine found that if we could reduce air

16 pollution equivalent to a decrease of ten micrograms,

17 the tiniest bit, of fine particles per cubic meter of

18 air, we could increase the population's life expectancy

19 by over a half a year. On a population basis, this is

20 a remarkable impact.

21 The American people have been waiting too

22 many years for this important rule and we cannot afford

23 any further delays. In 1990, Clean Air Act Amendments

24 raised the need to assess power plant emissions. Ten

25 years later, in 2000, the EPA determined it was243

1 appropriate and necessary that these hazardous air

2 pollutants be reduced and now another eleven years

3 later, action is still yet to be taken.

4 The American Academy of Pediatrics fully

5 support the EPA's new standards for reducing toxic

6 pollutants from power plants and supports requiring

7 implementation of this technology within three years as

8 proposed under the rules.

9 These vital standards will reduce emissions

10 from mercury and other toxic metals, acid gasses, and

11 particulate matter to the levels currently being

12 achieved with existing technology by modern plants.

13 While some may argue that this rule will

14 impose cost upon power companies, the AAP would respond

15 that the high cost of pollution are currently being

16 borne by our children and other vulnerable populations.

17 Data from 2009 tells us that one in eleven children now

18 suffer from asthma and that the annual healthcare

19 expenditures related to asthma in 2007 dollars are

20 fifty-six billion dollars. We can't afford not to

21 clean our air.

22 The proposed EPA standards will lead to

23 cleaner air and better health for millions of American

24 children and families and the AAP looks forward to

25 prompt implementation of these standards.244

1 We implore the EPA to insist upon timely

2 implementation without delay. Each day, children are

3 being born with preventable birth defects, suffering

4 asthma exacerbations, and bearing the other health

5 consequences of air pollution.

6 The tools and technology already exist. We

7 need to use them to protect our children and families

8 starting today.

9 Toxicologist use the concept of ALARA, as low

10 as reasonably achievable. We know what's reasonable.

11 We know what's achievable. It's imperative that we

12 give our children clean air to breathe, clean water to

13 drink, and clean nutritious food to eat. Can there be

14 a more unalienable right than that?

15 Thank you.

16 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Mr. Carrington.

17 MR. CARRINGTON: Thank you. First I want to

18 applaud the Environmental Protection Agency and

19 Administrator Lisa Jackson for issuing proposal rule

20 that would reduce the amount of toxic air pollutions

21 from power plants and especially mercury.

22 My name is Theodore

23 Carrington. I'm New Jersey State Conference

24 Environmental Justice Chairperson.

25 The African American communities are245

1 overburdened with disproportionate amounts of toxics

2 including mercury, diesel soot, pesticides, lead,

3 brownfields and other contaminants that impact the

4 water we drink, the air we breathe, and the very soil

5 we walk on.

6 Pollution from power plants is part of the

7 reason that cumulative health impacts keep our

8 communities health in peril.

9 We have witnessed increases in asthma,

10 respiratory problems, cancers, low birth weight, and a

11 myriad of other health problems, yet power plants, a

12 major source of pollution, operate in a manner that

13 keeps our communities at risk.

14 We know that communities of color have been

15 targeted as favorable destinations when deciding where

16 to build toxic facilities.

17 Over twenty years ago in the landmark report

18 written by the Commission of, for Racial Justice of the

19 United -- of the United Church of Christ, Toxic Waste

20 and Race in the United States, the primary indicator

21 used to determine where to build a toxic facility is

22 based on race.

23 Despite all the information we have regarding

24 the health impacts that coal-fired plants have on our

25 community, there is now a proposal to build a seven246

1 hundred and fifty megawatt IGCC facility in Lyndon, New

2 Jersey, an already overburdened community. IGCC,

3 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle, is a process

4 that will burn coal, turn it into energy at the

5 proposed Lyndon site.

6 Lyndon is located in the Union County, New

7 Jersey. A county that already has failed to meet

8 minimum federal health standards for air pollution.

9 Cancer alone is above the national average in Union

10 County. Counties in close proximity to Union County

11 include Middlesex, Essex, and Hudson County.

12 There are nearly two million people who live

13 within a ten mile radius of the proposed facility,

14 probably one of the most densely populated areas of the

15 United States. Located in the Hudson County City of

16 Jersey City, another overburdened community, is the

17 location of a six hundred eight watt Hudson County

18 Generating Station, a coal-fired power plant.

19 Hudson County also fails to meet minimum

20 federal standards for air pollution.

21 Permitting Lyndon to build a coal-fired plant

22 that will emit pollution so close to an already

23 existing facility in Jersey City that also pollutes,

24 will increase health hazards for the surrounding

25 communities.247

1 Union County, twenty-two point seven percent

2 black, fifty-six percent higher than the statewide

3 average, and twenty-five point one percent Hispanic,

4 fifty-seven percent higher than the statewide average.

5 Union County has a hundred thirty thousand residents,

6 twelve thousand are children with asthma, thirty-two

7 thousand adults with asthma, thirteen thousand with

8 chronic bronchitis and seven thousand with emphysema.

9 The proposed coal plant in Lyndon is expected

10 to add eleven point three million pounds, that's five

11 thousand six hundred and sixty-two tons of air

12 pollution in Union County and that will include five

13 million pounds of nitrous oxides, sulfur oxides,

14 mercury and soot, fine particulates into the air each

15 year.

16 One of the main reasons -- one of the main

17 contributors of global warming is carbon dioxide. Coal

18 produces twenty percent of all the carbon dioxide

19 generated in the U.S.

20 The company, PurGen One, plans to

21 generate energy using coal, that it will -- coal, that

22 it will be a clean process; clean coal. The plan calls

23 for the facility to burn the coal, turn it into energy

24 and the byproduct of the process, CO2, will be captured

25 by using CCS, that's carbon capture and sequestration248

1 process.

2 The captured carbon dioxide will be

3 pressurized into a liquid, piped seventy miles out to

4 sea, then pumped a mile down beneath the sea bed.

5 This is an experiment, experimental process

6 and belief is that the CO2 will stay beneath the ocean

7 floor forever.

8 Similar CCS projects in the North Sea, one

9 tenth of what the proposes, are began leaking after

10 only thirteen years. Most environmental justice

11 advocates, community leaders and the New Jersey State

12 Conference of the NAACP will disagree with

13 PurGen One and do not believe that a CCS

14 process will work successfully.

15 We know that New Jersey, during the months of

16 July and August, many people who suffer from asthma or

17 other respiratory conditions have a particularly

18 difficult time. I had visited schools in the summer

19 and I have witnessed numerous students suffering a

20 humid day. They were unable to participate in

21 classrooms because of ill health. Often parents have

22 to be called in to take the children or to receive

23 medical treatment. If medical coverage is not

24 available, then the health problems is compounded.

25 If the parents are working, they have to take249

1 time off for their children, thus losing valuable work

2 time. Often parents meet -- met at -- I've met a

3 mother at a convention and I was explaining to her the

4 PurGen One wanting to build a coal-fired

5 plant in Lyndon and I explained that additional

6 pollutants would be created in the area that was

7 already overburdened with air pollutants. I can see

8 she began to recognize something that was familiar to

9 her. Her daughter has severe asthma, suffering

10 constantly, but she said when the family leaves Lyndon,

11 the problem does not exist.

12 Thank you.

13 MR. BRENNER: And thanks to both of you.

14 Thank you gentlemen.

15 Next we have Gina E. Wood from the Joint

16 Center for Political and Economic Studies and John

17 Hanger from Hanger Consultants. Welcome.

18 MS. WOOD: Thank you and good afternoon. I

19 appreciate this opportunity to comment on the proposed

20 mercury and air toxic standards, the first national

21 standards to reduce emissions of toxic air pollutants

22 from new and existing coal and oil fired power plants,

23 often the biggest contributor to air pollution in our

24 country as well as globally.

25 As the Director of Policy and Planning for250

1 the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, a

2 leading Washington based research and public policy

3 organization, we recognize the importance of this

4 proposed rule and the potential benefits to vulnerable

5 populations, especially people of color as you've just

6 heard.

7 We bring a unique perspective to this

8 discussion and my comments will elaborate on the

9 importance of expediting the implementation of the

10 utility toxic rule.

11 First let me tell you a little about the

12 Joint Center. The Joint Center is the nation's leading

13 research and public policy organization focused

14 uniquely on the socioeconomic issues impacting African

15 Americans and other people of color.

16 The Joint Center is the convener of the

17 National Policy Alliance comprised of key membership

18 organizations representing black elected and appointed

19 officials at every level of government which was formed

20 in the early seventies by the Joint Center to provide a

21 forum for discussion and policy action on issues of

22 critical interest to the black community.

23 Today on issues ranging from job creation and

24 the economy to environmental concerns and equitable

25 access for quality health care. The Policy Alliance is251

1 active and engaged in giving voice to more than eleven

2 thousand African American leaders and the millions of

3 constituents they represent.

4 My comments this afternoon will focus on

5 three issues important to the African American

6 community as well as people of color. The health

7 benefits of the proposed rule and the disproportionate

8 impact on toxic air pollution on people of color, the

9 availability and cost effectiveness of the technologies

10 to comply with the proposed rule to reduce emissions,

11 and that companies should stop putting profits ahead of

12 the well being of vulnerable communities and the fact

13 that the overblown concerns raised by some in the

14 utility industry over the cost of this rule should not

15 be given more weight than the needs of people of color,

16 which experience the real cost of toxic and air

17 pollution everyday where they live.

18 In terms of the health benefits, it is well

19 known that power plants release mercury, arsenic, other

20 metals, acid gasses, and particles that all harm

21 people's health. This is peer reviewed, scientific

22 science that confirms this fact.

23 Uncontrolled releases of mercury from power

24 plants damage children's developing brains, as you've

25 heard, reducing their IQ and their ability to learn.252

1 Mercury and many of the other toxic

2 pollutants also pollute our nation's lakes, streams,

3 and fish.

4 Other metals, such as arsenic, chromium and

5 nickel can cause cancer, acid gasses can cause lung

6 damage and contribute to asthma, bronchitis and other

7 chronic respiratory disease especially in children and

8 the elderly and particles cause premature deaths and a

9 wide range of lung and heart disease.

10 The Joint Center strongly supports the

11 proposed utility toxic rule because it will

12 dramatically reduce toxic air pollution for our

13 nation's power plants and delivery significant health

14 benefits.

15 While some in industry focus on the cost of

16 this rule, the Joint Center also recognizes the

17 benefits of the rule far outweigh the cost. The value

18 of the improvements to health alone total fifty-nine

19 billion dollars to a hundred and forty billion dollars

20 each year. This means after every dollar spent to

21 reduce this pollution, we would get five to thirteen

22 dollars in health benefits.

23 I won't go into the technologies given the

24 time, but I think you heard earlier from the Clean

25 Energy Group about the fact that the industry can't253

1 address this in a very adequate way and there's clear

2 examples, such as the Constellation Energy of Maryland

3 which I know another person mentioned as well.

4 So let me quickly just go to the economic

5 damages that have been cited by industry, which I

6 believe are tremendously overstated.

7 It is not uncommon for those being regulated

8 to overstate compliance costs. Recently some have even

9 gone so far as to claim that African Americans will be

10 disproportionately impacted by this cost of this rule.

11 These claims, these claims are unsubstantiated and fly

12 in the face of what we know, that African Americans and

13 other people of color are disproportionately harmed by

14 air pollution where they live. None of the studies

15 used to support claim of adverse economic impacts on

16 African Americans actually evaluate the impacts of

17 EPA's regulations or policies, much less the specific

18 regulation. Instead these studies ascribe the economic

19 impacts of things such as the Waxman-Markey climate

20 legislation.

21 Nowhere in any of the studies cited by the

22 critics of the EPA regulation do they assess the

23 economic impacts of the rules EPA has proposed on

24 vulnerable communities that purport to be, they purport

25 to be so concerned about.254

1 Any credible analysis of the economic impacts

2 of EPA's regulations should assess the impacts of

3 specific EPA regulation.

4 EPA has conducted such analysis for all of

5 the greenhouse gasses and clean air regulations it has

6 promulgated and it's analysis demonstrate,

7 unequivocally, that the economic impacts are minimal.

8 Moreover, the statements of groups opposing

9 the EPA's regulations failed to acknowledge that while

10 documented, disproportionate impacts of dirty air and

11 greenhouse gasses on people of color. These include

12 the impacts I previously mentioned; cancer, respiratory

13 and cardiac disease, lost days from work and school,

14 and premature deaths.

15 In conclusion, for over twenty years, as

16 already been mentioned, that the Clean Air Act has

17 required EPA to implement regulations to control the

18 emissions of hazardous air pollutants. EPA is now

19 under a court order deadline to finalize the rule by

20 November of 2011 and their rule must, must move forward

21 because the health benefits so dramatically outweigh

22 the cost and because it is time to end the toxic

23 emissions from power plants polluting our cities and

24 towns.

25 The Joint Center whole heartedly supports255

1 EPA's proposal. We urge the agency to keep this rule

2 strong and complete on schedule.

3 Thank you so very much for your time and the

4 opportunity to share my comments with you this

5 afternoon.

6 MR. BRENNER: I want to thank you for those

7 comments by repeating again something that I noted

8 this, this morning which is one of the things we've

9 been trying to do in our rule makings is to engender

10 greater involvement by some groups that had not been

11 able to actively participate in rule makings in the

12 past and we're seeing just this afternoon some very

13 active involvement from both members of the, of the

14 public who are not recommending groups, from the faith

15 based communities, from the medical profession and from

16 the environmental justice community which is really

17 going to help us a lot in having a much broader

18 perspective and do a better job in completing this rule

19 making. So thanks to you for coming.

20 MS. WOOD: And thank you as well for your

21 time.

22 MR. HANGER: Thank you very much. My name is

23 John Hanger. Until January of this year, I served as

24 the Secretary for the Pennsylvania Department of

25 Environmental Protection under Governor Edward, Edward256

1 G. Rendell.

2 As Secretary, we actually had a mercury rule,

3 state mercury because the federal government had not

4 moved forward and as you -- I think another witness

5 testified unfortunately, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court

6 overturned that state mercury rule largely because of

7 the federal machinations. Since [indecipherable] I'm

8 not going to get into here.

9 But we desperately need for the EPA to move

10 forward with the toxics rule here in Pennsylvania.

11 I was also a Commissioner of the Pennsylvania

12 Public Utility Commission from 1993 to 1998 and I, I

13 did found and act as the founding Presidency of Penn

14 Future, an environmental organization here in

15 Pennsylvania.

16 I, I'm -- I say ditto to the health

17 statements that everybody's made. I want to focus on

18 a couple of the arguments that critics of the rule have

19 made and specifically the concern that the rule,

20 somehow or another if enforced, would endanger

21 reliability.

22 I've looked very seriously at this criticism

23 because I, as a former utility regulator take electric

24 reliability as really a nonnegotiable need.

25 And because the nation has excess capacity,257

1 typically fifty percent more generation capacity than

2 required for the reserve margin, because the nation is

3 building more new generation all the time, of all

4 types, and because we have demand response and energy

5 efficiency that can work on the demand side and because

6 we have new large amounts of natural gas.

7 For all of those reasons, the concerns about

8 reliability are false. This rule will not endanger

9 reliability.

10 To the extent that an individual plant

11 retirement may cause a local reliability issue, the

12 rule should have flexibility in it to allow EPA to

13 grant a waiver for just that plant, but only to allow

14 the plant to run for reliability reasons, not all the

15 time for economic reasons. We did that here in

16 Pennsylvania. We are retiring about a thousand

17 megawatts of coal plants in this region and the PJM,

18 which is the reliability organization said they needed

19 a little more time to close those plants and in order

20 to protect reliability and we were able to grant that

21 time, but only allow them to run genuinely when they

22 are need to keep the lights on. Not to make revenues

23 for the owners of the plants.

24 Now is the time to get this done. In fact,

25 it's overdue. In fact, now is a great time because the258

1 excess capacity, we have building capacity and we have

2 all of that gas. Gas does not emit mercury. It does

3 not emit toxics. We're talking about coal and oil.

4 It's also the case that gas in some -- it may

5 be cheaper. There are power plants today fueled with

6 both coal or gas and most of them are switching to gas

7 because it's a lower priced fuel, so it may be the case

8 that this is not only cleaner, but cheaper. Time will

9 tell on that account.

10 I think it's also very, very important to

11 recognize that allowing these dirty old coal-fired

12 power plants that at the time of the original Clean Air

13 Act everybody thought would be retired by now, is

14 unfair competition for other owners of power plants and

15 on the demand side.

16 Power plants that don't emit mercury, don't

17 emit toxins are competing against these plants that do.

18 And that's unfair to not -- to renewables, it's unfair

19 to the demand side of the market options. It's unfair

20 to natural gas plants. It's unfair to nuclear plants.

21 There are a lot of generation options that do not emit

22 toxics and just on a simple basis of what's fair in the

23 competitive electricity market, this rule is creating a

24 level playing field, not an unlevel playing field.

25 Last, but not least, the owners of those259

1 power plants that may have to make a decision about

2 whether to close or refuel to gas or to clean up have

3 known this day was coming. They have, in some case,

4 successfully put this day off through litigation over

5 the years.

6 Now this is not being sprung on anybody. In

7 fact, it is overdue. It's time to do this and I want

8 to congratulate the EPA for coming forward with a

9 strong wise rule and I urge you to stick to it.

10 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Let me do one quick

11 follow-up which is, you did touch on the reliability

12 issues which are important to us and it sounds like you

13 went through a process of working out ways of dealing

14 with potential reliability concerns, so if you have an

15 opportunity as a follow-up to submit to the docket any

16 comments on exactly how that was done or things we can

17 learn from the process you went through, we would

18 welcome those.

19 MR. HANGER: I'd be glad to do that. It was

20 for the Eddystone Plant and the Cromby Plants in this

21 region. It was worked out in connection with the PJM

22 independent pack or regional transmission organization

23 as well as the owners of those power plants. So I'd be

24 glad to do that.

25 MR. BRENNER: Thank you very much. Kevin?260

1 MR. CULLIGAN: Actually John, this is

2 actually just follow-up on Rob's follow-up. If you

3 have any thoughts in your comments on whether that sort

4 of system is sort of unique to the way that PJM is run

5 or if it would be, you know, replicable or replicable

6 with some changes in some of the other RTO's and the

7 [indecipherable], that would be, be really helpful.

8 MR. HANGER: Yes. It's not unique by any

9 means. It's, it's a simple analysis of whether a plant

10 is needed in the local area in order to protect

11 reliability. Any utility control area can do that

12 analysis, so it is not unique to PJM.

13 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Next up, we have

14 Teresa Mendez Quigley from the Women's Health and

15 Environment Network and Amy Roe who is testifying as a

16 member of the public.

17 MS. MENDEZ-QUIGLEY: My name is Teresa Mendez18 Quigley with the -- and I'm Director of Environmental

19 Health and Sustainability Initiatives with the Women's

20 Health and Environment Network or WHEN, a non-profit

21 organization serving Pennsylvania and championing the

22 health of, of women and their families through

23 environmental action.

24 We all agree that mercury does not belong in

25 the brains, organs, or bodies of our children, yet that261

1 is where it's going to migrate and severely impact tens

2 of thousands of our kids.

3 This is my son, Tonno [phonetic]. He just

4 turned one. My loving legacy to him is to fight

5 against the toxic pollutants that he will breathe in

6 with each breath filling his evolving brain with a

7 heavy metal that could result in decreased

8 intelligence. It is my duty as his mother and as an

9 environmental health advocate.

10 We picked up Tonno from a Virginia hospital

11 when he was just two days old. We brought him to our

12 home in Pennsylvania which is mockingly referred to as

13 the King of Coal.

14 Despite being sixty percent rural, our

15 beloved state emits fifteen thousand pounds of mercury

16 each year through coal-fired power plants, the second

17 highest in the nation. We need to drastically reduce

18 those emissions.

19 From 2002 to 2005, my organization

20 spearheaded the mercury-free Philly campaign enlisting

21 over thirty healthcare organizations in five counties

22 in southeastern Pennsylvania to collect mercury

23 thermometers.

24 For decades, each new mom who delivered a

25 baby was sent home with her very own mercury262

1 thermometer filling medicine cabinets with little toxic

2 glass vials at risk of breaking and spilling in our own

3 homes.

4 We collected over fifteen thousand

5 thermometers, an equivalent to ten thousand grams of

6 mercury from over twelve thousand households. We then

7 got in those hospitals and other healthcare facilities

8 to phase out mercury which is used in blood pressure

9 cuffs, fixatives and reagents, degreasers,

10 gauges and even dental amalgam resulting in significant

11 reductions of mercury emissions from their medical

12 waste incinerators.

13 We invite the healthcare community and the

14 energy sector to work toward protecting our families in

15 Pennsylvania, including the second highest aging

16 population in the nation by demanding the most

17 stringent laws possible that will limit mercury, acid

18 gasses, and other toxic pollution from power plants.

19 We have the opportunity and responsibility to

20 give all the Tonno's of this nation a healthier life.

21 I'd like to be able to tell my son that many people,

22 many people here fought for his health, worked hard to

23 give us safer energy and ultimately give him a more

24 promising future. It's my as a mother, a citizen and

25 an advocate. Let's make this happen now.263

1 Thank you.

2 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Ms. Roe.

3 MS. ROE: Hello. My name is Amy Roe. I'm

4 from Delaware. I want to thank you, the EPA, for

5 proposing these regulations and I came up from Delaware

6 today to share with you a story about my life and how

7 this effects me.

8 I'm from the Delmarva Peninsula. My father

9 was born on the Delmarva Peninsula. My grandfather was

10 born on the Delmarva Peninsula. My great grandfather.

11 It goes back generations to the colonial days.

12 My family were fishers. They fished the

13 rivers. This is a relationship that I have with our

14 local rivers that extends back for many generations.

15 And it's a very important relationship to me. It was

16 passed down to me as my legacy. This is my culture.

17 This is my society, my community, my interaction with

18 the natural world.

19 Now as I said, I live in Delaware and if you

20 were to come to my house, I would walk you down to the

21 river. I took a picture so that you could see. This

22 is the warning that you see on the riverbank. My

23 house -- it's put out by my state, the State of

24 Delaware regulates what, you know, fish consumption

25 advisories and they decided that the Delaware River,264

1 the Atlantic coastal areas, many rivers in Delaware,

2 lakes and ponds had so much mercury in the

3 water -- other contaminants too, but in this case, this

4 is mercury -- that the fish aren't safe to eat. We

5 poisoned our river and now our fish are so polluted

6 that it's hazardous.

7 And we have these signs all over our state,

8 all over Delaware you see signs like this.

9 Well --

10 MR. BRENNER: I see people straining to read

11 the language just below the warning. Can you read that

12 to us please?

13 MS. ROE: I can read you the English.

14 MR. BRENNER: Okay.

15 MS. ROE: It's translated in Spanish. It

16 says, "Warning, it is recommended that no fish be eaten

17 from these waters. For more information call

18 Department of Natural Resources and Environmental

19 Control and the Division of Public Health, Office of

20 Environmental Health" and their phone numbers are

21 listed.

22 MR. BRENNER: Thank you.

23 MS. ROE: Uh-huh [affirmative]. Sure.

24 When my ancestors came to this country, the

25 rivers were clean. This is before coal. This is265

1 before electricity. And through the process of

2 industrializing, we've poisoned those rivers.

3 Now this is my legacy to the future. I'm a

4 utility customer. I'm responsible. The electric light

5 in this room right now, this is coal. It's very

6 unfortunate that the relationship between me and the

7 river now has to go through this. It goes through the

8 electric grid.

9 So to clean this up, to clean our river up,

10 to make this connection between us and our rivers

11 something that's wholesome, something that's

12 nutritious, something that feeds the soul and our well

13 being is so important. You can't put a dollar amount

14 on that. This is the future that we're talking about.

15 And as a utility customer, I just want to

16 respond to some of the comments some other folks made

17 about costs. I'm a utility customer. I'm paying the

18 cost. I pay the cost every month on my electric bill

19 and it's worth it to me. It's worth it to me to reduce

20 the amount of mercury in our environment and to make

21 our rivers places where we can enjoy them in the

22 future.

23 Thank you.

24 MR. BRENNER: Thank you and thanks to both of

25 you for coming this afternoon.266

1 The next panel will be Geneva Boyer from the

2 Sierra Club and Shreena Binda also from the Sierra

3 Club.

4 MS. BOYER: Hi. I'm Geneva and I woke up at

5 three a.m. this morning to drive down here from Boston

6 and I would like to give my testimony in verse.

7 MR. BRENNER: Okay.

8 MS. BOYER: Burning coals cheap and easy and

9 fits in our plan, but though some can afford it, not

10 everyone can.

11 When mercury flows in young mother's veins

12 because it floats in the air and it falls in the rains.

13 When the toxins are fed to the baby just born, but

14 they're in water too, so the mother is torn.

15 When the baby grows up less able to think,

16 for the fish that he eats and the water he drinks.

17 When the child's asthmatic due to smog in the air and

18 who winds up again in the emergency care.

19 This is not cheap nor easy, this is out of

20 our minds. When we sell out to coal and we tie our own

21 binds.

22 And we laugh in the face of those in the way

23 and they beg us for help, but we've nothing to say

24 because coal makes us profit, coal turns on the lights,

25 but how in the world does that give us the right to267

1 kill thousands of people, hurt millions of lives,

2 attack thousands of hearts and yet not blink an eye.

3 There's nothing to say, there's nothing to

4 see that will excuse you not passing this MACT.

5 MR. BRENNER: Thank you.

6 MS. BINDA: I was put in the position to

7 follow Geneva and her wonderful verse. As she said, we

8 woke up at three o'clock this morning to drive over

9 seven hours from Massachusetts because we feel so

10 strongly about the passing of this rule.

11 We are also representing a number of students

12 and residents of Massachusetts who aren't able to come

13 today.

14 I am a Developmental Therapist. I specialize

15 in working with children with autism.

16 MR. BRENNER: A little bit louder please.

17 MS. BINDA: Sorry. I'm a Developmental

18 Therapist. I specialize in working with children with

19 autism. I'm going back to school in September for

20 graduate studies and there is, I know that you've heard

21 this a number of times today, but there is increasing

22 evidence linking the poison from mercury to autism

23 prevalence.

24 And now there are significant studies going

25 on that link the proximity of children to coal plants268

1 and the increased prevalence of autism, so again, I see

2 families deal with, deal with this and cope with this

3 every day in my work and so, if that is just one thing

4 alone, then I support everything that you're doing and

5 the MACT proposal.

6 I also have a short testimony from someone

7 who couldn't be here today that I'm going to read.

8 MR. BRENNER: Sure.

9 MS. ROE: We have spoken with Bonyon

10 [phonetic] Environmental, a Rhode Island start-up out

11 of Brown University's engineering department that is

12 working hard on an emissions control technology that

13 has the potential to be substantially cheaper and more

14 effective than existing solutions for capturing mercury

15 from power plants.

16 The company sent this to us. Having an

17 established market for environmental solutions is

18 absolutely critical for the collaboration between the

19 scientific and investment community.

20 The risk for complex technology innovation in

21 environmental health markets like this should be

22 focused on science and less on the fear of whether or

23 not there is a market.

24 It's an enormous road block for investment

25 and innovation. We strongly believe that as269

1 regulations bring the much needed certainty in the

2 market, more innovation will be possible as this

3 stability in the market opens the door for more

4 investment.

5 Ultimately, the utility industry will be the

6 biggest beneficiary of federal mercury policy because

7 the cost to comply with unequivocally -- will

8 unequivocally decline with a stable market.

9 Accelerating the path to solutions, not

10 simply to meet requirements, but to address the health

11 requirements will relieve the long term uncertainty of

12 coal, concurrently maximizing health and wealth for

13 moms, babies and the utility industry.

14 Thank you.

15 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. And Ms. Boyer, as

16 good as our court reporter is, I suspect he probably

17 had a hard time keeping up with the verse. If you

18 don't mind, either taking the time to write it down now

19 and give it to him or if you want to submit it to the

20 docket later on, sometime before July 5, we'll make

21 sure we, we get it into the record.

22 MS. BOYER: Sure. It will be handwritten if

23 I submit it now. I just wrote it out in the waiting

24 room, so.

25 MR. BRENNER: That would be fine. That would270

1 be fine.

2 MS. BOYER: Okay.

3 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Okay. We have

4 another member of the public testifying Coralie A.

5 Pryde and Josh Nelson from Credo Action from Working

6 Assets.

7 MS. PRYDE: Coralie Pryde from Wilmington,

8 Delaware. I too have come to urge the EPA to make sure

9 that these regulations are enacted as quickly and

10 thoroughly as possible.

11 As we know, the state regulation simply is

12 not sufficient to control these pollutants from

13 coal-fired plants. Pollutants don't respect state

14 lines. Pollutants made in Ohio don't stay in Ohio.

15 As we, we've already heard from the

16 pollutants made in Pennsylvania, the mercury goes over

17 into New Jersey where they've done a great deal to

18 limit the pollutants, but it does no good. It will

19 still affect all these unborn children and the young

20 growing children in New Jersey.

21 The particulates emitted from Pennsylvania

22 will continue to cause asthma attacks in children in

23 Union County, New Jersey.

24 So, mercury compounds will also go out and

25 land in the ocean, be converted by algae to methyl271

1 mercury and be carried by the currents around the

2 world.

3 So it's very important that we have most wide

4 ranging -- geographically wide ranging regulations that

5 we can enact.

6 I'd also like to address the issue of cost.

7 I understand that right now the best practiced method

8 is, is to add activated carbon to remove elemental

9 mercury from the streams and that's more cost effective

10 than the old methods used to be, but it still costs

11 something. It probably adds two or three percent to

12 the cost of delivered electricity.

13 But I just read something last week, there's

14 a patent out from Berkeley which will use bromine

15 instead and that will reduce the cost to one tenth of

16 that cost so for Amy Roe's electric bill of a hundred

17 dollars, it will be just thirty cents that and I'm sure

18 she's glad to pay that.

19 And then we just heard from the previous

20 speaker from Massachusetts, Brown University has also

21 come up with a new idea to get rid of mercury more cost

22 effectively. And that's how it's always been in

23 American industry at its best. When new regulations

24 and new knowledge comes up, our industries react by

25 finding new ways to do things that are often better272

1 than the old ways of doing things, so they become

2 actually cheaper for the companies and it makes us more

3 cost competitive on the worldwide basis.

4 Regulations aren't going to, to damage our

5 industry over the long run. That's just not what

6 history's has shown. They will help us.

7 And at the same time, while we can bring the

8 cost of, of getting these toxins out, by research if we

9 don't get them out, if we continue to put mercury and

10 arsenic particulates into the air and water, the cost

11 to us in healthcare are going to just go up and up and

12 up. The cost in lost resources like food are going to

13 continue to go up.

14 It's, it's very clear, it is really time to,

15 to enact these regulations. If, if we do -- this is a

16 global problem, but if we at least enact these

17 regulations now in the U.S. then these beautiful

18 toddlers we've seen running around here, by the time

19 they have their own children, maybe they will be able

20 to eat the fish out of our fresh water streams.

21 And maybe if we can begin to become

22 competitive and, and pass this research out, they can

23 stop burning coal in such a dirty way in China and

24 someday, many, many decades from now perhaps, it will

25 be safe to eat all tuna fish again.273

1 I urge you to pass these regulations and I

2 look forward to the day when I come back and talk about

3 regulating carbon.

4 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Mr. Nelson.

5 MR. NELSON: Good afternoon. My name is Josh

6 Nelson and I'm a Campaign Manager with Credo Action.

7 Last month, we let our members know that the

8 EPA's accepting public comments on the mercury and air

9 toxics rule and the response has been overwhelming.

10 Credo members were shocked to learn that

11 there are currently no federal limits on mercury

12 pollution and they are outraged that coal companies can

13 dump unlimited quantities of mercury pollution into the

14 atmosphere without paying for it.

15 In total, more than seventy-eight thousand

16 Credo members have submitted comments supporting the

17 rule and thanking the EPA for proposing long overdue

18 clean air act standards to protect our nation's

19 communities from the threats of toxic air pollution

20 from power plants.

21 Power plants are the largest source of toxic

22 air emissions in the United States and yet no national

23 standards exist to protect communities from toxic air

24 pollution from these sources.

25 In addition to mercury and arsenic, power274

1 plants emit lead, other heavy metals, dioxins, and acid

2 gasses. Even in small amounts, these extremely harmful

3 air pollutants are linked to health problems such as

4 cancer, heart disease, brain damage, birth defects,

5 asthma attacks, and even premature death.

6 Without strong protections, thousands of

7 people will continue to suffer.

8 On a personal level, I'm concerned about how

9 mercury pollution will impact my future. I'm twenty10 nine years old and my girlfriend and I are planning to

11 start a family in the next few years.

12 Due to mercury pollution from filthy coal

13 plants, we already have to pay careful attention to

14 what types of fish she eats and where they came from

15 and we're already asking ourselves some frightening

16 questions about what could come to pass as a result of

17 unchecked mercury pollution.

18 Nobody should have to ask these types of

19 questions when they are thinking of starting a family,

20 but unfortunately we have to do so, along with millions

21 of other Americans.

22 When the EPA was created in 1970, it was

23 charged with protecting human health and the

24 environment, yet more than forty years later, there are

25 still no federal rules regulating this dangerous275

1 pollution.

2 On behalf of myself and more than seventy-

3 eight thousand concerned Credo members nationwide, we

4 urge the EPA to move forward with the strongest rules

5 possible for limiting mercury pollution from power

6 plants.

7 Thank you for your time.

8 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Thank you. One quick

9 question. Credo stands for?

10 MR. NELSON: It doesn't stand for anything.

11 It's just a name.

12 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Great. Thank you to

13 both of you. I'm going to take the prerogative of the

14 chair and ask for just a five minute break, but when we

15 come back, we're going to have Jeff A. McNelly from the

16 Anthracite Region Independent Power Producers

17 Association (ARIPPA) and Brenda Afzal, HCWH U.S.

18 Climate Policy Coordinator. We'll be right back.

19 (Break from 4:10 p.m. until 4:19 p.m.)

20 MR. BRENNER: -- McNelly from ARIPPA and

21 Brenda Afzal, U.S. Climate Policy Coordinator.

22 Mr. McNelly. If we could ask everybody to please take

23 their seats. We're going to get started again. Okay.

24 Yes.

25 MR. McNELLY: Blowing out another's candles276

1 does not make yours burn any brighter. My name is Jeff

2 McNelly and I currently serve as Executive Director of

3 ARIPPA.

4 Organized in 1988, ARIPPA's a non-profit trade

5 association based in Pennsylvania that represents a

6 membership primarily comprised of electric generating

7 plants utilizing CFB technology to convert coal refuse

8 into alternative energy and/or steam.

9 The size of ARIPPA plants was regulated

10 through Congressional mandates. Accordingly, they are

11 individually relatively small, averaging approximately

12 eighty-five megawatts, however, collectively, they

13 produce over ten percent of the electricity in the

14 Pennsylvania-West Virginia region.

15 My comments today represent the voice of

16 thousand of citizen workers in the Pennsylvania, West

17 Virginia who are directly or indirectly employed by the

18 industry and who, along with their children, families,

19 and extended families including grandchildren live

20 within the immediate areas of the plants.

21 These areas include lands and streams that

22 have been significantly environmentally and

23 economically improved through their collective industry

24 work.

25 In the utility MACT and solid waste rules EPA277

1 wrote, that also shows that emissions levels from some

2 facilities burning coal refuse with CFBs are lower than

3 most existing pulverized coal utility boilers.

4 Units that burn coal refuse provide

5 environmental benefits by combining the production of

6 energy with the removal of coal refuse piles and by

7 reclaiming land for productive use.

8 Consequently, because of the unique

9 environmental benefits that coal refuse-fired EGUs

10 provide, these units warrant special consideration.

11 Pennsylvania's DEP under the solid waste

12 comments stated, the most effective means of reclaiming

13 these coal refuse piles is through the use of coal

14 refuse as a fuel. Everything should be done to

15 encourage this practice. Putting additional burdens on

16 the re-mining of these piles, which will mean the

17 continued pollution of Pennsylvania's rivers and

18 streams, we believe EPA would agree, is not a desirable

19 outcome.

20 To date, ARIPPA plants have reclaimed over

21 five thousand acres of mine scarred lands, which in

22 turn restored life to hundreds of miles of formerly

23 dead streams.

24 ARIPPA has also worked in conjunction with and

25 donated funds to support -- to support reclamation278

1 efforts performed by local volunteer watershed groups,

2 however estimates are that in Pennsylvania alone, over

3 five hundred years of reclamation work still remains.

4 Most ARIPPA plants operate on a fixed price

5 contract to supply electricity to utility companies.

6 Accordingly, these relatively small ARIPPA member plants

7 have to meet environmental mandates by directly

8 absorbing new compliance costs without the ability to

9 pass through such costs.

10 While ARIPPA would like to thank PA DEP and

11 EPA for recognizing our industry as being

12 environmentally beneficial, and utilizing advanced

13 clean coal technologies to produce electricity, we are

14 however, very perplexed and concerned with what is

15 perceived as this administration's attempt to blow out

16 our candle.

17 While seemingly accepting and favoring

18 positions promoted by anti-fossil fuel special interest

19 groups to make their preferred chosen candles appear to

20 burn brighter.

21 This administration through the EPA continues

22 to propose unachievable non-scientific based rules

23 which directly impact our industry's ability to

24 continue to provide jobs for citizen works and offer

25 environmental benefits.279

1 As determined as hazardous, coal refuse

2 determined as solid waste. Solid waste incinerator

3 standards. Greenhouse gas controls. Emission limiting

4 transport rules. Cooling water intake requirements and

5 now utility MACT.

6 Collectively these rules represent the most

7 damaging collection of policy our industry has ever

8 faced since being created. During a time when

9 congressional acts were passed to encourage the

10 advancement of independent alternative energy, improve

11 the environment and legacy coal mining regions and

12 create good energy paying jobs.

13 EPA in this administration consider the

14 negative environmental and economic impact such rules

15 will have on our industry. Our industry cannot survive

16 if it is financially uncompetitive or operates at a

17 loss.

18 Thousands of workers will become unemployed.

19 Ten percent of our regions electric energy will be

20 gone. Tax free environmental reclamation benefits will

21 vanish.

22 America's strength has been based on ample

23 reliable sources of very affordable energy. America

24 should abandon energy policies that potentially blow

25 out even a single candle and embrace policy that280

1 encourage more candles to burn. We will need them all

2 to brightly supply the needs of our future generation

3 of citizen workers and their families.

4 Blowing out another's candle, indeed, does

5 not make yours burn any brighter or provide more light

6 for America.

7 Thank you for this opportunity to speak.

8 ARIPPA will submit specific utility MACT suggestions by

9 the comment deadline.

10 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Thank you.

11 MS. AFZAL: Good afternoon. My name is

12 Brenda Afzal. I'm a Community Public Health Nurse and

13 I'm also the United States Climate Policy Coordinator

14 for Healthcare without Harm.

15 Healthcare without Harm is an international

16 coalition of more than four hundred and thirty

17 organizations in fifty-two countries working to

18 transform the healthcare sector worldwide without

19 compromising patient safety or care so that it is

20 ecologically sustainable and no longer a source of harm

21 to public health and the environment.

22 I appreciate this opportunity to comment on

23 the proposed mercury and air toxic standard.

24 Healthcare without Harm supports the Environmental

25 Protection Agency's efforts to protect the public's281

1 health through the implementation of this rule.

2 Mercury, as we've heard over and over again

3 today, is a potent neurotoxin that has been used

4 throughout healthcare in a variety of products

5 including thermometers, sphygmomanometers, dental

6 amalgams, cleaning agents, and various other electric

7 devices.

8 The cumulative usage, spills, breakage and

9 disposals of these have made the healthcare sector a

10 significant contributor in the past in mercury

11 pollution in the environment.

12 However, as part of a global initiative to

13 reduce the use and spread of mercury in all aspects of

14 society. Healthcare without Harm is successfully

15 leading an effort to eliminate mercury from the

16 healthcare sector. Over the past decade, the United

17 States healthcare sector has virtually phased out

18 Mercury-based medical devices. It is nearly impossible

19 to purchase a mercury thermometer in the United States

20 today.

21 The healthcare sector recognizes contribution

22 to the problem and has worked successfully to clean up

23 its act. It is far past time for the coal- and

24 oil-fired power plants to do the same. It is possible.

25 It must be done.282

1 When the original Clean Air Act was passed in

2 1970, the electric utility industry persuaded Congress

3 to not impose strict pollution controls on old power

4 plants because they would soon be replaced, as we've

5 heard today, with newer state of the art facilities.

6 Yet despite the industry's promises, many of

7 our nation's oldest and dirties power plants continue

8 to operate.

9 Coal-Fired power plants are the single

10 largest source of mercury pollution according to the

11 EPA and according to report by the Environmental

12 Integrity Project, the top fifty most polluting coal

13 burning power plants in the United States emitted

14 twenty tons of toxic mercury into the air in 2007 and

15 the top ten mercury emitting power plants, all but one

16 reported an increase as compared to 2006.

17 A similar report in 2010 showed that the top

18 fifty power plant emitters actually decreased their

19 mercury emissions by just a little more than a quarter

20 of one percent, however twenty-seven of those fifty top

21 emitters actually increased their emissions over the

22 2007 levels.

23 Pollution controls, we have heard today over

24 and over, would dramatically reduce emissions. They

25 are widely available and already being used at many283

1 plants across the nation.

2 Once released to the atmosphere, mercury

3 doesn't go to heaven. It settles in lakes and rivers

4 where it moves up the food chain to humans who eat

5 contaminated fish.

6 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

7 has found that six percent of American women have

8 mercury in their blood at levels that would put a fetus

9 at risk at neurologic damage. No U.S. stream is

10 uncontaminated by mercury pollution according to

11 analysis recently by the U.S. geologic survey.

12 That means that while fish caught in even the

13 most pristine streams may be tainted with unsafe levels

14 of a potent neurotoxin that can attack the developing

15 brains of children leading to permanent damage.

16 Much like lead exposure, there is little

17 scientific debate about the toxicity of methyl mercury

18 exposure. The fetus is exquisitely sensitive to the

19 effects of methyl mercury exposure in our very first

20 environment, the womb.

21 In 2005, Transande et al, using

22 national blood mercury prevalence data from the U.S.

23 Centers of Disease Control and Prevention estimated

24 that between three hundred and six hundred thousand

25 children each year have cord blood mercury levels that284

1 are associated with loss of IQ points. They estimated

2 the lost productivity due to this, amounts to as much

3 almost nine billion dollars.

4 The proposed rule is going to save lives,

5 protect the health of millions and bring about an

6 action that is long overdue.

7 Healthcare without Harm has been tremendously

8 successful in leading a global initiative to reduce the

9 use and spread of mercury in healthcare.

10 The energy sector can do the same. We can

11 and must act to make sure that the promise this rule

12 proposes is kept.

13 I have sixteen seconds left and I want to say

14 that a few years ago Maryland passed a very stringent

15 clean air bill. I sat in on every single hearing in

16 the House and the Senate in Maryland and I heard

17 outrageous things on both sides of the debate.

18 I heard that the world would end, the sky

19 would fall, life as we know it in Maryland would end

20 and people would freeze to death in their homes.

21 I left Maryland this morning to come here.

22 The sky was blue. It hadn't fallen. Life has gone on

23 and not one single person died in their homes as a

24 result of better air protections.

25 Thank you.285

1 MR. BRENNER: Okay. I, I do have one

2 question for Mr. McNelly. Earlier today, we heard from

3 another representative from the industry, from the

4 utility industry from the Clean Energy Group that the

5 technologies that we are considering for this rule

6 making are available and in fact, have been installed

7 on the plants, of several companies and he named three

8 companies that have done that, which there seems to be

9 a pretty big disconnect between that testimony and what

10 you've told us. And if you can either now or in your

11 written submission begin to describe why those --

12 there's such a variance in views, that would be helpful

13 to us.

14 MR. McNELLY: Well, we just touch on the fact

15 that achievability is a rather broad term. You may

16 have a technology -- let's take it down to a simple

17 level -- in your home. You could replace all your

18 electric tomorrow. All your electric wiring with

19 something that's better. You could replace all your

20 plumbing tomorrow with something that's better.

21 However, there becomes an economic point to

22 these type of things. So even though, and there's much

23 written that there may be a vast glut of activity going

24 after the same technology. If that occurs, the price

25 is going to increase even more dramatically, so both286

1 the timing and the achievability -- again, the point I

2 tried to make in ours and in the utility MACT itself,

3 it's talking about small generating units going out of

4 existence.

5 We have those that even though EPA writes

6 good things about our industry, they probably won't be

7 able to afford to continue because the financing will

8 go elsewhere. They will vacate that project.

9 MR. BRENNER: Okay.

10 MR. VERSACE: I have two follow-ups on that.

11 When you submit your comments, it would be really

12 helpful if you could talk about whether it's the whole

13 suite of standards that they're providing specific

14 [indecipherable] coal industry or if its specific ones.

15 And the second thing is, you talked about the

16 financing and the issues with the long term contracts.

17 You know, the more you can provide on the expiration

18 dates of those contracts and, and whether that applies

19 to the industry, the waste industry as a whole, whether

20 it's a subset of the units that would still be under

21 those contracts in the 2015/16 --

22 MR. McNELLY: In my testimony I gave today, I

23 said the majority of them and the majority of our

24 members are still under what's under what's called a

25 PPA or a power purchase agreement and they expire at287

1 varying times.

2 MR. VERSACE: Right.

3 MR. McNELLY: We all started with that type

4 of agreement and the first part was again about

5 specifics. We decided that specifics would become in

6 written form to our comments when we submit them to, to

7 EPA.

8 MR. VERSACE: Great. And the, and the power

9 purchase agreements, the date we're particularly

10 interested in obviously is the 2015/16 time frame not

11 today.

12 MR. McNELLY: Expiring in 2015/16?

13 MR. VERSACE: Right.

14 MR. McNELLY: Okay.

15 MR. VERSACE: Thank you.

16 MR. BRENNER: Mr. McNelly, one more question.

17 You had said that many of your members are small

18 because of their --

19 MR. McNELLY: Congressional mandates.

20 MR. BRENNER: Congressional mandate. Are

21 they qualifying small power producers under the --

22 MR. McNELLY: Most of them are Qfs, yes.

23 MR. BRENNER: Okay.

24 MR. McNELLY: Qualifying facilities.

25 MR. BRENNER: Thanks.288

1 MR. McNELLY: But the congressional mandate

2 was PURPA [phonetic] limited their size.

3 MR. BRENNER: Yeah.

4 MR. McNELLY: In varying stages during the

5 time.

6 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Thanks.

7 MR. McNELLY: You're welcome.

8 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Thanks to both of you.

9 MR. McNELLY: Thank you.

10 MR. BRENNER: Next up, we have Ed Brawn from

11 the City of Philadelphia, Department of Public Health

12 Air Management Services and Mary Ann Rushlaw from the

13 Sierra Club. Please go ahead. Thank you.

14 MR. BRAWN: Good afternoon. My name is Ed

15 Brawn, I'm the Program --

16 MR. BRENNER: Could you pull the microphone a

17 little bit closer? Sorry about that. Great.

18 MR. BRAWN: Good afternoon. My name is Ed

19 Brawn. I'm a Program Manager with the City of

20 Philadelphia, Department of Public Health, Air

21 Management Services Division.

22 On behalf of the City of Philadelphia, we

23 would like to thank the United States Environmental

24 Protection Agency for holding this public hearing in

25 Philadelphia.289

1 Air Management Services, AMS, is the local

2 air pollution control agency for the City of

3 Philadelphia. AMS' mission is to protect the health

4 and quality of life for Philadelphians from the adverse

5 affects of air pollution.

6 It operates under authority provided by the

7 Philadelphia code, the Pennsylvania Air Pollution

8 Control Act and the Federal Clean Air Act.

9 The City of Philadelphia commends the EPA for

10 its efforts to protect public health by proposing the

11 first national standards to reduce toxic pollution from

12 new and existing coal and oil fired power plants.

13 These standards will reduce emissions of

14 metals, including mercury, arsenic, chromium, and

15 nickel, acid gasses, including hydrogen chloride and

16 hydrogen fluoride and particulate matter.

17 These pollutants are linked to premature

18 death, cancer, heart disease, lung disease and IQ loss.

19 The 2005 national air toxic assessment

20 released on March 11, 2011, shows in Philadelphia an

21 excess lifetime cancer risk is one point seven in a

22 million from chromium compounds, one point seven in a

23 million for arsenic compounds, and zero point four,

24 four in a million from nickel compounds and a total

25 cancer risk of fifty eight in a million.290

1 Additionally, there are many fish advisories

2 for mercury which pollutes Philadelphia's rivers and

3 streams.

4 Federal emission standards for medical waste

5 incinerators and municipal waste combustors have

6 brought significant mercury emission reductions to

7 Philadelphia.

8 It is time to create a federal emission

9 standard for toxic emissions from power plants.

10 Standards create uniform emissions control requirements

11 based on proven technologies and processes.

12 The City of Philadelphia also commends the

13 EPA for its efforts to protect public health by

14 proposing a new source performance standard for

15 particulate sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions

16 and new sources.

17 Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions

18 originating from power plants contribute PM2.5 and

19 ozone pollution in the city. Nitrogen oxide is emitted

20 by combustion sources such as power plants. It's a

21 well known precursor in the formation of ozone.

22 Likewise, sulfur dioxide emitted by the same

23 sources can react in the air and form fine sulfated

24 particulates.

25 Philadelphia is in attainment with the291

1 national ambient air quality standards for all

2 pollutants with the exception of fine particulate and

3 ozone.

4 For twenty days in 2010, the airborne

5 concentrations of ozone and fine particulate in

6 Philadelphia were high enough to warrant unhealthy

7 ratings under the EPA's air quality index.

8 Exposure to fine particulate, fine particles

9 effects lung function, worsens medical conditions such

10 as asthma and heart disease, causes numerous short term

11 health effects including eye, nose, throat -- sorry --

12 and lung irritation and shortness of breath.

13 In 2007, the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of

14 American determined that Philadelphia was the second

15 worst city in the U.S. for asthma sufferers.

16 Thank you for the opportunity to testify on

17 the proposed rule. This rule will help produce the

18 risk of damage to children's developing brains, protect

19 Philadelphians from cancer and other health risks from

20 exposure to metals, save lives by reducing

21 particulates, protect the rivers, streams and fish from

22 mercury and acid rain.

23 It will also, it will also prevent hospital

24 admissions and emergency room visits and reduce sick

25 days in Philadelphia. All of which are goals to the292

1 Philadelphia Department of Public Health.

2 We look forward to continued work with EPA,

3 other air agencies, businesses, and the public in

4 improving public health for Philadelphia citizens.

5 Thank you.

6 MR. BRENNER: And I will use this opportunity

7 to thank Philadelphia for hosting us and for providing

8 us with such a beautiful day today. Thank you very

9 much.

10 Ms. Rushlaw.

11 MS. RUSHLAW: Hello. I'm a retired

12 biochemist. I also taught math at Penn State,

13 including statistics. It's amazing what the government

14 does with numbers sometimes.

15 And I'm seventy-three years old and I've

16 attended several hearings and I don't know how you

17 people got your jobs. You know your subject. You ask

18 intelligent questions. Okay.

19 I'm used to going to a hearing and saying

20 something and having the chairman say, "Could you spell

21 that?" So, it's really refreshing and all the other

22 people who have been giving testimony for being so well

23 prepared and informed.

24 On this hearing, you're getting comments to

25 see if there should be modifications to the proposed293

1 rules and there will be other hearings, and you'll get

2 written testimony. And most of the written testimony

3 will come from industry who will wave that flag of

4 we're going to lose jobs, like the ARIPPA person said.

5 Nonsense. And after all this cycle, what comes out is

6 kind of like a sausage and I hope you can stick to what

7 you've shown is a very intelligent approach to it and

8 put that sausage back in the machine and get back to,

9 to what you're doing right.

10 I'm concerned about the limit of how much of

11 these pollutions should be in the air and how it's

12 determined. When I go to Walgreens or CVS and get a

13 box of something, on the back, it says average adult

14 dosage. And now with the Internet, I could have had an

15 answer in five minutes, but when I got an answer thirty

16 years ago, it was very hard to find out who the hell is

17 the average adult and I got an answer. It's a hundred

18 and thirty pound -- I'm sorry. A hundred seventy pound

19 thirty year old white MALE. Why is that an average

20 adult? Because until sixty years ago, all initial drug

21 studies were done in medical schools on second year

22 residents and who are second year residents in medical

23 school sixty years old -- sixty years ago? They were

24 thirty year old white males. Okay.

25 And very often, no one translates those294

1 findings to anyone else. I don't weigh a hundred and

2 seventy pounds. I'm not thirty years old. I'm seventy-

3 three. My liver and my kidneys don't work as well as

4 they used to. And I'm not MALE, I'm female and who

5 knows what hormones do to effect the way things work.

6 So when you're proposing these rules and you

7 talk about limits. On what basis are you determining

8 what's an allowable limit for any pollutant? If it's

9 the average adult dosage, it's wrong, okay, by a factor

10 of about a hundred if you're talking about infants.

11 The question of what to do until the rules

12 take effect. It's going to take two or three years,

13 assuming these don't get too watered down by the time

14 they come out the pike, before there's any effect, so

15 what do all these people do; the pregnant women and so

16 forth?

17 For myself, being an adult and a former

18 biochemist, I take EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic

19 acid. If someone has an industrial accident in a

20 fabric factory and has lead and mercury pollution, take

21 them to the emergency room, they give them intravenous

22 EDTA. It's Draino for the arteries. Unfortunately, it

23 also destroys the kidneys, so it's tough, but I just

24 take a little tiny pill, so I'm not too worried about

25 my kidneys and that takes a lot of the out for me.295

1 But I don't know what to do about my eleven

2 grandchildren. I wouldn't give them those EDTA

3 tablets. It's never been tested on children. So, is

4 there something that you can do in the meantime to have

5 some suggestions that don't involve rule making, like

6 the Japanese wear masks. Would that help?

7 If you're concerned about air pollution,

8 would it help if young children wore masks? I don't --

9 has anyone raised the question? Okay.

10 And one talk -- one of the people who was

11 make a presentation seemed to talk about alternatives

12 to coal, which there are many, and basically his

13 summary was gas is good. [Indecipherable] going on in

14 Pennsylvania? The guy's drilling for gas. He's got a

15 million dollar fine because they poisoned all the water

16 from fracking. Okay. Gas may be good, but not the way

17 we're getting it now.

18 So, I thank you people for coming. You're

19 very well prepared and it's a joy.

20 MR. BRENNER: Thank you for that testimony

21 and let me just mention in response because you did

22 raise the risk issues and one of the things that I've

23 seen during my time at, at EPA is that over time we

24 have evolved from what you saw. We no longer -- for

25 doing these risk assessments for toxics like mercury296

1 and chromium and the acid gasses we talked about.

2 We now have categories of what we call

3 sensitive individuals where we try to ensure that not

4 only are we coming up with levels that are appropriate

5 standards for the average individual, as you put it,

6 but also trying to get a sense of what is needed to

7 protect for sensitive individuals and then in

8 particulate matter, where as you heard earlier today

9 because I know you've been sitting here patiently all

10 day, waiting for this afternoon, when it comes for

11 particulate matter, that's where especially we've been

12 able to look closely at the impacts on sensitive

13 individuals and many of these premature deaths you hear

14 about are the result of people whose systems are

15 already compromised by other kinds of diseases that

16 they may have and particulate matter is particularly

17 dangerous for, for those people because they are

18 operating at something of a deficit to start with and

19 particulate matter is a particularly dangerous

20 situation for them.

21 So thank you for those comments. Thanks to

22 both of you.

23 MS. RUSHLAW: I'm so glad to hear that. All

24 of my -- when I first found out about the average

25 adult, I thought I'm below average.297

1 MR. BRENNER: Thanks to both of you for

2 coming.

3 All right. Next we have Jenny Kordick who is

4 testifying as a member of the public and Bruce

5 Alexander from Exelon Corporation.

6 MS. KORDICK: Hi. My name is Jenny Kordick

7 and I'm with the National Wildlife Federation and I'm

8 also going to be giving a testimony of one of our

9 members in Missoula, Montana, so get out of the

10 northeast a little bit.

11 My name is Sandra Kuntz [phonetic]. I am an

12 Environmental Health Nurse Researcher with a focus on

13 methyl mercury.

14 In particular, I study potential and actual

15 exposure, fish advisory awareness, fish consumption

16 patterns, and risk communication preferences among

17 American Indian woman of child bearing age.

18 In the past seven years, I have worked with

19 two northwest American Indian tribes living on or near

20 two of the largest inland waterways of the United

21 States to determine fish advisory awareness and fish

22 consumption patterns of childbearing women.

23 My dream would be to someday eliminate the

24 need to spend thousands of dollars on fish tissue

25 sampling, advisories, and research to determine298

1 exposure of vulnerable populations.

2 This dream is only possible if the principal

3 polluter, coal-fired power plants, dramatically reduces

4 the air emissions of metals including mercury, arsenic,

5 chromium, and nickel that end up in food chain and

6 impacts one of our most nutritious food sources which

7 is fish.

8 As a nurse, I am positioned to provide fish

9 consumption advice to child bearing and breast feeding

10 women. Knowledge of the benefit harm conundrum

11 includes recognition of environmental toxins that

12 bio-accumulate and bio-magnify in fish.

13 Recommendations related to fish species and

14 size and recommended dietary serving size.

15 Awareness of national and local fish

16 consumption advisories and familiarity with social

17 cultural perceptions and language barriers for

18 specific groups, including subsistence fishing American

19 Indian populations.

20 Although efforts to inform the public of

21 methyl mercury risks and safe eating guidelines have

22 existed since 1993, this is substantial evidence that

23 risk messages have failed to reach specific vulnerable

24 and sensitive populations.

25 A twelve-state survey conducted from 1998 to299

1 1999 of women age eighteen to forty-five, found two

2 thirds of women who consumed sport caught fish were

3 unaware of state fish advisories.

4 More recently, researchers uncovered similar

5 findings among minority women living in specific

6 geographic ranges.

7 Asians, Latinos, and native Americans had low

8 advisory awareness, but moderate high risk, high rates

9 of fish consumption from commercial, locally caught, or

10 food bank sources.

11 Thank you to the EPA for moving forward with

12 the strong air toxics policy to protect the most

13 vulnerable populations in the U.S., women of child

14 bearing age and their in utero developing fetus, infant,

15 or child.

16 I especially appreciate the EPA to address

17 the source of pollution rather than providing for the

18 aftermath of pollution.

19 In addition to this testimony, I also have a

20 variety of other testimonies from people around the

21 country that couldn't be here today including here in

22 Pennsylvania the Pennsylvania Council of Trout

23 Unlimited, Cancer Survivor from Massachusetts, two

24 sportsmen from New Hampshire, Fisheries Pollution

25 Control Biologist with Montana Fish, Wildlife, and300

1 Parks, a woman of child bearing age from Kansas and

2 Iowa, a woman with asthma from Iowa, a sportsman and

3 father from Montana, the Head of Department of Life

4 Sciences at a tribal college on the Flathead Indian

5 Reservation in western Montana, a woman of child

6 bearing age from South Carolina, and a father and

7 sportsman from Vermont.

8 MR. BRENNER: We would be please to enter all

9 of those into the record for the rule making. Thank

10 you very much.

11 MS. KORDICK: Thanks.

12 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Mr. Alexander.

13 MR. ALEXANDER: Good afternoon. My name is

14 Bruce Alexander, Environmental Regulatory Strategy

15 Director with Exelon Corporation.

16 I'm pleased to be here today to provide you

17 with Exelon's initial views on the proposed air toxics

18 rule.

19 By way of background, Exelon Corporation is

20 comprised of three major operating companies. These

21 include the fifth largest generation fleet in the

22 nation managed by Exelon Generation Company that owns

23 over twenty-five thousand megawatts generating capacity

24 including power plants fueled by nuclear, coal, wind,

25 hydro, solar, natural gas, and oil resources;301

1 Commonwealth Edison Company, an electric utility

2 serving three point eight million customers in northern

3 Illinois; Peco Energy Company, an electric gas and

4 utility company serving almost one point six million

5 customers here in southeastern Pennsylvania.

6 Exelon Corporation supports the policy

7 objectives underlying EPA's proposed air toxics rule

8 and believes that the proposed rule was balanced,

9 reasonable and long overdue.

10 Like many other companies in our sector, we

11 have made investments in clean generation because we

12 have known for over twenty years that these rules were

13 coming.

14 Today the nation has both a significant need

15 and opportunity to move toward cleaner sources of

16 electric generation.

17 The proposed rule will reduce risks to human

18 health and the environment while at the same time

19 promoting investment in a modern and more efficient

20 generation fleet that will provide an enhanced basis

21 for long term economic health for the nation and the

22 industry.

23 This regulation represents a win/win

24 situation from both an economic and environmental

25 perspective.302

1 Some claim that the power industry is

2 monolithic and that we all think that EPA has run

3 amuck. That is simply not true. While some companies

4 want to delay the rules hoping to squeeze a few more

5 years of profit from plants that have no pollution

6 controls, many companies have already made significant

7 pollution control investments and are prepared to work

8 with EPA on this and other rule makings.

9 The deadlines are no surprise to any of us.

10 When President Bush signed the Clean Air Act Amendments

11 in 1990, the entire industry knew that EPA was moving

12 towards establishing federal standards for toxic

13 pollutants like mercury, selenium, arsenic and

14 hydrochloric and sulfuric acid from power plants.

15 While some may want to politicize the rules

16 and claim that EPA is moving too quickly, the fact is

17 that the rules are long overdue and everyone knows it.

18 Many plants have already installed advanced

19 pollution controls. For instance, sixty percent of the

20 nation's coal capacity has already been retrofit with

21 scrubber controls for SO2. Among base load coal units

22 greater than four hundred megawatts, seventy percent

23 have installed SO2 scrubbers. All seven of Exelon

24 powers coal-fired units in which it has ownership

25 share are currently SO2 scrubbed.303

1 FERC Commissioner John Norris said it best at

2 the May 4 annual energy bar association conference in

3 Washington, D.C. This regulation wasn't hatched

4 overnight. Despite this, some companies continue to

5 procrastinate and making the needed investments.

6 Now let me specifically address three issues

7 that often come up in this debate; electric system

8 reliability, timing, and electricity costs.

9 First, nothing about this rule will

10 jeopardize the reliability of the electric system.

11 PJM, the nation's largest integrated power operator

12 just confirmed last week in its capacity of auction

13 results that its system will have more than enough

14 electricity supply even after the toxic rule takes

15 affect in 2015.

16 In August 2010, Sue Tierney [phonetic] a

17 former Assistant Secretary of Policy for the Department

18 of Energy studied the expected impacts of the rule and

19 found that the industry is well positioned to respond

20 to EPA's proposed toxics rule without threatening

21 electric reliability.

22 FERC and NERC have also indicated that the

23 rule can be implemented without affecting reliability.

24 Likewise if a specific plant is in a location

25 on the grid where it is needed for system reliability,304

1 then it should get more time to operate to maintain

2 reliability while controls are installed.

3 However, let me make this clear and this is

4 very important, if a unit is needed for reliability and

5 gets an extension, EPA should condition that extension

6 upon a commitment that the unit will only operate when

7 it is needed. Extensions that are based on reliability

8 needs should not open the door for owners to run the

9 units even when there is no such reliability need.

10 As FERC Commissioner John Norris further

11 noted, there shouldn't be an expectation to bend over

12 backwards for folks who haven't been attentive and

13 addressed this issue already or at least planned for

14 this issue.

15 Second, the experts think that there is

16 enough time to comply between now and January 2015 when

17 the rule is expected to take effect.

18 I commend you to reading a detailed study

19 prepared by URS Corporation, a well respected

20 engineering firm, entitled Assessment of Technology

21 Options Available to Achieve Reductions of Hazardous

22 Air Pollutants, which was released last month.

23 URS concluded that pollution control

24 technologies to satisfy EPA's proposed standards are

25 available and can typically be installed in less than305

1 three years, but the real proof is in the pudding. We

2 know that industry can install controls in three years

3 because many plants have already done it in this time

4 frame. If, however, there are unique circumstances

5 where a plant requires more time to install controls,

6 then EPA has already said it will give that time under

7 its existing clean air act authorities.

8 Lastly let me talk about electricity costs.

9 Adjusted for inflation, we expect the price for

10 electric generation charged to customers in 2015 will

11 be less than or equal to the price charged in 2010 in

12 both Chicago and Philadelphia. The reason is simple.

13 While environmental costs may increase cost for certain

14 operators, fuel cost to run the gas-fired plants on the

15 system have tumbled, driving down electricity prices.

16 Our nation's discovery of new natural gas

17 deposits from shales, the most significant event in the

18 electric generation business in the last twenty-five

19 years. It has ushered in a new era of low prices that

20 more than offset any increase for environmental

21 compliance in many parts of the country.

22 Thank you for considering Exelon's initial

23 comments on the proposed toxics rule. The URS report

24 that I mentioned is attached in the comments that I

25 left at the desk and will also be submitted as part of306

1 our official public comments.

2 Thank you for the opportunity this afternoon

3 to present our thoughts.

4 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Thank you for that and

5 as we commented earlier, there certainly seem to be

6 some differences of view within the industry regarding

7 costs of these requirements and we'll hope to sort

8 through that as we complete the rule making and any

9 studies and analysis you can provide us, like the URS

10 one, will be very helpful so thank you for that.

11 MR. VERSACE: Ms. Kordick, you had said --

12 the testimony you read talked about surveys of Native

13 American Women. If any of those surveys have been

14 published, if you could have your friend submit them to

15 the docket, that would be helpful.

16 MS. KORDICK: Okay.

17 MR. VERSACE: Thank you.

18 MR. BRENNER: Thank you.

19 MR. ALEXANDER: Thank you.

20 MR. BRENNER: Next we have Kate Etherington

21 from the Philadelphia Physicians for Social

22 Responsibility and Alex Milone for the Sierra Club.

23 MS. ETHERINGTON: Good afternoon. Thank you

24 for having us here today. My name is Kate Etherington

25 and I'm the Executive Director of the Philadelphia307

1 Chapter of Physicians for Social Responsibility. I

2 represent greater Philadelphia area physicians and

3 public health professionals who are deeply concerned

4 about the negative health impacts on citizens from

5 fossil fuel-fired power plants.

6 Outside of my professional life, I'm also an

7 expectant mom and, therefore, personally, I'm extremely

8 concerned about the air I breathe, not only for myself,

9 but especially for my developing babies whose vital

10 organs and brain function is under development and

11 highly susceptible to environmental toxins like

12 mercury.

13 Air toxics include some of the most hazardous

14 air pollutants known to us. In addition to mercury and

15 arsenic, power plants emit lead, other heavy metals,

16 dioxin and acid gasses that threaten public health and

17 child development.

18 Power plants comprise the largest source of

19 air toxics. Cement and brick plants, pulp and paper

20 mills and other industrial boilers are also major

21 contributors of hazardous air pollution.

22 Even in small amounts, these extremely

23 harmful air pollutants are linked to health problems

24 such as cancer, heart disease, neurological damage,

25 birth defects, asthma attacks and even premature death.308

1 Being pregnant, I'm especially concerned

2 about toxics like mercury. Even at very low levels,

3 mercury exposure during pregnancy can cause impaired

4 brain functions, language deficits and lower IQs for

5 the developing child.

6 Pennsylvania emits approximately fifteen

7 thousand, five hundred, fifty pounds of mercury every

8 year making it the second most mercury polluted state

9 in the nation.

10 These mercury emissions end up in our rivers,

11 lakes, and oceans and eventually into the fish we eat.

12 In Pennsylvania alone, there are six

13 different river basins with fish advisories. This

14 means that as a pregnant woman, I must forego an

15 otherwise healthy meal for the safety of myself and my

16 child and being a non-meat eater, that's especially

17 challenging.

18 By exposing the health and environmental cost

19 of pollutions, pollution, EPA's new standards will

20 reduce our reliance on old polluting resources and

21 drive investment in new innovative clean energy

22 facilities and technology.

23 An important byproduct of a healthier,

24 cleaner environment will be the modernization of

25 America's aging power generation infrastructure.309

1 We have a right to breathe easier and live

2 healthier which is why I support the EPA's proposed

3 mercury and air toxic standards and encourage the EPA

4 to move forward with these rules without delay. We

5 can't afford to wait -- my baby can't afford to wait.

6 So thank you.

7 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Mr. Milone.

8 MR. MILONE: Hi. My name is Alex Milone.

9 I'm actually here as an individual, not with the Sierra

10 Club in any official capacity. They just informed me

11 about the meeting today.

12 What I'm about to say is nothing new, but I

13 feel that it should probably be publicly stated again

14 as these studies are well known and just some quick

15 points on mercury.

16 We know from the Centers of Disease Control

17 studies that it interferes with the development of

18 brain neurological systems in infants and babies still

19 in the womb. It can lead to learning disability,

20 attention deficit disorder, problems with hand/eye

21 coordination, lower IQ's, mental retardation, generic

22 brain damage in coordination, blindness, seizures, the

23 inability to speak, and digestive and kidney system

24 damage.

25 Our current contamination puts one in six310

1 pregnant women over the EPA safety threshold for

2 mercury within blood which is not very -- well, it's

3 not good. It can also pass through breast milk, so it

4 doesn't meant that just because a child is still in

5 utero, they're, they're not at risk.

6 According to the American Lung Association,

7 twenty-four thousand people this year will die

8 prematurely from coal-fired power plants. Thirty-eight

9 thousand will suffer a heart attack. Twelve thousand

10 will suffer hospital admissions and five hundred and

11 fifty thousand will suffer an asthma attack as related

12 to pollution caused by coal power plants.

13 Asthma is currently the leading chronic

14 illness in children. It currently, throughout --

15 currently in the United States, fourteen million lost

16 days of schools will occur because of asthma, which has

17 been related to being caused by coal pollution and

18 that's according to the CDC.

19 Asthma is also the third most common case of

20 hospitalizations among children younger than fifteen

21 years old.

22 Smoke stack emissions from the, from the

23 coal, from coal plants are also the primary source of

24 mercury contamination with forty-eight tons of mercury

25 nationwide and that's to an EPA study from 2003.311

1 Coal plants also release about fifty percent

2 of particle pollution in the U.S. and particle

3 pollution puts millions of Americans at increased risk

4 for heart attack, stroke, respiratory illness and

5 asthma and according to the American Lung Association.

6 Coal plants emit fifty-nine percent of the

7 total U.S. sulfur dioxide and eighteen percent of the

8 total nitrogen dioxide which is also according to the

9 same EPA 2003 report. And those two gasses have been

10 known to cause acid rain which results in

11 deforestation, so indirectly coal power plants are also

12 causing the nation's forest and our state parks to be

13 destroyed through the release of contamination of acid

14 rain.

15 That's all.

16 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Thanks to both of you

17 for coming this afternoon.

18 MS. ETHERINGTON: Thank you.

19 MR. BRENNER: All right. Next up we have

20 Mandy Warner from the Environmental Defense Fund and

21 Katie Edwards who's testifying as a member of the

22 public.

23 MS. WARNER: Good evening. My name is Mandy

24 Warner and I'm a Climate and Air Policy Specialist with

25 Environmental Defense Fund, a non-partisan312

1 environmental organization with more than seven hundred

2 thousand members nationwide.

3 EDF is dedicated to working towards

4 innovative, cost effective solutions to environmental

5 problems building on a foundation of sound science,

6 economics, and law.

7 Thank you for the opportunity to testify

8 today. EPA's proposed mercury and air toxics rule for

9 power plants will provide long overdue health

10 protections for all Americans.

11 EDF supports EPA's proposed rule if given the

12 availability of cost effective made in America

13 technology solutions urges the agency to strengthen the

14 standards for coal-fired power plants to secure even

15 greater health and environmental benefits.

16 Over two decades ago, the U.S. Congress took

17 the vital step of identifying mercury and other toxic

18 contaminants as harmful and hazardous air pollutants as

19 part of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments.

20 In the year 2000, after years of careful

21 study, the EPA determined that it was appropriate and

22 necessary to control mercury and other toxic air

23 contaminants from power plants.

24 Now, over twenty years after Clean Air Act

25 Amendments, EPA's proposed rule represents a long313

1 overdue and critical step in the right direction

2 towards protecting American human health by reducing

3 mercury and air toxics from the largest unregulated

4 source, coal-fired power plants.

5 Mercury is a toxic heavy metal that

6 contaminates water bodies across the nation, threatens

7 the development of newborns and children and

8 contributes to the risk of heart disease.

9 Human exposure through consumption of

10 contaminated fish and shellfish can harm the brain,

11 heart, kidneys, lungs, and immune system of people of

12 all ages.

13 Unborn babies and young children are

14 particularly vulnerable since mercury exposure can

15 impair normal brain development, reducing IQ and

16 damaging the ability to think and learn later in live.

17 Hundreds of thousands of U.S. newborns are

18 affected by mercury each year. According to the EPA's

19 national listing of fish advisories, in 2008, nearly

20 half of all U.S. river miles and lake acres were under

21 water contamination advisories. Eighty percent of

22 which were issued because of mercury contamination.

23 EPA estimates that when carried out, these

24 pollution reductions will annually prevent up to

25 seventeen thousand premature deaths, eleven thousand314

1 heart attacks, a hundred twenty thousand asthma attacks

2 and will provide various other health benefits.

3 EPA founded the quantified health benefits of

4 this rule will outweigh the cost by five to thirteen

5 times representing up to one hundred and thirty billion

6 dollars in net benefits every year once the rule is in

7 place.

8 These benefits do not even include the value

9 of many serious health impacts from mercury and other

10 air toxics that will be reduced. Some of the potential

11 health impacts of mercury not quantified included peri12 cognitive development, fatal and non-fatal heart

13 attacks, genetic affects and reproductive and other

14 effects in fish and wildlife.

15 EDF completed a report earlier this year

16 identifying the top twenty-five emitters of mercury air

17 emissions from the electric sector. Our analysis found

18 that these twenty-five plants, which account for only

19 eight percent of the countries generating capacity are

20 responsible for almost a third of all mercury emissions

21 from coal-fired power plants.

22 A study conducted in Ohio found that coal

23 combustion accounted for about seventy percent of the

24 mercury present in rainfall at the study site and at

25 local and regional sources were responsible for the315

1 majority of the mercury deposition.

2 Another study in Ohio confirmed that mercury

3 emissions from coal-fired power plants have significant

4 local impacts. Finding that forty-two percent of the

5 mercury in samples of rain could be traced back to a

6 coal-fired power plant that was less a mile away.

7 Pennsylvania was the second highest emitter

8 of mercury air emissions among coal-fired power plants

9 in 2009. There were eighty-nine reported statewide and

10 water body mercury fish consumption advisories in

11 Pennsylvania as of March of this year.

12 Pennsylvania was also home to two of the top

13 twenty-five emitters of mercury in 2009; the Keystone

14 and Conemaugh plants.

15 We understand that these plants have recently

16 made investments in pollution control technologies and

17 look forward to learning more about the emission

18 reductions achieved.

19 Furthermore, we welcome the companies'

20 announcement that they plan to meet any emission

21 standards promulgated, including those for mercury for

22 these plants.

23 The good news is that technology solutions

24 are available to reduce mercury and air toxics from

25 power plants. Activated carbon injection, for example,316

1 is a widely available, cost effective technology

2 solution that works for all types of coal and boiler

3 configurations, can reduce mercury pollution by about

4 ninety percent and can be installed in under eighteen

5 months.

6 According to the Institute of Clean Air

7 Companies, over fifty-five thousand megawatts for

8 approximately a hundred and forty coal plant units of

9 ACI have been ordered or installed.

10 Another recent analysis on the achievability

11 of the proposed rule standards identified over two

12 dozen coal-fired units that are already meeting all of

13 the emissions standards proposed. Many of which are

14 exceeding the standards significantly. For example, of

15 these units, the range of mercury emission rates was

16 from point zero, zero, five to point eight, five, eight

17 pounds per trillion BTU. Compared to EPA's much higher

18 proposed standard one point zero pounds per trillion

19 BTU for existing coal-fired power plants.

20 Furthermore, the [Indecipherable] burning

21 facility is in compliance with all of the proposed

22 standards emits one point one, one pounds per trillion

23 BTU about seventy-five percent lower than what EPA's

24 proposing for that type of coal.

25 The analysis demonstrates that the317

1 technologies able to achieve much greater reductions of

2 mercury, acid gasses, and non mercury metals than EPA

3 is proposed.

4 We urge EPA to set stronger standards to

5 ensure greater health and environmental protections.

6 The fact of the matter is, power plants have

7 been on noticed for over a decade that they would be

8 required to reduce mercury emissions and some have

9 already done so.

10 Other sectors like hospitals and municipal

11 waste incinerators have reduced their emissions

12 substantially. Now it is time for coal-fired power

13 plants to do their fair share.

14 EDF looks forward to submitting more detailed

15 comments on the proposed mercury and air toxics rule

16 [indecipherable]. Thank you again for the opportunity

17 to testify.

18 MR. BRENNER: Okay.

19 MS. EDWARDS: Hello. My name is Katie

20 Edwards and I'm here testifying as a concerned citizen

21 in support of updating the Clean Air Act's safeguards

22 to reduce hazardous air toxics.

23 Like many, you've probably heard from today,

24 at the age of eleven I was diagnosed with asthma. My

25 parents and I spent countless hours in doctor offices318

1 and emergency rooms.

2 To control my asthma, I had to take two

3 inhaled medications, two oral medications and nightly

4 nebulizer treatments.

5 I spent my adolescent years worrying when my

6 next asthma attack would occur.

7 Like everybody else, I worried about boys,

8 clothes, school, but I worried probably the most about

9 my asthma. On the way to field hockey practice, I'd

10 think, okay I have my shin guards, okay I have my mouth

11 guard, okay I have my stick, but most importantly, I

12 have my inhaler.

13 No matter how well I followed my doctor's

14 orders and took my medication, my asthma would sneak up

15 on me when I least expected it. I missed of my eighth

16 grade dance because I spent the previous afternoon in

17 the emergency room being treated for an asthma attack.

