United States

Department of 

Agriculture

Forest Service

Northern 

Research Station

Research Note NRS-38

Specific Gravity and 

Other Properties of 

Wood and Bark for 156 

Tree Species Found in 

North America

Patrick D. Miles

W. Brad Smith
Visit our homepage at: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/

Published by: For additional copies:

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October 2009 Fax: (740)368-0152

Abstract

Much information is available for specific gravity and other properties of wood and bark, 

but it is widely scattered in the literature. This paper compiles information for estimation of 

biomass for 156 tree species found in North America for use in national forest inventory 

applications. We present specific gravities based on average green volume as well as 

12 percent moisture content volume for calculation of oven-dry biomass. Additional 

information is included on bark thickness, bark voids, and bark percentages by species 

and green and dry weight of wood and bark.

Manuscript received for publication 29 June 2009
1

Introduction

National forest inventories (NFIs) are a vital source of data for 

estimating the volume, biomass, and carbon in trees. In the United 

States, these estimates are based on data collected by the Forest 

Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the U.S. Forest Service during 

routine field inventories. Converting basic tree measurements from 

these inventories to volume, biomass, and carbon requires information 

for wood and bark, such as volume estimation equations, specific 

gravity, and percentage bark. This paper provides the variables needed 

to convert green volume estimates for the sound wood in the central 

stem from FIA data to biomass estimates for stemwood and bark. 

While there are more than 800 species of trees in U.S. forests (Little 

1979), over 95 percent of the nation’s forest tree volume resides in the 

156 species presented in Table 1A. Specific gravity and other properties 

of wood and bark are presented in Tables 1 through 3 for these 156 

North American tree species. Table 4 contains specific gravity estimates 

for all species currently tallied on FIA field plots in the continental 

United States.

Methods

We collected specific gravity data for wood and bark based on green 

volume from published sources. These sources were selected on the 

basis of availability of data reporting specific gravity estimates from 

green volume and oven-dry weight (green specific gravity) for use with 

field inventory data. Table 1A presents values for green specific gravity 

from Jenkins et al. (2004) but with updated references. Additionally, 

specific gravity based on 12 percent moisture content (MC) volume 

and oven-dry weight is provided to facilitate estimating biomass from 

measurements of volumes of processed forest products (lumber, veneer, 

etc.). It should be noted that conversions involving biomass of primary 

forest products, such as saw logs and pulpwood, should be based on 

green specific gravity. Table 1B provides values for total oven-dry and 

green weight for combined wood and bark when only wood volume is 

known.

Information was collected for bark volume as a percentage of green 

wood volume from published sources as noted in the Tables 2A, 

2B, and 3. Bark estimates based solely on double bark thickness or 

diameter inside (DIB) and outside (DOB) bark relationships will 

overestimate the true bark percentage due to unaccounted voids and 

fissures characteristically found in tree bark. It is unclear which of 

the referenced studies on bark accounted for this factor so estimates 

presented may overstate the average bark percent by 10 to 25 percent of 

the reported value depending on the species.

The Authors

PATRICK D. MILES is a Research 

Forester, U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern 

Research Station, 1992 Folwell Ave., 

St. Paul, MN 55108; 

e-mail: pmiles@fs.fed.us

W. BRAD SMITH is the National 

Forest Inventory and Analysis Associate 

Program Manager, U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington 

Office, 1601 N. Kent Street, 4th Floor, 

Arlington VA 22209; 

e-mail: bsmith12@fs.fed.us
2

Table 2A look-up values for average bark percent by diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) class 

(final percentages adjusted for estimated bark voids) were derived using the equation: 

DBT = b0 + b1 * DIAMob (1)

where

DBT = double bark thickness in inches

b0 and b1 = regression coefficients from Table 2A

DIAMob = diameter (inches) outside bark at specified stem location

This equation was used to estimate DBT at d.b.h. and at 4 inches top diameter outside bark. 

The DBT value was subtracted from each outside diameter to derive inside bark diameter at 

that point. The bark percentage at each point was then calculated. The bark percentage values 

at d.b.h. and 4 inches were averaged and then adjusted by the bark void factor to calculate 

the final bark percentage for each species and d.b.h. class as shown in Table 2A.

