U.S. Department of Justice

Office of Justice Programs

Bureau of Justice Statistics

Special Report

August 2008, NCJ 222180

Characteristics of State Parole 

Supervising Agencies, 2006

Thomas P. Bonczar

BJS Statistician

Overview

State parole supervising agencies employed nearly 65,000 

full-time and 2,900 part-time workers on June 30, 2006, 

according to findings from the 2006 Census of State Parole 

Supervising Agencies. The average caseload was 38 

active parolees for each full-time equivalent (FTE) position 

devoted to parole supervision. About half of parole supervising agencies had a role in releasing prisoners to parole, 

setting the conditions of supervision, or conducting revocation hearings. 

The census collected information from 52 state agencies 

which included 2,287 separate administrative, regional, and 

other offices (table 1). These agencies reported that they 

supervised 660,959 adult parolees or about 83% of the 

798,202 parolees reported at yearend 2006 in the Annual 

Parole Survey. (See Probation and Parole in the United 

States, 2006, available at <http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/

abstract/ppus06.htm>.)

Combined parole and probation agencies supervised 

4 times as many offenders on probation as on parole

On June 30, 2006, 35 of the reporting state parole supervising agencies also supervised adults on probation. Parole 

is a period of conditional supervised release following a 

prison term. Criminal offenders sentenced to a period of 

correctional supervision in the community are on probation. 

These combined parole-probation supervision agencies 

supervised about 4 times as many offenders on probation 

(1,200,570) as on parole (269,416). 

The 1.2 million probationers represented about a quarter of 

the estimated 4,237,023 adults on probation on December 

31, 2006, as reported in the 2006 Annual Probation Survey. 

Among the agencies that provided information, 17 supervised paroled offenders only. These agencies had 503 

offices—less than a quarter of the total number of 

offices—but they supervised more than half of the total 

parole population. 

Table 1. Number of state adult parole supervising agencies, offices, and adult parole and probation population, 

by type of agency, June 30, 2006

Number of 

parole agencies

Number of parole 

agency officesa

Adult parole population Adult probation population

Type of agency Number Percent Number Percent

Agency administrationb 52 2,287 660,959 100% 1,200,570 100%

Department of Corrections 38 1,804 454,387 69% 920,203 77%

Independent parole agency 11 369 162,329 25 190,021 16

Otherc 3 114 44,243 7 90,346 8

Population servedb

Parolees 17 503 391,543 59% ~ ~

Parolees and probationers 35 1,784 269,416 41 1,200,570 100

Note: See appendix table 1 for state-level data and Explanatory notes for details on reporting.

~Not applicable.

aParole offices that comprised the 52 agencies on June 30, 2006, including administrative offices, regional offices, and all

 separate sub-offices, such as field offices; includes estimates for Illinois, Wisconsin, and Virginia. 

bExcludes local parole supervision agencies in Alabama and Pennsylvania.

cIncludes the Arkansas Department of Community Corrections, the Nevada Department of Public Safety, and one response

representing Oregon's county-based parole system.

Detailed information is available in appendix tables in the online version of 

this report on the BJS website at <http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/

cspsa06.pdf>.

Revised 3/16/09
2 Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006

Seven state agencies reported that they supervised 

juveniles on probation or parole in addition to adults; 

however, not all agencies reported the number of juveniles on supervision.

State parole supervising agencies located in a department of corrections supervised a smaller percentage of 

parolees (69%) than probationers (77%). In comparison, agencies that were independent of a department of 

corrections supervised a larger share of parolees (25%) 

than probationers (16%). Ten independent agencies 

were located in the executive branch of government; 

one (Alabama) was in the legislative branch. Other 

parole agencies supervised nearly an equal share of 

parolees (7%) and probationers (8%).

Five agencies supervised half of the parole 

population

Five state agencies accounted for about half of the 

adults under parole supervision on June 30, 2006 

(table 2). These five agencies include the Departments 

of Corrections in California (125,067 adults on parole);1

Texas (101,175); and Illinois (33,354); and two independent agencies, New York (53,215) and Pennsylvania (24,956, excluding adults supervised by county 

parole offices). Pennsylvania also supervised adults on 

probation (3,777) at midyear 2006. 

State parole supervising agencies employed nearly 

65,000 full-time and 2,900 part-time workers

Including payroll staff, nonpayroll staff, and contract 

staff, an estimated 65,000 full-time and 2,900 part-time 

workers were employed by the 52 state parole supervising agencies on June 30, 2006 (table 3). This number includes imputed estimates for parole supervising 

agencies in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Oregon that did not 

provide information on staffing in the census. Nonpayroll staff included those on the payroll of other government agencies, unpaid interns, and volunteers.

In the 49 state agencies that provided information, 82% 

of full-time employees worked for a department of corrections, 16% worked for an independent parole 

agency, and 1% for another type of agency. Nearly all 

part-time employees (96%) worked for a department of 

corrections. When viewed by type of population 

served, 66% of full-time workers and 81% of part-time 

workers were employed by an agency that supervised 

both parolees and probationers.

1An additional 67 parolees were under supervision by the California 

Juvenile Justice Division on June 30, 2006.

Table 2. Characteristics of adult parole supervising agencies, 

June 30, 2006

Region and jurisdiction

Agency 

administration

Number of 

parole agency 

officesa Adult parole 

populationb

Adult 

probation

population

State total 2,287 660,959 1,200,570

Northeast 160 101,413 35,673

Connecticut DOC 11 2,838 ~

Maine DOC 25 32 7,986

Massachusetts Independent 12 3,362 ~

New Hampshire DOC 16 1,672 4,674

New Jersey Independent 13 13,770 ~

New York Independent 39 53,215 ~

Pennsylvaniab Independent 27 24,956 3,777

Rhode Island DOC 5 512 11,267

Vermont DOC 12 1,056 7,969

Midwest 483 123,870 325,087

Illinoisc DOC ** 33,354 ~

Indiana DOC 9 7,863 ~

Iowa DOC 46 3,973 22,318

Kansas DOC 20 4,882 ~

Michigan DOC 109 16,267 54,178

Minnesotad DOC 110 4,444 127,797

Missouri DOC 59 17,089 51,498

Nebraska DOC 7 697 ~

North Dakota DOC 18 380 4,096

Ohio DOC 53 16,280 10,112

South Dakota DOC 10 2,584 ~

Wisconsine DOC ** 16,057 55,088

South 1,132 243,057 698,956

Alabamab Independent 72 9,014 41,509

Arkansas Other 49 18,092 32,220

Delawaree DOC 13 634 18,333

District of Columbiae Independent 12 5,135 7,009

Florida DOC 156 4,832 183,855

Georgia Independent 58 23,060 ~

Kentucky DOC 60 10,653 24,330

Louisiana DOC 21 23,905 39,047

Maryland Independent 43 14,132 61,558

Mississippi DOC 81 2,003 24,612

North Carolina DOC 228 3,311 112,416

Oklahomae DOC 79 3,506 25,173

South Carolina Independent 51 4,413 33,437

Tennessee Independent 36 9,148 42,731

Texas DOC 77 101,175 ~

Virginiab DOC ** 8,609 52,726

West Virginia DOC 35 1,435 ~

West 512 192,619 140,854

Alaskae DOC 17 1,009 5,888

Arizona DOC 19 7,473 ~

Californiab DOC 95 125,067 ~

California Juvenile 

Justice Divisionb DOC 17 67 ~

Colorado DOC 41 8,577 ~

Hawaii Independent 6 2,124 ~

Idaho DOC 28 2,549 12,741

Montana DOC 23 999 9,079

Nevada Other 12 3,856 13,320

New Mexico DOC 50 2,964 11,384

Oregonf Other 53 22,295 44,806

Utah DOC 17 3,535 10,676

Washington DOC 110 11,553 30,787

Wyoming DOC 24 551 2,173

Note: DOC indicates Department of Corrections. Explanatory notes in the 

report’s technical supplement offer further detail.

~ Not applicable. 

** Not known.

aIncludes an estimated 103 offices for Illinois, Wisconsin, and Virginia. 

bData may differ from other BJS publications. 

c

Data are for December 31, 2007.

dIncludes 3,066 adult parolees under active supervision in 16 Community 

Corrections Act agencies in 65 offices. The state provided direct parole supervision in the remaining counties.

eSome or all data estimated. 

f

County government agencies provided adult parole supervision in Oregon.

Revised 3/16/09
Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006 3

Among state agencies that provided information 

about their employees, nearly all full-time workers 

(94%) and about half of part-time workers (47%) 

were on the payroll. An equal percentage of the 

remaining full-time employees were nonpayroll staff 

and contract staff (3% each). Among part-time workers, 40% were nonpayroll staff and 13% were contractors. 

Men (51%) and women (49%) made up nearly equal 

percentages of full-time employees. Women were 

58% of part-time employees.

Average caseload was 38 active parolees for 

each FTE devoted to supervision

Respondents were asked to report the portion of fulltime equivalent (FTE) staff positions devoted to 

direct supervision of adult offenders on active parole 

on June 30, 2006. The census included directions 

for counting the time that full-time and part-time 

employees had available for supervising parolees. 

Respondents were also asked to count just that portion of time available for supervision of parolees 

among employees who divided their time between 

supervision of parolees and other responsibilities. 

An estimated 14,000 FTE staff supervised about 

528,000 adults active on parole on June 30, 2006 in 

the 52 agencies included in the census (table 4). 

Staff positions allocated to supervision of offenders 

on active parole amounted to about 1 in 5 of the estimated 65,000 full-time and 2,900 part-time staff 

members. This resulted in an average caseload at 

midyear 2006 of 38 persons on active parole supervision for each FTE staff position devoted to adult 

parole supervision.

An average of 49 parolees were on active supervision for 

each FTE position devoted to supervision in agencies that 

supervised only parolees (based on 16 agencies that provided information). Among agencies that had authority for 

both parolees and probationers, 28 parolees were on active 

supervision per FTE position (based on 25 agencies). 

These caseload calculations do not take into account differences in the offenses for which parolees had been incarcerated or differences in their required levels of supervision.

Table 3. Full-time and part-time employees of state adult parole 

supervising agencies, by type of agency and staff, June 30, 2006

State parole supervising agency employees

Full-time Part-time

Type of agency and staff Number

Percent of 

persons with a 

known status Number

Percent of persons with a 

known status

Estimated total staffa 65,000 2,900

Agency administration 56,935 100% 2,478 100%

Department of 

Corrections 46,918 82 2,384 96

Independent parole 

agency 9,215 16 86 3

Other 802 1 8 --

Population served

by agency 56,935 100% 2,478 100%

Parolees 19,348 34 475 19

Parolees and 

probationers 37,587 66 2,003 81

Type of employmentb 56,935 100% 2,478 100%

Payroll 53,401 94 1,169 47

Nonpayroll 1,791 3 996 40

Contract 1,743 3 313 13

Genderc 53,757 100% 1,729 100%

Male 27,436 51 731 42

Female 26,321 49 998 58

Note: Data may not sum to total because of rounding. Tables 15 and 16 give staffing data in greater detail.