18 When I was a sophomore in high school, I

19 missed rowing with my team at the national

20 championships because I was sidelined after spending

21 three days in the ICU because of severe asthma.

22 Even though I worried about my asthma on a

23 daily basis, I still consider myself pretty lucky.

24 Asthma was nothing compared to the struggles two of my

25 classmates at the time were encountering when they319

1 bravely battled cancer.

2 So what does my asthma have to do with

3 today's meeting? Well, I grew up less than five miles

4 away from some of the regions dirtiest coal-fired power

5 plants. The Beesley's [phonetic] Point, B.L. England

6 generating station.

7 In 2008, B.L. England ranked ninth in the

8 state of New Jersey for pollution generated.

9 While pollution control devices have been

10 installed since then, the impact on the environment and

11 public health is still devastated.

12 According to the American Lung Association,

13 living closer to plants that emit these pollutants,

14 puts people at a higher risk of exposure. These are

15 pollutants known to cause and exacerbate asthma just

16 like mine.

17 The Clean Air Task Force did a study

18 quantifying the health impacts of this particular

19 plant, B.L. England. Annually, it's responsible for

20 thirty-two heart attacks, three hundred asthma attacks

21 and nineteen deaths and that's just one plant.

22 While the political will to acknowledge the

23 link between death, disease, and pollution from power

24 plants like this may not be there, the evidence looks

25 very clear to me. That's why I'm here today urging the320

1 EPA to protect future generations from the devastating

2 effects of pollution from these dirty power plants.

3 The EPA's action on this important matter can

4 dramatically reduce asthma and other diseases so future

5 generations won't have to suffer like I did.

6 MR. BRENNER: Thanks to both of you and

7 Ms. Warner, if you have a copy of your testimony

8 because I know you needed to get through it pretty

9 quickly, and it would probably help the court reporter

10 to have a copy of it. Thanks.

11 All right. We now have Phillipa Strahm from

12 the League of Conservation Voters and James Grande from

13 Sierra Club. I'm sorry, I see this is Phillippa

14 Strahm. I apologize for that.

15 MS. STRAHM: I'm a member of the League of

16 Conservation Voters, but I'm not an official

17 representative.

18 I know that further cutting down on the toxic

19 emissions from coal-fired plants is going to be

20 expensive for the companies involved and this is likely

21 to result in hiking of costs to the consumer over what

22 they would be without these improvements.

23 But if we look at this in a holistic way, we

24 can see that the costs to our society of not doing this

25 will be much greater.321

1 I can think of at least three ways in which

2 this is true and these relate to three particular

3 concerns that I have.

4 Number one. I'm concerned about how well all

5 the children in our society are being prepared to make

6 their way in the world successfully. Until recently,

7 we in Pennsylvania, were making real progress towards

8 seeing that all children can be provided with the

9 educational resources they need irrespective of the

10 level of wealth of their local communities through

11 school funding reform.

12 Unfortunately, there has now, for economic

13 and other reasons, been a lot of backsliding in this

14 area. What a shame that on top of that, we are

15 handicapping our children's ability to learn by

16 damaging them neurologically with the toxic waste

17 products of these coal-fired plants.

18 According to, according to studies cited in,

19 in Environment America report last January, young

20 children or infants exposed to mercury even before

21 birth can have "impaired brain functions including

22 verbal attention, motor control, and language deficits,

23 and lower IQ's."

24 And "The neurological disorders associated

25 with mercury exposure likely result in more children322

1 who struggle in the classroom and who must attend

2 remedial classes or special education."

3 My number two concern is, I'm concerned about

4 the provision of adequate health insurance for everyone

5 in our society, including the continuation of Medicare

6 in its present form.

7 One big threat to this is the way in which

8 healthcare costs are rising so steeply. Instead of

9 pouring so much money into diagnosis and treatment,

10 including the development of expensive drugs, which

11 often turn out to be pretty toxic in themselves, we

12 need to do something about what causes health problems

13 in the first place. That includes the toxic substances

14 being spewed into the air we breathe and which end up

15 in some of the food and water we consume.

16 I'm thinking particularly of cancer which has

17 struck a number of my family members and friends. We

18 know that cancer can be caused by toxic metals such as

19 arsenic and chromium that are emitted by coal-fired

20 power plants.

21 And with regard to the mercury in these

22 emissions, another study cited by the Environment

23 America report found that, "Middle aged men with high

24 levels of mercury in their blood stream due to the

25 increased fish consumption have a sixty percent323

1 increased risk of coronary events and a seventy percent

2 increased risk of cardiovascular death compared to men

3 with lower blood mercury levels."

4 So I think that if we aren't willing to pay

5 the price of stopping these emissions, we'll end up

6 paying even more. Not only in shortened lives, but in

7 inadequate health insurance coverage because of the

8 higher cost of treating disease rather than preventing

9 it.

10 And finally, my number three concern is the

11 effect upon wildlife of their ingestion of mercury.

12 According to the Environment America report, "Wildlife

13 that is exposed to mercury may die or have reduced

14 fertility or complete reproductive failure as well as

15 slower growth and development."

16 This actually can threaten the continuation

17 of human life because we are just part of a complex web

18 of all forms of life in which each species makes its

19 own contribution to the thriving of all of the others.

20 So I think it is pretty clear that if we're

21 not willing to bear the cost of stopping these toxic

22 emissions, we're going to be paying a whole lot more

23 further down the road.

24 Thank you.

25 MR. BRENNER: Thank you.324

1 MR. GRANDE: Hello. My names is James

2 Grande. Just to share with the gentleman. I have been

3 told by my son that I have mispronounced my name my

4 whole life until I -- that's -- I've, I've corrected it

5 now, so people can understand me better.

6 Being -- I have both a scientific background

7 and I -- as I shared with you, I'm a father. I find

8 the requirements of nature to be infinitely more

9 difficult to meet than the requirements of man or

10 woman. So, that's certainly one of the things that I

11 find very important in this whole discussion.

12 I'm also very new to this. I'm just

13 volunteering for the Sierra Club. I have a non-profit

14 organization for kids called [Indecipherable] and I

15 find the, the requirements to me -- I haven't -- I've

16 looked into them. It seems to me that there's nothing

17 more precious than a child and if there is one inkling

18 that, that the requirements themselves would, would --

19 are important to prevent some harm done to a child,

20 than to me there's nothing more important.

21 The way that I relate to that is to share

22 probably the most awesome thing to me was when, when a

23 baby does has their first giggle and all I can ask is

24 for people to look at that; both the CEO's of the

25 companies and the people involved with EPA and to think325

1 how, how many more giggles we can have with these

2 requirements in place. That to me is pretty awesome.

3 I, I'm also infinitely impressed with the

4 human ability to be able create under the most

5 difficult circumstances.

6 I worked in aerospace with a, with a crew

7 that put a man on the moon and was impressed

8 at their approach to what were infinitely difficult

9 things to do.

10 I also was lucky enough to, to clean latrines

11 for the Army-Navy game and being both a rocket

12 scientist at one time and a latrine cleaner, I found

13 latrine cleaning to be a much more difficult task.

14 And I, and I, I've worked with at least a,

15 just as a, just as an offhand thing to see, I went to

16 look at some of the things EPA was doing. There's the

17 ship that goes up and down, the Chesapeake and I was

18 impressed with the same work ethic that I saw with

19 putting a man on the moon that these are people that

20 slept in bunks on the, on the ship and were checking

21 things out and, and it seemed that there was nothing

22 more important than the to make sure things were safe

23 and, and to look at how, how with no, no political

24 concerns or anything else. Just to look at the job, so

25 I -- really looking this whole thing and in closing, I326

1 am both impressed with what I see and really feel

2 there's nothing that can't be done if, in fact, that

3 child's life is at stake and, and I certainly request

4 that that all be done and most importantly that those

5 requirements get put into place.

6 That there's nothing that those requirements

7 can be met in my estimation from my scientific

8 background. And let's look at the, at the children

9 that certainly will now be able to giggle a little bit

10 more and more importantly look at our ability to be

11 able to enjoy it.

12 So in closing, I want to thank you for giving

13 me a chance to speak.

14 MR. BRENNER: And thanks to both of you. All

15 right, the last panel for this afternoon will be James

16 Kelley. He's testifying as a member of the public and

17 Freyda Black who's also a member of the public.

18 MR. KELLEY: Hello gentlemen. I'm not going

19 to take up a lot of time. I know it's been a long day

20 for you and to be quite honest, there isn't really much

21 more that I could say that you haven't already heard

22 today. It's some powerful stuff here and I know you,

23 you gentleman [indecipherable] from the EPA which is

24 the Environmental Protection Agency and I like to think

25 of things -- I've spent a lot of time with my twelve327

1 year old son and his friends and you know, like a lot

2 of my conversation is sometimes as adults, if we could

3 go back and just think and act as children do and it's

4 just like, daddy it doesn't make sense and it's hurting

5 people. Why don't they change it? You know, and I'm

6 sure that this might cost, you know, these big

7 companies some money, which will no doubt be passed on

8 to consumers.

9 I do have a background in chemical

10 engineering and I know that no matter what went on

11 during the fiscal year, the most important thing was

12 the quarterly report. I can say that because I have, I

13 have experienced it. You know, I, I worked in the

14 field and there was a lot of strong things said today

15 and I just -- there are safer way to do things and I

16 think it's about time, that -- as the lady said, that

17 the lady said earlier, I heard her say when she talked

18 with me, she said that you know, when changes are made,

19 you know, people are resilient and they will make the

20 change as necessary, you know.

21 And I just, I keep going back to my son and

22 his friends that you know, if something is hurting

23 people, and there's another way to do it. I mean, I

24 just you know, think that it's time that you know, we

25 take accountability as, you know, responsible grown ups328

1 and make these changes. I mean it's not -- you know

2 money isn't everything. You know, it's really not and

3 I'm sure some of these corporations, you know, you

4 know, the ones that are already on board making these

5 changes. I mean, it's not -- they haven't gone out of

6 business yet, you know, so they're showing that it can

7 be done and that once again like, I thank you for your

8 time. I thank you for being here and I know it's a

9 long day and I know it's almost dinner time, so I'm

10 going to pass the microphone and.

11 MR. BRENNER: Thank you for being here today.

12 Ms. Black.

13 MS. BLACK: Today, I'm here to speak to you

14 as a mother. My son, now sixteen, is healthy.

15 However, I am concerned for his health and the health

16 of all our children. We must protect them from toxic

17 pollution from power plants.

18 For too long, emissions from power plants

19 have been under-regulated. In the Declaration of

20 Independence signed just down the street from here, it

21 states that all men and in this day, we interpret that

22 as all people, are endowed from our Creator with the

23 unalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of

24 happiness.

25 It is the responsibility of our government to329

1 protect its citizen from persons or entities who would

2 deprive us of these rights.

3 I feel that not requiring power plants to

4 upgrade pollution controls, deprives many Americans of

5 their lives. And it deprives me and my son of our

6 pursuit of happiness as we can no longer enjoy going

7 fishing and eating the fish that we catch.

8 As a child, I have wonderful memories of my

9 nana making delicious [indecipherable] fish from the

10 fish I caught and proudly brought to her. And I

11 caught those fish in the lake at my grandparents home.

12 It is true, I don't know if the fish I was

13 eating then were actually safe, but today I know from

14 the fish advisories from the New York State Department

15 of Environmental Conservation that they recommend

16 eating no more than one six ounce serving a month.

17 These advisories apply to all waterways, even

18 the beaver pond on our farm in rural [indecipherable]

19 County, New York.

20 I've heard today that mercury levels drop

21 quickly once emissions reduced. I look forward to

22 mercury levels dropping to the point where I can take

23 my grandmother's recipe and make for my family the

24 [indecipherable] fish I enjoyed so much as a child.

25 Ensuring the safety of wild fish for future330

1 generations to eat, and to form a strong attachment to

2 the natural world. Not just from observing it, but

3 also enjoying the connection to the natural world

4 viscerally through the consumption of its bounty will

5 help to ensure strong environmental awareness for those

6 who come after us.

7 More importantly, the rapid implementation of

8 these new rules will help to ensure that our children

9 and their children can reach their full potential.

10 Elevated levels of lead and mercury in the

11 bodies of children passed in utero from their mothers

12 can reduce their cognitive abilities. Who can say what

13 the cost to society will be of children who can never

14 reach their full potential.

15 As a mother, I am asking you today to think

16 about our children and their children and all those

17 generations yet unborn who are out there in the future

18 looking back through the mists of time to us and the

19 choices me make today.

20 The question for us is will they look back on

21 us with respect for the tough decisions that we made to

22 secure our legacy and protect their today or will they

23 look back in disgust at the dereliction of our duty to

24 them by choosing to do only what is profitable for us.

25 As a mother, I ask you to implement these new331

1 rules as rapidly as we mothers want done.

2 Just a, a small aside about my rural

3 community in upstate New York.

4 I heard testimony from a nurse that regarding

5 the noncompliance with advisories. Many of my

6 neighbors have no choice but to rely on harvesting

7 wildlife through hunting and fishing for most of their

8 protein due to the economic hardships we face today.

9 Please think of them too.

10 MR. BRENNER: Thank you for that and let me

11 wrap up the afternoon session by saying a couple of

12 things.

13 We heard a lot of facts and some specifics

14 that are going to help us a lot in completing this,

15 this rule making and making sure that it's done in a way

16 that is scientifically and legally defensible, but also

17 as I said this morning, we thought we would hear some

18 very powerful stories about the effects of pollution on

19 people's lives and we certainly heard this, this

20 afternoon right up through this panel here and I want

21 to say something specifically to you, Mr. Kelley.

22 One of the very powerful moments this

23 afternoon was when Robert Cooper spoke about his

24 experiences and, and his mom and I saw that as he got

25 up, you went out of your way to reach him and shake his332

1 hand and let him know that we heard what he had to say

2 which meant a lot and thank you for doing that.

3 MR. KELLEY: And can I say something to you

4 sir? I don't [indecipherable -- not at microphone]

5 today [indecipherable] kept your [indecipherable] and

6 have paid attention and I give you great, you know,

7 accolades for that because it, it's noticed.

8 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Thank you. All

9 right. So we will start up again at six thirty after

10 we take a short dinner break. Thank you to everybody.

11 (Dinner break from 5:32 p.m. until 6:37 p.m.)

12 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Good evening everyone.

13 We're ready to start the evening session of these

14 hearings and let me thank all of you for coming this

15 evening and as I mentioned earlier today, but I think

16 we mostly have people here who were not here earlier

17 today, so I'm going to give you a little bit of

18 background about the regulation that we'll be

19 discussing this, this evening.

20 This hearing that we're holding is one of

21 three that the agency is holding. We are holding one

22 today at the same time as this hearing in Chicago and

23 another one will be held later on this week in, in

24 Atlanta and these hearings, of course, are all with

25 respect to taking comment on our proposed emission333

1 standards which would control mercury and other toxics

2 from coal and oil fired power plants.

3 I'm Rob Brenner. I'm the Director of EPA's

4 Office of Policy Analysis and Review. I will be the

5 chair of the hearing.

6 And with me on the panel are Kathleen Cox,

7 who's the Associate Director for Permits and Air Toxics

8 in our Regional Office here in Philadelphia. And

9 Tamara Saltman [phonetic] who is Senior Policy Analysis

10 in our Office of Policy Analysis and Review in the Air

11 Program at EPA and we also have with us, Paul Versace

12 who's from our General Counsel's Office also from

13 headquarters.

14 In mid-March, we proposed mercury and air

15 toxic standards for coal and oil fired power plants.

16 These are standards that would significantly reduce the

17 emissions of toxics or hazardous air pollutants, as

18 they're often called from power plants. These are

19 pollutants that many are known to cause cancer, some

20 are suspected of causing cancer and other serious

21 health effects.

22 And what we propose to do in addition is

23 revise a set of clean air standards known as new source

24 performance standards and they reduce emissions of

25 particulate matter, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides,334

1 in this case from new coal and oil fired power plants.

2 So the reason for our concern and the

3 development of these standards is that power plants

4 emit mercury, arsenic, chromium, nickel, organic air

5 toxics, acid gasses and a series of other harmful air

6 pollutants. They're the largest domestic source of

7 mercury emissions to the air.

8 And once mercury from the air reaches the

9 water, microorganisms in the water can change it into

10 methyl mercury, which is a highly toxic form of mercury

11 that builds up in fish. People are primarily exposed

12 to mercury by eating contaminated fish. And children's

13 developing brains are especially susceptible to damage

14 from this type of exposure. The effects include

15 reductions in their IQ and their ability to learn.

16 As a result of this rule, we estimate that by

17 2016 if we were to go forward with the proposal, that

18 these standards would prevent close to anywhere from

19 seven thousand to seventeen thousand premature deaths

20 annually would be our projection, and they would

21 provide a number of other health and environmental

22 benefits. In fact, the portions of the benefits that

23 we have the ability to quantify some of these health

24 effects, it's very difficult to attach dollar values

25 to, but for the ones that can be quantified, we found335

1 that there are anywhere from sixty to a hundred and

2 forty billion dollars in benefits annually in 2016.

3 And those benefits are far larger than the

4 cost that we estimate of this rule, which would be

5 about ten point nine billion dollars per year.

6 Implementing these standards would also, we

7 believe, create some very good jobs for American

8 workers involved in building, installing and operating

9 the equipment, the pollution control equipment that

10 would be needed to reduce these health threatening

11 emissions from power plants.

12 Since proposing the rule, we've already begun

13 to receive some comments. Some of them had to do with

14 some of the data we used to develop the standards and

15 we decided based on some of that information to do an

16 update of the standards which we simply announced and

17 it corrects a calculation error that was called to our

18 attention and that was an error that had to do with a

19 small amount of the data that lead -- that was used in

20 developing the rule and it's made a, a fairly small

21 in the standards. Not one that has any

22 appreciable difference with respect to the benefits and

23 it doesn't change the type of pollution control

24 strategies that will be required to meet the rule.

25 So there's a corrected data set that is336

1 available for public review on our website, the EPA

2 website for this rule making and also in the regulatory

3 docket assigned to the, the rule making.

4 Currently, there are no existing federal

5 requirements for power plants to limit their emissions

6 of toxic air pollutants, like mercury, arsenic and

7 metals. And the previous administration, the Bush

8 administration, finalized a rule to cut mercury

9 pollution from power plants, but the DC Circuit, the,

10 the Courts struck down the rule as illegal and required

11 EPA to develop new standards that follow the law and

12 the science in order to protect human health and the

13 environment.

14 So today, we will be accepting oral comments

15 on all aspects of that proposal which was done in

16 response to the court decision which told us that we

17 needed to redevelop and reissue the, the rule. There

18 will be written transcripts for all three of these

19 hearings that I mentioned. They will be available as

20 part of the official record for the rule and we will be

21 considering them at EPA as we move forward to complete

22 a final rule in mid-November of this year.

23 We're also accepting written comments for the

24 proposed rule and the time period for submitted written

25 comments is up until the 5th of July, so you have about337

1 another five or six weeks to develop written comments

2 if you'd like to add them to the record that we'll be

3 considering before we complete, the, the rule. There's

4 a handout that's available out front in the

5 registration area that has detailed information if you

6 want to submit written comments and you can do it by

7 mail, you can do it by fax, or you can do it

8 electronically, so let me now turn to the procedures

9 for tonight's hearing.

10 What I'll be doing is calling the scheduled

11 speakers to the microphones in, in pairs up here. And

12 when it's your turn to speak, if you could state your

13 name and your affiliation before you begin your

14 testimony, and it's going to help our court reporter if

15 you would also be willing spell your name.

16 In order to be fair to everyone because I

17 think we do have a full agenda for this evening, it

18 would be great if you could limit your testimony to

19 five minutes each and remain at the microphone until

20 both speakers in a pair have, have finished.

21 After you finish your testimony, there may be

22 some clarifying questions that myself or others member

23 of the, of the panel might want to ask you if we want

24 to better understand some aspect of your, of your

25 testimony.338

1 And if in addition to the transcript that

2 we'll be developing, you also want to include the full

3 text of your written comments, that would be fine.

4 They will then be included in the docket per the rule

5 and just give a copy of those written comments to the

6 staff again, outside at the registration table and

7 they'll make sure it gets into the record for the rule

8 making.

9 The time keeping system we have up there

10 consists of green, yellow, and red lights. When you

11 begin speaking, the green light will come on. You'll

12 have five minutes. The yellow light will signal that

13 you have two minutes of those five minutes left to

14 speak and when the red light comes on, five minutes

15 will have passed and I'm going to ask you to wrap up

16 your testimony pretty quickly after the five minute

17 mark.

18 The hearing is scheduled to go until eight

19 o'clock this evening, but if we're not done, if there

20 are more people waiting to speak, we will keep going

21 until everybody who wants to speak has an opportunity

22 to, to do that.

23 If you'd like to testify, but you have not

24 yet registered, but you still want to try to

25 participate this evening, feel free to sign up at the339

1 registration table and we'll try to work you in to the

2 schedule for this evening and of course, you do have

3 the option, as I mentioned, of providing us with

4 written comments between now and July 5 if you'd prefer

5 to, to do that.

6 For those of you who have registered to

7 speak, we've done the best we could to accommodate your

8 request for specific time slots. But you're going to

9 need to be patient as we proceed through the list of

10 speakers. We'll try not to fall behind, but that may

11 happen and we're going to try to adjust the schedule to

12 keep it as close to the time frames that you asked for

13 as, as we can.

14 So I want to thank everybody for being

15 willing to come here this evening and let's go ahead

16 and get started with the first two speakers tonight.

17 The first is Al Rizzo from the American Lung

18 Association and Matthew Pale from Penn Environment.

19 Please come up gentlemen. Okay. Mr. Rizzo.

20 DR. RIZZO: Okay. It's Dr. Albert Rizzo,

21 American Lung Association and it's R-I-Z-Z-O.

22 Good evening and thank you for the

23 opportunity to testify today.

24 I'm Dr. Albert Rizzo and am currently the

25 Chief of the Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine340

1 Section in Christiana Care Health Systems in Delaware.

2 I've been caring for Delawareans with lung

3 disease for over twenty five years. I've also been a

4 long-time volunteer for the American Lung Association

5 and in July will become Chairman of their National

6 Board of Directors.

7 The American Lung Association's mission is to

8 save lives by improving our lung health and preventing

9 lung disease. Vital to that mission is the need to

10 fight for healthy air because healthy air saves lives.

11 My patients with COPD, asthma, pulmonary

12 fibrosis and other chronic lung diseases already have

13 reduced lung function and their day to day activity is

14 compromised by their disease state.

15 Regardless of what led my patients to have

16 their lung disease, air pollution further exposes them

17 and impairs their breathing.

18 Because of the distress experienced by my

19 patients, they need to know and they do follow their

20 instructions most of the time, to stay indoors and

21 limit their activities when possible on bad air days.

22 This knowledge, however, is often trumped by

23 things like going to work, buying groceries, and

24 watching their children or grandchildren play sports.

25 In my office and what occurs typically in341

1 these bad air days throughout the country is a rise in

2 sick visits and trips to the emergency room with result

3 in increases of hospitalizations.

4 The impact of air pollution on the quality of

5 their lives and their families, as well as the lost

6 productivity and missed school days take a toll on all

7 of us.

8 Today, I'm here to testify in strong support

9 of the mercury and air toxic standards. These

10 standards were first promised to my patients and the

11 American people more than twenty years ago in the Clean

12 Air Act Amendments of 1990. It's past time to begin

13 the cleanup. My patients, and in fact none of us

14 should have to breathe recognized and probable

15 carcinogens including formaldehyde, benzene,

16 [indecipherable] dioxins, furans and polycyclic

17 aromatic hydrocarbons.

18 We should not have to inhale metals or metal

19 like substances including lead, arsenic, and nickel and

20 other heavy metals. We should not need to inhale acid

21 gasses, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride and we

22 do not need to eat fish filled with mercury.

23 No one should have to be exposed to these

24 toxins.

25 Earlier this year, the American Lung342

1 Association released a report, Toxic Air, the Case for

2 Cleaning Up Coal-Fired Power Plants. The report

3 documents the serious health impacts of these

4 pollutants.

5 Our report shows that more than four hundred

6 coal-fired power plants located in forty six states

7 across the country release an excess of three hundred

8 and eighty-six thousand tons of hazardous air

9 pollutants into the air each year.

10 I understand that some opponents of the

11 proposal have been calling for the EPA not to clean up

12 all toxic pollutants from the power plants.

13 The American Lung Association strongly

14 opposes any effort to weaken or delay the rule or any

15 exemption of toxic pollutants from clean up.

16 The final rule must include the cleanup of

17 acid gasses, including hydrogen chloride, hydrogen

18 fluoride, because inhaling them irritates the skin,

19 eyes, nose, throat and breathing passages.

20 Metals and metal alloys including lead and

21 arsenic and chromium and nickel can cause cancer of the

22 lung, bladder, kidney, and skin.

23 Lead damages the developing nervous system

24 and harms the ability of children to learn, remember

25 and behave.343

1 All these toxins can affect the nervous

2 system, the cardiovascular system, the skin, the

3 respiratory system and the immune system.

4 Dioxins and furans and the poly-aromatic

5 hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds including

6 benzene and formaldehyde are also considered probable

7 or recognized carcinogens.

8 And then of course, there's mercury. Mercury

9 which is probably the most widely known of the toxic

10 air pollutants has a distinction that's been earned

11 because of the harm it does to the brain, the nervous

12 system, the kidneys and the liver, but mercury's most

13 egregious damages to children from before they are born

14 causing neurologic and developmental birth defects.

15 Reducing emissions from these, of these

16 hazardous air pollutants will also cut emissions of

17 other harmful pollutants. The same equipment needed to

18 clean up the eighty-four hazardous emissions also

19 lowers other harmful air pollutants including sulfur

20 dioxide, fine particulate matter and nitrogen oxides.

21 Each of these effect the lung causing asthma

22 attacks, increasing the risk of emergency room and

23 hospitalizations.

24 Finally, cleaning up these toxins save lives.

25 According to EPA, cleaning up these toxic emissions344

1 will result by 2016, an annual benefits preventing

2 eleven thousand heart attacks, preventing one hundred

3 twenty thousand asthma attacks, eliminated twelve

4 thousand hospitalizations and emergency room visits and

5 adding eight hundred and fifty thousand days when

6 people don't miss work each year.

7 And most importantly are the seventeen

8 thousand lives saved each year.

9 Today's proposal is about saving those lives,

10 our lives, as well as the lives of our children and

11 their children. We implore the EPA to move ahead and

12 finalize this rule on time by November 16, 2011. Each

13 day of delay harms health and shortens lives.

14 Thank you.

15 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Please go ahead.

16 MR. PALE: Thank you. Hello. My name is

17 Matthew Pale, that's P-A-L-E and I'm with Penn

18 Environment. I'm a recent college grad, so I'm glad to

19 be jumping into this activism so early.

20 I'd like to thank everyone that made this

21 possible to come together and talk about this very,

22 very important issue.

23 I think I can speak for everyone present when

24 I say we all want a strong economy and we also want to

25 enjoy clean air and clean water.345

1 The dividing line with this balancing act,

2 however, is how much clean air and clean water we're

3 willing to sacrifice for economic prosperity, economic

4 [indecipherable].

5 On one side, we have coal and oil companies

6 who will naturally seek the most profit as, as

7 entirely possible and that is to be expected.

8 On the other side, however, we have the

9 general populous which is mostly unaware of

10 environmental and health problems that come across --

11 come along with coal usage and oil usage.

12 Now we can, we can choose to blame the

13 general populous and say that well that they should

14 just be more informed. There's plenty of venues that

15 they can learn and be educated, but I like to -- I also

16 think that is a -- when we have an agency that is there

17 to protect the environment, they're doing all they can

18 to also preach how we should protect the environment,

19 what kind of issues we should be dealing with, what you

20 should look, look toward you know, in terms of

21 recycling. Just general health issues and that's

22 really good, but it's -- in a lot of cases, it's not

23 enough.

24 We also have a lack of leaders in

25 environmental sectors. Obviously, the people here are346

1 the exception, not the rule. We have people like Penn

2 Environmental, Greenpeace, Sierra Club and many others

3 here that are very willing to see this kind of proposal

4 pass forth.

5 However, the most powerful example we can set

6 for the community is having an agency that stands up

7 for the general, general population in the face and

8 coal and oil, obvious.

9 As you know, the EPA has proposed a measure

10 that would do just this, protect the general population

11 from harmful substances in the air and water.

12 One of the largest perpetrators is mercury.

13 A substance known to be extremely toxic to humans and

14 the environment, yet this substance is literally pumped

15 out without end because coal and oil lobbyists fight

16 ferociously in the name of profit to keep being able to

17 pump this substance out unabated.

18 EPA knows the research. Everyone here knows

19 the research. It just, it comes down to action now.

20 We need to improve our air and water

21 standards. We need -- or we risk national health,

22 especially amongst, amongst children which are really

23 our life blood.

24 There's very little that is worth the health

25 of our nation, especially coal energy, despite what the347

1 industry wants to have you understand.

2 I urge the EPA to do the right thing and make

3 their proposal to reduce air pollution a reality for

4 the benefit of all. Thank you.

5 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Thanks to both of you

6 for coming out to testify tonight.

7 DR. RIZZO: Thank you.

8 MR. BRENNER: We now have Joe Parrish of the

9 American Lung Association of New Jersey and Kendall

10 Mackey from the National Wildlife Federation.

11 MR. PARRISH: Hello.

12 MR. BRENNER: Hi.

13 MR. PARRISH: My name is Joseph R. Parrish,

14 Jr., P-A-R-R-I-S-H. I am an Episcopal Priest. I'm

15 also a PhD. medical biochemist and worked several years

16 for Merck and Bristol Myers in medical research.

17 I've been a pastor, however, for the last

18 twenty-six years, so it's a long time since I was

19 actually very active scientifically, but I am one of

20 the Chief Spokesman in the religious group in New

21 Jersey on environmental issues, since I'm a chemist.

22 The toxicity of mercury in children is very

23 well known. It's been documented probably many times

24 in the past twenty years. Landmark studies done in the

25 1990's and subsequently. Children is the one reason348

1 why mercury has been removed from vaccines

2 because that was initial toxicity, but even after the

3 mercury has been removed from vaccines, the

4 children's syndromes that you've seen, mercury

5 oriented, have continued to increase.

6 The most particular association seems to be

7 with autism. I'm sorry, I haven't been here to hear

8 the other testimonies. I'm not sure if you have heard

9 this already, but autism is, apparently, the number one

10 concern at present.

11 Through ingestion of food stuffs, fish,

12 etcetera, children are get more and more exposed to

13 mercury and the latest statistic that I could find was

14 that it's from about twenty-five years ago the rate was

15 one in a hundred fifty children have autism, now it's

16 about one in a hundred, so it's increased significantly

17 in the past twenty-five or thirty years.

18 And in spite of reduction of the use or basic

19 elimination use of mercury in injectable vaccines.

20 So the question is where does this come from

21 and I -- in our area, we have -- I'm from Elizabeth,

22 New Jersey. My church is Saint John's Episcopal Church

23 in Elizabeth and I'm the Chair of Diocese of New Jersey

24 Environmental Commission which is the bottom three

25 fourths of the state.349

1 It was an initiative in the early 1990's to

2 build waste incinerators, one in each county; twenty-

3 one counties in New Jersey, which we opposed knowing

4 the emission issues that will be [Indecipherable] with

5 those devices.

6 Subsequently, five different counties did

7 build incinerators and we tried, struggled to be sure

8 they all had controls. Some of them were retrofitted

9 and some of them were actually put on initially. The

10 one in [Indecipherable] which is closer to my church,

11 was added. It's a carbon activated carbon system that

12 works relatively well.

13 However, the rate of autism keeps going up.

14 There's still uncertainty about what the rate of

15 injection to mercury is, but it's clearly more and more

16 prevalent the more coal we burn. Coal is, I guess,

17 probably the most ubiquitous substance for power

18 generation. I think it's something like seventy

19 percent of the United States power. Maybe sixty

20 percent worldwide comes from coal. So without coal, we

21 would turn the lights off in here, so we cannot go

22 without coal. We can't rely on natural gas or oil or

23 nuclear as it stands.

24 So we're backed up against the wall here with

25 how to control the emissions from coal-fired steam350

1 plants.

2 The cost, I don't know. I've heard people

3 cite three dollars a month, seven dollars a month, but

4 it seems that that's not an enormous cost per consumer

5 to control this.

6 Because the cost of a child's developmental

7 disability is, is very, very enormous. I -- one time,

8 the EPA put a number of five million dollars per life,

9 that's if a life is lost, but I worked with churches in

10 Queens, New Jersey, that have an autistic young adult

11 program. And they just don't get better, you know. It

12 just how do we, how do we cope with autism.

13 And I guess the funding is probably in the

14 millions of dollars just for that one facility, so and

15 as many mostly untreated autistic children throughout

16 the United States, so I think we have no choice but to

17 try to control mercury as tightly as we can and I think

18 to me, the reasonable cost is reasonable relative the

19 results we're going to get.

20 Thank you.

21 MR. BRENNER: Okay.

22 MS. MACKEY: Hi, my name is Kendall Mackey,

23 M-A-C-K-E-Y. I'm reading testimony on behalf of Dave

24 Ditlaw [phonetic] from Missoula, Montana. He's one of

25 our members.351

1 As an avid fisherman and father of three

2 children, two of whom have asthma, I encourage the EPA

3 to move forward with their strong proposed standards on

4 mercury and other toxic emissions from power plants.

5 Mercury causes a lot of concerns for anglers

6 here in Montana, especially those of us who enjoy

7 eating some of our catch once in a while.

8 My state has more than four hundred thousand

9 acres of lakes and twelve hundred miles of streams

10 impaired due to mercury contamination. To address

11 this, the State of Montana issued a statewide mercury

12 related fish consumption advisory for walleye, pike,

13 and lake trout in 2003.

14 The current fish consumption guidelines now

15 include not only these fish, but also dozens of other

16 advisories for other fish species in the pacific

17 impacted waters.

18 As it stands now, my love of fishing, eating

19 fresh wild trout and walleye, and my concerns regarding

20 mercury are hard for me to reconcile. In my mind,

21 there's nothing better than spending a day with fishing

22 with my family and then cooking up some of our catch

23 over an open campfire in the mountains.

24 The beauty of Montana's mountains, the

25 togetherness of family and then a connection to our352

1 natural surroundings make these sorts of days

2 cherished.

3 But frankly, the potential health threats

4 posed by mercury contamination scares me immensely.

5 Particular considering the fact that my last

6 child is only one and a half years old and still

7 nursing, so while we still go out and enjoy Montana's

8 outdoors by fishing and making a meal out of our catch,

9 we make a point of following the guidelines of

10 Montana's mercury advisory to the letter.

11 This is unfortunate. We shouldn't have to

12 sacrifice one of our favorite family activities, partly

13 because power plants don't have to catch their mercury

14 emissions before they leave their smoke stacks.

15 Some families aren't so fortunate. My wife

16 is a member of the Blackfeet tribe. Many native

17 Americans and other low income family eat fish

18 regularly out of necessity. Fresh caught fish are a

19 cheap source of protein for families and they ate it

20 because they can't afford beef, pork or chicken from

21 the supermarket.

22 To force these families to choose between

23 a cheap source of meat or health concerns regarding

24 mercury is a shame. It is time for the federal

25 government to start regulating emissions for mercury353

1 and other toxic air pollutants. Fishermen all over

2 the -- all over America expect it and our children

3 deserve it.

4 MR. BRENNER: I, I do have a quick question

5 Mr. Parrish. This afternoon, we heard from a couple of

6 people who it sounded like they had taken advantage of

7 a Pennsylvania Sierra Club program to have their hair

8 tested for mercury and is there something similar to

9 that going on in New Jersey? Is there a program such

10 as that?

11 MR. PARRISH: Well, the New Jersey -- did the

12 New Jersey DEP testify here? I'm not sure.

13 MR. BRENNER: No.

14 MR. PARRISH: Well okay. Lisa is from there,

15 so she knows the statistics.

16 MR. BRENNER: Okay.

17 MR. PARRISH: When we first -- in the

18 nineties, when we were checking the lakes, streams and

19 so forth in New Jersey, they did sampling they said out

20 of three lake streams, creeks, so forth were

21 contaminated with mercury. Then they -- about five

22 years later, they followed up. There's a hundred

23 percent of lake streams and rivers in New Jersey are

24 contaminated with mercury, a hundred percent. There's

25 no, nothing, not a fish caught in the state of New354

1 Jersey that's not containing mercury.

2 That's enormous. I mean how can you have --

3 we don't burn coal in New Jersey. We don't burn coal

4 in New Jersey. We burn some garbage, but I mean, how

5 can, how can New Jersey be polluting its lakes,

6 streams, and rivers, and so forth? It's coming from

7 Ohio, Illinois, Pennsylvania. You name and, and we,

8 we've had consent agreements with -- in northwestern

9 New Jersey where the power plant across the line -- I

10 drove up there one time and it rained on my car just

11 for a brief moment and my car was just covered with

12 soot. I mean, they were totally -- I think they

13 finally got a consent agreement that controlled it

14 some, but it is -- everybody builds them on the east,

15 on their eastern border, so it doesn't touch their, you

16 know, public.

17 Now we build, you know, there's refineries on

18 our eastern border, but it pollutes Staten Island, so I

19 know how that works. So we can't, we can't just keep

20 having the states moving it to the eastern border so it

21 just doesn't affect them, so we have to -- need to do

22 something to regulate it. I don't see -- how can

23 you -- people can't eat fish. And, and some of these

24 vegetarians eat a lot of tuna and they're

25 totally -- I'm sure they're all toxic in mercury.355

1 So I've let kids -- some of our kids don't --

2 can't walk. I mean, the walking is a problem. They

3 just wobble. They wobble. They should be walking by

4 two and they're wobbling, you know. I mean it's just

5 clear to my mind neurotoxicity. It's not hard to

6 prove. I mean, you can't just -- you can't do a blood

7 test, you know, you test the mother's hair, but it's

8 hard to tell as easily in infants and little children,

9 but clearly something's gone wrong and, and --

10 MR. BRENNER: All right. Thank you.

11 MR. PARRISH: All right.

12 MR. BRENNER: Go ahead.

13 MR. PARRISH: No, I, I, that was just a

14 brief.

15 MR. BRENNER: Okay. No thank you for, for

16 that and we did have someone from New Jersey testify

17 earlier today from the DEP, but I forgot to ask them

18 that question.

19 MR. PARRISH: Yeah, they can't -- I mean --

20 MR. BRENNER: So thank you.

21 MR. PARRISH: It is sort of, it is a little

22 bit [indecipherable] like lead poisoning, which is

23 not -- well, it's you can't -- if it's caught sooner,

24 you can reverse some of the ravages of lead poisoning,

25 but mercury, you have a little more time if you356

1 withdraw the infant, child aware from mercury that,

2 that it's just is not quite as damaging neurologically,

3 however, they don't -- [indecipherable] autism rates,

4 you know, almost doubling here in the twenty-five,

5 thirty years, so we can't find any other -- you know,

6 it's like eliminate everything else and mercury still

7 stands out, and, and it's definitely proven that

8 mercury causes autistic behavior and so.

9 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Thanks to both of you

10 for testifying.

11 MR. PARRISH: Thank you.

12 MR. BRENNER: Next up, we have Adam H. Cutler

13 from the Public Health and Environmental Justice Law

14 Clinic and Rachel Martin from the Sierra Club.

15 MR. CUTLER: Good evening. Adam Cutler, C-U16 T-L-E-R. I'm the Director of the Public Health and

17 Environmental Justice Law Clinic at the Public Interest

18 Law Center of Philadelphia.

19 Thank you for the opportunity to testify

20 today concerning EPA's proposed mercury and air toxics

21 rule which would limit emissions of certain hazardous

22 air pollutants from coal and oil fired power plants.

23 My comments today are not made on behalf of

24 any particular client group or community. They are

25 however, rooted in the work I do with Environmental357

1 Justice Communities.

2 I will provide more detailed comments on the

3 agency's proposal during the written comment period.

4 The Public Health Environmental Justice Law

5 Project provides legal services to EJ communities in

6 Pennsylvania, primarily in and around Philadelphia.

7 Through the project, I work closely with

8 communities where residents, mostly of color or poor or

9 both, suffer disproportionately from adverse health

10 affects associated with pollution.

11 As EJ advocate Robert Bullard [phonetic]

12 recently noted, "Coal-Fired power plants are not

13 randomly distributed across the American landscape.

14 All Americans do not have the same likelihood or

15 probability of having a dirty coal plant as a neighbor.

16 More than sixty-eight percent of African

17 Americans live within thirty miles of a coal-fired

18 power plants. The distance within which the maximum

19 effects of the smoke stack plume are expected to occur.

20 In comparison, fifty-six percent of whites

21 and thirty-nine percent of Latinos live in such

22 proximity to a coal-fired power plant."

23 Some of the EJ communities I work with like

24 the City of Chester or the borough of Eddystone both in

25 Delaware County, Pennsylvania, are located in very close358

1 proximity to coal- and oil-fired power plants.

2 Indeed, Pennsylvania power plants are the

3 second largest emitters of toxic mercury pollution in

4 the nation according to my colleagues at Penn Future.

5 Fishing advisories are in effect for every lake, river,

6 and stream throughout the state.

7 In a recent household health survey of the

8 greater Philadelphia region reported that asthma rates

9 among children in just the two communities of Chester

10 and Eddystone exceed thirty-six percent. Our local

11 communities, therefore, are acutely effected by the very

12 types of pollutants that would be cut under the

13 proposed rule.

14 The rule proposes national standards to

15 reduce air pollution from coal- and oil-fired power

16 plants which emit some of the most hazardous air

17 pollutants known, including mercury, arsenic, lead,

18 other heavy metals, dioxin and acid gasses.

19 Even small amounts of these extremely harmful

20 pollutants are linked to diseases including cancer,

21 heart disease, brain damage, birth defects, asthma

22 attacks and premature death.

23 Pregnant women and their fetuses are

24 particularly vulnerable to harm from exposure to

25 mercury and lead.359

1 The proposed rule would for the first time

2 set technology based national emissions standards for

3 over eight hazardous air pollutants.

4 By final implementation, EPA projects that

5 each year, mercury and acid gas emissions could be cut

6 by over ninety percent and SO2 emissions by fifty-five

7 percent.

8 Further, EPA projects that each year the

9 standards will prevent serious illnesses and health

10 problems for thousands of Americans including up to

11 seventeen thousand premature deaths, eleven thousand

12 heart attacks, a hundred and twenty thousand asthma

13 attacks, twelve thousand hospital and emergency room

14 visits and five million restricted activity days.

15 The proposed rule offers unmistakable

16 benefits to the public that on an annual basis will far

17 outweigh by ratio over thirteen to one, industry's

18 annual cost of compliance.

19 In contrast to other recently proposed rules,

20 the mercury and air toxic rule does not permit

21 emissions trading. Instead the rule establishes

22 national standards that must be met within the next

23 three to four years at all covered coal and oil fired

24 power plants.

25 These standards are long overdue and360

1 the Law Center applauds the fair and equitable

2 approach of the proposed rule.

3 Whether regulated facilities choose to adopt

4 already existing and cost effective control

5 technologies, opt to convert their facilities to

6 natural gas or even choose to retire their dirty

7 facilities all together and redirect capital

8 investments into clean powered renewable sources, this

9 rule will ensure that all communities will soon receive

10 the benefits from significant reductions in hazardous

11 air pollutants and co-pollutants.

12 That said, I want to speak directly to those

13 who would counsel for delay or who urge EPA to water

14 down these critical new standards.

15 Everyday this rule is prevented from going

16 into effect in its current form, you are condemning

17 more Americans and importantly more of our children to

18 death and to chronic illnesses. Although minority and

19 poor communities are most in harm's way, every American

20 who lives near a power plant is susceptible to mercury

21 and other hazardous air pollutants as well as fine

22 particulates and every American is susceptible to

23 mercury in the food chain. Methyl mercury does not

24 discriminate once it bioaccumulates.

25 With the prompt implementation of the rule,361

1 the playing field will at long last be evened and dirty

2 coal and oil fired utilities will have to meet the

3 standards that over half their industry colleagues have

4 already invested the capital to achieve.

5 Once the rule is finalized, these dirty

6 facilities can no longer profit on the backs and hearts

7 and lungs and developing brains of our most vulnerable

8 populations. EPA must act promptly to finalize the

9 rule so that all Americans from vulnerable communities

10 of color and of poverty to the most affluent

11 suburbanites can once and for all enjoy the hazardous

12 air pollutant reductions that were mandated under the

13 Clean Air Amendments passed twenty-one long years ago.

14 Thank you for the opportunity to comment and

15 I'm happy to take any questions.

16 MR. BRENNER: Thank you Mr. Cutler.

17 Ms. Martin.

18 MS. MARTIN: Hi. My name is Rachel Martin

19 and I live in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It's been a

20 long day and there are just incredibly moving testimony

21 all day. A lot of really great and important facts

22 that have been expressed so I'll make my comments

23 brief.

24 The, with all the facts that we know about

25 what this rule will due, the critical importance of362

1 this rule, the lives that will be saved, the health

2 impacts that will be avoided by the passage of this one

3 rule.

4 The one fact that really sticks in my head

5 and just makes me want to keep working to, to make sure

6 that these protections pass is seventeen thousand lives

7 saved. I don't see how anyone could possibly -- I just

8 don't even understand how anyone could say the cost is

9 too high when we're talking about that number of lives.

10 Even one life needlessly lost is too much, but

11 seventeen thousand, that's a huge number.

12 Personally, I'm concerned that living in

13 Pittsburgh as I do surrounded by coal-fired power

14 plants and as a woman of child bearing age, that

15 every day the food I eat, the air I breathe, the water I

16 drink could, could impact and negatively affect the

17 family that I hope to have someday. That shouldn't be

18 the case.

19 And so, basically I think that the cost of

20 not implementing this rule is far too high and I thank

21 the Environmental Protection Agency for your move

22 towards implement -- towards this new rule and hope

23 that you will continue forward with the final strong

24 rule without delay and thank you for the opportunity to

25 testify today.363

1 MR. BRENNER: Thanks to both of you for

2 testifying today.

3 Next up, we have Captain Joel Fogel from the

4 Sierra Club and Lynn Jaeger from, who's testifying as a

5 member of the public. Thank you.

6 MS. JAEGER: Lynn Jaeger, L-Y-N-N, J-A-E-G-E-

7 R. I live in Abington Township, Pennsylvania, and I'm

8 speaking today as a concerned grandmother. My

9 grandson, the love of my life, is two years old. His

10 mother is expecting a second baby in September. Both

11 of them are currently subjected to preventable exposure

12 to heavy metal through coal burning power plants.

13 These heavy metals, mercury, arsenic, lead,

14 among other toxins are very dangerous to developing

15 nervous systems. A developing fetus, a rapidly growing

16 baby, or a child who's brain is making important neuro

17 connections as it learns language and other basic

18 skills is most vulnerable to the damage that they

19 cause.

20 Coal plants broadcast their pollution through

21 the air. Winds can carry those toxins for many miles.

22 When they fall to the ground, they don't go away.

23 Instead they're taken up in water, ingested by

24 microorganisms and then up the food chain by other

25 animals.364

1 Anyone who eats wild fish in the State of

2 Pennsylvania endangers themselves because of the

3 bio-accumulation of these toxics, especially mercury.

4 We have warnings not to eat wild fish in many United

5 States because of it.

6 Everywhere the output from the smoke stack

7 falls, and mixes with water, it begins the process of

8 bioaccumulation. This includes fields, pastures,

9 streams, even our own backyards.

10 There is technology to prevent the spread of

11 heavy metals and other toxins from coal burning power

12 plants. Some of them are using them right now. Using

13 these in all of the coal burning plants, would prevent

14 many cases of learning disability, stillbirth, birth

15 defects and other neurological damage to our young

16 children and it would make our fish safe to eat again.

17 Once the pollutants are out in the

18 environment, it's almost impossible to completely

19 remove them. It's safer and less costly to stop the

20 release at the source.

21 Sometimes the greater good means that we need

22 to spend money up front to save money and suffering

23 down the way. This is one of those times. I

24 understand that the companies involved would prefer not

25 to spend the money, but to keep it as profit for their365

1 shareholders, but current practices are irrevocably

2 harming our children and ruining the environment.

3 If every coal plant has to put the cleaning

4 processes in place, no one of them would be put at

5 disadvantage to their competitors. The small cost of

6 doing so considering the length of time that these

7 technologies last and the number of people affected,

8 which would also likely be passed on to consumers would

9 be well worth it in terms of reduced illness,

10 productivity saved, and a cleaner environment. Not to

11 mention peace of mind for those of us who are concerned

12 for our children and our grandchildren.

13 I strongly urge the EPA to enact these new

14 regulations that would require the coal burning power

15 plants, the greatest source of heavy metal pollution,

16 stop the metals from being disseminated in the air or

17 released into the environment. Do this as soon as

18 possible. We need to stop poisoning the air we

19 breathe, the food we eat, and the nervous systems of

20 our next generation.

21 Thank you.

22 MR. BRENNER: Thank you.

23 MR. FOGEL: Ladies and gentlemen of the EPA,

24 thank you for allowing me to come here today.

25 I'm here to put a personal face on the issue366

1 of mercury pollution. My name is Captain Joel Fogel.

2 I'm a merchant marine serviceman. I'm also President

3 of Water Watch International, an international non-

4 profit organization. It's been around since 1970. I'm

5 also Chapter Chairman of the Explorer's Club, a group

6 of scientist and explorers based here in Philadelphia

7 internationally and I'm here today to talk to you about

8 some personal problems.

9 I have a family. I have a beautiful family.

10 I have five children and eight grandchildren. I'm here

11 to put a face on this testimony today. I'm going to

12 pass this over to take a look at what I got here, but

13 the reason I'm talking about my family is because I

14 live next to the B.L. England plant.

15 I've been there for over thirty years.

16 That's one of the largest polluters in New Jersey and

17 this plant has for years and years spewed a tremendous

18 amount of toxins. Consequently, and a contributing

19 factor to my own illness, which is Crohn's Disease. I

20 have problems with emphysema, asthma.

21 My children have a variety of contributing

22 factors along the syndrome of autism, some very serious

23 illnesses with Rye's Disease and inability to

24 concentrate and focus in school, attention deficit

25 disorder. These are beautiful children. These are my367

1 children. This is my family. This is what I'm going

2 to leave them when I go.

3 What am I going to leave them? You know I

4 travel a lot. I move all over the world. My job is a

5 captain aboard ship. It takes me everywhere. I'm

6 going to pass these up to you, if somebody would take

7 these up please. Let them look at those. That's the

8 Explorer's Club.

9 One of my trips took me to a little village

10 once in Japan. Very impressive place. It was called

11 Minamata and this is a situation where in

12 this village in the 1950's, there was a factory that

13 was putting mercury into the water and just to read you

14 a couple of comments here that I jotted down. It

15 started out simply with the strangeness with cats

16 dancing in the street and sometimes collapsing and

17 dying.

18 Who would have known in a modest Japanese

19 fishing village in the 1950's that when friends or

20 family members occasionally shouted uncontrollably,

21 slurred their speech or dropped their chopsticks at

22 dinner, that this was the early subtle symptoms of a

23 debilitating nervous condition ingested by, ingesting

24 and caused by ingesting mercury.

25 Yet when such scattered, apparently368

1 unconnected and mildly mysterious events began to haunt

2 the town of Minamata, Japan, these were the first signs

3 of the most dramatic and emotionally moving cases of

4 industrial pollution in history.

5 In the Japanese view of medicine, the

6 condition of the body reflects how the individual has

7 maintained his or her belief and balance in the

8 external world and sickness can be viewed as being

9 deserved.

10 The victims were, thus, implicitly blamed for

11 their own condition and also avoided by their

12 neighbors. Neighbor turned against neighbor.

13 Fishermen and their families were the first to feel the

14 effects. As one fisherman said, you know, when I was

15 dying and my hands were numb and I couldn't work and my

16 father was dying too, when the villagers turned against

17 us, it was to the sea that I would go and cry.

18 No one can understand why I love the sea so

19 much. The sea has never abandoned me. The sea is my

20 life. And I will tell you the same thing that Jacques

21 Cousteau told me when I was a young man aboard the

22 Calypso and he said, "Remember Joel, the ocean is your

23 mother. You must protect her with your life." So I

24 say to you today, gentlemen, ladies, please pass this

25 most important ordinance. This most important369

1 legislation. This is my mission of being here today,

2 to encourage you to put a face on the suffering and to

3 let you know as captain aboard my ship, the planet

4 earth, I want this ocean and these waterways kept

5 clean.

6 Please help us. Thank you.

7 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Okay. Now we have

8 Kate Zaidan who is testifying as a member of the public

9 and Myriam Fallon from Greenpeace.

10 MS. ZAIDAN: Hi there and thanks so much for

11 hearing my testimony. My name is Kate Zaidan, Z-A-I-D12 A-N and I'd like to testify that I'm in favor of EPA

13 regulating mercury, acid gasses and other air toxics

14 from coal-fired power plants.

15 I'm a Girl Scout Troop Leader for a troop of

16 about twenty young women based out of a local mosque in

17 west Philadelphia and in my troop, I work with the

18 girls to develop their self confidence, teach them

19 about eating healthy, exercising and pursuing their

20 individual passions.

21 I feel like it's not fair that my efforts as

22 well as the efforts of the parents in the broader

23 religious community that they're a part of to raise

24 healthy young women stand to be thwarted by the coal

25 industry.370

1 In our troop, we talk about environmental

2 responsibility like recycling and conserving water and

3 they absorb these lessons enthusiastically. I'm

4 constantly amazed by how committed they are to

5 environmental causes and environmentalism.

6 But we -- I also work to make them aware that

7 much of the responsibility for the health and safety of

8 our communities lies with the industries that provide

9 us with what we need, like energy.

10 These resources can either be used

11 responsibly or irresponsibly and the coal industry has

12 proven that without limits on poisons like mercury,

13 lead and arsenic, that it stands to undermine much of

14 what we are trying to educate our young people about

15 today.

16 As these young women grow into thriving

17 adults, let's make sure we're protecting their health

18 and protecting our future.

19 MR. BRENNER: Thank you.

20 MS. FALLON: Hi. My name is Myriam Fallon

21 and I am the Field Organizer for Greenpeace here in

22 Philadelphia. But as you all already heard from

23 Greenpeace earlier this morning from Robert Gardner,

24 our campaigner, I'd like to testify today rather just

25 as myself, a citizen of this country and a resident371

1 here in Philadelphia.

2 I know you guys have heard a lot of different

3 facts and figures all day. I've been listening to a

4 lot of the testimonies myself, so rather than repeat

5 those, I'd like to tell you my own personal story of

6 coal pollution.

7 I grew up on the south side of Chicago which

8 by all means is a pretty dirty place usually, but

9 despite that, I was a totally healthy child. Never had

10 any health issues of any kind.

11 In high school, I joined my local high school

12 rowing team and began practicing on the south branch of

13 the Chicago River which rode directly by both the Fisk

14 and Crawford Coal Plants.

15 So I quickly became very involved with the

16 team before I knew it was spending anywhere from four

17 to eight hours a day rowing past these two coal plants,

18 to the point where on cold days, we would run our hands

19 in the water when we passed the coal plants because the

20 water was so warm.

21 Within six months of starting this practice

22 schedule, I developed a pretty severe case of

23 athletically induced asthma to the point where I

24 started collapsing after races and eventually had to

25 choose a spot on the team that was not as physically372

1 demanding.

2 But I did keep practicing for all four years

3 by those coal plants. When I graduated from high

4 school, I moved to Iowa to go to college and within six

5 months, my asthma was gone.

6 I don't have any definitive proof that the

7 coal plants caused it, but it seems like a pretty big

8 coincidence to me.

9 Since I've moved out of that neighborhood and

10 stop practicing by those plants, I've never been

11 affected by asthma again. I stopped using an inhaler.

12 I ride my bike everyday and I started running again.

13 So that's my story and obviously I'm here in

14 support of this rule and I want to thank you all for

15 proposing this rule and for fighting to regulate the

16 pollution that is causing so much harm to our

17 environment and to our children and to the children

18 that are not yet born. Thank you.

19 MR. BRENNER: And thanks to both of you for

20 contributing to this process.

21 Okay. We're going to here from Cristina

22 Marie Glessner testifying as a member of the public and

23 Rosa Michnya who is also representing the public.

24 MS. GLESSNER: Hi. My name is Cristina

25 Glessner. I'm twenty-two years old and I just373

1 graduated from Susquehanna University. I'm not

2 affiliated with any group, but I came here because

3 people really matter to me and you know, these

4 regulations determine the health of people and you

5 know, that should matter to everybody.

6 I was surrounded by coal like my entire life.

7 I grew up in Carbondale, Pennsylvania which is thirty

8 minutes north of [indecipherable] and we have the first

9 underground coal mines in the nation. I played in

10 [indecipherable] piles like acres of it, that we called

11 like the black dessert at the edge of my town. I, I

12 picked coal out of my backyard and played with it. My

13 track at my high school was like the running track was

14 made of coal, like it's been around me my entire life

15 and because of that, we, we were educated about like

16 the history of coal because, you know, it was so

17 intrinsically a part of who we are, the very beginning

18 of coal mining.

19 But I actually thought that, you know, coal

20 mining didn't happen anymore because it was such a

21 tragic and disgusting part of our past, that I just,

22 you know, thought it was an interesting and horrible

23 part of our past, but that it was over.

24 And then when I went to college in Central

25 Pennsylvania, I drove by some strip mines and I said to374

1 my dad, hey, they still coal mine? Like that still

2 happens? And every since then I've just been getting

3 myself as educated on it as possible.

4 And we actually have a coal plant on our

5 campus and for the last two years, I've been fighting

6 to get rid of that coal plant to protect the health of

7 our community.

8 I -- we have a really small community at my

9 school, so like the faculty members are, are like

10 friends of mine and my friends are like family and I, I

11 volunteered at farms where, you know, I just got a

12 great opportunity to meet like the whole surrounding

13 community and they're affected by that coal plant and

14 they're affected by the coal plants that run

15 down the Susquehanna River.

16 And I have a quote by Thomas Edison. He

17 said, "We are like tenant farmers

18 chopping down the fence around their house for fuel,

19 when we should be nature's inexhaustible sources of

20 energy; sun, wind, and tide. I put my money on the sun

21 and solar energy. What a source of power. I hope we

22 don't have to wait until oil and coal run out before we

23 tackle that." He said that in 1931, even then it was

24 known that you know, there's, there's some problem with

25 what we're doing in using fossil fuels and I think375

1 that, you know, it's a shame that we had to wait this

2 long for, for these regulations and I'm really happy

3 that you guys have proposed them and thank you so much.

4 But I'd like to urge you to please, you know,

5 pass them as soon as possible and don't delay.

6 I don't think that, you know, any company can

7 say that they didn't know that regulations like this

8 were coming. Even my school, I come -- like I -- we

9 have a really small school in [Indecipherable]

10 Pennsylvania, and like when I, when I first approached

11 them and I talked to administrators about moving off of

12 coal, they, they told me that they were, you know,

13 thinking about it for years, and that they knew that it

14 was something they would eventually have to do.

15 And I, and I just think that, you know, from

16 an economic standpoint, you know, that was a problem

17 some people brought up that they were afraid for

18 economic reasons about, you know, converting or about,

19 you know, having these regulations because some people

20 might convert away from, you know, coal and oil and

21 some, you know, will just have to spend a lot of money

22 on it.

23 But I think it's something that, that has

24 been foreseen and that technology and improved in

25 advanced technology is only something that will help376

1 the country. Sticking to old technology will let other

2 countries, you know, go and find new technologies and

3 then, and then where will our country be economically.

4 So as much as you know, it, it's nice to

5 think about, you know, where we are economically and

6 trying to stay there with these old technologies,

7 moving past it, I mean it is the future and if we deny

8 that, then we deny our country a chance at improving.

9 So.

10 Thank you so much for listening to me.

11 MR. BRENNER: Thank you.

12 MS. MICHNYA: [Difficult to hear. Not

13 speaking into microphone]. Hi. I'm Rosa Michnya,

14 M-I-C-H-N-Y-A. On my way up here, someone from the

15 Sierra Club asked me to present to you this banner that

16 the children drew and I'll do that a little bit later,

17 but [Indecipherable]. We have a lot of kids here

18 today. Well, thanks. And I'll just read a few of the

19 things that they said. They didn't write all that

20 much, but one says, "I want to be healthy." This says,

21 "I'm great when you can see and breathe." This says,

22 "Same for me. It must be helping." This says,

23 "Protect the earth. Protecting the earth is very

24 important." [Indecipherable]. So we'll give this to

25 you in a minute.377

1 MR. BRENNER: And this was done by the

2 children who were here today?

3 MS. MICHNYA: Apparently, yes. The Sierra

4 Club had some children [indecipherable] results and

5 [indecipherable].

6 Appropriate enough that they gave that to me

7 since I'm a Headstart volunteer and I'll get to that in

8 a moment.

9 But first of all, thank you so much for

10 coming to Pennsylvania. We desperately need your help

11 with our old power plants and we're going to need you

12 to come back again soon to hear about Marcellus Shale

13 [phonetic].

14 But just to address mercury for today. The

15 former Chief Advisor to the World Health Organization,

16 Dr. Lars Fryburg [phonetic] said, "There is no safe

17 level of mercury and no one has actually shown that

18 there is a safe level." Environmentalist Robert F.

19 Kennedy, Jr. said, "Government scientists are

20 acknowledging that even tiny infinitesimal amounts of

21 mercury in parts per billion will cause profound

22 neurological injury in children."

23 Perhaps even worse, a paper in the Journal of

24 Pediatrics reported that neurological changes

25 associated with mercury exposure result in decreased378

1 nervous system control of heart function. At higher

2 mercury exposure levels, children were less able to

3 maintain normal variability of the heart rate for

4 proper oxygen supply to the body.

5 Yet another knock to their already

6 mercury-damaged brain and every other vital organ as

7 well and I think we all know what happens when the

8 organs of the body are deprived of sufficient oxygen.

9 The senior author of that study was from the

10 Harvard School of Public Health Department of

11 Environmental Health.

12 He also studied brain damage from prenatal

13 and post-natal mercury exposure which appeared to

14 target different areas of the brain and noted that the

15 children in the second study had only average exposure

16 levels similar to the limit set by the U.S.

17 Environmental Protection Agency at the time of the

18 study several years ago and ninety-five percent of them

19 were below the limit used by the food and drug

20 administration.

21 Sunday's article in the Philadelphia Enquirer

22 shows that the owners of the Mercer coal powered plant

23 near Trenton spent two hundred and sixty-five million

24 dollars to reduce sulfur dioxide by ninety percent, two

25 hundred and twenty-five million dollars to reduce smog379

1 causing soot by ninety-nine percent, one hundred

2 million dollars to reduce nitrogen oxides by ninety-

3 five percent and were also able to reduce emissions by

4 more than ninety percent with just ten million dollars,

5 a comparative bargain and that even adding all these

6 costs together, the Jersey plant remains profitable.

7 So the technology is there, the profits are

8 there, but Pennsylvania isn't there. And given that

9 even the remaining emissions are still cumulative and

10 unsafe is the least that any plant that continues to

11 operate here can do.

12 Another bargain is the three dollars to four

13 dollars per month the EPA estimates the mercury rule

14 would cost the typical customer according to the

15 Enquirer article. That's a very small price to pay for

16 public health. I work for non-profit. I live paycheck

17 to paycheck. I'm more than willing to pay it and to

18 protect vulnerable among us who happen to be our

19 nation's future.

20 It's no secret that the damage to the brains

21 of developing babies, children, adolescents from

22 mercury exposure can be profound and permanent and

23 physical effects -- and besides physical effects, also

24 affecting language, learning, thinking, memory,

25 attention span, and IQ's.380

1 With its air toxins spreading for hundreds of

2 miles, a Pennsylvania plant with poor pollution

3 controls like Homer City is creating a nation of Homer

4 Simpsons.

5 And not only does this take a terrible toll

6 on the effective individuals and their families, but

7 obviously there's a tremendous cost to society as well.

8 And it's not as if we have so few global challenges

9 that we can afford to continue to add to them or to

10 waste the potential of even a single individual who

11 could help solve them.

12 I'm a Headstart volunteer and I see children

13 known to have had prenatal damage from various toxins.

14 These kids are struggling and they're not even in

15 kindergarten yet. Autism and asthma are just two of

16 the many problems they have. There's one child with

17 such a short attention span, it's hard to imagine him

18 ever doing well in school.

19 When I was growing up in the sixties and

20 seventies, we did lots of projects in school on

21 pollution and now more than forty years later, kids are

22 still doing the same projects, coloring in their giant

23 posters of planet earth and so forth.

24 To kids, cleaning up pollution is a no25 brainer. Also when I was growing up, I frequently381

1 heard a powerful slogan concerning the vital importance

2 of a good education for all, but obviously children

3 with mercury damaged brains will never take full

4 advantage of even the best education money can buy.

5 That slogan was, a mind is a terrible thing to waste.

6 It still is.

7 MR. BRENNER: Thanks to both of you. I do

8 want to say while we had a panel of two members from

9 the public that one of the things we've been trying to

10 do with this process here is make sure that in addition

11 to the stakeholder groups we often hear from when

12 we're doing regulations, we wanted to try to make sure

13 we had an opportunity to hear from the public and as

14 was mentioned earlier, we've heard many very compelling

15 stories today from members of the public and thanks to

16 everybody for being willing to, to turn out.

17 The next panel is going to be Gwen Dubois and

18 Cindy Parker who are both from the Chesapeake

19 Physicians for Social Responsibility.

20 FEMALE: I think Gwen is trying to get the

21 [indecipherable], but the next person on the list is

22 here. Do you want me to go and then --

23 MR. BRENNER: Why don't we do the next panel

24 and then we'll go back to this one. Okay.

25 FEMALE: Oh wait, here she is.382

1 MR. BRENNER: Okay.

2 DR. DUBOIS: Sorry [indecipherable].

3 MR. BRENNER: No problem.

4 DR. DUBOIS: Do I sit here?

5 MR. BRENNER: Up there please.

6 DR. DUBOIS: May I introduce myself?

7 MR. BRENNER: Yes.

8 DR. DUBOIS: Okay. My name is Dr. Gwen

9 Dubois. I'm an internist in Baltimore, Maryland, and a

10 member of Physicians for Social Responsibility.

11 Well, earlier this year, Environmental

12 Maryland released an important national report on the

13 current state on mercury pollution from coal-fired

14 power plants.

15 Maryland passed one -- the Healthy Air Act in

16 2006 mandating over ninety percent reductions by 2013.

17 These are some of the toughest regulations in the

18 country and it has forced power plants in our state to

19 adopt maximum achievable mercury pollution controls.

20 Consequently, these are -- there are nineteen

21 states that emit more mercury than we do and none of

22 our coal-fired power plants made the list of the twenty23 five worst mercury polluters.

24 Bad news is that we are downwind of heavy

25 mercury emitting states lacking their own tough383

1 regulations. On the top ten list is Pennsylvania,

2 number two, Ohio, number three and West Virginia number

3 four. Five of the worst twenty-five plants in the

4 country are in Pennsylvania where -- when, when power

5 plants emit mercury, as you all know, some will fall

6 locally, some regionally and some globally.

7 Well, we have benefitted from a clearing up

8 emissions from our own power plants, we are still

9 subject to the mercury pollution that comes from these

10 heavy polluters.

11 When children and pregnant women consume fish

12 and seafood, they will be ingesting food that is

13 contaminated in part from the emissions of coal-fired

14 power plants that are not regulated with maximum

15 achievable pollution controls.

16 While we cannot do anything about regulations

17 in other countries, other than boycotting their

18 products, we can and should do all we can to protect

19 our own food supply and our people as best we can.

20 Mercury, I'm sorry, I have this thick

21 Baltimore accent. Mercury, as we all know, is a

22 serious neurotoxin that can damage the intellectual

23 potential of neonates, young children and even effect

24 in utero exposure and impaired intellectual development

25 can leave a legacy of lifelong income deficit for that384

1 child and diminish the quality of life for these young

2 victims who we have failed to protect.

3 Now more than fifty percent of domestic

4 produced mercury comes from coal-fired power plants, as

5 you all know. And twenty-five percent is deposited

6 within the continental U.S. And, and this is what we

7 strongly support that the EPA proposals to more strong

8 regulate emissions from hazardous air pollution as well

9 as a criteria of pollutants coming from coal-fired and

10 oil-fired power plants be regulated.

11 We cannot wait for regulation control to

12 proceed state by state and pollutant by pollutant.

13 When we let the industry control pollutions,

14 complaining that pollution controls are too costly, we

15 the public end up paying the cost in illness and

16 disability, premature death and the case of mercury,

17 lifelong loss of income.

18 We also pay the cost of medical bills that

19 lead to higher healthcare cost.

20 We need the EPA to be free to do its job and

21 protect our environment.

22 Finally, as an internist, I deal with

23 illnesses that are caused by or exacerbated by

24 inadequate control of air pollution.

25 Particulate matter, ozone, sulfur dioxide,385

1 nitrogen -- sulfur dioxin, nitrogen oxides, lead,

2 dioxin, chromium, arsenic, mercury, leading to heart

3 disease, arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation,

4 strokes, asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer, breast

5 cancer, lymphoma, infertility, endometriosis,

6 Parkinson's, and maybe Alzheimer's. How many of these

7 illnesses could have been prevented with better

8 environmental regulations.

9 The medical community needs the EPA to be

10 able to fully regulate to the maximum achievable

11 pollution controls and we, therefore, support these

12 changes and regulations.

13 Thank you very much.

14 MR. BRENNER: Thank you.

15 DR. PARKER: Hi, I'm Cindy Parker. I'm a

16 Physician and also on the faculty at Johns Hopkins

17 Bloomburg School of Public Health and Environmental

18 Health. I'm a Public Health and Preventative Medicine

19 Physician. I specialize in environmental health and so

20 when I first kind of started thinking about how to

21 prepare and I was thinking oh I've got to review all

22 the studies and put together all the information. I

23 thought, no I'm going to talk to the EPA. You guys

24 know all this.

25 So, I, I think we, we drove up here from386

1 Baltimore because we think this is very important and

2 you would not believe the traffic -- well you probably

3 would believe the traffic on ninety-five, but just

4 because we wanted to lend our support.

5 We know that when you're allowed to do what

6 you're supposed to do, you do a really great job of it

7 and we just want to make sure that you have the medical

8 community behind you, supporting what you do to make

9 these regulations as strong as possible.

10 We know you're going to get a lot of flack

11 from industry. They always fuss and stamp their feet,

12 but the power plants haven't gone out of business yet

13 and it's unlikely that they will, so we just want to

14 encourage you to, you know, to, to -- don't cave to

15 them. Do what's right to protect our public's health

16 and we support you.

17 Thank you.

18 MR. BRENNER: Thank you very much. I, I do

19 want to say we have heard from many members of the

20 medical community today which I've been impressed by

21 because I know how difficult it is to break away from

22 your practices and your teaching to do that and I bet

23 we've had ten or fifteen members of the medical

24 community testify today. All of which has been very

25 helpful, so thank you for that.387

1 Okay. Next we have two more members of the

2 public. Jeff Player and Lisa Hastings. Welcome.

3 MR. PLAYER: Good evening. My name's Jeff

4 Player, P-L-A-Y-E-R. I'm a master builder by trade,

5 live with a lot of codes and regulations and I like

6 them because they make the playing field even for

7 everybody. If my competitors have to follow, I have to

8 follow, then it's just good business practices.

9 I want to speak especially -- I see a little

10 gray hair on the chairman [indecipherable] speaking to

11 some of the younger ones and these young ladies here

12 because I want to put things in perspective a little

13 bit.

14 My grandmother lived from horse and buggy

15 days to seeing a man land on the mood. You know? And

16 now that I'm over half a century old, I see that things

17 that I thought were really, really a long time ago

18 really weren't that long ago.

19 And we have a history with coal and oil and

20 all these things, it's really a short time frame and

21 we've learned to used them and get energy and all these

22 things out of them, but it's relatively very short time

23 in the history of mankind and in the history of the

24 world, you know?

25 We see what they do. Okay? We -- pollution388

1 is measurable. You have all the technical reports on

2 that. Now one of the worst things about getting older

3 is to see the things that are known for a long time.

4 We knew about what smoking did to people's lungs and we

5 get five experts to say uh-uh [negative] and the other

6 ones says uh-huh [affirmative], you know and but there

7 was a thousand scientists for every one scientist that

8 knew it was bad, you know. So we know some of these

9 things are bad and they're measurable.

10 We also have technology now that solves a lot

11 of these problems. You know fixes a lot of these

12 problems. And you know all about those things, you

13 know.

14 So I'm trying to just put some perspective

15 here. You know, there's theoretical engineering and

16 then there's empirical. The beam doesn't bend a little

17 bit, it's probably dangerous, get off of it, you know.

18 So I, I guess I'm preaching to the choir. I

19 would say let's -- we got vast reserves of this stuff.

20 We've got a relatively short time using it. I want to

21 encourage you strongly to, to you know, stick to you

22 guns on this and, and you know, really feel good about

23 it.

24 A lot of people want this stuff to happen.

25 Kind of felt sorry for you guys living under the Cheney389

1 presidency when they wanted to try to make the EPA

2 disappear and they've tried to starve it and get rid of

3 a lot of senior people and stuff through early buy-

4 outs, but I want to encourage the young people to

5 really provide the leadership, get these regulations in

6 effect. Makes an even playing field that everybody's

7 got to deal with the same economics.

8 For some of the young people, a lot of our

9 land grant colleges, like Rutgers and everything arose

10 out of the dust bowl days. We did a lot of bad

11 agricultural practices that destroyed things and they

12 couldn't get any regulations passed for the longest

13 time, until there was such a bad dust cloud that they

14 basically kept Congress filibustered for a while to

15 keep them all in attendance to the point that the dust

16 bowl darkened D.C. and finally they did something about

17 it, you know.

18 So one of the things again, my son's just

19 recently graduated college and what surprised me is how

20 little science education the politicians have to have.

21 Newscasters have to have, artists have to have anymore

22 and so it becomes those talking heads are saying one

23 thing and these talking heads are saying another thing,

24 you know, and every once in a while, I see a real hero

25 come on, you know? Elliott Spitzer did so much to390

1 clean up the financial business until he decided to

2 become governor and he had a downfall, but all I'm

3 saying is, you know, go down fighting. You know?

4 You, at the EPA, I want to encourage you

5 strongly. You're doing great work. You were put in

6 [indecipherable] for the last eight years, you know, to

7 a large degree, and you know, we need heroes that kind

8 of make this stuff happen and let's have a long life.

9 We're going to use energy for a long time. Let's use

10 it wisely, burn it cleanly, and even the playing field

11 and good luck and do your best to educate those

12 politicians. They don't have the technical

13 background, so work them, work them, work them and

14 that's all I have to say. Good luck.

15 MR. BRENNER: Okay. Thank you.

16 Ms. Hastings.

17 MS. HASTINGS: Hi, my name is Lisa Hastings

18 and I'm here speaking for myself.

19 I worked for the Department of Environmental

20 Quality In Arizona for a dozen years and I've remained

21 pretty much, well it's before and after that very

22 involved with what's going on.

23 And I'm here to strongly urge you guys to

24 adopt and enforce the proposed national air pollution

25 standards for mercury, air toxics, and particulates,391

1 all of them. They all need to be adopted without delay

2 or compromise and you know, I have experience working

3 environmental quality and I do know that polluting

4 parties have always claimed that there's always good

5 reason to not do it and that new environmental

6 standards and equipment cost too much. They claim that

7 the emission controls on cars would make it so people

8 couldn't buy cars.

9 It's an old story. But after they're finally

10 adopted, it doesn't work to do it, anything voluntarily

11 but once they're finally in law, they have to do. They

12 adapt and I personally saw many times when in order to

13 comply, they would re-look at their processes, come up

14 with new efficiencies. You know, once something became

15 standard technology, it became cheaper. Sometimes they

16 ended up saving money frequently. I had businesses in

17 Arizona that would scream and yell at me and then would

18 end up saving money, so please don't give up.

19 Another thing that the pollution people --

20 and I haven't heard this lately, but I expect it to

21 come out, this -- the false claim that environmental

22 standards and environmental protections are at odds

23 with the economy and that they're bad for the economy

24 and this is simply is not true.

25 These -- you, you know, these standards are392

1 an investment in our health and welfare and even an

2 investing in some more businesses.

3 I would love to be able to eat farm-raised

4 fish that were farmed in Pennsylvania, but the mercury

5 content at this point is too high. Many things that

6 pollution is bad for the economy and we know it's bad

7 for our health.

8 Unfortunately, protecting the public health,

9 the welfare and the viability of other businesses is

10 not the mission of electric power plants and, and for

11 that reason we need EPA to go through with these and

12 the -- it's the only way it will be done and we need

13 it.

14 MR. BRENNER: Thank you both for coming here

15 tonight. Okay. We have Stephen Shapiro from the

16 Chesapeake Physicians for Social Responsibility and

17 Hollister Knowlton from the National Council for

18 Churches and Quaker Earth Care Ministry.

19 MR. SHAPIRO: Hi. I'm Steve Shapiro. I'm

20 actually representing both the Chesapeake Physicians

21 for Social Responsibility and also a Psychologist for

22 Social Responsibility. I'm a psychologist at Johns

23 Hopkins University in Baltimore and I work with

24 children and families and so I want to give you that

25 perspective. I think -- I imagine you've heard from393

1 some psychologists I hope who have come to talk about

2 the implications of -- you have? Okay good.

3 So I'm actually here to talk about some

4 synergistic effects and I'll be very brief.

5 I work with kids and families who live in

6 poverty. They have inadequate access to resources.

7 They live in substandard housing. They live with

8 chaos. They go to substandard schools. They eat

9 poorly and add the toxicants that we're talking about

10 here this evening that you've probably been hearing

11 about all day, into that mix and there's quite a bit of

12 synergy and there's actually quite a bit of research

13 now that bears this out.