Table 2B provides estimates of bark percentage based on diameter inside bark regression data 

found in Hilt et al. (1983). Estimates of bark percentage were computed at d.b.h. and at 4 

inches outside bark, averaged, and then adjusted for estimated bark voids. Table 2B look-up 

values for average bark percent by d.b.h. class were estimated using the equation: 

DIB = b0 * DOB + b1 DOB2

/DBH (2)

where

DIB = diameter (inches) inside bark

b0 and b1 = regression coefficients from Table 2B

DOB = diameter (inches) outside bark as specified stem location

DBH = diameter (inches) outside bark at breast height 

Table 2A provides information on bark as a percentage of wood volume based on equations 

from published double bark thickness (DBT) regressions adjusted for bark voids; Table 2B 

provides information based on DIB/DOB relationships adjusted for bark voids. Table 3 

presents bark percentages by species from averaged values in Tables 2A and 2B and other 

referenced studies. Species values in Table 3 were used to assign bark percentages for species 

with similar bark characteristics in Table 1A.

Calculating Biomass

Once central stem net wood volume has been estimated by a volume equation or other 

means, this value becomes the basis for central stem biomass estimates of both wood and 

bark. Central stem wood biomass is estimated using the equation:

Bodw = V

gw * SGgw * W (3)

where

Bodw = oven-dry biomass (pounds) of wood

V

gw = net volume (cu. ft.) of green wood in the central stem

SG

gw = green specific gravity of wood from Table 1A

W = weight of cu. ft. of water (62.4 pounds)
3

Central stem bark biomass is derived from:

Bodb = V

gw

 * BV% * SGgb * W (4)

where

Bodb = oven-dry biomass (pounds) of bark

V

gw = net volume (cu.ft.) of green wood in the central stem

BV% = bark as a percentage of wood volume (look-up values by d.b.h. class from Table 2 or 

average values from Table 1A or 3) 

SGgb = green specific gravity of bark from Table 1A

W = weight of cu. ft. of water (62.4 pounds)

To calculate total central stem biomass, the following equation was used:

Bodt = Bodw + Bodb (5)

where

Bodw = oven-dry biomass (pounds) of wood 

Bodb = oven-dry biomass (pounds) of bark 

And finally, to calculate total wood product biomass, this equation was used:

Bodp = V

p * SG12 * W (6)

where

Bodp = oven-dry biomass (pounds) of wood product (lumber, veneer, etc.)

V

p

 = volume (cu. ft.) of wood product

SG12 = specific gravity based on 12% MC volume of wood from Table 1A

W = weight of cu. ft. of water (62.4 pounds)

Working with Bark Data when Only Total Volume is Available

Generally, NFI data are presented in terms of wood volume and Eq. 3 and Eq. 4 are used 

to estimate total volume and biomass of wood and bark. If only gross volume of wood and 

bark is available, separate estimates of bark and wood volume may be useful. Tables 2 and 3 

provide information on bark as a percentage of total wood and bark for several species and 

species groups. The percents are derived using the following formula:

BV%total = 100 * (BV%wood / (100 + BV%wood)) (7)

where

BV%wood = Bark volume expressed as a percentage of wood volume

BV%total = Bark volume expressed as a percentage of wood and bark volume

Biomass Adjustments

Forest trees are subject to many damaging agents, such as weather, insects, disease, and 

fire that can affect tree volume and biomass estimates. Thus, adjustments may be needed 

to account for rotten or missing wood caused by these agents. This requires additional 

descriptive inventory data which may or may not be available. In the absence of such data, 
4

models may be derived to estimate the average volume deduction for these factors to adjust 

final tree volume and biomass estimates. This need for adjustment is noted here as a caution 

when more precise values are required; such issues are not addressed in this paper.