--Less than 0.5%.

aIncludes an estimated 8,065 full-time and 422 part-time staff members in Illinois, 

Oregon, and Wisconsin. 

bFor state specific data on adult parole supervising agency staff, see table 15. 

cAmong agencies that provided information, gender was not reported for 6% of 

full-time staff and 30% of part-time staff. For state specific data, see table 16. 

Table 4. Full-time equivalent (FTE) positions supervising 

active parolees, and average adult parolee caseload per 

FTE position, by type of agency, June 30, 2006

Number of fulltime FTE positions 

supervising active 

parolees

Average active 

parolees per 

Type of agency FTE position

Estimated agency total* 14,000 38

Agency administration 11,089 39

Department of Corrections 7,236 41

Independent parole agency 3,008 40

Other 845 18

Population served 11,089 39

Parolees 5,806 49

Parolees and probationers 5,283 28

Note: Data may not sum to total because of rounding. See appendix table 2 for state-level data.

*Includes an estimated 2,911 FTE positions in 11 agencies

that did not report this information; average active parolees per 

FTE position estimated based on 528,000 parolees on active 

supervision. 
4 Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006

Two-thirds of paroled offenders were required to meet 

with a parole officer at least once a month

Two-thirds of adult offenders on parole were required to 

have face-to-face contact with a parole officer at least once 

a month, including 14% who were required to have weekly 

face-to-face contact (table 5). An additional 17% of paroled 

offenders were required to meet with their parole officers 

less than once a month or to maintain contact by mail, telephone, or other means. Thirteen percent of paroled offenders were no longer required to report on a regular basis. A 

reporting frequency had not yet been determined for 3% of 

paroled offenders. Nearly 8 in 10 adult offenders were on 

active parole supervision. 

Half of parole supervising agencies had a role in 

releasing prisoners to parole, setting the conditions of 

supervision, or conducting revocation hearings

Twenty-six of the 50 state agencies providing information 

reported that, as of June 30, 2006, they participated in 

releasing persons from prison to parole supervision, setting 

the terms or conditions of adult parole supervision, or 

conducting parole revocation hearings (table 6). Of the 26 

agencies that performed at least one of these functions, 14 

performed all 3 functions. The remaining 24 agencies that 

responded performed none of these functions. Two agencies did not provide information.

Nineteen of 50 parole supervising agencies reported at 

midyear 2006 that they considered prisoners for release. In 

the census, 13 parole supervising agencies reported that 

between July 1, 2005, and June 30, 2006, they considered 

126,641 prisoners for release and released 57,850—a rate 

of 46 prisoners released per 100 considered. Some prisoners considered for release may have been released after 

this period, and some of those released may have been 

considered for release before the period. 

Table 5. Levels and status of adults on parole, state adult 

parole supervising agencies, June 30, 2006

Characteristica Adult parole 

population

Percent of 

parolees with a 

known status

Total number of adults on parole 660,959

Supervision level 547,844 100%

Required number of face-to-face 

contacts with a parole officer 

At least once per week 74,877 14

At least once per month 294,246 54

Less than once per monthb 90,958 17

Regular reporting no longer 

required 73,582 13

Reporting frequency not yet 

determined 14,181 3

Status of supervision 611,548 100%

Activec 483,791 79

Inactive 26,686 4

Absconder 61,733 10

Supervised out of state 27,455 4

Financial conditions remaining 66 --

Other 11,817 2

Note: Detail may not sum to total because of rounding. See appendix 

table 3 for state-level data.

-- Less than 0.5%.

aEach characteristic had persons of unknown status. Jurisdictions

did not report data for 17% of supervision level and 7% of status of 

supervision. 

bMay have included regular contact by mail, telephone, or other 

means.

c

An estimated 528,000 parolees were on active supervision on June 

30, 2006, including agencies that did not report status of supervision.

Table 6. State adult parole supervising agencies that 

considered prisoners for release, set the terms/conditions

of supervision, or conducted parole revocation hearings, 

June 30, 2006

On June 30, 2006, did the parole 

supervising agency— 

Number of 

agencies

Percent of 

agencies with 

a known status

Consider prisoners for release? 50 100%

Yesa 19 38

No 31 62

Set the terms or conditions of adult 

parole supervision?

Yesb 20 40%

No 30 60

Who performed the function?c

Parole board 27

Courts 2

Other DOC agency 1

Other independent agency 3

Have responsibility for conducting 

parole revocation hearings?

Yesd 18 36%

No 32 64

Who performed the function?c

Parole board 30

Other DOC agency 1

Other independent agency 1

The number of functions performed 

by the parole supervising agency was— 

None 24 48%

1 9 18

2 36

3 14 28

Note: See appendix tables 4 and 5 for state-level data on agencies considering prisoners for parole and those responsible for conducting parole 

revocation hearings.

aBetween July 1, 2005, and June 30, 2006, 13 agencies that provided 

information considered 126,641 prisoners for release (some of whom 

may not have been released until after June 30, 2006) and released 

57,850 (46 per 100 considered), some of whom may have been considered for release prior to July 1, 2005.

bIn 14 jurisdictions both the parole supervising agency and the parole 

board set the terms or conditions of supervision.

c

More than one other entity may have performed a function within a 

jurisdiction.

dAll 18 parole supervising agencies that conducted revocation hearings 

shared the responsibility with a parole board. Seventeen agencies that 

provided information conducted 67,534 parole revocation hearings 

between July 1, 2005, and June 30, 2006.
Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006 5

North Dakota released 76 prisoners per 100 considered for 

release and Connecticut released 71 (table 7). Arizona 

released 13 per 100. The census did not collect information 

on the characteristics of prisoners considered for release.

Paroled offenders are frequently required to abide by one 

or more conditions of supervision when released into the 

community. Such conditions may include payment of 

supervision fees, submission to drug testing, finding 

employment, and fulfilling requirements for treatment. Adult 

parole supervising agencies in 20 states reported that they 

set the terms or conditions of adult parole supervision. In 

14 of these states, the parole board also had a role. The 30 

parole supervising agencies reporting that they did not perform this function most frequently identified the parole 

board (27 jurisdictions) as the entity that set the terms or 

conditions of supervision.

Failure to abide by the terms or conditions of supervision 

may result in revocation of parole. Revocation can result in 

the return of the paroled offender to incarceration or lead to 

modification of the conditions of parole supervision. 

Seventeen of the 18 agencies that had responsibility for 

conducting parole revocation hearings held 67,534 hearings between July 1, 2005, and June 30, 2006. Based on 

the number of adults on parole in these agencies during the 

year ending June 30, 2006, no more than one in five parolees had a revocation hearing.2 This is because some parolees may have had more than one revocation hearing. 

A total of 317,828 parolees were at risk of re-incarceration 

in these 17 agencies, including an estimated 203,125 

adults on parole on June 30, 2005, plus an estimated 

114,703 who entered parole supervision between July 1, 

2005, and June 30, 2006 (not shown in table). 

Each of the 18 agencies that conducted parole revocation 

hearings reported sharing this responsibility with a parole 

board. Thirty of the 32 supervising agencies that did not 

conduct revocation hearings identified the parole board as 

the authority performing this function.

Up to 16% of at-risk parolees in some agencies were 

re-incarcerated for a failed drug test

All 50 parole supervising agencies that provided information reported testing paroled offenders for the use of illegal 

drugs during the year ending June 30, 2006. Eight agencies were able to report the number of parolees returned to 

incarceration between July 1, 2005, and June 30, 2006, 

due to a drug violation detected during agency testing. 

These agencies re-incarcerated between less than 0.5% 

and 16% of those estimated to have been at risk of reincarceration (table 8). The population at risk of re-incarceration in these agencies included adults who were on parole 

on June 30, 2005, plus those who entered parole between 

July 1, 2005, and June 30, 2006. 

2This was calculated by dividing 67,534 parole revocation hearings 

by an estimated 317,828 parolees at risk of re-incarceration.

Table 7. States in which adult parole supervising agencies 

considered prisoners for release, June 30, 2006

Prisoners, July 1, 2005 to June 30, 2006—

Considered 

for releasea Number 

releaseda Number released per 100 considered

Jurisdictions reportingb 126,641 57,850 46

Alabamac 9,394 3,111 33

Arizona 411 55 13

California Juvenile 

Justice Division **  

Connecticut 3,503 2,470 71

Georgia **  10,794 **

Hawaii 1,797 718 40

Massachusetts   ** 

Michigan 20,214 10,365 51

New Jersey 12,859 7,505 58

New York 24,731 10,946 44

North Carolinad 7,568 26,457 :

North Dakota 996 752 76

Ohio 12,503 5,793 46

Pennsylvaniac 19,644 10,368 53

Rhode Island **  

South Carolina 4,905 1,093 22

South Dakota 1,233 552 45

Tennessee 14,451 4,122 29

Virginia 5,522 **  **

Note: See appendix table 4 for state-level data.

** Not known.

: Not calculated.

aSome prisoners considered for release between 7/1/2005 and

6/30/2006 may not have been released until after 6/30/2006, and some 

released during this period may have been considered for release prior 

to 7/1/2005.

bExcludes Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia.

c

Excludes local parole supervision agencies.

dNumber considered for release restricted to supervised release cases. 

Number released includes all prison exits, including supervised 

releases.

Table 8. Adults on parole returned to incarceration, 

July 1, 2005, to June 30, 2006, as a result of a drug violation 

detected during agency testing

Region and 

jurisdiction

Total parole 

population at 

risk of re-incarceration, on 

6/30/2006a

Adult parolees returned to prison, 

between 7/1/2005 and 6/30/2006, as 

a result of a drug violation detected 

during agency testingb

Number Percent

Florida 10,971 315 2.9%

Hawaii 2,923 284 9.7

Michigan 31,022 1,958 6.3

Pennsylvaniac 35,595 1,264 3.6

South Dakota 4,282 675 15.8

Tennessee 12,568 47 --

Utah 5,821 545 9.4

Wyoming 940 51 5.4

Note: See appendix table 6 for state-level data.

--Less than 0.5%.

aIncludes estimates of the number of adults on parole on 6/30/2005, 

plus those who entered parole between 7/1/2005, and 6/30/2006.

bSome parolees returned to prison between 7/1/2005 and 6/30/2006, 

as a result of a drug violation may have had a drug test prior to 7/1/

2005.

c

Counts varied from those reported in other BJS publications. 

Revised 3/16/09
6 Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006

Information about the number of paroled offenders tested 

and whether testing was done upon entry to supervision, 

randomly, or upon suspicion of use, was not obtained.

Nearly all agencies report use of drug, sex offender, 

or mental health treatment programs

On June 30, 2006, 47 of 49 parole supervising agencies 

reported having paroled offenders enrolled in a drug treatment program run by a formally trained professional 

(table 9). In the 21 agencies that provided enrollment 

counts, an average of 10.9% of all paroled offenders 

(28,084 of 258,652) were enrolled in such a program. 

Nearly all agencies (46) also reported that paroled offenders were enrolled in a self-help or drug awareness program 

such as Narcotics Anonymous or Cocaine Anonymous. 

Seven of these agencies, supervising 26,333 parolees, 

reported that 4,510 parolees (17.1%) were in these programs on June 30, 2006. The other agencies were unable 

to provide counts.