14 You've heard some, some about the IQ

15 reductions and developmental motor and learning

16 disabilities, ADHD, hyperactivity is associated with

17 both the social and genetic factors and also the toxics

18 that we're talking about; mercury and cadmium and some

19 of the others from coal burning.

20 It turns out the anti-social behavior is

21 correlated strongly with these toxicants and so

22 ultimately the, the findings show -- and I'll, I'll

23 just read a few of them. Mental retardation and

24 emotionally disturbed children have high levels of

25 cadmium, aluminum and nickel in their systems394

1 typically. Violence is associated with higher levels

2 of mercury, arsenic, and lead in their bodies.

3 Learning disability risks are associated with air --

4 being close sited, close to air pollution facilities

5 including coal-fired power plants.

6 Acting out, disturbed peer relations, and

7 immaturity in classrooms are related to metal

8 combinations including mercury, arsenic, cadmium and

9 aluminum. These are all well researched psychology

10 studies.

11 Air pollutions associated with high risk for

12 schizophrenia which is a fairly recent finding which

13 has been corroborated through several studies now, and

14 of course, depression and anxiety are associated with

15 all this and so reducing coal related toxicants

16 actually might have significant effects on things like

17 mental retardation, emotionally disturbed children, and

18 adults, violence, crime, anti-social behavior,

19 substance abuse, school failure, job failure, social

20 relationship difficulties and so ultimately this is not

21 just talking about physical health. This is really a

22 social, psycho social health issue and I'm very

23 strongly suggesting that if you do your jobs, you'll

24 have an effect not just on our health and well being,

25 but also on our psycho social functioning for thousands395

1 of kids and families including those with whom I work.

2 Thanks.

3 MS. KNOWLTON: My name is Hollister Knowlton,

4 H-O-L-L-I-S-T-E-R and the last name is like knowledge,

5 K-N-O-W-L-T-O-N. I'm a member of the Religious Society

6 of Friends which is more familiarly known as Quakers.

7 The faith community to which William Penn, the founder

8 of Philadelphia belonged.

9 Quakers are a relatively small denomination,

10 but one that has had influence disproportion to their

11 size on such issues as abolition of slavery, women's

12 rights and prison reform.

13 As a, as a Quaker I serve in a number of

14 different ways, but I'm on Philadelphia yearly meetings

15 economic and environmental justice working group. I

16 served for ten years on the National Quaker Earthcare

17 Witness Board and I'm a member of the National Council

18 of Churches, Eco Justice Working Group. Excuse me.

19 National Council of Churches, headquartered

20 in New York City, represents thirty-seven denominations

21 and more than forty-five million people around the

22 United States.

23 I'm here to thank EPA for formulating this

24 ruling and to submit that the reduction of airborne

25 mercury and other air toxics is a moral issue and it's396

1 a justice issue.

2 As people of faith, I believe we are called

3 to insure justice for the most vulnerable among us and

4 to serve as stewards of God's creation.

5 The air toxics addressed in this rule have

6 been shown to result in serious impacts on people. My

7 companion here certainly illustrates that, but also on

8 communities and on non-human species and the fragile

9 biosphere.

10 We believe it's unacceptable and immoral to

11 sacrifice our children's health and their future for

12 the sake of current consumption patterns and lifestyle

13 choices and that the integrity of this planet is a

14 precious gift whether you believe in God or not. It is

15 a miracle and it is amazing that we have it.

16 And it is our collective responsibility to

17 take care of it. We believe it's imperative to insure

18 that all children have the opportunity to grow up in

19 communities free from such environmental hazards.

20 We base this testimony on the knowledge that

21 coal-fired power plants are the largest source of

22 mercury emissions responsible for more than fifty

23 percent of them.

24 And the proposed, proposed rule I understand,

25 according to EPA would reduce mercury emissions from397

1 power plants by over ninety percent and as Director

2 Brenner mentioned in his statement this morning, by

3 2016 would prevent up to seventeen thousand premature

4 deaths. If you think about how many would be saved had

5 we done this back when the Clean Air Act was passed,

6 you can multiply that by five and we're talking close

7 to a hundred thousand.

8 There are other facts and figures I'm sure

9 you have heard many, many times, but again, as people

10 of faith and I speak for that community, we're

11 especially concerned about the effects of airborne

12 mercury on low income and vulnerable communities;

13 people often do not have a voice especially on children

14 and the unborn.

15 Studies estimate that nearly fifteen percent

16 of child bearing age have blood mercury concentrations

17 higher than the level considered safe for fetal

18 development, putting as many as six hundred and thirty

19 thousand newborns each year at risk for serious

20 developmental impairment.

21 So we're very much in support of the proposed

22 rule. It would go a long way to protect children,

23 communities and the earth's commons; the air, water and

24 land, on which all life depends.

25 We ask that you not weaken the standards.398

1 I'm sure you don't want to. I, we support you. And do

2 not delay the release of the final rule. Thank you for

3 this opportunity to speak.

4 MR. BRENNER: One quick thing, Dr. Shapiro.

5 DR. SHAPIRO: Yes.

6 MR. BRENNER: To the extent there are studies

7 that you mentioned or information available that you

8 want to send to us for part of the record --

9 DR. SHAPIRO: Sure.

10 MR. BRENNER: If you're aware of them, that

11 would be very helpful to us to have those references.

12 DR. SHAPIRO: [Indecipherable].

13 MR. BRENNER: That would be fine. Thank you.

14 All right. Next we have Georgina Shanley

15 from the Citizens United for Renewable Energy and

16 Steven Fenichel from the same group.

17 MS. SHANLEY: Good evening. My name is

18 Georgina Shanley and I want to thank you very much for

19 your dedication and your patience and your graciousness

20 for being here all day long and treating everybody so

21 respectfully.

22 And it's almost like a no-brainer that we

23 should have higher standards for, for the release of

24 toxic chemicals and I don't see where anybody should

25 have a quibble about that, but I suppose in the land of399

1 the blind, the one eyed man is, is king or the one eyed

2 woman is queen for balance.

3 But we're here today and we come from Ocean

4 City, New Jersey, which is about eight miles south of

5 Atlanta City and we formed a group, Citizens United for

6 Renewable Energy after the gulf oil spill and that

7 whole catastrophe was a result of lack of oversight and

8 regulations.

9 And we really implore you while you have this

10 opportunity to enforce the highest standards to protect

11 all of us and to protect the environment and we happen

12 to live in the shadow of a coal plant for the last

13 twenty-six years; the B.L. England plant and our

14 community, Ocean City, is ranked number fourteen in

15 mortality risk according the Clean Air Task Force of

16 September of last year.

17 So our neighboring community where the coal

18 plant is housed, get a six million dollar tax rebate

19 for producing energy, but we get all the soot and all

20 the mercury and all the diseases and illnesses. So

21 there's something very strange going on there.

22 And what we've come up against in trying to

23 shut down this old plant, it started in the early

24 `60's, it's one of the oldest in the whole country.

25 What we came up against was jobs and the economy and400

1 there's only employees at this stage by fifty people

2 right now and we also came up against the six million

3 dollar rebate for, for the communities and the

4 communities are hurting all over.

5 We're ranked also -- the B.L. England plant is

6 ranked number five in the state for toxic emissions.

7 So, and twenty-nine pounds of mercury is

8 released every year from it and it's what, one

9 seventieth of a teaspoon contaminates a twenty-five

10 acre lake and so we're all at risk and according to the

11 Harvard Medical Study of February of this year, the

12 public health costs related to coal are a hundred and

13 seventy -- between a hundred and seventy-five and five

14 hundred billion dollars a year.

15 And this coal plant is situated right on the

16 bay. So what we have is not only the water being

17 contaminated, the air being contaminated, we even have

18 thermal pollution with tropical fish in that area.

19 Unique fish that are kind of specific for that

20 temperature of water and the conditions there.

21 So we're up against the big forces. We're up

22 against the industry and you're up against the

23 industry. We need you very much and you need us very

24 much and I think if we can all stick true to our

25 principles and we, like this gentleman said previously,401

1 if we can all go down fighting, at least we will have

2 left a legacy without a conscience because in the end,

3 we really can't eat money.

4 You know, I -- that's about all I have to

5 say. Everybody else covered everything else and thank

6 you very, very much.

7 MR. BRENNER: Thank you.

8 DR. FENICHEL: Good evening ladies and

9 gentlemen, commissioners of the EPA. I'm Dr. Steven

10 Fenichel. I'm a Physician and I'm very involved with

11 physicians organization called Physicians for a

12 National Health Program.

13 And I saw it with the whole health care

14 reform discussion that a politician who brought along a

15 lot of people with lots of hopes knew as a candidate

16 what the American people needed for healthcare reform,

17 but when he became elected, it was off the table. It

18 wasn't politically feasible.

19 I really appreciate what you commissioners

20 are up against. I understand that today, the ratio is

21 something like eighty-four citizens speaking for

22 regulations on mercury emissions and a handful speaking

23 for not having such regulations.

24 So, and I imagine it will be the same in the

25 cities where other hearings will take place, Chicago402

1 and Atlanta I understand are coming up as well. So

2 that the only thing that could change what the people

3 are hoping for in your representation of our voices

4 will be in evidence.

5 Otherwise again, the sorry state of what

6 happened with the whole healthcare issue where there

7 are forty-five thousand unnecessary deaths each year,

8 of people that don't have any healthcare.

9 Until there is at least healthcare as a human

10 right and not a marketplace commodity, you're hearing

11 is very important because those people who get sick by

12 the toxic emissions from these, these plants and there

13 was an incredible film, a video called Burning our

14 Future, which showed the people in West Virginia who

15 live under this mountaintop removal and the sludge that

16 they get out of their tap water and one poor man, who

17 didn't have health insurance had to take some chemo

18 therapeutic medications out of this tap water which was

19 the cruelest irony of all.

20 So, I wish you strength and, and all of

21 whatever it would take for you to be -- as that man

22 before -- the heroes that we all are looking for in, in

23 this society where a lot of people cynically can feel

24 that we have the best government that money can buy.

25 This could be a beacon of light to show that not every403

1 aspect of our government is controlled by money.

2 Thank you very much.

3 MR. BRENNER: Thank you for that. I do want

4 to say one thing in response. First of all, to agree

5 with what you said in terms of the, the number of

6 citizens who have been here. The extent and the

7 Pennsylvania, Jersey, Maryland area of citizen activism

8 and civic engagement is really very impressive and

9 we've been fortunate to have the advantage of that and

10 as part of this, this process and the ultimate

11 decision, this is very a transparent process. There is

12 a website, regulations.gov where first of all, of

13 course, you've heard about the testimony here and

14 you'll be able to see it in, in the docket that is at

15 that website. You'll be able to see what was said at

16 the other hearings, but when the comments come in, by

17 early July, they will all be available on that website

18 also and you'll be able to see what different people

19 have said about the rule and then be able to compare

20 the ultimate decision that we make to the comments we

21 receive, so you'll be able to hold us accountable to

22 see if we did it right.

23 MALE: I think you're doing God's work.

24 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Thank you. All

25 right. Miranda Outman who and Martin Hage who are both404

1 members of the public testifying tonight.

2 MS. OUTMAN: Hi.

3 MR. BRENNER: Hi.

4 MS. OUTMAN: Thank you -- I want to thank

5 everybody for hearing all of these testimonies. My

6 name is Miranda Outman and I'm really here just to

7 speak in my capacity as a private citizen and as the

8 mom of a very wonderful little boy.

9 My son, Noah, would have you know two things.

10 First of all, he's not four, he's not four and a half,

11 he's four and three-quarters and second of all, mercury

12 the planet is not bad, but mercury the chemical is.

13 And one of the things I've realized as a

14 parent is that I can be profoundly careful about what

15 foods I feed my son. I can turn off the TV and read to

16 him for hours, which we do every day. But there is

17 nothing in my power that I can do about the air that he

18 breathes and about the neurological effects that it has

19 and for that we rely, really exclusively on our elected

20 and governmental officials, so I wanted to really both

21 thank the people who are here tonight and all day

22 listening to all of these testimonies and I really

23 believe taking them to heart, but also to speak for the

24 record to those elected officials who stand to vote on

25 these matters and to say that I think everyone vote --405

1 everyone campaigns in the interest. Everyone campaigns

2 in the name of children and of families and this issue

3 is something that will leave a lasting legacy to better

4 the lives of countless generations of children and

5 those children and their mothers will thank you for it.

6 Thank you.

7 MR. BRENNER: Thank you.

8 MR. HAGE: Hello. Thanks guys for being

9 here. Just take that moment that everyone seems to be

10 taking at the end of the day to say it's been a long

11 day. Thank you for being here.

12 I'm sure you've heard lots of repetition

13 throughout the day and so I'll keep this brief.

14 My name is Martin Hage. I'm thirty-one years

15 old. I live in Philadelphia and I've had cancer two

16 times in my life. When I was fourteen, I had a grand

17 mal seizure and discovered I had a brain tumor.

18 Luckily I found out early enough that I was able to

19 stop spreading to the rest of my body.

20 And then four years ago I found out I had

21 testicular cancer. You know, these are just things

22 that have happened. I'm young and those things have

23 happened to me at a young age and I know that that's

24 not typical, so I feel that my voice is unique and that

25 I, you know, have something that you should hear about.406

1 There's no history of cancer in my family and

2 my doctor couldn't tell me this is why you had this

3 happen to you, but my environment was definitely listed

4 as a potential reason. Things that I dealt with

5 growing up in my environment that I had nothing -- that

6 I couldn't control anything about. Very likely at

7 least had something to do with, with having cancer.

8 But that doesn't really -- I mean that

9 doesn't matter. What, what matters is the EPA has a

10 mandate to protect me from any pollutant deemed harmful

11 to human health. Mercury is without question harmful

12 to human health. In fact, according to many

13 toxicologists, there's no safe level of mercury that

14 could be in my body, so it's hard for me to imagine why

15 anyone would be opposed to limiting mercury coming from

16 power plants.

17 And, and there's really no acceptable reason

18 not to implement this rule. Thousands of citizens will

19 be saved each year from doing so. Billions of dollars

20 in healthcare costs will be saved. I mean, I don't

21 quite see what's saved by not implementing this rule

22 and it, it better be more than profits from, you know,

23 polluting energy companies that, that that's what's

24 stopping this from passing.

25 And so I would just like to conclude by407

1 asking the EPA to protect people's health and not

2 polluter's profits.

3 Thank you.

4 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Thanks for coming

5 this evening. One more person registered to testify,

6 Ann Dixon also from the public and then if there's

7 anyone else who has not had an opportunity to testify,

8 but would like to, if you come on up to the front row,

9 you can follow Ann.

10 MS. DIXON: Ann Dixon, A-N-N, D-I-X-O-N from

11 Philadelphia. I'm really impressed that the panel

12 actually looks awake after this day. It's very, it's

13 very nice. You're not on your cell phones, you know.

14 It's, you know I really appreciate that.

15 Let's see. So as another person said, I'm

16 happy to testify in favor of mercury and air toxics

17 rule. This is a no-brainer. Of course a rule that

18 will curb emissions of arsenic, lead, chromium,

19 nitrogen oxide, should pass. Of course a rule that

20 will reduce mercury from power plants by ninety-one

21 percent should pass. Of course, cutting sulfur dioxide

22 emissions by fifty-three percent should happen.

23 And other people have listed the health, the

24 health effects from this emissions. I personally know

25 dozens of asthma sufferers. This will make -- this408

1 will improve their quality of life tremendously.

2 This also makes good economic sense. I won't

3 repeat what's on the EPA has already said about

4 healthcare cost savings, but I agree with that.

5 And also I envision companies wanting to

6 relocated to the U.S. because of the cleaner air.

7 And as Chief Jackson says, this rule will

8 create green jobs.

9 MR. FABRIKANT: Hello, my name is Jay

10 Fabrikant, F-A-B-R-I-K-A-N-T. I have no prepared

11 remarks. I didn't mean to claim the last spot and

12 maybe it's not, but I studied human ecology at Rutgers

13 Cook College. I graduated in 1994 and we studied

14 environmental policy and at that time there wasn't too

15 many jobs available and I applied to the EPA. There

16 was nothing available, and so I got a job in the

17 financial community where I've been working for the

18 last fifteen years.

19 And that's become my career and now I'm

20 trying to get back into the world that I studied.

21 And so I started reaching out and got

22 involved in the Sierra Club and now I find myself up

23 here talking to you which is pretty great.

24 I grew up in Central Jersey and we -- turns

25 out, a guy my age died of brain cancer. My father died409

1 two years ago of oral cancer. He was not a smoker.

2 Two -- a girl that grew up with me died -- two -- both

3 of her parents by the time she was twenty-five years

4 old. We have an unknown cancer cluster in New Jersey.

5 As I've gotten older, you could -- as someone

6 said, you know, time doesn't seem so long. Right? We

7 grew up three to four miles from Super Fund Site. We

8 used to be -- I felt really motivated and studied human

9 ecology in school to try to do something about this.

10 Applied to the EPA, couldn't get a job -- so here we

11 are now and it's amazing to sort of study and look back

12 at the issues and everything is almost the same. It

13 moved so incredibly slow.

14 How is it that we didn't do something like

15 you're proposing fifteen years ago or ten years ago.

16 In the seventies, they passed the Clean Air Act. Huge

17 public support. Huge fighting and battles and you guys

18 are going to come up against the folks screaming is it

19 jobs or the economy. How long are they, how long has

20 that argument been around for? That's been around a

21 long time. It was around twenty years ago when I was

22 in college.

23 Emission standards, cap and trade, you know,

24 the Chicago Climate Exchange. We're trying things.

25 The Kyoto Protocols in Europe. I've been living in410

1 Paris for the last six months. They hand out one

2 plastic bag to you at the grocery store. You got to

3 Wal-Mart here, everything is double bagged. What's

4 going on?

5 They just -- there was an article in the New

6 York Times about the, the disintegration of plastic in

7 the oceans and the sludge it's creating.

8 We're moving too slow, you know. We're

9 moving too slow, so stick -- stand up to these guys you

10 know. Pass this thing. I'm going to definitely be

11 following the issue, do some writing on it possibly,

12 get more involved and try to get lots of other people

13 involved too because as you've heard from everybody

14 here, it's -- people are getting sick, sicker and we

15 have solutions, so good luck. Thanks.

16 MR. BRENNER: Thank you. Well I think we've

17 heard from roughly a hundred people today and we have

18 been incredibly fortunate to be able to get the type of

19 perspectives we received as I've eluded to a couple

20 times today. It's, it's not the typical set of

21 comments that we will get on, on a rule making that we

22 do, especially one as complicated in some ways as this

23 one is, but we also heard from a number of people what

24 kind of impacts this rule would have on, on their lives

25 and why it's important to them and we can't thank you411

1 enough for being willing to take the time to prepare

2 some very thoughtful testimony and to make your way

3 here to deliver it.

4 So thank you for that and good night.

5 (Hearing adjourned.)

6 (Off the record.)

7

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25412

1 STATE OF COLORADO )

2 ) ss. CERTIFICATE

3 COUNTY OF DENVER )

4

5 I, Christopher Boone, Certified Electronic

6 Court Reporter and Notary Public within and for the

7 State of Colorado, certify that the foregoing is a

8 correct transcription from the digital recording of

9 the proceedings in the above-entitled matter.

10

11 I further certify that I am neither counsel

12 for, related to, nor employed by any of the parties

13 to the action in which this hearing was taken, and

14 further that I am not financially or otherwise

15 interested in the outcome of the action.

16

17 In witness whereof, I have affixed my

18 signature and seal this 14th day of June, 2011.

19

20 My commission expires August 16, 2014.

21

22

23

__________________________________________

24 Christopher Boone,

25 AAERT Certified Electronic Court ReporterPUBLIC HEARING REPORTER'S TRANSCRIPT



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### A

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144:25 absence (3) 16:21;163:9;214:21 absolutely (7) 49:16;51:1,9;75:23; 141:25;200:1;268:18 absorb (1) 370:3 absorbing (2) 21:18;278:8 absorption (1) 33:8 Abt (1) 61:21 abundant (3) 52:25;54:2;112:20 abundantly (1) 46:13 abuse (1) 394:19 Academy (7) 100:15;150:12; 193:15;240:10,16,18;243:4 Accelerating (1) 269:9 accent (1) 383:21 accept (2) 50:5,6 acceptable (5) 49:9;89:14;95:6,17; 406:17 accepted (1) 9:13 accepting (7) 5:7,13;187:8;273:8; 278:17;336:14,23 access (5) 57:21;59:22;214:23; 250:25;393:6 accident (1) 294:19 accolades (1) 332:7 accommodate (6) 7:23;123:6; 189:10,14;190:4;339:7 accommodates (1) 118:10 accompanied (1) 9:8 accompany (1) 138:24 accomplishments (1) 231:4 accord (1) 120:13 according (30) 12:10;17:21;42:18; 44:20;59:10;64:12;89:24;

101:5;128:16;223:1;282:10,11; 283:10;310:6,18;311:5,8;

313:18;316:6;319:12;321:18, 18;323:12;343:25;358:4;

379:14;396:25;399:15;400:10;

406:12 Accordingly (2) 276:10;278:6 account (7) 75:6;109:12;146:20; 202:13;215:16;258:9;314:18 Accountability (2) 100:24;327:25 accountable (7) 13:11;81:13; 131:25;132:15,23;174:8;

403:21 accounted (1) 314:23 Accounting (3) 100:23;219:9;

220:11 accumulate (4) 60:2;173:4;215:13; 241:11 accumulates (3) 53:20;72:7,18 accumulating (1) 172:17 accumulation (1) 72:12 accurate (1) 11:5 accurately (1) 205:24 accusing (1) 109:21 achievability (3) 285:15;286:1;

316:10 achievable (17) 31:5;34:6;68:8; 69:21;91:15,22;99:2;115:25; 116:22;118:9;159:4;162:23; 244:10,11;382:19;383:15;

385:10 achieve (13) 32:16;65:6;70:14; 78:25;91:18;116:12;159:11; 161:9;193:7;196:13;304:21; 317:1;361:4 achieved (14) 33:4;34:6;57:22;65:4, 7;92:13;100:25;101:1;104:24;
161:11;165:6;230:16;243:12;

315:18 achievement (2) 151:20;193:9 achieving (1) 33:24 ACI (3) 194:16,18;316:9 acid (66) 3:8;18:23;24:10,16;26:20, 25;28:14;45:13,24;63:24; 65:25;79:15;93:23;101:12;

104:16,16;113:18;116:8,16,17,

18,25;117:4,12;121:10;124:13; 125:25;159:17;171:21;176:8;
180:10;181:1;184:15;191:13; 192:17,22;193:2;194:23;

203:19;219:3,25;220:1,10,10, 15;228:4;243:10;251:20; 252:5;262:17;274:1;289:15;

291:22;294:19;296:1;302:14;

307:16;311:10,13;317:2;334:5; 341:20;342:17;358:18;359:5;

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369:13 acidic (2) 128:23;191:6 acidifies (1) 86:21 acids (5) 71:4,5,17,20;225:18 acknowledge (3) 236:11;254:9;

319:22 acknowledges (1) 88:14 acknowledging (1) 377:20 acre (4) 27:13;45:20;86:20;400:10 acres (7) 45:17;55:5,7;277:21; 313:20;351:9;373:10 across (35) 14:21,21;15:14;25:12; 29:3;36:9;63:16;67:3;69:19; 76:16;85:10,20;87:7;100:21; 105:6,9;125:9;128:1;140:22; 144:8;145:15;159:25;160:9;

190:22;193:13;221:12;230:16; 232:9,14;283:1;313:6;342:7; 345:10;354:9;357:13 act (75) 2:22;3:3;12:25;13:1;19:11; 28:12;31:3;32:2,9;33:21;
54:11;56:14;63:12;66:4;67:1; 69:18;70:9;73:2;74:1,11,12;

78:17;79:4;91:14,20;92:9,13; 99:1,3;104:24;123:3,4,11; 126:12;127:2;131:2;139:22; 140:12;155:7,24;159:2,8,11; 160:23;171:5;175:5;176:8; 177:22;178:17;184:9;191:1; 192:2;218:24;228:15;242:23;

254:16;256:13;258:13;273:18; 281:23;282:1;284:11;289:8,8;

302:10;305:7;312:19,24;327:3; 341:12;345:1;361:8;382:15; 397:5;409:16 acted (1) 114:11 acting (5) 44:11;54:14;116:3; 176:10;394:6 action (21) 12:23;17:5;44:13;57:12; 60:19;62:5;81:23;104:23; 119:5;129:9;161:22;165:24; 236:20;243:3;250:21;260:23; 270:5;273:6;284:6;320:3;

346:19 actions (3) 104:8;114:16;204:12 activated (8) 33:5;65:21;100:19; 125:22;194:13;271:8;315:25;

349:11 active (7) 26:4;72:18;112:9; 169:16;251:1;255:13;347:19 actively (5) 104:19;191:2,10; 192:5;255:11 activism (2) 344:19;403:7 activists (1) 26:8 activities (5) 110:25;156:16;195:3; 340:21;352:12 activity (7) 24:23;61:25;214:1; 218:9;285:23;340:13;359:14 acts (5) 10:19;104:15;164:3; 238:5;279:9 Act's (1) 317:21 actual (2) 176:25;297:14 actually (35) 23:22;83:17;88:13; 132:7;142:12,19;143:2,25;

144:18;147:8;179:20;197:12; 198:4;210:17;227:23;253:16; 256:2;260:1,2;272:2;282:18, 21;309:9;323:16;329:13; 347:19;349:9;373:19;374:4; 377:17;392:20;393:3,12; 394:16;407:12 acute (5) 44:25;64:18;114:25; 151:13;193:20 acutely (2) 86:23;358:11 Adam (5) 22:22;23:3;25:23; 356:12,15 adapt (3) 75:3,8;391:12 add (10) 82:22;94:21;95:6;97:17; 192:6;247:10;271:8;337:2; 380:9;393:9 added (2) 12:24;349:11 adding (3) 66:9;344:5;379:5 addition (17) 3:2;4:8;6:16;16:15; 17:13;26:25;44:24;142:9;

163:1;188:12;200:20;273:25;
299:19;307:14;333:22;338:1;

381:10 additional (18) 15:4;22:18;70:6,11; 82:25;83:3;89:21;113:21;

117:1;119:12;123:7;126:12,15;

187:8,11;189:18;249:5;277:15 additionally (9) 29:7;113:20;

116:11;123:14;171:17;175:16; 191:12;192:16;290:1 address (18) 17:10;32:6;76:17;
92:3;115:21;144:7,19;161:18; 164:14;171:13;199:10;253:1; 269:10;271:6;299:16;303:6; 351:10;377:14 addressed (9) 29:21;40:9;69:10; 124:2;140:13;159:7;163:19; 304:13;396:5 addresses (1) 74:14 addressing (6) 10:4;32:20;85:12; 142:3;163:15;236:8 adds (1) 271:11 adequate (6) 46:20;92:10,11; 94:13;253:1;322:4 ADHD (1) 393:16 adhere (2) 34:1;220:6 adjourned (1) 411:5 adjust (1) 339:11 adjusted (2) 138:10;305:9 adjustments (4) 8:3;134:21;190:4, 5 administration (13) 5:1;29:9;57:12; 79:4,8;170:25;186:16,17;

278:21;279:13;336:7,8;378:20 administrations (1) 80:21 administration's (1) 278:15 Administrator (11) 8:19;23:20; 50:13;57:3;70:8;76:18;78:4; 82:24;90:18;234:2;244:19 administrators (1) 375:11 administrator's (1) 90:22 admire (1) 133:8 admissions (2) 291:24;310:10 admit (2) 56:11;92:19 admitted (1) 143:10 adolescent (1) 318:5 adolescents (2) 240:21;379:21 adopt (7) 32:19;40:25;111:24; 180:8;360:3;382:19;390:24 adopted (6) 31:9;151:19;162:13; 164:17;391:1,10 adopting (1) 152:25 adoption (3) 56:18;76:21;78:3 ads (1) 209:17 adult (11) 200:6;214:14,15;217:4; 293:13,17,20;294:9,17;296:25;

350:10 adults (14) 64:6,9;99:17,20;128:15, 20;155:16;176:17;204:18; 240:22;247:7;327:2;370:17;

394:18 advance (4) 93:2;101:16;166:5;

214:16 advanced (5) 125:19;192:11; 278:12;302:18;375:25 advancement (1) 279:10 advancing (1) 26:4 advantage (4) 143:20;353:6; 381:4;403:9 advantages (2) 90:14;224:14 adverse (6) 112:25;113:12;115:4; 253:15;289:4;357:9 advertisement (1) 12:14 advertizing (1) 209:13 advice (2) 226:3;298:9 advise (1) 71:2 advised (3) 39:14;200:23;214:1 Advisor (1) 377:15 advisories (31) 27:20;45:18;55:3; 60:7,9,10,18,21,24;61:1;100:4, 5;157:3;160:12,13;172:9;

241:24;263:25;290:1;297:25;

298:16;299:3;308:13;313:19, 21;315:10;329:14,17;331:5; 351:16;358:5 advisory (11) 16:13;55:10;100:11; 103:6;171:24;191:3;297:15,21; 299:8;351:12;352:10 advocacy (6) 23:10;26:1,3;62:17; 112:19;229:5 advocate (9) 73:11;127:23;174:23; 224:6,7;230:3;261:9;262:25;

357:11 advocated (1) 224:11 advocates (1) 248:11 advocating (2) 98:20;145:5 aerospace (1) 325:6 aesthetic (1) 226:23 affairs (1) 77:22 affect (16) 15:1;60:10;97:4;136:4; 144:8;162:2;173:17;186:5; 194:3;204:6;235:19;270:19;
303:15;343:1;354:21;362:16 affected (13) 9:19;45:2;59:12; 124:11;157:2;181:13;186:3; 219:24;313:18;365:7;372:11; 374:13,14 affecting (3) 149:11;303:23;379:24 affects (13) 3:18;28:4;40:15;94:24; 149:24;153:7;193:11;194:5; 199:5;242:5;289:5;314:13;

357:10 affiliate (1) 210:19 affiliated (1) 373:2 affiliates (3) 9:1;14:15;29:3 affiliation (3) 5:22;187:24;337:13 affluent (1) 361:10 afford (14) 73:19;77:25;78:1;81:3; 94:25;201:1;242:22;243:20;
266:9;286:7;309:5,5;352:20;

380:9 affordability (1) 94:23 affordable (6) 19:16;88:7;141:8, 14;202:5;279:23 aforementioned (2) 57:20;129:10 afraid (4) 56:1;134:6;235:16;

375:17 African (15) 58:7,10,21;59:1,4,17; 60:12;244:25;250:14;251:2,5; 253:9,12,16;357:16 African-American (1) 57:25 aftermath (2) 139:7;299:18 afternoon (38) 139:21;158:8; 174:18;179:2;182:22;183:5;

188:5;190:17;195:15;202:19;

206:13;217:10;221:19;229:18; 233:24;237:19;240:7,12;

249:18;251:4;255:5,12;265:25; 273:5;280:11;288:14,18; 296:10;300:13;306:2,23;

311:17;318:16;326:15;331:11, 20,23;353:5 afternoon's (2) 187:21;189:21 Afzal (4) 275:17,21;280:11,12 again (39) 8:7;47:18;62:8;99:9; 108:8;143:14;144:6;147:19; 170:5;178:15;180:8;183:1; 189:9;190:6;191:11;200:3; 204:24;207:15;230:1;255:7;

266:18;268:1;272:25;275:23; 281:2;286:1;287:4;309:13; 317:16;328:7;332:9;338:6; 364:16;372:11,12;377:12; 389:18;397:9;402:5 against (22) 29:9;71:6;103:24; 139:1;156:19;157:20;179:8;

223:20;237:12;258:17;261:5;
349:24;368:12,16;399:22,25;

400:2,21,22,22;401:20;409:18 age (32) 16:9;38:5;45:3;48:22;
49:15;59:18;77:3;80:1;84:25; 99:17;140:3;152:8;153:15;

193:13;221:21;223:3,4;225:11, 20;228:6,10;239:8;297:17; 299:1,14;300:1,6;317:24;

362:14;397:16;405:23;408:25 aged (2) 41:24;322:23 agencies (4) 30:18;73:21;100:3;

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292:3 Agency (37) 2:4;13:2;18:18;19:20; 23:6;29:15;68:24;89:23;90:13; 92:23;93:8;94:10;109:17; 111:16;115:20;136:2;146:20, 21;152:23;156:18;170:16; 211:2,6,6,7;228:13;244:18; 255:1;288:24;289:2;312:13; 326:24;332:21;345:16;346:6; 362:21;378:17 agency's (6) 88:22;89:10;90:16; 91:2;280:25;357:3 agenda (2) 195:24;337:17 agents (1) 281:6 ages (1) 313:12 aggravated (3) 36:16,16;193:19 aggravates (1) 129:5 aggressive (1) 164:21 aggressively (1) 41:1 aging (3) 178:6;262:15;308:25 ago (39) 14:17;19:10;46:1;55:13; 79:1,13;96:7;97:19;109:3; 133:18;149:23;155:2,7,23; 156:10,21;167:22;170:22;

175:22;183:12;216:11;232:25; 245:17;284:14;293:16,20,23;

312:16;341:11;348:14;361:13; 378:18;387:17,18;405:20; 409:1,15,15,21 agree (8) 68:23;141:1;199:1;
223:18;260:24;277:18;403:4;

408:4 agreement (3) 286:25;287:4;

354:13 agreements (2) 287:9;354:8 agrees (1) 118:22 agricultural (1) 389:11 agronomy (1) 191:15 AG's (1) 148:10 ahead (18) 8:8;62:14;112:5;121:1; 122:6;145:25;166:14;174:17; 190:7;210:1;224:4;229:17;

251:11;288:13;339:15;344:11, 15;355:12 aid (1) 232:6 ailments (2) 217:23;224:12 aimed (1) 218:3 air (594) 2:6,14,18,20,22,23,23,24;
3:3,8,9,10,11,21;4:25;11:16,17, 22;12:1,5,9,11,21,25,25;13:18, 20,22;14:8;15:20,25;17:5,14,

17;18:4,19,24;19:3,9,11,14,15, 23;20:1,3,10,13;21:2,3,5,10; 22:1,7,21;23:2,5,8,9,14;24:4;

25:3,7,20;26:5,10,18;27:2,4,4,
16;28:10,11,12,16;29:11;30:9,

15,17,22,25;31:1,2,24,24;32:2,

14;33:21,24;34:2,21;35:1,4,14, 16;36:5,6,7;37:8,17,22,23; 39:23;40:18,23;41:15;42:12, 25;44:5;45:13,25;46:17;47:5;
49:2,3,8,15;51:13;54:11;57:4,
6,8,10;58:3,4,8,16;59:5,10,12; 62:25;63:10,12,12,18,19;64:5; 66:4;67:1;69:18;70:9;72:7;

73:2,10,16,25;74:2,11;75:2,7;

76:4;78:14,17,18,22,24;79:10; 80:14;81:6,7,10,11;84:8,13;

85:7,12;86:1;87:4;90:20;91:14, 16,20;92:3,8,9,13;93:3;94:11;

96:3;98:9,13,17,20;99:1,7,22;

101:8,19,20,20,21;104:14,15,

17,20,24;110:19,22,24;111:3,

14,16,20,24;112:11,20,22,24; 113:6,8,12,14,16,17;114:3,9,

18,20;115:2,4,5,9,16,22;116:1,

5,6,10,14,14,18;117:25;118:13, 23;120:6,8,15,23;122:12; 123:3,4,10,11,24;124:12;

126:21;127:2,5;128:7;129:7; 131:2;134:15;135:2;138:22;

139:4,11,12;140:8,12;141:18;
142:3;143:2,4,22;144:2,9,13,

22,23,25;145:4,11,16;146:13,

23;154:11,20,22,24;155:1,4,7, 24;156:8,22;158:14,17;159:2,

8,11,13,19,23;160:10;163:21; 164:3,12;168:6,14,20;170:9; 171:4,5;174:3;175:3,5,20;

176:2,7,9,13;177:2,22;178:8, 17;179:10,12;180:22;181:2;

183:17,20,23;184:2,4,5,9,15,

16,18,19;186:15;190:11,18,24;

191:1,4,6,20,20,23;192:1,2,20, 22;193:25;194:4;195:2,11; 196:14;197:1;199:7,19,24;
200:21;202:11,16;203:1,4,6, 18;204:9,10,11,13;205:1;

207:21;208:4;209:5;211:18,22; 212:8,11,13,17;213:3,16,20; 214:4;215:11;216:4,10,10;

217:17,17,21,25;218:18,22,24;

219:8,10,12,14,18,21,24;220:5, 11,13,19,25;221:1,6,7,10; 222:12;223:14,19,20,22,24;

224:8,11,14,14,15,20,25;226:8, 11,22;228:2,14,15;229:6,9; 235:21;237:14;238:1,4,10;

239:1,15,18,21,22,24;240:23;

241:6,8,10,16,21;242:10,13,15,

18,23;243:1,21,23;244:5,12,20; 245:4;246:8,20;247:11,14; 249:7,20,21,23;251:8,16;

252:12;253:14;254:5,10,16,18; 258:12;266:12,17;272:10; 273:8,18,19,22,23;274:3; 280:23;282:1,14;284:15,24; 288:12,20;289:1,2,5,7,8,19;

290:23;291:1,7;292:3;293:11; 295:7;298:4;299:12;300:17; 301:7;302:10;304:22;305:7; 307:8,13,14,19,21,23;309:3; 311:24;312:8,18,19,22,24; 313:3;314:10,16;315:8,24; 316:6;317:15,21,22;319:17; 322:14;333:7,10,14,17,23; 334:4,5,7,8;336:6;340:10,10,

16,21;341:1,4,9,12;342:1,8,9; 343:10,16,19;344:25;345:2;

346:11,20;347:3;353:1;356:20,

22;358:15,16;359:3,20;360:11, 21;361:12,13;362:15;363:21; 365:16,18;369:13;380:1; 382:15;384:8,24;390:24,25; 394:3,4,11;395:25;396:5; 397:5,23;399:15;400:17;

404:17;407:16;408:6;409:16 airborne (7) 12:24;20:18;143:22; 146:3;291:4;395:24;397:11 airway (3) 106:23;108:22;112:24 airways (2) 35:7;107:12 al (2) 283:21;339:17 ALA (1) 67:14 Alana (1) 9:8 ALARA (1) 244:9 alarm (1) 238:22 alarming (2) 39:17;223:6 Alaska (1) 196:19 Albert (2) 339:20,24 Alcott (1) 231:12 Alex (2) 306:22;309:8 Alexander (5) 297:5;300:12,13,14; 306:19 Alfonso (2) 221:16,20 algae (1) 270:25 Alicia (2) 154:5;158:9 aligned (2) 31:2;135:5 Allen (1) 101:6 allergies (2) 71:6;111:6 Allergy (1) 291:13 Alliance (3) 83:11;250:17,25 allied (1) 112:16 allies (1) 103:24 allow (12) 35:19;64:21;68:16; 89:11;126:16;161:6;195:18; 197:2,3;257:12,13,21 allowable (1) 294:8 allowed (6) 19:9;155:5;158:23; 207:20,25;386:5 allowing (5) 74:3;125:8;200:5; 258:11;365:24 allows (3) 116:17;125:7;126:12 alloys (1) 342:20 almost (14) 59:9;85:14;90:21; 91:12;125:10;214:15;284:3; 301:4;314:20;328:9;356:4; 364:18;398:22;409:12 alone (10) 20:23;61:23;141:7; 143:8;231:16;246:9;252:18; 268:4;278:2;308:12 along (13) 55:2,3,18;71:11;107:6; 165:22;198:6;236:5;274:20;

276:18;345:11;366:22;401:14 altering (1) 197:5 alternative (3) 178:11;276:8;

279:10 alternatives (3) 104:6;135:17;

295:11 although (10) 57:13;60:18;88:10; 135:25;155:6;162:15;185:12; 189:17;298:20;360:18 altitude (1) 102:18 aluminum (2) 393:25;394:9 always (7) 71:2;136:2;214:15; 271:22;386:11;391:4,4 Alzheimer's (1) 385:6 amalgam (1) 262:10 amalgams (1) 281:6 amazed (1) 370:4 amazing (3) 292:13;396:15;409:11 ambient (5) 81:7;92:8;94:11; 179:12;291:1 amended (3) 54:11;78:17;127:2 Amendments (12) 19:12;63:13; 67:1;155:6,23;191:1;242:23; 302:10;312:19,25;341:12;

361:13 America (19) 26:2;37:1;46:10;55:8; 69:2;102:3;107:1,25;108:4;

196:7;233:21;234:11;279:23;
280:6;312:12;321:19;322:23; 323:12;353:2 American (73) 4:9;8:12;11:12; 12:11,14;19:23;34:17;35:11;

37:2,18;39:9;45:3;47:13;54:3; 58:22;59:1;62:12,17;63:5;

76:10;78:10;93:11;100:14,15; 110:1;112:3,14;114:2,19;

115:8,11;128:16;136:14;175:7; 177:8,9;185:20;205:1;225:10; 228:9;240:10,16,18;242:21; 243:4,23;244:25;251:2,5;

271:23;283:7;291:14;297:17, 19;298:18;306:13;310:6; 311:5;313:2;319:12;335:7;

339:17,21;340:4,7;341:11,25; 342:13;347:9;357:13;360:19, 22;401:16 Americans (31) 11:21;12:24;18:17; 44:12;47:19;58:6,7,11;59:4,17; 60:12,14;81:22;99:8;177:5; 238:20;250:15;253:9,12,16; 274:21;299:7;311:3;312:10; 329:4;352:17;357:14,17; 359:10;360:17;361:9 American's (2) 10:5;99:1 America's (6) 25:16;35:19;114:23; 156:4;279:22;308:25 amniotic (3) 227:7,9,11 among (17) 9:21;43:2;44:25;58:23; 64:18;123:25;171:16;230:20;
297:16;299:5;302:21;310:20; 315:8;358:9;363:14;379:18;

396:3 amongst (3) 163:5;346:22,22 amount (22) 4:15;26:23;27:22;40:3; 86:18;90:2;106:18;129:16; 140:10;148:6;152:13;155:4; 161:1;178:10;186:4;201:22; 223:11;244:20;265:13,20; 335:19;366:18 amounts (13) 99:14;160:4;166:13;

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171:11;172:5;222:10;245:1; 257:6;274:2;284:2;307:22; 358:19;377:20 amphibians (1) 173:5 ample (1) 279:22 AMS (1) 289:1 AMS' (1) 289:3 amuck (1) 302:3 Amy (3) 260:15;263:3;271:16 A-N (1) 369:12 analogous (1) 165:14 Analysis (35) 2:11;10:8,11;44:20; 64:12;68:21,22;69:10;88:21,

22;89:9,24;91:2;92:5,24;93:17, 18;94:5;148:18,20;183:16; 225:13;254:1,4,6;260:9,12; 283:11;306:9;314:17;316:10, 25;333:4,9,10 analyzed (1) 231:9 ancestors (1) 264:24 and/or (1) 276:8 Andover (2) 230:5,7 anemic (1) 200:16 anglers (2) 60:11;351:5 angles (1) 222:4 angry (2) 202:6;222:2 anguish (1) 41:22 animal (2) 200:14;214:14 animals (2) 214:15;363:25 Ann (4) 288:12;407:6,9,10 A-N-N (1) 407:10 Anna (2) 86:12,13 annex (1) 29:4 announced (2) 21:12;335:16 announcement (1) 315:20 annual (7) 17:16;126:22;243:18; 303:2;344:1;359:16,18 annually (10) 3:23;4:3;91:5;151:12; 185:5,10;313:24;319:19; 334:20;335:2 another's (2) 275:25;280:4 Anthony (2) 122:5;127:21 Anthracite (1) 275:16 anthropogenic (1) 161:4 anticipated (1) 123:20 anti-fossil (1) 278:18 anti-social (2) 393:20;394:18 anxiety (1) 394:14 anxious (1) 138:1 anymore (3) 167:16;373:20;

389:21 apart (1) 77:19 apologies (1) 182:25 apologize (3) 22:21;76:8;320:14 apparent (1) 231:10 apparently (3) 348:9;367:25;377:3 appeal (1) 236:19 Appeals (1) 158:20 appear (1) 278:19 appeared (1) 378:13 applaud (10) 29:14;37:21;105:2; 107:19;108:8;110:1;141:16; 153:23;170:16;244:18 applauds (1) 360:1 applicable (1) 33:10 applied (5) 113:10;194:18;195:2; 408:15;409:10 applies (1) 286:18 apply (3) 140:23;145:1;329:17 appointed (1) 250:18 appreciable (1) 335:22 appreciate (12) 48:3;57:13;62:7; 63:1;146:5;199:16;234:8;

249:19;280:22;299:16;401:19;

407:14 appreciation (2) 221:4;239:6 appreciative (2) 57:1,3 approach (6) 159:2,10;234:19; 293:7;325:8;360:2 approached (1) 375:10 approaches (1) 66:9 appropriate (15) 11:6;90:19;93:18; 95:16;105:3;115:21;118:12,20, 22;130:23;164:13;243:1; 296:4;312:21;377:6 appropriately (3) 83:13;116:16; 159:7 Approximately (6) 47:7;64:15; 106:10;276:11;308:6;316:8 aquatic (1) 172:16 archives (1) 231:5 area (21) 5:15;8:10,16;48:7,8; 60:15;78:12;97:2;103:21;

187:15;191:12;217:19;249:6;

260:10,11;307:2;321:14;337:5; 348:21;400:18;403:7 areas (12) 54:24;56:9;58:7;121:7; 124:6;150:5;164:7;246:14; 264:1;276:20,21;378:14 argue (4) 51:17;74:25;88:17;

243:13 argument (3) 36:23;237:10;409:20 arguments (1) 256:18 ARIPPA (11) 275:17,20;276:3,9; 277:20,24;278:4,6,10;280:8;

293:4 ARIPPA's (1) 276:4 Arizona (2) 390:20;391:17 Army-Navy (1) 325:11 aromatic (2) 79:16;341:17 arose (1) 389:9 around (20) 21:6;38:17;49:6;55:17; 67:10;145:15;162:24;212:22; 226:7;271:1;272:18;299:20; 357:6;366:4;373:14;374:18; 395:21;409:20,20,21 arrange (1) 52:1 arrhythmia (1) 181:5 arrhythmias (1) 385:3 arsenic (45) 3:7;4:25;12:1;17:16, 16;18:23;26:16,20,25;28:13; 40:10;45:13;63:22;65:22;

79:14;184:14;186:16;203:16; 214:7;216:16;219:1;221:13; 228:3;241:7;251:19;252:4; 272:10;273:25;289:14,23; 298:4;302:13;307:15;322:19; 334:4;336:6;341:19;342:21;

358:17;363:13;370:13;385:2; 394:2,8;407:18 art (1) 282:5 arteries (1) 294:22 article (10) 96:15,15;98:4;141:4; 150:11,13;226:20;378:21; 379:15;410:5 artists (1) 389:21 ascertain (1) 168:14 ascertainable (1) 44:16 ascribe (1) 253:18 ash (4) 132:6,10,14;146:24 Asian (1) 60:14 Asians (1) 299:7 aside (1) 331:2 aspect (4) 10:8;211:17;337:24;

403:1 aspects (5) 5:8;186:24;227:7; 281:13;336:15 Asperger's (1) 238:8 assembling (1) 177:12 asserts (1) 91:10 assess (3) 242:24;253:22;254:2 assessing (1) 33:13 assessment (7) 31:20;62:6;89:7; 160:25;219:13;289:19;304:20 assessments (1) 295:25 assets (2) 92:3;270:6 assigned (3) 4:22;186:12;336:3 assist (1) 192:24 assistance (1) 71:11 Assistant (3) 115:16;174:19;

303:17 Associate (4) 2:14,17;183:19;

333:7 associated (18) 36:18;82:11;

101:17;120:2,16;139:8;173:7;

242:4,10;284:1;321:24;357:10; 377:25;393:16;394:1,3,11,14 Associates (1) 61:21 Association (29) 8:12;11:13;12:14; 14:5;30:17;34:18;35:11;62:12,

17;67:21;76:10;78:10;100:14; 128:17;150:9;183:23;275:17; 276:5;303:2;310:6;311:5;

319:12;339:18,21;340:4;342:1, 13;347:9;348:6 associations (1) 100:13 Association's (3) 12:11;63:6;340:7 assuaged (1) 138:11 assume (1) 207:17 Assuming (2) 99:7;294:13 assumingly (1) 138:16 assure (1) 109:10 assuring (1) 42:15 asthma (110) 13:23;19:5;20:24,25; 24:20;25:1;27:6;35:8;36:16; 37:12;40:16;41:13;42:4,7;

44:23;50:19;58:21,22,24;59:2, 19;64:7,16;71:6;75:24;76:3; 79:20;80:2;113:3;114:24; 120:16,24;129:5;130:3;151:16; 171:16;176:21;181:6;193:19;

199:20;202:23;203:8,24;204:3, 5,6,6,18;211:25;216:19; 217:23;218:4;219:4;220:23;

223:16;224:16;228:19;234:15; 238:5;241:13;242:12;243:18, 19;244:4;245:9;247:6,7; 248:16;249:9;252:6;270:22; 274:5;291:10,13,15;300:2;

307:25;310:11,13,16,19;311:5;

314:1;317:24;318:2,6,9,14,17, 21,22,24;319:2,15,20;320:4; 340:11;343:21;344:3;351:2; 358:8,21;359:12;366:20;

371:23;372:5,11;380:15;385:4;

407:25 asthmatic (1) 266:17 Aston (1) 97:2 astounding (1) 130:1 ate (4) 61:6,7;84:15;352:19 athletes (2) 129:3;211:21 athletically (1) 371:23 Atlanta (7) 2:9;57:16;183:10; 201:12;332:24;399:5;402:1 Atlantic (4) 11:13,16;14:7;264:1 atmosphere (8) 12:5;35:14;49:12; 220:2,12;222:8;273:14;283:2 atmospheric (2) 86:22;220:3 atrial (1) 385:3 attach (2) 185:8;334:24 attached (1) 305:24 attachment (1) 330:1 attachments (1) 125:1 attack (13) 37:12;42:7,7;86:24; 218:12;235:5;267:2;283:14; 310:9,11;311:4;318:6,17 attacks (51) 14:1;17:23;19:5;20:24, 24;24:19,20;27:6;35:8;36:15; 41:14;44:22;58:23,24;64:15, 16;79:20,21;108:20;113:2; 114:22;119:8;130:3;151:12;

171:15;176:20,21;203:8;204:6, 11,20;216:21;218:5;219:4; 220:21,23;223:16;270:22; 274:5;307:25;314:1,1,13; 319:20,20;343:22;344:2,3; 358:22;359:12,13 attain (1) 17:20 attainment (2) 213:23;290:25 attempt (3) 180:14;231:25;278:15 attend (2) 228:25;322:1 attendance (1) 389:15 attended (1) 292:16 attending (2) 2:2;74:8 attention (16) 34:14;55:18;80:11; 119:20;194:7;222:23;234:3;

242:5;274:13;309:20;321:22;
332:6;335:18;366:24;379:25;

380:17 attentive (1) 304:12 attributable (3) 88:22;160:10,21 attributed (3) 20:15;21:1;157:1

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attribution (1) 83:14 Au (4) 96:3;98:8,8,13 A-U (1) 98:9 auction (1) 303:12 audience (1) 72:6 augmented (1) 117:23 August (3) 16:21;248:16;303:16 author (1) 378:9 authorities (1) 305:7 authority (5) 74:17;123:6;126:13, 14;289:6 autism (14) 238:8,12;267:15,19,22; 268:1;348:7,9,15;349:13; 350:12;356:3;366:22;380:15 autistic (3) 350:10,15;356:8 auto (1) 51:6 automatic (1) 169:17 availability (2) 251:9;312:12 available (35) 4:20;5:9,15;6:4;

19:16;31:21;33:15;35:22;46:9; 89:2;92:3;114:17;115:6; 124:14;127:15;171:8;178:5;
186:10;187:3;189:18;194:22; 248:24;282:25;285:6;304:21, 25;315:24;316:1;336:1,19;

337:4;398:7;403:17;408:15,16 average (20) 56:7;58:2;95:13;

118:9;123:25;125:9;205:14,15; 219:16;246:9;247:3,4;293:13, 17,19;294:9;296:5,24,25;

378:15 averaging (2) 125:13;276:11 avid (3) 127:23;235:7;351:1 avoid (9) 79:2;80:13;126:17; 138:21,22;171:25;172:12; 201:2;220:20 avoided (7) 99:2;119:7;200:24; 217:3;233:5;362:2;368:11 avoiding (1) 114:23 awake (1) 407:12 aware (9) 6:2;29:22;183:3,7; 212:8;224:9;356:1;370:6;

398:10 awareness (5) 297:15,21;298:15; 299:8;330:5 away (13) 12:19;55:20;64:3;69:14; 96:11;157:6;220:8;231:14; 315:6;319:4;363:22;375:20;

386:21 awesome (2) 324:22;325:2



### B

babies (18) 9:18;45:5;53:8;73:12; 77:1,5,10;82:17;209:15;
222:14;225:15;233:10;237:2; 269:13;307:9;309:18;313:13;

379:21 baby (15) 71:9;175:22;206:16;
207:5;224:23,24;227:8;233:7; 261:25;266:13,15;309:5; 324:23;363:10,16 bachelor's (1) 191:15 back (32) 6:14;103:11;121:23;

138:7;139:17;142:20;147:21; 171:3;181:14;182:22;184:1; 212:12;263:11,14;267:19;

273:2;275:15,18;293:8,8,13;

315:5;327:3,21;330:18,20,23; 377:12;381:24;397:5;408:20;

409:11 backed (2) 182:10;349:24 background (10) 144:18;183:4; 195:21;208:22;300:19;324:6; 326:8;327:9;332:18;390:13 backs (1) 361:6 backsliding (1) 321:13 backwards (1) 304:12 backyard (2) 102:21;373:12 backyards (1) 364:9 bad (21) 40:8,18;97:12;108:21; 112:21;113:8;134:13,19;

153:14;212:11;340:21;341:1; 382:24;388:8,9;389:10,13; 391:23;392:6,6;404:12 bag (11) 65:24;101:8;142:15,20,23; 143:8,23;144:1,2;145:21;410:2 bagged (1) 410:3 balance (3) 215:6;368:7;399:2 balanced (3) 111:10;124:4;301:8 balancing (1) 345:1 bald (2) 39:9,11 baloney (1) 109:24 Baltimore (4) 382:9;383:21;386:1; 392:23 ban (1) 73:2 Banford (5) 62:12;68:2,3,4;70:18 Bangor (1) 87:7 bank (3) 55:18;202:13;299:10 banned (1) 139:10 banner (1) 376:15 bar (1) 303:2 bargain (2) 379:5,12 barn (1) 97:1 barrier (4) 72:15,15;214:21,25 barriers (2) 33:24;298:17 base (2) 302:21;396:20 baseball (1) 38:18 based (33) 9:4;13:6;16:14;22:15; 31:18;32:10;56:25;65:3;68:9,

18;89:7;90:21;123:17;139:24;

144:25;162:22;175:19;182:17;

209:13;214:14;237:10;245:22; 250:2;255:15;276:5;278:22;

279:22;290:11;304:7;335:15; 359:2;366:6;369:16 baseline (2) 46:16;92:14 basic (4) 181:20;206:22;348:18;

363:17 basically (6) 134:21;168:7;200:11; 295:12;362:19;389:14 basins (1) 308:13 basis (14) 34:8;69:8;89:17;90:16; 91:7;126:16;232:8;242:19; 258:22;272:3;294:7;301:20; 318:23;359:16 bass (5) 39:14,18;60:3;61:7;

102:23 battle (1) 108:7 battled (1) 319:1 battles (1) 409:17 battling (2) 13:19;81:8 bay (1) 400:16 beach (1) 239:7 beacon (1) 402:25 beam (1) 388:16 bear (3) 80:20;241:18;323:21 bearing (21) 16:9;45:3;77:3;193:13; 223:3;224:22;225:11,20;227:1; 228:6,10;231:8;233:11;244:4;

297:17;298:9;299:14;300:1,6; 362:14;397:16 bears (2) 80:25;393:13 beautiful (9) 38:22,25;39:13;54:25; 233:15;272:17;292:8;366:9,25 beauty (8) 142:15;143:5,6,15,18; 145:11;146:1;351:24 beaver (1) 329:18 became (5) 156:23;371:15;391:14, 15;401:17 become (16) 49:9;61:1;73:16; 81:20;86:22;156:24;157:23;

200:9;218:17;272:1,21;279:18; 287:5;340:5;390:2;408:19 becomes (2) 285:21;389:22 becoming (2) 153:9;156:25 bed (1) 248:4 beef (1) 352:20 Beesley's (1) 319:5 beg (2) 217:4;266:23 began (7) 75:2;185:25;189:4; 248:9;249:8;368:1;371:12 begin (12) 5:22;6:25;44:1;67:5; 165:5;187:25;188:21;272:21;

285:11;337:13;338:11;341:12 beginning (3) 4:3;179:17;373:17 begins (4) 49:19;52:20;242:7;

364:7 begun (3) 32:19;195:10;335:12 behalf (35) 15:11;18:12,16;22:9; 23:5;26:7;30:20;34:20;41:7;

43:9,11,24;68:4;73:11;112:13; 115:11;122:6,8,12,21;158:11; 170:7;195:15;199:11;210:18;

211:21,24;212:1;222:1;230:2; 235:1;275:2;288:22;350:23;

356:23 behave (1) 342:25 behavior (4) 15:2;356:8;393:20; 394:18 behavioral (2) 138:3;173:11 behind (4) 41:25;191:19;339:10; 386:8 beings (1) 210:18 belching (1) 48:18 belief (4) 42:23;52:19;248:6;368:7 believes (4) 9:9;10:19;164:8;301:8 belong (1) 260:24 belonged (1) 395:8 beloved (1) 261:15 below (4) 230:15;264:11;296:25; 378:19 belt (1) 107:6 bend (2) 304:11;388:16 beneath (2) 248:4,6 beneficial (4) 142:11,11;143:12; 278:12 beneficiary (1) 269:6 benefit (19) 21:7;74:19;88:21;91:2, 5,8;92:14;93:16,18;111:21;

112:10;129:25;153:16;163:11; 172:8;175:6;205:20;298:10;

347:4 benefits (71) 3:24,25;4:3,5,18;

10:12,14,15;11:1;19:17;24:24; 25:7;29:13;44:17;86:9;88:17, 22;90:25;91:11,19;92:12,16, 17,22;93:8,20;94:2,3;95:9;

114:19;115:6;117:8;119:4,7, 13;177:6;180:22;185:7,8,17; 186:8;191:11;194:3,4,6;

205:17;226:4;250:4;251:7,18;

252:14,17,22;254:21;277:5,9;

278:25;279:20;312:15;314:2,3, 6,8;334:22,22;335:2,3,22; 344:1;359:16;360:10 benefitted (1) 383:7 benzene (8) 63:24;79:15;169:11; 203:13;216:14;219:1;341:15;

343:6 Bergey (5) 76:7,11,12;82:14;83:7 Berkeley (1) 271:14 Berra (1) 147:19 beside (1) 23:3 Besides (2) 17:16;379:23 best (23) 28:1;37:16;84:6;102:16; 111:9;116:25;117:7;119:16;

136:3;189:20,25;194:21;195:2; 203:18;222:2;271:7,23;303:1; 339:7;381:4;383:19;390:11;

402:24 bet (1) 386:22 Bethel (1) 232:11 better (27) 23:4;31:1;40:24;43:15, 16,18,19;93:12;105:18;108:4, 6;113:11;117:13;198:22;

243:23;255:18;271:25;284:24; 285:19,20;324:5;337:24; 350:11;351:21;385:7;405:3;

406:22 Beyond (4) 83:23;126:15;164:22; 173:4 biblical (1) 52:19 big (12) 19:17;72:1;132:17,19; 168:3,3;202:16;285:9;322:7; 327:6;372:7;400:21 biggest (6) 9:14;40:15;75:24; 78:21;249:23;269:6 bike (3) 38:16,17;372:12 bikes (1) 38:18 biking (1) 110:23 bill (8) 48:9;97:17,18;168:7;

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226:16;265:18;271:16;284:15 billboards (2) 209:19;210:3 Billings (6) 62:11,14,15,16,24;

67:15 billion (31) 4:1,2,7;16:19;25:5; 36:20,22;88:15;89:4;91:5,12; 93:2;130:9;148:12,14,23,24;

177:3;185:9,10,14,15;243:20; 252:19,19;284:3;314:5;335:2, 5;377:21;400:14 billions (2) 132:23;406:19 bills (1) 384:18 Binda (3) 266:2;267:6,17 binding (1) 215:1 binds (1) 266:21 Bingham (1) 14:16 bioaccumulate (1) 160:17 bio-accumulate (1) 298:12 bioaccumulates (1) 360:24 bio-accumulates (1) 86:25 bioaccumulation (1) 364:8 bio-accumulation (1) 364:3 bio-accumulative (1) 16:5 biochemist (3) 292:12;294:18;

347:15 biochemistry (1) 156:12 bio-diversity (1) 173:1 biologist (3) 102:8;227:3;299:25 biology (1) 156:13 bio-magnify (1) 298:12 biosphere (1) 396:9 biota (1) 163:18 bi-partisan (2) 78:16;127:3 birding (1) 239:7 Birds (5) 157:6;172:22;173:4,15;

239:2 birth (24) 14:2;19:4;27:6;45:5; 79:19;86:8;113:4;171:15;
203:8;216:21;221:24;222:15; 233:7;236:16;238:5;241:12; 244:3;245:10;274:4;307:25;

321:21;343:14;358:21;364:14 bit (25) 6:14;14:12;15:18;135:25; 147:7;154:14;170:22;183:4;

190:2;205:6;212:14,22;229:23;
242:17;267:16;288:17;297:10; 326:9;332:17;355:22;376:16; 387:13;388:17;393:11,12 bituminous (1) 194:17 BL (9) 133:24;134:1;237:22;319:5, 7,19;366:14;399:13;400:5 black (18) 59:21;142:15;143:5,6,15, 18;145:11;146:1;147:14,16,17; 247:2;250:18,22;326:17; 328:12,13;373:11 Blackfeet (1) 352:16 bladder (1) 342:22 blame (1) 345:12 blamed (2) 60:20;368:10 blanket (1) 100:11 blast (4) 143:14;144:16,17,24 blasted (1) 145:16 blasting (4) 140:4;143:16;144:7,11 blatant (1) 72:2 bleeding (1) 135:5 blessed (1) 21:14 blessing (1) 42:10 blew (1) 134:1 blind (1) 399:1 blindness (1) 309:22 blink (1) 267:2 block (1) 268:24 blood (20) 16:9;53:9;77:4;110:14; 133:17;137:24;193:14;201:22;

214:21;222:13;262:8;283:8,22, 25;310:2;322:24;323:3; 346:23;355:6;397:16 Bloomburg (1) 385:17 blow (5) 134:25;135:2;213:21; 278:15;279:24 Blowing (2) 275:25;280:4 blue (5) 39:7,11;132:10;134:4;

284:22 bluegill (1) 61:7 board (14) 69:19;96:3;98:9,13; 101:19;171:3;179:16,18;

213:11;229:20;230:17;328:4; 340:6;395:17 boarder (1) 230:8 boards (1) 198:11 boat (2) 16:12,18 bodies (16) 22:3;42:15;72:7,10; 87:10;105:9;129:11;161:2;

163:21;222:12;228:11;235:15; 260:25;313:6;330:11;394:2 body (17) 21:21;42:14,14;61:11; 81:10;155:19;200:16;201:16; 215:23;222:3;223:4;315:10;

368:6;378:4,8;405:19;406:14 Bogi (3) 174:17;179:1,2 Boiler (4) 62:13;68:5,6;316:2 boilers (5) 66:8,9;125:9;277:3;

307:20 bold (2) 107:20;108:10 bonafide (1) 35:19 Bonyon (1) 268:9 book (2) 215:20;227:5 border (6) 103:5;231:16;232:22; 354:15,18,20 borders (3) 36:9;132:8;171:19 born (17) 21:11;53:8;66:25;73:13; 77:10;104:3;129:23;208:10;

225:15;233:9,10;244:3;263:9, 10;266:13;343:13;372:18 borne (1) 243:16 borough (1) 357:24 borrowing (1) 168:24 Boston (1) 266:5 both (82) 6:6;11:5;31:14;34:20; 43:6;48:9;62:10;75:6;76:6; 80:21;83:6;95:24;101:25;

105:18,23;112:1;120:25;124:4; 131:9;135:24;136:1,5;137:9; 146:21;152:1;154:2;166:16;

170:13;171:6,21;172:7;174:15;

175:13,25;182:2;188:7;199:15; 206:7;209:22;213:5;221:15;

224:21;233:18;234:24;240:6; 249:13;255:13;258:6;265:24;

275:13;284:17;285:25;288:8; 296:22;297:1;301:14,24;

305:12;311:16;320:6;324:6,24;

325:11;326:1,14;337:20;347:5; 356:9;357:9,24;363:1,10; 371:13;372:19;381:7,18; 392:14,20;393:17;403:25; 404:20;409:2 bottom (5) 46:25;86:10;107:23; 198:20;348:24 boundaries (1) 36:7 bounty (2) 235:17;330:4 bowels (1) 198:21 Bowers (1) 96:15 Bowes (4) 166:21;170:3,5,6 Bowl (4) 39:1,7;389:10,16 box (1) 293:13 boy (1) 404:8 boycotting (1) 383:17 Boyer (6) 266:1,4,8;269:15,22;

270:2 boys (1) 318:7 BP (1) 106:20 BPA (1) 139:2 Bradley (5) 122:4,7,10;130:24;

131:15 brain (37) 45:5;53:11,12,20;71:5; 72:15,16,17;79:20;86:24; 214:19,21;215:1,5;222:22;

225:3,19;235:19;238:6;242:4; 261:6;274:4;307:10;308:4;

309:18,22;313:10,15;321:21;
343:11;358:21;363:16;378:6, 12,14;405:17;408:25 brainer (1) 380:25 brains (15) 3:16;10:1;22:3;76:25; 160:3;176:15;184:24;251:24;

260:25;283:15;291:18;334:13; 361:7;379:20;381:3 branch (2) 103:5;371:12 Brandon (1) 233:23 brands (1) 140:2 bravely (1) 319:1 Brawn (5) 288:10,14,15,18,19 Breaches (1) 235:9 break (10) 7:11,12;50:15;182:24; 189:7;275:14,19;332:10,11;

386:21 breakage (1) 281:8 breakfast (1) 227:11 breaking (1) 262:2 breast (8) 139:2;215:14,21,25; 216:5;298:9;310:3;385:4 breath (2) 261:6;291:12 breathe (36) 12:5;13:20;22:1;23:13; 62:21;78:14,24;84:12;101:21; 111:14;138:23;143:1;145:13;

154:20,22,24,25;165:6;167:12; 203:11,19;216:13;219:11;

239:14;240:24;241:6;244:12; 245:4;261:5;307:8;309:1;

322:14;341:14;362:15;365:19;

376:21 breathes (2) 110:19;404:18 breathing (20) 13:23;40:18;48:24; 49:2;64:5;79:17;128:25;129:1;

140:17;141:20;145:14;204:16; 214:6,10;216:18;219:14;

224:19;235:21;340:17;342:19 Brenda (3) 275:17,21;280:12 BRENNER (227) 2:1,10;11:8;14:11; 15:3,17;18:6;22:10,13,18,24; 25:21;29:17,25;30:6;34:15;

37:25;38:2,7;41:4;43:5,13,16, 19,22;47:23;48:2;51:24;52:5;

56:22;62:10,23;67:7;68:2;70:2,

19;74:4;75:15;76:5;78:6;82:1, 22;83:9;87:25;88:2;93:14;

95:10,23;96:1;98:7,11;101:25;

104:10;105:20,22;109:2;110:3; 112:1;115:14;119:22;120:1,5, 25;121:18;122:3;127:18; 130:17;131:8,18;133:2,12;

135:24;137:9,12,19;139:15,20; 145:24;146:15;147:2,11,14;
151:5;154:2,13;158:7;165:9; 166:16;167:2;169:24;170:1;

174:15;179:1;182:2,25;183:15; 190:14;195:13;199:14,18;

200:1;202:18;205:5,8;206:3,5,
7,10;208:16;209:22,24;210:1, 12;211:12,14;213:5;217:9; 221:15;224:4;227:16,18,25;

229:17,22,25;233:18;237:18;

240:6,9;244:16;249:13;255:6; 259:10,25;260:13;263:2; 264:10,14,22;265:24;266:7; 267:5,16;268:8;269:15,25; 270:3;273:4;275:8,12,20;

280:10;285:1;286:9;287:16,20, 23,25;288:3,6,8,10,16;292:6;

295:20;297:1;300:8,12;306:4,

18,20;309:7;311:16,19;317:18; 320:6;323:25;326:14;328:11;

331:10;332:8,12;333:3;344:15; 347:5,8,12;350:21;353:4,13,

16;355:10,12,15,20;356:9,12; 361:16;363:1;365:22;369:7;

370:19;372:19;376:11;377:1; 381:7,23;382:1,3,5,7;385:14;
386:18;390:15;392:14;397:2;

398:4,6,10,13;401:7;403:3,24; 404:3;405:7;407:4;410:16 brick (1) 307:19 bridge (2) 55:16,17 bridges (1) 145:15 brief (10) 10:7;76:11;83:18;201:23, 23;354:11;355:14;361:23; 393:4;405:13 briefly (2) 63:5;182:4 bright (2) 132:10;138:9 brighter (4) 10:6;276:1;278:20;

280:5

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brightly (1) 280:2 bring (12) 15:17;42:9;81:22;82:25; 98:11;105:18;138:6;229:22; 250:7;269:1;272:7;284:5 bringing (2) 61:13;209:8 brings (1) 82:20 Bristol (1) 347:16 broad (1) 285:15 broadcast (1) 363:20 broader (2) 255:17;369:22 broadly (1) 149:17 broilers (1) 143:19 broke (1) 145:8 bromine (1) 271:14 bronchitis (17) 13:24;20:25;24:22; 44:25;64:18;114:25;119:8;
120:24;130:2;151:13;176:23;

193:20,21;216:19;247:8;252:6;

385:4 brother (1) 211:25 Brotherhood (2) 62:13;68:6 brought (10) 106:18;109:17;191:22; 233:1,8;261:11;290:6;329:10; 375:17;401:14 Brown (7) 8:12;11:9,10,11;167:7; 268:11;271:20 B-R-O-W-N (1) 11:11 Browner (1) 90:18 brownfields (1) 245:3 Bruce (3) 229:13;297:4;300:14 Bryant (2) 199:19,20 BRYANT-STEVENS (2) 202:19,20 BTU (3) 316:17,19,23 Bucic (3) 213:9,10,13 buddy (1) 132:4 Budget (1) 10:11 buggy (1) 387:14 build (10) 177:11;228:5;245:16,21, 25;246:21;249:4;349:2,7;

354:17 builder (1) 387:4 building (8) 4:10;35:18;172:21; 185:20;257:3;258:1;312:5;

335:8 Building's (1) 37:6 builds (5) 3:13;184:21;238:17; 334:11;354:14 built (5) 37:1;48:7;65:15;208:23;

209:1 Bullard (1) 357:11 bulletin (1) 198:11 bunch (1) 206:19 Bundled (1) 156:14 bunks (1) 325:20 burden (5) 10:1;60:19;192:20; 215:24;236:13 burdens (5) 80:18;236:15,15; 241:20;277:15 burdensome (1) 123:19 Burgis (1) 229:12 burn (16) 37:15;47:1;50:7;153:4; 246:4;247:23;276:1;277:4;

278:20;280:1,5;349:16;354:3, 3,4;390:10 burned (3) 69:12;162:5;239:21 Burner (1) 86:14 Burning (32) 12:4;23:18,25;44:7; 49:21;53:9;72:8;73:17;77:6; 80:15;87:3;118:16;126:4; 135:3;148:8,12,16;149:19;

150:22;180:21;194:17;266:8;
272:23;277:2;282:13;316:20; 363:12;364:11,13;365:14; 393:19;402:13 Burns (2) 233:1,9 burst (1) 132:11 Bush (9) 29:9,24;30:1;54:12;

127:4;170:24;186:17;302:10;

336:7 Bush's (1) 78:19 business (11) 48:6,9;98:23;122:24; 127:16;182:18;305:18;328:6; 386:12;387:8;390:1 businesses (9) 35:22;48:8;75:3; 88:8;144:8;292:3;391:16; 392:2,9 busy (2) 179:22,22 Butera (11) 43:8;47:23,25;48:3,4; 52:3;190:9,12;195:13,14;

199:17 button (1) 96:6 buy (6) 71:23;202:5;209:17;381:4; 391:8;402:24 buy- (1) 389:3 buying (1) 340:23 byproduct (2) 247:24;308:23



### C

cabinets (1) 262:1 cable (1) 97:21 cadmium (3) 393:18,25;394:8 calculating (1) 10:25 calculation (3) 4:15;186:3;335:17 calculations (1) 56:5 Caldera (2) 86:12,13 caliber (1) 182:6 California (1) 154:23 call (10) 5:19;9:7;169:3;187:22;
190:8;236:9;237:6,13;264:17;

296:2 called (22) 39:1;42:22;52:17;54:23; 65:21;72:2;106:16;140:3;

142:10;171:2;213:18;234:21;

248:22;286:24;324:14;333:18; 335:17;367:10;373:10;396:2; 401:11;402:13 calling (3) 143:1;337:10;342:11 callous (1) 238:24 calls (6) 77:8;190:10;195:17; 196:4;199:12;247:22 Calypso (1) 368:22 came (14) 6:20;147:7;150:9; 167:20,24;169:12;187:16;

207:16;263:5;264:24;274:14; 373:2;399:25;400:2 campaign (4) 19:18;102:7;261:20; 273:6 campaigned (1) 104:19 Campaigner (3) 43:11,24;370:24 campaigns (2) 405:1,1 camped (1) 102:15 campfire (3) 102:19;103:1;351:23 camping (2) 102:22;239:7 campus (1) 374:5 CAMR (6) 158:18,21,23;159:1,14; 164:10 can (249) 3:12,25;6:14,19;7:19;9:16; 10:6;13:23,23,25;15:9;32:1;

36:8;40:20;45:20;46:8;47:12;
49:19;51:15,17;52:1;56:1,16;

67:16;71:17,20,25;72:3,4;73:9,

18,22;75:19;77:25;78:1;80:13; 81:4;82:15;84:12;85:14;88:1;

99:8,9,14;100:25;101:1,15,21;

104:11;105:7,18;107:14;108:7, 12;110:18,19,25;111:7,10; 120:1,9,10;124:19;125:23; 131:13;132:9;133:10,19; 135:11,16,18,18;138:15; 139:17;141:1;144:1;146:7;

147:19;149:20;151:2,25;152:8;

161:2;165:5,18;166:14;168:16; 169:2;179:20,21,23;180:1,3; 184:20;185:8;187:16,17,18;

188:16,17;189:3,22,25;193:1,

7;195:1;196:25;197:14,20,22; 198:5,15,22;199:2;201:1,8;

202:3;203:7;204:11,16,17,19; 207:17;209:15,25;211:3,22;

212:6;214:17;215:8;216:18,19, 20;217:6;220:6;222:20;

223:15;225:3;228:5,6;232:6; 237:24;238:4,6,24;241:10;

242:13;244:13;249:7;252:5,5; 257:5;259:16;260:11;264:11, 13;265:21;266:9,10;271:5; 272:7,21,22;273:12;283:14; 284:10,10;285:10;286:17; 290:23;293:6;295:4;303:23; 304:25;305:2;306:9;308:3;

309:19;310:3;313:10,14;316:3,

4;320:3,24;321:1,8,21;322:18; 323:16;324:5,23;325:1;326:7;

327:12;328:6;329:6,22;330:9, 12,12,13;332:3;334:9,25; 337:6,7,7;339:13;342:21;

343:1;344:23;345:12,12,15,17; 346:5;350:17;354:2,5,5,22;

355:24;361:6,11;363:21;368:8, 18;370:10;375:6;376:21;

379:11,22;380:9;381:4;383:18, 18,19,22,25;397:6;400:24;

401:1;402:23,24;404:14,15,17;

407:9 Canadian (4) 161:21;165:23; 166:2,9 cancer (54) 2:25;14:1;19:4;27:5; 41:23;45:9;59:5;63:23;79:19; 107:4,6;108:19;128:23;167:14; 181:5;184:6;204:20;216:21;

217:4,24;218:13;219:6,16,17,

20;221:2;236:16;238:5;246:9;

252:5;254:12;274:4;289:18,21, 25;291:19;299:23;307:24; 319:1;322:16,18;333:19,20;

342:21;358:20;385:4,5;405:15, 21;406:1,7;408:25;409:1,4 cancers (5) 14:2;107:17;156:25; 204:21;245:10 Candace (2) 206:11,14 candidate (1) 401:15 candle (3) 278:16;279:25;280:4 candles (3) 275:25;278:19;280:1 candy (1) 50:1 canned (1) 156:4 canoe (1) 39:6 cap (1) 409:23 capable (1) 86:20 capacity (17) 89:2;122:17,18; 124:24;125:10,15;212:16;

256:25;257:1;258:1,1;300:23;

302:20;303:12;309:10;314:19;

404:7 capital (4) 122:25;126:2;360:7;

361:4 Captain (4) 363:3;366:1;367:5;

369:3 capture (4) 152:20;162:4,9;247:25 captured (2) 247:24;248:2 capturing (2) 198:14;268:14 car (3) 48:20;354:10,11 carbon (18) 33:6;65:21;100:20; 118:1,2,25;125:22;194:13; 199:3;247:17,18,25;248:2;

271:8;273:3;315:25;349:11,11 Carbondale (1) 373:7 carcinogenic (2) 35:6;156:5 carcinogens (7) 203:12;216:14;
218:25;220:25;221:13;341:15;

343:7 cardiac (2) 113:1;254:13 cardiovascular (9) 45:10;64:8; 80:3;99:20;128:19;129:6; 219:5;323:2;343:2 care (33) 9:25;21:8;42:17;52:14; 54:23;59:22;73:21;91:25;