Green Weight

In today’s wood markets, wood is often sold based on green weight. Values are presented 

for average green weight in pounds per cubic foot and kilograms per cubic meter1

 to 

accommodate this calculation for both wood and bark. Green weights can be extremely 

variable geographically, seasonally, within species, and across various portions of individual 

trees. The values presented in Table 1A are useful for large-scale estimates but should be 

considered as rough estimates for localized areas. An average value for wood and bark 

combined may be derived with the following equation:

GWTwb = GWTw * (1 – BV%total /100) + GWTb

 * BV%total/100 (8)

where

BV%total = 100 * (BV%wood / (100 + BV%wood)) (9)

GWTwb = average green weight per cubic foot of combined wood and bark

GWTw = average green weight per cubic foot of wood

GWTb

 = average green weight per cubic foot of bark

Table 1B provides estimates of oven-dry and green weight for combined wood and bark 

when only wood volume is known.

Comprehensive list of specific gravities

Currently there are 465 trees species listed in the reference species table of the FIA database 

(FIADB; USDA For. Serv. 2009), and as previously stated, 156 of these species account 

for more than 95 percent of the tree biomass in the United States. However specific gravity 

estimates are needed for all 465 species (Table 4) to provide estimates of total tree biomass on 

U.S. forest land. Specific gravity values for the 309 uncommon species are derived as follows:

If a tree species is not listed in Table 1A but multiple tree species of the same genus 

are listed, then the unlisted species is assigned the average of the specific gravities 

of the listed species of the same genus. There were 142 species in Table 4 that are 

assigned specific gravities in this manner.

If a tree species is not listed in Table 1A but there is one tree species of the same genus 

in Table 1A, then the unlisted species is assigned the specific gravity of the listed 

species. Twenty-seven species in Table 4 are assigned specific gravities in this manner.

If a tree species is not listed in Table 1A and there are no tree species of the same 

genus listed in Table 1A, then the unlisted tree species is assigned either the average 

specific gravity of all the softwoods in Table 1A or all the hardwoods in Table 1A. 

There are 115 species in Table 4 that are assigned specific gravities in this manner.

1

Biomass usually is reported in oven-dry metric tons. For convenience, tables in this report also 

include densities for each species in kilograms per cubic meter
5

Today all trees are identified to species. In earlier inventories trees may have been identified 

only to genus. To accommodate this older data, the reference species Table 5 contains 25 

records where only the genus is listed. An example of this is the record “Fir spp”. The specific 

gravity used for the “Fir spp” record is the average for all of the specific gravities for all of the 

fir species listed in Table 1A. The specific gravities for the other 24 genus-only records are 

similarly estimated.

Additional Information

Specific gravity of wood and bark can be quite variable depending on many factors, including 

the geographic location of trees and moisture content, which varies by species, d.b.h., age, 

and stem position. The values presented here are averages and should be used with caution for 

estimates targeting small geographic areas requiring more precise values. Two excellent sources 

of information on wood and bark, including how to make adjustments for alternative moisture 

contents and other factors, are found in Bowyer et al. (2007) and Forest Products Laboratory 

publications (USDA For. Serv. 1999, Simpson 1993). Additional information on individual 

species characteristics is also available at the PLANTS database (USDA Nat. Res. Conserv. 

Srvc. 2009).

The tables for this publication are available as electronic worksheets. These worksheets and 

other information on the FIA program may be found at http://www.fia.fs.fed.us.

Literature cited

1. Alden, Harry A. 1995. Hardwoods of North America. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-83. 

Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products 

Laboratory. 136 p.

2. Alden, Harry A. 1997. Softwoods of North America. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-102. 

Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products 

Laboratory. 151 p.

3. Barger, R.L.; Ffolliott, P.F. 1972. The physical characteristics and utilization 

of major woodland tree species in Arizona. Res. Pap. RM-83. Ft. Collins, CO: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range 

Experiment Station. 80 p.

4. Bowyer, J.L.; Shmulsky, R.; Haygreen, J.G. 2007. Forest products and wood science 

An introduction. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. 576 p.

5. Clark, A.; Phillips, D.R.; Frederick, D.J. 1985. Weight, volume, and physical 

properties of major hardwood species in the Gulf and Atlantic coastal plains.

Res. Pap. SE-250. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 66 p.

6. Clark, A.; Phillips, D.R.; Frederick, D.J. 1986. Weight, volume, and physical properties 

of major hardwood species in the Piedmont. Res. Pap. SE-255. Asheville, NC: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 78 p.
6

7. Einsphar, D.W.; Harder, M. 1976. Hardwood bark properties important to the 

manufacture of fiber products. Forest Products Journal. 26(6): 28-31.