Nearly all parole supervision agencies also reported having 

paroled adult offenders enrolled in a sex offender treatment 

program (46 agencies), or a mental health treatment program (47) (table 10). Twenty-six agencies reported that 

3.7% of paroled offenders were enrolled in a sex offender 

treatment program, and 17 agencies reported that 9.0% of 

paroled offenders were enrolled in a mental health treatment program operated by a formally trained mental health 

professional. Among the agencies that provided information, a greater percentage of paroled offenders were 

enrolled in drug treatment programs than in sex offender or 

mental health programs.

2 in 5 parole supervising agencies operated 

or contracted a housing service for paroled offenders 

Respondents were asked whether their parole agency had 

a program that provided assistance to parolees in obtaining 

housing, beyond an occasional referral by a parole officer 

to an apartment building or landlord. 

Among 50 state supervising agencies that provided information, 7 reported having a working relationship with a 

state or county housing agency, and 6 had a contract with a 

private rental agency to refer paroled offenders to landlords 

(table 11). Four agencies operated an in-house service to 

provide housing referrals to paroled offenders. Ten other 

agencies operated other types of programs. 

Twenty of the 50 agencies that provided information indicated that as of June 30, 2006, they had some type of formal housing assistance program for paroled offenders 

(table 12). Four agencies offered two or more types of 

housing assistance programs.

Table 9. Adult supervising agencies’ use of drug 

treatment programs, by type of program, June 30, 2006

On June 30, 2006, were any 

parolees enrolled in a—

Number of 

agencies

Percent of 

agencies with a 

known status

Drug treatment program run by 

a formally trained drug treatment 

professional? 49 100%

Yesa 47 96

No 2 4

Self-help or drug awareness 

program?b 49 100%

Yesc 46 94

No 3 6

Note: See appendix table 6 for state-level data. Excludes Illinois, 

Mississippi, and Wisconsin, for which no information was available. 

aOf 258,652 parolees under supervision in 21 agencies that provided information, 28,084 (10.9%) were enrolled in a drug treatment 

program operated by a formally trained professional.

bSuch as Narcotics Anonymous (NA) or Cocaine Anonymous (CA).

cOf 26,333 parolees under supervision in 7 agencies that provided 

information, 4,510 (17.1%) were enrolled in a self-help or drug 

awareness program like NA or CA.

Table 10. Adult supervising agencies’ use of sex offender 

and mental health treatment programs, by type of program, 

June 30, 2006

On June 30, 2006, were any 

parolees enrolled in a—

Number of 

agencies

Percent of 

agencies with a 

known status

Sex offender treatment program? 47 100%

Yesa 46 98

No 1 2

Mental health treatment program run 

by a formally trained mental health 

professional? 49 100%

Yesb 47 96

No 2 4

Note: See appendix table 7 for state-level data. Excludes states for 

which no information was available, including Illinois, Mississippi, 

and Wisconsin for both types of treatment programs, and also Alabama and Maine for sex offender treatment programs.

aOf 409,543 parolees under supervision in 25 agencies that provided 

information, 14,966 (3.7%) were enrolled in a sex offender treatment 

program.

bOf 353,114 parolees under supervision in 17 agencies that provided 

information, 31,605 (9.0%) were enrolled in a mental health treatment program run by a formally trained mental health professional.
Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006 7

Half of parole supervising agencies offered some type 

of formal employment assistance

Other than an occasional referral by a parole officer to a job 

opening or to a particular employer, the most frequent type 

of formal employment assistance provided by parole supervising agencies involved a working relationship with a state 

or county employment agency (17 agencies). Nearly equal 

numbers of parole supervising agencies reported that 

paroled offenders received employment assistance through 

a contract with a private employment service (8 agencies), 

that the parole agency operated an in-house employment 

service for paroled offenders (6 agencies), or that some 

other type of employment assistance was provided (6 

agencies). 

Overall, 25 of the 50 adult parole supervising agencies that 

provided information had some type of organized program 

to provide employment assistance to paroled offenders at 

midyear 2006 (table 13). Seven agencies offered more 

than one type of employment assistance program.

Table 11. Housing and employment assistance programs provided by adult parole agencies, June 30, 2006

Type of assistance Number of agencies

Housing assistance 50

Parole agency—

• operated a formal housing service that referred parolees to specific landlords or group homes with which 

the agency had a working relationship 4

• had a contract with a private rental housing agency (or agencies) that referred parolees to specific landlords 6

• had a formal working relationship with a state/county housing agency and regularly received reports 

on parolees from the agency 7

• offered some other type of program 10

Employment assistance 50

Parole agency —

• operated a formal employment service that referred parolees to specific job openings or to employers with 

whom the agency had a working relationship 6

• had a contract with a private employment service that referred parolees to specific job openings or

employers 8

• had a formal working relationship with a state or county employment agency and regularly received reports 

on parolees from the agency 17

• offered some other type of program 6

Note: See appendix tables 8 and 9 for state-level data. Excludes Illinois and Wisconsin for which no information was available.

Table 12. Number of formal housing assistance programs 

offered by adult parole supervising agencies, June 30, 

2006

Number of formal housing

assistance programs

Adult parole supervising agencies

Number Percent

None 30 60%

1 16 32

2 12

3 36

Agencies providing information 50 100%

Note: See appendix table 8 for state-level data. Counts limited to statelevel reporting. Excludes Illinois and Wisconsin for which no information was available. 

Table 13. Number of employment assistance programs 

offered by adult parole supervising agencies, June 30, 2006

Number of employment 

programs

Adult parole supervising agencies

Number Percent

None 25 50%

1 18 36

2 36

3 48

Agencies providing information 50 100%

Note: See appendix table 9 for state-level data. Counts limited to statelevel reporting. Excludes Illinois and Wisconsin for which no information 

was available. 
8 Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006

Methodology

The 2006 Census of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 

with a reference date of June 30, 2006, was sent to 68 

respondents, including 50 central state reporters, the California Juvenile Justice Division, and the District of Columbia (table 14). Sixteen local Minnesota Community Corrections Act agencies were asked to provide information on 

staffing and supervision not available from the state. The 

purpose of the census was to collect information about 

parole supervising organizations.

In contrast with the parole census, the 2006 Annual Parole 

Survey (APS), with a reference date of December 31, 

2006, was sent to 54 respondents, including 54 central 

state reporters, the California Juvenile Justice Division, and 

1 municipal agency. The APS collected summary counts of 

the number of adults on parole at the beginning and end of 

the year, the number of adults entering and exiting parole 

supervision during the year, and characteristics of the end 

of year parole population. The APS has been conducted 

annually since 1977. 

Responses to the parole census included one summary 

response from a central respondent in the Oregon Department of Corrections based on summary data gathered from 

36 county governments that independently administered all 

adult parole supervision in the state. Illinois provided only 

counts of the adult parole population on December 31, 

2007 for the state as a whole and by parole office. Wisconsin provided no data.

Virginia’s report of 8,609 adults on parole supervision on 

June 30, 2006, included additional groups of offenders that 

were not previously reported. For the parole census, Virginia included all paroled offenders for whom the state has 

responsibility, paroled felons who are the responsibility of 

local jurisdictions in Virginia, and offenders whose parole 

was originally supervised by the courts that sentenced 

them. Restricting Virginia’s parole count to the groups 

included in the 2006 Annual Parole Survey would result in 

an estimate of 4,239 adults on parole on June 30, 2006 — 

based on an average of the state’s adult parole population 

on January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2006. 

Table 14. Comparison of 2006 Census of State Parole Supervising Agency and 2006 Annual Parole Survey data collections

Topic 2006 Census of Adult Parole Supervising Agencies 2006 Annual Parole Survey

Form CJ-36 CJ-7

Reference date June 30, 2006 December 31, 2006

Focus Parole agency Parolees, summary counts

Coverage 68 respondents 54 respondents

—50 states (excluding Pennsylvania counties) —50 states (including Pennsylvania counties)

—California Juvenile Justice Division —California Juvenile Justice Division

—District of Columbia —District of Columbia

—Federal parole

—Alabama (one municipality)

—16 Minnesota Community Corrections Agencies (separate 

responses to collect staff and programmatic information)

—Minnesota Community Corrections Act agencies 

(included with state response)

Non-respondents,

imputation procedures

Illinois provided adult parole population on December 31, 

2007; used without alteration

Illinois; adult parole population imputed from 2005 

Annual Parole Survey

Wisconsin; parole population imputed from 2006 Annual 

Parole Survey

Parole population

Unadjusted, different coverage and reference dates 660,959 798,202

Adjusted, national estimate, 

June 30, 2006 795,748 789,409

Adjustment procedure Added in estimated average parole population on

June 30, 2006 from 2006 Annual Parole Survey:

Computed average of parole population on January 1, 

2006, and December 31, 2006

—Federal parole

—Pennsylvania counties

—Alabama (one municipality)

Revised 3/16/09
Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006 9

Table 15. Adult parole supervising agency staff, by type, June 30, 2006

Number of staff employed by adult parole supervising agency

Total Payroll Nonpayroll Contract 

Region and jurisdiction Full-time Part-time Full-time Part-time Full-time Part-time Full-time Part-time

State totala,b 56,935 2,478 53,401 1,169 1,791 996 1,743 313

Northeast 4,503 40 4,488 33 13 4 2 3

Connecticut 186 3 181 3 5 0 0 0

Maine 25 0 25 0 0 0 0 0

Massachusetts 231 7 230 5 0 0 1 2

New Hampshire 103 2 103 2 ** 0 ~ ~

New Jersey 740 4 732 2 8 2 ~ ~

New York 2,003 17 2,002 14 0 2 1 1

Pennsylvaniab 1,001 7 1,001 7 0 0 0 0

Rhode Islandc 13 0 13 0 0 0 0 0

Vermont 201 0 201 0 0 0 0 0

Midwest 16,877 1,101 15,044 581 723 483 1,110 37

Illinois   **  **   **  **

Indiana 8,327 0 7,260 0   1,067 0

Iowa 1,077 75 1,077 75 0 0 0 0

Kansas 153 2 153 2 0 0 0 0

Michigan 1,096 0 1,096 0 **  ** 0 0

Minnesota 3,479 788 2,735 268 723 483 21 37

Missouri 1,488 235 1,488 235   0 0

Nebraska 31 0 31 0 0 0 0 0

North Dakota 92 0 92 0 0 0 0 0

Ohio 1,073 0 1,051 0 0 0 22 0

South Dakota 61 1 61 1 0 0 0 0

Wisconsin **  **   **  **  

South 20,364 354 19,287 135 1,027 199 50 20

Alabamab 645 0 644 0 0 0 1 0

Arkansas 364 0 364 0 0 0 0 0

Delaware 355 21 355 21 **  ** ** ~

District of Columbiac 835 15 791 10 0 0 44 5

Florida 3,409 9 3,409 9   0 0

Georgia 725 8 725 8 0 0 0 0

Kentucky 544 0 505 0 38 0 1 0

Louisiana 737 ~ 737 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Maryland 1,234 0 1,234 0 0 0 0 0

Mississippi 3,043 18 3,043 18 0 0 0 0

North Carolina 2,402 ~ 2,402 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Oklahoma 353 0 353 0 0 0 0 0

South Carolina 758 10 754 0 0 10 4 0

Tennessee 993 16 4 0 989 16 0 0

Texas 2,604 174 2,604 1 0 173 0 0

Virginiab 1,319 68 1,319 68 0 0 0 0

West Virginia 44 15 44 0 0 0 0 15

West 15,191 983 14,582 420 28 310 581 253

Alaskad 106 ~ 106 ~ 0 ~ 0 ~

Arizona 169 0 169 0 0 0 0 0

Californiab 3,651 236 3,101 36 0 0 550 200

California Juvenile Justice 

Divisionb 121 5 121 2 0 3 **  **

Colorado 252 1 240 0 0 0 12 1

Hawaii 50 2 50 2 ~ ~ ~ ~

Idaho 1,537 377 1,491 34 28 302 18 41

Montana 182 22 182 8 0 3 0 11

Nevada 438 8 438 6 0 2 ~ ~

New Mexico 360 0 360 0 0 0 0 0

Oregone   **  **   **  **

Utah 554 12 554 12 0 0 0 0

Washington 7,614 308 7,614 308 0 0 0 0

Wyoming 157 12 156 12 0 0 1 0

~ Not applicable.