96:10;112:7,18;130:7,9;156:1;

157:13;175:10;178:24;195:10; 202:22;203:3;205:20;230:3; 234:24;237:4;239:3;250:25;

266:18;280:19;339:25;340:1; 392:18;396:17;401:13 career (4) 62:19,21;102:9;408:19 careful (4) 110:17;274:13;312:20; 404:14 caretakers (1) 157:12 Caribbean (1) 132:10 caring (3) 43:1;173:15;340:2 carnivorous (1) 60:3 Carolina (5) 2:19;146:11;183:25; 210:23;300:6

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carried (2) 271:1;313:23 carries (1) 81:10 Carrington (4) 240:11;244:16,17, 23 carry (3) 159:22;232:13;363:21 carrying (1) 232:2 cars (3) 51:5;391:7,8 Case (20) 12:12;50:4;72:2;93:21; 111:15;126:16,16,25;127:1; 237:1;258:4,7;259:3;264:3; 310:19;334:1;342:1;362:18; 371:22;384:16 cases (21) 24:22;32:2;36:16;44:23, 25;64:18;114:24,25;119:8; 130:2;151:13;176:22;184:6; 193:19,20,21;221:2;228:19; 345:22;364:14;368:3 Castle (1) 213:23 cat (2) 167:13,14 catalytic (1) 33:6 catastrophe (1) 399:7 catastrophic (1) 153:22 catch (11) 39:15,16;42:4;60:13; 100:7;181:10;329:7;351:7,22; 352:8,13 catches (1) 103:10 catching (1) 102:17 categories (1) 296:2 category (1) 79:11 catfish (1) 61:7 Catherine (3) 166:21;170:3,6 cats (1) 367:15 Caucasians (3) 58:9;59:19,23 caught (16) 32:11;55:12,25;61:7; 72:10;100:12;134:4;226:3; 283:12;299:2,9;329:10,11; 352:18;353:25;355:23 cause (37) 13:25;44:7;63:23;74:22; 79:18,19,20,21;128:25;138:15; 149:13,17,18,24;152:1,4; 176:4;203:7;204:19;216:20;

223:15;228:6;238:4,6;241:11; 252:5,5,8;257:11;270:22;
308:3;311:10;319:15;333:19; 342:21;363:19;377:21 caused (16) 23:25;35:5;40:17; 77:16;82:12;107:16;136:8; 193:25;212:6;215:18;310:12, 17;322:18;367:24;372:7;

384:23 causes (14) 45:5;75:7;84:10;86:21; 120:6;128:23;129:5;208:5; 238:8;291:10;322:12;351:5; 356:8;370:5 causing (11) 2:25;53:20;128:11; 184:6;223:16;311:12;333:20; 343:14,21;372:16;379:1 cave (1) 386:14 CCP2 (1) 145:20 CCR (3) 141:21,24;142:9 CCS (3) 247:25;248:8,13 CDC (2) 225:9;310:18 Celebration (3) 76:8,13;78:2 cell (5) 97:22,24;214:25;215:17;

407:13 cells (2) 72:17;215:5 cement (2) 177:10;307:19 census (1) 59:3 center (20) 70:25;76:8,12,13;78:2; 127:22;215:6;234:13;240:14; 249:16;250:1,12,12,16,20; 252:10,16;254:25;356:18;

360:1 Centers (3) 283:6,23;309:16 Central (7) 58:25;96:4;98:10;

105:8;214:23;373:24;408:24 centrally (1) 106:12 cents (3) 50:21,23;271:17 century (2) 87:17;387:16 CEO (1) 11:12 CEO's (1) 324:24 cerebellum (1) 215:5 cerebral (1) 128:13 certain (10) 62:3;90:11;123:24; 171:25;178:3;207:12;219:24; 241:3;305:13;356:21 certainly (14) 77:11;90:5;97:3; 120:4;121:13;126:24;186:7;
208:9;306:5;324:10;326:3,9; 331:19;396:7 certainty (6) 44:18;81:17;122:24; 127:16;177:23;269:1 certified (1) 142:13 CFB (1) 276:7 CFBs (1) 277:2 chain (8) 27:17;160:18;172:23; 215:13;283:4;298:5;360:23;

363:24 chained (1) 218:1 chains (1) 60:3 Chair (5) 15:15;149:23;275:14; 333:5;348:23 chairing (2) 2:12;183:17 Chairman (5) 106:3;292:20;340:5; 366:5;387:10 Chairperson (3) 190:18,19;244:24 challenge (2) 136:2;139:1 challenges (3) 9:24;171:6;380:8 challenging (1) 308:17 chamber (1) 112:21 championing (1) 260:21 championships (1) 318:20 chance (8) 8:2;12:13;94:6;108:5; 180:12;181:16;326:13;376:8 change (23) 3:12;4:16;9:5;11:2; 50:4;102:6;110:19;124:10;

145:5;174:1;175:2,13;178:17;

184:20;186:8;198:24;199:5,7; 327:5,20;334:9;335:23;402:2 changed (2) 156:20;167:18 changes (7) 149:2;260:6;327:18; 328:1,5;377:24;385:12 chaos (1) 393:8 Chapter (6) 34:19;41:8;190:11,20; 307:1;366:5 characteristics (2) 68:20;126:7 charged (4) 152:23;274:23; 305:10,11 Charles (2) 15:6,10 chart (1) 197:12 cheap (5) 50:15;266:8,19;352:19, 23 cheaper (6) 155:25;258:5,8; 268:13;272:2;391:15 Cheatham (5) 206:12,13,14; 208:17;209:23 check (1) 121:23 checking (2) 325:20;353:18 chemical (4) 168:19;209:6;327:9; 404:12 chemicals (8) 12:4;19:1;63:23; 169:5;203:14;222:17,19;

398:24 chemist (1) 347:21 chemo (1) 402:17 Cheney (1) 388:25 cherish (1) 234:21 cherished (1) 352:2 Cheryl (2) 38:9;41:5 Chesapeake (4) 325:17;381:18; 392:16,20 chest (1) 218:11 Chester (11) 105:25;106:3,4,5; 107:8;109:3,7;149:23;150:3; 357:24;358:9 Chestnut (1) 76:14 Chicago (9) 2:8;57:16;183:10; 305:12;332:22;371:7,13; 401:25;409:24 chicken (1) 352:20 chicks (1) 173:16 Chief (4) 339:25;347:20;377:15;

408:7 chiefly (1) 86:24 child (51) 13:20;16:9;41:22,24; 42:1;45:3;53:13;54:18;56:16; 61:3;71:14;77:3;193:12;

206:17;208:10;214:6,10;215:9; 223:3,5;224:6,22;225:10,19; 227:1;228:5,10;231:8;233:4;

297:17;298:9;299:13,15;300:1, 5;307:17;308:5,16;310:4; 324:17,19;329:8,24;352:6; 356:1;362:14;363:16;371:9; 380:16;384:1;397:16 childbearing (1) 297:22 childhood (6) 44:23;156:25;

171:16;203:25;228:19;242:5 children (206) 8:22;9:18,23;10:6,16, 17,20,21;11:4;21:25;22:3,6; 40:1,22,23;41:12;42:4;43:2;

44:25;48:6;53:2,5;54:1,2,5,10;

56:17;58:22,23,25;59:2;61:17;

64:6,18;66:25;71:1;73:6,13,22;

75:17,24;79:14,25;82:17;84:3, 4,8,18;85:3;86:7;87:2;95:21; 98:2;99:17;107:19;112:9;

114:23;120:23;128:10;134:19; 135:19,20;138:15;139:10; 151:15;152:7;154:17;155:15, 16;159:16;160:3,18;164:2; 174:9;176:5;178:13;200:25;

202:14;203:6,11;204:1,2,18; 205:2;208:8;211:5;214:11;

216:1;221:23,24,25;222:12,14,

24;223:8,8,14,22;224:1;225:6,

25;228:7;233:14;235:2,16,23; 236:4;237:2,15,21;238:14;

239:4,5,8,16,17;240:21;241:5, 9,17;242:1;243:16,17,24; 244:2,7,12;247:6;248:22;

249:1;252:7;260:25;267:15,18, 25;270:19,20,22;272:19; 276:18;283:15,25;295:3,8;

310:14,20;313:7,13;321:5,8,20, 25;326:8;327:3;328:16;330:8,

9,11,13,16,16;340:24;342:24; 343:13;344:10,11;346:22;

347:22,25;348:12,15;350:15; 351:2;353:2;355:8;358:9; 360:17;364:16;365:2,12;

366:10,21,25;367:1;372:17,17; 376:16;377:2,4,22;378:2,15;

379:21;380:12;381:2;383:11, 23;392:24;393:24;394:17; 396:18;397:13,22;405:2,4,5 children's (18) 3:15;51:13;54:17; 72:20;79:19;176:14;184:23; 202:23;203:5;204:6;223:17;

240:14;251:24;291:18;321:15; 334:12;348:4;396:11 child's (6) 152:9;222:21;242:6; 266:17;326:3;350:6 chilling (2) 20:16;238:25 China (3) 56:11;149:9;272:23 Chinese (1) 149:15 chloride (9) 12:2;63:25;65:25;
128:24;203:20;214:8;289:15; 341:21;342:17 choice (5) 53:2;71:18;194:19; 331:6;350:16 choices (3) 111:11;330:19;396:13 choir (1) 388:18 choose (9) 31:22;66:8;73:18;

119:14;345:12;352:22;360:3,6;

371:25 choosing (3) 73:8;172:10;330:24 chopping (1) 374:18 chopsticks (1) 367:21 chose (2) 200:9,12 chosen (1) 278:19 Chris (5) 112:4;115:15;121:2,3,16 Christ (1) 245:19 Christian (3) 42:13;178:23;236:17 Christiana (1) 340:1 Christians (3) 52:17;230:3;234:21 Christine (5) 83:9,14,23;213:7;

217:11 chromium (17) 3:7;27:2;40:10; 65:22;79:14;184:14;219:1;

252:4;289:14,22;296:1;298:5; 322:19;334:4;342:21;385:2;

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407:18 chromosomes (1) 215:2 chronic (17) 13:24;20:25;24:22; 78:13;80:2;102:8;113:2;
120:24;130:2;176:23;193:21; 203:25;247:8;252:7;310:13; 340:12;360:18 Church (15) 38:10;41:6;76:15;

208:21,23,24,25;232:9;233:21; 234:11,12;245:19;348:22,22;

349:10 churches (4) 350:9;392:18;395:18, 19 Cindy (2) 381:18;385:15 Circuit (4) 5:3;158:20;186:18;

336:9 circuited (1) 10:1 circumstances (3) 123:6;305:4; 325:5 cite (2) 23:22;350:3 cited (6) 22:13;131:10;253:5,21; 321:18;322:22 cities (5) 55:1;107:1;111:5;254:23; 401:25 citizen (20) 25:25;48:5,10;75:13; 136:23;158:2;167:1;168:7,11;

213:14;229:19;262:24;276:16; 278:24;280:3;317:20;329:1; 370:25;403:7;404:7 Citizens (23) 15:7,12;108:5;110:1; 127:25;128:8;136:14;167:23; 180:4;193:10;194:7;195:18; 203:10;234:5;236:3;237:8; 292:4;307:4;398:15;399:5; 401:21;403:6;406:18 city (39) 38:15,22;59:2;75:25;106:4, 25;108:14,15;111:3;127:22; 133:7,25;150:2;181:6;204:1; 206:15;217:20;227:19,23; 228:1;229:4,8;246:15,16,23;

288:11,19,22;289:2,9;290:12, 19;291:15;357:24;380:3; 395:20;399:4,5,14 civic (1) 403:8 claim (8) 54:14;253:9,15;302:1,16; 391:6,21;408:11 claimed (2) 90:25;391:4 claiming (3) 34:25;92:15,17 claims (6) 77:12;88:21;153:13; 159:1;253:11,11 Clara (3) 233:8,9,15 clarification (1) 199:23 clarify (1) 188:9 clarifying (2) 6:10;337:22 clarity (3) 44:14,16;46:12 class (3) 19:2;42:5;107:3 classes (1) 322:2 classmates (1) 318:25 classroom (1) 322:1 classrooms (2) 248:21;394:7 clean (196) 2:22;3:2;11:17;12:25,25; 13:1,2,4,6;14:8;15:13;17:5;

19:11,24,24;20:8;22:21;23:2,5, 9,13;25:20;28:12;31:1,2;32:2, 9;33:21;49:11;51:12,13;54:4,

11;56:14;57:4;63:11,12;65:17;

66:4;67:1,25;69:18;70:9;73:2;

74:11,12;78:14,17,20,24;79:2; 81:6;83:11;84:13;91:14,20;

92:9,13;96:3;98:9,13,20;99:1, 6;101:19;102:6;104:14,24;

110:22;111:3;122:4,11,12,12; 123:3,4,11;127:2;130:22;

131:2;140:12;149:20;153:18;

155:7,24;156:22;158:17;159:2, 8,11;160:23;164:3,3;171:5; 175:5;176:7;177:22;178:17; 179:10;184:9;190:10,11,18;

191:1,25;192:2;195:11,17,19;

196:1,4,5,9,15,22,22;197:5,6,7,

13,17,22;198:9,11;199:2,10,12, 19,24;200:21;203:1;204:9,10; 213:16;216:7;218:24;221:6;

223:19,22,24;224:8,14;226:22; 228:15;229:6;235:17;239:15,
15;242:23;243:21;244:12,12,

13;247:22,22;252:24;254:5,16; 258:12;259:2;264:25;265:9,9; 273:18;278:13;281:22;282:1; 284:15;285:4;289:8;301:11;

302:10;305:7;308:21;312:19, 24;316:6;317:21;319:17;

325:10;333:23;341:11;342:11, 15;343:18;344:25,25;345:2,2; 360:8;361:13;369:5;390:1; 397:5;399:15;409:16 cleaned (1) 173:21 cleaner (17) 13:18;42:12;66:10; 112:11;148:22;177:21,24;

204:12;205:1;216:10;243:23;
258:8;301:15;308:24;325:12; 365:10;408:6 Cleaning (12) 12:12;14:3;19:18; 67:24;240:23;281:6;325:13;

342:2;343:24,25;365:3;380:24 cleanly (2) 69:12;390:10 cleanup (2) 341:13;342:16 clean-up (4) 63:9;65:3;67:4;81:21 clear (13) 19:17;36:4;46:13;82:16; 117:10;131:2;182:7;253:1;

272:14;304:3;319:25;323:20;

355:5 Clearfield (1) 16:3 clearing (1) 383:7 clearly (6) 13:10;56:9;76:1;82:18; 349:15;355:9 clergy (2) 14:18;234:10 client (1) 356:24 climate (12) 9:4;11:1;102:6;153:7; 198:24;199:5;253:19;275:18, 21;280:13;311:24;409:24 climbs (1) 216:12 Clinic (2) 356:14,17 clinical (1) 224:21 Clinton's (1) 93:10 clocked (1) 201:14 clogs (1) 35:7 close (19) 8:5;10:7;11:19;66:7; 69:1;150:25;152:22;165:1; 189:25;246:10,22;257:19;

259:2;334:18;339:12;357:25; 394:4,4;397:6 closed (2) 59:11;146:8 closely (3) 70:12;296:12;357:7 closer (10) 15:18;43:14;93:24;
98:12;154:14;211:15;229:23; 288:17;319:13;349:10 closest (1) 80:18 closing (11) 21:9;34:1;66:15; 108:14;153:1,12;178:15;

204:22;221:3;325:25;326:12 closure (1) 87:20 clothes (2) 145:17;318:8 cloud (1) 389:13 Club (50) 15:8;18:8,10;20:6;22:9; 38:8,13,17;52:8;56:25;57:11;

70:20,21;74:7;83:10,24;106:1;

110:6;147:16;151:9;190:20,23; 191:24;195:5;201:11;206:12;

210:13;213:9,11;228:20,20,23, 23;229:5;266:2,3;288:13;

306:22;309:10;320:13;324:13; 346:2;353:7;356:14;363:4; 366:5;367:8;376:15;377:4;

408:22 Club's (1) 18:12 cluster (1) 409:4 clustering (1) 106:6 CO2 (2) 247:24;248:6 coal (243) 2:6,21;3:6;12:4;15:21; 19:12,17;20:2;23:17,18,25; 24:5,12;28:15;30:22;31:9; 32:20;33:2,8,17;34:6;35:12;

37:15;43:11,24;44:7,9;46:19; 47:1,11,19;49:21;50:7;53:9;

63:15;68:9,10,16,19,25;69:4,5, 12;72:8;73:17;77:6;80:14;

83:23;84:9;85:10,23;86:9,14,
21;87:3;92:25;93:5;99:12,22;
101:9;103:24;106:11;113:14, 14;118:9,10;124:24;125:10;
126:3,4,20,24;127:1;129:17;

131:6;132:5,14;135:3;140:18,

20,23,25;141:4,14;142:6,12,21, 23,25;143:15;144:21,21; 145:23;146:24;148:8,11,16;

149:19;150:22;151:22;152:13,

14,18,22,25;153:4,12,12;162:5, 10;175:3,21;176:3;178:12;

180:21;183:13;184:2,12;193:6;

194:17;198:21;202:16;205:22;

209:1,10;216:6;217:18;218:19, 20;219:21;220:7,14;222:5;

232:14,23;239:21;246:4;247:9,

17,21,21,22,23;249:22;257:17; 258:3,6;261:13;264:25;265:5; 266:20,24,24;267:25;269:12;

272:23;273:12;274:12;276:7; 277:2,3,4,6,9,13,13;278:13; 279:1,11;282:12;286:14;

289:12;295:12;300:24;302:20,

21;310:12,17,23,23;311:1,6,11; 314:22;316:2,8,24;333:2,15; 334:1;345:5,11;346:8,15,25; 349:16,16,20,20,22;354:3,3;

356:22;357:15;359:23;361:2;

363:12,20;364:11,13;365:3,14;

369:24;370:11;371:6,14,17,19; 372:3,7;373:6,9,12,14,16,18,

19;374:1,4,6,13,14,22;375:12, 20;378:22;387:19;393:19;
394:15;399:12,17;400:12,15 Coal- (6) 113:15;114:7;128:21; 281:23;358:1,15 coal-fired (124) 9:15;11:18,24;12:12; 17:3;20:11,19;24:15;26:19;

27:8,14;28:12;33:14,16;35:16; 45:22;46:7;47:4,9;58:4,11,15, 16;59:24;61:22;63:10;68:13;

78:22;79:10;80:16;89:1;90:22; 99:1;101:2;103:3,17,20; 104:21;113:17;114:4,10;

115:25;117:16;123:18;124:7;

125:2,21;133:24;143:19;155:7; 161:12,25;162:3,16;163:23;

164:19;165:12;170:17;173:24; 192:10,15,16;194:15;200:7;

202:1,9;203:1;207:20;208:21; 209:4,16;210:22;213:16;

215:11;219:7,19;220:9;222:11; 224:24;228:2,16;230:19; 231:17;237:22,25;245:24; 246:18,21;249:4;258:11; 261:16;270:13;282:9;298:3; 302:24;310:8;312:14;313:4;

314:21;315:3,6,8;316:12,19;

317:12;319:4;320:19;321:17;

322:19;342:2,6;349:25;357:12, 17,22;362:13;369:14;382:13, 22;383:13;384:4,9;394:5;

396:21 coalition (3) 16:23;122:13;280:16 coals (1) 266:8 coast (3) 60:23;85:16;149:12 coastal (2) 100:9;264:1 co-benefits (1) 17:18 code (2) 212:7;289:7 codes (1) 387:5 cognitive (7) 128:12;129:23;138:3; 152:4;222:22;314:12;330:12 coincidence (2) 150:2;372:8 cold (2) 135:4;371:18 collaboration (1) 268:18 collapsing (2) 367:16;371:24 colleague (1) 23:3 colleagues (6) 15:4;112:10; 183:18;204:23;358:4;361:3 collect (2) 180:2;261:22 collected (2) 170:23;262:4 collecting (1) 171:10 collection (2) 123:15;279:7 collective (2) 276:23;396:16

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collectively (2) 276:12;279:6 College (8) 14:19;300:4;344:18; 372:4;373:24;389:19;408:13;

409:22 colleges (1) 389:9 co-located (1) 125:11 colonial (1) 263:11 color (15) 57:25;58:5,17,20;59:16; 245:14;250:5,15;251:6,8,15; 253:13;254:11;357:8;361:10 coloring (1) 380:22 Columbia (1) 158:20 coma (1) 213:1 combination (2) 33:5;67:23 combinations (1) 394:8 combine (3) 66:8;87:8;173:18 combined (5) 106:24;118:7; 232:19,24;246:3 combining (1) 277:5 combusting (2) 49:13;193:6 combustion (11) 86:21;118:20,21, 22;119:2;140:18;141:5,12; 142:24;290:20;314:23 combustors (1) 290:5 coming (46) 29:2;34:9;51:5;70:2; 75:20;76:6,19;83:6;96:20;

105:22;109:9,22;112:2;131:23, 24;137:10;140:10;145:18;

150:17,22;169:10;183:6;190:6; 195:10;198:6;213:6;240:7;

255:19;259:3,8;265:25;295:18; 296:4;297:2;301:13;311:17; 332:14;347:6;354:6;375:8; 377:10;384:9;392:14;402:1; 406:15;407:4 commend (3) 229:5;234:4;304:18 commendable (1) 24:6 commends (2) 289:9;290:12 comment (27) 2:4;7:17;10:7;22:9; 23:7;63:2;66:16;70:1,3;82:23; 89:22;95:13;109:2;124:9; 146:9;154:1;165:1;170:8;

182:14;183:11;189:11;249:19;

280:9,22;332:25;357:3;361:14 commentator (2) 144:19;145:6 commented (2) 70:9;306:5 comments (77) 5:7,13,16;6:8,18,19; 7:3;8:20;18:18;22:11,16;25:18, 20;34:13;51:23;63:7;66:19;

93:16;99:21;109:11;119:19,23; 121:7;131:14;146:17;164:25;

166:7,19;170:23;174:13;183:2; 185:25;186:24;187:4,9,11,18; 188:15;189:22;195:6;199:12; 240:4;250:8;251:4;255:4,7;

259:16;260:3;265:16;273:8,16; 276:15;277:12;286:11;287:6; 292:24;296:21;305:23,24; 306:1;317:15;335:13;336:14, 23,25;337:1,6;338:3,5;339:4; 356:23;357:2;361:22;367:14; 403:16,20;410:21 commercial (2) 195:24;299:9 commercially (3) 31:21;33:15;

124:14 commission (5) 16:13,18;245:18; 256:12;348:24 Commissioner (4) 158:9;256:11; 303:1;304:10 commissioners (2) 401:9,19 commitment (4) 20:7;44:3;97:6; 304:6 committed (4) 190:23;236:8;237:3; 370:4 Committee (2) 190:11,19 committees (1) 191:3 commodity (1) 402:10 common (9) 19:10;27:18;44:9; 45:25;153:9;203:24;236:21; 237:12;310:19 commonly (2) 143:16,19 commons (1) 397:23 common-sense (1) 37:14 Commonwealth (3) 158:12;241:19; 301:1 communication (1) 297:16 communities (51) 12:21;43:3;57:5,8, 19,25;58:1,1,5,20,21;60:14,15, 16;108:24;109:4;114:1;

174:25;181:13;204:14;219:24; 221:7;236:10;241:18;244:25; 245:8,13,14;246:25;251:12; 253:24;255:15;273:19,23;

321:10;357:1,5,8,23;358:9,11; 360:9,19;361:9;370:8;396:8, 19;397:12,23;400:3,4 community (63) 9:13;21:16;38:18; 42:23;56:24;61:9,10;62:6;

69:8;82:4,7,8,10,18,20;87:12; 98:17,20,22,24;106:8,10,13; 109:16;110:1;113:25;176:1; 181:24;182:17,18;199:20; 202:23;204:5,24;217:20; 234:25;245:25;246:2,16;

248:11;250:22;251:6;255:16;

262:13;263:17;268:19;280:12; 331:3;346:6;356:24;369:23;

374:7,8,13;385:9;386:8,20,24; 395:7;397:10;399:14,17;

408:17 commute (1) 38:16 companies (46) 13:4;28:15;51:6; 63:13;66:5,12,12;67:16;85:23; 88:6;101:3;122:14,14,21; 124:17,21;126:7,16;127:12;

131:6,11;132:14;134:24;135:1; 205:22;206:2;243:14;251:11; 272:2;273:12;278:5;285:7,8;

300:20;301:10;302:3,6;303:4; 316:7;320:20;324:25;327:7; 345:5;364:24;406:23;408:5 companies' (1) 315:19 companion (1) 396:7 company (10) 126:11;139:24;145:9; 247:20;268:16;300:22;301:1,3, 4;375:6 comparative (1) 379:5 compare (3) 108:18;232:17;

403:19 compared (6) 130:6;185:15;

282:16;316:17;318:24;323:2 compares (1) 120:6 comparing (1) 96:16 comparison (3) 58:14;107:3;

357:20 compelled (2) 133:7;237:7 compelling (3) 94:18;119:5;381:14 compete (1) 37:20 competing (1) 258:17 competition (1) 258:14 competitive (4) 163:10;258:23; 272:3,22 competitors (2) 365:5;387:7 complaining (3) 97:23;169:7;

384:14 complete (9) 5:11;28:8;66:21; 187:5;255:2;306:8;323:14; 336:21;337:3 completed (5) 67:2,4;101:7; 160:25;314:15 completely (3) 197:16;236:18;

364:18 completing (4) 70:16;158:16; 255:18;331:14 complex (4) 88:10;113:17;268:20; 323:17 complexity (1) 89:20 compliance (18) 31:16;33:3;34:25; 36:20;64:13;69:17;90:7;

116:24;117:18;118:16;123:21; 125:7;162:21;253:8;278:8; 305:21;316:21;359:18 complicated (2) 168:15;410:22 complies (1) 99:8 comply (20) 4:17;37:14;63:14;65:9; 66:5,23;70:11;123:4,5;124:18, 23;125:3,21;126:11;144:11; 186:7;251:10;269:7;304:16;

391:13 complying (4) 90:12;127:10,13;
212:23 component (1) 130:19 components (1) 124:22 composition (1) 168:20 compounded (1) 248:24 compounds (8) 15:25;35:6;65:22; 270:24;289:22,23,24;343:5 comprehensive (2) 46:25;113:7 comprise (2) 80:9;307:18 comprised (3) 250:17;276:6;

300:20 compromise (1) 391:2 compromised (2) 296:15;340:14 compromising (2) 215:9;280:19 concentrate (1) 366:24 concentrated (1) 12:20 concentration (2) 118:7;234:18 concentrations (5) 60:4;231:10,11; 291:5;397:16 concept (2) 49:1;244:9 conception (2) 52:20;215:7 concern (15) 29:20;32:7;35:20; 40:7;69:16;159:20;160:1; 205:8;222:15;235:3;256:19; 322:3;323:10;334:2;348:10 concerned (34) 14:18;38:23;48:5; 68:7;110:24;158:2,22;166:23, 25;172:3;200:6;203:4;207:1;

210:14;221:22;222:10;238:20; 253:25;274:8;275:3;278:14;

293:10;295:7;307:3,8;308:1; 317:20;321:4;322:3;328:15;
362:12;363:8;365:11;397:11 concerning (2) 356:20;381:1 concerns (17) 45:8;67:10;90:22; 109:5;126:18;130:18;175:18; 242:1;250:24;251:13;257:7;

259:14;321:3;325:24;351:5,19;

352:23 concerted (1) 21:24 conclude (4) 153:23;158:1;181:17; 406:25 concluded (2) 161:4;304:23 conclusion (5) 115:2;127:2;164:8; 226:25;254:15 conclusive (1) 115:4 concrete (1) 134:14 concretely (1) 134:16 concurred (1) 158:25 concurrently (1) 269:12 condemning (1) 360:16 condition (7) 40:13,14,20;304:5; 367:23;368:6,11 conditions (6) 25:2;107:2;120:13; 248:17;291:9;400:20 conducted (5) 123:14;223:2;254:4; 298:25;314:22 Conemaugh (1) 315:14 conference (4) 167:22;244:23; 248:12;303:2 confidence (1) 369:18 configurations (1) 316:3 confined (1) 218:9 confirmed (2) 303:12;315:2 confirms (1) 251:22 conflict (2) 181:19,22 confusion (1) 147:8 congratulate (2) 158:15;259:8 Congregation (2) 174:20;234:15 congregations (5) 9:3;14:21;76:15; 235:2;237:3 congregation's (1) 96:23 Congress (18) 12:23,24;54:7;63:11; 66:25;78:16;80:20;91:19;94:9; 99:6;109:20;127:3;155:6; 214:3;241:2;282:2;312:16;

389:14 Congress' (1) 99:8 Congressional (5) 276:10;279:9; 287:19,20;288:1 conjunction (1) 277:24 Connecticut (1) 32:21

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connecting (1) 169:4 connection (7) 196:14,21;198:23; 259:21;265:10;330:3;351:25 connections (2) 224:18;363:17 Conoco (1) 106:21 conscience (1) 401:2 consciousness (1) 204:24 Consent (3) 180:14;354:8,13 consequence (1) 100:18 consequences (7) 8:23;39:20; 112:25;153:20;173:9;241:18;

244:5 Consequently (3) 277:8;366:18; 382:20 Conservation (3) 320:12,16;329:15 conserving (1) 370:2 consider (9) 5:10;35:15;51:2; 86:17;187:4;216:23;226:7; 279:13;318:23 considerable (1) 164:9 considerably (2) 152:7;162:17 consideration (3) 11:7;240:5;

277:10 considered (7) 126:3;148:11; 225:8,25;231:7;343:6;397:17 considering (8) 51:22;62:4;285:5; 305:22;336:21;337:3;352:5;

365:6 consistent (4) 113:10;123:2; 159:10;162:20 consistently (1) 113:12 consists (3) 6:24;143:18;338:10 constant (1) 223:13 constantly (3) 194:25;249:10;

370:4 Constellation (2) 101:6;253:2 constituents (2) 120:15;251:3 constitute (3) 89:17;99:4;161:13 Constitution (2) 226:15,17 constraints (1) 205:11 constructed (1) 68:16 constructing (1) 101:14 construction (9) 25:10;46:5;68:13, 23;69:11;90:4;116:15;121:4;

177:16 Consultants (1) 249:17 consume (2) 322:15;383:11 consumed (3) 32:12;72:10;299:2 consumer (4) 111:11;205:14; 320:21;350:4 consumers (3) 122:20;327:8;365:8 consuming (3) 53:13,18;86:25 consumption (27) 16:13;32:4;55:10; 60:6;71:19;100:1,4,11;160:11, 21;161:7;172:9;235:14; 238:21;263:24;297:15,22;

298:9,16;299:9;313:9;315:10; 322:25;330:4;351:12,14;

396:12 contain (9) 60:21;134:12;140:6,6; 156:5;157:7,8;218:21;238:18 contained (3) 36:7;140:17;143:8 containing (3) 160:5;181:8;354:1 contains (5) 55:8;73:19;142:21; 144:24;216:5 contaminant (1) 27:18 contaminants (5) 143:21;245:3; 264:3;312:18,23 contaminate (2) 27:12;45:20 contaminated (26) 3:15;21:19;37:8; 53:14;55:22;87:1;103:2,13; 150:2;156:9;160:22;167:7;

172:12;184:22;200:24;203:19, 22;224:20;283:5;313:10; 334:12;353:21,24;383:13; 400:17,17 contaminates (6) 55:5;156:3; 225:5;238:18;313:6;400:9 contaminating (2) 35:9;173:25 contamination (26) 16:16;19:22; 21:21;39:15;45:17,21;60:7,20; 84:14,23;85:1;100:2;102:13; 103:22;105:9,15;170:13;

171:20;230:10;309:25;310:24; 311:13;313:21,22;351:10;

352:4 contemporary (1) 181:20 contend (1) 89:16 contended (1) 89:13 content (2) 143:20;392:5 context (2) 64:21;140:21 continental (2) 241:1;384:6 continually (1) 195:1 continuation (2) 322:5;323:16 continue (21) 7:8;47:1;67:25;153:4; 164:20;189:5;194:2;197:3;

204:25;208:2,13;270:22;272:9, 13;274:7;278:24;282:7;286:7; 303:4;362:23;380:9 continued (6) 124:3;169:21; 171:11;277:17;292:2;348:5 continues (2) 278:21;379:10 continuously (1) 110:2 contract (1) 278:5 contractors (1) 89:11 contracts (3) 286:16,18,21 contrary (1) 44:11 contrast (1) 359:19 contribute (2) 252:6;290:18 contributes (3) 87:5;219:15;313:8 contributing (4) 238:11;366:18,21; 372:20 contribution (2) 281:21;323:19 contributor (3) 116:6;249:23;

281:10 contributors (3) 163:24;247:17; 307:21 control (97) 2:5;21:25;31:5,19,21; 33:5,13,16;36:25;40:20;56:11; 65:8,20,23;66:10;67:12,18;

68:8,20;69:21;77:25,25;91:15, 22;93:3;94:4;100:19;101:8; 105:1;114:8,17;116:15,22; 117:13,22,25;118:8,9,19;

124:12,22;125:16,20;126:17; 130:10;133:21,22;152:15; 159:4;161:10;162:19;165:17; 171:9;177:8,11,12;183:13; 191:9,23;192:6,11;202:3; 208:14;215:6;216:6;240:14;

254:17;260:11;264:19;268:12; 270:12;283:6,23;289:2,8;

290:10;299:25;302:7;304:23;

309:16;312:22;315:16;318:2;

319:9;321:22;333:1;335:9,23;

349:25;350:5,17;360:4;378:1; 384:11,13,24;406:6 controlled (6) 69:11;92:6;116:4; 159:3;354:13;403:1 controlling (4) 77:20,23;190:24; 219:18 controls (53) 4:17;19:10;22:7; 31:14;33:9,19;38:6;65:12,16, 19,25;77:13,18;81:16;91:16; 93:21;116:2,12;117:1,4,7; 118:20;119:11,15,17;121:3;

124:16;125:19;126:13;152:20; 163:13;176:2;178:5;186:6;

221:11;232:13;279:3;282:3,23; 302:6,19,21;304:2;305:2,5; 329:4;349:8;380:3;382:19;

383:15;384:14;385:11;391:7 conundrum (1) 298:10 convener (1) 250:16 convention (1) 249:3 conversation (1) 327:2 convert (3) 276:7;360:5;375:20 converted (3) 225:1;241:22;270:25 converting (1) 375:18 convincingly (1) 112:22 Cook (1) 408:13 cooking (2) 103:1;351:22 Cooling (1) 279:4 Cooper (5) 210:14;211:12,13,16; 331:23 cooperation (2) 123:15;169:21 Coordinated (2) 30:9,15 Coordinating (1) 88:5 coordination (3) 215:7;309:21,22 Coordinator (4) 102:5;275:18,21; 280:13 COPD (3) 113:3;216:19;340:11 cope (2) 268:2;350:12 copies (2) 51:25;215:3 co-pollutants (1) 360:11 copy (7) 6:19;119:24;133:20; 188:15;320:7,10;338:5 Coralie (2) 270:4,7 cord (1) 283:25 core (1) 175:12 corner (1) 55:8 coronary (2) 128:20;323:1 corporate (2) 19:8;92:20 Corporation (6) 142:16;297:5; 300:15,19;301:6;304:19 corporations (5) 92:19;132:20,23; 209:21;328:3 corrected (4) 4:20;186:10;324:4; 335:25 correction (1) 227:22 corrects (3) 4:15;186:3;335:17 correlated (1) 393:21 Corrinne (1) 96:1 corroborated (1) 394:13 co-sponsored (1) 229:11 cost (93) 4:6;31:21;33:23;36:20;

47:20;50:14;56:7;71:17;88:14,

15,20;89:4,20,24;90:12;91:2,4; 92:1;93:17,18;104:2;126:2;

130:6,7;148:1,7,15,21;149:1;

156:1;164:14;166:14;185:14; 194:22;197:18;205:11,12,20,
20,25;209:14;236:11;237:10;

243:14,15;251:9,14,16;252:15, 17;253:10;254:22;265:18,18; 269:7;271:6,9,12,15,16,21; 272:3,8,10,12;305:13,14;

308:18;312:4,12;314:4;316:1;

323:8,21;327:6;330:13;335:4; 350:2,4,6,18;359:18;360:4;

362:8,19;365:5;379:14;380:7; 384:15,18,19;391:6;408:4 costing (1) 205:13 costly (5) 88:24;91:18,22;364:19; 384:14 costs (41) 19:16;21:7;36:18;51:1; 56:5;71:21;74:21,24;75:6;

77:15,17,17;86:2;88:18;89:6; 90:15;93:7,19;95:11,16;

176:24,25;180:23;185:12,16;
205:21;253:8;265:17;271:10;

278:8,9;303:8;305:8,13;306:7;

320:21,24;322:8;379:6;400:12;

406:20 coughing (1) 167:13 Council (17) 22:21;23:3,5,9;24:3; 25:20;227:19,23;228:1;229:4,

7,11,12;299:22;392:17;395:17,

19 Council's (1) 23:12 Councilwoman (1) 229:10 Counsel (10) 2:16;88:5;156:22; 183:22;199:19,24;200:22; 224:22;226:2;360:13 counsels (1) 227:1 Counsel's (1) 333:12 count (5) 21:20;63:2;95:8;111:15; 180:2 counted (1) 50:23 counter (3) 143:24;150:16;209:18 counties (5) 17:19;246:10;261:21; 349:3,6 counting (2) 92:22;93:8 countless (2) 317:25;405:4 countries (4) 280:17;314:19;376:2; 383:17 country (53) 12:22;14:21;16:4;21:6; 26:24;27:24;28:2;29:4;47:6;

56:10;63:17;65:5;75:14;76:16; 77:4,5,23;100:22;101:2;

102:16,20;103:18;105:6;139:8; 141:1;144:8;148:15;151:21;

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152:15;162:24;163:6;171:23; 176:6;195:25;197:16;213:19, 22;219:14;233:14;237:6;

249:24;264:24;299:21;305:21;

341:1;342:7;370:25;376:1,3,8; 382:18;383:4;399:24 country's (1) 232:4 County (26) 16:3;55:24;59:7;87:8; 98:15;107:6;208:25;213:22,23;

235:10,11;246:6,7,10,10,11,15, 17,19;247:1,5,12;270:23; 329:19;349:2;357:25 couple (15) 22:11;48:25;137:8; 147:24;148:2;150:8;166:19;

167:21;187:20;210:21;256:18; 331:11;353:5;367:14;410:19 coupled (2) 59:20;89:20 course (16) 7:20;70:4;75:20;
150:17;183:11;198:2;206:17; 207:24;332:24;339:2;343:8; 394:14;403:13;407:17,19,21 courses (1) 97:8 court (20) 5:23;17:5,6;79:3;123:12; 158:19,25;169:17;180:14;

186:18,25;187:6;188:1;231:24; 254:19;256:5;269:16;320:9; 336:16;337:14 Courts (2) 232:5;336:10 Cousteau (1) 368:21 Covanta (2) 87:9;106:14 cover (4) 90:12;160:13;206:23;

211:20 coverage (2) 248:23;323:7 covered (6) 31:24;44:5;55:15; 354:11;359:23;401:5 coworker (1) 80:11 Cox (6) 2:13;38:3;121:19,25; 183:19;333:6 cracks (1) 207:4 crave (1) 46:14 Crawford (1) 371:14 create (21) 4:9;26:22;36:10;46:3, 12;73:20;86:4;130:12;158:24; 173:18;175:7;177:16;178:19; 179:25;185:19;279:12;290:8, 10;325:4;335:7;408:8 created (10) 54:25;68:24;69:6; 91:20;142:10;145:19;175:9; 249:6;274:22;279:8 creates (3) 51:16;115:3;177:9 creating (5) 175:20;177:11; 258:23;380:3;410:7 creation (14) 52:14;54:23;76:8,13; 78:2;101:17;175:11;177:7,18; 230:4;234:22;236:1;250:23;

396:4 Creator (1) 328:22 creature (1) 51:20 creatures (1) 157:8 credible (1) 254:1 credit (1) 124:21 Credo (6) 270:5;273:6,10,16; 275:3,9 Creek (1) 235:9 creeks (1) 353:20 crew (1) 325:6 crime (4) 108:15,17,24;394:18 cripples (2) 134:19;242:6 Cristina (2) 372:21,24 criteria (1) 384:9 critical (10) 63:8;112:7,18;152:10; 250:22;268:18;313:1;339:25; 360:14;361:25 criticism (1) 256:22 critics (2) 253:22;256:18 Crohn's (1) 366:19 Cromby (1) 259:20 crosses (2) 72:14;214:24 cruelest (1) 402:19 cruelty (1) 200:14 crushed (3) 143:18;144:17;145:5 crushing (2) 106:15;218:10 cry (1) 368:17 CSA (1) 97:1 C-U- (1) 356:15 cubic (1) 242:17 cuffs (1) 262:9 Culligan (7) 2:16;121:2,16;131:10, 17;183:22;260:1 cultural (1) 298:17 culture (1) 263:16 Cumberland (1) 98:15 cumulative (4) 77:15;245:7;281:8; 379:9 curative (1) 224:12 curb (1) 407:18 cure (4) 112:17;135:4,4,6 curious (1) 143:3 current (12) 34:18;74:13,15;89:2; 197:4;241:15;309:25;351:14; 360:16;365:1;382:13;396:12 Currently (29) 4:23;24:9;29:6,11; 30:3;35:4;46:18;60:5;100:10; 110:8;125:11;141:7;142:4; 176:2;193:6;194:12;216:7; 237:23;243:11,15;273:11; 276:2;302:25;310:13,14,15; 336:4;339:24;363:11 currents (1) 271:1 customer (4) 265:4,15,17;379:14 customers (3) 301:2,5;305:10 cut (13) 5:2;26:5,15;28:20;29:5;

102:17;170:19;186:17;220:14; 336:8;343:16;358:12;359:5 Cutler (4) 356:12,15,15;361:16 cuts (1) 196:7 cutting (3) 135:17;320:18;407:21 CVS (1) 293:12 cycle (4) 148:18,20;246:3;293:5 cynically (1) 402:23



### D

dad (2) 176:1;374:1 daddy (1) 327:4 Dahlkemper (2) 221:16,20 DAHLKEMPER-ALFONSO (1)

221:19 Daily (4) 23:21;32:8;161:3;318:23 damage (35) 3:16;19:4,5;27:6;45:5, 10;53:5;72:23;99:15;104:2; 138:8,15;176:14;184:24; 215:18;237:1;238:6;251:24;

252:6;272:4;274:4;283:9,15; 291:18;307:24;309:22,24;

334:13;358:21;363:18;364:15;
378:12;379:20;380:13;383:22 damaged (2) 61:2;381:3 damages (5) 28:5;128:11;253:5; 342:23;343:13 damaging (5) 222:9;279:7;313:16; 321:16;356:2 dance (2) 167:15;318:16 dancing (1) 367:16 danger (2) 98:17;139:8 dangerous (24) 11:22;13:5;21:5; 22:3;28:18;55:9;80:14;85:18;

105:1;138:14;156:24;172:6,18;

176:16;184:23;221:13;222:10, 14;238:22;274:25;296:17,19; 363:14;388:17 dangers (5) 41:10;115:3;138:20; 172:1,12 Daniel (3) 8:10,15;229:14 darkened (1) 389:16 Darlene (1) 229:11 data (20) 4:13,16,20;68:19;89:10, 25;99:19;123:15;166:10; 179:21;185:24;186:1,4,10;

225:13;243:17;283:22;335:14, 19,25 database (1) 194:25 date (3) 96:12;277:20;287:9 dates (1) 286:18 daughter (12) 9:8;10:4;137:23; 138:12,22;206:16;207:19;

208:12;210:20;232:25;237:21;

249:9 daughter-in- (1) 55:14 daughter-in-law (2) 21:16,24 daunting (1) 139:1 Dave (1) 350:23 day (46) 7:20;8:3;38:16;44:20; 48:16,25;50:21;74:9;97:19; 99:9;138:25;153:5;167:19; 189:15;210:24;218:3;233:9;
234:8;244:2;248:20;259:3,4; 268:3;273:2;292:8;296:10; 326:19;328:9,21;340:13,13; 344:13;351:21;361:20,21; 362:15;371:3,17;393:11;

398:20;404:16,21;405:10,11, 13;407:12 days (38) 10:21;24:23;36:17;37:10, 11;42:19;49:7;61:24,25;63:3; 66:18;86:4;168:1,14;193:23; 211:22;212:8;213:25;214:1;

217:2,25;242:9;254:13;261:11; 263:11;291:4,25;310:16; 318:21;340:21;341:1,6;344:5; 352:1;359:14;371:18;387:15;

389:10 DC (10) 5:2;54:22;57:1;146:12; 147:6;186:18;217:13;303:3; 336:9;389:16 dead (1) 277:23 deadline (10) 63:4,7;66:20;123:12; 165:1;174:13;187:6;195:7; 254:19;280:9 deadlines (2) 34:2;302:9 deadliness (1) 72:24 deadly (1) 81:11 deal (12) 28:18;91:21;106:6;137:3; 154:12;169:23;182:8;268:2,2; 270:17;384:22;389:7 dealing (5) 11:1,3;30:5;259:13;

345:19 dealt (2) 165:18;406:4 death (14) 19:6;27:7;45:8;64:12; 193:17;274:5;284:20;289:18;
307:25;319:23;323:2;358:22; 360:18;384:16 deaths (35) 3:23;14:2;17:22;20:14, 23;24:19;36:15;41:18;44:22; 64:19,20;113:1,1;114:21; 119:8;140:16;151:11,17; 155:21;171:15;176:11,19; 180:20;185:5;219:5;220:21;

252:8;254:14;296:13;313:25;
319:21;334:19;359:11;397:4;

402:7 debate (7) 180:17,18,24;241:5; 283:17;284:17;303:7 debated (1) 67:1 debilitating (3) 25:2;218:15;367:23 Deborah (2) 8:11;11:11 D-E-B-O-R-A-H (1) 11:11 decade (8) 10:18;104:18;120:12; 123:11;127:9;170:10;281:16;

317:7 decades (13) 9:13;26:17;28:17; 59:12;79:1;81:8;103:25;

113:10;171:13;173:23;261:24; 272:24;312:16 December (1) 90:18 decide (2) 66:6;136:8 decided (6) 136:5;165:19;263:25; 287:5;335:15;390:1 deciding (2) 165:15;245:15 decision (11) 57:21;67:16;79:3; 152:10;165:10,11;186:25; 259:1;336:16;403:11,20 decisions (4) 66:11;98:1;123:1; 330:21 Declaration (3) 226:15,19;328:19 declared (1) 142:9 decline (1) 269:8 decommissioning (1) 86:5 decrease (3) 166:12;226:10;

242:16 decreased (4) 173:14;261:7; 282:18;377:25

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Decreasing (1) 46:7 decree (1) 180:14 dedicated (5) 52:13;112:16; 174:22;240:20;312:3 dedication (2) 136:16;398:19 deemed (4) 201:19,19;225:12;

406:10 deep (2) 109:5;221:4 deeply (2) 77:2;307:3 defects (18) 14:2;19:5;27:6;45:5; 79:19;86:8;171:15;203:9;

216:21;236:16;238:5;241:13; 244:3;274:4;307:25;343:14; 358:21;364:15 defend (3) 77:10;221:11;237:15 defended (1) 11:22 Defense (2) 311:20,25 defensible (1) 331:16 defiance (1) 231:8 deficiencies (1) 173:12 deficit (4) 296:18;309:20;366:24;
383:25 deficits (2) 308:4;321:22 definitely (5) 131:15;208:12;356:7; 406:3;410:10 definition (2) 179:25;180:1 definitive (1) 372:6 deforestation (1) 311:11 degreasers (1) 262:9 degree (2) 123:21;390:7 deja (2) 147:19;170:22 Delaware (25) 11:14;23:12;27:25; 59:7;85:10;87:7,18;107:6; 147:15;148:17,21;213:11,14, 18;232:10;263:4,5,19,24,25; 264:1,8;270:8;340:1;357:25 Delawareans (1) 340:2 delay (20) 22:8;34:9;41:20;46:2; 47:21;79:1;81:24;127:13; 171:13;174:3;244:2;302:4;

309:4;342:14;344:13;360:13; 362:24;375:5;391:1;398:2 delayed (2) 57:5;63:14 delays (5) 13:3;66:15;81:3; 170:16;242:23 delicious (2) 201:9;329:9 deliver (1) 411:3 delivered (4) 214:9;215:25; 261:24;271:12 delivery (1) 252:13 Delmarva (3) 263:8,9,10 demand (6) 93:5;157:19;257:4,5; 258:15,19 demanded (1) 55:16 demanding (2) 262:16;372:1 democrat (1) 154:21 demonstrate (2) 113:11;254:6 demonstrated (6) 31:16,20;33:3; 34:3;117:18;162:20 demonstrates (5) 33:22;88:21; 112:20;160:8;316:25 demonstration (1) 113:7 denied (1) 73:15 denomination (2) 237:4;395:9 denominations (1) 395:20 densely (1) 246:14 dental (2) 262:10;281:5 deny (3) 181:19;376:7,8 DEP (11) 16:25;17:2;86:17;147:25; 158:11;231:9,12;277:11; 278:10;353:12;355:17 Department (16) 112:5;115:17; 126:19;154:6;158:10;255:24; 264:18;268:11;288:11,20; 292:1;300:3;303:17;329:14; 378:10;390:19 depend (5) 56:16;68:12;154:18, 18;157:19 depended (1) 55:24 dependence (1) 196:8 depending (4) 7:9;28:7;121:10; 189:6 depends (1) 397:24 deployment (1) 126:5 deposited (5) 32:14;72:8;130:20; 241:22;384:5 deposition (5) 159:24;160:10; 163:22;191:6;315:1 deposits (2) 99:23;305:17 depression (1) 394:14 deprive (1) 329:2 deprived (2) 138:12;378:8 deprives (2) 329:4,5 Deputy (2) 30:14;158:9 derailed (1) 222:18 dereliction (1) 330:23 derived (1) 44:14 derives (1) 44:15 describe (2) 5:17;285:11 described (1) 4:18 deserve (3) 11:21;239:14;353:3 deserved (1) 368:9 designed (2) 8:21;94:20 designs (1) 198:6 desirable (1) 277:18 desire (2) 78:14;195:19 desires (1) 42:20 desk (1) 305:25 desperately (3) 200:15;256:9;

377:10 despite (11) 93:4;207:18;212:4; 222:2;231:4;245:23;261:14; 282:6;303:4;346:25;371:9 dessert (1) 373:11 destinations (1) 245:15 destroyed (2) 311:13;389:11 destroys (1) 294:23 destruction (2) 45:23;240:2 detail (1) 34:12 detailed (11) 5:15;63:7;66:19;

119:18;164:25;174:13;187:17; 304:18;317:14;337:5;357:2 detailing (2) 121:6;145:12 details (2) 61:21;166:6 detected (2) 155:12,13 detection (1) 112:17 determination (2) 90:17,21 determine (6) 118:16;136:14; 245:21;297:21,25;373:4 determined (9) 148:20;219:13; 233:3;242:25;279:1,2;291:14; 293:12;312:21 determining (1) 294:7 detrimental (1) 152:1 devastated (1) 319:11 devastating (4) 8:22;9:11;217:21; 320:1 develop (13) 4:13,16;5:4;29:22; 67:19;84:5;107:17;152:9;

186:20;335:14;336:11;337:1;

369:18 developed (5) 28:25;40:17; 186:25;214:13;371:22 developing (38) 3:16;9:12;16:10; 53:12;61:17;67:25;72:21; 76:25;80:4;99:17;108:19;

128:11;160:2;165:16;176:15; 184:24;185:24;186:1;191:4; 214:18,23;222:16;224:23;

242:3;251:24;283:14;291:18; 299:14;307:9;308:5;334:13; 335:20;338:2;342:23;361:7; 363:14,15;379:21 development (34) 10:2;28:9;62:5; 79:20;102:11;109:21;138:4;

146:22,24;165:20;172:7;191:9;

210:23;214:20;215:10;221:24; 222:18,21;223:17;225:4,19; 235:19;238:9;307:10,17; 309:17;313:7,15;314:12;

322:10;323:15;334:3;383:24;

397:18 developmental (12) 53:21;84:10; 86:8;214:22;224:16;228:6; 267:14,17;343:14;350:6; 393:15;397:20 develops (1) 222:17 devices (6) 36:3;37:1;281:7,18; 319:9;349:5 devoted (1) 141:3 diabetes (1) 80:3 diabetics (1) 64:9 diagnosed (6) 41:23;151:16; 204:3;212:5;238:7;317:24 diagnosis (1) 322:9 diameter (1) 113:23 die (5) 28:6;41:14;59:18;310:7;

323:13 died (6) 108:18;167:13;284:23; 408:25,25;409:2 diesel (2) 169:9;245:2 diet (9) 21:17,20;60:17;110:17; 111:10;128:18;134:7;200:18;

203:21 dietary (1) 298:14 diets (2) 225:23;226:1 difference (3) 20:11;109:19;335:22 differences (2) 74:11;306:6 different (14) 40:8;68:19;91:3; 133:19;170:24;182:15,16; 236:19;308:13;349:6;371:2; 378:14;395:14;403:18 difficult (11) 13:23;204:17;216:19; 236:1;248:18;324:9;325:5,8, 13;334:24;386:21 difficulties (3) 41:13;203:7;394:20 difficulty (1) 173:14 digestive (1) 309:23 dime (1) 86:19 dimes (2) 87:22;226:6 diminish (3) 90:15;217:17;384:1 diminishes (1) 53:25 dinner (7) 7:12;102:19;189:7; 328:9;332:10,11;367:22 Diocese (1) 348:23 dioxide (29) 3:5;24:17;66:1;81:8; 101:12;116:17,19,25;117:1,5, 13;184:12;203:20;220:2,16; 232:22;247:17,18;248:2;

290:15,17,22;311:7,8;333:25;

343:20;378:24;384:25;407:21 dioxides (1) 220:3 dioxin (11) 18:24;65:22;215:15,24; 216:2;219:1;228:4;307:16; 358:18;385:1,2 dioxins (13) 27:3;63:22;79:15;

123:23;159:17;203:13;215:12, 12;216:15;220:4;274:1; 341:16;343:4 direct (3) 20:18;69:3;93:19 direction (1) 313:1 directive (1) 99:8 directly (10) 140:21;149:14;175:19; 215:1;232:9;276:17;278:7,23; 360:12;371:13 Director (26) 2:10,14,17;23:2;25:24; 56:25;76:12;78:9;88:4;115:16; 122:11;183:15,20,23;202:22;
204:4;217:11;249:25;260:18;

276:2;300:15;306:25;333:3,7; 356:16;397:1 Directors (1) 340:6 dirties (1) 282:7 dirtiest (4) 19:19;67:24;103:20;

319:4 dirty (18) 20:8,11,19;58:4,16;196:8, 22;197:3;198:21;254:10;

258:11;272:23;320:2;357:15; 360:6;361:1,5;371:8 disabilities (8) 45:6;53:21;73:7; 84:11;86:8;208:11;228:7;

393:16 disability (6) 42:7;309:19;350:7; 364:14;384:16;394:3 disadvantage (2) 163:10;365:5 disagree (1) 248:12 disappear (1) 389:2 disappointed (1) 89:16 discombobulated (1) 167:4 disconnect (2) 168:10;285:9 discount (5) 10:12,13,16,23;11:3 discovered (3) 21:19;143:5;405:17

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discovery (1) 305:16 discriminate (1) 360:24 discriminatory (1) 57:23 discuss (1) 88:11 discussed (1) 142:1 discussing (2) 140:9;332:19 discussion (11) 23:25;140:21; 141:23;170:20;187:10;191:9;

194:9;250:8,21;324:11;401:14 discussions (2) 83:1,5 disease (46) 13:24;19:4;27:5;64:8; 78:13;79:21;80:2,3;96:10; 113:3;120:7,16;128:19,20; 129:6;203:25;212:3;217:23;

218:1,9;219:5;223:21;224:15; 241:14;252:7,9;254:13;274:4; 283:6,23;289:18,18;291:10;
307:24;309:16;313:8;319:23; 323:8;340:3,9,14,16;358:21; 366:19,23;385:3 diseases (11) 13:25;45:8;64:8;

171:16;216:20;224:16;296:15; 320:4;340:12;358:20;399:20 disempowerment (1) 57:24 disgust (1) 330:23 disgusting (1) 373:21 disintegration (1) 410:6 dislodged (1) 61:1 Disorbo (4) 122:5;127:20,21,22 disorder (3) 238:8;309:20;366:25 disorders (6) 86:7;128:12,13; 129:24;228:6;321:24 disposal (2) 141:24;142:5 disposals (1) 281:9 disproportion (1) 395:10 disproportionate (3) 245:1;251:7; 254:10 disproportionately (6) 9:21;25:1; 58:19;253:10,13;357:9 disrupt (1) 225:3 disruptive (1) 153:20 disseminated (1) 365:16 distance (2) 58:12;357:18 distances (2) 105:7;220:7 distillate (1) 118:18 distinction (1) 343:10 distress (3) 167:15;235:13;340:18 distributed (2) 149:16;357:13 distributer (1) 143:25 distribution (1) 134:11 District (1) 158:20 disturbances (1) 152:5 disturbed (3) 393:24;394:6,17 disturbing (2) 77:2;222:5 Ditlaw (1) 350:24 ditto (1) 256:16 diversity (1) 182:14 dividing (1) 345:1 Division (8) 2:17;104:13;115:16; 141:18;183:23;215:1;264:19;

288:21 Dixon (3) 407:6,10,10 D-I-X-O-N (1) 407:10 docket (19) 4:21;6:18,21;22:16; 33:12;34:13;52:2;119:19; 174:13;186:12;188:14,18;

210:6;259:15;269:20;306:15; 336:3;338:4;403:14 doctor (4) 138:2;212:20;317:25;

406:2 Doctors (1) 212:6 doctor's (2) 206:19;318:13 document (2) 131:13;144:18 documented (7) 72:25;87:11;

103:23;143:21;193:11;254:10;

347:23 documenting (1) 115:3 documents (1) 342:3 dollar (16) 25:7;50:17,18,25;71:18; 107:23;132:20;148:12,15;

177:4;252:20;265:13;295:15; 334:24;399:18;400:3 dollars (62) 4:1,2,7;16:19;25:5; 36:20,22;50:14,20,22;56:7;

67:12;71:14,21,22;88:15;89:4;

91:5,8;93:2;94:10;95:12,15,19,
19;97:16,21,22;107:25;130:9;

132:24;144:1;148:23,24;177:4,

6;185:10;205:13,16;243:19,20; 252:19,19,22;271:17;284:3;

297:24;314:6;335:2,5;350:3,3,

8,14;378:24,25;379:2,4,12,13; 400:14;406:19 domestic (6) 3:9;53:10;56:10; 184:17;334:6;384:3 dominant (2) 21:17;24:9 Don (2) 102:2;104:12 donated (1) 277:25 done (46) 41:10;46:1,8;81:16;

101:15;109:8;133:18;134:18; 138:8;146:18;148:13;149:4; 163:8;166:14;168:4;187:7;

189:25;197:19,20;198:16,16; 207:19;234:5;237:1;257:24;

259:16;270:17;277:14;281:25; 285:8;293:21;305:3;317:9;

324:19;326:2,4;328:7;331:1, 15;336:15;338:19;339:7; 347:24;377:1;392:12;397:5 Donna (2) 233:21;237:20 don't' (1) 189:17 door (2) 269:3;304:8 dosage (2) 293:14;294:9 dose (2) 99:10;225:12 doses (1) 113:13 double (4) 92:22;93:7;95:8;410:3 doubling (1) 356:4 doubt (1) 327:7 doubts (1) 42:16 Doug (2) 70:20;74:5 Douglas (1) 229:15 Dowd (1) 229:13 down (39) 5:3;37:15;50:15;66:6,7, 11;67:18,23;69:22;103:5; 138:7;146:8;148:17;167:19;

173:22;186:19;198:20;248:4; 263:16,20;266:5;269:18;

285:16;294:13;305:15;320:18;

323:23;325:17;328:20;336:10;

346:19;360:14;364:23;367:14;

374:15,18;390:3;399:23;401:1 downfall (1) 390:2 downwind (9) 103:3;114:1;128:3; 149:14;163:12;164:7;193:2; 232:3;382:24 dozen (2) 316:12;390:20 dozens (4) 14:20;27:1;351:15;

407:25 Dr (36) 30:10;34:16,16;38:1;70:22; 75:16,23;106:2,3;112:6,7;

120:3,4,9;202:19;217:10,11;

240:12,13;339:20,20,24;347:7; 377:16;382:2,4,6,8,8;385:15; 398:4,5,9,12;401:8,9 draft (2) 158:16;171:3 dragging (1) 79:2 Draino (1) 294:22 dramatic (1) 368:3 dramatically (9) 101:11;162:1; 163:4;252:12;254:21;282:24; 285:25;298:3;320:4 drastically (1) 261:17 drawing (1) 171:3 dream (2) 297:23;298:2 dreams (1) 54:3 dressed (1) 23:4 drew (1) 376:16 drilling (1) 295:14 drink (7) 12:6;111:14;239:15; 241:6;244:13;245:4;362:16 drinks (1) 266:16 drive (9) 48:17;49:7;69:14;126:4; 133:6;198:10;266:5;267:8;

308:21 driving (2) 145:17;305:15 drop (7) 10:22;27:12,12;50:1;90:1; 181:4;329:20 dropped (1) 367:21 dropping (1) 329:22 droughts (1) 153:8 drove (5) 48:21,24;354:10;373:25; 385:25 drug (2) 293:20;378:19 drugs (1) 322:10 dry (11) 33:6,7;66:2,3;117:10; 119:14;125:22,23;126:1,2;

144:10 dryer (1) 33:8 DSI (3) 126:5,9;131:11 Dubois (6) 381:17;382:2,4,6,8,9 due (18) 17:7;27:20;45:22;57:23; 60:7;107:15;159:21;160:20;

163:21;173:9;241:25;266:17; 274:12;284:2;322:24;331:8; 351:10;361:25 dug (2) 167:7;198:21 Duke (2) 126:9;131:12 dump (3) 35:4;207:20;273:13 dumping (4) 19:14;49:17;132:6; 197:1 during (21) 7:11,20;22:10;53:14; 62:4;70:4;75:19;76:3;153:15; 155:22;189:15;214:20,21; 242:4;248:15;279:8;288:4; 295:23;308:3;327:11;357:3 dust (7) 27:15;142:22;143:2; 171:10;389:10,13,15 duties (1) 236:22 duty (5) 81:25;132:21;136:23; 261:8;330:23 dying (5) 107:11;108:11;367:17; 368:15,16



### E

eagle (2) 39:9,12 eagles (1) 172:20 earlier (18) 60:6;120:12,14,21; 148:2;252:24;285:2;296:8;

306:5;314:15;327:17;332:15, 16;341:25;355:17;370:23; 381:14;382:11 early (15) 32:19;72:17;90:9;152:8; 172:7;214:20;239:8;250:20; 344:19;349:1;367:22;389:3; 399:23;403:17;405:18 earned (1) 343:10 earnings (1) 90:2 earth (14) 51:20;74:9;153:5;175:9; 178:25;198:20,22;210:19;

237:5;369:4;376:23,23;380:23;

392:18 Earthcare (1) 395:16 earth's (1) 397:23 ease (1) 218:13 easier (3) 62:21;165:6;309:1 easily (2) 222:18;355:8 East (3) 38:14;149:12;354:14 eastern (10) 55:1;106:11;107:7;

161:21;165:23;166:2,9;354:15, 18,20 easy (3) 138:21;266:8,19 eat (49) 12:7;28:3;39:14,17;55:11; 60:13;71:3;84:13,20;85:17; 87:13;99:9;100:6;134:2,2;

150:10,20;160:6;161:3;167:10; 181:9;200:19;201:5,6,8; 203:21;205:10;207:8,11;

216:17;235:17;244:13;264:4;

272:20,25;283:4;308:11;330:1; 341:22;352:17;354:23,24;

362:15;364:4,16;365:19;392:3; 393:8;401:3 eaten (2) 225:6;264:16 eater (2) 84:1;308:16 eating (24) 3:15;53:15;103:1,13; 171:25;172:20,22;184:22; 202:4;207:2,7,9,14;226:4;

238:22;241:25;298:21;329:7,

13,16;334:12;351:7,18;369:19 eats (4) 110:18;266:16;274:14;

364:1

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Eco (1) 395:18 ecological (2) 234:18;237:5 ecologically (1) 280:20 ecology (2) 408:12;409:9 economic (36) 16:19;36:23;53:25; 57:24;70:5;74:21;75:5,7; 77:20;109:21;121:22;130:5;

151:18;175:18;181:20;249:16; 250:1;253:4,15,18,23;254:1,7;

257:15;279:14;285:21;301:21, 24;321:12;331:8;345:3,3; 375:16,18;395:15;408:2 economical (2) 71:19;198:1 economically (7) 104:6;111:1;

152:19;197:21;276:23;376:3,5 economics (4) 126:6;197:6;312:6; 389:7 economies (1) 111:5 economist (1) 93:15 economy (17) 15:14;21:7;37:20; 88:16;104:2;111:22;130:15; 153:14,16;216:23;250:24; 344:24;391:23,23;392:6; 399:25;409:19 ecosystem (1) 39:20 ecosystems (2) 28:5;194:5 Ed (5) 102:1,4;288:10,14,18 Eddystone (6) 59:8,15;107:8; 259:20;357:24;358:10 EDF (4) 312:3,11;314:15;317:14 edge (1) 373:11 Edison (2) 301:1;374:16 EDTA (3) 294:18,22;295:2 educate (2) 370:14;390:11 educated (4) 228:21;345:15; 373:15;374:3 educating (1) 98:19 education (5) 112:19;322:2;381:2, 4;389:20 educational (1) 321:9 Edward (2) 255:25,25 Edwards (3) 311:21;317:19,20 effect (21) 9:17;31:13;74:23;98:2; 117:17;160:12;162:8;174:1; 175:14;235:20;294:5,12,14;
304:17;323:11;343:21;358:5; 360:16;383:23;389:6;394:24 effected (3) 203:6;236:10;358:11 effecting (3) 97:25;203:25;214:18 effective (18) 15:20;31:21;65:19; 75:1;92:1;95:7;116:9;120:22; 164:14;166:14;268:14;271:9; 277:12;312:4,12;316:1;360:4;

380:6 effectively (4) 81:10;94:20;101:10; 271:22 effectiveness (1) 251:9 effects (62) 3:1;16:16;45:10,24; 57:6;58:12;61:16,20;64:4; 72:21;73:4,24;84:18;96:8,9; 99:16;107:18;110:11;113:12;

115:4;128:9;148:16;149:17,18, 21;152:1,6,9;173:18;181:21; 184:7,25;205:9;217:21,22;

222:16;224:23;226:4;238:13, 25;241:12,12;242:14;263:7;

283:19;291:9,11;314:14;320:2; 331:18;333:21;334:14,24; 357:19;368:14;379:23,23;

393:4;394:16;397:11;404:18;

407:24 efficiencies (2) 89:12;391:14 efficiency (2) 89:7;257:5 efficient (4) 6:12;68:1;75:5;301:19 efficiently (1) 151:2 effort (14) 7:21;9:2;20:7;21:24; 47:15;105:18;115:19;123:15;
141:16;161:20;197:17;233:3; 281:15;342:14 efforts (15) 3:17;41:2;96:23;105:14; 140:22;161:17;163:16;222:2; 278:1;280:25;289:10;290:13; 298:20;369:21,22 eggs (1) 173:15 egregious (1) 343:13 EGUs (1) 277:9 EGU's (1) 192:13 eight (29) 3:22;7:8;30:17;36:17;

58:5;86:19;87:23;189:5,12,13; 193:23;217:2;225:10;231:7;

233:10;246:17;275:3;289:25; 301:2;314:19;316:16,16; 338:18;344:5;359:3;366:10; 371:17;390:6;399:4 eighteen (9) 29:6;61:23;80:1; 97:10;156:11;232:25;299:1; 311:7;316:4 eighth (1) 318:15 eighties (1) 179:18 eighty (5) 59:9;71:14,22;157:4;

313:21 eighty- (3) 63:17;155:9;196:2 eighty-five (4) 162:4;197:10; 230:14;276:12 eighty-four (7) 12:9;218:21;222:7; 231:18;232:18;343:18;401:21 eighty-nine (1) 315:9 eighty-seven (3) 32:15;161:6;

218:21 eighty-six (5) 12:8;35:13;219:8; 222:6;342:8 eighty-two (1) 27:24 Eileen (1) 43:7 either (10) 5:16;67:19;71:10;

136:11;184:5;187:19;234:15; 269:18;285:10;370:10 EJ (3) 357:5,11,23 elaborate (1) 250:8 ELCA (3) 234:11;235:3;236:5 elderly (2) 120:24;252:8 elected (6) 110:20;227:24;250:18; 401:17;404:19,24 electric (44) 13:4;17:15;24:5;30:22; 48:9;63:13;78:22;88:4;89:2,3;

97:17;122:13,17,20;123:3,9,16, 19;127:5;161:25;162:20; 192:12;209:11;256:23;265:4,8, 18;271:16;276:6;279:19;

281:6;282:2;285:18,18;301:1, 3,16;303:7,10,21;305:10,18; 314:17;392:10 electricity (23) 11:24;47:1,7;90:10; 93:5;122:15;132:24;162:7,12; 163:6;178:10;198:1;205:14;

258:23;265:1;271:12;276:13; 278:5,13;303:8,14;305:8,15 electronic (1) 209:11 electronically (3) 5:17;187:19;

337:8 electrostatic (1) 65:24 elemental (2) 86:22;271:8 elementary (1) 42:3 elements (1) 214:18 elevated (6) 133:21;137:24;

149:25;150:16;160:12;330:10 eleven (30) 4:7;9:7;17:23;24:19;
36:15;44:22,24;63:3;64:15,17; 66:18;88:15;91:4;114:21,24; 151:12,13;159:2;176:19; 193:19;220:21;243:2,17; 247:10;251:1;295:1;313:25; 317:24;344:2;359:11 eliminate (6) 21:4;201:7;220:17; 281:15;297:23;356:6 eliminated (2) 134:23;344:3 eliminates (1) 146:2 elimination (1) 348:19 Elizabeth (2) 348:21,23 Elkins (1) 174:20 Elliott (2) 148:10;389:25 else (9) 83:19;133:21;294:1;

318:7;325:24;356:6;401:5,5;

407:7 elsewhere (1) 286:8 Elsie (1) 21:14 eluded (1) 410:19 Elwood (5) 227:20;229:18,19,24; 230:1 embrace (1) 279:25 embryo (1) 71:5 embryonic (1) 214:20 emergency (20) 17:24;21:1;24:21; 42:5;64:17;114:25;119:9;

120:17;176:21;220:22;242:11; 266:18;291:24;294:21;318:1,

17;341:2;343:22;344:4;359:13 emission (41) 17:12;24:15;31:9,23; 33:16;46:19;66:6;68:15,17,18; 69:13;99:2;100:25;105:13; 116:7,12,21;117:1,12,24; 118:25;123:15;125:4;128:3;

162:15;183:12;228:15;229:9;

230:22;232:13;279:3;290:4,6, 8;315:17,20;316:15;332:25; 349:4;391:7;409:23 emissions (198) 2:23;3:4,10;4:11,13, 24;12:1,17,21;13:5,22;15:21,

24;16:4,11,22;17:1,16;18:22;
19:11;20:16;21:2;24:2,16,17; 25:14;26:5;27:10;28:16;32:20; 46:21,22;47:5,7;57:10;59:25; 61:18,21,22;63:25;73:10,25; 80:16;91:6,7;92:6;93:3;99:5; 101:5,11;104:7,21;107:12;

108:21;114:4,9;115:22;116:3, 14,19;117:5,16;118:3,12,24; 119:21;121:13;125:9;126:6;

127:8;129:22;130:25;131:3,5; 142:3;148:5;149:7,8;151:23; 152:21;154:12;155:11,12,16, 22,25;156:2,3,5;158:4,23;

159:3,7,12,19;161:11,14;163:5, 22;164:4,15,18,22;165:5;

170:19;174:8;180:9,13;184:3,
11,17;185:22;186:15;192:17, 18;193:3;194:11,12;198:2;

204:13;216:18;217:17;218:20; 220:15,15,17;230:11,24;

231:23;232:1;239:19;241:16; 242:24;243:9;249:21;251:10; 254:18,23;261:18;262:11;

268:12;273:22;277:1;282:19,

21,24;289:13;290:9,10,15,17; 298:4;308:10;310:22;314:17, 20;315:3,8;316:13;317:8,11; 320:19;322:22;323:5,22; 328:18;329:21;333:17,24;

334:7;335:11;336:5;343:15,16,

18,25;349:25;351:4;352:14,25; 356:21;359:2,5,6,21;379:3,9; 383:8,13;384:8;396:22,25;

400:6;401:22;402:12;407:18, 22,24 emit (31) 3:7;19:9;20:12;27:14;

106:22;113:17;128:6,23;129:4; 162:5,11;184:14;192:13,16;

228:2;231:18,19;246:22;258:2, 3,16,17,21;274:1;307:15; 311:6;319:13;334:4;358:16; 382:21;383:5 emits (6) 59:8;128:22;232:16; 261:15;308:6;316:22 emitted (19) 47:9;84:9;86:18;99:12, 22;103:19;113:20;129:17; 191:4;192:15;193:7;220:5;

232:19;239:21;270:21;282:13; 290:19,22;322:19 emitter (2) 192:21;315:7 emitters (5) 282:18,21;314:16; 315:13;358:3 emitting (7) 130:21;144:17;192:14; 231:1;232:22;282:15;382:25 emotionally (4) 176:24;368:3; 393:24;394:17 emphysema (2) 247:8;366:20 Empire (2) 35:17;37:5 empirical (1) 388:16 employ (1) 37:1 employed (1) 276:17 employee (1) 193:24 employees (1) 400:1 employment (2) 89:25;90:7

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empowered (2) 36:10;211:10 enable (2) 69:12;189:25 enact (12) 22:7;78:1;139:12;144:5; 181:15;223:10,24;239:24; 271:5;272:15,16;365:13 enacted (3) 21:3;153:25;270:9 enacting (1) 46:23 enactment (1) 98:25 encompasses (1) 11:13 encountering (1) 318:25 encourage (17) 41:19;76:16,21; 117:6;119:2;221:9;223:10; 277:15;279:9;280:1;309:3; 351:2;369:2;386:14;388:21; 389:4;390:4 encouraged (5) 53:17;57:11; 84:20;108:6;239:8 encourages (1) 119:12 encouraging (3) 114:9;149:4;

223:23 Encouragingly (1) 163:16 end (21) 7:14;35:9;57:13;85:24; 110:9;134:21;153:15;205:13;

227:2;254:22;284:18,19;298:5; 308:10;322:14;323:5;346:15; 384:15;391:18;401:2;405:10 endanger (2) 256:20;257:8 endangering (1) 128:7 endangers (1) 364:2 ended (3) 167:11;216:11;391:16 ending (1) 153:3 endometriosis (1) 385:5 endowed (2) 241:3;328:22 ends (3) 49:18;66:16;225:20 endured (1) 194:9 energies (2) 197:13,13 energy (87) 9:5;14:24,24;15:1,14; 25:17;35:20;46:13;47:20;

49:13;83:11;87:9;101:6;102:6;

122:5,11,12;126:19,22;130:22; 135:1;148:18;152:13;153:18; 177:21,24;178:11;181:3;

190:10;195:17,19;196:1,5,5,9,

15,22,22,23,25;197:3,5,6,7,10,

10,17,22;198:8,8,9,18;199:2,3,

10,12;246:4;247:21,23;252:25; 253:2;257:4;262:14,23;276:8; 277:6;279:10,12,19,23,24;

284:10;285:4;301:3;303:2,18; 308:21;346:25;370:9;374:20,

21;387:21;390:9;398:15;399:6, 19;406:23 enforce (9) 36:10,11;41:1;132:22, 25;154:20;208:13;390:24;

399:10 enforced (1) 256:20 enforcing (3) 73:1;158:3;192:24 engage (1) 136:3 engaged (2) 141:22;251:1 engagement (3) 82:7;124:3;403:8 engaging (1) 169:15 engender (1) 255:9 engineering (5) 130:13;268:11; 304:20;327:10;388:15 England (16) 30:19;133:24;134:1; 160:9,11,24;161:3,21;237:22; 242:14;319:5,7,19;366:14; 399:13;400:5 English (2) 61:1;264:13 enhanced (1) 301:20 enjoy (11) 110:23,25;163:11;239:6; 265:21;326:11;329:6;344:25; 351:6;352:7;361:11 enjoyed (1) 329:24 enjoying (2) 61:13;330:3 enlisting (2) 167:23;261:20 enormous (5) 106:6;268:24;350:4, 7;354:2 enormously (2) 63:9;182:11 enough (31) 27:12;45:4;57:17;
66:19;73:6;85:3,6,6,17;87:19, 19;97:2,3;107:13;110:14;

128:21;157:15;181:9;212:11; 213:1;223:4;227:25;228:10;

291:6;303:13;304:16;325:10; 345:23;377:6;405:18;411:1 Enquirer (6) 12:15;65:11;96:16; 141:3;378:21;379:15 ensure (11) 79:7;84:12;85:17; 95:20;104:24;164:19;296:3; 317:5;330:5,8;360:9 ensuring (2) 46:10;329:25 enter (3) 25:19;52:1;300:8 entering (3) 32:8;154:11;180:21 enthusiastically (1) 370:3 enthusiasts (1) 38:15 entire (14) 11:4;27:13,23;28:2; 35:17;54:1;86:16;106:19;

140:22;146:12;148:6;302:11; 373:6,14 entirely (5) 90:21;91:12;165:25; 195:22;345:7 entities (1) 329:1 entitled (1) 304:20 environment (75) 5:6;15:13;19:22; 22:22;24:8;25:24,25;26:2;