8. Forbes, R.D. 1956. Forestry handbook. New York, NY: Ronald Press. 1143 p.

9. Gevorkiantz, S.R.; Olsen, L.P. 1955. Composite volume tables for timber and their 

application in the Lake States. USDA Tech. Bull. No. 1104. Washington, DC: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture. 51 p.

10. Harkin, J.M.; Rowe, J.W. 1971. Bark and its possible uses. Res. Pap. FPL-091. 

Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products 

Laboratory. 56 p.

11. Hilt, D.E.; Rast, E.D.; Bailey, H.J. 1983. Predicting diameters inside bark for 10 

important hardwood species. Res. Pap. NE-531. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 7 p.

12. Isenberg, I.H.; Harder, M.L.; Louden, L. 1980. Pulpwoods of the United States and 

Canada: volume I - conifers. Appleton, WI: Institute of Paper Chemistry. 219 p.

13. Isenberg, I.H.; Harder, M.L.; Louden, L. 1981. Pulpwoods of the United States and 

Canada: volume II - conifers. Appleton, WI: Institute of Paper Chemistry. 168 p.

14. Jenkins, J.; Chojnacky, D.; Heath, L.; Birdsey, R. 2004. Comprehensive database of 

diameter-based biomass regressions for North American tree species. Gen. Tech. 

Rep. NE-319. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Northeastern Research Station. 45 p.

15. Koch, P.; Mullen, J.F. 1971. Thickness and specific gravity of inner and outer bark 

of red oak and yellow poplar. Wood Science. 3(4): 214-17.

16. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized).

Agric. Handb. 541. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 

375 p.

17. Manwiller , F.G. 1975. Wood and bark moisture contents of small-diameter 

hardwoods growing on southern pine sites. Wood Science. 8(1): 384-388.

18. Markwardt, L.J.; Wilson, T.R.C. 1935. Strength and related properties of woods 

grown in the United States. USDA Tech. Bull. 479. Madison WI: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 479 p.

19. McCormack, J.F. 1955. An allowance for bark increment in computing tree 

diameter growth for southeastern species. Stn. Paper SE-60. Asheville, NC: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.
7

20. Simpson, W.T. 1993. Specific gravity, moisture content, and density relationship 

for wood. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-76. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 13 p.

21. Smith, J.H.G.; Kozak, A. 1967. Thickness and percentage of bark of the 

commercial trees of British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: Faculty of Forestry, 

University of British Columbia. 33 p.

22. Smith, J.H.G.; Kozak, A. 1971. Thickness, moisture content, and specific gravity 

of inner and outer bark of some Pacific Northwest trees. Forest Products Journal. 

21(2): 38-40.

23. Smith, W.B. 1991. Assessing removals for North Central forest inventories. Res. 

Pap. NC-299. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central 

Research Station. 48 p.

24. Stayton, C.L.; Hoffman, M. 1970. Estimating sugar maple bark thickness and 

volume. Res. Pap. NC-38. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

North Central Forest Experiment Station. 8 p.

25. USDA Forest Service. 1999. Wood handbook- Wood as an engineering material.

Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-113. Madison WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 463 p.

26. USDA Forest Service. 1959. Ed. No. 7. Volume tables, converting factors and other 

information applicable to timber in the South. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Region 8, State and Private Forestry.

27. USDA Forest Service. 2009. FIA library: database documentation. Washington, 

DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Available: 

http://fia.fs.fed.us/library/database-documentation/. [Accessed 2009 Aug. 14].

28. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2009. Plants database. Washington, 

DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 

Available: www.plants.usda.gov. [Accessed 2009 Aug. 14].

29. Wenger, Karl F. 1984. Forestry handbook. New York, NY: Wiley. 1360 p.

30. Wilson, P.L.; Funck, W.J.; Avery, R.B. 1987. Fuelwood characteristics of 

northwestern conifers and hardwoods. Res. Bul. 60. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State 

Univ. 42 p.