** Not reported.

aExcludes an estimated 8,065 full-time and 422 part-time staff in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Oregon.

bData differ from those in other BJS publications. 

c

Some or all data are estimated.

dIncludes the total number of staff members for the parole and probation agency.

eSee Explanatory notes for more detail.
10 Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006

Table 16. Adult parole supervising agency staff, by gender, June 30, 2006

Number of staff employed by adult parole supervising agency

Total Male Female Not reported

Region and jurisdiction Full-time Part-time Full-time Part-time Full-time Part-time Full-time Part-time

State totala,b 56,935 2,478 27,436 731 26,321 998 3,178 749

Northeast 4,503 40 2,046 13 2,045 24 412 3

Connecticut 186 3   **  ** 186 3

Maine 25 0 ** 0 ** 0 25 0

Massachusettsc,d 231 7 112 4 119 3 0 0

New Hampshire 103 2 60 1 43 1 0 0

New Jersey 740 4 411 2 329 2 0 0

New York 2,003 17 903 4 1,100 13 0 0

Pennsylvaniab 1,001 7 555 2 446 5 0 0

Rhode Islandc 13 0 5 0 8 0 0 0

Vermont 201 0 ** 0 ** 0 201 0

Midwest 16,877 1,101 8,273 432 6,839 646 1,765 23

Illinois   **  **   **  **

Indianad 8,327 0 4,642 0 2,618 0 1,067 0

Iowa 1,077 75 526 23 551 52 0 0

Kansas 153 2 81 0 72 2 0 0

Michigan 1,096 0 515 0 581 0 0 0

Minnesota 3,479 788 1,358 301 1,445 464 676 23

Missouri 1,488 235 596 108 892 127 0 0

Nebraska 31 0 14 0 17 0 0 0

North Dakota 92 0 39 0 53 0 0 0

Ohiod 1,073 0 469 0 582 0 22 0

South Dakota 61 1 33 0 28 1 0 0

Wisconsin   **  **   **  **

South 20,364 354 8,544 70 11,776 106 44 178

Alabamab 645 0 312 0 333 0 0 0

Arkansas 364 0 169 0 195 0 0 0

Delaware 355 21 204 4 151 17 0 0

District of Columbiac,d 835 15 276 1 515 9 44 5

Florida 3,409 9 1,298 1 2,111 8 0 0

Georgia 725 8 343 4 382 4 0 0

Kentucky 544 0 305 0 239 0 0 0

Louisiana 737 ~ 381 ~ 356 ~ 0 ~

Maryland 1,234 0 367 0 867 0 0 0

Mississippi 3,043 18 1,194 6 1,849 12 0 0

North Carolina 2,402 ~ 1,179 ~ 1,223 ~ 0 ~

Oklahomac 353 0 199 0 154 0 0 0

South Carolina 758 10 328 5 430 5 0 0

Tennessee 993 16 420 14 573 2 0 0

Texasd 2,604 174 935 0 1,669 1 0 173

Virginiab 1,319 68 611 28 708 40 0 0

West Virginia 44 15 23 7 21 8 0 0

West 15,191 983 8,573 216 5,661 222 957 545

Alaskae 106 ~ 47 ~ 59 ~ 0 ~

Arizona 169 0 98 0 71 0 0 0

Californiab,d 3,651 236 1,698 23 1,403 13 550 200

California Juvenile Justice 

Divisionb,c,d 121 5 74 2 47 3 0 0

Colorado 252 1 137 0 115 1 0 0

Hawaii 50 2 28 2 22 0 0 0

Idahod 1,537 377 961 6 530 28 46 343

Montana 182 22 87 10 95 12 0 0

Nevadad 438 8 212 0 226 6 0 2

New Mexico 360 0 ** 0 ** 0 360 0

Oregond   **  **   **  **

Utah 554 12 353 6 201 6 0 0

Washington 7,614 308 4,822 160 2,792 148 0 0

Wyoming 157 12 56 7 100 5 1 0

~ Not applicable.

** Not reported.

aExcludes an estimated 8,065 full-time and 422 part-time staff in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Oregon.

bData differ from those in other BJS publications.

cSome or all data are estimated.

dSee Explanatory notes for more detail.

eIncludes the total number of staff members for the parole and probation agency.
Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006 11

Keep current on criminal justice issues 

Get notices and newsletters: 

JUSTSTATS

E-mail notifications of new statistical materials from BJS, the FBI, 

and the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 

To subscribe, see http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/juststats.htm

JUSTINFO

A biweekly electronic newsletter from the National Criminal Justice Reference 

Service (NCJRS) with news from BJS, NCJRS, and the other agencies in the 

Office of Justice Programs. 

To subscribe, see http://www.ncjrs.gov/subreg.html

For electronic versions of this report,

visit the BJS website 

http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs

To order paper copies of this or other BJS reports —

• Visit

 http://www.ncjrs.gov/app/publications/bjspubs.aspx

• Call 1-800-851-3420

Download datasets and documentation from

the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data —

http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/NACJD/index.html

BJS 
U.S. Department of Justice

Office of Justice Programs

Bureau of Justice Statistics

Washington, DC 20531

Official Business

Penalty for Private Use $300

PRESORTED STANDARD

POSTAGE & FEES PAID

DOJ/BJS

Permit No. G-91

*NCJ~222180*

12 Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006

This report in portable document format ( and in 

ASCII and its related statistical data and tables 

are available at the BJS World Wide Web 

Internet site: <http://www. ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/

abstract/cspsa06.htm>.

Office of Justice Programs

Innovation • Partnerships • Safer Neighborhoods

http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov

The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistical agency 

of the U.S. Department of Justice. Jeffrey L. Sedgwick is 

the director.

This Special Report was written by Thomas P. Bonczar, 

statistician, and verified by William J. Sabol and Todd D. 

Minton. Nicole S. Adolph, Garry L. Smith, and Adam E. 

Bacon, Governments Division, U.S. Census Bureau, 

carried out data collection and processing for the 2006 

Census of Adult Parole Supervising Agencies, under the 

supervision of Latrice M. Brogsdale-Davis and Charlene 

M. Sebold. Catherine Bird, Tina Dorsey, and Georgette 

Walsh produced and edited the report. Jayne Robinson 

prepared the report for final printing, under the 

supervision of Doris J. James. 

August 2008 NCJ 222180
Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006 13

Expanded Methodology

Imputation of parole population for non-reporting agency

Wisconsin=s adult parole population on June 30, 2006, was 

estimated as the average of the agency=s parole population 

on January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2006, as reported 

to the BJS 2006 Annual Parole Survey (see Probation and 

Parole in the United States, 2006). 

Estimating the total number of parole agency offices

Agencies were asked to report the number of separate 

offices in their parole agency on June 30, 2006, including 

administrative offices, regional offices, and all separate 

sub-offices, such as field offices. The total of 2,287 parole 

agency offices among the parole agencies included in the 

Census includes an estimated 103 separate offices in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Virginia. The number of separate 

offices in Illinois and Virginia were estimated from lists of 

individual regional or district offices these states provided. 

The number of separate offices in Wisconsin was estimated from a list of regional offices on the agency=s website on May 2, 2006 (www.wi-doc.com/regional.htm).

Estimating the total number of full-time and part-time staff

The state total of 53,965 full-time and 2,478 part-time 

employees includes an estimated 8,065 full-time and 422 

part-time employees in states that did not report this information. The number of employees in Illinois, Wisconsin, 

and Oregon was estimated based on the rate of employees 

per adult parolee among the remaining states. Estimates 

were made separately for full-time and part-time employees, and by type of agency (parole-only agenciesBIllinois, 

and combined probation and parole agenciesBWisconsin 

and Oregon). 

Estimating the average adult parole caseload per full-time 

equivalent (FTE) staff position

The overall average caseload of 38 adult parolees on 

active supervision per full-time equivalent (FTE) staff position incorporates estimates of the number of FTE positions 

for 11 states (Maine, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Arkansas, Delaware, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Virginia, Alaska, 

and Washington). The method of estimation required that 

estimates first be obtained for the number of parolees on 

active supervision for two states which did not provide this 

information. Illinois and Wisconsin were estimated to have 

the same proportion of all parolees on active supervision 

on June 30, 2006, as they did when they last reported this 

information to the Annual Parole Survey (December 31, 

2005, for Illinois; and December 31, 2006, for Wisconsin).

The 11 states that did not provide FTE counts were then 

estimated to have the same rate of FTE positions per 

parolee on active supervision as did similar types of agencies in the states that reported this information. Estimates 

of FTE positions were made separately for parole-only 

agencies (Illinois) and combined probation and parole 

agencies (the remaining 10 agencies). 

Estimating the population at risk of return to incarceration

For adult parole agencies that reported the number of revocation hearings conducted during the period July 1, 2005, 

to June 30, 2006, (page 5) or the number of parolees 

returned to incarceration as the result of a drug violation 

detected during agency testing, (table 8) the number of 

parolees at risk of re-incarceration was defined as the number of adults on parole on July 1, 2005, plus those released 

to parole supervision during the year ending June 30, 

2006.

The number of adults on parole on July 1, 2005, was estimated as the average of the agency=s parole population on 

January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2005, as reported in

Probation and Parole in the United States, 2005. 