28:19;29:7;34:10;38:24;45:12, 15,23;62:22;73:15,20;86:15; 111:13,21;116:10;129:10;

138:16;140:24;150:6;152:24;

156:8,24;159:16;164:1;175:7, 14;186:22;201:7;211:3;

214:10;218:23;223:12;224:1;

226:24;238:13,17,25;239:6,14; 260:15,20;265:20;274:24;

279:11;280:21;281:11;283:20;

301:18;308:24;319:10;321:19;

322:22;323:12;336:13;339:18; 344:18;345:17,18;346:14; 364:18;365:2,10,17;372:17; 384:21;399:11;406:3,5 Environmental (147) 2:3;3:24;13:1; 16:1,15,23;19:20;23:6,10;25:2; 26:1,3;29:14;39:4;47:2;52:7, 12;56:18,24;57:12,21;62:4;

72:2;76:17;78:10;80:17;82:4, 7;90:13;94:9;97:8,11;105:4,25; 106:4,5,7,24;109:6;111:15; 112:5;115:17,20;138:19; 151:20;154:6;156:13,18,19;
157:1,9,18,22;158:10;164:5;

170:16;174:23;175:11;178:21; 181:21;185:6;196:10;209:15;

211:2;214:12;215:19;217:12, 14;219:22;227:6,20;228:12; 229:21;230:2;231:5;232:20;

234:19;236:8;241:20;244:18,

24;248:10;250:24;255:16,25; 256:14;260:18,23;261:9;

264:18,20;268:10,17,21;277:5, 9;278:7,25;279:14,20;280:24;

282:11;288:23;297:12;298:11; 300:14;301:24;305:13,20; 307:11;308:18;311:20,25; 312:1,4,15;317:5;326:24;

329:15;330:5;334:21;345:10, 25;346:2;347:21;348:24; 356:13,17,25;357:4;362:21; 370:1,5;378:11,17;382:11;

385:8,17,19;390:19;391:3,5,21, 22;395:15;396:19;408:14 environmentalism (1) 370:5 Environmentalist (1) 377:18 environmentally (2) 276:22;278:12 environment's (1) 224:10 envision (1) 408:5 EPA (265) 2:20;5:4;8:18;11:2;13:3; 16:6;17:11,21,25;18:13,25;

21:3,12;22:2,6;23:16,17;24:1, 3,14;25:9;26:9;29:9,24;30:1;

32:24;34:1,5;35:23;36:9,12,18; 37:21;39:23;40:25;41:9;44:1,

10;54:7,14;57:4;58:8;62:2,19; 63:1,11;66:15,20,22;69:19; 74:17;76:19;78:4;79:4;84:8, 12;85:1,11;88:12,14,16,20;

89:13;90:17,25;91:4,10,17,25; 92:6,15;96:13;99:6;104:7,25;

105:2;107:20,22;108:9;109:17,

21,21;111:18;114:3,14;115:24; 116:3,11;117:6,10,20,23;

118:15;119:3,6,13;123:8,12,14, 22;124:3,5;125:7;126:13;
127:7,9;140:8,11,22;141:11, 17;142:13;145:4;146:10,12; 153:23;154:10,18;157:17; 158:3,15;161:15;162:14,18;

164:10,19,25;165:3;167:21,22; 169:3,12;170:23;171:3;174:2; 176:9;177:15;180:4;186:20; 191:25;192:4,24;193:14,24;

194:2,21,24;200:4;201:14,17, 24;204:10,15;208:3;209:7,7, 18;214:4;218:22;219:12;

220:19;221:5,9;223:2,10,23; 225:24;226:6,9;227:2;229:1;

232:1,6;234:2;235:4;237:9,13;

238:20;239:23;240:23;242:25;

243:22;244:1;253:22,23;254:3, 4,17,18;256:9;257:12;259:8; 263:4;270:8;273:17;274:22;

275:4;276:25;277:18;278:11, 21;279:13;282:11;286:5; 287:7;289:9;290:13;292:2;

295:23;299:11,16;302:2,8,11, 16;304:5;305:6;309:3;310:1, 25;311:9;312:21;313:23;

314:3;317:2,4;320:1;324:25;
325:16;326:23;333:11;336:1,
11,21;342:11;343:25;344:11; 346:9,18;347:2;350:8;351:2;

359:4,8;360:13;361:8;365:13, 23;369:12;379:13;384:7,20;

385:9,23;389:1;390:4;392:11; 395:23;396:25;401:9;406:9; 407:1;408:3,15;409:10 EPA's (75) 2:10,14,16;10:3;11:17; 15:23;17:5;18:5;20:7;25:3;

26:9;29:11;30:21,25;31:4,12, 24;33:1,24;34:8;41:2;47:12; 56:6;64:12;68:7;69:10;74:2; 84:24;88:13;89:7,10;95:12;

99:7;110:15;125:3,7;126:21;
145:22;158:13;159:6;162:22; 163:2,14;164:11,23;170:20;

171:7;183:15;202:25;213:15;

225:12,13;228:8;229:8;243:5; 253:17;254:2,9;255:1;273:8; 291:7;301:7;303:20;304:24; 308:19;309:2;312:8,11,25;

313:18;316:17,23;320:3;333:3;

356:20 epidemics (1) 36:6 Epidemiologic (1) 112:24 Episcopal (2) 347:14;348:22 episodes (2) 20:25;75:19 equal (3) 57:21;64:25;305:11 equals (1) 87:22 equipment (22) 4:10;66:10;80:24; 81:4,6;90:5;101:9;114:8,12;
162:19;168:13;177:11,12,13, 14;185:21;192:6,11;335:9,9; 343:17;391:6 equitable (2) 250:24;360:1 equivalent (5) 37:5;90:2,7;242:16; 262:5 ER (1) 193:17 era (1) 305:19 ERCC's (1) 88:5 Erie (2) 61:4;100:8 error (6) 4:15;89:14;186:3,3; 335:17,18 errors (4) 89:11,14,17,19 escape (1) 181:22 especially (49) 3:16;24:24;27:11; 35:21;40:1;43:2;44:4;46:20;

53:12;70:4;75:17,25,25;82:24; 87:1;101:16;110:17;128:2,25; 138:14;141:2;154:17;172:6;

181:12;184:23;190:25;201:9; 202:2;204:13;215:5;221:23; 236:3;244:21;250:5;252:7;

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296:11;299:16;307:9;308:1,16;

334:13;346:22,25;351:6;364:3; 387:9;397:11,13;410:22 essential (2) 169:19;225:18 essentially (4) 10:17;92:15;94:22; 169:10 Essex (1) 246:11 establish (4) 18:21;21:12;30:21;
228:15 established (5) 32:7;33:15;46:19; 208:3;268:17 establishes (1) 359:21 establishing (4) 92:13;154:11; 158:3;302:12 estimate (10) 3:20;4:5;25:3;56:6; 84:24;90:5;95:12;334:16; 335:4;397:15 estimated (19) 16:8;20:14;25:6; 29:13;36:2,13,18;69:3;89:12; 90:1,6,10;91:4;177:15;193:4; 220:24;225:10;283:23;284:1 estimates (12) 16:18;25:3,9;35:11; 36:12;46:4;185:2;193:24; 220:19;278:2;313:23;379:13 estimation (1) 326:7 et (1) 283:21 etcetera (2) 119:9;348:12 Etherington (4) 306:20,23,24;

311:18 ethic (1) 325:18 ethical (4) 11:6;14:23;77:19;

192:23 ethnic (2) 58:23;61:11 ethylenediaminetetraacetic (1)

294:18 Europe (1) 409:25 evade (1) 19:13 evaluate (1) 253:16 evaluating (1) 124:1 Evangelical (8) 52:6,12;56:17; 227:20;229:21;230:2;233:20;

234:10 Evangelicals (1) 52:18 even (77) 8:20;10:21;19:6,15; 25:16;27:7,11;49:13;57:8; 59:11;80:12;84:16;87:15; 88:14;99:14;103:22;108:16; 110:16;120:12,13;126:23; 130:7;152:3;160:3;162:24;

165:12,19;172:5;192:4;204:21; 214:14;215:7;216:21;220:8; 235:16;242:7;253:8;262:10;

274:2,5;279:25;283:12;285:22,

25;286:5;303:14;304:9;307:22, 25;308:2;312:14;314:8;
318:22;321:20;323:6;329:17; 348:2;358:19;360:6;362:8,10;

364:9;374:23;375:8;377:20,23; 379:5,9;380:10,14;381:4; 383:23;387:6;389:6;390:10; 392:1;400:17 evened (1) 361:1 evening (21) 6:4;7:10,16;39:5; 311:23;332:12,13,15,19;

337:17;338:19,25;339:2,15,22; 356:15;387:3;393:10;398:17; 401:8;407:5 event (2) 54:23;305:17 events (3) 153:9;323:1;368:1 Eventually (4) 200:9;308:11; 371:24;375:14 everybody (19) 69:25;89:8;97:4; 188:4;190:6;258:13;275:22;

318:7;332:10;338:21;339:14; 354:14;373:5;381:16;387:7; 398:20;401:5;404:5;410:13 everybody's (2) 256:17;389:6 everyday (5) 169:23;233:9;251:17; 360:15;372:12 everyone (22) 5:25;7:16;62:20; 80:10;94:15;129:12;141:1;

156:20;182:7;189:10;266:10;

302:17;322:4;332:12;337:16; 344:20,23;346:18;404:25; 405:1,1,9 everyone's (1) 23:13 everywhere (6) 38:24;224:2;238:3, 23;364:6;367:5 evidence (9) 75:21;85:13;128:17; 166:13;238:1;267:22;298:22; 319:24;402:4 evolved (3) 198:4;200:10;295:24 evolving (1) 261:6 exacerbate (4) 79:21;158:24; 236:1;319:15 exacerbated (2) 40:17;384:23 exacerbations (3) 113:2;241:13; 244:4 exact (1) 142:24 exactly (3) 7:25;147:21;259:16 example (16) 20:20;57:19;76:2; 105:10;118:1,3;121:4;123:22;

124:5,23;162:1;173:13;230:23; 315:25;316:14;346:5 examples (1) 253:2 exceed (2) 88:18;358:10 exceeding (1) 316:14 exceeds (2) 35:17;193:14 excellent (1) 61:19 except (1) 233:15 exception (3) 182:8;291:2;346:1 excess (5) 63:17;256:25;258:1; 289:21;342:7 excessive (1) 241:25 Exchange (1) 409:24 excited (2) 29:1,12 excitement (1) 181:4 exclusively (1) 404:19 excuse (6) 44:5;45:14;113:14; 199:20;267:4;395:18 Executive (8) 23:2;76:12;88:19; 93:10;101:5;122:10;276:2;

306:25 Exelon (7) 59:8;297:5;300:15,19, 22;301:6;302:23 Exelon's (2) 300:17;305:22 exempt (1) 155:8 exemption (1) 342:15 exercise (3) 64:10;80:5;213:1 exercising (1) 369:19 exist (8) 57:7;181:25;197:3; 198:10;216:8;244:6;249:11;

273:23 existed (2) 11:19;298:22 existence (2) 181:19;286:4 existing (25) 4:23;13:7;17:3;31:15; 32:20;33:10;34:6;68:9;80:6; 93:4;117:15;125:3;158:24;

162:16;186:13;243:12;246:23; 249:22;268:14;277:3;289:12; 305:7;316:19;336:4;360:4 exists (4) 129:17;133:25;138:16; 178:2 ex-offenders (1) 131:23 expand (1) 165:1 expect (10) 4:14;111:3;124:3; 126:25;156:17,17,20;305:9; 353:2;391:20 expectancy (2) 107:15;242:18 expectant (1) 307:7 expectation (1) 304:11 expected (10) 13:10;58:13;65:13; 138:19;247:9;303:18;304:17; 318:15;345:7;357:19 expecting (2) 139:5;363:10 expediting (1) 250:9 expeditious (1) 119:5 expeditiously (2) 75:9;164:10 expenditures (1) 243:19 expense (1) 94:23 expenses (1) 97:24 expensive (6) 34:25;51:7;88:12; 213:2;320:20;322:10 experience (14) 31:18;32:1;101:14; 102:25;121:15;123:17;124:15; 125:14;131:5;162:22;170:2; 227:5;251:16;391:2 experienced (2) 327:13;340:18 experiences (2) 102:16;331:24 experiencing (1) 139:7 experiment (1) 248:5 experimental (1) 248:5 experts (5) 19:1;88:13;135:11; 304:15;388:5 expiration (1) 286:17 expire (1) 286:25 Expiring (1) 287:12 explain (1) 91:18 explained (1) 249:5 explaining (1) 249:3 explanation (1) 157:8 explore (1) 239:9 explorers (1) 366:6 Explorer's (2) 366:5;367:8 exposed (17) 3:14;28:6;160:19; 167:5;169:18;184:22;221:7; 222:24;224:24;225:7,11,15;

321:20;323:13;334:11;341:23;

348:12 exposes (2) 53:14;340:16 exposing (1) 308:18 exposure (52) 3:17,18;28:7;32:6; 54:17;58:2;61:16;72:24;79:25; 80:13,16;99:13,25;112:22; 115:2;128:10,18;152:3,6,8;

172:1,19;184:25;193:1;214:13; 215:17;216:1;219:15;239:22; 241:25;242:4;283:16,18,19;

291:8,20;297:15;298:1;308:3; 313:9,14;319:14;321:25;

334:14;358:24;363:11;377:25; 378:2,13,15;379:22;383:24 exposures (7) 160:20;214:22; 215:8,8,15,19;222:14 express (4) 66:18;109:5;127:24; 235:3 expressed (3) 130:18;182:10;

361:22 expression (1) 236:18 exquisitely (1) 283:18 extended (1) 276:19 extends (1) 263:14 extension (5) 69:20;119:12; 126:15;304:5,5 Extensions (1) 304:7 extensive (7) 82:9;123:14;124:15; 127:11;160:7;191:8;194:9 extensively (2) 145:11;147:4 extent (13) 6:11;9:21;22:14;82:3; 129:20;131:13;146:17,22,23; 153:11;257:10;398:6;403:6 external (2) 205:25;368:8 externalizing (1) 209:14 extra (3) 10:1;119:15;207:16 extreme (1) 44:4 extremely (9) 19:2;53:11;152:1;

222:14;274:2;307:7,22;346:13;
358:19 eye (4) 19:5;45:11;267:2;291:11 eyed (2) 399:1,1 eyes (2) 180:4;342:19



### F

Fab (1) 144:6 fabric (2) 33:7;294:20 FABRIKANT (2) 408:9,10 F-A-B-R-I-K-A-N-T (1) 408:10 face (13) 9:23;41:22;48:19;138:20; 216:12;223:14;253:12;266:22; 331:8;346:7;365:25;366:11;

369:2 faced (1) 279:8 facilities (26) 28:16;38:5;65:5; 101:9;106:7,13,21,25;117:6; 131:6;162:18;164:7;168:24; 174:7;194:18;245:16;262:7; 277:2;282:5;287:24;308:22; 360:3,5,7;361:6;394:4 facility (15) 67:17;106:15,17;

123:25;125:10;162:4,9;179:21; 245:21;246:1,13,23;247:23;

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316:21;350:14 facility's (1) 162:10 facing (3) 165:14;166:3;205:11 fact (42) 13:7;36:11;39:13;49:6,10; 55:9;59:20;65:7;70:7;77:25; 82:15;93:17;107:15;123:20; 126:19;140:2;141:2;145:7; 147:5;163:8;167:25;191:21; 205:12;213:20;222:5;223:1; 251:12,22;252:25;257:24,25;
259:7;285:6,14;302:16;317:6; 326:2;334:22;341:13;352:5; 362:4;406:12 factor (5) 89:12;111:4;238:11; 294:9;366:19 factories (1) 49:7 factors (4) 40:15;126:4;366:22;

393:17 factory (3) 200:13;294:20;367:12 facts (11) 135:10;136:20,21;155:3; 182:11;222:2;331:13;361:21, 24;371:3;397:8 faculty (2) 374:9;385:16 fade (1) 212:25 fail (1) 58:7 failed (7) 9:14;54:3;93:8;246:7; 254:9;298:23;384:2 fails (1) 246:19 failure (6) 28:8;235:24,25;323:14; 394:19,19 faint (1) 201:3 fainting (1) 200:17 fair (10) 5:25;10:2;188:3;196:24; 227:25;258:22;317:13;337:16; 360:1;369:21 fairly (2) 335:20;394:12 Fairmont (1) 74:9 fairness (1) 188:5 faith (23) 9:3,4;10:24;14:18;42:23; 76:17;77:8;82:18,20;98:18,22; 174:21;175:19;176:1;178:22;

182:17;215:20;234:20;236:18; 255:14;395:7;396:2;397:10 Faith's (1) 175:13 fall (10) 33:20;65:20;80:18;98:14; 105:15;109:24;284:19;339:10; 363:22;383:5 fallen (2) 163:18;284:22 falling (2) 80:8;227:12 Fallon (3) 369:9;370:20,20 Falls (6) 38:14;145:16,16;225:1; 266:12;364:7 false (2) 257:8;391:21 familiar (1) 249:8 familiarity (1) 298:16 familiarly (1) 395:6 families (37) 41:21;42:11;47:13; 61:13;71:10,13;73:17;93:12; 97:1;99:10;104:3;176:10,25;
204:9;218:14;224:22;226:2,2; 227:1;243:24;244:7;260:22;

262:14;268:2;276:18,19;280:3; 341:5;352:15,19,22;368:13; 380:6;392:24;393:5;395:1;

405:2 families' (1) 239:25 family (36) 13:21;21:22;38:15;
55:13,24;61:5,9;70:24;71:21;
80:12;102:22;112:10;156:15,

19;205:15;211:4;222:9;232:7; 249:10;263:12;274:11,19; 322:17;329:23;351:22,25;

352:12,17;362:17;366:9,9,13; 367:1,20;374:10;406:1 famously (1) 241:2 fancy (1) 200:11 far (20) 4:5;18:1;46:20;48:15; 51:24;54:7;77:17;80:7;82:9; 85:23;153:21;157:6;172:25;

240:25;252:17;253:9;281:23; 335:3;359:16;362:20 farm (2) 230:6;329:18 farmed (1) 392:4 farmers (1) 374:17 farming (1) 200:13 farm-raised (1) 392:3 farms (2) 87:17;374:11 fast (3) 41:19;128:11;196:7 faster (5) 72:18,19;129:1;159:12; 163:1 fatal (1) 314:12 fate (1) 73:8 father (11) 9:7;48:6;110:7;211:4; 263:8;300:3,6;324:7;351:1; 368:16;408:25 fatherhood (1) 156:15 fatty (6) 71:4,5,16,20;215:13;

225:18 favor (7) 34:21;74:23;151:7;

154:10;158:2;369:12;407:16 favorable (1) 245:15 favoring (1) 278:17 favorite (3) 102:20;156:4;352:12 favors (1) 36:23 fax (3) 5:17;187:19;337:7 fear (3) 209:13;212:10;268:22 feared (1) 218:9 fears (1) 138:11 feasible (4) 104:6;152:19;166:15; 401:18 feature (1) 113:5 February (2) 158:19;400:11 fed (2) 137:4;266:13 federal (32) 4:23;16:21;17:5,10; 26:4;28:25;32:9;85:13,20; 92:21;104:19;136:2;154:19;

163:9;186:14;195:19;228:12;

237:23;241:15;246:8,20;256:3, 7;269:6;273:11;274:25;289:8; 290:4,8;302:12;336:4;352:24 federation (10) 26:2;102:2;166:22; 170:4,6,11;172:2;236:6;297:7;

347:10 Federation's (1) 102:6 feed (4) 72:13;110:16;172:16;

404:15 feeding (2) 215:25;298:9 feeds (2) 97:1;265:12 feel (22) 21:13;36:5;95:22;97:5; 135:9;137:7;169:15;170:22;

197:11;205:15;211:22;223:9; 267:9;309:13;326:1;329:3;

338:25;368:13;369:21;388:22; 402:23;405:24 feeling (1) 147:18 Feeney (11) 199:19,22,23;200:3,4; 205:5,7,18;206:4,6,9 feet (3) 55:20;167:16;386:11 fellow (3) 128:8;154:5;174:21 felt (4) 133:7;137:25;388:25;409:8 FEMALE (4) 190:12;294:4;381:20, 25 fence (1) 374:18 Fenichel (3) 398:16;401:8,10 FERC (3) 303:1,22;304:10 ferociously (1) 346:16 fertility (3) 28:8;45:10;323:14 fetal (8) 72:15,16;214:18,20;215:1, 9,17;397:17 fetus (9) 16:10;222:16,17;225:13; 228:11;283:8,18;299:14;

363:15 fetuses (14) 9:18;16:7;61:17;76:25; 99:17;128:10;138:14;155:18; 160:3;176:5;228:7;236:3; 237:2;358:23 fever (1) 134:11 few (19) 8:2;49:23;53:3;74:9,25; 80:13;84:2;86:14;169:7;

179:13;183:12;197:23;232:12; 274:11;284:14;302:4;376:18; 380:8;393:23 fewer (2) 64:18;173:15 fibrillation (1) 385:3 fibrosis (2) 212:5;340:12 field (17) 13:9;25:12,24;105:6; 163:3;167:7;177:21;197:8;

258:24,24;318:9;327:14;361:1; 370:21;387:6;389:6;390:10 Fields (5) 52:7;56:22,23,24;364:8 fifteen (13) 20:12;112:15;128:6; 143:24;231:19;261:15;262:4;
308:6;310:20;386:23;397:15; 408:18;409:15 fifth (2) 122:20;300:21 fifty (33) 20:12;24:10,11;26:8;36:17; 69:3;73:1;89:3;100:4;120:11; 148:12,14;157:4;192:13,17;

193:23;212:15;217:2;231:20; 246:1;257:1;282:12,18,20; 289:25;308:7;310:11;311:1; 344:5;348:15;384:3;396:22;

400:1 fifty-five (4) 24:17;231:20;316:7; 359:6 fifty-four (1) 20:24 fifty-nine (7) 4:1;20:14;25:4,5; 177:3;252:18;311:6 fifty's (1) 134:5 fifty-seven (2) 58:9;247:4 fifty-six (4) 58:14;243:20;247:2;
357:20 fifty-three (2) 220:17;407:22 fifty-two (1) 280:17 fight (4) 209:20;261:4;340:10;

346:15 fighting (10) 85:24;103:24;109:16, 20;179:9;372:15;374:5;390:3; 401:1;409:17 figure (4) 50:16;70:13;92:16;136:2 figures (2) 371:3;397:8 file (1) 63:7 filed (1) 29:9 filibustered (1) 389:14 filled (3) 53:15;216:17;341:22 filling (2) 261:6;262:1 film (2) 134:5;402:13 filters (1) 33:7 filthy (1) 274:12 final (17) 5:11;17:2;31:11;79:8; 81:20;99:7;124:4,18;130:4;

144:10;182:12;187:6;336:22; 342:16;359:4;362:23;398:2 finalize (7) 123:12;127:9;165:3; 174:2;254:19;344:12;361:8 finalized (4) 5:1;186:17;336:8;

361:5 finalizing (1) 164:11 finally (19) 13:3;20:4,7;66:12;81:22; 111:18;129:4;130:10;164:16;
167:11;170:17;174:7;323:10;

343:24;354:13;384:22;389:16; 391:9,11 financial (5) 201:2;202:8;236:15; 390:1;408:17 financially (1) 279:16 financing (2) 286:7,16 find (18) 7:19;40:15;91:13,25;

143:2;168:8,8;169:18;173:17; 175:25;293:16;324:7,11,15; 348:13;356:5;376:2;408:22 finding (4) 115:21;271:25;315:4; 394:12 findings (3) 294:1;299:5;393:22 fine (33) 17:17,20;35:6;37:7;40:11; 49:25;65:23;81:9;93:24;117:2;

137:19,19;213:23;219:3;220:2, 4,6;222:23;242:8,17;247:14;

269:25;270:1;290:23;291:2,5, 8,8;295:15;338:3;343:20; 360:21;398:13 fines (2) 50:1,2 fingertips (1) 120:10 finish (3) 6:9;188:11;337:21 finished (3) 6:7;188:8;337:20 fired (29) 2:6,21;3:6;15:21;24:5; 31:10;35:12;63:15;99:13;

175:4,21;176:3;178:12;183:14; 184:2,12;217:18;218:20;

219:22;220:14;222:6;249:22;

289:12;333:2,15;334:1;356:22; 359:23;361:2

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fires (1) 149:10 firm (2) 221:9;304:20 firmly (1) 235:24 first (52) 8:9;18:22;21:11;28:11; 31:8;63:11;74:9;76:18;79:5; 103:7;107:1;109:4;124:21;

127:7,20;144:15;145:8;166:21; 187:13;190:8;206:17,18;

208:19,21;210:17;214:3;233:2; 234:2;244:17;249:20;250:11; 283:19;287:4;289:11;296:24; 303:9;322:13;324:23;339:16,

17;341:10;353:17;359:1;368:2, 13;373:8;375:10;377:9; 385:20;403:4,12;404:10 fiscal (1) 327:11 fish (191) 3:14,15;9:21;16:12,13,16, 18;21:16,19;27:19,20;28:3;

32:5,11,16;37:9;39:8,12;53:14,

15,19;55:3,10,12,19,25;56:1,1; 60:3,6,12,13,16,18;61:12,12, 12;71:19;72:9,10,12,13;84:1,

13,15,21;85:15,17;86:25;87:1, 13,16;99:9,24;100:1,4,6,12;

101:22,22;102:10,19;103:1,6,9, 11,13;105:9,15;110:18;134:2, 2,2,4,6;138:22;150:11,14,15,

17,20,21;160:4,11,22;161:2,7; 163:18,20;166:12;171:25; 172:4,8,14,20;173:4,13,25;

181:8;184:21,23;200:12,14,19; 201:7;202:4;203:22;207:9,12, 13,23;208:6;216:17;225:5,6, 17,22,25;226:4,4;231:10;

233:5;235:15,20;238:2,18,21, 22;239:1;241:25;252:3; 263:24;264:4,5,16;266:16; 272:20,25;274:14;283:5,12;

290:1;291:21;297:15,15,21,21,
24;298:7,8,12,13,15;299:2,3,9, 25;308:11,13;313:10,19;

314:14;315:10;322:25;329:7,9, 10,11,12,14,24,25;334:11,12; 341:22;348:11;351:12,14,15, 16;352:17,18;353:25;354:23; 364:1,4,16;383:11;392:4; 400:18,19 fished (5) 61:3,5;102:15;235:9;

263:12 Fisheries (1) 299:24 fisherman (4) 55:19;102:14;351:1; 368:14 fishermen (3) 181:9;353:1;368:13 fishers (1) 263:12 fishes (1) 61:5 fishing (24) 16:17;21:16;28:1,4; 39:6,10;55:21;60:22;102:23;

103:8,9;157:3;172:3;235:8,16; 239:7;298:18;329:7;331:7;

351:18,21;352:8;358:5;367:19 Fisk (1) 371:13 fit (1) 77:6 fits (1) 266:9 five (71) 6:1,3,5;7:1,4,13;11:2,5; 16:19;20:12,24;24:22;25:6;

40:12;50:11;59:14,18;71:17; 87:4;89:5;90:3;91:8;106:18,

18;143:7;148:23;162:6,10,11;

176:22;177:5;188:6,23;189:1, 8;195:16;201:15;231:20; 247:10,12;252:21;261:21;

275:14;277:21;278:3;293:15;

308:7;310:10;314:4;316:16,16; 319:3;337:1,19;338:12,13,14,

16;340:3;349:6;350:8;353:21; 359:14;366:10;379:3;382:23; 383:3;388:5;397:6;400:6,13 fix (1) 124:6 fixatives (1) 262:9 fixed (2) 95:2;278:4 fixes (1) 388:11 flack (1) 386:10 flag (1) 293:3 flagging (1) 70:17 flares (2) 113:3;120:16 flare-up (1) 212:10 flare-ups (1) 212:14 Flathead (1) 300:4 flawed (1) 171:2 fleet (3) 178:6;300:21;301:20 flexibility (7) 47:17;66:4;123:21; 125:8;127:15;164:20;257:12 flexible (1) 124:4 flexibly (1) 91:21 flip (1) 50:6 floating (1) 102:22 floats (1) 266:12 floor (2) 167:9;248:7 Florence (1) 224:9 Florida (1) 196:19 flows (1) 266:11 fluid (4) 227:7,7,9,12 fluoride (5) 66:1;128:24;289:16; 341:21;342:18 fly (4) 132:6,10,13;253:11 Focareta (4) 221:17;224:5,5;

227:17 focus (8) 31:4;121:5;191:22;

251:4;252:15;256:17;297:12;

366:24 focused (3) 121:7;250:13;268:22 focuses (1) 157:9 Fogel (3) 363:3;365:23;366:1 folks (5) 94:18;107:1;265:16; 304:12;409:18 follow (14) 5:4;66:13,22;74:18;

114:15;139:23;186:20;226:14;
267:7;336:11;340:19;387:7,8;

407:9 followed (3) 171:4;318:13;353:22 followers (1) 77:9 following (6) 44:2;122:22;144:9, 12;352:9;410:11 follow-up (6) 188:9;190:15;259:11, 15;260:2,2 follow-ups (1) 286:10 food (37) 12:7;27:17;35:10;60:2; 71:3,11,15,22;73:15,18,19;

139:3;156:3,4;160:18;168:1; 169:20;172:11,23;173:17;

215:13;241:11;244:13;272:12; 283:4;298:5,6;299:10;322:15;

348:11;360:23;362:15;363:24; 365:19;378:19;383:12,19 foods (2) 205:10;404:15 foolish (1) 56:12 foot (2) 79:2;218:2 footprint (2) 96:24;199:3 force (6) 37:18;46:9;111:23; 319:17;352:22;399:15 forced (4) 84:17;153:17;219:11;

382:18 forces (1) 400:21 forecast (1) 126:23 forefathers (1) 240:25 forefront (1) 209:8 forego (1) 308:14 foreseen (1) 375:24 forest (3) 149:10;172:22;311:12 forests (1) 171:21 forever (1) 248:7 Forge (1) 55:14 forget (1) 49:5 forgot (1) 355:17 form (18) 3:13;95:1;99:24;171:24; 184:21;187:12;196:17;197:4; 198:1;219:3;220:1;224:25; 287:6;290:23;322:6;330:1; 334:10;360:16 formaldehyde (8) 12:2;63:24; 79:15;203:13;214:7;216:14; 341:15;343:6 formation (2) 71:5;290:21 formed (4) 52:21;98:14;250:19;
399:5 former (6) 42:2;102:8;256:23; 294:17;303:17;377:15 formerly (1) 277:22 forms (4) 40:4;113:8;198:3;323:18 formulating (1) 395:23 forth (9) 6:14;78:3;226:18;294:16; 346:4;353:19,20;354:6;380:23 fortunate (5) 94:2;157:10;352:15; 403:9;410:18 Fortunately (3) 21:17;129:15;

190:3 forty (18) 4:2;25:5;50:20,22;89:1; 141:6;152:17;177:3;181:12; 185:10,15;219:9;252:19; 274:24;316:8;335:2;342:6;

380:21 forty- (1) 180:11 forty-eight (3) 47:8;60:6;310:24 forty-five (7) 24:21;96:11;106:8; 193:20;299:1;395:21;402:7 forty-four (1) 192:9 forty-six (4) 12:10;55:6;63:16;

80:15 forty-two (4) 179:11,15;181:14; 315:4 forum (1) 250:21 forward (38) 5:11;13:11;18:3;29:2, 15,16;56:19;73:9;81:18;99:9;
122:25;153:24;170:17;174:2;
180:17;182:21;187:5;199:15;

221:10;223:24;237:14;243:24;
254:20;256:4,10;259:8;273:2; 275:4;292:2;299:11;309:4;

315:17;317:14;329:21;334:17; 336:21;351:3;362:23 fossil (13) 34:23;37:16;49:14; 122:18;153:4,14;196:8,11;

197:11;198:17;241:21;307:5;

374:25 fought (3) 28:15;34:24;262:22 found (23) 53:24;85:14;134:19; 143:6;169:8;185:18;194:13;

207:10;231:10;232:5;242:15; 256:13;283:7;296:24;299:1; 303:19;314:17,22;322:23; 325:12;334:25;405:18,20 Foundation (2) 291:13;312:5 founded (4) 52:13;172:2;195:18; 314:3 Founder (2) 204:4;395:7 founding (1) 256:13 four (42) 12:10;18:12;35:12;45:1; 48:6;50:14,16;59:2;60:11; 63:15;78:12;80:14;88:25; 97:16;103:19;110:7;144:12; 155:10;157:2;166:18;170:7;

176:22;196:2,2;204:2;234:6; 280:16;289:23,24;302:22; 342:5;351:8;359:23;371:16;

372:2;379:12;383:3;404:10,10, 11;405:20;409:7 fourteen (3) 310:15;399:14;405:16 fourth (2) 106:15;125:20 fourths (1) 348:25 fracking (1) 295:16 fraction (1) 69:7 fragile (3) 22:2;217:22;396:8 frame (6) 69:17;101:16;178:2; 287:10;305:4;387:20 frames (1) 339:12 framework (1) 62:5 Francis (2) 96:2,21 Franciscan's (1) 97:5 Frankly (3) 103:25;201:1;352:3 Franz (5) 137:13,16,21,21;139:19 free (12) 36:5;50:2;85:18;140:6; 197:1;216:10;228:21;241:6;

279:20;338:25;384:20;396:19 freed (1) 156:21 Freedom (2) 52:15;196:11 freeze (1) 284:20 frequent (1) 218:4 frequently (3) 153:10;380:25;

391:16 fresh (7) 55:6,8;161:1;224:11; 272:20;351:19;352:18 freshest (1) 233:5

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Freyda (1) 326:17 friend (3) 80:11;134:6;306:14 friends (7) 322:17;327:1,22; 367:19;374:10,10;395:6 frightening (1) 274:15 front (7) 82:20;141:3;205:24; 233:1;337:4;364:22;407:8 Fryburg (1) 377:16 fuel (10) 68:20;118:15;153:15; 198:17;200:16;258:7;277:14; 278:18;305:14;374:18 fueled (3) 92:25;258:5;300:24 fuel-fired (2) 34:23;307:5 fuels (10) 37:16;49:14;66:6,10;

153:4;196:8,11;197:11;241:22;

374:25 fulfilled (1) 79:6 full (21) 6:17;20:6;70:24;90:8; 93:19,19;148:19;157:17,18;

163:11;181:3;182:5;188:4,13;

190:3;227:10;330:9,14;337:17; 338:2;381:3 fullest (2) 54:19;129:19 full-time (2) 90:3;156:11 fully (7) 32:16;37:19;129:21; 204:23;227:1;243:4;385:10 fumes (1) 138:23 function (7) 112:23;124:9;232:2; 291:9;307:10;340:13;378:1 functioning (1) 394:25 functions (2) 308:4;321:21 Fund (3) 311:20,25;409:7 fundamental (2) 19:21;48:13 funded (2) 25:25;195:22 funding (3) 195:22;321:11;350:13 funds (1) 277:25 funerals (1) 41:24 furans (4) 79:16;216:15;341:16;

343:4 further (17) 22:8;34:9;46:2;66:20; 70:15;85:13;212:25,25;229:7; 231:8;241:10;242:23;304:10; 320:18;323:23;340:16;359:8 Furthermore (4) 126:13;151:13; 315:19;316:20 fuss (1) 386:11 future (48) 8:22;10:13,17;15:7,12, 12,13,15;16:22;17:11,13;18:4; 51:13;73:8,22;82:6;84:3;

95:21;136:10;174:9,24;176:6; 181:24;193:7;195:3;196:9;

198:6;223:8;239:17,17;242:7; 256:14;262:24;265:3,14,22; 274:9;280:2;320:1,4;329:25; 330:17;358:4;370:18;376:7; 379:19;396:11;402:14 futures (1) 10:6



### G

Galbraith (1) 181:18 game (2) 9:21;325:11 gap (3) 74:14;92:24;135:13 garbage (3) 87:5,9;354:4 Garber (7) 22:22;23:3;25:22,23, 24;29:23;30:2 Gardner (3) 43:11,24;370:23 gas (28) 24:16;65:25;69:1,6; 134:23,24;192:17;193:2;

194:23;209:6;257:6;258:2,2,4,

6,6,20;259:2;279:3;295:13,14, 16;300:25;301:3;305:16; 349:22;359:5;360:6 gas-fired (2) 232:23;305:14 Gasification (1) 246:3 gasoline (1) 134:22 GASP (2) 179:9,19 gasping (1) 13:20 GASP's (1) 180:25 gasses (53) 3:8;18:24;24:10;26:20; 27:1;28:14;45:13;63:25;66:2; 79:15;93:23;101:13;104:16; 113:18;116:8,16;121:11;

124:13;125:25;128:23;159:17; 176:8;180:10;181:2;184:15; 191:13;192:22;203:14,19;

219:3,25;220:1,3,10,16;228:4;

243:10;251:20;252:5;254:5,11; 262:18;274:2;289:15;296:1; 307:16;311:9;317:2;334:5;

341:21;342:17;358:18;369:13 gathered (2) 89:25;98:19 gathering (1) 89:10 gauges (1) 262:10 gave (5) 121:4;206:19;233:7; 286:22;377:6 gears (1) 196:20 Gen (1) 131:12 General (13) 2:16;89:20;100:23;

183:22;196:15;207:10;333:12; 345:9,13,21;346:7,7,10 generally (4) 74:23;118:17; 124:17;126:2 generate (4) 47:1;91:11;178:11; 247:21 generated (6) 106:19;143:9;162:7, 12;247:19;319:8 generates (1) 92:15 generating (21) 24:6;30:23;59:8; 65:11;68:9;88:6;96:17;99:1; 122:17,18;124:19;141:7,9;

161:25;192:12;246:18;276:6; 286:3;300:23;314:19;319:6 generation (27) 67:19,20;68:1;73:6; 89:1,3;126:10;141:15;148:19,

22;157:24,25;230:20;257:1,3; 258:21;280:2;300:21,22; 301:11,16,20;305:10,18; 308:25;349:18;365:20 generational (1) 11:1 generations (12) 8:22;73:9;135:21; 174:9;226:24;263:11,14;320:1, 5;330:1,17;405:4 generators (1) 122:15 generic (1) 309:21 genetic (2) 314:13;393:17 genetics (1) 191:15 Geneva (3) 266:1,4;267:7 GenOn (3) 85:10;86:14;87:20 GenOn's (2) 20:20;87:8 gentleman (4) 149:22;324:2; 326:23;400:25 Gentlemen (10) 30:11;38:1;122:3; 154:3;249:14;326:18;339:19; 365:23;368:24;401:9 genuinely (1) 257:21 geographic (1) 299:6 geographically (1) 271:4 geologic (1) 283:11 George (3) 54:12;127:4;208:24 Georgia (1) 216:8 Georgina (2) 398:14,18 geothermal (1) 198:7 gets (11) 6:21;72:8;121:12;146:12; 156:3;188:2,18;208:5;234:8; 304:5;338:7 giant (2) 199:4;380:22 gift (1) 396:14 gifts (1) 42:16 gigawatt-hour (2) 162:7,12 gigawatts (3) 125:18,18;126:25 giggle (2) 324:23;326:9 giggles (1) 325:1 Gina (1) 249:15 girl (4) 233:8,15;369:15;409:2 girlfriend (1) 274:10 girls (1) 369:18 Given (10) 16:11;33:21;44:4;88:23; 170:12;205:17;251:15;252:23; 312:11;379:8 gives (3) 66:4;167:17;168:7 giving (9) 132:24;158:5;181:6; 211:7;234:5;251:1;292:22; 297:8;326:12 glad (7) 52:3;137:5;259:19,24; 271:18;296:23;344:18 Gladwyne (1) 50:9 glass (5) 140:2,3;144:17;145:5;

262:2 Glessner (3) 372:22,24,25 global (8) 37:20;131:1;219:23;
247:17;272:16;281:12;284:8;

380:8 globally (2) 249:24;383:6 glut (1) 285:23 goal (5) 141:11;146:6;184:3; 193:8;230:14 goals (2) 196:12;291:25 God (9) 42:13,16,20;52:20;54:25; 175:9;208:12;234:23;396:14 God's (5) 230:4;234:22;235:25; 396:4;403:23 goes (9) 8:3;10:3;30:4;56:19; 174:1;263:11;265:7;270:16;

325:17 golf (1) 38:19 Good (104) 2:1;4:9;8:14;11:10;18:9; 30:13;38:11;39:5,12,16;43:10, 23;51:8;52:10;56:23;61:14; 62:15;67:11;68:3;70:22;75:3; 78:7,15;79:13;86:13;98:8;

101:16;112:6;115:15;116:21; 117:11,11,22;118:19,19,22;

119:2;122:7;130:14,15;134:20, 23;135:21;139:20;147:1,3,10; 158:8;166:9;167:24;173:20;

174:18;179:2;181:18,18;182:8; 183:5;185:19;190:17;202:19;

206:13;217:10;221:19;229:18;

233:24;236:21;237:19;239:17;

240:12;249:18;269:16;270:18; 273:5;279:12;280:11;286:6;

288:14,18;295:13,16;300:13;
306:23;310:3;311:23;315:23;

332:12;335:7;339:22;345:22;

356:15;364:21;381:2;387:3,8;

388:22;390:11,14;391:4;393:2; 398:17;401:8;408:2;410:15;

411:4 Google (1) 132:8 gosh (1) 109:3 gospels (1) 42:18 government (25) 73:2;109:16; 110:20;111:15;132:17,19,21;

136:13;137:7;168:9,12;181:23, 25;191:2;193:9;195:20;

236:23;250:19;256:3;292:13;

328:25;352:25;377:19;402:24;

403:1 governmental (2) 181:25;404:20 governments (1) 154:19 Governor (2) 255:25;390:2 governors (1) 161:21 grabs (1) 82:16 graciousness (1) 398:19 grad (1) 344:18 grade (2) 48:22;318:16 grads (1) 64:24 graduate (1) 267:20 graduated (4) 372:3;373:1;389:19; 408:13 gram (2) 27:11;45:19 grams (1) 262:5 grand (2) 136:16;405:16 grandchild (2) 21:11;233:3 grandchildren (6) 210:20;276:19; 295:2;340:24;365:12;366:10 granddaughter (2) 21:14;22:5 Grande (3) 320:12;324:1,2 grandfather (2) 263:9,10 grandmother (2) 363:8;387:14 grandmother's (1) 329:23 grandparents (2) 61:5;329:11 grandson (2) 103:8;363:9 grant (3) 257:13,20;389:9 granted (1) 168:1 grasp (1) 134:16 grateful (3) 75:13;111:18;217:15 grave (1) 170:12 gravity (1) 236:7 gray (1) 387:10 grayling (1) 102:17

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great (33) 30:4;45:19;48:3;52:3; 66:4;71:16;83:3;85:15;88:17; 90:14;102:16;125:12;159:20; 160:1;199:14;220:6;229:25; 230:9;241:19;257:25;263:10; 270:17;275:12;287:8;288:17; 332:6;337:18;361:21;374:12; 376:21;386:6;390:5;408:23 greater (14) 148:6;173:1;180:22; 236:14,21;255:10;302:22;

307:2;312:15;317:1,5;320:25; 358:8;364:21 greatest (4) 155:16;230:21;242:1; 365:15 greatly (5) 31:23;88:18;129:16; 180:9;217:17 green (10) 6:24,25;174:21;175:12; 188:20,22;196:10;338:10,11;

408:8 Greene (1) 208:25 greenhouse (3) 254:5,11;279:3 Greenpeace (7) 43:8,12,25;346:2; 369:9;370:21,23 Gretchen (2) 221:16,20 grew (9) 21:16;211:25;214:9; 319:3;371:7;373:7;408:24; 409:2,7 grid (6) 11:25;67:20;162:20; 197:25;265:8;303:25 groceries (1) 340:23 grocery (2) 169:20;410:2 ground (9) 15:22;49:17;50:2; 145:16;191:7;197:1;221:10; 237:13;363:22 group (21) 14:13;52:13;61:11;88:5; 98:18;122:5,11;130:22;146:20; 148:10;179:8;252:25;285:4; 347:20;356:24;366:5;373:2; 395:15,18;398:16;399:5 groups (18) 15:16;29:8;58:23; 65:20;80:9;82:4,25;83:4; 185:25;191:3;235:5;254:8; 255:10,14;278:1,19;298:18;

381:11 Group's (1) 122:12 groves (1) 227:13 grow (5) 111:11;204:18,19; 370:16;396:18 growing (14) 61:8;71:8;84:15; 98:17;103:12;128:17;176:5; 212:9;222:21;270:20;363:15; 380:19,25;406:5 grown (2) 98:21;327:25 grows (1) 266:15 growth (4) 28:9;109:22;215:17;

323:15 guarantee (1) 116:25 guard (1) 318:11 guards (1) 318:10 guess (9) 43:16;75:18;93:14; 121:1;150:4;180:24;349:16; 350:13;388:18 Guhl (7) 83:10,15,17,23;95:11,18, 25 guidance (1) 62:3 guidelines (6) 142:4;225:24;227:2; 298:21;351:14;352:9 gulf (3) 60:15,23;399:6 guns (1) 388:22 guy (1) 408:25 guys (10) 131:24;211:5;371:2;
375:3;385:23;388:25;390:23; 405:8;409:17;410:9 guy's (1) 295:14 Gwen (3) 381:17,20;382:8



### H

habitats (3) 172:13,16;194:5 Hage (3) 403:25;405:8,14 hair (5) 84:17;201:10;353:7;355:7; 387:10 half (15) 10:14,17,20;36:2;44:7; 45:16;80:9;114:10;148:23; 242:19;313:20;352:6;361:3; 387:16;404:10 halfway (2) 131:25;132:2 hallowing (1) 42:15 halts (1) 214:25 Hammond (1) 216:8 Hampshire (2) 32:22;299:24 Hampton (2) 20:20;96:18 hand (4) 150:19;239:4;332:1;

410:1 hand/eye (1) 309:20 handful (1) 401:22 handicapped (2) 157:14,14 handicapping (1) 321:15 handled (2) 42:17;120:1 handling (1) 150:23 handout (3) 5:14;187:15;337:4 hands (5) 131:5;227:9,14;368:15; 371:18 handwritten (1) 269:22 Hanger (6) 249:17,17;255:22,23; 259:19;260:8 happen (11) 81:24;188:21;262:25; 339:11;373:20;379:18;388:24; 390:8;399:11;406:3;407:22 happened (3) 402:6;405:22,23 happening (1) 73:14 happens (3) 125:11;374:2;378:7 Happily (1) 233:7 happiness (2) 328:24;329:6 happy (7) 21:14;84:4;115:13;

195:11;361:15;375:2;407:16 HAPS (3) 79:25;90:20;218:24 hard (21) 7:24;40:13;42:3;51:14; 60:24;78:25;103:15;110:16;

139:22;168:9;201:25;212:18;

262:22;268:12;269:17;293:16;

351:20;355:5,8;380:17;406:14 hardened (1) 49:10 harder (1) 134:15 hardships (1) 331:8 Harlem (1) 58:25 harm (27) 23:25;73:10;74:22;79:19, 24;84:5;111:17;176:4;178:13; 200:25;222:20;224:7,20;

235:25;251:20;280:14,15,20, 24;281:14;284:7;298:10;

313:10;324:19;343:11;358:24;

372:16 harmed (1) 253:13 harmful (27) 3:9;19:3;27:11;53:8; 73:24;140:14;141:12;160:4;

163:4;184:16;203:14;217:21; 223:25;224:22;226:4;228:5;

238:16;274:2;307:23;312:18; 334:5;343:17,19;346:11; 358:19;406:10,11 harming (4) 20:21;135:7;223:17; 365:2 Harmony (1) 87:13 harms (5) 28:4;58:5,17;342:24;

344:13 harm's (1) 360:19 Harris (1) 229:12 Harsco (2) 142:16,25 harsher (1) 179:6 Harvard (2) 378:10;400:11 harvesting (1) 331:6 Harvey (3) 38:8,11,12 Hastings (4) 387:2;390:16,17,17 hatched (1) 303:3 Hatchery (1) 87:16 haunt (1) 368:1 Haverford (1) 48:16 havoc (2) 42:9;86:15 Hawaii (1) 196:19 hazard (3) 28:11;35:2;104:15 hazardous (78) 2:24;11:16,17;12:1, 9;13:22;24:4;26:15;44:5; 45:13,25;46:17;63:18;64:5; 78:21;79:17;90:19;91:16;

115:22;116:10,18;118:13,23;

123:10,24;124:12;127:5;143:7, 12,22;144:2,13,22,24;145:1; 146:3;155:11,25;159:13,19; 164:12;171:4;184:5;192:1; 203:1;207:15;208:7;213:16;

215:11;217:17;218:22;219:9,

18,21;220:5,13;222:7;241:16; 243:1;254:18;264:6;279:1; 304:21;307:13,21;312:18;

317:22;333:17;342:8;343:16, 18;356:21;358:16;359:3; 360:10,21;361:11;384:8 hazards (4) 12:24;156:19;246:24; 396:19 HCWH (1) 275:17 head (4) 39:9;167:3;300:3;362:4 headquartered (3) 14:19;142:19; 395:19 headquarters (1) 333:13 heads (2) 389:22,23 Headstart (2) 377:7;380:12 healing (2) 42:19,21 health (297) 3:1,24;4:11,19;5:5;9:24; 10:15;12:17;14:6;16:15,23;

18:14;19:3,17,21;20:8,21;21:7, 18;23:10,18;24:8;25:2,6,17;

29:13;31:3;32:4,7,17;34:10,18; 35:2,21;36:18;39:25;43:1; 44:3;45:7;46:10;47:2;51:16;
58:17;59:21;60:10;61:16,20; 62:22;63:8;64:1,4;70:25; 73:20;78:10,15;79:18;80:6; 81:22;86:2;92:11;94:1,14;

104:3;105:4;107:2,18;110:11,

22,23;111:12,13,17,22;112:16,

21,25;113:9,12,25;114:6,19,22;

115:4;117:3,8;119:4,7;120:23; 127:25;128:7;129:9,25;130:6,

9,14,15;135:21;140:24;141:13; 142:22;146:2;148:15,16;

149:17,18,21;152:2,6;156:1;

157:25;159:16;164:2,5;168:19;
173:7;174:4,23;175:7;176:10, 17;177:6;184:7;185:7,21;

186:21;193:11,25;194:3;202:8, 12;203:5;204:23;205:9,10,17, 19,20;206:1;209:15;214:17;

217:1,5,12,14,16,20,22;218:23; 220:7;221:6,11,23;222:9;

223:6,7,15,20;224:1,10;226:3; 227:6;229:6;231:5;235:19,21; 236:15;237:15;238:2,4,13;

239:23,25;240:1,20;241:12,12; 242:1;243:23;244:4;245:7,8, 11,24;246:8,24;248:21,24;

250:25;251:6,18,21;252:13,18, 22;254:21;256:16;260:14,19,

20,22;261:9;262:22;264:19,20; 268:21;269:10,12;274:3,23;

280:12,21;281:1;284:5;288:11,

20;289:3,10;290:13;291:11,19; 292:1,4;297:12;301:18,21;
307:3,4,16,23;308:18;312:9,

15;313:2;314:2,3,9,11;317:5; 319:11,18;322:4,12;323:7;

328:15,15;333:21;334:21,23;

335:10;336:12;340:1,8;342:3;
344:13;345:10,21;346:21,24; 352:3,23;356:13,16;357:4,9; 358:7;359:9;362:1;370:7,17; 371:10;373:4;374:6;377:15;

378:10,11;379:16;385:17,18, 18,19;386:15;392:1,7,8;

394:21,22,24;396:11;400:12;
401:12,13;402:17;406:11,12; 407:1,23,24 healthcare (28) 51:1;77:15;224:7; 243:18;261:21;262:7,13;

272:11;280:14,15,18,24;281:4, 9,14,16,17,21;284:7,9;322:8; 384:19;401:16;402:6,8,9; 406:20;408:4 healthful (1) 78:24 healthier (5) 13:18;148:4;262:20; 308:23;309:2 healthy (38) 15:13;21:14;37:23;

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42:20;53:15,16;64:9;71:19; 73:15,22;84:4,21;110:17; 111:7,11,22;127:23;128:1;

129:13;150:20;152:10;201:25;

203:21;206:21;207:16;221:23; 222:3;233:7;239:14;308:15; 328:14;340:10,10;369:19,24; 371:9;376:20;382:15 hear (19) 44:19;77:12;88:1;104:11; 127:20;147:3,10;185:25; 208:18;210:15;296:13,23;

331:17;348:7;376:12;377:12; 381:11,13;405:25 heard (54) 53:7;94:17;95:11;97:18; 99:3,12;108:4;130:18;182:15;

192:3;211:13,16;225:21;227:4; 234:6;241:24;250:6;251:25;

252:24;267:20;270:15;271:19; 281:2;282:5,23;284:16,18; 285:2;296:8;317:23;326:21; 327:17;329:20;331:4,13,19; 332:1;348:8;350:2;353:5;

370:22;371:2;381:1,14;386:19; 391:20;392:25;393:14;397:9; 403:13;405:12;410:13,17,23 hearing (43) 2:2,7,8,12;5:18;7:7,10; 31:4;44:2;78:8;85:11;92:17;

96:13;136:6;140:19;147:18,20, 23,24;171:1;179:3;183:3,6,18; 187:21;188:20;189:4;199:12;

240:17;284:15;288:24;292:19, 24;332:20,22;333:5;337:9;

338:18;369:11;393:10;402:10; 404:5;411:5 hearings (20) 2:3;5:9;57:15,16,18; 62:8;83:2;136:23;183:8,11; 187:2;191:3;229:1;292:16; 293:1;332:14,24;336:19; 401:25;403:16 heart (55) 14:1;17:23;19:4;20:24; 24:19;27:5;35:8;36:15;41:14; 42:6;44:22;64:15;71:7;79:21;

107:4;108:19,20;113:1;114:22; 119:8;128:16,20;130:2;150:9;

151:12;171:15;176:20;178:21;

204:20;216:20;217:22;218:8,8, 12;220:21;241:14;252:9;
274:4;289:18;291:10;307:24; 310:9;311:4;313:8,11;314:1, 12;319:20;344:2;358:21; 359:12;378:1,3;385:2;404:23 heartbreaking (1) 13:22 heartedly (1) 254:25 heartened (1) 217:15 hearts (2) 267:2;361:6 heat (1) 198:14 heaven (1) 283:3 heaviest (2) 60:4;80:18 heavily (1) 219:24 heavy (26) 18:23;35:8;37:6;73:19; 113:18;118:13,20;140:6;

156:14;180:10;181:2;192:22; 203:17;228:3;261:7;274:1; 307:15;313:5;341:20;358:18; 363:12,13;364:11;365:15; 382:24;383:10 held (7) 13:13;55:19;81:14; 131:25;174:7;229:1;332:23 hell (1) 293:16 Hello (11) 131:22;151:6;263:3;

292:11;317:19;324:1;326:18; 344:16;347:11;405:8;408:9 help (48) 5:23;37:22;51:15;70:12; 71:5;84:5,7;87:21;93:24; 101:21;107:21;108:12,25;

109:8,23;136:9;138:7;149:20; 167:23;168:11;172:9;178:6; 195:25;196:13;199:9,10;

201:24;211:8,11;219:3;223:11, 22;239:16;255:17;266:23;

272:6;291:17;295:6,8;320:9;

330:5,8;331:14;337:14;369:6; 375:25;377:10;380:11 helped (3) 28:21;29:4;85:19 helpful (16) 5:23;6:15;22:15;38:3; 119:22;120:21;131:14;182:11; 187:25;260:7;285:12;286:12; 306:10,15;386:25;398:11 helping (4) 52:13;136:14;237:3;

376:22 Henry (4) 233:21;237:19,20;240:8 hereby (2) 229:4,8 herein (1) 201:4 Here's (1) 145:21 heritage (1) 172:5 hero (1) 389:24 heroes (2) 390:7;402:22 herons (1) 39:7 herrings (1) 39:11 Hescox (4) 52:6,10,11,11 hexavalent (1) 219:1 hey (1) 374:1 Hi (19) 18:7;83:17;170:5;240:12; 266:4;297:6;309:8;347:12;

350:22;361:18;369:10;370:20;

372:24;376:13;385:15;390:17; 392:19;404:2,3 hidden (2) 75:6;235:15 high (52) 10:13;16:11;21:20;45:4; 59:5;63:9;71:3;74:8;75:19; 80:8;86:4;87:1,11;95:14; 100:25;102:17;108:15,17;

110:14;118:10;144:15;150:3,6;

156:12;157:6;163:21;173:8,13; 177:9;181:3,9;204:14;207:22; 208:6;222:13;223:3;225:17;

243:15;291:6;299:8,8;318:18; 322:23;362:9,20;371:11,11; 372:3;373:13;392:5;393:24;

394:11 higher (16) 56:6;58:2,20;76:2,4;

201:13;247:2,4;316:17;319:14; 323:8;378:1;384:19;394:1; 397:17;398:23 highest (10) 16:3;58:22;59:3;107:4; 163:6;241:20;261:17;262:15; 315:7;399:10 highly (9) 3:13;99:13;151:25;

184:21;191:12;198:3;222:16; 307:11;334:10 hiking (2) 110:24;320:21 Hill (1) 76:14 hinder (1) 54:5 hindered (2) 54:16,18 hindering (2) 54:2;109:21 hinders (1) 72:16 Hispanic (2) 58:6;247:3 historic (1) 226:23 Historical (1) 125:14 Historically (1) 172:14 history (14) 28:19;44:13;74:6;

88:12;107:21;109:15;151:20;
240:22;368:4;373:16;387:19, 23,23;406:1 history's (1) 272:6 hockey (1) 318:9 hold (7) 13:11;62:9;81:12;132:22; 221:9;227:8;403:21 holding (11) 2:4,7;62:8;83:2; 132:14;179:3;227:9;288:24; 332:20,21,21 holes (1) 207:4 holistic (1) 320:23 Hollister (2) 392:17;395:3 H-O-L-L-I-S-T-E-R (1) 395:4 holy (1) 42:21 home (11) 55:21;87:7;96:24,24; 103:10;218:7;261:12,25; 285:17;315:12;329:11 Homer (2) 380:3,3 homes (7) 9:25;129:14;139:3; 157:12;262:3;284:20,23 honest (1) 326:20 honored (1) 83:7 hope (19) 62:8;105:17;114:14; 139:5;151:2;178:9;189:12; 195:1;200:25;204:22;209:8; 239:17;240:3;293:6;306:7; 362:17,22;374:21;393:1 hopefully (5) 7:20;12:13;29:2; 153:15;199:4 hopes (1) 401:15 hoping (3) 110:9;302:4;402:3 Hopkins (2) 385:16;392:23 Horace (2) 105:24;106:3 hormones (1) 294:5 horrible (1) 373:22 horrific (1) 55:2 horse (1) 387:14 hospital (15) 17:24;24:21;115:1; 119:9;167:11;176:21;193:17; 202:24;218:6;220:22;240:15;

261:10;291:23;310:10;359:13 hospitalization (1) 76:2 hospitalizations (8) 26:14;64:17; 86:3;242:11;310:20;341:3; 343:23;344:4 hospitals (4) 88:8;176:25;262:7; 317:10 hosting (1) 292:7 hot (4) 149:13;158:24;211:22;

213:25 hotel (1) 147:21 hour (1) 149:23 hours (5) 198:15;267:9;317:25; 371:17;404:16 house (10) 49:1;50:10;101:9;167:7, 12;198:5;263:20,23;284:16;

374:18 housed (1) 399:18 household (4) 50:15;71:13;95:13; 358:7 households (2) 88:7;262:6 houses (4) 50:16;65:24;131:25;

132:2 housing (1) 393:7 Hudson (4) 246:11,15,17,19 huge (6) 61:8,8;192:19;362:11; 409:16,17 human (32) 5:5;19:3;75:7;80:10; 99:25;113:9;140:24;141:12;

153:6;159:16;178:23;186:21;

191:15;193:11;194:3;210:18;

214:13;218:23;225:13;234:25;

274:23;301:17;313:2,9;323:17;

325:4;336:12;402:9;406:11,12; 408:12;409:8 humans (6) 72:11;73:10;99:13; 175:15;283:4;346:13 humid (1) 248:20 hundred (133) 3:22;4:2;12:8,10; 17:24;18:17;20:12,14,24; 24:19,21,22;25:5;35:12,13;

36:14,15,17,19;44:23;45:1,18; 50:20,22;53:4,4;54:21;59:13; 63:3,15,17;64:15,24;66:17;

69:5;80:14;86:18;87:22;88:25;
89:4;91:8,11;93:2;97:1,20,22; 98:14;100:7;106:8;107:25;

114:23;122:16,17;130:8;140:1; 142:5,23;143:9;151:15;153:8; 155:9,21;160:5;176:20,22;

177:3;185:9,15;193:12,18,21,

23;195:16;196:2;209:3;217:2;

218:21;219:7;220:18,22;222:6;

225:14;228:19;230:25;231:16,
18,20;232:16,18;241:4;246:1, 17;247:5,11;252:19;271:16; 278:3;280:16;283:24,24; 293:17,18;294:1,10;302:22;
308:7;310:10;312:1;314:1,5; 316:8;319:20;335:1;342:5,7; 344:2,5;348:15,16;351:8,9;

353:22,24;359:12;378:23,25;

379:1;397:7,18;400:12,13,14;

410:17 hundreds (14) 12:19;27:3;37:10; 64:2;68:25;103:3;113:7; 140:15;144:8;155:20;220:8; 277:22;313:17;380:1 hunt (1) 173:17 hunting (2) 172:2;331:7

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Huntingdon (1) 235:11 Huron (1) 100:8 hurt (2) 51:7;267:1 hurting (7) 107:10,21;108:11,25; 327:4,22;400:4 hurts (2) 82:17,17 husband (1) 206:15 hydro (2) 198:7;300:25 hydrocarbons (3) 79:16;341:17; 343:5 hydrochloric (6) 116:17,24;117:4, 12;220:10;302:14 hydrogen (14) 12:2;63:25;65:25; 66:1;128:24,24;203:20;214:7; 289:15,16;341:21,21;342:17,

17 hyperactivity (1) 393:16



### I

ICF (1) 89:25 ICU (1) 318:21 idea (6) 51:8;167:17,20,24;168:4;

271:21 ideal (1) 23:24 identified (4) 124:6;189:18;218:22; 316:11 identify (1) 138:5 identifying (2) 312:17;314:16 idiopathic (1) 212:5 IGCC (2) 246:1,2 ignorant (1) 156:6 ignore (4) 23:16;85:2;90:15;222:1 ignoring (1) 93:7 ill (2) 78:1;248:21 illegal (4) 5:3;29:10;186:19;

336:10 Illinois (2) 301:3;354:7 illness (6) 218:16;310:14;311:4; 365:9;366:19;384:15 illnesses (15) 20:18;42:9,11;77:16; 112:18;140:15;155:20;176:11; 241:14;359:9;360:18;366:23; 384:23;385:7;399:20 illustrates (1) 396:7 images (1) 136:19 Imagine (6) 181:11;235:13;

380:17;392:25;401:24;406:14 immaturity (1) 394:7 immediate (3) 14:9;113:24;276:20 immediately (1) 137:25 immensely (2) 153:17;352:4 immigrant (1) 59:1 immoral (3) 77:22;237:11;396:10 immune (5) 19:5;45:10;173:11; 313:11;343:3 impact (31) 9:11;10:8;14:8;16:19; 49:20;88:25;113:25;114:6;

116:9;121:21,22;124:10;138:3; 140:23;141:12,20,24;162:19; 167:17;203:4;230:21;242:20; 245:3;251:8;261:1;274:9;

278:23;279:14;319:10;341:4; 362:16 impacted (4) 25:1;111:13;253:10; 351:17 impacting (5) 49:21;69:23;111:12; 220:7;250:14 impacts (31) 11:4;16:17;22:14;69:8; 111:4;166:15;173:7;222:22; 245:7,24;253:15,16,19,23;

254:1,2,7,10,12;296:12;298:6; 303:18;307:4;314:9,11;315:4; 319:18;342:3;362:2;396:6;

410:24 impair (1) 313:15 impaired (6) 152:4;173:16;308:3; 321:21;351:10;383:24 impairment (3) 128:12;194:6;

397:20 impairs (1) 340:17 imperative (2) 244:11;396:17 implement (8) 104:5;130:7;164:20; 235:25;254:17;330:25;362:22;

406:18 implementation (16) 64:13;76:22; 90:9;114:5,14;127:14;130:6; 191:1;243:7,25;244:2;250:9; 281:1;330:7;359:4;360:25 implemented (8) 26:12;35:3;

100:21;114:20;129:21;148:2; 151:2;303:23 implementing (15) 4:8;34:2;44:9; 51:14;94:10;112:11;161:19;

164:11;185:18;192:24;205:3; 230:22;335:6;362:20;406:21 implication (1) 14:23 implications (2) 53:23;393:2 implicitly (1) 368:10 implore (3) 244:1;344:11;399:9 importance (5) 9:10;250:3,9; 361:25;381:1 important (48) 24:24;41:3;44:4; 66:22;70:5;74:14;81:2;93:25; 97:14;110:21,22;111:1,2; 119:20;125:5;140:25;166:4;

175:23;177:18;194:6,24;223:9; 234:6;242:22;251:5;258:10;

259:12;263:15;265:13;271:3;

304:4;308:23;320:3;324:11,19, 20;325:22;327:11;344:22; 361:21;363:16;368:25,25;

376:24;382:12;386:1;402:11;

410:25 importantly (7) 223:21;318:11; 326:4,10;330:7;344:7;360:17 impose (6) 88:15;132:21;236:12, 14;243:14;282:3 imposed (2) 163:13;166:8 impossible (2) 281:18;364:18 impressed (8) 182:5;195:9;325:3, 7,18;326:1;386:20;407:11 impressive (3) 113:5;367:10;403:8 improper (1) 107:12 improve (8) 30:25;127:25;155:6; 164:5;239:23;279:10;346:20; 408:1 improved (3) 230:17;276:23;

375:24 improvement (2) 158:17;164:9 improvements (7) 25:4;177:2; 230:17,19,20;252:18;320:22 improves (1) 51:16 improving (3) 292:4;340:8;376:8 impunity (1) 19:9 inability (2) 309:23;366:23 inaccurate (1) 10:24 inaction (4) 54:6,16,19;171:13 inadequate (4) 9:24;323:7;384:24; 393:6 inappropriately (1) 159:1 incidences (1) 171:15 incidentally (1) 197:14 incineration (2) 87:4;230:17 incinerator (3) 87:9;231:1;279:2 incinerators (5) 262:12;290:5; 317:11;349:2,7 include (32) 3:17,18;32:21;38:4; 40:10;45:8;46:24;63:21;64:5;

66:2;79:12,25;97:7;98:21,22;
126:5;184:25;215:12;218:25;
226:1;241:12;246:11;247:12;

254:11;276:21;300:21;307:13; 314:8;334:14;338:2;342:16;

351:15 included (8) 6:18;10:11;94:1;

118:4;188:14;214:11;314:11;

338:4 includes (10) 30:18;52:18;90:6; 100:7;123:22;203:22;234:23; 298:11;322:13;364:8 including (65) 18:23;25:6;27:2,25; 33:5;45:18,23;55:10;60:7,11; 63:23;74:21;92:12;100:14;

101:8;104:16;113:1,18;118:13; 122:17;124:13;126:9;143:22; 158:22;159:17,24;161:25; 173:4;175:14;203:12,16;

216:14;226:24;228:3;230:17; 238:2;245:2;262:15;276:19; 281:5;289:14,15;291:11; 292:13;298:4,18;299:21;

300:24;315:21;321:21;322:5,

10;341:15,19;342:17,20;343:5, 19;358:17,20;359:10;385:3; 394:5,8;395:1 inclusion (1) 164:11 income (12) 24:25;58:18,20;60:15; 64:9;71:13;90:1,7;352:17; 383:25;384:17;397:12 incomes (1) 95:3 incomplete (1) 118:21 incorporated (1) 23:11 increase (13) 90:6,11;128:19;219:4; 236:12;242:9,18;246:24; 282:16;285:25;305:13,20;

348:5 increased (16) 100:3;128:13;173:9; 219:17;237:10;238:11;242:9, 10,11;268:1;282:21;311:3; 322:25;323:1,2;348:16 increases (2) 245:9;341:3 increasing (4) 135:13;153:9; 267:21;343:22 increasingly (2) 153:7;193:11 incredible (1) 402:13 incredibly (3) 361:20;409:13;

410:18 increment (1) 6:3 Indeed (5) 54:10;88:24;92:25; 280:4;358:2 Independence (1) 328:20 independent (4) 154:22;259:22; 275:16;279:10 index (1) 291:7 India (1) 149:9 Indian (4) 297:17,19;298:19;300:4 Indians (1) 149:15 indicate (1) 163:17 indicated (2) 238:10;303:22 indicates (1) 119:6 indicator (2) 119:2;245:20 indirectly (2) 276:17;311:11 individual (17) 43:9;48:10;66:12; 67:15;107:14;122:5;199:25; 213:12;221:17,18;233:22; 257:10;296:5;309:9;368:6; 369:20;380:10 individually (1) 276:11 individuals (7) 9:3;76:16;94:16; 296:3,7,13;380:6 indoor (1) 204:9 indoors (2) 214:2;340:20 induced (2) 212:13;371:23 industrial (11) 12:3;48:17;78:21; 79:11;139:25;140:1;238:10; 241:6;294:19;307:20;368:4 industrializing (1) 265:2 industries (10) 13:12;18:1;63:12; 74:22;79:3;81:13;107:23; 209:12;271:24;370:8 industry (71) 19:12;20:2;23:17; 28:5;47:11,16,20;50:3;51:6; 54:7;74:18;77:12;81:18;

103:24;114:16;122:25;123:9,
16;124:14;125:15,17;127:16;

143:4,14;144:6;145:20;148:11; 153:13;192:5;195:23;197:7;

209:2,11;235:5;237:11;251:14; 252:15,25;253:5;269:5,13; 271:23;272:5;276:18,23; 278:11;279:7,15,15;282:2;

285:3,4;286:6,14,19,19;293:3;

301:22;302:1,11;303:19;305:2; 306:6;347:1;361:3;369:25;

370:11;384:13;386:11;400:22,

23 industry's (3) 278:23;282:6;359:17 inequity (1) 163:15 inevitable (1) 153:15 inexhaustible (1) 374:19 inexpensive (1) 225:21

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infant (5) 107:4;214:20;215:15; 299:14;356:1 infants (13) 21:25;64:6;79:25;

110:12;128:10;129:23;236:4; 240:21;241:9;294:10;309:18; 321:20;355:8 infertility (1) 385:5 infinitely (3) 324:8;325:3,8 infinitesimal (1) 377:20 inflammation (1) 112:24 inflation (1) 305:9 influence (3) 219:22;224:10;

395:10 influenced (1) 56:10 inform (1) 298:20 information (22) 5:16;12:16;38:4; 60:21;96:19;122:1;141:19;

144:19;145:6;146:6,11;147:9; 168:19;187:17;206:20,22;

245:23;264:17;335:15;337:5; 385:22;398:7 informed (3) 292:23;309:10;

345:14 informing (1) 98:16 infrastructure (1) 308:25 ingested (4) 79:18;238:5;363:23; 367:23 ingesting (3) 367:23,24;383:12 ingestion (2) 323:11;348:11 ingredients (1) 168:2 inhabit (1) 175:15 inhalation (1) 142:22 inhale (4) 203:15;216:16;341:18,

20 inhaled (2) 107:16;318:3 inhaler (3) 40:20;318:12;372:11 inhalers (1) 218:5 inhaling (1) 342:18 inherent (1) 224:9 initial (5) 138:10;293:20;300:17; 305:22;348:2 Initially (3) 98:18;158:1;349:9 initiative (5) 108:10;122:13; 281:12;284:8;349:1 initiatives (2) 161:23;260:19 inject (1) 121:12 injectable (1) 348:19 injected (1) 121:12 injection (15) 33:7;65:21;66:3; 100:20;117:11;118:1;119:14; 125:22,22,24;126:1,3;194:14; 315:25;349:15 injections (1) 33:6 injury (1) 377:22 injustice (1) 72:3 injustices (1) 10:4 inkling (1) 324:17 inland (1) 297:20 inner (2) 75:25;204:1 innocent (1) 203:10 innovate (1) 153:17 innovation (3) 268:20,25;269:2 innovative (2) 308:21;312:4 insane (1) 209:19 insect (1) 172:22 insidious (1) 87:19 insights (1) 136:7 insist (1) 244:1 insists (1) 175:16 install (17) 33:9,19;37:2;80:23;
114:8,16;117:7;119:10,15,16;

125:15;126:12;152:20;162:18; 178:1;305:2,5 installation (6) 35:25;36:25;101:7; 117:22;118:1;124:15 installations (1) 126:17 installed (26) 31:15;32:2;33:17; 36:3;38:5;65:8,13,16;116:1;

118:2;124:22;125:17,23;126:8; 152:16;177:14;178:3;192:11; 285:6;302:18,23;304:2,25; 316:4,9;319:10 installing (12) 4:10;50:10;67:17; 81:16;96:25;114:12;126:8;

130:10;177:12;178:5;185:20;

335:8 instance (1) 302:19 in-state (1) 85:19 Instead (5) 253:18;271:15;322:8; 359:21;363:23 instilled (1) 239:5 Institute (1) 316:6 instituted (1) 54:13 instructed (1) 175:9 instruction (1) 168:25 instructions (1) 340:20 insurance (4) 59:22;322:4;323:7; 402:17 insure (5) 52:24;123:16;188:17; 396:3,17 insuring (1) 141:13 insurmountable (1) 33:23 intake (2) 172:10;279:4 integrated (3) 148:24;246:3;

303:11 Integrity (4) 16:2;47:3;282:12;

396:13 intellectual (2) 383:22,24 intelligence (3) 53:22,25;261:8 intelligent (2) 292:18;293:7 intend (2) 7:15;133:6 intense (2) 19:18;23:16 intention (1) 21:12 intentioned (1) 60:19 interaction (1) 263:17 interest (9) 82:10;107:23;169:22; 174:11;181:24;250:22;278:18; 356:17;405:1 interested (2) 66:17;287:10 interesting (6) 82:14;88:23;150:8; 197:15,25;373:22 Interfaith (7) 8:11,16,25;9:1;14:13, 16;41:8 interfere (1) 222:21 interferes (2) 215:4;309:17 interfering (1) 215:2 interim (1) 62:3 internal (1) 62:3 internalized (1) 206:1 International (10) 62:13;68:5;89:25; 127:19;130:25;149:6;161:17; 280:15;366:3,3 internationally (2) 165:16;366:7 internet (3) 206:25;207:11;293:14 internist (2) 382:9;384:22 interpret (1) 328:21 interreligious (1) 76:14 interrupt (1) 43:13 intimidating (1) 179:20 into (105) 3:12;6:21;7:15;12:4;13:15; 19:15;20:13;25:19;27:4,16,17;

35:9,14;40:13;46:16;49:3,8,12; 51:5;52:1;54:12;59:10;63:18;
65:20;80:8;81:10;82:25;94:5;
99:24;106:22;107:12;109:12,

24;128:7;132:7;134:1;140:21; 142:12;143:10,11,22;145:16;
146:19;153:13;156:3;159:22; 174:1;175:6;178:8;185:3; 188:18,25;194:3;200:10; 202:10;207:21;208:5,19;

210:16;213:1;220:12,25;222:7, 11,12;223:12;224:25;225:1,1; 226:8;232:14;239:21;240:4; 241:21,22;246:4;247:14,23; 248:3;252:23;256:8;269:21;

270:17;272:10;273:13;276:8;

282:14;300:9;308:11;322:9,14; 324:16;326:5;334:9;338:7;

342:9;344:19;360:8,16;365:17;

367:13;370:16;376:13;393:11;

408:20 intravenous (1) 294:21 intrinsically (1) 373:17 introduce (2) 83:13;382:6 intrusive (2) 132:18,19 invaded (1) 222:3 invalidated (1) 17:6 invent (1) 153:18 inventory (1) 15:23 invertebrates (1) 173:5 invest (2) 35:22;67:17 invested (2) 93:1;361:4 investigation (1) 194:10 investing (1) 392:2 investment (8) 123:1;177:24; 268:19,24;269:4;301:19; 308:21;392:1 investments (7) 69:14;94:4; 301:11;302:7;303:5;315:16;

360:8 invisible (2) 74:14;138:17 invite (3) 212:18,24;262:13 involve (1) 295:5 involved (17) 73:21;90:4;136:23; 146:21,22,23;147:23;320:20; 324:25;335:8;364:24;371:15;

390:22;401:10;408:22;410:12,

13 involvement (3) 83:3;255:10,13 inward (1) 52:22 Iowa (3) 300:2,2;372:4 IQ (9) 3:19;176:15;185:1;251:25; 284:1;289:18;313:15;334:15;

393:14 IQs (1) 308:4 IQ's (3) 309:21;321:23;379:25 iron (2) 200:15;230:18 Ironically (1) 142:17 irony (1) 402:19 irreparable (1) 176:4 irrespective (1) 321:9 irresponsibly (1) 370:11 irreversible (2) 99:15;138:15 irreversibly (1) 73:10 irrevocably (1) 365:1 irritates (1) 342:18 irritation (4) 19:6;45:11;128:25;

291:12 Isaac (4) 102:2;104:13,13;105:10 Islamic (1) 178:23 Island (2) 268:10;354:18 islands (1) 102:23 Israel (1) 174:20 issue (28) 57:22;70:17;75:24;79:8; 80:17;82:21;108:23;130:22; 140:19;141:4;199:10;223:7;

228:21;234:3,6;241:24;257:11; 271:6;304:13,14;344:22;

365:25;394:22;395:25;396:1; 402:6;405:2;410:11 issued (16) 16:13;17:2;60:8;100:5; 123:8;142:8;143:13;145:12;

157:3,4;183:12;185:13;186:2; 197:15;313:22;351:11 issues (31) 70:4;77:19;94:21;97:4; 109:6;120:2;124:1;134:17;