31. Windsorplywood. http://www.windsorplywood.com/worldofwoods/ [Accessed 2009 

Jun. 14].
8

Table 1A.—Specific gravity and oven-dry weight and green weight of wood and bark for tree species found in North America. Reference numbers in this table refer to numbered citations found in Literature Cited section of this report. 

Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of wood

Average mositure content (MC) 

and green weight of wood *

Specific gravity and oven-dry 

weight of bark Average mositure content (MC) and green weight of 

bark *

Bark 

volume 12% MC volume basis Green volume basis Green volume basis

Common name Genus Species

FIA 

code

Specific 

gravity 

Reference Avg. oven- dry weight (lb/cf) Avg. oven- dry weight (kg/m3) Specific gravity

Reference Avg. oven- dry weight (lb/cf) Avg. oven- dry weight (kg/m3)

Avg. 

moisture 

content 

as a % of 

oven-dry 

weight

Reference Avg. green wt. (lb/cf) Avg. green wt. (kg/m3) Specific gravity

Reference Avg. oven- dry weight (lb/cf) Avg. oven- dry weight (kg/m3)

Avg. 

MC as 

a % of 

ovendry 

weight

Reference Avg. green wt. (lb/cf) Avg. green wt. (kg/m3)

Avg. 

bark 

volume 

as % of 

wood 

volume

Reference

Pacific silver fir Abies amabilis 11 0.43 25 26.8 430 0.40 25 25.0 400 70 30 42 680 0.44 30 27.5 440 64 22 45 721 14.0 30

Balsam fir Abies balsamea 12 0.35 25 21.8 350 0.33 25 20.6 330 119 12 45 721 0.40 12 25.0 400 100 2 50 801 12.0 9

White fir Abies concolor 15 0.39 25 24.3 390 0.37 25 23.1 370 104 12 47 753 0.56 10 34.9 560 63 22 57 913 12.0 a

Grand fir Abies grandis 17 0.37 25 23.1 370 0.35 25 21.8 350 106 12 45 721 0.57 10 35.6 570 63 22 58 929 12.0 a

Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 19 0.32 25 20.0 320 0.31 25 19.3 310 45 12 28 448 0.50 10 31.2 500 63 22 51 817 10.8 21

California red fir Abies magnifica 20 0.38 25 23.7 380 0.36 25 22.5 360 114 12 48 769 0.44 10 27.5 440 20 30 33 529 10.8 a

Noble fir Abies procera 22 0.39 25 24.3 390 0.37 25 23.1 370 30 12 30 481 0.49 10 30.6 490 64 22 50 801 10.8 a

Port-Orford-cedar Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 41 0.43 25 26.8 430 0.39 25 24.3 390 74 25 42 678 0.40 30 25.0 400 64 25 41 657 11.6 a

Alaska yellow-cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 42 0.44 25 27.5 440 0.42 25 26.2 420 72 29 45 721 0.40 22 25.0 400 112 22 53 849 11.6 21

Atlantic white-cedar Chamaecyparis thyoides 43 0.32 25 20.0 320 0.31 25 19.3 310 86 29 36 577 0.40 14 25.0 400 100 30 50 801 11.6 a

Alligator juniper Juniperus deppeana 63 0.51 2 31.8 510 0.48 2 30.0 480 34 28 40 641 0.40 b 25.0 400 60 b 40 641 12.0 aUtah juniper Juniperus osteosperma 65 0.72 a 44.9 720 0.68 3 42.6 682 35 b 57 920 0.40 b 25.0 400 60 b 40 641 12.0 a

Southern redcedar Juniperus virginiana 67 0.44 2 27.5 440 0.42 2 26.2 420 41 b 37 593 0.40 b 25.0 400 60 b 40 641 12.0 a

Eastern redcedar Juniperus virginiana 68 0.47 25 29.3 470 0.44 25 27.5 440 35 29 37 593 0.40 23 25.0 400 60 b 40 641 12.0 23

Tamarack (native) Larix laricina 71 0.53 25 33.1 530 0.49 25 30.6 490 54 12 47 753 0.30 23 18.7 300 98 2 37 593 14.0 23

Western larch Larix occidentalis 73 0.52 25 32.4 520 0.48 25 30.0 480 60 12 48 769 0.33 12 20.6 330 65 2 34 545 14.0 a