The number released to a state agency=s parole supervision between July 1, 2005, and June 30, 2006, was estimated as one-half of entries to parole supervision during 

2005 (Probation and Parole in the United States, 2005), 

and one-half of entries to parole supervision during 2006 

(Probation and Parole in the United States, 2006).
14 Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006

Appendix table 1. Persons under supervision by adult parole supervising agencies, 6/30/2006

Region and jurisdiction

Persons under 

community 

supervision, 

6/30/2006

Adult parole 

population, 

6/30/2006

Supervised 

adult 

probationers

Adult 

probation 

population, 

6/30/06

Supervised juveniles 

on probation or 

parole/aftercare

Juvenile 

probation 

population, 

6/30/06

Juvenile parole/

aftercare 

population, 

6/30/2006

State totala 1,873,744 660,959 35 1,200,570 7 11,395 820

Northeast 137,250 101,413 5 35,673 2 ~ 164

Connecticut 2,838 2,838 ~ ~ ~

Maineb 8,018 32 yes 7,986 yes ** **

Massachusetts 3,362 3,362 ~ ~ ~

New Hampshire 6,346 1,672 yes 4,674 ~ ~

New Jersey 13,770 13,770 ~ ~ ~

New York 53,379 53,215 ~ yes ~ 164

Pennsylvaniaa 28,733 24,956 yes 3,777 ~ ~

Rhode Island 11,779 512 yes 11,267 ~ ~

Vermont 9,025 1,056 yes 7,969 ~ ~

Midwest 461,007 123,870 7 325,087 3 11,395 655

Illinois 33,354 33,354 ~   ** 

Indiana 8,481 7,863 ~ yes ~ 618

Iowa 26,291 3,973 yes 22,318 ~ ~

Kansas 4,882 4,882 ~ ~ ~

Michiganc 70,445 16,267 yes 54,178 yes ** **

Minnesota 143,673 4,444 yes 127,797 yes 11,395 37

Missouri 68,587 17,089 yes 51,498 ~ ~

Nebraska 697 697 ~ ~ ~

North Dakota 4,476 380 yes 4,096 ~ ~

Ohio 26,392 16,280 yes 10,112 ~ ~

South Dakota 2,584 2,584 ~ ~ ~

Wisconsinb,d 71,145 16,057 yes 55,088   ** 

South 942,013 243,057 14 698,956 0 ~ ~

Alabamaa 50,523 9,014 yes 41,509 ~ ~

Arkansas 50,312 18,092 yes 32,220 ~ ~

Delawareb 18,967 634 yes 18,333 ~ ~

District of Columbiab 12,144 5,135 yes 7,009 ~ ~

Florida 188,687 4,832 yes 183,855 ~ ~

Georgia 23,060 23,060 ~ ~ ~

Kentucky 34,983 10,653 yes 24,330 ~ ~

Louisiana 62,952 23,905 yes 39,047 ~ ~

Maryland 75,690 14,132 yes 61,558 ~ ~

Mississippi 26,615 2,003 yes 24,612 ~ ~

North Carolinad 115,727 3,311 yes 112,416 ~ ~

Oklahomab 28,679 3,506 yes 25,173 ~ ~

South Carolina 37,850 4,413 yes 33,437 ~ ~

Tennessee 51,879 9,148 yes 42,731 ~ ~

Texasd 101,175 101,175 ~ ~ ~

Virginiaa 61,335 8,609 yes 52,726 ~ ~

West Virginia 1,435 1,435 ~ ~ ~

West 333,474 192,619 9 140,854 2 ~ 1

Alaskab 6,897 1,009 yes 5,888 ~ ~

Arizonab 7,474 7,473 ~ yes 0 1

Californiaa 125,067 125,067 ~ ~ ~

California Juvenile Justice 

Divisiona 67 67 ~ yes 0 0

Colorado 8,577 8,577 ~ ~ ~

Hawaii 2,124 2,124 ~ ~ ~

Idaho 15,290 2,549 yes 12,741 ~ ~

Montana 10,078 999 yes 9,079 ~ ~

Nevada 17,176 3,856 yes 13,320 ~ ~

New Mexico 14,348 2,964 yes 11,384 ~ ~

Oregon 67,101 22,295 yes 44,806 ~ ~

Utah 14,211 3,535 yes 10,676 ~ ~

Washington 42,340 11,553 yes 30,787 ~ ~

Wyoming 2,724 551 yes 2,173 ~ ~

~ Not applicable.

** Not known.

aData differ from those in other BJS publications.

bSome or all data are estimated.

c

Only supervises juveniles sentenced as an adult.

dSee Explanatory notes for more detail.
Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006 15

Appendix table 2. Adults on parole, by status of supervision, full-time equivalent employees, average active supervision 

caseload, 6/30/2006

Region and 

jurisdiction

Adult parole 

population, 

6/30/2006 Active

Only 

financial 

conditions Inactive Absconded Out-of-State Other

Unknown 

or not 

reported

Number of fulltime equivalent 

positions 

supervising 

active parolees

Average 

active parolee 

caseload 

per FTE 

supervising 

position

State totala,b 660,959 483,791 66 26,686 61,733 27,455 11,817 49,411 11,089 39

Northeast 101,413 73,250 0 4,903 8,123 5,293 9,844 0 1,885 39

Connecticut 2,838 2,585 0 0 0 253 0 0 116 22

Maine 32 25 0 0 0 7 0 0  

Massachusetts 3,362 2,548 ~ ~ 689 125 0 0 75 34

New Hampshire 1,672 1,332 0 **  92 248 0 0 30 44

New Jersey 13,770 11,179 ~ ~ 1,207 632 752 0 426 26

New Yorkc 53,215 38,004 ~ 8 4,705 1,406 9,092 0 798 48

Pennsylvaniab 24,956 16,162 ~ 4,785 1,430 2,579 0 0 410 39

Rhode Islandc,d 512 359 ** 110 ** 43 0 0 10 36

Vermontd 1,056 1,056 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 53

Midwest 123,870 68,532 0 0 1,544 4,383 0 49,411 1,726 40

Illinois 33,354   **  **   33,354 **  **

Indiana 7,863 6,830   604 429 0 0 113 60

Iowa 3,973 3,684 ~ ~ ~ 289 0 0 466 8

Kansas 4,882 3,978 0 0 0 904 0 0 90 44

Michiganc 16,267 15,655 ~ 0 0 612 0 0 **  **

Minnesotac 4,444 4,183 0 0 261 0 0 0 208 20

Missouric,d 17,089 15,790 0 0 516 783 0 0 252 63

Nebraska 697 570 0 0 49 78 0 0 18 32

North Dakota 380 327 0 0 0 53 0 0 6 55

Ohio 16,280 15,392 0 0 0 888 0 0 539 29

South Dakota 2,584 2,123 0 0 114 347 0 0 34 62

Wisconsin 16,057   **  0 ** ** 16,057  

South 243,057 188,819 0 17,834 23,852 11,784 768 0 3,461 55

Alabamab 9,014 6,970 0 766 672 606 0 0 191 36

Arkansasc 18,092 11,758 0 2,579 2,701 645 409 0 **  **

Delawaree 634 544   50 40 **  0 ** **

District of Columbiac,d,e 5,135 3,126 0 1,371 595 30 13 0 338 9

Florida 4,832 2,785 ** 1,126 691 230 0 0 78 36

Georgia 23,060 20,116 ~ 0 529 2,415 0 0 321 63

Kentucky 10,653 9,582 0 ** 0 1,071 0 0 90 106

Louisiana 23,905 21,956 0 16 1,261 672 0 0 494 44

Maryland 14,132 9,071 0 1,245 3,270 546 0 0 304 30

Mississippi 2,003 1,876 0 0 0 0 127 0 235 8

North Carolina 3,311 3,054 ~ ~ 175 82 0 0  

Oklahomad,e 3,506 2,329 0 570 174 214 219 0 **  **

South Carolinac,d 4,413 3,644 0 0 341 428 0 0 55 66

Tennesseed 9,148 8,056 ~ ~ 582 510 0 0 57 141

Texas 101,175 75,400 0 10,161 12,467 3,147 0 0 1,260 60

Virginiab,c 8,609 7,410 ** 0 284 915 0 0  

West Virginia 1,435 1,142 0 0 60 233 0 0 38 30

West 192,619 153,190 66 3,949 28,214 5,995 1,205 0 4,017 38

Alaskac,e 1,009 873 **  0 ** 136 0 0  

Arizonad 7,473 6,221 ~ **  936 316 0 0 99 63

Californiab 125,067 105,441 0 0 18,468 1,158 0 0 2,132 49

California Juvenile 

Justice Divisionb,e 67 54 0 0 12 1 0 0 53 1

Coloradod 8,577 6,286 ~ ~ 622 1,669 0 0 200 31

Hawaii 2,124 1,777 ~ 0 172 175 0 0 33 54

Idaho 2,549 1,971 ** ~ 0 578 0 0 209 9

Montana 999 796 0 0 16 127 60 0 15 53

Nevada 3,856 2,026 ** 1,201 350 279 0 0 180 11

New Mexico 2,964 2,502 0 ~ 258 204 0 0 276 9

Oregond 22,295 13,312 ~ 1,384 5,905 549 1,145 0 665 20

Utah 3,535 3,214 0 0 188 133 0 0 55 58

Washington 11,553 8,322 66 1,364 1,272 529 0 0  

Wyoming 551 395 0 0 15 141 0 0 100 4

~ Not applicable. 

**  Not reported.

:Not calculated.

aExcludes an estimated 43,957 active on parole in two agencies that did not report this information, and 2,911 full-time equivalent staff who directly 

supervised adults who were active on parole in 11 agencies; see Methodology. Average active parolee caseload is based on states that reported both 

the number of parolees on active supervision and FTE positions supervising active parolees.

bData differ from those in other BJS publications.

c

See Explanatory notes for more detail.

dData are estimated for full-time equivalent positions supervising active parolees. eDetailed data are estimated for supervision status.
16 Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006