140:13;167:20;188:10;205:11; 223:15;234:19;236:8;237:5; 250:14,21,23;251:5;259:12;

286:16;295:22;303:6;345:19, 21;347:21;349:4;371:10; 395:11;409:12 issuing (2) 90:16;244:19



### J

Jack (3) 39:6;131:20;133:4 Jackson (12) 8:19;23:20;50:13; 57:4;70:8;76:18;78:4;82:24; 108:9;234:3;244:19;408:7 Jacques (1) 368:20 J-A-E-G-E- (1) 363:6 Jaeger (3) 363:4,6,6 James (5) 62:12;68:3;320:12; 324:1;326:15 Jamie (1) 174:17 January (5) 162:3;195:7;255:23; 304:16;321:19 Japan (3) 96:9;367:10;368:2 Japanese (3) 295:6;367:18;368:5 jaws (1) 181:4

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Jay (4) 43:8;48:4;190:9;408:9 Jeff (4) 275:15;276:1;387:2,3 Jenny (2) 297:3,6 jeopardize (2) 53:3;303:10 Jersey (76) 11:14;20:21;23:12; 30:19;32:22;65:12;83:23,25; 85:7,8,11,16,16;87:8;96:17; 112:4;115:17,19;116:6,20;

117:15,21;118:4,22;119:12,18, 24;121:15,20;147:25;148:1;

151:8;229:20;230:5,7,9;231:6, 9;232:3,15;233:10;237:20;

244:23;246:2,7,16,23;248:11, 15;270:17,20,23;319:8;347:9, 21;348:22,23;349:3;350:10;

353:9,11,12,19,23;354:1,3,4,5, 9;355:16;366:16;379:6;399:4; 403:7;408:24;409:4 Jersey's (6) 115:25;230:23; 231:15;232:19,20,23 Jesus (3) 42:14,18;54:5 Jesus' (1) 234:24 Jewish (3) 175:8,12,16 Jim (1) 147:14 job (15) 68:10,21,22;93:13;101:17; 177:18;250:23;255:18;325:24; 367:4;384:20;386:6;394:19; 408:16;409:10 jobs (40) 4:9;25:10,11;46:3,5,6; 51:16;68:23,25;69:3,5,6,22; 70:4;74:21;86:5;130:12;

157:11,12,19;175:7;177:8,9,16, 17;178:19;185:19;196:10; 216:24,25;278:24;279:12; 292:17;293:4;335:7;394:23; 399:25;408:8,15;409:19 Joe (2) 23:1;347:8 Joel (3) 363:3;366:1;368:22 John (9) 131:19;181:18;227:19; 229:18;249:16;255:23;260:1; 303:1;304:10 Johns (2) 385:16;392:22 John's (1) 348:22 joined (2) 196:4;371:11 Joint (9) 249:15;250:1,12,12,16, 20;252:10,16;254:25 Jon (1) 23:21 Joseph (2) 22:20;347:13 Josh (2) 270:5;273:5 jotted (1) 367:14 Journal (2) 242:15;377:23 journals (1) 191:18 journey (1) 139:5 Joy (3) 76:7,11;295:19 Jr (5) 62:12;68:4;137:14;347:14;

377:19 judge (1) 44:13 judges (1) 179:5 Judith (1) 221:17 Judy (1) 224:5 juice (1) 227:10 July (15) 5:14;63:3;66:16;144:5,5; 187:9,14,14;195:7;248:16; 269:20;336:25;339:4;340:5;

403:17 jumping (1) 344:19 Junior (1) 67:2 juried (1) 191:17 jury (1) 94:22 justice (25) 9:7;56:24;57:13,21; 62:4;76:17;80:17;82:4,7;

109:6;236:9,19;237:5;244:24;

245:18;248:10;255:16;356:13, 17;357:1,4;395:15,18;396:1,3 justify (2) 89:21;90:25



### K

Kansas (1) 300:1 Kate (4) 306:20,24;369:8,11 Kathleen (3) 2:13;183:19;333:6 Katie (5) 199:18,23;200:4;311:21; 317:19 kayaking (1) 134:3 keenly (1) 224:9 keep (23) 10:5;92:16;103:10;

107:24;141:14;157:15;190:4,5; 194:25;216:25;245:7;255:1;

257:22;327:21;338:20;339:12; 346:16;354:19;362:5;364:25; 372:2;389:15;405:13 keeping (6) 6:23;37:23;179:22; 188:19;269:17;338:9 keeps (2) 245:13;349:13 Keith (4) 70:20;74:4,5,5 Kelley (4) 326:16,18;331:21;332:3 Kelsmith (1) 229:15 Kendall (2) 347:9;350:22 Keneseth (1) 174:20 Kennedy (1) 377:19 Kenneth (1) 181:18 kept (6) 81:20,25;284:12;332:5; 369:4;389:14 Kevin (14) 2:16;76:9;78:8;121:1;

131:9,16;147:16;151:6;174:16, 19;183:22;240:9,13;259:25 key (1) 250:17 Keystone (1) 315:13 kick (1) 35:23 kid (2) 103:9,12 kidney (2) 309:23;342:22 kidneys (5) 294:3,23,25;313:11; 343:12 kids (18) 37:11,19;38:18,19;104:3; 181:3;212:22;221:21;261:2;

324:14;355:1,1;376:17;380:14, 21,24;393:5;395:1 kill (6) 51:6;79:22;204:21;216:22; 239:1;267:1 killed (2) 55:19;108:16 killing (2) 209:15,16 kills (1) 196:22 kilowatts (1) 50:11 kind (24) 97:24;137:4;143:3;167:4, 8;179:7;186:8;205:15,21; 206:24;207:2;208:1,1,13; 238:14;293:6;345:19;346:3;

371:10;385:20;388:25;390:7; 400:19;410:24 kindergarten (1) 380:15 kinds (7) 48:18;49:23;51:1;

110:17;120:6;133:19;296:15 King (2) 261:13;399:1 Kleinman (3) 174:17,18,19 Kline (5) 154:5,7,8,9,15 knew (7) 97:12;302:11;371:16; 375:13;388:4,8;401:15 knits (1) 52:20 knitted (1) 52:22 knock (1) 378:5 knowing (3) 73:9;218:16;349:3 knowledge (6) 240:1;271:24;

298:10;340:22;395:4;396:20 Knowlton (5) 232:9,10;392:17; 395:3,3 K-N-O-W-L-T-O-N (1) 395:5 known (40) 2:24,25;3:3;26:16;
34:23;35:5,21;45:7,24;63:23;

73:4;104:17;123:9;128:23,24;

176:3;179:9;184:4,5,10;242:8; 251:19;259:3;290:21;301:12;

307:14;309:14;311:10;319:15; 333:19,23;343:9;346:13;

347:23;358:17;367:18;374:24; 380:13;388:3;395:6 knows (5) 294:5;302:17;346:18, 18;353:15 Kordick (6) 297:3,6,6;300:11; 306:11,16 Krammer (4) 105:25;110:4,5,6 Kraus (1) 229:13 Kuntz (1) 297:11 Kyoto (1) 409:25



### L

labels (1) 169:19 labor (1) 130:12 laboratory (2) 168:13;201:12 lack (5) 142:2;168:9;171:19; 345:24;399:7 lacking (1) 382:25 lacks (1) 125:11 lacrosse (1) 38:19 laden (2) 138:23;226:5 Ladies (4) 365:23;368:24;387:11; 401:8 lady (2) 327:16,17 laid (1) 226:14 lake (14) 27:13;39:1,2,15;45:17,20; 86:20;313:20;329:11;351:13; 353:20,23;358:5;400:10 Lakes (20) 45:19;55:6;60:9;85:15; 100:3,8;102:18;132:7,10;

160:13;161:7;171:21;235:12; 252:2;264:2;283:3;308:11; 351:9;353:18;354:5 land (9) 27:16;157:8;169:9; 270:25;277:7;387:15;389:9; 397:24;398:25 landfills (1) 143:11 Landini (4) 227:18,21,22;228:1 landlord's (1) 169:9 landmark (2) 245:17;347:24 lands (3) 99:24;276:21;277:21 landscape (1) 357:13 landscapes (1) 54:25 language (10) 31:2;60:22;222:23; 242:6;264:11;298:17;308:4; 321:22;363:17;379:24 lap (1) 212:20 laps (1) 212:19 large (8) 60:3;72:9;89:6,13; 125:15;186:8;257:6;390:7 largely (2) 160:9;256:6 largemouth (2) 39:14,18 larger (2) 181:23;335:3 largest (33) 3:9;18:1;19:25;26:19; 28:13;46:21;47:4;53:9;57:9; 77:7;99:4;104:20;106:15;

122:15;161:13;163:24;170:18;

184:16;192:21;197:13;230:23;

273:21;282:10;297:20;300:21; 303:11;307:18;313:3;334:6;
346:12;358:3;366:16;396:21 Lars (1) 377:16 last (33) 11:11;39:5;54:21;81:9;

95:5;145:12;169:4,6,6;174:16; 180:14;186:2;190:24;258:25;
271:13;273:7;303:12;304:22;

305:18;321:19;326:15;347:17; 352:5;361:1;365:7;374:5;

390:6;395:4;399:12,16;408:11, 18;410:1 lasting (1) 405:3 Lastly (2) 177:20;305:8 late (2) 6:4;182:3 lately (1) 391:20 later (19) 7:9;73:1;80:24;96:12; 123:11;127:9;189:5,12,13; 241:4;242:25;243:3;269:20;

274:24;313:16;332:23;353:22; 376:16;380:21 latest (1) 348:13 Latino (4) 58:1,23;59:21;60:14 Latinos (2) 299:7;357:21 latrine (2) 325:12,13 latrines (1) 325:10 lauds (1) 24:3 laugh (1) 266:22 Lavell (1) 229:14 law (19) 5:4;15:15;28:21,24;31:10; 54:12;55:15;66:13,22;74:15;
186:20;312:6;336:11;356:13, 17,18;357:4;360:1;391:11 laws (4) 154:19,20;157:20;262:17 lawyer (1) 38:12 lawyers (1) 98:23 lay (3) 14:18;167:19;173:15 laying (1) 167:9 lead (53) 17:15;26:16;27:2;46:4; 63:22;68:9;72:24;73:2;79:15;

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99:14;124:3;134:23;137:25; 138:6,13,16;139:3,4,8;153:3, 11;173:10;175:19;176:16;

177:7;203:16;216:16;219:2,4; 228:4;236:20;243:22;245:2; 274:1;283:16;294:20;307:15;

309:19;330:10;335:19;341:19; 342:20,23;355:22,24;358:17, 25;363:13;370:13;384:19; 385:1;394:2;407:18 leaded (2) 134:22,24 leader (4) 103:21;176:1;178:20;

369:15 leaders (4) 14:18;248:11;251:2;

345:24 leadership (3) 17:10;108:9;389:5 leading (9) 161:16;163:1;250:2, 12;281:15;283:15;284:8; 310:13;385:2 League (7) 102:3;104:13,14,18; 105:10;320:12,15 Leah (2) 233:20,25 Leak (1) 87:12 leaking (1) 248:9 lean (1) 84:20 learn (16) 3:19;152:9;168:17; 176:16;185:1;201:13;204:7; 237:4;251:25;259:17;273:10;

313:16;321:15;334:15;342:24;

345:15 learned (5) 49:15;55:21;79:13; 156:24;387:21 learning (17) 21:17;41:13;42:2,7; 45:6;53:22;73:7;128:12;203:7; 228:7;235:14;309:19;315:17; 364:14;379:24;393:15;394:3 learns (1) 363:17 least (30) 9:22,22;60:20;69:20; 73:5;80:19;87:10;89:21;94:4, 25;95:19;125:2;148:14; 150:10;157:5;162:4,9;228:8;

234:24;236:25;258:25;272:16; 304:13;318:15;321:1;325:14; 379:10;401:1;402:9;406:7 leave (9) 31:6;167:12;212:14;

238:14;352:14;367:2,3;383:25;

405:3 leaves (1) 249:10 leaving (1) 241:17 led (4) 16:22;41:24;171:20;340:15 left (11) 7:2;41:25;156:16;188:24, 25;201:18;284:13,21;305:25; 338:13;401:2 legacy (9) 57:23;261:4;263:16; 265:3;279:11;330:22;383:25; 401:2;405:3 legal (5) 94:12;104:23;171:6; 179:25;357:5 legally (1) 331:16 legislation (2) 253:20;369:1 lend (1) 386:4 lending (1) 168:24 length (1) 365:6 lengths (1) 88:17 lens (1) 234:20 Leslie (2) 52:7;56:23 less (19) 59:21;72:12;73:19;91:18, 22;113:23;125:23;160:5;

212:15;231:2;253:17;266:15;
268:22;304:25;305:11;315:6; 319:3;364:19;378:2 lesser (1) 47:16 lesson (1) 178:13 lessons (1) 370:3 lethal (1) 11:22 letter (3) 93:9;98:16;352:10 letting (2) 88:8;131:22 level (30) 13:9;16:10;25:12;28:7; 32:25;94:13;95:2;100:19; 105:5;137:25;138:6;161:10; 163:2;177:20;191:7;193:14;

196:25;197:2,8;201:20;225:11; 250:19;258:24;274:8;285:17; 321:10;377:17,18;397:17;

406:13 levels (64) 27:21,24;32:11,14,16;

45:4;46:7;53:8;55:9;60:2;66:6; 74:17;77:4;87:11;93:23,23;

109:5;110:13;133:20;149:25;

150:6,16;160:12,19;163:18,20; 165:13;166:11;172:11,18; 173:8,13,22;181:8;201:13;

207:22;214:7;222:13;225:7,8,

11,15,18;230:15;231:7;233:11; 242:10;243:11;277:1;282:22; 283:8,13,25;296:4;308:2; 322:24;323:3;329:20,22;

330:10;378:2,16;393:24;394:1 liability (1) 166:15 liberties (1) 51:12 liberty (2) 49:18;328:23 libraries (1) 168:23 lies (2) 201:4;370:8 life (63) 20:4;48:7;49:22;52:15,17, 20,25;54:2,10;64:11;67:4;

86:16;98:3;102:8;107:14,15;

108:5,13;128:8;129:13;148:18, 20;153:6;167:18;175:17; 176:8;178:23;182:16;203:5; 213:4;215:16;218:2;221:12;

235:6;242:13,18;262:20;263:6;

277:22;284:19,22;289:4;300:3; 307:6;323:17,18;324:4;326:3;

328:23;346:23;350:8,9;362:10; 363:9;368:20,23;373:6,14; 384:1;390:8;397:24;405:16;

408:1 lifelong (4) 83:25;102:14;383:25; 384:17 lifestyle (4) 128:1;202:1;222:3;

396:12 lifetime (9) 53:22;54:1;67:8;72:22; 74:10;216:1;219:15,20;289:21 lifetimes (1) 153:16 light (20) 6:25;7:1,3;8:11,16;9:1,2; 14:13,17;41:8;50:6;188:22,23; 189:1;265:4;280:5;338:11,12, 14;402:25 lighten (1) 96:24 lights (7) 6:24;14:25;188:21;

257:22;266:24;338:10;349:21 lignite (1) 194:17 likelihood (1) 357:14 likely (11) 58:24;59:4,18,21;60:13; 71:23;88:14;320:20;321:25; 365:8;406:6 Likewise (2) 290:22;303:24 limit (33) 4:24;5:25;6:5;25:14;

54:16;85:19;116:25;118:7,12; 127:5;164:18;169:13;170:11; 171:24;172:9;186:14;188:6;

202:10;214:1;235:14;238:21;

239:19;241:16;262:17;270:18; 293:10;294:8;336:5;337:18; 340:21;356:21;378:16,19 limitations (1) 17:7 limited (2) 172:19;288:2 limiting (5) 85:5;100:11;275:5; 279:3;406:15 limitless (1) 198:17 limits (37) 18:22;31:9,11,17;32:23, 25;33:10;34:4,5;40:3;46:19,22; 66:7;68:15,18,18;100:6;

117:16;118:25;120:12,14,21,

22;140:10;155:3;162:14,16,21, 23;164:23;169:14;171:18;

228:15;237:23;273:11;294:7;

370:12 Lindsey (1) 232:25 line (6) 32:3;46:25;86:10;93:12; 345:1;354:9 lines (3) 33:19,20;270:14 link (4) 112:24;172:23;267:25;

319:23 linked (7) 19:3;27:5;176:11;274:3; 289:17;307:23;358:20 linking (2) 224:15;267:22 links (1) 224:14 liquid (1) 248:3 Lisa (6) 8:19;234:2;244:19; 353:14;387:2;390:17 list (5) 8:1;339:9;381:21;382:22;

383:1 listed (5) 28:11;168:2;264:21; 406:3;407:23 listened (1) 41:25 listening (7) 109:11,18;167:15; 226:9;371:3;376:10;404:22 listing (1) 313:19 literally (4) 64:11;113:7;211:22;

346:14 literate (1) 60:25 literature (6) 41:11;103:23;113:6; 120:10;138:2,17 litigants (1) 29:8 litigation (5) 15:16;29:18,21;30:1; 259:4 little (47) 7:24;15:18;43:14,17;

48:19;56:6;97:16;98:12;103:9, 12;135:25;147:7,18,22;148:21; 154:14;179:20;183:4;205:6; 211:4,15;212:14,22;229:23;

235:10;250:11;257:19;262:1;

267:16;282:19;283:16;288:17; 294:24;297:10;326:9;332:17; 346:24;355:8,21,25;367:9; 376:16;387:9,12;388:16; 389:20;404:8 live (59) 9:20;12:6,18,18;20:22;

38:14;43:3;49:18;58:1,7,11,14;

64:1,2;80:18;85:4;86:13;95:2; 109:23;110:8;127:22;128:3;

129:12;131:25;151:8;154:23;
172:16;181:6;200:22;201:25; 206:15;209:16;210:21,22; 211:3;230:5;232:3;237:20;

239:14;246:12;251:17;253:14; 263:19;276:19;309:1;313:16; 357:17,21;361:19;363:7;

366:14;379:16;387:5;393:5,7, 7;399:12;402:15;405:15 lived (5) 48:7;49:21;98:3;133:23;
387:14 livelihoods (2) 68:12;93:11 liver (3) 28:7;294:3;343:12 lives (48) 11:4;14:4;26:13;44:19; 47:20,21;49:7;51:15;54:16; 61:10,23;65:1;66:14;80:25;

81:1,4,21;86:2;97:25;108:20;
132:18;176:18;178:18;205:4; 217:6;223:21;228:18;267:1; 284:4;291:20;323:6;329:5;

331:19;340:8,10;341:5;343:24;

344:8,9,10,10,13;360:20;362:1, 6,9;405:4;410:24 living (18) 50:8;51:20;59:13;71:22; 72:9;80:3;127:23;128:1; 181:13;193:2;214:10;222:3;

297:19;299:5;319:13;362:12; 388:25;409:25 load (4) 32:8;87:19;161:4;302:21 lobbying (1) 23:16 lobbyists (2) 47:11;346:15 local (23) 38:17;60:22;68:5;69:9; 87:17;98:16;154:19;163:5;

168:20;173:25;219:23;257:11; 260:10;263:14;278:1;289:1;

298:15;314:25;315:4;321:10; 358:10;369:16;371:11 locally (4) 55:12,25;299:9;383:6 located (9) 2:18;63:16;106:12;

122:18;230:7;246:6,15;342:6;

357:25 location (2) 246:17;303:24 long (64) 10:3;18:21;19:7,8;24:3; 25:11;28:19;30:4;34:9;35:2;

45:23;49:20;54:8;63:11;67:10;

73:6;79:13;81:19;85:23;87:20; 98:3;104:5;105:3,7;163:14;

177:22;179:15;196:17;215:16; 221:5;234:8;236:7;240:22; 269:11;272:5;273:17;284:6;

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286:16;301:9,21;302:17;312:9, 25;326:19;328:9,18;347:18; 359:25;361:1,13,20;375:2; 387:17,18;388:3;390:8,9; 397:22;398:20;405:10;409:6, 19,19,21 long- (1) 46:5 longer (16) 28:17;29:1;56:1;73:5; 109:23;117:13;134:6;146:7; 153:5;172:19;174:10;212:22; 280:20;295:24;329:6;361:6 longest (1) 389:12 long-run (1) 181:21 long-term (3) 39:19;153:20;177:17 long-time (1) 340:4 look (41) 10:12;14:23;29:15;48:9, 12;93:18,19;99:9;108:23;
146:16;153:24;166:1;169:14; 179:25;180:2,5,8;182:21;

199:14;201:17;205:19;227:11; 273:2;292:2;296:12;315:17; 320:23;324:24;325:16,23,24; 326:8,10;329:21;330:20,23; 345:20,20;366:12;367:7;

409:11 looked (6) 39:10;134:4;186:1; 206:25;256:22;324:16 looking (9) 39:8;48:24;70:7,15; 147:9;227:12;325:25;330:18;

402:22 looks (5) 35:15;243:24;317:14; 319:24;407:12 loons (1) 172:20 loophole (1) 11:19 lose (5) 10:14,20;53:1;69:5;293:4 losing (2) 108:20;249:1 loss (9) 17:9;53:24;68:25;69:8; 107:14;279:17;284:1;289:18;

384:17 losses (2) 68:10;69:7 lost (13) 37:11;47:21;61:24;69:22; 157:11;167:10;254:13;272:12; 284:2;310:15;341:5;350:9;

362:10 lot (51) 50:3;92:21;107:1;131:24; 141:8,9,25;150:22;169:4;
182:9;200:20;205:23;206:23; 207:7,9,9,10,14;209:12;

211:16;255:17;258:21;294:25; 321:13;323:22;326:19,25; 327:1,14;331:13,14;332:2;
345:22;351:5;354:24;361:21; 367:4;371:2,4;375:21;376:17; 386:10;387:5;388:10,11,24; 389:3,8,10;401:15;402:23 lots (5) 53:15;380:20;401:15; 405:12;410:12 loud (1) 50:1 louder (2) 43:17;267:16 love (6) 42:17;200:12;351:18; 363:9;368:18;392:3 lovely (1) 210:23 lover (1) 235:7 loving (2) 234:22;261:4 low (19) 24:25;58:17,20;60:15; 64:9;71:12;113:4;118:18;

126:4;142:21;143:20;144:16; 244:9;245:10;299:7;305:19; 308:2;352:17;397:12 lower (11) 101:11;126:2;172:11; 208:4;258:7;277:2;308:4;

309:21;316:23;321:23;323:3 lowered (2) 53:21;215:23 lowering (1) 219:20 lowers (1) 343:19 lowest (1) 59:6 luck (3) 390:11,14;410:15 Luckily (2) 211:25;405:18 lucky (3) 156:6;318:23;325:10 lunch (4) 7:11;166:18;179:6;

182:24 Lung (50) 8:12;11:12;12:11,14; 13:25;14:1,6;35:11;62:12,17;
63:5;64:7;67:21;76:10;78:10,

13;79:21;80:2;167:15;204:20;

212:2,14,16;216:20,21;218:1; 252:5,9;289:18;291:9,12;

310:6;311:5;319:12;339:17,21;

340:2,4,7,8,9,12,13,16;341:25;

342:13,22;343:21;347:9;385:4 lungs (4) 22:2;313:11;361:7;388:4 lurking (1) 172:12 Lutheran (6) 233:21;234:1,11,12; 236:6,6 luxury (2) 172:10;201:2 lymphoma (1) 385:5 Lyndon (7) 246:1,5,6,21;247:9; 249:5,10 Lynn (2) 363:4,6 L-Y-N-N (1) 363:6



### M

machinations (1) 256:7 machine (1) 293:8 machines (1) 168:16 Mackey (3) 347:10;350:22,22 M-A-C-K-E-Y (1) 350:23 MACT (13) 31:5;88:11,24;92:14; 94:22;159:4,9;267:4;268:5; 276:25;279:5;280:8;286:2 mad (1) 210:24 magazine (1) 150:14 magnitude (1) 161:10 mail (3) 5:17;187:19;337:7 main (4) 31:7;59:25;247:16,16 Maine (1) 196:19 mainstay (1) 60:16 maintain (2) 304:1;378:3 maintained (1) 368:7 maintaining (1) 177:14 maintenance (1) 68:13 major (15) 69:16;77:8;100:13; 101:7,9;116:6;124:22;140:2; 151:20;173:24;179:23,25; 245:12;300:20;307:20 majority (9) 31:11;32:22;45:21; 90:25;124:19;154:16;286:23, 23;315:1 Makers (3) 62:13;68:5,6 makes (20) 12:16;75:13;107:25; 130:5;144:9;202:6;210:24,25;

212:7,7;215:17;222:2;224:19; 241:8;266:24;272:2;323:18; 362:5;389:6;408:2 making (36) 4:22;6:22;17:8;23:22; 44:17;51:14;57:22;83:1;

109:10;145:4;146:19;149:2,3; 152:10;186:12;204:11,25; 207:1;255:19;285:6;295:5; 300:9;303:5;306:8;308:8;

321:7;328:4;329:9;331:15,15; 336:2,3;338:8;352:8;363:16;

410:21 makings (3) 255:9,11;302:8 mal (1) 405:17 MALE (3) 293:19;294:4;403:23 males (2) 214:14;293:24 malformations (1) 208:11 mammals (2) 173:5,16 man (10) 26:16;55:20;324:9;325:7, 19;368:21;387:15;399:1; 402:16,21 manage (2) 126:17;140:23 managed (2) 19:13;300:22 Management (9) 10:11;30:10,16; 130:13;144:12;145:1;288:12, 21;289:1 Manager (2) 273:6;288:19 managing (1) 140:19 Manaker (6) 112:3,6,7;120:3,4,9 mandate (8) 44:11;57:20;140:12; 175:11;234:24;287:20;288:1;

406:10 mandated (3) 19:11;91:25;361:12 mandates (4) 35:24;276:10;278:7; 287:19 mandating (1) 382:16 Mandy (2) 311:20,23 mankind (3) 198:20,25;387:23 Mann (6) 15:7;18:7,7,9;22:12,17 M-A-N-N (1) 18:7 manner (4) 116:13;151:3;166:15; 245:12 mantra (1) 47:17 manufacturer (1) 48:10 manufacturing (4) 130:12;134:10; 177:10;230:19 many (120) 3:24;6:2;12:19;13:7,7, 14;15:1;16:8;18:25;26:12;

33:17;39:4;40:21;41:12,13,18; 42:11;45:2;54:9,16,20;55:4; 57:24;59:2,8,9;65:7;68:19;

69:13;71:10;74:7;77:2;79:18; 80:5;81:5,7;84:24;87:22; 93:11;95:21,22;96:7;98:25; 108:15,18;124:21;127:12; 133:19;151:24;157:11,12; 161:7;170:21;173:7;180:22; 182:15,16;185:6,6;193:16;

194:16;198:3;216:8,12;219:13; 222:8;225:14,19;228:9,18; 230:20,20;233:12;241:24;

242:22;248:16;252:1;262:21, 22;263:14;264:1;272:24,24;

282:6,25;287:17;290:1;295:12;

296:13;301:10;302:6,18;305:3, 21;314:9;316:13;317:23; 325:1;329:4;331:5;333:19;

346:2;347:23;350:15;352:16; 363:21;364:4,14;380:16;

381:14;385:6;386:19;391:12; 392:5;397:4,9,9,18;406:12;

408:15 maps (1) 132:8 Marcellus (1) 377:12 March (9) 2:20;10:8;21:11;140:8; 184:1;226:6,12;289:20;315:11 Margaret (2) 166:22,24 margin (3) 89:14;92:11;257:2 margins (1) 77:9 Maria (2) 86:12,13 Marico (2) 137:12,21 Marie (1) 372:22 marine (3) 69:20;173:5;366:2 Mark (2) 206:10;338:17 market (9) 196:24;197:2;258:19, 23;268:17,23;269:2,3,8 marketplace (1) 402:10 markets (1) 268:21 marks (1) 188:22 Martin (6) 356:14;361:17,18,18; 403:25;405:14 Mary (1) 288:12 Maryland (11) 59:3;101:10;253:2; 284:14,16,19,21;382:9,12,15;

403:7 masks (2) 295:6,8 Mass (2) 158:11;161:15 Massachusetts (25) 32:21;39:2; 154:6;158:10,12,22;159:20,24; 160:9,24;161:18,23;162:3,15,

18;163:3,17;164:8,16;165:11, 22;267:9,12;271:20;299:23 massive (2) 171:10;197:17 master (1) 387:4 master's (1) 191:15 matched (1) 86:9 materials (1) 177:10 maternal (2) 215:8;224:6 math (2) 92:23;292:12 matter (50) 3:5;31:10;35:7;37:7;

42:8;52:14;60:25;64:11;91:13, 17,21,24;94:12,12,13,15; 101:12;113:19,22;117:3;

118:19;120:14;129:4;144:16;

154:21;165:25;173:22;180:13, 16;181:1;184:11;211:19;

213:24;229:1;243:11;289:16;

296:8,11,16,19;317:6;318:13;
320:3;327:10;333:25;343:20; 373:3,5;384:25;406:9

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matter-of-fact (2) 133:5,12 matters (4) 92:6;180:15;404:25;

406:9 Matthew (2) 339:18;344:17 mature (1) 230:22 maximize (3) 67:22;117:24;119:13 maximizing (1) 269:12 maximum (21) 31:5;32:8;56:6; 58:12;68:8;69:21;71:14;91:5, 15,22;99:2;116:22;118:8; 159:4;161:1,3,10;357:18; 382:19;383:14;385:10 may (57) 6:1,2,10;8:2;28:6;39:13; 46:24;54:21;55:19;60:21,24;
61:1;66:5,7,8;67:12;71:12,12; 72:3;99:21;116:25;117:2,11, 14;121:11;153:5,19;188:10; 190:2;201:4;203:6;205:4; 212:21;215:15;223:2;225:7;
228:25;233:8;238:11;243:13; 257:11;258:4,7;259:1;283:13; 285:15,23;295:16;296:16;
302:15;303:2;305:13;319:24; 323:13;337:21;339:10;382:6 maybe (11) 46:24;49:24;70:6;

80:12;136:19;208:1;272:19,21; 349:19;385:6;408:12 McDevitt (4) 154:5;158:8,9;165:21 McLaughlin (4) 131:20,21,22;

136:24 McNelly (19) 275:15,20,22,25;

276:2;285:2,14;286:22;287:3,

12,14,16,19,22,24;288:1,4,7,9 McPhedran (5) 15:6,9,10,10,19 M-C-P-H-E-D-R-A-N (1) 15:11 meal (4) 100:12;164:15;308:15;

352:8 mean (21) 30:3;47:21;75:23;133:9; 205:18;236:12;277:16;327:23; 328:1,5;354:2,4,12;355:2,4,6, 19;376:7;406:8,20;408:11 meaning (2) 200:12;201:15 meaningful (2) 101:17;115:7 means (14) 7:3;10:13;49:19;

154:15;163:10;200:11;211:6; 252:20;260:9;277:12;283:12; 308:14;364:21;371:8 meant (3) 212:9;310:4;332:2 meantime (2) 153:6;295:4 meanwhile (1) 37:4 measurable (4) 119:1;166:12; 388:1,9 measure (6) 39:24;63:8;117:12; 235:6;236:12;346:9 measured (1) 151:18 measures (1) 39:22 meat (4) 200:18;201:5;202:4;

352:23 mechanism (2) 72:20;131:1 media (6) 140:3;144:16,17,24; 161:19;234:13 medical (31) 21:8;71:11;87:5; 98:24;100:14;106:17,19; 112:14;156:12;182:19;191:16;

201:20;224:18;230:18;248:23, 23;255:15;262:11;281:18;

290:4;291:9;293:21,22;347:15, 16;384:18;385:9;386:7,20,23;

400:11 Medicare (1) 322:5 medication (2) 50:20;318:14 medications (3) 318:3,3;402:18 medicine (7) 70:25;224:13;242:15; 262:1;339:25;368:5;385:18 meet (25) 13:8;58:7;65:13;66:13, 20;68:17;93:8;116:2;117:2; 124:19;130:11;164:2;192:7;

216:6;225:20;246:7,19;249:2; 269:10;278:7;315:20;324:9; 335:24;361:2;374:12 meeting (7) 33:10;93:24;109:20; 141:4;309:11;316:12;319:3 meetings (1) 395:14 meets (2) 114:12;116:22 megawatt (1) 246:1 megawatts (8) 88:25;122:16,18;
257:17;276:12;300:23;302:22;

316:7 Mellon (8) 137:14;139:20,22,23; 146:1;147:1,3,13 member (36) 30:21;38:12;74:6;

80:12;122:14,21;131:6;137:13; 150:12;151:9;154:4;206:11;

210:18;213:11;221:18;227:19, 23;229:20;234:14;236:17; 260:16;270:4;278:6;297:4; 311:21;320:15;326:16,17; 337:22;352:16;363:5;369:8; 372:22;382:10;395:5,17 members (42) 6:10;9:22;15:16;

18:13;25:20;26:8;52:23;68:4,7, 12;74:1;104:25;105:10;

131:19;146:21;170:7;179:16, 16;180:11;190:22;195:16;

196:3;229:12;255:13;273:7,10, 16;275:3;286:24;287:17; 297:9;312:2;322:17;350:25;

367:20;374:9;381:8,15;386:19, 23;387:1;404:1 membership (3) 150:13;250:17; 276:6 memories (1) 329:8 memory (3) 222:22;242:5;379:24 men (5) 108:15;175:10;322:23; 323:2;328:21 Mendez (1) 260:14 Mendez- (1) 260:17 MENDEZ-QUIGLEY (1) 260:17 mental (8) 72:22;152:2,6;155:17; 214:17;309:21;393:23;394:17 mentally (1) 157:13 mention (6) 62:2;138:13;146:3; 198:23;295:21;365:11 mentioned (18) 29:18;82:5;154:9; 165:21;187:2;200:21;210:3; 215:21;253:3;254:12,16; 305:24;332:15;336:19;339:3; 381:14;397:2;398:7 menu (1) 198:18 Mercer (3) 65:11;96:17;378:22 merchant (1) 366:2 Merck (1) 347:16 mercury (705) 2:5,20;3:7,10,11,13,14, 21;4:13,25;5:2;8:23;9:11;10:2,

3;12:1;15:20,22,24,25;16:3,5,6, 9,11,14,16,22,25;17:3,5,7,10, 12,13;18:2,4,14,19,23;19:14, 25;20:3,9,13;21:3,10,18,20; 22:7;23:7;24:2,4,10,14,15; 25:14;26:5,10,16,20,23,25;

27:9,10,12,14,18,25;28:4,6,10,

13,20,22;29:5,10,11;30:21,25;

31:1,6,9,11,16,23;32:5,8,11,13,

16,18,20,23;33:1,2,10,24;34:4,

4,21;37:9,22;39:15,25,25;40:3, 7;41:10;42:8;44:8;45:2,4,13,

19;46:7,19,21;47:5,6,9;53:5,8,

10,11,13,19,20;54:13;55:3,5,9,

21;56:1,8;59:10,25;60:1,2,4,7, 20;61:15;62:25;63:22;65:20; 72:4,4,6,14,18;73:4;74:2,13; 76:20,23,24;77:4,6,14,16,20,

24;78:1,3;79:14;82:12;84:13, 17,18,22,25;85:5,9,14,18;

86:18,19,22,23,25;87:4,11,19, 22;89:8;90:22;91:2,6;93:23;

96:8,9;97:12;99:5,11,12,14,22,

25;100:1,2,16,19,24;101:4,12,

20;102:13;103:2,6,13,15,16,19,

22;104:7,16,20;105:7,13,14,16;

110:12,13,15;111:20,24;116:7;

117:15,16,18,20;118:3,4,9,10; 121:5,6,9;124:6,8,13;127:19;

128:4,7,10,15,18,21;129:7,16, 22;130:19,20,25;131:3,5;

133:20,21;134:12,13;136:22;

138:14,23;139:4,11,12;149:7,8, 13;150:16;151:8,19,23,25; 152:3,6,7,11,12,21;153:24;

155:4,11,12,17;156:2,23;157:5,

7,7,8;158:14,18,23,24;159:13, 18,24;160:1,4,6,8,10,13,19;

161:1,4,5,10,14,15,17,18,19,22, 24;162:5,7,10,12,14,15,23;

163:1,4,9,17,19,20,24;164:18, 22;165:12,24;166:11;167:3;

169:5;170:9,12,13,18,24;171:9,

22,24;172:1,5,9,11,15,17,19,21,

24,25;173:4,8,13,21,22;174:3; 175:3,20;176:8,14;180:21;

181:8;183:13;184:1,14,17,19,

20,22;186:15,17;191:9,12,20;

192:13,20;193:2,5,13;194:11,

15,19,23;200:24;201:7,11,13, 16,22;202:2,10,15;203:6,22;

204:12;205:9;206:23;207:21,

22;208:3,5,6;211:17;214:7,24, 25;215:4;216:17;219:2,25;

220:14,19;221:12,22;222:11, 13,20,25;223:4,11,17;224:23,

24,25;225:2,4,7,11,16;226:5,7,

10,12;228:3,4,10,14,22;229:9;

230:10,11,12,24;231:2,7,9,11, 13,15,18,22;232:1,4,17,22; 233:4,11,12,16;234:4;235:4,

15;237:7,16,24;238:2,5,16,19,

21,23,25;239:18,20,24;241:7, 20,21,23,25;242:3;243:10;

244:21;245:2;247:14;249:20; 251:19,23;252:1;256:2,3,6;

258:2,16;260:24;261:15,22,25;

262:6,8,11,17;264:2,4;265:20; 266:11;267:22;268:14;269:6; 270:16,24;271:1,9,21;272:9; 273:8,11,13,25;274:9,12,17;

275:5;280:23;281:2,10,13,15,

19;282:10,14,15,19;283:2,8,10, 17,19,22,25;284:9;289:14;

290:2,6;291:22;294:20;295:25; 297:13;298:4,21;302:13; 307:12,14;308:2,3,7,8,10;

309:3,15;310:2,24,24;312:8,17,

22;313:3,5,14,18,22;314:9,11,

16,20,24;315:1,2,5,8,10,13,21, 24;316:3,15;317:2,2,8,15;

321:20,25;322:21,24;323:3,11,

13;329:20,22;330:10;333:1,14; 334:4,7,8,10,10,12;336:6,8; 341:9,22;343:8,8;346:12; 347:22;348:1,3,4,13,19;

349:15;350:17;351:4,5,10,11,

20;352:4,10,13,24,25;353:8,21,

24;354:1,25;355:25;356:1,6,8, 20;358:3,17,25;359:5,20; 360:20,23,23;363:13;364:3; 366:1;367:13,24;369:13;

370:12;377:14,17,21,25;378:2,

13;379:13,22;381:3;382:13,19,

21,23,25;383:5,9,20,21;384:4, 16;385:2;390:25;392:4;

393:18;394:2,8;395:25;396:22, 25;397:12,16;399:20;400:7;
401:22;404:11,12;406:11,13, 15;407:16,20 Mercury-based (1) 281:18 mercury-damaged (1) 378:6 mercury-free (1) 261:20 mercury's (4) 99:15;128:9;160:16; 343:12 Mervin (2) 154:5,9 message (2) 72:16;146:12 messages (1) 298:23 messed (1) 76:9 met (6) 55:23;240:25;249:2,2; 326:7;359:22 metal (13) 63:21;144:6;192:18,22; 203:16;231:13;261:7;313:5;

341:18;342:20;363:12;365:15;

394:7 metals (42) 5:1;18:23;24:11;35:8; 37:7;63:21;65:23;73:19; 113:18;116:8,8;118:11,14;

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128:22;140:7;159:17;180:10;

181:2;186:16;203:15,17;219:3; 220:4;228:3;243:10;251:20; 252:4;274:1;289:14;291:20; 298:4;307:15;317:2;322:18; 336:7;341:18,20;342:20;

358:18;363:13;364:11;365:16 meter (1) 242:17 method (2) 180:4;271:7 methods (3) 180:6;194:11;271:10 methyl (23) 3:12;37:9;99:11,14,15, 25;100:1;184:20;214:25; 215:4;222:13,24;225:2,4; 241:23;242:3;270:25;283:17, 19;297:13;298:21;334:10;

360:23 methylated (2) 86:22,23 Micaiah (2) 206:16,17 Michael (4) 122:4,10;131:10;

231:12 Michigan (1) 100:8 Michnya (4) 372:23;376:12,13;

377:3 M-I-C-H-N-Y-A (1) 376:14 micrograms (1) 242:16 micrometers (1) 113:23 microorganisms (4) 3:12;184:20; 334:9;363:24 microphone (13) 5:20;6:6;15:17; 43:14;98:12;154:14;187:22;
188:7;211:14;229:23;288:16; 328:10;337:19 microphone] (4) 208:19;210:16; 332:4;376:13 microphones (1) 337:11 Mid (4) 11:13,16;14:7;144:4 mid-Atlantic (1) 78:11 middle (2) 41:24;322:23 Middlesex (1) 246:11 mid-March (1) 333:14 mid-November (1) 336:22 Midwest (2) 126:9;131:12 might (18) 10:21;21:15;47:25;

50:14;67:11;83:16;91:13;95:6; 135:8;181:6;201:22;208:20;
212:11;236:12;327:6;337:23; 375:20;394:16 migrate (1) 261:1 migration (2) 72:17;215:4 mildly (1) 368:1 mile (10) 49:24;59:14,14;181:7,7,7; 231:16;246:13;248:4;315:6 miles (28) 12:19;27:23;38:16; 45:16;48:25;49:24;50:10; 54:22;55:6;58:11;64:2;74:9; 86:14;143:24;160:15;210:22; 220:8;237:21;248:3;277:22; 313:20;319:3;351:9;357:17; 363:21;380:2;399:4;409:7 milk (5) 139:2;215:14,21;216:5;

310:3 mill (1) 230:24 Miller (12) 30:8,12,13,14;38:3; 131:20;133:3,4,4,15;136:12;

137:11 M-I-L-L-E-R (1) 30:14 million (42) 14:6;18:13;24:23;25:4; 53:1;55:5;60:11;61:24,24; 78:12;90:3,8;91:9;142:6,17; 170:7;190:9;195:16;196:4; 199:12;201:15,19;246:12; 247:10,13;289:22,23,24,25;

295:15;301:2,4;310:15;350:8; 359:14;378:23,25;379:2,4; 395:21;399:18;400:2 millions (15) 62:20;78:14;80:7; 81:22;86:2;88:7;94:10;236:2; 243:23;251:2;267:1;274:20; 284:5;311:3;350:14 mills (1) 307:20 Milone (4) 306:22;309:7,8,8 Minamata (3) 96:10;367:11;368:2 mind (10) 49:1;50:4;134:4;167:20; 190:14;269:18;351:20;355:5; 365:11;381:5 mindful (1) 199:8 minds (2) 9:12;266:20 Mine (6) 69:2;86:11;277:21; 319:16;374:1,10 mines (3) 68:11;373:9,25 minimal (1) 254:7 minimize (8) 116:9,13;118:3,12,23; 121:13;141:23;144:13 minimum (2) 246:8,19 mining (3) 279:11;373:18,20 Ministerium (2) 8:10,17 Ministry (1) 392:18 Minnesota (2) 105:11,12 Minnesota's (1) 105:14 minor (1) 124:7 minority (4) 24:25;80:7;299:5;

360:18 Minott (9) 22:20,21,22,23,23,24,25; 23:1,2 minute (9) 6:3;15:8;47:25;133:9; 145:3;188:23;275:14;338:16;

376:25 minutes (17) 6:1,5;7:1,2,4;188:6,24, 25,25;189:1;293:15;337:19; 338:12,13,13,14;373:8 miracle (1) 396:15 Miranda (2) 403:25;404:6 mispronounced (1) 324:3 miss (1) 344:6 missed (9) 36:17;37:11,11;86:4;
193:23;217:3;318:15,19;341:6 missing (1) 207:4 Mission (7) 2:5;23:13;289:3;340:7, 9;369:1;392:10 Mississippi (1) 57:17 Missoula (2) 297:9;350:24 mists (1) 330:18 Mitch (2) 52:11,11 Mitchell (1) 52:6 mitigating (1) 199:4 mix (2) 197:10;393:11 mixes (1) 364:7 mixture (1) 113:17 mobile (1) 191:5 mockingly (1) 261:12 model (2) 102:18;226:16 models (1) 214:15 moderate (1) 299:8 modern (8) 65:8,16;66:9;67:18; 116:1;224:13;243:12;301:19 modernization (1) 308:24 modernize (2) 67:17;178:6 modest (2) 126:20;367:18 modifications (1) 292:25 modified (1) 21:20 molten (1) 198:14 mom (5) 139:17;261:24;307:7; 331:24;404:8 moment (4) 196:20;354:11;377:8; 405:9 moments (1) 331:22 moms (3) 225:6,24;269:13 money (23) 51:16;107:13;148:6; 177:8;178:18;200:21;209:12, 13,17;322:9;327:7;328:2;

364:22,22,25;374:20;375:21;

381:4;391:16,18;401:3;402:24;

403:1 monies (2) 135:9,15 monitored (2) 208:4;215:21 monitoring (1) 163:16 monolithic (1) 302:2 monoxide (1) 118:25 Montana (7) 297:9;299:25;300:3, 5;350:24;351:6,11 Montana's (3) 351:24;352:7,10 month (21) 50:17,24,25;69:17;

95:12,15,19;97:16,21;150:14; 205:14,16;206:16;212:25;

265:18;273:7;304:22;329:16; 350:3,3;379:13 monthly (1) 95:3 months (14) 29:2;40:19;79:1;

137:23;167:10;169:7;175:22;
179:13;232:25;248:15;316:5; 371:21;372:5;410:1 mood (1) 387:15 moon (2) 325:7,19 moral (8) 9:4;10:2;15:2;44:14,16; 82:19;192:23;395:25 morally (1) 237:6 morbidity (1) 36:19 more (181) 4:1;6:13;8:20;9:2,25; 11:5,6;12:1;14:12;15:2;26:14; 28:17;31:12;32:16;34:4,5,12;
35:12;36:2;37:5;46:24;47:16, 17;48:19;54:15;58:8,10,24;

59:4,12,18;60:12;63:15;66:18;

69:3,22,22,23;71:21,23;72:18; 78:14;79:10;80:8;81:3;82:23; 89:24;91:21;92:2;94:16;95:3; 98:3;103:1;104:18;111:19;

118:6,6,8;119:17,18;121:19; 128:2;129:2;131:9,13;134:3; 135:5;136:10;139:6;150:20;

153:21;155:15;156:25;159:11; 161:6;162:5,11,13,17;164:13, 17,21,25;166:6,18;169:16; 174:12,24;187:16;204:16; 205:23,24;207:14;211:18; 212:14;216:18;218:4;222:6; 230:11,12;231:20;232:22;

239:12;240:19;244:14;251:1,

15;257:1,3,19;262:23;264:17; 268:13;269:2,3;271:9,21; 272:2;273:15;274:24;275:2; 280:1,5,16;282:19;285:25;

286:17;287:16;299:4;301:19;

302:4;303:13;304:1;305:5,20;
312:1;315:17;317:14;321:25;

323:6,22;324:8,17,20;325:1,13,

22;326:10,10,21;329:16;330:7; 338:20;341:11;342:5;345:14;

348:12,12;349:15,15,16;351:8; 355:25;357:2,16;360:17,17;

379:4,17;380:21;382:21;384:3, 7;387:1;392:2;395:6,21;

396:22;406:22;407:5;410:12 moreover (3) 81:5;124:25;254:8 morning (44) 2:1;7:8;8:14,20,24; 11:10;18:9,11;30:13;38:11; 43:10,23;52:10;56:23;57:2; 62:15;68:3;70:22;78:7;82:3; 86:13;95:14;98:8;112:6,13;

115:15;122:7;133:17;166:19;

167:15;174:16;182:4,6;183:1, 2;189:4;205:12;255:8;266:5;

267:8;284:21;331:17;370:23;

397:2 mortality (3) 36:19;107:4;399:15 mosque (1) 369:16 most (94) 9:19;26:15,23;27:18,22; 32:2,6;39:3;40:6;42:18;43:2;

50:16;52:18;53:17;54:25;55:2;

64:4;65:19;66:22;73:25;81:11; 82:9;88:12;92:1;94:25;95:4; 99:19;107:22;108:25;113:5; 115:25;125:20;128:4;150:4;

151:14;163:20;175:23;193:10; 197:7;199:1;200:14;201:8; 203:10,24;214:19;219:24;

222:5;223:21;236:2,23;237:8;
246:14;248:10;258:6;262:16; 271:3;277:3,12;278:4;279:6;

282:12;283:13;287:22;293:2; 298:6;299:12;305:17;307:13;

308:8;310:19;318:8,11;324:22; 325:4;326:4;327:11;331:7;

340:20;343:9,12;344:7;345:6; 346:5;348:6;349:17;358:16;

360:19;361:7,10;363:18;368:3, 25,25;396:3 mostly (4) 332:16;345:9;350:15; 357:8 mother (29) 56:12;71:13;137:25; 139:5;212:2,4,9,25;213:15;

214:5;215:22,23;217:4;221:20;

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223:9,13,18,23;227:4;235:13; 249:3;261:8;262:24;266:14; 328:14;330:15,25;363:10;

368:23 Motheral (5) 166:22,24,24;167:3; 169:25 motherhood (1) 138:18 mothers (10) 84:3,7;87:2;138:25; 216:3;224:1;233:11;330:11; 331:1;405:5 mother's (6) 52:22;155:18;160:21; 213:4;266:11;355:7 motivated (1) 409:8 motivation (1) 181:20 motor (5) 128:12;173:16;222:23; 321:22;393:15 Mount (1) 232:11 Mountain (1) 87:12 mountains (3) 157:6;351:23,24 mountaintop (2) 54:24;402:15 mounting (1) 19:18 mouth (2) 102:23;318:10 move (32) 5:11;7:5;11:19;18:3; 43:14;73:9;93:24;110:9,25;

111:3,8;122:25;132:1;154:13; 164:10;174:2;180:17;187:5;
199:2;221:10;223:24;237:14; 254:20;256:9;275:4;301:15; 309:4;336:21;344:11;351:3; 362:21;367:4 moved (4) 256:4;372:4,9;409:13 movement (1) 178:21 Movements (1) 175:12 moves (2) 29:16;283:4 moving (14) 29:2;149:5;166:14; 170:17;299:11;302:11,16;

354:20;361:20;368:3;375:11; 376:7;410:8,9 much (109) 3:22;4:2;11:8;13:17; 15:5;18:6;22:19;23:4;25:21; 30:7;41:2,18;42:2;43:19; 47:22;51:22;55:7;56:9,21;

58:2;62:7,23;72:4,12,18;76:2; 83:4,22;91:11;92:14;93:1; 95:20;98:3;109:1;111:25; 120:25;126:2;130:19;131:8; 132:11,16;133:8;134:3,15;

138:17;139:18;149:2;151:1,4; 155:15;158:5;186:5;187:16; 189:13;195:14;201:13,16; 209:14,21;211:11;213:3,20;

215:16;225:25;227:16;237:23; 253:17;255:3,17,22;259:25; 264:2;269:1;283:16;284:2;
285:22;292:9;293:10;300:10; 316:17;317:1;320:25;322:9; 325:13;326:20;329:24;345:2; 362:10;368:19;369:10;370:7,
13;372:16;375:3;376:4,10,20; 377:9;385:13;386:18;389:25; 390:21;391:6;397:21;398:18; 400:23,24;401:6;403:2 multi (1) 161:19 multiple (4) 69:13;94:3;126:17;

164:12 multiply (1) 397:6 Multi-state (1) 83:11 multitude (1) 112:25 municipal (4) 230:18;231:1;290:5; 317:10 murder (2) 108:17;132:20 murdered (1) 108:16 muscle (1) 215:6 must (31) 22:6;36:11;39:12;52:24; 66:20;67:3,4;73:20,24;74:1;

75:12;81:24;91:1;153:3;162:9; 163:25;164:19;174:2;207:17; 254:20,20;281:25;284:11;

308:14;322:1;328:16;342:16; 359:22;361:8;368:23;376:22 Myers (1) 347:16 myriad (2) 113:8;245:11 Myriam (2) 369:9;370:20 myself (22) 40:13,22;50:23;138:18, 22;145:7;191:14;207:19; 211:21;235:1;275:2;294:17;

307:8;308:15;318:23;337:22; 370:25;371:4;374:3;382:6; 390:18;408:22 mysterious (1) 368:1



### N

NAACP (2) 240:11;248:12 NAAQS (1) 94:19 name (86) 5:21,24;11:10,11;15:10; 18:9;23:1;25:23;30:13;34:16;

38:11;41:5;48:4;52:10;56:23;

70:22;74:5;76:11;83:23;86:13; 88:3;98:8;102:4;106:2;110:5;

115:15;122:10;127:21;137:21; 139:23;151:6;154:8;158:8; 174:18;179:3;187:24;188:1;

199:23;200:4;202:19;206:13;

210:17;213:13;217:10;221:20;

229:18;237:20;244:22;255:22; 260:17;263:3;273:5;275:11;

276:1;280:11;288:14,18;297:6, 11;300:13;306:24;309:8;

311:23;317:19;324:3;337:13, 15;344:16;346:16;347:13; 350:22;354:7;361:18;366:1;

369:11;370:20;372:24;382:8;

390:17;395:3,4;398:17;404:6; 405:2,14;408:9 named (2) 110:7;285:7 names (1) 324:1 name's (2) 224:5;387:3 nana (1) 329:9 Nancy (2) 190:10,17 nap (1) 167:25 Natalia (1) 229:10 nation (32) 9:14;17:15;42:24;53:17; 67:3;81:19;85:21;103:20;

105:10;106:15;107:3;119:21; 130:8;156:8;177:19;178:9; 241:21;256:25;257:2;261:17; 262:16,20;283:1;300:22;

301:14,21;308:9;313:6;346:25; 358:4;373:9;380:3 national (65) 9:2;14:15;18:22;24:7; 28:25;34:8;36:4;40:3;55:14;

57:7;62:16;92:7,7;94:11;102:1,

5;130:5;142:2,4;154:12;155:3;

158:3;161:13,16;165:13,15,20; 166:22;170:4,6,10;171:20;

179:12;191:20;192:20;193:15; 194:25;196:6;217:13;219:12;
246:9;249:20;250:17;273:22;

283:22;289:11,19;291:1;297:7; 298:15;313:19;318:19;340:5;

346:21;347:10;358:14;359:2, 22;382:12;390:24;392:17; 395:16,17,19;401:12 nationally (5) 15:24;24:2;191:13; 194:20;204:1 nations (1) 56:9 nation's (22) 11:25;36:2;78:21; 100:3;114:6;122:15;124:24;

153:16;170:18;184:17;221:7; 240:25;250:12;252:2,13;

273:18;282:7;302:20;303:11; 305:16;311:12;379:19 nations' (1) 57:5 nationwide (9) 13:13;58:5;81:12; 105:8;170:8;220:23;275:3; 310:25;312:2 native (5) 57:25;60:13;299:7; 306:12;352:16 natural (17) 69:1,6;149:10;150:12; 175:15;226:23;257:6;258:20;

263:18;264:18;300:25;305:16; 330:2,3;349:22;352:1;360:6 naturally (1) 345:6 nature (3) 199:9;239:9;324:8 nature's (1) 374:19 Nazareth (1) 42:14 near (13) 9:20;12:18;61:4,11;64:1; 95:2;128:3;132:5;209:16;

230:8;297:19;360:20;378:23 nearby (3) 20:22;113:25;173:22 nearest (1) 219:25 nearly (10) 45:16;47:6;122:19;

219:15;234:14;238:18;246:12; 281:18;313:19;397:15 nebulizer (1) 318:4 necessary (20) 4:17;24:6;77:13; 79:5;90:19;115:22;118:18;

119:17;123:7;126:13;130:11; 159:15;178:4;186:7;189:6; 193:9;216:25;243:1;312:22;

327:20 necessity (2) 153:17;352:18 need (91) 7:9;8:2;17:10;30:14; 32:13;33:9;35:2;37:19;40:5; 43:16;49:16,23;50:7;69:9;

72:5;75:5;77:11;84:7,8,12,19; 85:1,13,19;93:15;101:4; 108:23;120:22;124:2;131:3; 132:24;133:8;137:7;139:10; 145:24;157:13;161:5,11; 168:14;189:11,14;190:2; 191:19,22;197:12;199:8; 200:15,18;204:25;205:10;

209:20;211:7,9,11;216:10,13, 17;223:18;239:23;242:24;

244:7;256:9,24;257:22;261:17; 280:1;297:24;301:14;304:9;

321:9;322:12;339:9;340:9,19; 341:20,22;346:20,21;354:21;

364:21;365:18;370:9;377:10,

11;384:20;390:7;391:1;392:11, 12;400:23,23 needed (28) 4:11;33:19;39:24;
54:15;65:9;70:13;80:23;81:6; 116:12;117:2;141:8;177:10;

206:20;218:6;225:22;257:18;

260:10;269:1;296:6;303:5,25;

304:4,7;320:8;335:10;336:17; 343:17;401:16 needless (1) 37:10 needlessly (1) 362:10 needs (12) 37:18;62:2;70:6;127:16; 132:19,19;168:11;198:16; 251:15;280:2;304:8;385:9 negative (5) 16:17;152:8;238:13; 279:14;307:4 negatively (1) 362:16 neighbor (5) 80:11;234:23;357:15; 368:12,12 neighborhood (5) 38:21;59:1;76:1; 167:6;372:9 neighborhoods (3) 9:25;58:2;

150:4 neighboring (2) 36:8;399:17 neighbors (3) 40:22;331:6;368:12 neighbor's (1) 231:22 neither (1) 10:2 Nelson (5) 270:5;273:4,5,6;275:10 neonates (1) 383:23 NERC (1) 303:22 nerve (1) 72:17 nervous (17) 53:12;72:21;76:25; 86:24;128:11;214:19,23; 222:20;225:4;238:7;342:23; 343:1,11;363:15;365:19; 367:23;378:1 NESCAUM (13) 30:16,17,24;31:8, 19;32:7,12,18;33:2,13,18;34:3,

12 NESCAUM's (1) 30:20 net (4) 88:21;162:7,12;314:6 Network (8) 52:7,12;56:18;227:20; 229:21;230:2;260:15,20 neuro (1) 363:16 neurodevelopmental (1) 99:16 neurologic (2) 283:9;343:14 neurological (17) 19:4;27:6;53:5; 73:7;84:10;86:7;129:24;

173:10;223:17;238:9;307:24;

309:18;321:24;364:15;377:22, 24;404:18

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neurologically (2) 321:16;356:2 neurologist (1) 110:10 neurology (1) 99:15 neurotoxicity (1) 355:5 neurotoxin (10) 27:11;61:16;76:23; 160:2;172:6;225:3;238:6; 281:3;283:14;383:22 neuro-toxin (2) 225:2;228:5 neurotoxins (1) 219:2 Nevertheless (1) 156:17 new (174) 3:3,5;11:14;20:21;21:6; 23:12;30:19,19,19;32:21,22, 22;33:9;37:21;40:5,25;52:15; 59:1;65:11;67:25;68:8,15,16, 18;69:6,13;75:3;81:21;83:23,
25;85:7,8,11,16,16;86:4;87:8;

90:5,12;96:17;103:4;104:1,14; 111:24;112:4;115:17,19,25;

116:6,20;117:15,21;118:4,21;

119:12,18,24;121:15,20;139:1; 140:3;144:5;145:1;147:25;

148:1,10;151:8;154:23;160:9, 11,24,25;161:3,20;163:2,14;

173:25;176:1;177:8;184:10,12; 192:7,25;198:6;213:23;216:6; 221:1;223:10,19;226:10,12; 228:13,17;229:20;230:5,7,9,

23;231:6,9,15;232:3,14,19,20, 23;233:10;235:4;242:14;

243:5;244:23;246:1,6;248:11, 15;249:22;257:3,6;261:24;

270:17,20,23;271:21,23,24,25; 278:8;289:12;290:14,16; 299:24;305:16,19;308:19,21; 309:12;319:8;324:12;329:14, 19;330:8,25;331:3;333:23;

334:1;336:11;347:9,20;348:22, 23;349:3;350:10;353:9,11,12, 19,23,25;354:3,4,5,9;355:16;

360:14;362:22;365:13;366:16; 376:2;391:5,14;395:20;399:4; 409:4;410:5 Newark (1) 151:8 newborn (1) 21:15 newborns (7) 45:1;71:1;113:4; 176:5;313:7,17;397:19 newer (2) 223:24;282:5 newest (1) 14:15 newly (1) 31:14 Newman (2) 97:8,9 news (6) 136:25;150:7;173:20; 233:2;315:23;382:24 Newscasters (1) 389:21 newspaper (1) 98:16 Next (48) 15:6;22:20;29:22;30:8; 38:7;43:7;52:5;59:11;62:11; 70:19;76:7;83:9;84:2;89:4; 96:1;102:1;105:24;112:3;
137:12;147:14;154:4;157:25; 167:7;170:3;199:18;210:12; 213:7;221:16;233:20;249:15; 260:13;266:1;274:11;288:10; 297:3;306:20;311:19;318:6; 356:12;359:22;363:3;365:20; 366:14;381:17,21,23;387:1;

398:14 nice (4) 38:20;40:21;376:4;407:13 nickel (14) 3:8;27:2;40:10;184:15; 203:16;216:16;252:5;289:15, 24;298:5;334:4;341:19; 342:21;393:25 night (5) 102:19;103:2;169:6; 198:12;411:4 Nightingale (1) 224:9 nightly (1) 318:3 nine (14) 25:11;36:22;46:5;137:23; 175:22;177:17;180:4;185:14; 194:15;230:12,24;274:10; 284:3;335:5 nineteen (3) 20:25;319:21;382:20 nineties (2) 179:18;353:18 ninety (14) 17:4;28:23;105:13; 108:1;117:19;118:7;194:14; 231:16;316:4;359:6;378:24; 379:4;382:16;397:1 ninety- (6) 24:15;50:22;162:9; 180:20;194:14;379:2 ninety-eight (1) 32:15 ninety-five (2) 378:18;386:3 ninety-nine (7) 24:13;27:9;47:6; 101:1;151:22;192:14;379:1 ninety-one (10) 17:12;21:4;24:16; 129:22;193:5;220:15,16; 226:13;239:20;407:20 ninety-seven (2) 50:20;231:2 ninety-six (2) 47:8;196:17 ninth (1) 319:7 nitrogen (13) 3:5;81:8;184:12; 290:15,17,19;311:8;333:25;

343:20;379:2;385:1,1;407:19 nitrous (1) 247:13 no- (1) 380:24 Noah (2) 110:7;404:9 Nobody (1) 274:18 nobody's (1) 97:23 no-brainer (3) 77:20;398:22;

407:17 non (1) 317:2 non- (2) 240:18;366:3 non-attainment (1) 179:14 noncompliance (1) 331:5 none (4) 180:15;253:14;341:13;

382:21 non-fatal (2) 130:2;314:12 non-hazardous (2) 142:9;143:11 non-human (1) 396:8 non-meat (1) 308:16 non-mercury (2) 116:7;219:2 nonnegotiable (1) 256:24 non-partisan (1) 311:25 nonprofit (1) 23:9 non-profit (5) 179:9;260:20;276:4; 324:13;379:16 non-scientific (1) 278:22 Nonsense (1) 293:5 nor (3) 10:2;140:6;266:19 normal (7) 124:8;138:7;212:16; 225:3,19;313:15;378:3 Norris (2) 303:1;304:10 North (9) 2:18;20:20;96:18;

143:25;146:11;147:22;183:24; 248:8;373:8 Northeast (9) 30:9,15,18;159:25; 160:19;165:23;166:2,9;297:10 northern (2) 235:10;301:2 northwest (2) 230:7;297:19 northwestern (1) 354:8 nose (2) 291:11;342:19 note (6) 77:2;130:4;141:6;143:23; 164:16;166:5 noted (8) 107:2,5;108:14;227:3; 255:7;304:11;357:12;378:14 notes (2) 17:25;167:4 notice (3) 142:20;209:4,5 noticed (2) 317:7;332:7 notices (1) 180:2 notion (1) 132:17 November (7) 5:11;66:21;67:4; 123:13;187:7;254:20;344:12 Novetas (3) 137:14;139:24;145:7 Nowhere (2) 91:17;253:21 NOx (1) 125:19 NPR (1) 97:18 NRG (2) 126:9;131:12 nuclear (4) 179:17;258:20;300:24; 349:23 nuisance (2) 142:22;143:1 numb (2) 167:16;368:15 number (37) 7:9;27:22;31:8,20; 47:10;75:17;100:21;121:20; 125:15;129:23;130:2;131:6;

155:3;158:21;189:6,17;198:25; 267:11,21;321:4;322:3,17; 323:10;334:21;348:9;350:8; 362:9,11;365:7;383:2,2,2; 395:13;399:14;400:6;403:5;

410:23 numbers (7) 22:11;100:4;135:11; 185:8;205:24;264:20;292:14 Numerous (6) 112:21;213:25;

235:12;241:11;248:19;291:10 nurse (12) 213:14;214:16;217:14, 20;218:13;224:6,7;226:25; 280:12;297:12;298:8;331:4 nursed (1) 215:22 nurses (1) 224:22 nursing (2) 87:2;352:7 nutrients (1) 53:16 nutritious (3) 244:13;265:12;298:6 NWF (1) 172:3



### O

Obama (2) 93:9;108:8 objectives (3) 32:13;164:3;301:7 obligation (1) 19:13 obligations (3) 127:10;156:16;

178:24 O'Boyle (6) 43:8,10,15,18,20,23 observation (1) 180:6 observations (1) 122:22 observe (1) 180:5 observing (1) 330:2 obstacle (2) 139:4;202:12 obstacles (3) 139:6;202:8,8 obstructive (3) 13:24;80:2;113:3 obtain (1) 168:18 obtainable (1) 128:2 obvious (3) 71:18;238:22;346:8 obviously (6) 71:24;287:10; 345:25;372:13;380:7;381:2 occasionally (2) 188:8;367:20 occupied (1) 157:15 occupy (1) 239:13 occur (6) 57:16;58:13;75:19; 310:16;318:6;357:19 occurred (3) 20:15;48:23;155:22 occurs (4) 49:4;165:7;285:24;

340:25 Ocean (9) 133:7,25;198:8;248:6;

270:25;368:22;369:4;399:3,14 oceans (2) 308:11;410:7 o'clock (5) 7:15;189:12,13;267:8; 338:19 October (1) 162:8 odd (1) 91:14 odds (1) 391:22 off (14) 49:1;85:16;100:6;135:25; 137:2;205:16;249:1;259:4;

349:21;375:11;388:17;401:17; 404:15;411:6 offer (2) 122:21;278:24 offering (1) 228:21 offers (3) 17:12,17;359:15 offhand (1) 325:15 Office (38) 2:11,15,16,17;10:10;

100:24;109:7;140:8;141:18,19, 20,22;143:2,4,13;144:5,9,23; 145:4,11,22;146:7,13,18;

147:5;148:10;183:16,17,21,22, 23;217:13;264:19;333:4,8,10, 12;340:25 officer (1) 232:20 officers (1) 132:1 offices (2) 129:14;317:25 official (7) 5:10;187:3;229:2;306:1; 309:10;320:16;336:20 officials (4) 110:20;250:19;404:20, 24 offset (2) 51:1;305:20 offsetting (1) 90:6 Offshore (1) 198:5 often (20) 14:25;38:21,21;39:16; 53:7;80:19;201:1;213:18;

218:6;248:21;249:2,23;271:25; 293:25;303:7;322:11;333:18; 340:22;381:11;397:13 Ohio (8) 12:20;132:9;270:14,14; 314:22;315:2;354:7;383:2 oil (51) 2:6,21;3:6;15:21;30:22;
63:10;84:9;85:23;86:9;88:25;
106:20;118:16,18,20;129:17;

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134:24;150:14,15;168:5;175:3,

21;176:3;178:12;183:13;184:2, 12;198:21;217:18;218:20;

220:14;222:5;232:23;249:22;

258:3;289:12;300:25;333:2,15; 334:1;345:5,11;346:8,15;
349:22;356:22;359:23;361:2; 374:22;375:20;387:19;399:6 oil-fired (8) 113:15;114:4,7; 128:22;281:24;358:1,15;

384:10 old (40) 9:7;42:19;66:7;67:12,23; 84:1;97:10,10;110:7;137:23; 138:10;139:3;200:8;206:16; 235:8;258:11;261:11;271:10; 272:1;274:10;282:3;292:15; 293:19,23,24;294:2;308:20; 310:21;327:1;352:6;363:9;

372:25;376:1,6;377:11;387:16; 391:9;399:23;405:15;409:4 older (6) 61:22;64:6;69:13;179:12; 388:2;409:5 oldest (5) 19:19;67:24;208:24; 282:7;399:24 Omega (5) 53:16;71:4,4,16;225:18 Once (27) 3:11;26:11;49:4,4;108:8; 124:18;129:21;153:8;173:21, 25;177:14;184:19;207:15; 283:2;314:6;328:7;329:21;

334:8;351:7;360:24;361:5,11;

364:17;367:10;389:24;391:11,

14 one (249) 2:2;9:1;10:7;14:11,14,19; 15:8;16:8,19;18:12;24:16,22; 29:8,17;32:25;36:19;40:15;

44:22;45:3,18,19;47:25;50:20; 53:1,7,18,24;54:18;58:8;59:2;

60:1,11;66:11;67:7,9,10;69:17, 20,23;70:3;71:13,13,17,20; 72:1,3,4;75:2,16;77:3;80:8;

82:2,5,22,23;83:1;84:24;89:12; 90:8;91:9;93:15;95:10,13;

96:18;100:12,18;101:5;102:25;

103:21;106:11,11,12,16;107:1;

109:4,15;110:13;119:12;120:3; 121:24;122:16;126:12,15; 130:18;131:9;132:3,9,11;

135:16;140:1,2,13;142:14,23; 143:8;145:7;148:23;150:19;

153:5;156:4,6;159:2,5,8;160:5, 5;162:2;165:9;167:8,13,19; 169:6;175:4;179:18;180:21; 182:13;183:8,9,10;190:9; 192:1,25;195:16;196:3,4,20, 25;198:25;199:11;201:14,18; 204:2;208:19;209:3;212:13;

218:21;223:2,3;226:20;228:9, 9,25;231:6,16;232:18;233:10; 236:20,22;241:20;243:17;

246:14;247:3,16,16,20;248:8, 13;249:4;255:8;259:10;261:4;

268:3;271:15;275:8;282:15,20; 284:23;285:1;287:16;289:21, 22;293:25;295:10,10,22;297:8; 298:6;301:4;306:10;309:25;

314:5;316:18,22,22,22;319:21;

321:4;322:7;324:10,17;325:12; 329:16;331:22;332:20,21,23; 335:21;341:23;344:2;345:5;

346:12;347:19,25;348:9,15,16;

349:2,3,10;350:7,14,24;352:6, 12;354:10;359:17;362:2,4,10; 364:23;365:4;366:16;367:9; 368:14,18;376:20;377:17;

379:1;380:16;381:9,24;382:15; 388:2,7;389:18,22;395:10; 398:4;399:1,1,24;400:8; 402:16;403:4;404:13;407:5; 410:1,22,23 ones (7) 62:9;156:6;286:14;328:4; 334:25;387:11;388:6 one's (2) 128:18;215:16 onetime (1) 91:8 ongoing (2) 163:16;229:5 online (1) 18:18 only (52) 12:5;46:18;53:18;69:7; 78:11;86:23;88:10;93:22; 94:23;98:21;107:23;110:19;

111:12;126:25;130:13;155:12;

163:9;164:6;172:15,20;176:24; 178:13;181:4;207:11,12,17;

214:17;224:13;230:25;231:18; 232:6,17;248:10;257:13,21; 258:8;296:4;298:2;304:6; 307:8;314:18;323:6;330:24;

351:15;352:6;375:25;378:15;
380:5;392:12;400:1,16;402:2 onto (1) 27:16 opacity (2) 180:5,7 open (3) 98:16;304:8;351:23 opening (1) 177:23 opens (1) 269:3 operate (10) 65:17;67:25;80:15; 230:6;245:12;278:4;282:8; 304:1,6;379:11 operated (1) 116:13 operates (2) 279:16;289:6 operating (8) 4:10;33:18;123:17; 177:13;185:21;296:18;300:20;

335:8 operation (4) 124:16;141:7; 144:14,24 operations (2) 23:11;144:11 operator (1) 303:11 operators (4) 114:10;144:10; 174:6;305:14 opinion (1) 198:22 opponents (2) 79:2;342:10 opportunities (2) 135:20;177:23 opportunity (65) 6:13;7:16;8:5,19; 17:18;18:11;22:8;23:7;57:2,3, 14;62:7,24;70:1;74:3;75:11;

83:12,22;98:5;109:14;115:11;

122:8;125:12;136:13,16;137:6;

141:17;146:5;154:1,10;164:24; 170:8;175:1;178:16;180:16; 189:15,21;191:11;195:4;200:5; 208:15;234:5;249:19;255:4; 259:15;262:19;280:7,22; 291:16;292:6;301:15;306:2;

312:7;317:16;338:21;339:23;

356:19;361:14;362:24;374:12; 381:13;396:18;398:3;399:10;

407:7 opposed (3) 58:8;349:3;406:15 opposes (1) 342:14 opposing (1) 254:8 opposition (1) 171:2 opt (1) 360:5 optimize (1) 121:11 optimizing (3) 116:14;117:25;

121:3 option (2) 118:8;339:3 options (8) 31:22;33:5;191:4; 197:23;198:18;258:19,21;

304:21 oral (4) 186:23;318:3;336:14;

409:1 orange (3) 213:25;227:10,12 ordained (1) 234:10 order (21) 5:5,25;32:15;70:13;

95:12;161:9;174:3;185:4,9,14; 186:21;188:3;189:11;190:4;

205:18;254:19;257:19;260:10; 336:12;337:16;391:12 ordered (2) 123:12;316:9 orders (3) 88:20;93:10;318:14 ordinance (1) 368:25 organ (1) 378:6 organic (6) 3:8;35:6;118:23; 184:15;334:4;343:5 organization (21) 23:10;26:1;

104:23;112:15;174:22;195:17, 22;230:3;240:19;250:3,13;

256:14;257:18;259:22;260:21; 261:19;312:1;324:14;366:4; 377:15;401:11 organizations (7) 16:24;26:3; 34:21;172:3;250:18;261:21;

280:17 organized (2) 106:6;276:4 organizer (2) 110:6;370:21 organs (3) 260:25;307:10;378:8 oriented (1) 348:5 original (2) 258:12;282:1 originating (1) 290:18 Orthodox (1) 208:24 OSW (3) 142:8;143:11;145:19 others (14) 13:21;52:14;58:1;66:7; 80:5;170:21;171:16;205:3;

228:24;230:20;323:19;337:22; 346:2;393:19 otherwise (3) 20:3;308:15;402:5 ought (1) 235:17 ounce (3) 71:17;160:6;329:16 ounces (1) 207:12 ours (2) 231:15;286:2 ourselves (5) 39:22,24;174:24; 239:2;274:15 out (112) 23:20;26:23;27:16;35:16; 56:3;70:13;93:20,21;95:22;

97:4,15;109:22;110:13;120:12; 121:13;131:24,24;132:11;

133:22;134:5,19;135:4;136:3;

140:10;142:25;145:5,8;147:12;

150:9;159:22;163:22,22;168:8;
169:8,10,12,18;181:2;198:21;

199:6;202:2;204:2;207:10,16;

226:14;231:6;232:2,5;233:10;

248:3;259:13,21;262:8;263:23; 266:19,20;268:10;269:23;

270:24;271:14;272:8,9,20,22; 275:25;278:15;279:25;280:4;

281:17;286:3;293:5,16;294:14, 25;296:24;297:9;313:23;

322:11;325:21;328:5;330:17;

331:25;337:4;346:15,17;347:6; 352:7,8,18;353:19;356:7;

364:17;367:15;369:16;372:9;

373:12;374:22;381:16;386:12;

387:22;389:10;391:21;393:13,

20;394:6;402:16,18;405:18,20; 408:21,25;410:1 outcome (2) 94:2;277:19 outdated (1) 241:17 outdoor (5) 38:15;172:5;204:10; 217:25;219:14 outdoors (7) 38:20;61:14;64:10; 80:5;235:7;239:7;352:8 outgrow (2) 212:1,2 outing (1) 55:14 Outlook (1) 126:22 Outman (4) 403:25;404:2,4,6 output (2) 140:20;364:6 outrage (1) 201:4 outraged (1) 273:12 outrageous (1) 284:17 Outreach (1) 102:5 outs (1) 389:4 outside (11) 13:14;96:8;111:7; 129:2;185:25;189:23;195:21; 212:10,11;307:6;338:6 outweigh (6) 4:5;77:17;252:17; 254:21;314:4;359:17 Over (114) 12:8;14:6;16:23;24:10, 11;35:13;36:19;39:8,8;43:21; 45:1,19;54:1,21;56:11;62:1;

64:22,23;80:9,14;83:21;87:11, 17;89:12;101:1;102:15,19;

107:25;109:3,5;112:15;113:10; 114:10;117:13,19;120:11;

122:15;123:11;127:8,8;128:6;
129:13;130:8;143:24;147:19; 148:24;150:15;155:9;156:22;
157:2;158:17;164:10;170:10; 175:17;190:21;193:12,17,18,

19;201:19;204:8;205:8;209:3; 219:14;239:4;242:19;245:17;
251:14;254:15;259:4;261:21;

262:4,6;264:7,8;267:8;270:16; 272:5;276:13;277:20;278:2; 281:2,2,16;282:21,23,24;

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295:23;300:23;301:12;304:11; 310:1;312:16,24;316:7,11; 317:7;320:21;340:3;351:23; 353:1,2;359:3,6,17;361:3; 366:12,15;367:4;373:23; 382:16;387:16;397:1;400:4 overall (6) 10:12;123:3;124:10; 183:8;219:16;235:19 overblown (1) 251:13 overburdened (4) 245:1;246:2,16; 249:7 overdue (18) 18:21;24:4;35:2; 63:11;81:23;87:20;105:3; 177:22;221:5;257:25;259:7; 273:17;284:6;301:9;302:17; 312:9;313:1;359:25 overlap (1) 146:18 overlaps (1) 141:25 overlook (2) 23:17;238:24 overnight (1) 303:4 override (1) 35:20 overseas (1) 130:21 oversight (1) 399:7 overstate (1) 253:8 overstated (1) 253:6 overturned (3) 28:24;231:25;256:6 overview (2) 33:15;63:5 overwhelm (1) 149:15 overwhelmed (1) 149:9 overwhelming (2) 127:3;273:9 overwhelmingly (1) 36:23 own (36) 13:21;14:24;22:5;31:19; 43:9;44:20;46:3;56:10;81:11; 84:24;122:6;145:22;165:25; 191:9;194:10,10;195:23; 206:24;215:23;216:1,5,25; 225:13;227:9;261:25;262:2;
266:20;272:19;323:19;364:9; 366:19;368:11;371:5;382:25; 383:8,19 owners (10) 31:22;125:8;144:10; 174:6;257:23;258:14,25; 259:23;304:8;378:22 ownership (1) 302:24 owns (1) 300:22 Oxford (1) 87:9 oxide (4) 290:15,17,19;407:19 oxides (9) 3:5;81:8;184:12;247:13, 13;333:25;343:20;379:2;385:1 oxygen (6) 212:12,19,20;218:2; 378:4,8 ozone (9) 113:22;179:14;191:7; 213:24;290:19,21;291:3,5;

384:25



### P

PA (1) 278:10 pacific (1) 351:16 pack (1) 259:22 Padudo (1) 229:14 page (1) 141:3 pages (1) 196:17 paid (2) 50:22;332:6 pain (4) 41:23;42:9;218:10,13 painful (3) 53:2;153:21;212:24 pair (3) 6:7;188:8;337:20 pairs (3) 5:20;187:22;337:11 Pale (3) 339:18;344:16,17 P-A-L-E (1) 344:17 pallet (1) 197:23 palsy (1) 128:14 pamphlets (1) 206:20 panel (17) 2:13;6:10;78:8;139:16; 174:16;182:5;183:19;188:9; 266:1;326:15;331:20;333:6; 337:23;381:8,17,23;407:11 panels (1) 50:11 pants (1) 35:23 paper (3) 241:2;307:19;377:23 papers (1) 120:11 par (1) 89:22 parent (5) 10:19,23;112:9;238:12; 404:14 parents (12) 21:23;41:22,24;42:1; 98:23;111:9;248:21,25;249:2; 317:25;369:22;409:3 Paris (1) 410:1 Park (4) 55:14;61:4;74:9;174:20 Parker (3) 381:18;385:15,15 Parkinson's (1) 385:6 parks (7) 38:22;190:10,15,17,18; 300:1;311:12 parole (1) 132:1 Parrish (13) 347:8,11,13,13;353:5, 11,14,17;355:11,13,19,21;

356:11 P-A-R-R-I-S-H (1) 347:14 part (49) 5:9;16:14;17:19;19:11; 21:17;26:1;51:17;54:22;61:8, 8;75:12;83:5,7;88:10;89:6; 91:20;107:6,7,7;119:23; 120:17;122:1;157:5;161:20; 163:6;167:8;168:12;178:20; 183:16;187:3,21;207:21; 234:22;236:8;237:4;245:6;

281:12;287:4;305:25;312:19;

323:17;336:20;369:23;373:17, 21,23;383:13;398:8;403:10 part- (1) 14:19 participate (5) 136:9;190:7;248:20; 255:11;338:25 participated (3) 104:23;165:22; 191:2 participating (2) 8:8;109:10 participation (2) 82:3,10 particle (8) 17:20;40:11;81:9; 93:25;140:14;242:8;311:2,2 particles (7) 17:17;27:15;65:23; 242:17;251:20;252:8;291:8 particular (15) 18:16;29:20;30:3; 42:6;99:16;134:25;159:18;

163:23;226:20;297:14;319:18; 321:2;348:6;352:5;356:24 particularly (21) 40:18;49:10;61:20; 97:25;120:23;159:16;160:2; 161:12;172:3;211:19;215:18;
222:10;238:16;241:8;248:17; 287:9;296:16,19;313:14; 322:16;358:24 particulars (1) 220:6 particulate (38) 3:4;35:7;37:7;42:8; 91:13,17,21;94:13,15;101:12;

113:19,22;117:3;118:11,13,19, 19;120:14;129:4;144:16;

181:1;184:11;211:19;213:24;

220:18;243:11;289:16;290:15; 291:2,5,8;296:8,11,16,19; 333:25;343:20;384:25 particulates (13) 106:22;107:16; 219:4;220:2,4;221:13;247:14;

270:21;272:10;290:24;291:21; 360:22;390:25 parties (2) 80:21;391:4 partly (1) 352:12 partners (2) 114:16;236:5 partnership (6) 76:14;105:25; 106:4,5;145:20;147:15 Partnerships (1) 56:25 parts (8) 27:25;52:22;146:21; 201:15,19;213:21;305:21;

377:21 pass (17) 28:21;154:19;272:22; 273:1;274:16;278:9;310:3; 328:10;346:4;362:6;366:12;

367:6;368:24;375:5;407:19,21;

410:10 passage (4) 36:23;181:17;209:9; 362:2 passages (3) 37:8;128:25;342:19 passed (20) 7:4;55:15;67:1;155:6, 24;189:2;263:16;279:9;282:1;
284:14;327:7;330:11;338:15;
361:13;365:8;371:19;382:15; 389:12;397:5;409:16 passing (3) 267:4,10;406:24 passionately (1) 9:10 passions (1) 369:20 Past (25) 16:7;34:17,24;40:12;49:7; 104:5;120:12;134:17;155:22; 200:17;202:21,24;204:7;

255:12;281:10,16,23;297:18;

341:12;347:24;348:17;371:17; 373:21,23;376:7 Pastor (5) 41:6,21;55:23;234:12; 347:17 pastures (1) 364:8 patchwork (1) 46:15 patent (1) 271:14 paternal (1) 215:8 path (3) 196:9;236:19;269:9 patience (3) 8:1;48:4;398:19 patient (3) 190:2;280:19;339:9 patiently (1) 296:9 patients (18) 71:24;112:10;135:5; 177:1;204:17;205:1;216:9,12,

22;217:22;218:1,4,14;340:11, 15,19;341:10,13 Patrick (1) 229:13 patterns (4) 159:21;297:16,22;

396:12 Paul (11) 2:15;30:8,13;62:11,15; 101:5;137:14;139:23;183:21; 188:17;333:11 pay (15) 95:3,20;107:14;135:8,16, 18;156:1;163:5;265:18;

271:18;274:13;323:4;379:15, 17;384:18 paycheck (4) 200:22,22;379:16,17 paying (12) 77:13;86:4;97:20,21; 135:19;234:3;265:17;273:14; 279:12;323:6,22;384:15 PCBs (1) 55:22 PCB's (1) 150:16 PDF (1) 196:17 Pea (1) 87:15 peace (1) 365:11 peak (1) 40:13 Peco (1) 301:3 Pediatrician (4) 202:20,22;203:3; 240:13 pediatricians (1) 240:20 Pediatrics (6) 100:15;240:10,16, 18;243:4;377:24 peer (2) 251:21;394:6 Peninsula (3) 263:8,9,10 Penn (19) 15:12,13,15;16:22;17:11, 13;18:4;22:22;25:24,25;28:19; 67:2;256:13;292:12;339:18; 344:17;346:1;358:4;395:7 Pennsylvania (119) 8:11,15,25; 11:14;13:8,14,16;14:13,22;

15:22;16:12,16,25;17:6,7,19;

20:9,15,21;21:5;23:12,24;24:1; 26:8,21;27:21;28:21,23;41:8;

48:16;50:9;52:16;61:4;64:22; 70:24;96:4,14,18;98:10;

100:10;102:5;103:3,18;104:12;

106:20;112:8;128:4,6;132:4,9;

141:2,7;142:19;149:12;174:21; 179:10;190:11,19,24;192:19;

193:2;194:9,14;195:6;198:10; 208:25;226:15;228:25;230:8; 231:17,24;232:11;235:3;

241:19,23;255:24;256:5,10,11, 15;257:16;260:21;261:12,22; 262:15;270:16,21;276:5,16;

278:2;289:7;295:14;299:22,22; 301:5;308:6,12;315:7,11,12; 321:7;353:7;354:7;357:6,25; 358:2;361:19;363:7;364:2;

373:7,25;375:10;377:10;379:8; 380:2;383:1,4;392:4;403:7 Pennsylvanians (3) 20:17;128:2; 193:1 Pennsylvania's (8) 15:7,12;20:11; 26:22;191:8;231:19;277:11,17 Pennsylvania-West (1) 276:14 People (197) 3:14;8:9;12:17;14:6,18; 15:1;26:11;28:3;32:6;39:17;

40:21;41:14;42:19;43:7;49:20; 50:16;51:19;57:24;58:17;

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59:13,16,21;60:19,25;62:20;

64:1,4,7,8,9,25;66:17;75:17,20; 76:16;78:12;79:23;80:10,19, 20;85:20;95:1,22;97:15,25;

98:18,22;107:10,11,21;108:11,

18,25;109:18,23;110:19;111:2, 4;114:19;130:14;131:23;

135:11;136:17;137:15;141:9; 143:1;145:13;146:16;151:24;

154:16;156:1;157:11,12,15,17; 166:18;168:16;169:5,22; 170:13;171:24;172:7;181:11,
13;182:14,15,16,17,18,18,25;

183:2,18;184:21;188:4;189:14, 18,19;195:9;196:17;197:7; 201:8,24;208:20;209:16,20; 210:2;211:24;212:1;216:25; 218:18,19;220:8;221:12;
226:21;228:21;238:2;239:12; 241:8;242:21;246:12;248:16; 250:5,15;251:6,8,15;253:13; 254:11;262:21,22;264:10;

267:1;274:7;284:20;292:17,22; 294:15;295:10,18;296:14,17; 299:20;310:7;313:11;319:14; 324:5,24,25;325:19;327:5,19, 23;328:22;332:16;334:11;
338:20;341:11;344:6;345:25; 346:1;350:2;353:6;354:23;

365:7;370:14;373:3,4;375:17, 19;383:19;388:24;389:3,4,8; 391:7,19;395:21;396:2,6; 397:9,13;400:1;401:15,16; 402:2,8,11,14,23;403:18; 404:21;407:23;410:12,14,17,

23 people's (5) 132:18;251:21; 331:19;388:4;407:1 per (35) 16:20;45:20;50:14,17,17, 25,25;53:19,19;61:25;71:14,

22;97:16;100:12;143:7;162:7, 12;185:14;201:15,19;207:12; 217:2;230:13;231:19;232:17; 242:17;316:17,18,22;335:5; 338:4;350:4,8;377:21;379:13 perceived (2) 205:19;278:15 percent (126) 10:12;11:3,5;17:4,12; 21:4;24:10,11,12,13,16,16,17;

27:9;28:23;32:15;36:21;45:18; 47:6;58:6,6,9,10,14,24;59:16; 65:5;87:4,6;89:1,3;90:11; 100:7;101:1;105:13;107:24; 108:1;117:19;118:7;124:24;
125:10;129:22;140:1;142:23; 151:23;152:14,17;155:13,14;
157:4;161:6;162:5,10;180:21; 192:9,13,14,17,18;193:5;

194:15;197:10;203:25;212:15;

215:16,24;219:9,16;220:11,15, 16,17;225:10;226:13;230:14;

231:2,6;239:20;247:1,2,3,4,18; 257:1;261:14;271:11;276:13; 279:19;282:20;283:7;302:19, 22;311:1,6,7;313:21;314:19, 23;315:4;316:4,23;322:25; 323:1;349:19,20;353:23,24;

357:16,20,21;358:10;359:6,7; 378:18,24;379:1,3,4;382:16; 384:3,5;396:23;397:1,15; 407:21,22 percentage (1) 126:5 perceptions (1) 298:17 perfect (2) 123:1;141:17 perfectly (1) 95:6 performance (5) 3:3;40:16;184:10; 290:14;333:24 performed (1) 278:1 performing (1) 9:24 perhaps (11) 3:22;95:14;146:10; 150:1;151:14;162:24;193:22;

201:21;218:11;272:24;377:23 peri- (1) 314:11 peril (1) 245:8 period (6) 66:16;73:5;89:22; 125:16;336:24;357:3 periods (1) 7:14 permanent (4) 68:25;199:7; 283:15;379:22 permit (1) 359:20 Permits (5) 2:14;75:10;179:23; 183:20;333:7 Permitting (1) 246:21 perpetrators (1) 346:12 perpetuate (1) 158:24 perplexed (1) 278:14 Perry (4) 102:1,4,4;105:21 persistent (1) 16:5 persists (1) 54:1 person (15) 10:24;14:20;48:6,9; 50:17,25;154:25,25;168:17; 253:3;284:23;293:4;381:21; 407:5,15 personal (11) 21:9;51:12;157:15, 22;195:23;198:4;204:17; 274:8;365:25;366:8;371:5 personally (6) 95:20;171:7;307:7; 362:12;391:12;407:24 persons (6) 80:2,3,5,8;193:16;

329:1 person's (1) 212:16 perspective (13) 30:4;32:4;67:14; 94:1,5;175:25;227:6;250:7;

255:18;301:25;387:12;388:14;

392:25 perspectives (4) 9:4;146:25; 182:16;410:19 persuaded (1) 282:2 pesco-ovo-lacto (1) 200:10 pesticides (2) 139:3;245:2 petition (3) 16:24;196:2,16 petitioners (1) 158:21 petitions (1) 158:25 PFC (1) 148:18 Pflug (3) 147:16;151:6,6 phase (3) 162:1,8;262:8 phased (1) 281:17 PhD (4) 97:11;233:25;234:17;

347:15 Philadelphia (64) 2:15;12:15;30:10; 34:19;38:12,24;41:7;65:10;

70:25;76:15,19;96:3,16;110:8; 127:22;139:25;141:2;144:1; 150:5;167:6;170:23;183:21; 202:21,24;204:2;206:14;

217:19;228:24;234:1;240:15;

288:11,20,22,25;289:3,7,9,20;

290:7,12,25;291:6,14,25;292:1, 4,7;305:12;306:21,25;307:2; 333:8;356:18;357:6;358:8; 366:6;369:17;370:22;371:1; 378:21;395:8,14;405:15;

407:11 Philadelphians (2) 289:4;291:19 Philadelphia's (1) 290:2 Phillipa (1) 320:11 Phillippa (1) 320:13 Phillips (1) 106:21 Philly (1) 261:20 phone (2) 97:24;264:20 phones (2) 97:22;407:13 photo (1) 55:17 photocopied (1) 133:16 photograph (1) 208:20 photographer (1) 55:15 photovoltaics (1) 197:24 physical (8) 40:14;72:22;152:1; 155:17;156:13;379:23,23;

394:21 physically (2) 157:14;371:25 physician (5) 70:23;112:8;385:16, 19;401:10 Physicians (21) 30:11;34:19;53:18; 98:15,19;100:13,15;112:15; 213:8;217:12;221:3;224:21;

306:21;307:1,2;381:19;382:10; 392:16,20;401:11,11 physicists (1) 179:17 picked (3) 50:19;261:10;373:12 picture (2) 35:15;263:21 pictures (1) 210:4 pie (2) 197:12,14 piece (2) 164:15;197:14 pike (2) 294:14;351:12 piles (4) 277:6,13,16;373:10 pill (1) 294:24 pine (1) 39:9 pipe (1) 213:19 piped (1) 248:3 Pittsburgh (7) 227:19,23;228:1; 229:4,8;361:19;362:13 pivotal (1) 107:20 PJM (5) 257:17;259:21;260:4,12; 303:11 place (17) 29:7;44:14;81:5;142:5; 153:9;165:13;166:11;175:6; 185:3;314:7;322:13;325:2; 326:5;365:4;367:10;371:8;

401:25 placed (4) 12:14;15:24;24:1;100:5 placement (1) 90:4 placental (2) 72:15;214:25 places (4) 16:6;28:1;233:12;

265:21 placing (1) 9:25 plan (8) 148:25;161:22;164:25; 165:24;196:7;247:22;266:9;

315:20 planet (12) 178:14;195:25;199:7; 210:19;239:4,11,13;240:1;

369:3;380:23;396:13;404:12 planned (2) 56:20;304:13 Planning (8) 2:18;101:16;127:11; 131:11,16;183:24;249:25;

274:10 plans (1) 247:20 plant (88) 3:21;16:2;18:22;19:10; 20:20,22;21:13;31:22;40:5; 58:15;59:11,15;61:20;65:5;

67:18;69:6,6;85:10,12;86:5,15; 87:20;96:17;106:14;125:8;

126:6,20;127:1;132:5;133:25; 155:5,10;159:7;162:2;164:4;

165:5;208:21;209:1,6;216:7,9;
218:19;220:1,7,14;232:11,12, 16,18,21;237:22;242:24;

246:18,21;247:9;249:5;257:10, 13,14;259:20;260:9;282:18; 303:24;305:5;315:6;316:8; 319:19,21;354:9;357:15,22;

360:20;365:3;366:14,17;374:4, 6,13;378:22;379:6,10;380:2; 399:12,13,18,23;400:5,15 plants (388) 2:6,21;3:6,7;4:24;5:2; 9:15;11:18,24;12:10,12,18,19;

13:7,7,11,14,17;14:3;15:21,25;

17:1,4;18:15;19:19,24;20:8,12,

16,19;22:14;23:19;24:1,2,9,13,

15;25:13,14;26:6,17,19,22,24;

27:1,8,14;28:12,20;29:5;31:10; 32:20;33:14,17;34:24;35:12,

17;36:1,3,4;37:13;44:9;45:22;

46:8,19;47:4,9;48:18,21;49:8;

53:9;57:7,9;58:5,12,17;59:24;
61:22;63:10,16,21;64:2;65:7, 15,17;66:23;67:9,12,24,24;

68:10,14,16,19,25;69:14,14,22; 72:8;73:17;77:7,14,24;78:22;

79:10;80:15,17,19,23;81:5,12; 84:9;85:8;90:20,23;93:1,21;

96:17;99:1,4,23;101:2;103:4,

17,20;104:16,22;105:6,12,16;

106:11;113:15,17,24;114:4,8,

11,15;115:23;116:1,4;117:17; 124:7,11;125:12,21;126:24; 128:5,22;129:17;140:11,20;

141:6;142:7,25;148:5,8,12,16; 149:13,14,19;150:23;151:22; 152:14,18,19,22,25;153:12;

155:8;158:4;159:20,23;161:12;

162:16,23;163:5,24;164:14,19, 21;165:12;170:18;171:19; 173:24;175:4,21;176:3,14;

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177:9,13,25;178:3,7,12;

183:14;184:2,13,14;186:14,18; 192:10,15,16;194:16;200:7; 202:2,9;203:2;207:20;209:5, 16;210:22;211:9;213:17;
215:12;216:8;217:18;218:20; 219:7,19,22;220:5,9;221:1,8; 222:6,11;224:25;226:11,13;

228:2,16;231:17,19;232:19,24; 237:25;239:19;241:16;243:6,

12;244:21;245:6,11,24;249:22; 251:19,24;252:13;254:23;

257:17,19,23;258:5,12,14,16, 17,20,20;259:1,20,23;261:16;

262:18;267:25;268:15;270:13; 273:20,21;274:1,13;275:6; 276:7,9,20;277:20;278:4,6;

281:24;282:4,7,9,13,15;283:1; 285:7;289:12;290:9,18,20; 298:3;300:24;302:5,14,18;

305:3,14;307:5,15,18,19;310:8, 12,23;311:1,6,11;312:9,14,23;

313:4;314:18,21;315:3,8,14,15, 22,25;316:19;317:6,13;319:5,

13,24;320:2,19;321:17;322:20; 328:17,18;329:3;333:2,15,18;
334:1,3;335:11;336:5,9;342:2, 6,12;350:1;351:4;352:13;

356:22;357:12,18;358:1,2,16; 359:24;362:14;363:12,20; 364:12,13;365:15;369:14; 371:14,17,19;372:3,7,10; 374:14;377:11;382:14,18,22;

383:3,5,8,14;384:4,10;386:12; 392:10;394:5;396:21;397:1; 402:12;406:16;407:20 Plant's (1) 21:2 plastic (3) 139:2;410:2,6 play (8) 38:18,19;49:25;111:7; 173:24;204:7;215:9;340:24 played (2) 373:9,12 Player (3) 387:2,3,4 P-L-A-Y-E-R (1) 387:4 playing (12) 13:9;25:12;105:5;

163:2;177:20;197:8;258:24,24; 361:1;387:6;389:6;390:10 pleading (1) 202:13 please (39) 5:25;7:18;8:13;10:5; 41:1;52:9;87:21;96:4;108:12;

131:20;133:15;139:12;154:14; 174:17;179:7;180:12;181:15; 189:19;196:21;201:24;208:1; 211:11,15;229:17,23;264:12; 267:16;275:22;288:13;300:8; 331:9;339:19;344:15;367:7; 368:24;369:6;375:4;382:5;

391:18 pleased (4) 30:24;116:3;158:12;

300:16 plenty (1) 345:14 plumbing (1) 285:20 plume (1) 357:19 plumes (2) 58:13;87:8 plus (1) 190:22 pm (8) 7:12;95:5;182:24,24; 275:19,19;332:11,11 PM2.5 (7) 92:7;94:11,19;95:7; 113:22;179:14;290:18 pocket (1) 195:23 Poconos (1) 235:12 poignant (1) 232:7 point (51) 11:2,5;16:19;18:12; 24:22;36:21,22;53:1;60:11; 61:19;86:19;87:23;90:3,8;

91:9;106:16,18;108:10;121:21;

143:6;162:6,11;185:14;188:23; 199:22;201:15,18;212:15; 219:10;247:1,3,10;285:21;

286:1;289:21,22,23;301:2,4;

316:16,16,18,22;319:5;329:22;

335:5;352:9;371:18,23;389:15;
392:5 pointed (1) 23:20 pointing (1) 120:12 points (5) 31:7;40:4;147:25;284:1; 309:15 poison (5) 54:4;136:22;240:14; 242:3;267:22 poisoned (3) 264:5;265:2;295:15 poisoning (10) 9:17;42:8;45:4;53:6; 86:20;128:16;233:16;355:22, 24;365:18 poisonous (1) 238:23 poisons (2) 41:15;370:12 policies (3) 26:4;253:17;279:24 Policy (29) 2:11;25:17;31:3;62:16; 94:12;122:13;136:14;175:13;

183:16;249:25;250:2,13,17,21, 25;269:6;275:18,21;279:7,25;
280:13;299:12;301:6;303:17; 311:24;333:4,9,10;408:14 polio (3) 134:18,19,21 political (7) 36:7;168:4;180:15; 249:16;250:1;319:22;325:23 politically (1) 401:18 politician (1) 401:14 politicians (2) 389:20;390:12 politicize (1) 302:15 politics (1) 25:15 pollutant (13) 24:4;27:21;28:11; 81:11;116:18;118:23;204:13;

220:13;294:8;361:12;384:12, 12;406:10 pollutants (150) 2:23,24,24;3:9;4:25; 11:18,23;12:9;13:25;19:2; 20:1;21:5,13;26:15;27:2,4;

28:10;40:8,10;44:5;45:14,25; 46:17;47:14;63:18,20;64:5; 78:19,22;79:12;80:14;81:7; 90:20;91:16;92:4;104:17; 105:1;113:18,20,22;115:23;

116:10;117:8;118:13;123:10, 24;124:13;127:5;129:10,17;

130:1;143:22;144:3,13,22,25; 146:4;154:11;155:4,10,18; 156:6;157:1;159:13,19,22; 164:12;176:4,12,13;179:24; 184:4,5,16;186:15;191:5,6; 192:1;194:23;203:1,4,7; 204:16,19;213:16;215:11;

216:7,11,20;217:18;218:22,25; 219:10,18,21;220:5;222:7,8;

223:25;226:11;232:14;237:24;

238:11;241:17;242:8;243:2,6; 249:6,7,21;252:2;254:18; 261:5;270:12,13,14,16,18; 274:3;289:17;291:2;302:13; 304:22;307:14,23;312:18; 319:13,15;333:17,19;334:6;

336:6;342:4,9,12,15;343:10,16,

17,19;353:1;356:22;358:12,17, 20;359:3;360:11,21;364:17;

384:9 pollute (4) 36:5;74:22;239:1;252:2 polluted (8) 40:18;128:5;134:7; 156:7;213:20;241:8;264:5;

308:8 polluter (1) 298:3 polluters (6) 9:15;19:8;174:10; 366:16;382:23;383:10 polluter's (1) 407:2 pollutes (3) 246:23;290:2;354:18 polluting (10) 37:17,23;135:2;232:4; 254:23;282:12;308:20;354:5; 391:3;406:23 pollution (289) 4:17;5:2;8:23;9:11, 20;11:16;12:3;13:15,16;15:23;

16:14;18:15;20:5;22:4,7;24:12, 14;25:8;26:18,20,23;27:25;

28:3,20,22;29:5;31:14,23;35:1, 14,16,25;36:3,6,8,25;37:6;

39:25;40:4,11;44:8;45:2;48:12,
18,19;53:10;57:6,8;58:3,4,16;

59:5,12;60:1,4;63:10,12;65:4, 8,12,16;66:9;67:18,22;68:20;

72:7;73:16;75:7,19;76:4;77:7, 14,16,17,21,24;79:11;81:9;

84:9;85:5,7,12,19;94:4;98:17; 99:7;104:15;105:7;111:17;

112:21,23,25;113:6,8,12,16,24; 114:1,8,9,17,18;115:2,4,5;

116:1,5,14;117:25;120:6,8,15, 23;124:22;125:16;128:21; 129:5;130:10;137:3;140:14; 144:12;152:15,20;153:24; 156:2,23;157:5,9;159:23;

160:8,16;161:1,5,16,17,18,24;

163:11,20,25;170:12,19;171:5, 9,11,14,18,22;172:25;173:21;
174:5;175:3;176:2,9;177:5,8, 11,12;178:1;179:9;186:6,18;

190:24;191:21,23;192:6,11,20; 193:25;195:2;200:6;202:1,2; 207:22;211:23;212:13,18; 213:3,21;214:4;218:18,19; 220:18;221:8;223:12,14,15;

224:15,16;234:4;235:5;237:7; 238:16;241:7;242:10,13,16;

243:15;244:5;245:6,12;246:8, 20,22;247:12;249:23;251:8,17; 252:12,21;253:14;262:18;

273:12,13,19,24;274:9,12,17;

275:1,5;277:17;281:11;282:3, 10,23;283:10;289:2,5,7,11;

290:19;294:20;295:7;299:17, 18,24;302:5,7,19;304:23; 307:21;308:19;310:12,17;

311:2,3;313:24;315:16;316:3; 319:8,9,23;320:2;328:17;

329:4;331:18;335:9,23;336:9; 340:16;341:4;347:3;357:10;

358:3,15;363:20;365:15;366:1; 368:4;371:6;372:16;380:2,21,

24;382:13,19;383:9,15;384:8,
14,24;385:11;387:25;390:24; 391:19;392:6;394:4;400:18 pollutions (5) 244:20;293:11; 308:19;384:13;394:11 poly-aromatic (1) 343:4 polycyclic (2) 79:16;341:16 pond (1) 329:18 ponds (4) 160:14;161:7;235:12;

264:2 pool (1) 212:19 poor (13) 42:19;43:3;97:6;116:6; 137:1;154:25;193:24;218:1; 236:13;357:8;360:19;380:2;

402:16 poorly (2) 116:4;393:9 populated (1) 246:14 population (9) 59:6,14;60:22;80:9; 106:8;242:19;262:16;346:7,10 populations (12) 24:25;58:18,18; 60:13;79:24;243:16;250:5; 298:1,19,24;299:13;361:8 population's (1) 242:18 populous (2) 345:9,13 pork (1) 352:20 portion (1) 3:25 portions (1) 334:22 Portland (5) 20:20;21:2;86:14; 232:10,12 pose (3) 16:10;99:16;218:22 posed (1) 352:4 poses (4) 76:24;170:13;172:4;

221:22 position (4) 44:15;130:24;180:25; 267:6 positioned (3) 123:4;298:8;303:19 positions (1) 278:18 positive (1) 114:6 possession (1) 55:19 possibilities (1) 197:5 possible (26) 8:6;117:7;149:5; 164:22;190:1,5;194:8,11;

199:24;214:2;221:11;237:15;

239:25;262:17;269:2;270:10; 275:5;281:24;298:2;340:21; 344:21;345:7;365:18;374:3; 375:5;386:9 possibly (4) 153:21;207:5;362:7; 410:11

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posted (4) 55:3,18;87:13,15 posters (1) 380:23 post-natal (1) 378:13 posture (1) 215:6 potent (8) 27:11;160:2,17;172:6; 225:2;238:6;281:3;283:14 potential (15) 54:19;84:22;126:18; 146:2;250:4;259:14;268:13;

297:14;314:10;330:9,14;352:3; 380:10;383:23;406:4 potentially (5) 79:24;207:15;208:6; 242:6;279:24 pound (3) 160:4;293:18,18 pounds (31) 20:13;47:8;59:9,9; 85:9;86:19;87:23;103:19; 128:6;143:7,9;162:6,11; 167:11;230:12,13,25,25; 231:18,20;232:17,18;247:10,

13;261:15;294:2;308:7;316:17, 18,22;400:7 Poune (2) 70:20,22 pouring (1) 322:9 poverty (4) 80:4;95:2;361:10;

393:6 power (374) 2:6,21;3:6,7,20;4:24; 5:2;8:11,16,25;9:2,15;11:18, 24,25;12:12;13:11;14:13,17; 15:21,25;17:1,3;18:15,22; 19:10,19,24;20:8,12,16,19;

21:13;22:14;23:18;24:1,2,9,15;

25:13;26:5,17,19,22,24;27:1,8, 10;28:12,20;29:5;31:10,22;

33:14,16;34:23;35:12,16;36:1, 2;37:13;40:4,4;41:8;45:22; 46:8;47:4,9;49:7;50:9;53:9; 57:7,9;58:4,11,15,16;59:24; 61:20,22;63:10,13,16;65:5,7;

66:5;67:9,19,19,22;68:13;72:8;
73:17;74:18;77:6,13,24;78:22; 79:10;80:16,23;81:5,12,17; 84:9;85:8;86:5;88:5,7;90:20,

23;92:25,25;93:21;94:24;95:3; 96:16,17,25;99:4;103:4,17,20;

104:16,21;105:6,12,16;106:11;

108:1;113:15,17,24;114:4,8,10, 15;115:23,25;117:16;122:13; 124:7,11;125:8,21;128:5;

129:14;140:11,20,25;141:6,8,9, 14;142:7,25;148:5,7,8,11,12, 16;149:13,14,19;150:23; 152:18,18;155:5,7,10;158:4;

159:7,20,22;161:12;162:2,16,

20,23;163:5,23;164:4,14,19,21; 165:5,12;170:17;171:19; 173:24;175:4,21;176:3,14; 177:9,13,25;178:7;183:14;

184:2,14;186:14,18;192:10,15, 16;194:15;198:3,7;200:7; 202:1,9;203:1;207:20,25;

208:21;209:5,16;210:22;211:7, 9,9;213:17;215:12;216:8;

217:18;218:19,20;219:7,19,22; 220:1,5,9,14,25;221:8;222:11; 224:25;226:11,13;228:2,16; 231:17;232:10,19,21,23; 237:11,22,25;239:19;240:2; 241:16;242:24;243:6,14; 244:21;245:6,11;246:18; 249:22;251:19,23;252:13;

254:23;258:5,12,14,16;259:1, 23;261:16;262:18;268:15;

273:20,21,25;275:5,16;281:24; 282:3,7,9,13,15,18;286:25;

287:8,21;289:12;290:9,18,20;

298:3;300:24;302:1,14;303:11; 307:5,15,18;308:25;310:8,12; 311:11;312:9,14,23;313:4;

314:21;315:3,6,8,25;316:19; 317:6,12;319:4,23;320:2;

322:20;328:17,18;329:3;333:2,

15,18;334:1,3;335:11;336:5,9; 342:2,6,12;349:17,19;351:4;

352:13;354:9;356:22;357:12, 18,22;358:1,2,15;359:24;

360:20;362:13;363:12;364:11;

365:14;369:14;374:21;377:11;

382:14,18,22;383:4,8,14;384:4, 10;386:12;392:10;394:5;

396:21;397:1;404:17;406:16;

407:20 powered (4) 35:12;63:15;360:8;
378:22 powerful (7) 9:22;61:15;326:22; 331:18,22;346:5;381:1 powers (1) 302:24 PPA (1) 286:25 practical (2) 116:9;119:1 practice (8) 70:24;76:1;123:23; 214:16;224:21;277:15;318:9;

371:21 practiced (1) 271:7 practices (10) 108:2;129:15,19; 144:13;145:1;175:13;365:1; 386:22;387:8;389:11 practicing (4) 202:21;371:12; 372:2,10 practitioner (1) 217:5 pray (1) 41:21 preach (1) 345:18 preaching (2) 234:18;388:18 precautions (2) 37:14;222:1 precautious (1) 207:1 precedence (1) 175:17 precious (5) 49:15;206:18;239:13; 324:17;396:14 precipitators (1) 65:24 precipitously (1) 10:22 precursor (2) 191:6;290:21 precursors (1) 113:21 predict (1) 7:24 predominant (1) 220:9 predominantly (1) 58:25 prefer (3) 118:6;339:4;364:24 preferences (1) 297:16 preferred (1) 278:19 pregnancy (6) 53:14;206:21; 207:6;227:5;242:4;308:3 pregnant (26) 16:7;55:11;64:7;71:1, 2;72:14;80:4;87:1;110:11,13; 206:19;208:7;214:9;225:6; 227:4;231:6;233:2;235:13;

236:3;242:1;294:15;308:1,14; 310:1;358:23;383:11 premature (38) 3:23;14:2;17:22; 19:6;20:14,23;24:18;27:7; 36:14;44:22;45:8;64:19,20;

114:21;119:8;140:16;151:11; 155:21;171:14;176:11,19; 180:20;185:5;193:17;219:5; 220:20;252:8;254:14;274:5;

289:17;296:13;307:25;313:25;

334:19;358:22;359:11;384:16;

397:3 prematurely (4) 107:11;108:18,20; 310:8 premiers (1) 165:23 premier's (1) 161:21 prenatal (3) 71:3;378:12;380:13 prepare (5) 66:19;138:18;182:9; 385:21;411:1 prepared (8) 88:20;99:21;292:23; 295:19;302:7;304:19;321:5;

408:10 prerogative (1) 275:13 Presbyterian (2) 38:9;41:6 prescription (1) 50:19 present (10) 40:2;136:15;155:11; 238:25;306:3;314:24;322:6; 344:23;348:10;376:15 presentation (1) 295:11 presented (1) 193:4 presenting (1) 6:12 preservation (1) 226:22 preserving (2) 107:24;242:14 Presidency (2) 256:13;389:1 President (18) 8:25;18:10;34:17,18; 52:12;54:12;62:16;78:17,19; 93:9,9;98:9;104:12;108:8;

139:23;229:11;302:10;366:2 pressure (1) 262:8 pressures (2) 107:22;180:15 pressurized (1) 248:3 presumably (1) 232:1 pretty (19) 6:4;37:14;38:20;94:18; 132:11;145:25;200:19;285:9;
318:23;320:8;322:11;323:20;

325:2;338:16;371:8,22;372:7; 390:21;408:23 prevailing (2) 159:21;232:13 prevalence (3) 267:23;268:1;

283:22 prevalent (2) 156:25;349:16 prevent (25) 3:21;9:16;17:22;24:18; 26:13;37:16;41:18;44:21;86:3; 114:20;139:6;151:10;180:19; 185:4;193:5;223:21;228:18;

291:23;313:24;324:19;334:18; 359:9;364:10,13;397:3 preventable (4) 171:11;174:8; 244:3;363:11 preventative (3) 59:22;224:11;

385:18 prevented (8) 151:14;176:23;

193:18,19,21;204:11;360:15;

385:7 preventing (8) 19:22;140:15; 151:17;239:20;323:8;340:8; 344:1,2 prevention (8) 64:14;112:17;

144:12;199:21;202:23;204:5; 283:6,23 previous (6) 29:19;186:16;225:21; 271:19;318:16;336:7 previously (7) 11:2;26:11;31:15; 104:25;173:1;254:12;400:25 preying (1) 209:3 price (9) 10:18;51:11;236:12;

278:4;285:24;305:9,11;323:5;

379:15 priced (1) 258:7 priceless (1) 51:4 prices (3) 90:10;305:15,19 Priest (1) 347:14 primarily (7) 3:14;149:11;160:20; 184:22;276:6;334:11;357:6 primary (10) 29:8;32:5;89:8;91:7; 99:25;173:8;202:22;203:3; 245:20;310:23 principal (1) 298:2 principles (1) 400:25 prior (2) 5:1;191:21 priorities (1) 92:1 priority (1) 196:6 prison (3) 131:24,24;395:12 pristine (2) 102:18;283:13 private (1) 404:7 proactively (1) 114:11 probability (1) 357:15 probable (4) 203:12;216:13; 341:14;343:6 probably (19) 22:21;120:11;135:14; 246:14;269:16;271:11;286:6; 309:13;317:23;318:8;320:9;

324:22;343:9;347:23;349:17; 350:13;386:2;388:17;393:10 problem (17) 30:5;40:23;56:5;72:1; 137:20;154:12;163:25;197:9;

198:19;231:15;249:11;272:16; 281:22;355:2;374:24;375:16;

382:3 problems (40) 45:9;53:22;73:7;

76:17;80:6;84:10;104:4;107:5, 17;108:19;133:19;156:7;

157:15,18,20,21,22,23;166:3;

173:10;176:17;224:17;236:16;

238:4;242:9;245:10,11;248:24; 274:3;307:23;309:20;312:5;

322:12;345:10;359:10;366:8, 20;380:16;388:11,12 procedures (3) 5:18;187:20;337:8 proceed (9) 8:1;52:9;70:15;96:4; 165:11,15,19;339:9;384:12

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Proceeding (2) 127:14;165:25 process (25) 46:14;57:22;75:9; 88:20;124:9;126:8;136:8; 149:3;183:3;194:10;214:12; 246:3;247:22,24;248:1,5,14;

259:13,17;265:1;364:7;372:20; 381:10;403:10,11 processes (3) 290:11;365:4;

391:13 Proclamation (1) 228:2 procrastinate (1) 303:5 procuring (1) 148:19 produce (10) 11:24,25;79:10;85:9; 220:4;224:20;230:6;276:13; 278:13;291:17 produced (3) 57:6;152:13;384:4 Producers (2) 275:16;287:21 produces (2) 192:19;247:18 producing (2) 198:1;399:19 product (8) 140:5;142:16,18,21,21, 23,24;145:13 production (3) 196:25;199:3;277:5 productive (3) 37:19;111:23;277:7 productivity (5) 53:25;148:4;284:2; 341:6;365:10 products (13) 73:3;118:21;134:22; 139:25;140:1;141:24;142:13,
14;146:9;168:2;281:4;321:17;

383:18 profession (1) 255:15 professional (5) 112:14;171:7; 224:18;240:19;307:6 professionally (1) 136:18 professionals (5) 73:21;112:16; 201:20;226:2;307:3 professions (1) 182:19 profit (8) 240:19;266:24;302:5; 345:6;346:16;361:6;364:25;

366:4 profitable (2) 330:24;379:6 profits (6) 25:16;74:24;251:11; 379:7;406:22;407:2 profound (3) 221:1;377:21;379:22 profoundly (2) 10:25;404:14 program (23) 14:15;91:16,17,23; 94:20,22;95:7;142:11,11; 143:12;145:20,21;199:21; 202:23;204:5;217:12;288:15, 19;333:11;350:11;353:7,9;

401:12 programs (1) 93:4 progress (2) 231:9;321:7 prohibitions (1) 226:18 Project (6) 16:2;32:13;282:12; 286:8;357:5,7 projected (1) 126:20 projection (1) 334:20 projects (6) 101:18;248:8;359:4,8; 380:20,22 prolonged (1) 128:18 promise (9) 78:20,23,23,25;79:5; 81:20,25;83:20;284:11 promised (2) 80:21;341:10 promises (1) 282:6 promising (1) 262:24 Promote (2) 83:11;199:9 promoted (1) 278:18 promotes (1) 112:23 promoting (1) 301:19 prompt (3) 76:21;243:25;360:25 promptly (4) 7:14;124:6;189:9;

361:8 promulgated (2) 254:6;315:21 promulgating (2) 62:6;144:20 promulgation (1) 190:25 pronunciation (1) 76:9 proof (2) 305:1;372:6 proper (3) 92:23;180:6;378:4 properly (1) 81:15 prophetic (1) 9:6 proportion (2) 59:3;192:19 proposal (49) 5:8;11:17;16:6;17:11, 14,25;18:5,21;30:21;31:12,25;

63:1,6;66:16;74:13;89:9,18,21, 22;90:1,17;91:10;116:16;

117:20;118:15;119:6,10;123:1, 22;170:20;171:2,8;186:2,4;

202:25;213:15;226:10;229:2; 244:19;245:25;255:1;268:5;

334:17;336:15;342:11;344:9; 346:3;347:3;357:3 proposals (2) 191:25;384:7 propose (3) 37:4;278:22;333:22 proposed (156) 2:4,20;3:2,20;4:14; 5:14;10:3,9;17:21;18:19;20:3;
23:7;24:14;26:9;28:22;29:11;

30:4,25;31:5;33:1,24;34:2,5,8, 21;35:24;36:13;37:21;39:23;

42:10;43:4;44:6,6;50:14;65:3; 68:7,15,17;70:8;74:2;86:1,6; 89:23;91:1;101:20;112:12;

114:3,5,13;115:7,9,24;116:2, 19;119:4;120:18;122:22;

123:18,21;124:6,8,10;125:4;

127:24;129:7,18,21;130:4,8,11, 14;140:8;151:7,10,19;152:11, 17;153:11;158:13;159:6;

162:17,23;164:9,12,23;170:9, 24;175:2;177:15;178:2,16; 183:11;184:1,8;185:3,13;

186:24;187:9;192:8;204:12,15; 211:17;217:1;220:19;227:2;

228:13;229:9;239:18;243:8,22; 246:5,13;247:9;249:19;250:4; 251:7,10;252:11;253:23;

280:23;284:4;291:17;292:25; 300:17;301:7,8,17;303:20;

304:24;305:23;309:2;312:8,11, 25;316:11,13,18,21;317:3,15; 332:25;333:14;336:24;346:9;

351:3;356:20;358:13;359:1,15,

19;360:2;375:3;390:24;396:24, 24;397:21 proposes (3) 248:9;284:12;358:14 proposing (21) 4:12;8:21;24:3;

32:24;41:17;57:4;76:20;104:7; 153:23;162:14;185:23;221:5;
263:5;273:17;289:10;290:14;
294:6;316:24;335:12;372:15;

409:15 prospective (1) 130:22 prosperity (1) 345:3 protect (104) 5:5;8:21;9:16;11:15; 12:23;18:14;19:21;20:8;21:6,

24;22:2;23:13;39:22,24;42:25; 45:12;47:13,19;51:11,15; 52:17,24;56:17;57:5,8;71:6;

77:9;78:15;80:22;81:21;84:5, 8;85:1,6,6,20;86:6;92:10;

94:13;102:10,12;105:3;111:16;

114:22;154:20;156:18;157:20; 159:15;163:25;174:4,23;

176:10;186:21;193:10;201:24;
202:14;207:19;209:9;211:4,6; 221:12;223:20,22;233:4; 236:23,25;237:7,15;239:25;

244:7;257:20;260:10;273:18, 23;280:25;284:5;289:3,10; 290:13;291:18,21;296:7; 299:12;320:1;328:16;329:1; 330:22;336:12;345:17,18;

346:10;368:23;374:6;376:23; 379:18;383:18;384:2,21; 386:15;397:22;399:10,11; 406:10;407:1 protected (3) 44:12;193:16;214:14 protecting (15) 14:5;34:10;43:1; 45:22;62:21;152:23;211:4;

221:25;262:14;274:23;313:2; 370:17,18;376:23;392:8 Protection (34) 2:3;13:2;19:20;23:6; 24:7;29:14;54:13;77:11;78:18; 85:22;94:9;95:20;111:16;

112:5;115:18,20;151:21;154:7;

156:18;158:11;170:16;181:24;
211:2,3;214:12;228:13;237:2;

244:18;255:25;280:25;288:24; 326:24;362:21;378:17 protections (9) 228:17;237:14; 239:25;274:6;284:24;312:10; 317:5;362:6;391:22 protective (2) 32:17;217:16 protects (1) 129:9 protein (6) 55:25;84:20;200:15; 225:22;331:8;352:19 Protocols (1) 409:25 proud (5) 18:11,16;75:13;240:15, 22 proudly (1) 329:10 prove (1) 355:6 proven (8) 36:1;76:23;78:25;

125:24;230:22;290:11;356:7;

370:12 provide (41) 3:23;25:9;69:19;70:10; 71:20;78:18;81:17;105:5;

111:10;117:8;119:1,6,15,23;
121:14;122:8;126:15;127:16;

158:13;177:22;185:6;187:16;

189:22;225:22;239:18;250:20; 277:4,10;278:24;280:5;286:17; 298:8;300:16;301:20;306:9; 312:9;314:2;334:21;357:2; 370:8;389:5 provided (5) 63:2;138:2;188:14; 289:6;321:8 provides (6) 33:14;88:6;122:24; 123:5;180:22;357:5 providing (9) 13:18;73:18,22;

105:23;174:12;286:13;292:7; 299:17;339:3 provinces (2) 166:3,9 provision (2) 119:11;322:4 provisions (4) 29:20;118:4;121:14; 228:14 proximity (5) 58:15;246:10;267:25; 357:22;358:1 Prych (3) 38:9;41:5,5 Pryde (3) 270:5,7,7 psychiatric (1) 214:17 psycho (2) 394:22,25 Psychologist (2) 392:21,22 psychologists (1) 393:1 psychology (1) 394:9 public (110) 2:2;4:19,21;16:23;19:17, 21,23;20:8;23:10,18;24:8;

25:17;31:3;32:4,6,12,17;34:17; 37:23;41:1;44:3;46:10;47:2; 62:21;63:2,8;78:18;86:2; 91:24;92:10;94:14;111:22; 117:8;124:9;129:9;131:19; 136:3;137:13;146:8;154:4; 164:5;169:16;170:23;174:4; 182:17;183:6;186:11;192:4;

204:23;206:11;209:3;221:11, 18;223:20;228:25;229:6; 237:15;239:23;250:2,13;

255:14;256:12;260:16;264:19;

270:4;273:8;280:12,21;288:11, 20,24;289:10;290:13;292:1,3, 4;297:4;298:20;306:1;307:3,

16;311:22;319:11;326:16,17; 336:1;354:16;356:13,16,17; 357:4;359:16;363:5;369:8; 372:22,23;378:10;379:16;

381:9,13,15;384:15;385:17,18; 387:2;392:8;400:12;404:1; 407:6;409:17 publicly (1) 309:13 public's (4) 34:10;35:20;280:25; 386:15 published (3) 98:15;191:17;306:14 pudding (1) 305:1 pull (2) 211:14;288:16 pulmonary (7) 13:24;112:7,23; 113:3;212:5;339:25;340:11 pulp (1) 307:19 pulverized (1) 277:3 pump (2) 132:7;346:17 pumped (2) 248:4;346:14 purchase (3) 281:19;286:25;287:9 purchased (1) 143:23 purchasing (1) 96:25

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pure (2) 224:8;226:22 PurGen (3) 247:20;248:13;249:4 PURPA (1) 288:2 purport (2) 253:24,24 purpose (1) 23:15 pursuant (1) 32:9 pursuing (1) 369:19 pursuit (3) 54:3;328:23;329:6 push (1) 96:5 pushed (2) 60:19;170:11 pushing (2) 179:19,22 put (50) 37:9;46:10;64:21;89:22; 94:5;101:22,22;134:20,21; 136:19;140:21;143:10,11; 144:19;165:13;175:6;178:7; 182:12;185:3;187:11;198:5;

205:6;209:18;223:4,12;224:24; 228:11;241:2;259:4;263:23; 265:13;267:6;272:9;283:8; 293:8;296:5;325:7;326:5; 349:9;350:8;365:3,4,25;
366:11;369:2;374:20;385:22; 387:12;388:14;390:5 puts (7) 10:17;28:3;163:9;196:8; 309:25;311:3;319:14 putting (7) 49:3;202:10;251:11; 277:15;325:19;367:13;397:18 puzzle (1) 88:11 puzzling (1) 91:19



### Q

Qfs (1) 287:22 Quaker (3) 392:18;395:13,16 Quakers (2) 395:6,9 qualifying (2) 287:21,24 Quality (36) 2:18;22:1;25:3;30:18; 32:10;38:23;39:4,23;40:23;
58:8;92:8;94:11;101:8;108:5, 13;110:24;115:17;116:6; 128:8;164:5;177:2,9;179:12; 183:24;212:8;217:25;219:22; 250:25;289:4;291:1,7;341:4; 384:1;390:20;391:3;408:1 quantification (1) 194:8 quantified (4) 3:25;314:3,11;

334:25 quantify (2) 185:7;334:23 quantifying (1) 319:18 quantities (2) 193:13;273:13 quarter (2) 32:25;282:19 quarterly (1) 327:12 queen (1) 399:2 Queens (1) 350:10 Quest (1) 87:16 quibble (1) 398:25 quick (8) 67:8;109:2;145:10; 259:10;275:8;309:14;353:4;

398:4 quickly (16) 7:5;54:15;56:4;119:15; 145:25;147:4;149:5;189:3; 222:17;253:4;270:9;302:16; 320:9;329:21;338:16;371:15 Quigley (2) 260:14,18 quilt (1) 46:16 quite (6) 131:14;326:20;356:2; 393:11,12;406:21 quo (2) 85:3;107:24 quote (3) 97:19;227:3;374:16 quotes (1) 12:15



### R

Rabbi (11) 8:9,13,14,15;9:6;14:12, 14;174:16,18,19,19 race (3) 38:17;245:20,22 races (3) 40:14,16;371:24 Rachel (2) 356:14;361:18 Racial (1) 245:18 racism (1) 57:24 Radiation (1) 183:17 radiators (1) 145:18 Radical (1) 198:6 radio (1) 49:25 radioisotopes (1) 63:24 radius (3) 59:14,15;246:13 rail (1) 68:11 rain (8) 27:15;45:24;171:21; 227:12;291:22;311:10,14;

315:5 raindrops (1) 227:10 rained (1) 354:10 rainfall (1) 314:24 rains (1) 266:12 raise (2) 295:22;369:23 raised (6) 67:11;205:8;217:19; 242:24;251:13;295:9 raises (1) 204:24 raising (1) 87:15 rally (1) 208:2 ramping (1) 185:11 randomly (1) 357:13 range (7) 32:15;63:20;173:3;

176:16;223:15;252:9;316:15 ranges (1) 299:6 ranging (3) 250:23;271:4,4 ranked (6) 16:2;107:2;319:7; 399:14;400:5,6 ranking (1) 107:7 ranks (1) 103:18 rapid (3) 168:18;215:17;330:7 rapidly (3) 167:5;331:1;363:15 rare (1) 109:15 rate (19) 10:13,13,16,23;11:3,5; 16:3;58:22;76:2;107:4,4; 108:15,17,24;150:3;348:14; 349:13,14;378:3 rated (1) 133:20 rates (7) 58:21;129:1;163:6;299:8; 316:15;356:3;358:8 rather (9) 42:5;159:3;164:15; 201:5;285:15;299:17;323:8; 370:24;371:4 ratings (1) 291:7 ratio (2) 359:17;401:20 rationale (3) 46:23;120:17;181:22 ravages (1) 355:24 re- (1) 89:17 reach (5) 110:14;298:23;330:9,14; 331:25 reaches (3) 3:11;184:19;334:8 reaching (2) 54:18;408:21 react (3) 220:3;271:24;290:23 reaction (3) 95:15;136:11;149:25 reacts (1) 94:15 read (20) 42:2;65:10;83:18;110:12; 134:9;138:1,18;143:14;145:21; 227:24;264:10,11,13;268:7;

271:13;306:12;367:13;376:18; 393:23;404:15 readily (6) 19:16;44:16;46:8; 114:16;115:6;171:8 reading (7) 43:10,23;96:7;110:11; 150:11;304:18;350:23 reads (1) 196:3 ready (1) 332:13 re-agent (1) 121:12 reagents (1) 262:9 real (16) 40:21;74:20;104:2;115:3;

123:17;145:10;147:4;168:9,10, 11;221:22;225:17;251:16; 305:1;321:7;389:24 realities (2) 75:4;216:3 reality (2) 49:10;347:3 realize (3) 49:4;53:3;125:5 realized (2) 139:8;404:13 really (63) 38:25;39:12,17;40:2; 48:13;49:6;61:18;97:4;133:6;

134:16;135:11;166:25;167:5,

10;169:15;180:18;193:8;195:8, 10;198:16;202:6,6;206:22; 207:8;255:16;256:24;260:7;

272:14;286:11;292:21;325:25;

326:1,20;328:2;345:22;346:22; 361:21;362:4;373:3;374:8;
375:2,9;386:6;387:17,17,18, 20;388:22;389:5;394:21;

399:9;401:3,19;403:8;404:6,

19,20,22;406:8,17;407:11,14;

409:8 rearranging (1) 135:9 reason (13) 21:10;90:24;92:5; 127:13;245:7;305:12;334:2;

347:25;366:13;391:5;392:11; 406:4,17 reasonable (11) 39:21,24;101:15; 108:12;118:17;123:2;197:18; 244:10;301:9;350:18,18 reasonably (2) 118:3;244:10 reasoned (1) 44:14 reasons (13) 75:2;82:6;83:2;115:8; 124:20;136:4;194:13;247:16; 257:7,14,15;321:13;375:18 rebate (2) 399:18;400:3 recall (1) 39:5 recap (1) 145:10 receive (6) 71:10;194:7;248:22; 335:13;360:9;403:21 received (2) 201:11;410:19 receives (1) 71:14 receiving (3) 87:18;136:20;199:15 recent (15) 16:1;31:19;33:13;89:9, 23;93:6;99:19;172:17;179:5;

194:16;219:12;316:10;344:18; 358:7;394:12 recently (18) 23:20;84:16;85:11; 101:7;124:5;126:20;159:6;

201:10;225:24;231:11;253:8; 283:11;299:4;315:15;321:6; 357:12;359:19;389:19 recess (1) 7:11 recipe (1) 329:23 reclaimed (1) 277:20 reclaiming (2) 277:7,12 reclamation (3) 277:25;278:3;

279:20 recognition (1) 298:11 recognize (9) 73:24;75:6;120:20; 130:25;131:2;229:4;249:8; 250:3;258:11 recognized (8) 18:25;101:3;157:7; 203:12;208:25;216:13;341:14;

343:7 recognizes (3) 224:13;252:16;

281:21 recognizing (3) 167:24;236:7;

278:11 recommend (3) 53:18;61:19;

329:15 recommendation (2) 55:11;150:10 Recommendations (1) 298:13 recommended (3) 207:11;264:16; 298:14 recommending (2) 150:19;255:14 recommends (2) 100:11;238:20 reconcile (1) 351:20 reconvene (1) 7:13 record (19) 5:10;25:19;31:15;33:22; 122:1;125:2;133:17;187:3;

196:16;199:25;213:10;269:21; 300:9;336:20;337:2;338:7; 398:8;404:24;411:6 recreation (2) 16:17;61:12 recreational (2) 60:11;87:14 recreationally (2) 60:12;100:12 recycled (1) 140:2 recycling (2) 345:21;370:2 red (7) 6:24;7:3;188:20;189:1; 212:8;338:10,14 redevelop (1) 336:17 redirect (1) 360:7 redistribute (1) 135:15 reduce (91) 2:23;3:4;4:11;24:14;
25:7;28:16;31:23;37:22;61:18; 66:1;93:22,23;101:11;105:8,

12,14,16;111:20;114:3;115:5;

116:3;117:4;120:22;129:9,16, 22,23;131:3;141:12;153:24;

155:25;158:4;161:17;164:22; 175:2;176:8;177:4;178:1,9; 180:9,12;184:11;185:21;

191:25;193:1;194:12,22;199:3;

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202:15;213:3;214:4;223:11,25; 226:12;232:1;235:4;242:15; 243:9;244:20;249:21;251:10; 252:12,21;261:17;265:19;
271:15;281:13;282:24;284:8; 289:11,13;291:24;301:17;

308:20;315:24;316:3;317:8,22; 320:4;330:12;333:16,24; 335:10;347:3;358:15;378:24, 25;379:2,3;396:25;407:20 reduced (25) 21:7;28:8,22;45:9; 104:15;140:15;148:6;153:12; 155:23;161:5;162:1;163:4,25; 205:20,21;218:9;230:11,24;
243:2;314:10;317:11;323:13; 329:21;340:13;365:9 reduces (7) 81:7;94:12;112:23; 114:9;125:24;176:15;298:3 reducing (30) 17:16,17;32:11;61:20, 22;91:6;93:3;114:18;120:21; 130:1;131:5;152:12;154:11; 164:4;165:4;178:7;184:3;
191:12;194:4;212:17;230:10; 239:22;242:13;243:5;251:25; 291:20;313:2,15;343:15;

394:15 reduction (14) 32:13;33:6;35:25; 67:22;117:12;126:6;129:25;

191:4;194:15,19;195:3;230:14; 348:18;395:24 reductions (35) 3:17,18;17:3,12; 29:13;65:4,6;91:1,13;95:5; 100:25;101:4;117:2,19,24; 159:12,15;161:9;163:2,12; 165:5;184:25;220:24;221:1;
262:11;290:6;304:21;313:24; 315:18;317:1;334:15;360:10; 361:12;382:16;393:15 refer (2) 100:23;226:20 reference (3) 12:16;22:17;127:1 referenced (1) 225:12 references (1) 398:11 referred (1) 261:12 referring (2) 29:25;213:19 refineries (1) 354:17 refinery (1) 106:20 reflect (2) 60:10;199:25 reflective (1) 118:8 reflects (1) 368:6 reform (4) 321:11;395:12;401:14, 16 Reformation (1) 234:12 Reformed (2) 174:20;175:12 refrain (1) 104:1 refreshing (1) 292:21 refuel (1) 259:2 refuse (7) 276:7;277:2,4,6,13,14;

279:1 refuse-fired (1) 277:9 regain (1) 193:22 regard (3) 32:18;104:8;322:21 regarding (11) 22:13;29:19;113:6; 127:19;130:18;168:19;245:23; 306:6;331:4;351:19;352:23 regardless (3) 194:22;213:22;

340:15 Region (12) 2:15;159:22;161:8; 163:23;164:6;179:14,24;

257:17;259:21;275:16;276:14;

358:8 regional (11) 109:6;161:3,20,24; 165:24;166:1;183:20;219:23; 259:22;314:25;333:8 regionally (1) 383:6 regions (5) 90:12;219:13;279:11, 19;319:4 region's (1) 163:19 register (1) 189:24 registered (8) 7:18,22;189:19; 214:16;226:25;338:24;339:6;

407:5 registration (9) 5:15;6:20;7:19; 187:15;188:16;189:23;337:5; 338:6;339:1 regressive (2) 95:1,4 regular (1) 169:22 regularly (2) 60:16;352:18 regulate (16) 16:25;18:4;49:22; 74:13,18;77:6;90:19;104:7; 115:22;142:5;191:25;237:7;
354:22;372:15;384:8;385:10 regulated (10) 103:16;123:10; 192:5;218:24;231:23;253:7; 276:9;360:3;383:14;384:10 regulates (1) 263:24 regulating (6) 17:17;127:8;273:3; 274:25;352:25;369:13 regulation (27) 4:6;15:20;17:25; 75:1;86:6;92:24;93:22;94:3; 99:3;146:9;163:9;165:4; 181:25;185:13;191:10,20; 193:9;236:14,14;253:18,22; 254:3;270:11;301:23;303:3; 332:18;384:11 regulations (70) 34:24;36:10,21,24; 37:4;46:16;49:22;74:20,23;

90:13;100:18;103:25;104:1,19; 121:22;127:4;132:22,25; 143:13;145:2;155:8;159:6;

162:2;164:9,18;165:11;170:11; 180:9;181:1,15;192:8,25;

193:4;212:24;217:1,7;226:7; 235:25;253:17;254:2,5,9,17; 263:5;269:1;270:9;271:4,23; 272:4,15,17;273:1;365:14; 373:4;375:2,7,19;381:12; 382:17;383:1,16;385:8,12;

386:9;387:5;389:5,12;399:8; 401:22,23 regulationsgov (1) 403:12 regulator (2) 154:5;256:23 regulators (1) 92:21 regulatory (11) 10:8;46:14;81:17; 88:10,20;90:17;92:1,3;177:23; 300:14;336:2 reign (1) 20:4 reissue (1) 336:17 relate (3) 170:2;321:2;324:21 related (16) 21:1;59:5;90:7;140:22; 146:23;148:15;167:25;221:2; 243:19;298:13;310:11,17; 351:12;394:7,15;400:12 relations (1) 394:6 relationship (6) 75:18,22;263:13, 15;265:6;394:20 relative (5) 32:14;126:1;185:16; 234:16;350:18 relatively (8) 125:16;126:20;

276:11;278:6;349:12;387:22; 388:20;395:9 release (18) 15:23;35:13;39:16; 63:17;143:21;217:16;219:7;

222:6,11;224:25;242:8;251:19; 311:1,13;342:7;364:20;398:2,

23 released (18) 40:4;155:5;193:6; 219:21;220:12,25;225:9,24;

226:12;237:24;241:21;283:2; 289:20;304:22;342:1;365:17; 382:12;400:8 releases (4) 12:4;176:13;226:7;
251:23 releasing (1) 158:16 relevance (1) 120:8 relevant (1) 60:22 reliability (25) 46:14;88:4;94:24; 126:18;162:19;256:21,24;

257:8,9,11,14,18,20;259:11,14; 260:11;303:8,10,21,23,25; 304:2,4,7,9 reliable (2) 88:6;279:23 reliance (1) 308:20 Relief (1) 236:6 relieve (1) 269:11 relieved (1) 171:7 religious (11) 82:3,8,10;174:22,22; 175:18;178:20,20;347:20; 369:23;395:5 religiously (1) 233:4 relocated (1) 408:6 re-look (1) 391:13 reluctant (1) 152:24 rely (7) 175:15;200:12,14;225:21; 331:6;349:22;404:19 remain (4) 6:6;28:13;163:21;

337:19 remainder (1) 17:14 remained (1) 390:20 remaining (6) 18:2;19:25;87:5; 114:15;152:17;379:9 remains (6) 35:1,4;100:10;233:12; 278:3;379:6 remarkable (1) 242:20 remarks (2) 165:2;408:11 remedial (1) 322:2 remedy (1) 61:18 remember (7) 51:5;74:8;147:20, 24;233:13;342:24;368:22 remind (1) 89:8 reminder (1) 232:7 re-mining (1) 277:16 remodeling (1) 113:2 remote (1) 191:16 removal (5) 54:24;89:7,12;277:6; 402:15 remove (2) 271:8;364:19 removed (2) 348:1,3 removes (1) 65:21 Rendell (1) 256:1 renewable (5) 153:18;197:13; 360:8;398:15;399:6 renewables (1) 258:18 renewed (1) 140:22 repeal (1) 29:10 repeat (3) 183:1;371:4;408:3 repeated (1) 47:18 repeatedly (1) 218:5 repeating (3) 80:25;158:1;255:7 repetition (1) 405:12 replace (2) 285:17,19 replaced (1) 282:4 replacement (1) 146:1 replicable (2) 260:5,5 report (21) 12:11;16:1;33:13,14; 38:4;180:5;225:9;245:17; 282:11,17;305:23;311:9;

314:15;321:19;322:23;323:12; 327:12;342:1,2,5;382:12 reported (5) 231:5;282:16;315:9; 358:8;377:24 reporter (5) 5:24;188:1;269:16; 320:9;337:14 reports (3) 92:20;148:13;388:1 represent (5) 92:19;251:3;276:15; 279:6;307:2 representation (1) 402:3 Representative (3) 83:24;285:3; 320:17 representing (10) 78:11;133:5; 190:9,21;240:16;250:18;

267:11;314:5;372:23;392:20 represents (5) 15:15;276:5; 301:23;312:25;395:20 reproductive (5) 28:8;45:9;173:10; 314:13;323:14 reptiles (1) 173:5 Republican (2) 78:17;154:21 request (3) 7:23;326:3;339:8 requested (2) 8:6;190:1 requests (2) 6:3;47:16 require (17) 9:14;13:1,4,17;32:23; 92:24;114:7;116:11;119:5;

127:11;130:11;135:9;170:17; 194:21,24;195:1;365:14 required (23) 5:3;10:10;32:2;33:19; 63:11;69:13;93:22;99:3;115:5; 117:14;122:25;124:23;126:6;
152:21;160:23;162:4;186:20; 218:5;254:17;257:2;317:8; 335:24;336:10 requirement (1) 117:24 requirements (32) 4:24;12:25;13:6,

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8;28:15;65:3;66:24;88:19;
105:12;116:23;123:2;152:16; 159:11;165:13,17;166:11;

171:5;186:14;216:7;269:10,11; 279:4;290:10;306:7;324:8,9, 15,18;325:2;326:5,6;336:5 requires (7) 116:21;117:21; 119:10;126:2;127:4;144:10;

305:5 requiring (8) 17:2;79:4;119:13; 159:3,8;241:15;243:6;329:3 rescue (1) 218:5 research (25) 51:2;112:19,20;113:9, 11;160:7;172:17;173:20; 191:14,17,17,22;194:3,16;

206:24;223:1;250:2,13;272:8, 22;297:25;346:18,19;347:16;

393:12 researched (2) 45:7;394:9 Researcher (1) 297:12 researchers (3) 112:16;113:10;

299:4 Reservation (1) 300:5 reserve (1) 257:2 reserves (1) 388:19 Reservoir (1) 87:14 reservoirs (1) 160:14 reside (1) 14:7 resident (4) 52:15;83:25;206:14;
370:25 residents (9) 11:15;20:22;85:7;

106:9;247:5;267:12;293:22,22;

357:8 resilient (1) 327:19 resist (5) 19:18;66:15;77:13,23;

107:22 resolve (1) 181:21 resolved (2) 229:3,7 resort (1) 87:12 resource (2) 148:25;167:24 resources (9) 127:12;134:20;

264:18;272:12;300:25;308:20; 321:9;370:10;393:6 respect (5) 239:5;270:13;330:21; 332:25;335:22 respected (1) 304:19 respectful (1) 8:4 respectfully (1) 398:21 respectively (1) 7:15 respects (1) 39:4 respiratory (18) 45:8;107:5,17; 112:18;113:1;120:7,16;203:8; 217:23;236:16;241:13;242:9; 245:10;248:17;252:7;254:12; 311:4;343:3 respond (7) 47:16;93:15;94:6,21; 243:14;265:16;303:19 response (11) 70:3;130:23;158:21; 168:10,12;186:25;257:4;273:9; 295:21;336:16;403:4 responsibilities (1) 156:15 responsibility (25) 19:21;22:2; 30:11;34:20;56:15;82:19; 100:16;175:10;192:23;213:8;
217:13;221:4;239:11;262:19;

306:22;307:1;328:25;370:2,7;
381:19;382:10;392:16,21,22;

396:16 responsible (18) 14:5;24:13;27:9; 60:1;87:3;129:8;151:22;

157:24;174:7;208:9,10;239:10; 265:4;314:20,25;319:19; 327:25;396:22 responsibly (2) 114:11;370:11 rest (3) 157:18,21;405:19 restored (2) 87:21;277:22 restricted (3) 24:23;61:24;359:14 restriction (1) 208:14 result (28) 20:18;36:13;45:24; 64:14;90:1;91:1;101:11; 106:24;107:11;108:2,19;

112:11;152:25;172:25;187:10; 230:16;261:7;274:16;284:24;

296:14;320:21;321:25;334:16; 341:2;344:1;377:25;396:6;

399:7 resulted (2) 96:10;171:14 resulting (3) 53:21,24;262:10 results (9) 70:14;113:9;126:25;

193:24;201:12;303:13;311:10; 350:19;377:4 Retail (1) 90:10 retardation (3) 309:21;393:23;

394:17 retire (2) 157:11;360:6 retired (3) 156:21;258:13;292:11 retirement (1) 257:11 retirements (2) 126:21;127:1 retiring (2) 67:13;257:16 retrofit (3) 86:5;124:25;302:20 retrofitted (1) 349:8 return (2) 74:25;218:11 Returning (1) 55:21 revealed (1) 137:24 revenues (1) 257:22 Reverend (8) 14:16;52:6,10,11; 106:2,2;233:24,25 Reverent (2) 38:9;229:12 reverse (2) 197:12;355:24 Review (11) 2:11;3:2;4:21;179:23; 180:1;183:16;186:11;333:4,10; 336:1;385:21 reviewed (2) 41:11;251:21 revise (2) 184:8;333:23 revised (1) 117:2 reward (1) 81:15 Rhode (1) 268:10 rich (3) 42:19;137:1;154:25 richer (1) 137:1 Ricky (1) 229:12 rid (4) 21:21;271:21;374:6;389:2 ride (3) 38:17,18;372:12 rig (1) 94:22 right (85) 19:24;20:9;22:19;23:13; 30:1;38:7;47:20;48:2;50:9;

52:24;55:18;56:13,16;73:23; 75:8;81:11,16;85:10,25;88:3; 95:24;96:11;102:21;109:25;

129:12,13;132:4;133:2;134:18; 139:9,19,20;142:19;147:14; 154:3;166:17;168:5,8,18,21, 22;169:17;174:16;175:24;

177:18;179:4,6;186:13;188:2;

196:11;197:9;207:2,17;209:24; 211:13;226:21;234:5;244:14; 265:5;266:25;271:7;275:18;
287:2,13;293:9;297:3;309:1;

311:19;313:1;320:11;326:15;

331:20;332:9;347:2;355:10,11; 364:12;386:15;398:14;400:2, 15;402:10;403:22,25;409:6 rights (10) 168:7;224:9;226:15,16, 18;241:3,5;328:23;329:2;

395:12 Rima (2) 210:13,17 ripple (1) 73:25 rise (1) 341:1 rising (2) 153:7;322:8 risk (53) 16:10;28:4;39:25;45:4; 59:5;62:6;64:4;69:4;79:24;

80:6,8;84:13,25;86:25;99:16; 128:13,19;142:22;146:2;

155:15;204:14;208:5;210:24; 214:12;219:16,17;223:5;

228:11;238:12;245:13;262:2; 268:20;283:9;289:21,25; 291:18;295:22,25;297:16; 298:23;299:8;310:5;311:3;

313:8;319:14;323:1,2;343:22;

346:21;394:11;397:19;399:15;

400:10 risks (12) 16:7;21:18;76:24;84:22; 85:2;99:19;155:17;219:20;

291:19;298:21;301:17;394:3 River (22) 28:1;45:16;85:10;102:21, 22;103:4,6;132:5;160:14; 232:10,14;235:9;263:21,25;

264:5;265:7,9;308:13;313:20; 358:5;371:13;374:15 riverbank (1) 263:22 rivers (20) 27:23;55:4;60:9;100:3; 171:21;235:18;263:13,14;

264:1,25;265:2,10,21;277:17; 283:3;290:2;291:21;308:10; 353:23;354:6 Rizzo (6) 339:17,19,20,20,24;

347:7 R-I-Z-Z-O (1) 339:21 road (2) 268:24;323:23 Rob (5) 2:10;62:18,22;183:15;

333:3 Robert (7) 43:11,24;210:14;

331:23;357:11;370:23;377:18 Robertson (4) 102:2;104:10,11,12 Robin (3) 15:7;18:7,9 Rob's (1) 260:2 rock (1) 106:15 rocket (1) 325:11 rode (1) 371:13 Roe (8) 260:15;263:2,3,3;264:13, 15,23;268:9 Roe's (1) 271:16 role (3) 173:24;181:23;215:9 roles (1) 8:24 roll (1) 48:20 Rome (1) 216:9 roof (2) 50:12;96:25 room (23) 17:24;21:1;24:21;42:5; 62:20;64:17;115:1;119:9;

120:17;154:17;170:21;176:22; 201:8;242:11;265:5;269:24;

291:24;294:21;318:17;341:2; 343:22;344:4;359:13 rooms (1) 318:1 rooted (1) 356:25 Rosa (2) 372:23;376:13 roughly (2) 88:25;410:17 round (1) 182:22 route (2) 32:5;99:25 routine (1) 137:24 row (1) 407:8 rowing (3) 318:19;371:12,17 RTO's (1) 260:6 Rudiac (1) 229:10 ruining (1) 365:2 rule (300) 4:12,16,22;5:1,3,10,11,14; 6:22;8:21;9:10;10:3,9;13:11,

17;17:2,5,7,8,9,21;18:3;23:8, 21;24:14;25:9,12;26:10,12;

28:22,24;29:14,16,22,24;30:1, 3;31:1;44:6,15,17,19;45:12;

46:3,4,12,15;51:14;56:19;62:6; 64:11,14;65:2;66:21;67:3;

69:16,21;70:8,16;76:20;78:1,3; 79:9;81:12,14;82:11;83:1;

86:1;88:12,17,24;90:14;91:4,6, 7;99:8;101:20,21;109:10;

111:20,21,25;112:12;114:3,5,7, 13,15,20,22;115:7,10;117:15, 21,23;118:5;119:4,24;120:2, 19;121:14,20;122:9,23,24; 123:9,13,22;124:2,4,11,18;

125:4,8;127:9,14,25;129:8,18, 21;130:4,8,14,19;135:25;

136:7;140:9;144:6,7,10,18,20; 145:4;146:19,23,24;148:1;

149:3;151:8,10,19;152:11,17,

21,25;153:11,14,24;158:14,18; 163:2;164:13;170:9,24;174:1,

3;175:2,6;177:7,15,20;178:17, 17,18,18;180:18,20;182:12;

185:23,24;186:7,12,17,19,24; 187:3,6,9;189:16;196:13,22;
205:13;211:19;226:12;235:4;

237:10;242:22;243:13;244:19; 250:4,10;251:7,10,14;252:11,

16,17;253:10;254:19,20;255:1, 9,11,18;256:2,6,10,18,19;

257:8,12;258:23;259:9;267:10; 273:9,17;281:1;284:4,11;

285:5;291:17,17;295:5;300:9,

18;301:7,8,17;302:8;303:9,14,

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18,20,23;304:17;305:23;306:8; 312:8,11,25;314:4,6;316:11; 317:15;331:15;334:16;335:4,

12,20,24;336:2,3,8,10,17,20,22, 24;337:3;338:4,7;342:14,16; 344:12;346:1;356:21;358:13,

14;359:1,15,20,21;360:2,9,15, 25;361:5,9,25;362:1,3,20,22,

24;372:14,15;379:13;396:5,24; 397:22;398:2;403:19;406:18,

21;407:17,17,19;408:7;410:21,

24 rule-making (1) 33:12 rules (51) 29:2;31:13,19;32:18,19, 23;33:3,3;35:2,24;37:21;44:18; 46:2;50:14;65:18;68:8;82:9; 89:23;91:1;100:17;109:22; 117:18;119:1;126:21;142:2;

163:7,14;164:11;208:2;209:8; 211:17;243:8;253:23;274:25; 275:4;276:25;278:22;279:4,6, 14;293:1;294:6,11;301:12; 302:4,15,17;309:4;330:8; 331:1;359:19 ruling (5) 142:8;196:14;199:9; 231:25;395:24 run (13) 197:16,22;204:7;257:14, 21;260:4;272:5;302:2;304:8; 305:14;371:18;374:14,22 runner (3) 84:2;112:9;127:23 runners (1) 129:2 running (6) 56:3;198:13,15; 272:18;372:12;373:13 Rural (4) 55:1;261:14;329:18;

331:2 rushed (1) 218:6 Rushlaw (4) 288:12;292:10,11;

296:23 Rutgers (2) 389:9;408:12 Rye's (1) 366:23



### S

Sabieri (5) 70:20,22,23;75:16,23 sacred (2) 52:18;54:10 sacrifice (3) 345:3;352:12;396:11 sacrificed (1) 174:10 sad (1) 210:25 saddens (1) 239:12 Sadly (1) 171:8 safe (23) 139:9;140:5;142:13;

143:1;161:2,6;193:14;201:14; 205:1;216:4;225:8,12;226:1; 264:4;272:25;298:21;325:22; 329:13;364:16;377:16,18; 397:17;406:13 safeguard (3) 44:21;46:16;221:6 safeguarding (2) 44:3;47:2 safeguards (6) 44:9;46:24;104:15; 176:7;223:19;317:21 safer (4) 101:23;262:23;327:15;

364:19 safest (1) 233:5 safety (10) 46:11;92:11;94:14;

110:15;240:20;280:19;308:15; 310:1;329:25;370:7 Saint (3) 96:2,20;348:22 sake (3) 22:5,6;396:12 salaries (1) 95:3 sale (1) 10:18 sales (1) 51:7 Sally (1) 14:16 Salmi (8) 112:4;115:14,15,16; 119:25;121:9,17,23 salmon (4) 71:20,23;72:4,13 salt (1) 198:14 Saltman (1) 333:9 same (44) 13:12;39:10;47:17; 65:18;72:13;81:6,13;91:19;

92:15,17,20;94:16,22;95:22;
119:3;135:20;136:24;139:10; 147:21;150:20;154:22,24; 155:1;157:23;183:9;184:9;

272:7;281:24;284:10;285:24;
290:22;301:18;311:9;325:18;