Appendix table 3. Adults on parole, by supervision level, 6/30/2006

Adult parole 

population, 

6/30/2006

Required number of face-to-face contacts 

with a parole officer Regular 

reporting no 

longer required

Reporting 

frequency not

yet determined

Unknown or 

Region and jurisdiction not reported

At least once 

per week

At least once 

per month

Less than once 

per month

State totala 660,959 74,877 294,246 90,958 73,582 14,181 113,115

Northeast 101,413 5,821 46,718 12,083 0 2,469 34,322

Connecticutb 2,838 **   **  ** 2,838

Maine 32 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 32

Massachusettsb 3,362 106 2,442   **  814

New Hampshire 1,672 **   **  ** 1,672

New Jersey 13,770 1,013 6,965 5,792 ~ ~ 0

New Yorkb 53,215 4,437 26,883 ~ ~ ~ 21,895

Pennsylvaniaa,b 24,956 156 10,181 6,291 ** 1,413 6,915

Rhode Islandb,c 512 109 247 0 0 0 156

Vermont 1,056 ~ ~ ~ 0 1,056 0

Midwest 123,870 14,868 30,070 8,339 1,312 5,649 63,632

Illinois 33,354   **  ** ** 33,354

Indiana 7,863   **  ** ** 7,863

Iowa 3,973 1,306 695 1,498 ~ 474 0

Kansas 4,882 0 0 0 0 4,882 0

Michigan 16,267 3,662 9,203 80 1,312 0 2,010

Minnesotab 4,444 341 163 573 0 96 3,271

Missouri 17,089 3,865 7,709 5,515 0 0 0

Nebraska 697   **  ** ** 697

North Dakotab 380 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 380

Ohio 16,280 5,548 10,027 508 0 197 0

South Dakota 2,584 146 2,273 165 0 0 0

Wisconsin 16,057   **  ** ** 16,057

South 243,057 9,025 145,781 59,360 25,669 3,215 7

Alabamaa 9,014 337 4,066 3,472 1,139 0 0

Arkansas 18,092 0 8,113 3,645 6,334 0 0

Delawarec 634 253 308 30 43 ~ 0

District of Columbiac 5,135 2,480 2,482 ~ ~ 166 7

Florida 4,832 5 2,590 182 2,047 8 0

Georgia 23,060 0 8,279 14,781 0 0 0

Kentucky 10,653 1,598 7,138 1,917 0 0 0

Louisiana 23,905 203 5,039 18,647 16 0 0

Maryland 14,132 0 3,969 4,441 5,061 661 0

Mississippi 2,003 0 2,003 0 0 0 0

North Carolina 3,311 170 2,563 7 ~ 571 0

Oklahomac 3,506 0 408 2,528 570 0 0

South Carolina 4,413 684 549 3,180 0 0 0

Tennessee 9,148 64 4,689 3,813 0 582 0

Texas 101,175 1,944 87,238 2,717 9,276 0 0

Virginia 8,609 1,193 5,006 ** 1,183 1,227 0

West Virginia 1,435 94 1,341 0 0 0 0

West 192,619 45,163 71,677 11,176 46,601 2,848 15,154

Alaskac 1,009   **  0 0 1,009

Arizona 7,473 338 3,462 2,421 316 936 0

Californiaa 125,067 29,320 55,391 0 40,356 ~ 0

California Juvenile Justice 

Divisiona,c 67 8 33 26 0 0 0

Coloradob 8,577 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 8,577

Hawaiib 2,124 150 985 432 210 0 347

Idahob 2,549 617 744 343 266 1 578

Montanac 999 69 754 176 0 0 0

Nevada 3,856 **   **  ~ 3,856

New Mexico 2,964 1,367 1,129 **   468

Oregon 22,295 7,098 5,742 6,732 1,152 1,571 0

Utahb 3,535 46 2,208 710 0 252 319

Washington 11,553 6,130 1,052 0 4,301 70 0

Wyoming 551 20 177 336 0 18 0

~ Not applicable.

**  Not known.

aData differ from those in other BJS publications.

bSee Explanatory notes for more detail. c

Detailed data are estimated for supervision level.
Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006 17

Appendix table 4. Agencies that consider prisoners for release, number of releases, 

and that set the terms/conditions of adult parole supervision

Region and

jurisdiction

Supervising 

agency considers prisoners for release

Sets terms/conditions of adult parole supervision

Supervising 

agency

If not supervising agency, then—

Prisoners, 7/1/05 to 6/30/06—

Parole 

board Courts

Other DOC 

agency 

Other 

independent 

agency

Considered 

for releasea Number 

releaseda Number released per 100 considered

State totalb 19 126,641 57,850 46 20 27 2 1 3

Northeast 6 60,737 31,289 52 4 5 0 0 0

Connecticutc yes 3,503 2,470 71 yes

Maine ~ ~ ~ yes

Massachusettsd yes **   yes

New Hampshire ~ ~ ~ yes

New Jerseyd yes 12,859 7,505 58 yes

New Yorkc,d yes 24,731 10,946 44 yes

Pennsylvaniac,d,e yes 19,644 10,368 53 yes

Rhode Island yes **  ** ** yes

Vermont ~ ~ ~ yes

Midwest 4 34,946 17,462 50 5 4 0 1 0

Illinois   **  **   **  ** **

Indianad ~ ~ ~ yes

Iowa ~ ~ ~ yes

Kansas ~ ~ ~ yes

Michigand yes 20,214 10,365 51 yes

Minnesota ~ ~ ~

Hearings & 

release unit

Missourid ~ ~ ~ yes

Nebraska ~ ~ ~ yes

North Dakotac yes 996 752 76 yes

Ohiod yes 12,503 5,793 46 yes

South Dakota yes 1,233 552 45 yes

Wisconsin   **  **   **  ** **

South 6 41,840 45,577 29 7 9 1 0 3

Alabamad,e yes 9,394 3,111 33 yes

Arkansas ~ ~ ~ yes

Delawarec ~ ~ ~ yes

District of Columbia ~ ~ ~

U.S. Parole 

Commission

Florida ~ ~ ~ yes

Georgia yes ** 10,794 ** yes

Kentucky ~ ~ ~ yes

Louisiana ~ ~ ~ yes

Louisiana 

Criminal 

Code

Maryland ~ ~ ~ yes

Mississippi ~ ~ ~ yes

North Carolinac,d yes 7,568 26,457 : yes

Oklahoma ~ ~ ~ yes Governor

South Carolinad yes 4,905 1,093 22 yes

Tennesseed yes 14,451 4,122 29 yes

Texas ~ ~ ~ yes

Virginiac,e yes 5,522   yes yes

West Virginiad ~ ~ ~ yes

West 3 2,208 773 35 4 9 1 0 0

Alaska ~ ~ ~ yes

Arizonac,d yes 411 55 13 yes

Californiae ~ ~ ~ yes

California Juvenile Justice 

Divisione yes **  ** ** yes

Colorado ~ ~ ~ yes

Hawaii yes 1,797 718 40 yes

Idaho ~ ~ ~ yes

Montana ~ ~ ~ yes

Nevada ~ ~ ~ yes

New Mexico ~ ~ ~ yes

Oregon ~ ~ ~ yes

Utah ~ ~ ~ yes

Washingtonc ~ ~ ~ yes

Wyoming ~ ~ ~ yes

~ Not applicable.

** Not known.

: Not calculated.

aSome prisoners considered for release between 7/1/05 and 6/30/06 may not have been released until after 6/30/06, and some released 

during this period may have been considered for release prior to 7/1/05.

bExcludes Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia. c

See Explanatory notes for more detail.

dBoth the parole supervising agency and the parole board set the terms/conditions of supervision. eData differ from those in other BJS publications.
18 Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006

Appendix table 5. Agency responsibility for conducting adult parole revocation hearings, 6/30/2006

If not supervising agency—

Supervising agency Conducts adult parole revocation hearings—

Region and jurisdiction

Adult parole 

population, 

6/30/2006

Responsible for 

conducting adult parole 

revocation hearings

Number of revocation 

hearings, 7/1/05 to

6/30/06 Parole board 

Other DOC 

agency

Other 

independent 

agency

State total 660,959 18 67,534 30 1 1

Northeast 101,413 5 41,742 4 0 0

Connecticut 2,838 ~ yes

Mainea 32 yes 0

Massachusettsa 3,362 yes 359

New Hampshire 1,672 ~ yes

New Jerseya 13,770 yes 3,474

New Yorka,b 53,215 yes 26,969

Pennsylvaniaa,b,c 24,956 yes 10,940

Rhode Island 512 ~ yes

Vermont 1,056 ~ yes

Midwest 123,870 5 8,264 4 1 0

Illinois 33,354   **  ** **

Indiana 7,863 ~ yes

Iowa 3,973 ~ yes

Kansas 4,882 ~ yes

Michigana,b 16,267 yes 3,721

Minnesota 4,444 ~

Hearings & 

release unit

Missouria 17,089 yes **

Nebraska 697 ~ yes

North Dakotaa,b 380 yes 131

Ohioa,c 16,280 yes 3,528

South Dakotaa 2,584 yes 884

Wisconsin 16,057   **  ** **

South 243,057 5 4,543 11 0 1

Alabamaa,c 9,014 yes 1,496

Arkansas 18,092 ~ yes

Delaware 634 ~ yes

District of Columbia 5,135 ~

U.S. Parole 

Commission

Floridab 4,832 ~ yes

Georgiaa 23,060 yes 591

Kentucky 10,653 ~ yes

Louisiana 23,905 ~ yes

Maryland 14,132 ~ yes

Mississippi 2,003 ~ yes

North Carolinaa,b 3,311 yes 47

Oklahomab 3,506 ~ yes

South Carolinaa 4,413 yes 294

Tennesseea 9,148 yes 2,115

Texas 101,175 ~ yes

Virginiab,c 8,609 ~ yes

West Virginia 1,435 ~ yes

West 192,619 3 12,985 11 0 0

Alaska 1,009 ~ yes

Arizonaa 7,473 yes 2,418

Californiac 125,067 ~ yes

California Juvenile Justice 

Divisionc 67 ~ yes

Colorado 8,577 ~ yes

Hawaiia 2,124 yes 416

Idaho 2,549 ~ yes

Montana 999 ~ yes

Nevada 3,856 ~ yes

New Mexico 2,964 ~ yes

Oregon 22,295 ~ yes

Utah 3,535 ~ yes

Washingtona,b 11,553 yes 10,151

Wyoming 551 ~ yes

~ Not applicable.

** Not known.

aParole supervising agency and the parole board conduct parole revocation hearings.

bSee Explanatory notes for more detail. c

Data differ from those in other BJS publications.
Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006 19

Appendix table 6. Drug abuse testing of adult parolees, returns to incarceration, and drug treatment programs, 6/30/2006

From 7/1/05 to 6/30/06

Drug treatment program 

run by a formally trained 

professional

Self-help or drug-awareness 

program (such as NA or CA)—a

Region and jurisdiction

Adult parole 

population, 

6/30/2006

Tested parolees 

for illegal drugs

Number of parolees 

returned to prison for 

drug violation 

detected in testing

Were any 

parolees 

enrolled in 

a program—

Number in 

program, 

6/30/2006

Were any parolees 

enrolled in a 

program—

Number in 

program, 

6/30/2006

State total 660,959 50 5,139 47 28,084 46 4,510

Northeast 101,413 9 1,264 7 700 8 3,000

Connecticut 2,838 yes ** yes ** yes **

Maine 32 yes 0 ~ ~

Massachusetts 3,362 yes ** yes ** yes **

New Hampshire 1,672 yes ** yes ** yes **

New Jerseyb 13,770 yes ** yes 700 yes 3,000

New York 53,215 yes ** yes ** yes **

Pennsylvaniac 24,956 yes 1,264 yes ** yes **

Rhode Island 512 yes ** yes ** yes **

Vermont 1,056 yes ** ~ yes **

Midwest 123,870 10 2,633 10 4,716 10 651

Illinois 33,354   **  **  

Indiana 7,863 yes **  yes 850 yes **

Iowad 3,973 yes ** yes 303 yes 651

Kansas 4,882 yes ** yes ** yes **

Michigan 16,267 yes 1,958 yes 2,485 yes **

Minnesotae 4,444 yes ** yes ** yes **

Missouri 17,089 yes ** yes ** yes **

Nebraska 697 yes ** yes ** yes **

North Dakota 380 yes ** yes ** yes **

Ohiob 16,280 yes ** yes 278 yes **

South Dakota 2,584 yes 675 yes 800 yes **

Wisconsin 16,057   **  **  

South 243,057 17 362 16 15,195 14 312

Alabamac 9,014 yes **  yes ** yes **

Arkansas 18,092 yes ** yes 229 yes **

Delaware 634 yes ** yes ** yes **

District of Columbiab 5,135 yes ** yes 219 yes **

Florida 4,832 yes 315 yes 263 ~

Georgia 23,060 yes ** yes 1,298 yes **

Kentucky 10,653 yes ** yes ** yes **

Louisiana 23,905 yes ** yes ** yes **

Maryland 14,132 yes ** yes 4,728 ~

Mississippi 2,003 yes   **  ** **

North Carolina 3,311 yes ** yes 1,987 yes **

Oklahomab 3,506 yes ** yes 386 yes **

South Carolina 4,413 yes ** yes 497 yes 9

Tennessee 9,148 yes 47 yes ** yes **

Texasd 101,175 yes ** yes 2,937 yes **

Virginiac 8,609 yes ** yes 2,414 yes **

West Virginia 1,435 yes ** yes 237 yes 303

West 192,619 14 880 14 7,473 14 547

Alaska 1,009 yes ** yes ** yes **

Arizonab 7,473 yes ** yes 6,221 yes **

Californiac 125,067 yes ** yes ** yes **

California Juvenile Justice 

Divisionc 67 yes ** yes 14 yes 16

Colorado 8,577 yes ** yes ** yes **

Hawaii 2,124 yes 284 yes 852 yes 255

Idaho 2,549 yes ** yes ** yes **

Montana 999 yes ** yes ** yes **

Nevada 3,856 yes ** yes ** yes **

New Mexico 2,964 yes ** yes ** yes **

Oregond 22,295 yes ** yes ** yes **

Utah 3,535 yes 545 yes ** yes **

Washington 11,553 yes ** yes ** yes **

Wyoming 551 yes 51 yes 386 yes 276

~ Not applicable.