332:22;343:17;357:14;368:20; 376:22;380:22;389:7;398:16; 401:24;409:12 samples (1) 315:5 sampling (4) 118:16,17;297:25; 353:19 sand (2) 144:16;146:2 sandblasting (1) 142:18 Sandra (3) 215:20;227:3;297:11 Sandy (2) 96:14;98:4 Sarah (3) 213:9,13;227:18 sat (2) 171:9;284:15 satisfies (1) 152:16 satisfy (2) 174:10;304:24 sausage (2) 293:6,8 save (20) 14:4;26:12;44:19;61:23; 81:4,21;86:1;130:8;148:22; 176:18;178:17,18;205:4;

223:20;228:17;284:4;291:20; 340:8;343:24;364:22 saved (14) 65:1;80:25;81:1;148:3; 176:25;217:6;344:8;362:1,7; 365:10;397:4;406:19,20,21 saves (3) 51:15,16;340:10 saving (8) 36:13;66:14;67:4;

175:17;235:6;344:9;391:16,18 savings (7) 88:22;130:7;148:1,21, 25;149:1;408:4 saw (5) 295:24;325:18;331:24; 391:12;401:13 saying (10) 51:6;144:2;182:4;

183:5;195:24;292:19;331:11; 389:22,23;390:3 scale (3) 197:25;219:12,23 scaled (1) 197:24 scared (1) 110:12 scares (1) 352:4 scarred (1) 277:21 scarring (1) 212:14 scary (1) 223:1 scattered (1) 367:25 scenario (2) 72:1;126:23 scene (1) 39:10 scenic (1) 226:23 Schade (3) 233:20,24,25 schedule (7) 124:20;127:15;165:4; 255:2;339:2,11;371:22 scheduled (7) 5:19;7:11;57:18; 187:22;188:4;337:10;338:18 schizophrenia (1) 394:12 Schmerling (6) 206:10;208:18; 210:5,7,9,11 school (31) 37:12,20;42:3;48:15,16, 25;69:9;74:8;156:12,13;

254:13;267:19;293:23;318:8, 18;321:11;341:6;366:24;

371:11,11;372:4;373:13;374:9; 375:8,9;378:10;380:18,20; 385:17;394:19;409:9 schooling (1) 173:14 schools (7) 9:24;88:8;181:3;

248:18;293:21;310:16;393:8 science (22) 5:5;74:18;76:24;82:16, 16;97:11;115:3;134:20;

140:23;156:13,14;182:10,18; 186:21;191:19,23;224:15;

251:22;268:22;312:5;336:12;

389:20 Sciences (3) 150:13;193:15;300:4 scientific (11) 9:13;103:23;113:6; 160:7;191:18;238:1;251:21; 268:19;283:17;324:6;326:7 scientifically (4) 72:25;120:20; 331:16;347:19 scientist (8) 74:16;166:25;191:14; 217:15;231:12;325:12;366:6;

388:7 Scientists (8) 166:23;172:15,21; 199:1;210:14;223:2;377:19;

388:7 sci-fi (1) 134:5 Scott (5) 83:10,12;88:3;112:3,7 Scout (1) 369:15 Scranton (3) 8:10,16;9:9 scratch (1) 125:6 scream (1) 391:17 screaming (1) 409:18 screen (1) 196:1 scripture (2) 234:20;236:22 SCR's (1) 126:23 scrubbed (1) 302:25 scrubber (4) 101:8;116:21;126:1; 302:21 scrubbers (10) 33:7;35:25;66:2; 124:25;125:11,12,18;126:24; 178:4;302:23 sea (8) 51:21;248:4,4,8;368:17,18, 19,19 seafood (4) 207:10,10,14;383:12 search (1) 35:19 seatbelts (2) 51:5,8 seated (1) 233:1 seats (1) 275:23 second (26) 2:7;15:24;24:1;26:22; 27:22;31:13;92:17;103:18; 125:7;128:4;190:13;192:21;

241:1;261:16;262:15;286:15; 291:14;293:21,22;304:15; 308:8;315:7;358:3;363:10; 378:15;404:11 secondary (1) 194:4 seconds (2) 133:10;284:13 secret (1) 379:20 secretary (4) 108:9;255:24;256:2; 303:17 section (11) 38:14;69:17;92:8; 159:2,5,8;175:4;192:1,25; 226:20;340:1 sections (1) 226:19 sector (20) 27:10;46:13,13;47:7; 67:22;68:11;92:25;123:3,19; 127:6;131:3;262:14;280:18;

281:9,16,17,21;284:10;301:10;

314:17 sectors (4) 69:4;131:4;317:10;

345:25 secure (2) 312:14;330:22 seeing (8) 120:7;153:7,25;181:3; 182:21;255:12;321:8;387:15 seek (3) 67:19;178:10;345:6 seeking (1) 236:18 seeks (1) 181:21 seem (6) 10:22;138:10;168:17; 205:16;306:5;409:6 seemed (3) 147:7;295:11;325:21 seemingly (1) 278:17 seems (13) 39:5;40:18;48:13;

71:18;138:9,25;141:11;285:8; 324:16;348:6;350:4;372:7;

405:9 Segal (7) 83:10,16;87:25;88:1,3,4; 94:8 seizure (1) 405:17 seizures (1) 309:22 selective (1) 33:6 selects (1) 119:16 selenium (1) 302:13 self (1) 369:18 sell (2) 142:17;266:20 semester (1) 97:9 Seminar (1) 234:1 seminary (1) 234:17 semi-retired (1) 74:6 Senate (2) 235:3;284:16 send (3) 51:25;146:10;398:8 sending (2) 34:12;114:1 Senior (3) 333:9;378:9;389:3 sense (13) 19:10;44:9;45:25;74:11; 95:1;120:5;130:5;224:19; 236:19;237:12;296:6;327:4;

408:2 sensible (1) 103:25 sensing (1) 191:16 sensitive (5) 283:18;296:3,7,12; 298:24 sent (3) 42:4;261:25;268:16 separate (3) 12:9;91:20;145:8

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September (3) 267:19;363:10;

399:16 sequestration (1) 247:25 Serbian (1) 208:24 series (3) 184:15;188:20;334:5 serious (18) 3:1;35:1;60:10;61:16; 86:7;108:24;184:7;223:6; 234:3;238:4;314:9;333:20; 342:3;359:9;366:22;383:22; 396:6;397:19 seriously (5) 9:6;14:23;52:19; 178:24;256:22 serve (7) 76:12;78:9;91:7;122:19; 276:2;395:13;396:4 served (3) 234:11;255:23;395:16 service (3) 11:12;78:12;102:10 serviceman (1) 366:2 services (5) 21:8;288:12,21;289:1; 357:5 serving (8) 53:18;99:10;234:23;

260:21;298:14;301:2,4;329:16 servings (1) 150:10 session (5) 166:20;182:4;189:21; 331:11;332:13 set (26) 26:23;29:20;32:25;47:24; 50:4;65:18;69:17;78:3;93:19, 19;115:20;136:4;140:10; 171:18;180:6;184:8;193:14;

214:13;226:18;317:4;333:23; 335:25;346:5;359:2;378:16;

410:20 sets (3) 6:8;198:12,14 setting (3) 23:24;92:7;116:7 settle (1) 35:9 settled (1) 76:24 settles (1) 283:3 seven (28) 10:12;50:23;53:4;56:7; 59:16;86:19;95:14,19;97:16, 16;157:16;162:6;170:22;
180:19;185:4;195:16;206:15;
245:25;247:1,8;267:9;289:21, 22;297:18;302:23;312:1; 334:19;350:3 seventeen (33) 3:22;17:22;24:18; 26:12;36:14;44:21;46:18;

64:19,20,25;80:24;81:1;92:16; 114:21;122:16;140:16;143:9; 151:11;176:19;180:19;185:5; 193:16;203:25;217:6;220:20; 228:18;313:25;334:19;344:7; 359:11;362:6,11;397:3 seventies (3) 250:20;380:20;

409:16 seventieth (1) 400:9 seventy (9) 122:16;248:3;293:18; 294:2;302:22;314:23;323:1; 349:18;400:13 seventy- (3) 86:18;275:2;294:2 seventy-eight (1) 273:15 seventy-five (2) 316:23;400:13 seventy-one (1) 58:6 seventy-seven (1) 87:23 seventy-six (1) 220:11 seventy-three (1) 292:15 several (17) 8:24;20:1;31:14;33:8; 95:5;124:20;126:7;156:22; 163:3;164:17;171:17;210:2;

285:7;292:16;347:15;378:18;

394:13 severe (8) 85:2;152:8;153:8;

171:20;173:18;249:9;318:21;

371:22 severely (1) 261:1 shadow (1) 399:12 shake (1) 331:25 Shale (1) 377:12 shales (1) 305:17 shame (3) 321:14;352:24;375:1 Shanley (3) 398:14,17,18 shape (1) 212:21 Shapiro (7) 392:15,19,19;398:4,5, 9,12 share (12) 8:19;21:9;48:11;62:25; 141:19;231:16;255:4;263:6; 302:25;317:13;324:2,21 shared (3) 55:24;146:25;324:7 shareholders (1) 365:1 Shawville (1) 16:2 sheds (1) 168:24 sheer (1) 138:19 Sheilds (1) 229:15 shelf (1) 171:10 shellfish (1) 313:10 shifting (1) 180:15 shin (1) 318:10 ship (7) 143:4,8,16;325:17,20; 367:5;369:3 shocked (2) 201:13;273:10 shocking (1) 201:12 shoreline (1) 39:8 short (14) 10:1;69:23;105:15;

107:15;125:16;177:16;206:2;
268:6;291:10;332:10;380:17; 387:20,22;388:20 shortened (1) 323:6 shortens (1) 344:13 shortly (1) 166:7 shortness (1) 291:12 short-term (6) 25:10;46:5,8; 117:11;153:19;236:11 shot (1) 212:20 shoulder (1) 20:7 shouted (1) 367:20 Show (8) 23:21;50:18;112:22; 179:5;221:4;228:8;393:22;

402:25 showed (4) 143:9;148:14;282:17; 402:14 showing (4) 42:20;166:10;172:17; 328:6 shown (9) 89:10;125:1;152:4; 177:25;194:16;272:6;293:7; 377:17;396:6 shows (10) 32:1;51:2;100:24; 125:14;173:20;238:1;277:1; 289:20;342:5;378:22 Shreena (1) 266:2 shut (3) 67:18;69:22;399:23 shutting (2) 66:11;67:23 sick (10) 169:5,7,11,13;218:17; 241:8;291:24;341:2;402:11;

410:14 sickened (1) 156:1 sicker (1) 410:14 sickness (1) 368:8 side (9) 106:11,12;212:19;257:5; 258:15,19;345:5,8;371:7 sidelined (1) 318:20 sides (2) 105:19;284:17 siding (1) 57:23 Sierra (48) 15:8;18:8,10,12;20:6; 22:9;38:8,13;52:7;56:25;

57:11;70:20,21;74:7;83:10,24; 106:1;110:6;147:16;151:9; 190:20,23;191:24;195:5;

201:11;206:12;210:13;213:9, 11;228:20,20,23,23;229:5;

266:2,2;288:13;306:22;309:9; 320:13;324:13;346:2;353:7; 356:14;363:4;376:15;377:3;

408:22 sign (4) 7:18;55:18;189:22;338:25 signal (3) 7:2;188:23;338:12 signature (1) 78:19 signed (8) 14:20;54:12;98:15;

127:4;196:3,18;302:10;328:20 significant (30) 9:20,23;17:18; 20:10;26:18;100:9;105:3; 113:15;114:19;115:7;119:7;

127:11;148:25;149:1,8;159:23;

161:11;185:12;219:19;252:13; 262:10;267:24;281:10;290:6; 301:14;302:6;305:17;315:3; 360:10;394:16 significantly (11) 2:22;26:15;32:23; 114:6;178:7;184:3;239:23;

276:22;316:14;333:16;348:16 signs (4) 55:2;264:7,8;368:2 silica (3) 140:6;143:20;146:3 similar (12) 28:21;72:20;126:14; 141:23;147:20;163:13;166:3; 248:8;282:17;299:4;353:8;

378:16 simple (7) 78:23,25;200:19;

258:22;260:9;285:16;305:12 simply (15) 34:11;36:5;53:13;57:17; 93:12;97:15;180:25;224:19,24; 269:10;270:11;302:3;335:16; 367:15;391:24 Simpsons (1) 380:4 sinful (1) 54:19 single (12) 26:19;28:13;47:5;68:17; 99:4;210:24;232:21;279:25; 282:9;284:15,23;380:10 Sister (2) 96:20;141:18 Sisters (1) 96:2 sit (3) 137:17;175:24;382:4 site (6) 87:14;99:21;126:7;246:5; 314:24;409:7 sited (1) 394:4 sits (1) 85:10 sitting (5) 23:3;97:23;149:22; 234:7;296:9 situated (1) 400:15 situation (4) 165:14;296:20; 301:24;367:11 situations (2) 126:14;236:2 six (38) 7:13,15;16:8;30:19;45:3; 53:7;55:5;63:18;69:17;77:3; 84:25;91:9;110:13;189:8,9;

193:12;201:15;207:12;223:3;
225:14;228:9;246:17;247:11;

283:7,24;301:4;308:12;309:25; 329:16;332:9;337:1;342:6;

371:21;372:4;397:18;399:18; 400:2;410:1 sixteen (5) 16:23;61:24;200:9; 284:13;328:14 sixth (1) 48:22 sixties (1) 380:19 sixty (16) 3:22;58:24;124:24; 125:18;152:14;185:9,15;

240:19;261:14;293:20,23,23; 302:19;322:25;335:1;349:19 sixty- (1) 87:3 sixty-eight (3) 36:14;58:10;357:16 sixty-five (2) 80:1;378:23 sixty-four (1) 64:24 sixty-nine (2) 215:24;232:16 sixty-two (1) 247:11 size (8) 38:5;86:19;126:5;276:9; 288:2;298:14,14;395:11 sized (1) 27:12 skeptical (2) 68:21,22 skilled (1) 130:12 skills (6) 152:4,10;173:16;222:24; 242:6;363:18 skin (3) 342:18,22;343:2 sky (2) 284:18,22 slag (7) 142:21;143:18,20;144:21, 21,25;145:23 slags (2) 143:16,20 slate (1) 188:4 slated (1) 59:11 slavery (1) 395:11 sleep (3) 112:18;152:5;204:7 slept (1) 325:20 slides (2) 51:25;52:1 slogan (2) 381:1,5 slope (1) 102:17 slot (1) 190:1 slots (2) 7:24;339:8 slow (3) 409:13;410:8,9 slower (2) 28:9;323:15 sludge (3) 198:21;402:15;410:7 slurred (1) 367:21 small (37) 4:15;69:7;73:13;80:7; 88:7;98:18;99:14;102:23;

106:7,10;139:24;152:3;160:3;

172:5;185:16,16;186:4;190:5; 223:16;225:6;236:12;274:2;

276:11;278:6;286:3;287:17,21;

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307:22;331:2;335:19,20; 358:19;365:5;374:8;375:9; 379:15;395:9 smaller (2) 72:12;113:13 smart (1) 129:8 smell (2) 48:20;209:5 smells (1) 209:6 smelter (1) 143:15 smog (4) 179:8;191:7;266:17;

378:25 smoke (11) 40:5;58:13;113:21; 140:11;155:5;180:5;232:12; 310:22;352:14;357:19;364:6 smoked (1) 212:4 smoker (1) 409:1 smokestacks (1) 27:15 smoking (1) 388:4 sneak (1) 318:14 snow (1) 27:15 SO2 (5) 125:24;302:21,23,25;

359:6 Social (19) 30:11;34:19;100:16; 213:8;217:12;221:3;298:16;

306:21;307:1;381:19;382:10; 392:16,21,22;393:17;394:19, 22,22,25 societal (1) 36:22 society (25) 9:23;52:24;74:1,19; 77:9;94:24;112:4,14;114:2; 115:9,12;120:18;181:18,19;

203:11;204:25;263:17;281:14; 320:24;321:5;322:5;330:13; 380:7;395:5;402:23 society's (1) 14:24 socioeconomic (1) 250:14 soil (8) 12:6;37:8;168:6,15,20; 169:2;239:1;245:4 soils (1) 35:9 solar (8) 50:8,11;96:25;197:25; 198:2,13;300:25;374:21 sold (1) 150:15 sole (1) 90:16 Solid (12) 141:19,22;142:6;145:22; 146:8,18;147:5;166:13;276:25; 277:11;279:2,2 solidarity (1) 236:9 Solomon (1) 52:21 solution (3) 92:1;166:1;316:2 solutions (12) 35:21;137:14;139:24; 145:7;196:10;268:14,17;269:9; 312:4,13;315:23;410:15 solve (2) 157:21;380:11 solves (1) 388:10 somebody (1) 367:6 someday (4) 201:1;272:24;297:23; 362:17 Somehow (2) 134:24;256:20 someone (8) 13:19;83:19;136:18; 268:6;294:19;355:16;376:14;

409:5 something's (1) 355:9 sometime (1) 269:20 sometimes (7) 11:22;84:16; 292:14;327:2;364:21;367:16;

391:15 somewhere (3) 134:10;154:24;

185:4 son (21) 21:22,23;39:6,11;110:16, 23;111:6,10,12;175:23;233:22; 238:7;261:3;262:21;324:3;

327:1,21;328:14;329:5;404:9,

15 song (1) 172:22 son-in-law (1) 210:21 sons (2) 102:15;237:21 son's (1) 389:18 soon (9) 7:20;67:13;117:7;166:10; 282:4;360:9;365:17;375:5;

377:12 sooner (2) 117:9;355:23 soot (6) 217:21;245:2;247:14; 354:12;379:1;399:19 sophomore (1) 318:18 sorbent (8) 33:7;66:3;117:11; 119:14;125:22,23;126:1,3 sorry (18) 25:4;43:13;48:1;62:1; 68:22;83:13;113:14;201:17;

267:17;288:17;291:11;293:18; 320:13;348:7;382:2;383:20; 388:25;402:5 sort (10) 27:20;49:19;55:16;89:17; 147:11;260:3,4;306:7;355:21;

409:11 sorts (2) 95:16;352:1 sought (1) 218:13 soul (1) 265:12 sound (4) 31:3;140:23;180:6;

312:5 sounded (1) 353:6 sounds (1) 259:12 source (52) 3:3,10;12:3;18:2;19:25; 24:10;26:18,20;28:13;36:1,7;

47:5;53:10;55:25;59:25;68:15, 18;71:16;77:7;78:21;99:5;

104:20;113:16;119:20;138:6;

140:25;159:23;161:13;170:18; 172:11;179:25;184:10,17;

191:13;220:10;245:12;273:21;

280:20;282:10;290:14;299:17; 307:18;310:23;313:4;333:23; 334:6;352:19,23;364:20; 365:15;374:21;396:21 sources (40) 9:20;34:23;56:10;

57:9;70:11;79:12;99:23;116:5; 118:17;121:15;128:3;130:21;
149:10;153:18;157:7;161:12, 18,24,24;163:19,23;170:12;

173:21;177:21;178:11;179:24; 191:5;219:10,14;273:24; 279:23;290:16,20,23;298:6;

299:10;301:15;314:25;360:8;

374:19 South (8) 49:24;59:7;210:23;

237:20;300:6;371:7,12;399:4 southeast (1) 12:20 Southeastern (3) 235:2;261:22; 301:5 southwestern (1) 179:10 spacial (1) 222:23 span (4) 86:16;221:12;379:25;

380:17 Spanish (2) 60:23;264:15 spared (1) 42:11 sparingly (1) 233:6 spawning (1) 173:14 speak (48) 5:20;6:3;7:1,23;18:16; 34:20;43:17;48:5;73:13;74:16;

97:4,7,15;98:5;110:21;112:13; 115:11;131:23;133:6,7,9,13; 137:6;151:7;164:24;182:5;

187:23;189:25;195:15;200:5;

211:18;223:10;280:7;309:23;

326:13;328:13;337:12;338:14, 20,21;339:7;344:23;360:12;

387:9;397:10;398:3;404:7,23 speaker (2) 148:9;271:20 speakers (12) 5:19;6:6;7:9;8:2; 187:22;188:7;189:6;190:3; 337:11,20;339:10,16 speaking (18) 6:25;15:11;30:20; 41:7;135:10;188:22;199:25; 210:18;224:6;229:19;230:1;

338:11;363:8;376:13;387:10; 390:18;401:21,22 speaks (1) 190:16 spearheaded (1) 261:20 special (11) 12:25;16:7;19:2;54:10; 76:24;123:6;174:10;222:15; 277:10;278:18;322:2 specialist (2) 156:23;311:24 specialize (3) 267:14,18;385:19 species (13) 28:5;157:2;171:25; 172:15,18,22;173:3,8;175:14; 298:13;323:18;351:16;396:8 specific (16) 7:24;74:17;124:1; 126:7;206:6;253:17;254:3; 280:8;286:13,14;298:18,23; 299:5;303:24;339:8;400:19 specifically (4) 149:19;256:19; 303:6;331:21 specifics (3) 287:5,5;331:13 specify (1) 118:25 spectacular (1) 193:8 spectrum (2) 70:24;238:8 speculate (1) 82:15 speculation (1) 82:19 speech (3) 128:13;168:22;367:21 spell (4) 5:24;188:1;292:20;

337:15 spelled (1) 98:9 spells (1) 200:17 spend (8) 38:25;129:2;209:12; 212:24;297:24;364:22,25;

375:21 spending (5) 39:2;135:17;318:20; 351:21;371:16 spent (13) 25:7;40:6;42:18;94:10; 102:9;177:4,8;252:20;317:25; 318:5,16;326:25;378:23 spew (4) 12:9;13:14;27:1,3 spewed (4) 35:16;219:10;322:14; 366:17 spewing (2) 35:5;49:8 sphygmomanometers (1) 281:5 spill (1) 399:6 spilling (1) 262:2 spills (1) 281:8 spin (1) 195:24 spirit (2) 93:9;234:13 spirituality (1) 234:20 spite (1) 348:18 Spitzer (1) 389:25 Spitzer's (1) 148:10 spoiled (1) 37:8 spoke (2) 186:9;331:23 spoken (1) 268:9 Spokesman (1) 347:20 sponsored (1) 229:10 sport (2) 16:13;299:2 sports (2) 39:16;340:24 sportsman (2) 300:2,7 sportsmen (1) 299:24 sportsmen's (1) 16:24 spot (5) 39:12,13;205:6;371:25;

408:11 spots (3) 149:13;158:25;189:18 spray (1) 33:8 spread (3) 281:13;284:9;364:10 spreading (3) 13:16;380:1;405:19 spreads (1) 13:15 sprung (1) 259:6 squeeze (1) 302:4 St (1) 208:24 stability (1) 269:3 stabilize (1) 218:7 stable (1) 269:8 stack (6) 58:13;180:5;232:13; 310:22;357:19;364:6 stacks (5) 40:5;113:21;140:11; 155:6;352:14 staff (6) 6:20;8:18;14:20;15:15; 188:16;338:6 stage (2) 203:5;400:1 stages (3) 172:7;214:22;288:4 staggering (1) 47:10 stake (1) 326:3 stakeholder (1) 381:11 stakeholder's (1) 191:3 stakes (1) 63:9 stamp (1) 386:11 stand (11) 41:19;108:3;109:25; 133:9,10,14;237:13;275:10; 369:24;404:24;410:9 standard (31) 18:20;29:12,19;33:1; 36:4;85:5,20,24;92:7,8,10;

94:11;116:20,21;117:3;124:7,

8,10;139:13;171:4,20;204:22; 217:16;220:13;221:6;239:24; 280:23;290:9,14;316:18;

391:15 Standards (175) 2:5,18,21,22;3:3,4, 21;4:8,14;5:4;13:12;16:22;

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17:20;19:7;20:4,10;21:4,6,11,

13;24:4;28:25;29:4,6,10;30:2 2,

25;31:6;32:10;33:4,25;34:3,8,

22;36:11,13;39:23;40:5,9,25;

41:17;42:10;43:4;44:13;47:17

;

57:4,7;58:8;63:1;64:13;65:14;

66:5,13;69:13;74:2;75:9;81:1 3, 21;85:4,13,17,18;93:25;

104:24;105:5,8;114:12;115:2 0,

24;116:2,7,13;123:16,18,23;

125:4;129:8;130:11;154:12; 158:4,16;164:21;165:15,20;

166:8;175:20;176:18;177:22; 179:13,13;180:7;183:12,24;

184:2,9,10;185:3,19;186:20;

192:7;202:15;204:13,15;205: 3;

208:4;214:13;220:20;223:11,

19,25;226:10;228:13;229:9;

239:18;241:15;243:5,9,22,25;

246:8,20;249:20,21;273:18,23

;

279:3;286:13;289:11,13;290: 4, 10;291:1;296:5;302:12;

304:24;308:19;309:3;312:14;

315:21;316:11,13,14,22;317:4

;

333:1,15,16,23,24;334:3,18;

335:6,14,16,21;336:11;341:9,

10;346:21;351:3;358:14;359: 2,

9,22,25;360:14;361:3;390:25; 391:6,22,25;397:25;398:23; 399:10;409:23 standpoint (2) 11:6;375:16 stands (8) 20:6;90:24;275:9;

346:6;349:23;351:18;356:7;

370:13 Stanford (1) 197:15 start (18) 5:21;14:9;43:20;62:18; 66:13;77:20;83:14;117:11;

158:15;179:19;183:5;189:9;202:4;274:11;296:18;332:9,1 3;

352:25 started (18) 8:9,13;14:16,17;21:22;

96:23;110:11;166:12;190:8;

275:23;287:3;339:16;367:15;

371:24;372:12;385:20;399:23

; 408:21 starting (5) 125:6;185:10;244:8; 274:19;371:21 start-up (1) 268:10 starve (1) 389:2 state (88) 13:15;14:19,22;15:14;

17:7,9;26:2,4;27:20;29:7,23;

30:17;31:10,16;32:7,9,11,18,

23,25;35:17;37:6;46:16;55:9;

57:15;61:4;77:22;78:12;85:4, 5,

16,18;100:19;106:19;128:5;

134:13;141:17;148:18,19,21, 23;154:19;159:22;162:22;

163:22;164:6;165:25;171:23;

180:25;187:24;190:22;192:23

;

196:18;229:20;230:10;231:21

;

232:4;244:23;248:11;256:3,6; 261:15;263:23,23;264:7;

270:11,13;282:5;292:12;299: 3; 308:8;311:12;319:8;329:14; 337:12;340:14;348:25;351:8,

11;353:25;358:6;364:1;382:13, 18;384:12,12;400:6;402:5 stated (5) 60:5;147:25;227:8; 277:12;309:13 statement (7) 75:12;83:18,19; 143:3;144:9;182:9;397:2 statements (2) 254:8;256:17 Staten (1) 354:18 states (92) 12:10;16:6;18:2;23:6; 24:12;25:13,15;26:19,21;

27:19;28:14;29:3,6;30:9,15,19, 21,24;31:8,11;32:19,21;33:2,

18;34:3;36:8;44:8,10;46:18,20; 53:2;55:1;60:6,8;63:16;70:9, 12;78:20;80:15;94:9;96:14; 100:5;102:9;104:21;113:16; 115:20;116:4,5;134:9;148:3; 149:12;151:23;153:3;157:4;

160:11,25;162:13;163:3,12,17; 164:17,20;165:23;166:2; 171:17;192:14;194:1,24; 196:18;226:17,21;228:16;

241:23;245:20;246:15;273:22; 280:13;281:17,19;282:13;

288:23;297:21;310:15;328:21; 342:6;349:19;350:16;354:20; 364:5;382:21,25;395:22 state's (6) 31:18;32:12;230:23; 231:8,25;235:18 states' (1) 105:15 statewide (8) 25:25;29:4;60:8; 161:19;247:2,4;315:9;351:11 stating (2) 5:21;150:25 station (4) 59:8;65:11;246:18; 319:6 stationary (1) 191:5 statistic (4) 20:17;86:17;223:6; 348:13 statistical (1) 89:11 statistics (5) 59:10;121:21;182:10; 292:13;353:15 status (2) 85:3;107:24 statutory (3) 31:2;33:20;34:2 stay (9) 11:4;84:21;182:3;188:7; 214:1;248:6;270:14;340:20;
376:6 staying (1) 212:21 stays (1) 79:8 steam (4) 24:5;106:14;276:8; 349:25 steel (3) 177:10;230:18,24 steeply (1) 322:8 Steingraber (2) 215:20;227:3 step (6) 24:7;79:5;107:20;199:4; 312:17;313:1 Stephen (1) 392:15 stepped (1) 171:18 steps (4) 105:3;127:7;166:5;192:6 Steve (2) 38:11;392:19 Steven (3) 38:8;398:16;401:9 Stevens (1) 199:20 stewards (1) 396:4 stewardship (1) 175:11 Stewart (4) 23:21;76:9;78:7,9 S-T-E-W-A-R-T (1) 78:9 stick (7) 51:14;259:9;293:6; 318:11;388:21;400:24;410:9 Sticking (1) 376:1 sticks (1) 362:4 still (49) 47:24;61:5;64:25;89:14; 103:12;111:7;120:21;137:17; 138:7,11;139:7;156:7,8,17; 161:2;163:21;165:16,20; 167:13;169:13;179:19,21; 180:24;192:9,10;198:20; 207:20;243:3;270:19;271:10; 274:25;278:3;286:20,24; 309:18;310:4;318:23;319:11; 338:24;349:14;352:6,7;356:6; 374:1,1;379:9;380:22;381:6; 383:8 stillbirth (1) 364:14 Stockbridge (3) 39:1,1,7 stop (15) 13:16;19:13;25:18;55:16; 77:14;135:2;180:20;240:2;

251:11;272:23;364:19;365:16, 18;372:10;405:19 stopped (2) 168:21;372:11 stopping (3) 323:5,21;406:24 store (1) 410:2 stored (1) 215:12 stores (1) 169:20 stories (3) 150:8;331:18;381:15 storms (1) 153:8 story (7) 55:23;91:3;138:13;263:6; 371:5;372:13;391:9 Strahm (3) 320:11,14,15 straining (1) 264:10 Strand (5) 105:24;106:2,3;109:3, 13 strange (1) 399:21 strangeness (1) 367:15 strategies (1) 335:24 strategy (2) 161:20;300:14 stream (8) 27:23;28:1;55:18,20,22; 283:9;322:24;358:6 streams (22) 27:23;36:5;55:4,6; 56:2;102:10;235:18;252:2; 271:9;272:20;276:21;277:18, 23;283:13;290:3;291:21; 351:9;353:18,20,23;354:6;

364:9 Street (3) 49:24;328:20;367:16 streets (1) 108:16 strength (4) 29:12,15;279:22; 402:20 strengthen (2) 71:6;312:13 strengthening (1) 24:7 stretch (1) 133:11 stretches (1) 100:9 strict (3) 85:4;121:20;282:3 strides (2) 219:19;230:9 strikes (1) 165:10 stringent (14) 31:12;34:4,5;81:16; 116:20;117:21;118:6,11; 162:13,17;164:18;171:4; 262:17;284:14 strip (1) 373:25 stroke (4) 14:1;181:5;219:5;311:4 strokes (4) 79:22;204:20;216:21; 385:4 strong (36) 8:21;10:5;15:14;17:9; 18:3,18;26:9,9;76:20;78:1; 79:8;85:20;104:19;111:20; 170:11;171:2,8,18;174:2;

180:8,25;181:15;202:15;255:2; 259:9;274:6;299:12;327:14; 330:1,5;341:8;344:24;351:3; 362:23;384:7;386:9 stronger (4) 100:16;223:24;226:7; 317:4 strongest (4) 221:10;237:14; 239:24;275:4 strongly (20) 23:16;56:18;104:8,14; 114:2;115:9;158:2;170:19;

224:11;252:10;267:10;268:25; 342:13;365:13;384:7;388:21; 390:5,23;393:21;394:23 struck (5) 5:3;82:2;186:19;322:17; 336:10 struggle (5) 41:12;157:21;168:3,4; 322:1 struggled (2) 218:15;349:7 struggles (1) 318:24 struggling (3) 137:2;225:20;380:14 student (5) 74:8;96:7;97:9;233:25; 234:17 students (4) 64:23;97:8;248:19; 267:11 studied (8) 91:14;145:11;303:18; 378:12;408:12,13,20;409:8 studies (29) 16:8;22:11,15;41:11; 112:22,24;113:8;145:12;179:5; 228:8;238:10;249:16;250:1; 253:14,18,21;267:20,24; 293:21;306:9;309:14,17;

321:18;347:24;385:22;394:10, 13;397:15;398:6 study (26) 53:24;99:21;100:24; 143:4,5,6,9,10;150:14;197:16; 215:21;242:14;297:14;304:18; 310:25;312:21;314:22,24;

315:2;319:17;322:22;378:9,15, 18;400:11;409:11 stuff (7) 137:4;145:15;326:22; 388:19,24;389:3;390:8 stuffs (1) 348:11 stunningly (1) 151:14 sub-bituminous (1) 194:17 subject (3) 41:3;292:17;383:9 subjected (1) 363:11 submission (1) 285:11 submit (20) 22:16;33:12;125:1; 146:17;164:25;187:11,12; 196:16;210:4,8;229:1;259:15;
269:19,23;280:8;286:11;287:6; 306:14;337:6;395:24

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submitted (5) 18:18;145:6;273:16; 305:25;336:24 submitting (5) 5:16;119:18;187:18; 195:6;317:14 subsequently (3) 129:11;347:25;

349:6 subset (1) 286:20 subsidies (2) 71:11,15 subsidized (1) 9:17 subsidy (1) 148:13 subsist (1) 9:20 subsistence (1) 298:18 substance (8) 138:17;151:25;

214:24;346:13,14,17;349:17;
394:19 substances (9) 13:2;63:22;79:22;

149:24;150:15;203:16;322:13

; 341:19;346:11 substandard (2) 393:7,8 substantial (3) 93:7;159:12;298:22 substantially (4) 31:12;93:4; 268:13;317:12 subtle (1) 367:22 suburban (1) 210:23 suburbanites (1) 361:11 suburbs (1) 55:2 subverting (1) 197:4 success (4) 173:15;192:4;193:8;

230:23 successful (3) 33:22;105:11;284:8 successfully (10) 28:15;33:18;

63:14;100:20;105:11;248:14; 259:4;281:14,22;321:6 succumb (1) 237:9 Sue (1) 303:16 suffer (12) 58:24;78:13;108:1;

155:16;243:18;248:16;274:7; 310:9,10,11;320:5;357:9 suffered (2) 20:18;200:16 sufferers (2) 291:15;407:25 suffering (13) 41:18;107:11,19;

108:11;133:18;151:18;218:8, 14;244:3;248:19;249:9; 364:22;369:2 suffers (1) 234:15 sufficient (4) 118:2;123:5;270:12;

378:8 sufficiently (2) 117:4;150:24 suggest (1) 225:14 suggested (1) 201:21 suggesting (1) 394:23 suggestion (1) 70:6 suggestions (2) 280:8;295:5 suggests (1) 99:19 suit (1) 29:9 suite (1) 286:13suits (1) 158:21 sulfated (1) 290:23 sulfur (30) 3:5;24:17;66:1;81:8;

101:12;116:17,19,25;117:1,5, 13;118:18;126:4;184:11; 203:20;220:1,3,16;232:22; 247:13;290:15,17,22;311:7; 333:25;343:19;378:24;384:25; 385:1;407:21 sulfuric (1) 302:14 sum (1) 64:21 summarize (1) 37:3 summary (2) 165:3;295:13 summer (9) 38:25;39:3,6;40:14,19; 61:6;211:22;213:25;248:18 Summit (2) 38:9;41:6 Sun (6) 106:20;198:11,12,14; 374:20,20 Sunday (2) 65:10;232:8 Sunday's (1) 378:21 sunset (1) 198:15 Super (1) 409:7 Superior (1) 100:8 supermarket (1) 352:21 supplement (1) 178:10 supplements (1) 150:15 supply (9) 35:10;50:21;156:3; 241:11;278:5;280:2;303:14; 378:4;383:19 support (55) 11:17,18;15:20;18:19; 20:6;26:9;43:4;63:6;69:9,11; 74:1;98:19;101:19;104:8; 127:3,24;129:7;130:4;149:2; 151:1;153:5;158:13;170:19; 175:2,20;178:16;180:25;

191:24;194:13;202:25;204:15; 209:7;213:15;218:2;221:5; 227:1;229:2,8;237:5;243:5;

253:15;268:4;277:25,25;309:2; 317:21;341:8;372:14;384:7;

385:11;386:4,16;397:21;398:1; 409:17 supported (4) 104:14;191:10; 193:15;204:23 supporters (2) 18:13;170:7 supporting (5) 21:10;202:15; 240:23;273:16;386:8 supportive (1) 120:18 supports (16) 17:11,13;18:5;41:2; 56:18;114:3;115:9,19;158:3; 191:24;243:6;252:10;254:25; 280:24;301:6;312:11 suppose (1) 398:25 supposed (4) 132:7,15;232:2; 386:6 Supreme (3) 17:6;231:24;256:5 sure (48) 6:21;8:14;14:14;15:19; 30:2;43:22;66:23;72:5;81:25; 95:21;96:5,12;111:7;129:18;

133:15;136:9;146:16,25;182:5; 200:1;207:1,3;210:9;264:23;

268:8;269:21,22;270:8;271:17; 284:11;325:22;327:6;328:3; 331:15;338:7;348:8;349:7; 353:12;354:25;362:5;370:17; 381:10,12;386:7;397:8;398:1, 9;405:12 surely (1) 96:9 surpass (1) 110:14 surprise (4) 16:12;123:8,20;302:9 surprised (2) 40:14;389:19 surprisingly (1) 231:22 surrogate (2) 116:18,19 surrogates (1) 123:23 surrounded (3) 106:13;362:13; 373:6 surrounding (3) 99:23;246:24; 374:12 surroundings (1) 352:1 surrounds (1) 227:8 survey (3) 283:11;298:25;358:7 surveying (1) 39:10 surveys (2) 306:12,13 survival (1) 173:19 survive (3) 135:1;218:12;279:15 survived (1) 134:24 survivor (3) 156:7;217:5;299:23 susceptible (10) 3:16;94:17,19; 128:15;184:24;215:18;307:11; 334:13;360:20,22 sushi (1) 201:9 suspect (1) 269:16 suspected (3) 2:25;184:6;333:20 suspects (1) 179:6 Susquehanna (6) 102:21;103:5; 132:5;235:9;373:1;374:15 sustain (1) 153:6 Sustainability (3) 147:15;236:9; 260:19 sustainable (4) 96:23;174:24; 230:6;280:20 Swartz (6) 8:10,13,14,15;14:12,14 S-W-A-R-T-Z (1) 8:15 swell (1) 198:8 swift (1) 35:23 swiftly (1) 138:5 swimming (2) 85:15;212:18 switch (5) 50:6;66:6;69:1;144:15; 196:20 switching (2) 66:10;258:6 swordfish (1) 207:8 symptoms (6) 44:24;114:24;167:9; 203:8;204:6;367:22 syndrome (1) 366:22 syndromes (1) 348:4 synergistic (1) 393:4 synergy (1) 393:12 Synnestivedt (3) 210:13,15,17 system (35) 6:23;19:5;42:23;45:11; 53:12;71:7;72:21;75:5;86:24; 99:20;157:20;173:11;188:19;
214:19,23;222:20;225:4;238:7; 260:4;303:7,10,13,25;305:15; 309:23;313:11;338:9;342:23; 343:2,2,3,3,12;349:11;378:1 systems (16) 69:9;76:25;101:8,10; 116:15;117:25;124:23;125:16; 128:11;150:1;296:14;309:18; 340:1;363:15;365:19;393:25



### T

table (9) 6:20;7:19;69:23;109:17; 188:16;189:23;338:6;339:1;

401:17 tables (1) 101:23 tablets (1) 295:3 tackle (1) 374:23 tail (1) 213:19 tainted (2) 32:5;283:13 talk (18) 88:9;142:14;158:6;167:8; 181:4;196:13;273:2;286:12;

294:7;295:10,11;305:8;344:21; 366:7;370:1;385:23;393:1,3 talked (9) 51:12;121:3;201:21;
205:12;286:15;296:1;306:12; 327:17;375:11 talking (20) 29:23;40:6;48:14; 70:14;147:6;208:19;210:16; 258:3;265:14;286:3;294:10;

362:9;366:13;389:22,23;393:9, 18;394:21;397:6;408:23 tall (1) 39:9 Tamara (1) 333:9 tank (1) 212:19 tanks (1) 145:15 tap (2) 402:16,18 target (4) 65:25;88:24;89:9;378:14 targeted (1) 245:15 Task (3) 319:17;325:13;399:15 taught (1) 292:12 tax (4) 69:8;95:1;279:20;399:18 taxes (1) 135:17 teach (2) 97:8;369:18 teacher (2) 42:3;74:6 teachers (1) 98:23 teaches (1) 236:22 teaching (5) 156:11,11,12,14;

386:22 teachings (1) 178:22 team (4) 318:19;371:12,16,25 teaspoon (1) 400:9 technical (5) 120:2;124:1;195:6; 388:1;390:12 technically (1) 104:6 technologies (28) 33:13,16;49:11, 13;65:9,23;69:12;93:3;113:11;

124:12;125:20;129:19;194:22; 195:2;216:6;230:22;251:9;

252:23;278:13;285:5;290:11; 304:24;315:16;317:1;360:5; 365:7;376:2,6 technology (55) 19:15;31:5,19; 33:11,23;36:1;37:16;46:9;

65:20;68:8;69:21,21;91:15,23; 99:2;101:15;114:17;115:5;

116:22;117:22;118:9;121:10; 125:24;126:9;129:15;141:13; 152:15;159:4;171:9;178:1,2;

194:18,19,25;243:7,12;244:6; 268:12,20;276:7;285:16,24;

304:20;308:22;312:13;315:23;

316:1;359:2;364:10;375:24,25; 376:1;379:7;388:10;391:15 teenagers (2) 41:25;64:6 teens (1) 80:1

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telling (2) 142:25;181:5 tells (2) 91:2;243:17 temperature (1) 400:20 temporally (1) 120:15 temptation (1) 237:9 ten (30) 9:2;10:14,20;36:21,21; 64:23;96:22;107:24;109:3;

122:18;126:25;144:1;148:24;

169:18;185:14;197:17;215:16

; 242:16,24;246:13;262:5;

276:13;279:19;282:15;335:5;

379:4;383:1;386:23;395:16;
409:15 tenant (1) 374:17 tenants (1) 226:14 tend (2) 129:2;234:22 Tennessee (1) 132:12 tennis (1) 38:19 tens (7) 26:13;68:10;78:13;86:3; 160:14,18;261:1 tenth (2) 248:9;271:15 Teresa (3) 229:15;260:14,17 term (10) 25:11;45:23;46:6;117:13;

177:16;269:11;285:15;286:16

; 291:10;301:21 terms (13) 119:7;120:8;134:7;

135:21;141:14;147:8;151:19;

186:5;218:15;251:18;345:20; 365:9;403:5 terrestrial (1) 172:18 terrible (4) 54:4;96:8;380:5;381:5 test (3) 137:24;355:7,7 tested (5) 84:17;169:2;201:10; 295:3;353:8 testicular (1) 405:21 testified (6) 26:11;104:25;151:24; 182:8,15;256:5 testify (39) 7:17;8:5,9;18:11;19:1;

26:7;43:7;57:14;136:6;137:17

;

154:10;175:1;178:16;182:3; 188:5;189:16,19,24;191:11;

195:5;208:15;210:12;291:16;

312:7;317:17;338:23;339:23;

341:8;347:6;353:12;355:16;

356:19;362:25;369:12;370:24

; 386:24;407:5,7,16 testifying (24) 43:9;122:6,11; 131:19;137:13,15;206:8,11;213:12;221:16,17;233:22;

260:15;270:4;297:4;311:21;

317:20;326:16;356:10;363:2, 4; 369:8;372:22;404:1 testimonies (7) 199:15;234:7;

299:20;348:8;371:4;404:5,22 testimony (52) 5:22;6:1,5,9,12,17; 7:6;11:9;23:15;31:7;34:14; 94:18;95:11;105:23;122:8;

137:22;139:18;158:13;182:6,

23;187:25;188:6,11,25;189:3;

225:21;233:19;266:6;268:6;

285:9;286:22;292:22;293:2,2;

295:20;297:8;299:19;306:12;

320:7;331:4;337:14,18,21,25; 338:16;350:23;361:20;366:11; 369:11;396:20;403:13;411:2 testing (4) 21:19;118:17;168:16; 228:22 Texas (2) 57:19;109:19 texts (1) 175:8 thanking (2) 44:1;273:17 thanks (69) 2:1;8:7;38:7;43:6; 62:10;70:19;76:6,6;83:6,8; 88:8;93:13,14;95:24,25; 101:25;105:23;110:3;112:1;

121:16;127:18;131:22;135:24; 137:9;154:2,3;166:16;174:14, 15;182:2,13,21;183:6;190:6; 206:7;207:16;209:22;213:5,5; 217:9;221:15;229:25;233:18; 240:6;249:13;255:19;265:24; 287:25;288:6,8;296:21;297:1; 300:11;311:16;320:6,10; 326:14;347:5;356:9;363:1; 369:10;372:19;376:18;381:7, 15;395:2;405:8;407:4;410:15 Theodore (2) 240:10;244:22 Theological (1) 234:1 theology (1) 234:19 theoretical (1) 388:15 therapeutic (1) 402:18 Therapist (2) 267:14,18 therefore (8) 42:15;144:23;162:22; 197:2;229:3;307:7;358:11;

385:11 thermal (4) 197:25;198:2,13;

400:18 thermometer (2) 262:1;281:19 thermometers (5) 134:11,11; 261:23;262:5;281:5 thick (1) 383:20 thinking (10) 84:2;152:10;166:4; 222:22;274:19;322:16;375:13; 379:24;385:20,21 third (9) 2:8;31:18;60:1;107:3; 125:14;183:10;216:1;310:19; 314:20 thirds (2) 230:12;299:2 thirteen (14) 20:14;25:6;29:5;68:5; 134:9;177:5;202:24;204:8; 231:6;247:7;248:10;252:21; 314:4;359:17 thirty (38) 7:12,13,15;20:23;50:21; 55:20;58:11;59:13;91:11;
97:10;102:9,24;133:10;142:6; 155:14;167:10;189:8,10; 219:15;225:14;230:25;247:5; 261:21;271:17;280:16;293:15, 18,19,24;294:2;314:5;332:9; 348:17;356:5;357:17;366:15; 373:7;397:18 thirty- (1) 69:16 thirty-eight (2) 9:1;310:8 thirty-five (2) 72:3;87:6 thirty-four (1) 59:17 thirty-nine (1) 357:21 thirty-one (5) 25:10;46:4;177:16; 190:25;405:14 thirty-seven (1) 395:20 thirty-six (1) 358:10 thirty-two (4) 84:1;214:5;247:6; 319:20 Thomas (3) 96:3;98:8;374:16 Thoracic (5) 112:4,14;114:2;115:9, 11 thorough (1) 66:19 thoroughly (1) 270:10 though (14) 25:18;57:9;59:11;
102:25;103:22;108:17;110:16; 145:25;146:10;165:19;266:9; 285:22;286:5;318:22 thought (15) 29:25;63:23;83:12; 96:9;102:18;136:19,22;173:2; 258:13;296:25;331:17;373:19, 22;385:23;387:17 thoughtful (1) 411:2 thoughtlessly (1) 14:25 thoughts (3) 48:12;260:3;306:3 thousand (153) 3:23;9:3;12:8;17:22, 23,23;18:17;20:12;24:18,19,
20,20;25:10,11;26:8,13;35:13,
18;36:14,15,16,17;44:21,22,23, 25;45:1;46:4,5;47:8;53:4;55:6, 7;59:13;61:23;63:18;64:15,16, 16,18,19,20,23,25;69:3,24; 80:24;81:1;88:25;89:13;91:8; 92:16;107:25;112:15;114:21, 21,24,24,25;122:16;128:6;

140:16;151:11,12,13,15;155:9, 21;157:3;176:19,20,20,21,22; 177:16,17;180:19;185:4,5;

190:21;193:12,16,17,18,20,23; 195:16;196:2;204:8;217:2,6; 219:8;220:18,20,21,21,23; 222:7;225:14;228:18,19; 230:12,13;231:19;240:20;

247:5,6,7,7,8,11;251:2;257:16; 261:15;262:4,5,6;273:15; 275:3;276:16;277:21;283:24; 300:23;308:7;310:7,9,9,11; 312:2;313:25,25;314:1;316:7;
334:19,19;342:8;344:2,3,4,5,8; 351:8;359:11,11,12,13;362:6, 11;388:7;397:3,7,19;402:7 thousands (31) 20:17;26:14;27:3; 37:10;41:12,13;44:12;68:10, 23;85:9;86:2,3;140:15;155:20; 160:13,14,18;171:14;198:19; 220:8;233:14;261:2;267:1,2; 274:6;279:18;297:24;313:17; 359:10;394:25;406:18 thousandth (1) 160:5 threat (13) 23:18;54:17;170:13; 172:4,19;173:1,19;198:25;

202:12;218:23;221:22;223:14; 322:7 threaten (5) 12:5,21;64:1;307:16; 323:16 threatened (1) 172:15 threatening (6) 4:11;20:4;176:9; 185:22;303:20;335:10 threatens (6) 12:17;16:17;223:7; 235:22;238:2;313:6 threats (4) 236:7,15;273:19;352:3 three (91) 2:3,15;5:9;12:8;16:19; 18:17;31:7;35:13;48:8;50:14, 16;54:21;55:13;57:16;59:4,14, 17;61:23;63:17;65:20;66:8,24; 69:5,23;71:4,4,16;78:12;84:16; 87:10;89:4;95:12,18;97:16; 106:11;112:9;119:11;124:17; 131:10;155:2,9,12,21;156:10, 21;167:10;183:8;187:2; 188:24;205:13,16;210:20; 215:22;219:7;222:6;225:18;
228:25;230:13;232:16;237:21; 243:7;247:10;251:5;266:5; 267:8;271:11;283:24;285:7; 294:3,12;300:20;301:2;303:6; 305:1,2;318:21;319:20;321:1, 2;323:10;332:21;336:18; 342:7;348:24;350:3;351:1; 353:20;359:23;379:12;383:2; 409:7 three-quarters (1) 404:11 threes (1) 53:16 threshold (2) 110:15;310:1 thriving (2) 323:19;370:16 throat (3) 102:17;291:11;342:19 throughout (13) 12:22;44:10,20; 62:19;122:19;192:3;195:3; 281:4;310:14;341:1;350:15; 358:6;405:13 throw (1) 103:11 Thursday (2) 2:8;183:10 thus (2) 249:1;368:10 thwarted (1) 369:24 tidbit (1) 207:3 tide (1) 374:20 tie (1) 266:20 Tierney (1) 303:16 tight (1) 31:9 tightened (1) 162:25 tighter (1) 32:24 tightest (1) 32:24 tightly (1) 350:17 tilt (1) 199:7 timely (4) 6:8;96:15;151:3;244:1 times (21) 59:4,18;70:5;72:4;76:3; 84:16;106:18;109:15;180:22; 231:20;241:24;267:21;287:1; 314:5;347:23;364:23;391:12; 397:9;405:16;410:6,20 timing (4) 7:25;33:23;286:1;303:8 tiniest (1) 242:17 tiny (3) 130:6;294:24;377:20 tired (5) 104:1;167:20;181:2,7,11 tissue (3) 32:16;99:24;297:24 tissues (3) 72:9;215:13,17 T-L-E-R (1) 356:16 TMDL (2) 32:8;161:4 today (155) 2:7,12;5:7;6:4;8:8;11:15; 14:7;15:11,19;19:1;23:15;

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26:7;30:20;31:7;34:14,20;

43:12,25;48:5,11;49:11;53:7;

54:14;56:3;57:14;73:11;78:8;

79:7;83:20;88:9,11;98:6;99:3;

105:2;109:9;110:3,21;112:2;

115:6;122:12;127:24;137:10;

138:9;140:9;141:16;142:1,3, 15;146:6;147:18;151:7,25;

153:2;154:17;158:13;170:20,

21;171:8,23;175:2,24;178:16; 179:3;180:8;183:8;186:23;

190:7;191:11;192:3;195:5,10;

199:13;200:5;201:24;202:13;

213:6,12,15;221:21;223:10,23

;

229:19;233:8,13;234:7;235:1;

239:16;240:5,15;241:24;244: 8;

250:23;258:5;263:6;267:13,2 1;

268:7;276:15;281:3,20;282:5, 23;285:2;286:22;287:11;

292:8;296:8;299:21;300:16;

301:14;306:24;309:11;312:8;

317:23;319:25;326:22;327:14

;

328:11,13;329:13,20;330:15,

19,22;331:8;332:5,15,17,22;

336:14;339:23;341:8;355:17; 356:20,23;362:25;363:2,8;

365:24;366:7,11;368:24;369: 1; 370:15,24;376:18;377:2,14; 381:15;386:20,24;399:3; 401:20;410:17,20 today's (4) 5:18;140:19;319:3;

344:9 toddlers (2) 73:13;272:18 together (15) 52:21,22;61:13;64:23; 80:9;108:3;122:19;134:20;

160:24;164:15;182:12;344:21

; 360:7;379:6;385:22 togetherness (1) 351:25 told (8) 41:12;99:6;214:4;285:10;

324:3;336:16;368:21;375:12tolerate (1) 161:2 tolerated (1) 37:5 toll (3) 87:22;341:6;380:5 toluene (1) 216:15 tomorrow (2) 285:18,20 ton (1) 143:7 tonight (8) 7:8;189:6,8;339:16; 347:6;392:15;404:1,21 tonight's (1) 337:9 Tonno (2) 261:3,10 Tonno's (1) 262:20 tons (16) 12:8;27:3;35:13,18;47:8;

63:18;142:6,17;155:9;219:8;

220:18;222:7;247:11;282:14; 310:24;342:8 took (11) 12:23;42:13,14;79:4; 127:7;162:2;182:8;263:21; 312:16;318:14;367:9 tool (1) 168:24 tools (1) 244:6 top (10) 65:4;232:20;282:12,15,17, 20;314:16;315:12;321:14;

383:1 topic (4) 135:25;147:6,21;167:22 torn (1) 266:14 total (15) 3:25;20:11;32:8;89:3; 91:5;97:5;116:8;118:11;161:3; 197:10;252:18;273:15;289:24; 311:7,8 totally (4) 167:18;354:12,25;371:9 totals (1) 177:3 touch (3) 259:11;285:14;354:15 touched (2) 67:8;166:5 tough (4) 235:4;294:23;330:21; 382:25 toughest (1) 382:17 tour (1) 179:21 toward (6) 174:24;196:9;199:4; 262:14;301:15;345:20 towards (10) 24:7;70:16;127:7; 204:25;302:12;312:3;313:2; 321:7;362:22,22 town (4) 132:12;232:9;368:2;

373:11 towns (2) 55:1;254:24 Township (2) 133:24;363:7 toxic (179) 2:21,23,23;3:13,21;4:25; 11:19;12:11,21;13:2,14;15:21; 18:14,19;19:22;20:1,13,16;

21:10;23:8;24:11;26:5,18;27:1, 4,21;28:10,16,18;29:12;30:22, 25;31:24;33:25;34:3,22;35:24; 47:5;49:16;53:11;57:6,8,9;

59:9;63:9,12,21;73:10,16;75:7; 77:23;78:18;79:22;80:16;84:8; 85:7;86:23;99:6,13;101:4;

103:16;114:3,20;115:10;116:8, 14;128:9,22;129:7;141:9,20;
143:10;145:13;149:24;151:25; 155:4;156:5;164:14;170:18; 171:11,14,18;174:5,8;175:3, 20;176:13;180:10;184:2,4,21; 186:15;191:12;192:18;193:3; 203:4,6;204:13;207:21;208:4;

214:4,18,22,24;216:10;219:12; 220:11,19;221:8,10,12;222:17, 18;223:16;226:11;235:4;

237:16,24;239:18,19,24;240:2; 243:5,10;244:20;245:16,19,21; 249:20,21;250:10;251:8,16; 252:1,11,12;254:22;261:5;

262:1,18;273:19,21,23;280:23; 282:14;289:11,19;290:9; 302:12;303:14;309:3;312:17, 22;313:5;320:18;321:16; 322:11,13,18;323:21;328:16; 333:15;334:10;336:6;341:9; 342:1,12,15;343:9,25;346:13; 351:4;353:1;354:25;358:3; 359:20;398:24;400:6;402:12 toxicants (5) 241:7,10;393:9,21; 394:15 toxicity (6) 44:4;103:22;160:17; 283:17;347:22;348:2 toxicologist (2) 240:13;244:9 toxicologists (1) 406:13 toxics (91) 2:6,14;3:8;10:9;15:23; 17:14,17;18:4,24;19:3,14;20:3, 10,19;21:3;22:7;26:10;31:24; 62:25;74:2;79:11;81:6,10; 86:1;101:20;111:25;122:9,23; 124:11;127:14;138:23;139:11, 12;150:23;158:14;170:9; 174:3;183:13,20;184:15; 191:20;192:22;194:4;196:14; 202:10,16;211:18;217:21; 219:8,14,24;221:1;228:3,14;

229:10;237:14;238:1,4;239:22; 245:1;256:10;258:3,22;273:9; 295:25;299:12;300:17;301:7; 303:20;305:23;307:13,19; 308:2;312:8;313:3;314:10; 315:24;317:15,22;333:1,7,17; 334:5;356:20;364:3;369:13; 390:25;393:17;395:25;396:5; 407:16 toxin (3) 16:6;138:12,14 toxins (41) 19:9;35:5;37:22;41:10; 49:8;74:13;79:17;104:17,17, 21;106:22;107:16;111:20;

139:2;140:7,10,17;150:1,6,21, 22;178:7;199:6;203:23;216:5; 222:4;223:20;258:17;266:13; 272:8;298:11;307:11;341:24; 343:1,24;363:14,21;364:11; 366:18;380:1,13 trace (1) 42:6 traced (1) 315:5 Traces (2) 85:14;238:18 track (6) 31:15;33:22;79:8;196:7; 373:13,13 tracking (1) 192:4 tracts (2) 59:3,6 trade (4) 205:16;276:4;387:4;

409:23 trading (3) 158:23;159:1;359:21 tradition (4) 54:9;77:8;175:16; 178:22 traditional (1) 178:12 traditionally (2) 83:4;214:11 traditions (3) 54:9;175:8;178:23 traffic (2) 386:2,3 tragedy (1) 225:17 tragic (1) 373:21 train (1) 180:3 Trainer (1) 107:8 training (2) 40:16;191:21 trample (1) 129:13 Transande (1) 283:21 transcript (4) 6:16;188:2,13;338:1 transcription (1) 89:11 transcripts (4) 5:8;187:1,5;336:18 transform (1) 280:18 transformation (1) 153:19 transforming (1) 46:15 translated (1) 264:15 translates (1) 293:25 transmission (1) 259:22 transparent (2) 168:18;403:11 transport (3) 131:1;163:21;279:4 transportation (2) 69:4;98:23 transported (1) 56:8 Trash (1) 106:14 travel (5) 36:8;105:7;220:6; 228:24;367:4 traversed (1) 54:24 treasured (1) 174:4 treat (4) 75:17;142:22;177:1;216:9 treated (1) 318:17 treating (3) 77:15;323:8;398:20 treatment (5) 59:22;75:21;112:17; 248:23;322:9 treatments (1) 318:4 tree (1) 39:9 tremendous (4) 4:18;90:15; 366:17;380:7 tremendously (3) 253:6;284:7; 408:1 tremors (1) 152:4 trend (1) 231:10 Trenton (1) 378:23 tress (1) 87:17 tribal (2) 57:19;300:4 tribe (1) 352:16 tribes (1) 297:19 tried (5) 7:23;96:24;286:2;349:7; 389:2 triggers (1) 35:8 trillion (3) 316:17,18,22 triple (1) 133:23 tripled (1) 93:5 trips (2) 341:2;367:9 troop (4) 369:15,15,17;370:1 tropical (1) 400:18 trouble (5) 42:2;48:23;92:21; 168:11;173:15 trout (5) 28:1;87:15;299:22; 351:13,19 truck (1) 169:9 true (6) 149:7;302:3;321:2;329:12; 391:24;400:24 truly (2) 172:23;178:13 trumped (1) 340:22 Truth (1) 234:13 try (25) 7:5;8:4;94:21;109:7,23; 111:9;136:9;182:11;185:7; 189:2,9;190:3;201:25;204:9;

212:18;296:3;338:24;339:1,10, 11;350:17;381:12;389:1; 409:9;410:12 trying (17) 14:22;23:17;82:24,25; 109:18;195:25;209:18;255:9; 296:6;370:14;376:6;381:9,20; 388:14;399:22;408:20;409:24 Tsou (4) 30:10;34:16,17;38:1 tube (2) 227:9,10 tubing (1) 218:2 tumbled (1) 305:15 tumor (1) 405:17 tuna (21) 60:3;71:16,17,23,25;72:3, 9;84:15,21;138:21;156:4;

200:23;201:6,8,8;202:5;207:8,

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9;225:22;272:25;354:24 turbine (1) 198:4 turn (13) 5:20;93:21;142:12;187:23;

246:4;247:23;277:22;322:11; 337:8,12;349:21;381:16;

404:15 turned (3) 261:4;368:12,16 turning (1) 14:25 turnpike (2) 198:10;209:19 turns (6) 93:20;135:4;145:5; 266:24;393:20;408:24 Tuscarora (1) 235:11 tv (2) 97:21;404:15 twelve (29) 7:11;17:23;24:20;38:16; 48:22;64:16;65:4;69:18;

114:25;156:12;159:5,8;175:4;

176:21;192:1,25;193:17;214: 3; 220:21;223:2;228:9;235:8; 247:6;262:6;310:9;326:25; 344:3;351:9;359:13 twelve-state (1) 298:25 twenty (58) 11:20;13:3;14:8;19:9,

12;20:25;24:20;27:13;34:24;

36:15;37:3;44:23;45:20;46:1;

50:9;54:6;64:16;73:5;81:23; 90:11;97:1,19,20,22;99:18; 111:19,19;114:23;120:11; 125:10,18;145:12;151:15; 155:7,22,23;176:20;193:18;

216:11;218:2;220:22;228:19;

237:21;245:17;247:18;254:15

;

282:14;291:4;301:12;312:24; 314:1;340:3;341:11;344:3;

347:24;359:12;369:16;409:21 twenty- (4) 59:15;274:9;349:2;

382:22 twenty-eight (1) 226:19 twenty-five (20) 24:11;86:20;90:11; 93:2;113:23;192:17;247:3; 300:23;305:18;314:16,18; 315:13;348:14,17;356:4; 378:25;383:3;384:5;400:9;

409:3 twenty-four (5) 14:6;157:16; 190:21;202:21;310:7 twenty-nine (2) 26:2;400:7 twenty-one (3) 23:22;35:18;361:13 twenty-seven (2) 226:21;282:20 twenty-six (3) 200:8;347:18;399:13 twenty-three (2) 17:19;60:8 twenty-two (3) 55:7;247:1;372:25 twice (1) 84:16twins (1) 215:22 two (96) 7:2,12,14,14;8:9;11:2,5;

17:23;22:20;24:20;28:17;30:8

;

38:25;43:7;53:1;56:12;59:13; 62:11;70:19;71:21,22;76:7; 78:25;79:1;88:19;90:2,3,8; 102:1,15;125:23;131:19;

133:18;137:15;138:10;143:6;

150:10;157:11;160:4;162:8,1 1;

166:10;167:8;179:17;180:12; 181:12;188:24,25;190:8; 201:18;204:8;210:22;221:21, 21;230:11;231:18;232:18; 235:1;237:21;241:4;246:12;

261:11;271:11;286:10;294:12; 297:19,20;299:1,23;311:9;

312:16;315:12;316:11;318:2,3, 24;322:3;338:13;339:16; 351:2;355:4;358:9;363:9; 371:17;374:5;378:23,24; 380:15;381:8;383:2;387:1; 404:9;405:15;409:1,2,2 two-fold (1) 141:11 type (15) 55:10;58:3;92:5;107:17; 140:1;146:9;184:25;196:25; 198:2;285:22;287:3;316:24; 334:14;335:23;410:18 types (10) 4:17;163:7;186:6; 207:13;225:22;257:4;274:14, 18;316:2;358:12 typical (3) 379:14;405:24;410:20 typically (5) 33:20;257:1;304:25; 340:25;394:1 Tyra (3) 199:19,19;202:20



### U

ubiquitous (1) 349:17 uh-uh (1) 388:5 ultimate (2) 403:10,20 ultimately (9) 27:17;161:5;164:13;

239:2,20;262:23;269:5;393:2 2;
394:20 ultra (1) 118:18 unabated (2) 171:12;346:17 unable (5) 126:11;181:9;218:7; 232:4;248:20 unacceptable (7) 81:24;160:19;

170:15;216:3;219:17;232:21;

396:10 unachievable (1) 278:22 unalienable (3) 241:3;244:14;

328:23 unaware (3) 155:2;299:3;345:9 unbelievable (1) 40:2 unborn (21) 52:19,23;53:1,4,13,14,

20;54:13,17;56:17;77:11;80:4

; 98:2;208:10;222:13;223:4;

236:3;270:19;313:13;330:17;

397:14 uncertainty (2) 269:11;349:14 unchecked (1) 274:17 uncommon (1) 253:7 uncompetitive (1) 279:16 unconnected (1) 368:1 unconscionable (1) 175:25 uncontaminated (1) 283:10 uncontrollably (1) 367:20 uncontrolled (5) 19:14;63:20; 176:13;178:6;251:23 uncovered (1) 299:4 undeniable (1) 40:1under (59) 4:6;9:24;10:12;28:11;

31:24;44:6;45:17;46:3;64:24; 70:9;80:1;88:19;92:8;93:4; 100:10;123:11,12;125:4;

126:21;133:21;140:12;158:23; 159:2,4,7,13;160:23;161:23;
162:1;165:20;169:13;170:20; 175:4;176:7;187:6;192:1,25; 218:24;221:21;235:5;243:8;

254:19;255:25;277:11;286:20, 24,24;287:21;289:6;291:7; 305:6;307:10;313:20;316:4;

325:4;358:12;361:12;388:25;

402:15 underestimating (1) 68:24 undergraduate (1) 64:23 underground (1) 373:9 underlying (1) 301:7 undermine (2) 47:12;370:13 under-regulated (1) 328:19 understated (1) 88:14 understood (1) 9:12 undertake (1) 92:23 underwent (1) 21:19 undoubtedly (1) 152:22 unemployed (1) 279:18 unequivocally (3) 254:7;269:7,8 unethical (1) 237:11 unfair (6) 202:7;258:14,18,18,19, 20 unfortunate (2) 265:6;352:11 unfortunately (11) 10:10;28:23; 43:12,25;102:12;160:7;256:5; 274:20;294:22;321:12;392:8 unfriendly (3) 106:7,22,25 unhampered (1) 214:22 unhealthy (3) 99:10;134:7;291:6 uniform (1) 290:10 unimaginable (1) 64:21 uninsured (1) 71:12 Union (10) 166:23,25;210:14;246:6, 9,10;247:1,5,12;270:23 unique (8) 250:7;260:4,8,12; 277:8;305:4;400:19;405:24 uniquely (4) 36:9;94:17,19;250:14 unit (4) 68:17;126:5;304:4,6 United (45) 18:2;23:6;24:12;25:13; 26:18,21;27:19;28:14;44:8,10; 53:2;55:1;69:2;76:14;78:20; 94:9;102:9;104:21;113:16;

115:19;151:23;153:3;192:14;

193:25;196:18;226:16;228:16; 245:19,19,20;246:15;273:22; 280:13;281:16,19;282:13;

288:23;297:20;310:15;349:19; 350:16;364:4;395:22;398:15;

399:5 units (29) 24:6;30:23;33:2,8,18;

34:7;68:9;69:24;117:17;118:1; 119:10,16;123:18,25;124:19; 125:2,3;126:3;161:25;277:4,

10;286:3,20;302:21,24;304:9; 316:8,12,15 universities (1) 67:3 University (9) 64:22;70:23;97:9; 112:8;197:15;206:15;271:20; 373:1;392:23 University's (1) 268:11 unjust (1) 10:25 unknown (2) 106:25;409:4 unlevel (1) 258:24 unlike (1) 199:6 unlikely (1) 386:13 unlimited (2) 273:13;299:23 unmistakable (1) 359:15 unnecessary (5) 35:1;151:18; 170:15;214:6;402:7 unpatriotic (1) 237:12 unregulated (7) 19:25;99:5;

161:13;221:7;233:12,15;313:3 unsafe (12) 9:25;27:20,24;77:5;

160:6;201:20,22;225:15;231:7; 233:11;283:13;379:10 unsubstantiated (1) 253:11 unsurprisingly (1) 72:22 unthinkable (1) 241:4 untouched (1) 172:23 untreated (1) 350:15 unwarranted (1) 34:11 unwise (1) 102:11 up (202) 3:13;7:2,5,18;11:17;12:12; 13:2,4,6;14:3,20;15:6;17:4,22;

19:18;20:8;21:16;35:7,9;38:7; 39:5;42:4;47:24;48:20;50:19;
54:4;56:14;61:8;63:12;65:17; 66:11;67:24;69:7;72:3;76:9;

78:20;79:3;81:6;82:16;83:16; 84:15;99:6,17;111:11,19; 126:12;131:20;133:6,9,13;

137:4;138:25;140:16;145:24; 146:11;147:7,14;149:20;

155:20;156:21;166:19;167:7,

11,14,25;168:6;171:18;172:21; 173:21;176:19;177:23;182:4, 10;184:21;185:9,11;187:23; 189:2,22;190:3,8;191:25;

197:24;199:18;201:18;203:1; 204:9,10,18,19;205:13,19;

206:25;209:18;210:12;211:25; 212:9;213:16;214:9;216:7;

223:10;228:5;238:17;240:23; 259:2;260:13;261:10;263:5; 265:9,9;266:4,15,18;267:8;

269:17;271:21,24;272:11,11, 12,13;281:22;283:4;288:10; 296:4;298:5;303:7;308:10;

311:19;313:24;314:5;318:14; 319:3;322:14;323:5;325:17; 326:19;331:11,20,25;332:9;

334:11;336:25;337:11;338:9, 15,25;339:19;342:2,11,15;

343:18,24,25;346:6;349:13,24;

351:22;353:22;354:10;356:12; 359:10;363:3,23,24;364:22;
367:6,7;371:7;373:7;375:17; 376:14;380:19,24,25;382:5; 383:7;384:15;385:25;390:1;

391:13,16,18,18;396:18;397:3;

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399:22,25;400:2,21,21,22; 401:20;402:1;406:5;407:8; 408:22,24;409:2,7,18;410:9 update (5) 4:14;124:8;186:2; 228:14;335:16 updated (8) 4:12;65:14;66:7;

124:9;177:21;185:23;195:1;

223:19 updates (1) 104:14 updating (2) 176:7;317:21 upgrade (1) 329:4 upgrades (1) 148:7 upheld (1) 231:25 uphill (1) 216:12 upon (12) 28:7;31:1;55:24;68:12;

121:10;157:19;165:1;166:6; 243:14;244:1;304:6;323:11 Upper (1) 133:24 ups (1) 327:25 upset (1) 200:13 upsetting (1) 207:18 upstairs (1) 212:12 upstate (1) 331:3 urge (29) 23:16;34:1;40:25;46:1; 47:15;51:2,21;66:15;69:19;

74:17;95:8;111:24;164:10,21;

165:3;178:21;194:2,21;255:1; 259:9;270:8;273:1;275:4;

317:4;347:2;360:13;365:13; 375:4;390:23 urged (1) 100:16 urgent (1) 196:6 urges (2) 78:3;312:13 urging (1) 319:25 URS (4) 304:19,23;305:23;306:9 USA (2) 43:12,25 usage (3) 281:8;345:11,11 use (39) 9:5;14:24,24;30:9,15;

37:16;49:16;67:11;73:3;115:6

;

116:17;125:21;131:11;142:11

,

11,13;143:12;144:21;146:2;

153:4,12;178:10;180:4;185:2 4;

194:13;196:25;216:9;244:7,9;

271:14;277:7,13;281:13;284: 9; 292:6;348:18,19;390:9,9 used (33) 4:13,16;11:2;65:19;

118:2;126:14;129:19;134:2,2 2;

135:3,5;140:3;141:13;143:16, 19;159:1;186:1,4;194:12;

245:21;253:15;262:8;271:10;281:3;282:25;292:19;294:4; 335:14,19;370:10;378:19; 387:21;409:8 useful (3) 122:1;182:20;206:21 uses (1) 232:12 ushered (1) 305:19 using (18) 15:1;33:4;131:11;

140:11;144:24;159:3;174:22;

194:16;197:11;198:20;247:21

,

25;283:21;364:12,12;372:11; 374:25;388:20 US's (1) 149:7 Usterhoudt (3) 240:9,12,13 usually (1) 371:8 utero (6) 160:20;215:15;299:14; 310:5;330:11;383:24 utilities (9) 13:9;17:15;18:1;69:1; 81:15;99:13;100:21;192:13;
361:2 utility (45) 13:4;24:5;25:11;46:6,12; 54:7;68:10;69:4;88:11,24; 92:14;99:4;101:3,5;122:9,22; 124:11;127:14;143:19;177:17; 192:5;197:24;209:11;230:19; 250:10;251:14;252:11;256:12, 23;260:11;265:4,15,17;269:5, 13;276:25;277:3;278:5;279:5; 280:8;282:2;285:4;286:2; 301:1,4 utilize (2) 118:15;119:14 utilizing (2) 276:7;278:12



### V

vacate (1) 286:8 vacated (3) 31:1;158:17,20 vacating (1) 180:14 vaccines (3) 348:1,3,19 Valley (3) 12:20;55:14;87:21 valuable (1) 249:1 value (9) 10:14,20,22;151:17;

177:2;178:23;239:12;252:17;

314:8 values (5) 174:23;175:19;185:8; 226:23;334:24 vandals (1) 61:2 vanish (1) 279:21 variability (2) 89:15;378:3 variance (1) 285:12 variety (3) 281:4;299:20;366:21 various (6) 100:18;101:2;194:23; 281:6;314:2;380:13 varying (3) 68:20;287:1;288:4 vascular (2) 71:7;113:2 vast (6) 45:21;90:24;124:19; 158:17;285:23;388:19 vegetarian (2) 200:9,10 vegetarians (1) 354:24 veins (1) 266:11 venture (1) 150:4 venues (1) 345:14 verbal (1) 321:22 Vermont (1) 300:7 Versace (15) 2:15;183:21;209:25;

210:2,6,8,10;286:10;287:2,8, 13,15;306:11,17;333:11 verse (3) 266:6;267:7;269:17 version (3) 29:19,22;182:12 viability (1) 392:9 viable (2) 198:5;199:9 vials (1) 262:2 Vice (2) 8:25;62:16 vicinity (1) 87:10 victims (2) 368:10;384:2 video (1) 402:13 Vietnamese (2) 60:14,23 view (6) 36:22;88:23;89:16; 108:10;306:6;368:5 viewed (1) 368:8 views (5) 62:25;66:18;182:9; 285:12;300:17 village (3) 367:9,12,19 villagers (1) 368:16 Villanova (2) 64:24;67:2 violation (2) 180:2,3 violence (4) 149:24;150:3;394:1, 18 violent (1) 150:4 Virginia (8) 11:14;54:22;132:9; 261:10;276:14,17;383:2;

402:14 virtually (1) 281:17 viscerally (1) 330:4 visibility (1) 194:5 visible (1) 134:14 visit (1) 41:21 visited (1) 248:18 visiting (1) 181:3 visits (15) 17:24;21:1;24:21;64:17; 115:1;119:9;120:17;176:22;

193:18;220:22;242:11;291:24; 341:2;344:4;359:14 visual (1) 222:23 vital (7) 71:20;243:9;307:9; 312:17;340:9;378:6;381:1 vitamins (1) 71:3 VOC's (1) 37:7 voice (8) 9:4;195:18,19;236:24; 251:1;276:15;397:13;405:24 voiced (1) 171:1 voices (2) 108:4;402:3 voicing (1) 18:18 volatile (2) 35:6;343:5 volcanoes (1) 149:11 volume (2) 46:21;138:19 voluminous (1) 224:17 voluntarily (2) 178:3;391:10 volunteer (5) 156:22;278:1;340:4; 377:7;380:12 volunteered (1) 374:11 volunteering (1) 324:13 volunteers (1) 228:24 vote (3) 137:8;404:24,25 Voters (2) 320:12,16 vous (2) 147:19;170:22 vulnerability (1) 173:9 vulnerable (26) 43:2;58:18;73:25; 97:6;193:10;203:10;214:19;

222:16;236:2,24;237:8;243:16;

250:4;251:12;253:24;298:1,23;

299:13;313:14;358:24;361:7,9; 363:18;379:18;396:3;397:12



### W

wading (1) 102:23 wait (13) 14:7;19:7,8;28:17,24;29:1;

169:18;309:5,5;374:22;375:1; 381:25;384:11waited (3) 37:3;54:11;81:19

waiting (6) 85:22;180:11;242:21; 269:23;296:10;338:20 waiver (1) 257:13 wake (1) 167:14 Walgreens (1) 293:12 Walk (4) 54:23;245:5;263:20;

355:2 walked (2) 54:21;55:17 WALKER-HOOD (2) 217:10,11 walking (2) 355:2,3 walks (2) 38:21;182:16 wall (1) 349:24 walleye (2) 351:12,19 Wal-Mart (1) 410:3 Walter (2) 30:10;34:16 Walton (4) 102:3;104:13,13;

105:10 wants (5) 97:11;189:11;196:7; 338:21;347:1 warm (1) 371:20 warming (1) 247:17 Warner (4) 311:20,23,24;320:7 warning (4) 171:24;263:22;264:11, 16 warnings (3) 87:13;238:21;364:4 warrant (2) 277:10;291:6 warranted (1) 70:10 warrants (1) 237:2 Warren (1) 87:8 wash (1) 27:15 Washington (7) 54:22;57:1; 146:11;147:5;186:19;250:2;

303:3 waste (41) 35:4;87:5;106:18,19; 140:18,20,23;141:5,10,12,19,

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### Z

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