** Not known.

aNA=Narcotics Anonymous; CA=Cocaine Anonymous.

bDetailed data are estimated for participation in a drug treatment program.

c

Data differ from those in other BJS publications.

dSee Explanatory notes for more detail. eProgram participation information limited to state parole supervising agency.
20 Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006

Appendix table 7. Adult parole agency use of sex offender and mental health treatment programs, 6/30/2006

Adult parole 

population, 

6/30/06

Sex offender treatment program

Mental health treatment program run 

by a formally trained professional

Region and jurisdiction

Were any parolees 

enrolled in a program—

Number in program, 

6/30/06

Were any parolees 

enrolled in a program—

Number in program, 

6/30/06

State total 660,959 46 14,966 47 31,605

Northeast 101,413 8 1,493 8 950

Connecticut 2,838 yes 160 yes **

Maine 32   ~

Massachusetts 3,362 yes 106 yes ** 

New Hampshire 1,672 yes ** yes **

New Jerseya 13,770 yes 1,227 yes 950

New York 53,215 yes ** yes **

Pennsylvaniab 24,956 yes ** yes **

Rhode Island 512 yes ** yes **

Vermont 1,056 yes ** yes **

Midwest 123,870 9 3,794 10 2,906

Illinois 33,354   **  **

Indiana 7,863 yes ** yes **

Iowa 3,973 yes 47 yes 202

Kansas 4,882 yes 760 yes **

Michigana,c 16,267 yes 780 yes 2,503

Minnesotad 4,444 yes ** yes **

Missouri 17,089 yes ** yes **

Nebraska 697 yes ** yes **

North Dakota 380 ~ yes **

Ohioa 16,280 yes 2,056 yes 201

South Dakota 2,584 yes 151 yes **

Wisconsin 16,057   **  **

South 243,057 15 5,399 15 9,635

Alabamab 9,014   yes ** 

Arkansas 18,092 yes 260 yes 5,512

Delaware 634 yes ** yes **

District of Columbiaa,c 5,135 yes 398 yes 367

Florida 4,832 yes 60 yes 102

Georgia 23,060 yes ** yes **

Kentucky 10,653 yes 321 yes **

Louisiana 23,905 yes 862 yes **

Maryland 14,132 yes ** yes 452

Mississippi 2,003   **  **

North Carolina 3,311 yes 360 yes **

Oklahomaa 3,506 yes 64 yes 85

South Carolina 4,413 yes 132 yes 97

Tennessee 9,148 yes ** yes **

Texas 101,175 yes 2,854 yes 2,965

Virginiab 8,609 yes ** ~

West Virginia 1,435 yes 88 yes 55

West 192,619 14 4,280 14 18,114

Alaska 1,009 yes ** yes **

Arizonaa 7,473 yes 277 yes **

Californiab 125,067 yes 1,500 yes 17,103

California Juvenile 

Justice Divisionb 67 yes 3 yes 3

Colorado 8,577 yes ** yes **

Hawaii 2,124 yes 90 yes 175

Idaho 2,549 yes ** yes **

Montana 999 yes ** yes **

Nevada 3,856 yes ** yes **

New Mexico 2,964 yes ** yes **

Oregon 22,295 yes 2,208 yes 668

Utah 3,535 yes ** yes **

Washington 11,553 yes 196 yes **

Wyoming 551 yes 6 yes 165

~ Not applicable.

** Not known.

aSome or all data are estimated.

bData differ from those in other BJS publications. c

See Explanatory notes for more detail.

dProgram participation information limited to state parole supervising agency.
Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006 21

Appendix table 8. Adult parole agency use of housing assistance programs, 6/30/2006

Type of housing assistance to adult parolees, 6/30/06

Region and jurisdiction

Adult parole 

population, 

6/30/2006

Agency operated 

formal housing 

service

Agency contracted 

with private housing 

agency

Agency had formal 

relationship with state 

or county agency Other

 State total 660,959 4 6 7 10

Northeast 101,413 1 1 1 3

Connecticuta 2,838 yes

Maine 32

Massachusetts 3,362 yes yes yes

New Hampshire 1,672

New Jerseya 13,770 yes

New Yorka 53,215 yes

Pennsylvaniab 24,956

Rhode Island 512

Vermont 1,056

Midwest 123,870 1 2 3 0

Illinois 33,354   **  **

Indiana 7,863

Iowa 3,973 yes

Kansas 4,882 yes

Michigan 16,267

Minnesotac 4,444 yes yes yes

Missouri 17,089

Nebraska 697

North Dakota 380

Ohio 16,280 yes

South Dakota 2,584

Wisconsin 16,057   **  **

South 243,057 1 0 1 5

Alabamab 9,014

Arkansasa 18,092 yes

Delaware 634

District of Columbiaa 5,135 yes

Florida 4,832

Georgia 23,060 yes

Kentucky 10,653

Louisianaa 23,905 yes

Maryland 14,132 yes

Mississippi 2,003

North Carolina 3,311

Oklahomaa 3,506 yes

South Carolina 4,413

Tennessee 9,148

Texasa 101,175 yes

Virginiab 8,609

West Virginia 1,435

West 192,619 1 3 2 2

Alaska 1,009

Arizona 7,473

Californiab 125,067 yes yes

California Juvenile Justice 

Divisionb 67 yes

Colorado 8,577

Hawaii 2,124

Idahoa 2,549 yes

Montana 999

Nevada 3,856

New Mexicoa 2,964 yes

Oregon 22,295 yes yes yes

Utah 3,535

Washington 11,553

Wyoming 551

** Not known.

aSee Explanatory notes for more detail.

bData differ from those in other BJS publications.

c

Program participation information limited to state parole supervising agency.
22 Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006

Appendix table 9. Adult parole agency use of employment assistance programs, 6/30/2006

Type of employment assistance to adult parolees, 6/30/06

Region and jurisdiction

Adult parole 

population, 

6/30/06

Agency operated 

formal employment service

Agency contracted 

with private 

employment service

Agency had formal 

relationship with state 

or county agency Other

State total 660,959 6 8 17 6

Northeast 101,413 1 2 5 1

Connecticut 2,838 yes

Maine 32

Massachusetts 3,362 yes yes yes

New Hampshire 1,672

New Jersey 13,770 yes

New Yorka 53,215 yes yes yes

Pennsylvaniab 24,956 yes

Rhode Island 512

Vermont 1,056

Midwest 123,870 1 1 4 2

Illinois 33,354   **  **

Indiana 7,863

Iowa 3,973 yes

Kansasa 4,882 yes yes yes

Michigan 16,267 yes yes

Minnesotaa,c 4,444 yes

Missouri 17,089 yes

Nebraska 697

North Dakota 380

Ohio 16,280

South Dakota 2,584

Wisconsin 16,057   **  **

South 243,057 2 0 4 1

Alabamab 9,014

Arkansas 18,092

Delaware 634

District of Columbia 5,135 yes

Florida 4,832

Georgia 23,060 yes

Kentucky 10,653

Louisianaa 23,905 yes

Maryland 14,132 yes

Mississippi 2,003

North Carolina 3,311

Oklahoma 3,506

South Carolina 4,413 yes

Tennessee 9,148

Texas 101,175 yes

Virginiab 8,609

West Virginia 1,435 yes

West 192,619 2 5 4 2

Alaska 1,009

Arizonaa 7,473 yes yes

Californiab 125,067 yes yes

California Juvenile Justice 

Divisionb 67 yes

Coloradoa 8,577 yes

Hawaii 2,124 yes

Idaho 2,549

Montana 999 yes

Nevada 3,856

New Mexicoa 2,964 yes

Oregon 22,295 yes yes yes

Utah 3,535

Washington 11,553

Wyoming 551 yes

** Not known.

aSee Explanatory notes for more detail.

bData differ from those in other BJS publications. c

Program participation information limited to state parole supervising agency.
Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006 23

Explanatory notes, by jurisdiction

Alaska

All parolee counts are estimated.

A total of 71 staff in full-time equivalent positions supervised both parolees and probationers (appendix table 2).

Arizona

There were 411 prison inmates eligible for parole in 2006. 

Community corrections sets the conditions of supervision 

along with the parole supervising agency, courts, parole 

board, and Department of Corrections (appendix table 4).

Other employment assistance included three job developers who worked with offenders to assist in employment, 

networked in the community identifying potential employers 

and informing them about the benefits of hiring ex-offenders, and identified job placement centers and programs 

aimed at enhancing job skills (appendix table 9).

Arkansas

The other agency administration is the Arkansas Department of Community Corrections (table 2).

The other supervision status included non-reporting cases 

and parolees released to “detainers” (appendix table 2).

A total of 364 full-time equivalent positions supervised both 

parolees and probationers, but the proportion who supervised adults who were active on parole is unknown (appendix table 2).

Other housing assistance consisted of transitional housing 

grants for women on early release to allow for reunification 

with their children (appendix table 8).

California Department of Corrections 

and Rehabilitation

Detailed data on gender were available for payroll staff only 

(table 16).

California Juvenile Justice Division

Data were estimated for gender of part-time employees 

(table 16).

Colorado

Colorado=s parole supervision levels were determined by its 

classification system, statutory-driven provisions, parole 

conditions set by the parole board, and resource availability. Therefore, comparable data were not available 

(appendix table 3).

The parole agency had a formal working relationship with a 

state or county employment agency but did not regularly 

receive reports on parolees from the agency (appendix 

table 9).

Connecticut 

Supervision levels on June 30, 2006, were available for a 

total of 3,016 adult parolees including 178 parolees from 

other states for whom information on level of supervision 

was not available. Of the 3,016 adults on parole supervision, 1,700 were required to meet with their parole officer 

weekly, 1,046 monthly, and 17 less frequently. Another 253 

parolees had an unspecified level of contact because they 

were under supervision in another state (appendix table 3).

A total of 3,503 prisoners were considered for parole 

release and 2,915 were voted to parole. Fewer were 

released (2,470) for a variety of reasons, including the lack 

of a sponsor. The 2,470 released included persons whose 

parole was revoked and those re-paroled, but that total 

does not include persons discharged to special (mandatory) parole (appendix table 4).

Other housing assistance signified use of a federal grant 

program, Access to Recovery, to help offenders obtain 

housing (appendix table 8).

Delaware

All data for parolees and others under supervision were 

estimated.

The adult parole supervising agency set the conditions of 

adult parole supervision, but the Delaware Board of Parole 

could impose special conditions (appendix table 4).

District of Columbia

All data were estimated.

Detailed data on gender were reported for payroll staff only 

(table 16).

Absconders included parolees for whom warrants had been 

issued for technical violations and loss of contact. Other 

status of supervision includes five who were in monitored 

unsupervised status and eight who were in warrant executed status (appendix table 2).

All of the sex offenders received some type of in-house 

treatment from community supervision officers who have 

received specialized training. Additionally, these offenders 

are assessed and, as appropriate, placed in sex offender 

treatment obtained through contracts with outside services 

(appendix table 7).

Other housing assistance consisted of Faith-based 

Transitional Housing Program services (appendix table 8).

Florida

The parole board conducts adult parole revocation hearings 

only for prisoners who receive a discretionary release from 

prison. Courts make revocation decisions for prisoners who 

receive mandatory release (appendix table 5).

Revised 3/16/09
24 Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006

Hawaii

The supervision level was unknown or not reported for 347 

persons who were not on active supervision (appendix 

table 3).

Idaho

Detailed data for gender were reported for payroll staff only 

(table 16).

The supervision level was unknown or not reported for 578 

persons supervised out of state (appendix table 3).

Other housing assistance consisted of two formal contracts 

with housing providers (appendix table 8).

Illinois

All data were for December 31, 2007.

Indiana

Detailed data for gender were reported for payroll staff only 

(table 16).

Iowa

The number of parolees in a drug treatment program run by 

a formally trained professional included those in programs 

for operating [a vehicle] while intoxicated. The number of 

parolees in a self-help or drug-awareness program 

included those in Alcoholics Anonymous (appendix 

table 6).

Kansas

Other employment assistance was provided by an offender 

workforce development specialist on staff (appendix 

table 9).

Louisiana

Other housing assistance and other employment assistance both consisted of referrals to a community resource 

agency (appendix tables 8 and 9).

Maryland

The Division of Parole and Probation is located in the 

Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services 

(table 2).

Massachusetts

Data are estimated for gender of part-time employees 

(table 16).

Supervision level was unknown or not reported for 814 persons not on active supervision (appendix table 3).

Michigan

A total of 1,096 full-time equivalent staff positions supervised both parolees and probationers (appendix table 2).

The 3,721 revocation hearings held by the adult parole 

supervising agency were conducted during calendar year 

2005 (appendix table 5).

The numbers of parolees reported as enrolled in a sex 

offender treatment program and in a mental health treatment program may be overestimates because of undocumented terminations of parolee participation (appendix 

table 7).

Minnesota

Of the 4,444 adults on parole on June 30, 2006, there were 

3,066 adults on active parole supervision in 16 Community 

Corrections Act (CCA) agencies serving 30 counties. The 

Minnesota State Department of Corrections provided direct 

parole supervision in the state’s remaining counties 

(appendix table 2).

Detailed data for supervision level does not include parolees supervised by CCA agencies (locally supervised 

offenders released from state prison) due to data reporting 

differences (appendix table 3).

Other employment assistance provided by the state consisted of a reentry program operated by the Department of 

Corrections to prepare offenders seeking employment 

(appendix table 9).

Missouri

The count of full-time equivalent positions is based on a 

work-hour formula and does not include parole cases that 

are interstate supervision only (appendix table 2).

Nevada

Other agency administration is the State of Nevada Department of Public Safety (table 2).

Detailed data for gender reported for payroll staff only (table 

16).

New Mexico

Other housing assistance consisted of a halfway house and 

emergency financial assistance (appendix table 8).

Other employment assistance consisted of job development at re-entry (appendix table 9).

New Jersey

The agency is administered by the New Jersey State 

Parole Board (table 2).
Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006 25

Other housing assistance consisted of routine referrals by 

parole officers to county and municipal services. Based on 

need, parole officers also granted parolees up to $300 in 

financial assistance (appendix table 8).

New York

The chairman of the New York State Board of Parole is also 

the director of the New York State Division of Parole 

(table 2).

Other supervision status includes 8,899 parolees in deportation status, and 193 incarcerated out of state (appendix 

table 2).

The unknown or not reported supervision level includes 

parolees not actively under supervision, including those in 

delinquent, absconder, and non-reporting status and parolees who were either supervised out of state or who have 

been deported (appendix table 3).

The number of prisoners considered for release excludes 

any parolee conditionally released or released by Presumptive Release under the authority of the Commissioner of the 

Department of Correctional Services. (Presumptive release 

refers to a law enacted in 2003, allowing selected inmates 

to be released to parole supervision at the time of their 

parole eligibility without a parole board appearance.) Presumptive release is available to inmates who are serving 

sentences for certain non-violent crimes, and who have no 

history of violence (appendix table 4.)

The 10,946 prisoners released were those granted release 

between July 1, 2005, and June 30, 2006, not the number 

actually released during that period (appendix table 4).

The parole board sets the conditions of supervision. Parole 

officers also have the discretion to impose conditions of 

parole (appendix table 4.)

The Parole Board delegates its authority to conduct nearly 

all parole revocation hearings to administrative law judges 

who have a law degree. The number of revocation hearings 

between July 1, 2005, and June 30, 2006, includes the total 

number of hearings conducted, completed, and adjourned 

(appendix table 5).

Other housing assistance includes the New York State Division of Parole establishing contracts for temporary housing 

resources, and regional program services specialists developing programmatic working relationships with local providers (appendix table 8).

Other employment assistance refers to specialists at 

regional program services developing local employment 

and vocational training opportunities for parolees (appendix 

table 9).

North Carolina

The number of adults on probation includes 2,827 Interstate Compact cases (table 2).

The number of prisoners considered for release was 

restricted to supervised release cases. The number of prisoners released includes all prison exits that occurred 

between July 1, 2005, and June 30, 2006, including supervised releases (appendix table 4).

In addition to the parole supervising agency, the Post 

Release Supervision and Parole Commission sets the conditions of supervision (appendix table 4) and conducts 

parole revocation hearings (appendix table 5).

North Dakota

North Dakota does not use contact standards (appendix 

table 3).

The parole supervising agency makes recommendations 

on the release of prisoners to the parole board (appendix 

table 4).

There are three levels of parole revocation hearings: The 

parole supervising agency conducts preliminary parole 

revocation hearings, the Office of Administrative Hearings 

conducts second level hearings, and the parole board conducts the final hearing (appendix table 5).

Ohio

Detailed data on gender were available for payroll staff only 

(table 16).

In addition to the parole supervising agency, the parole 

board and the Adult Parole Authority conduct parole revocation hearings (appendix table 5).

Oklahoma

All data are estimated.

The Governor of Oklahoma is the final decision maker for 

parole revocations (appendix table 5).

Other housing assistance consisted of an institutional reentry program (appendix table 8).

Oregon

Other agency administration refers to county governments. 

Oregon=s 36 county governments independently administered all adult parole supervision in the state; a central 

respondent in the Oregon Department of Corrections provided summary data (table 2).

The parole staff are county employees: The state respondent did not have this information (tables 15 and 16).

A total of 5,428 parolees were enrolled in drug treatment, 

but the type of program was not specified (appendix 

table 6).
26 Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006

Pennsylvania

The supervision level, reporting frequency not yet determined, included unclassified cases of which 125 were 

under supervision by a District Office, and 1,288 were the 

responsibility of the Central Office, but were supervised by 

another state. Unknown or not reported includes 6,915 

detainees or absconders (appendix table 3).

The number of prisoners considered for release included 

19,644 interviews held with 18,281 individual prisoners, 

some of whom were interviewed more than once during the 

year. The 10,368 prisoners released included 10,268 individual prisoners, some of whom were released more than 

once during the year (appendix table 4.)

Of the total number of parole revocation hearings, 10,940, 

there were 1,798 second-level revocation or revocation violation hearings (appendix table 5).

Rhode Island

Offenders on inactive parole include adults paroled to Immigration and Customs Enforcement and parolees with active 

warrants. Absconders are included among those reported 

as inactive because they have an active warrant, but cannot be separately identified (appendix table 2).

The supervision level was unknown for 156 persons not on 

active supervision (appendix table 3).

South Carolina

Parole and probation officers have mixed caseloads of no 

set proportions. The number of full-time equivalent staff 

positions supervising adult parolees (55) was estimated by 

multiplying the total agent staff (497) by the percentage of 

the supervision population represented by parolees 

(11.1%) (appendix table 2).

Tennessee

The Tennessee Board of Probation and Parole administers 

parole supervision (table 2).

Texas

Detailed data on gender were available for payroll staff only 

(table 16).

The Texas Department of Criminal Justice provided oversight of the adult probation system; however, adult probationers were supervised at the county level. There were 

428,994 adults on probation on June 30, 2006 (table 2 and 

appendix table 1).

During 2005 there were 2,120 parolees returned to incarceration on a technical violation, some of whom were 

returned because of a positive drug test (appendix table 6).

Other housing assistance consisted of halfway houses 

(appendix table 8).

Utah

The supervision level was unknown or not reported for 2 

persons on active supervision and 317 persons under 

supervision in another state (appendix table 3).

Virginia

Virginia=s report of 8,609 adults on parole supervision on 

June 30, 2006, included additional groups of offenders that 

were not previously reported. For the parole census, Virginia included all paroled offenders for whom the state has 

responsibility, paroled felons who are the responsibility of 

local jurisdictions in Virginia, and offenders whose parole 

was originally supervised by the courts that sentenced 

them. 

There were 566 full-time staff and 15 part-time staff who 

supervised both parolees and probationers. The proportion 

of time spent by each staff member to supervise parolees 

was unknown (appendix table 2).

The parole supervising agency makes recommendations 

on the release of prisoners to the parole board (appendix 

table 4).

Parole examiners in the Department of Corrections conduct 

interviews with parolees. Final revocation decisions are 

made by the parole board (appendix table 5).

Washington

Washington has a determinant sentencing system. The 

Department of Corrections determines earned time credit to 

calculate a release date, but does not have a release board 

(appendix table 4).

Parole supervising agency community corrections officers 

can impose conditions of supervision in addition to court 

ordered conditions (appendix table 4).

The parole supervising agency conducts parole revocation 

hearings for offenders sentenced on or after July 1, 1984. 

The Indeterminate Sentence Review Board (parole board) 

also conducts parole revocation hearings (appendix table 

5).

Wisconsin

The adult parole probation was estimated as an average of 

the January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2006, parole population reported on the 2006 Annual Parole Survey; the adult 

probation population was similarly estimated from the 2006 

Annual Probation Survey (table 2).

The number of parole agency offices was estimated from 

information reported on the Wisconsin Department of 

Corrections, Community Corrections website 

<www.wi-doc.com/regional.htm> on May 2, 2006 (table 2).