Incense-cedar Calocedrus decurrens 81 0.37 25 23.1 370 0.35 25 21.8 350 106 30 45 721 0.25 10 15.6 250 28 30 20 320 17.0 a

Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii 93 0.35 25 21.8 350 0.33 25 20.6 330 89 12 39 625 0.51 12 31.8 510 79 2 57 913 11.2 21

White spruce Picea glauca 94 0.40 25 25.0 400 0.37 25 23.1 370 52 12 35 561 0.39 12 24.3 390 77 30 43 689 13.0 a

Black spruce Picea mariana 95 0.46 25 28.7 460 0.38 25 23.7 380 48 12 35 561 0.42 12 26.2 420 91 2 50 801 13.0 a

Red spruce Picea rubens 97 0.40 25 25.0 400 0.37 25 23.1 370 47 12 34 545 0.32 14 20.0 320 75 b 35 561 13.0 a

Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis 98 0.36 25 22.5 360 0.33 25 20.6 330 60 12 33 529 0.55 10 34.3 550 81 22 62 993 12.5 21

Knobcone pine Pinus attenuata 103 0.42 a 26.2 420 0.39 30 24.3 390 105 b 50 801 0.38 30 23.7 380 69 b 40 641 12.0 30Jack pine Pinus banksiana 105 0.43 25 26.8 430 0.40 25 25.0 400 100 12 50 801 0.41 12 25.6 410 92 2 49 785 14.0 9

Common or twoneedle pinyon Pinus edulis 106 0.57 2 35.6 570 0.50 2 31.2 500 28 b 40 641 0.40 b 25.0 400 60 b 40 641 13.4 a

Sand pine Pinus clausa 107 0.48 25 30.0 480 0.46 25 28.7 460 32 12 38 609 0.45 14 28.1 450 89 2 53 849 15.0 26

Lodgepole pine Pinus contorta 108 0.41 25 25.6 410 0.38 25 23.7 380 64 12 39 625 0.38 12 23.7 380 64 2 39 625 8.9 21

Shortleaf pine Pinus echinata 110 0.51 25 31.8 510 0.47 25 29.3 470 77 12 52 833 0.35 12 21.8 350 60 b 35 561 16.0 26

Slash pine Pinus elliottii 111 0.59 25 36.8 590 0.54 25 33.7 540 72 12 58 929 0.35 12 21.8 350 88 2 41 657 18.0 26

Limber pine Pinus flexilis 113 0.42 2 26.2 420 0.37 2 23.1 370 95 b 45 721 0.50 b 31.2 500 12 b 35 561 13.4 aSpruce pine Pinus glabra 115 0.44 25 27.5 440 0.41 25 25.6 410 76 b 45 721 0.45 14 28.1 450 25 b 35 561 13.4 a

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi 116 0.42 25 26.2 420 0.37 30 23.1 370 104 12 47 753 0.36 30 22.5 360 34 2 30 481 25.6 a

Sugar pine Pinus lambertiana 117 0.36 25 22.5 360 0.34 25 21.2 340 130 25 49 782 0.35 10 21.8 350 88 2 41 657 25.6 a
9

Western white pine Pinus monticola 119 0.38 25 23.7 380 0.36 25 22.5 360 56 12 35 561 0.47 12 29.3 470 84 22 54 865 12.6 21

Bishop pine Pinus muricata 120 0.49 a 30.6 490 0.45 30 28.1 450 60 b 45 721 0.45 31 28.1 450 42 b 40 641 22.0 aLongleaf pine Pinus palustris 121 0.59 25 36.8 590 0.54 25 33.7 540 63 12 55 881 0.45 12 28.1 450 89 2 53 849 14.0 26

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa 122 0.40 25 25.0 400 0.38 25 23.7 380 90 12 45 721 0.35 12 21.8 350 33 2 29 464 25.6 21

Table Mountain pine Pinus pungens 123 0.52 2 32.4 520 0.49 2 30.6 490 77 b 54 865 0.45 b 28.1 450 60 b 45 721 13.4 aMonterey pine Pinus radiata 124 0.53 2 33.0 529 0.40 2 25.0 400 100 b 50 801 0.40 b 25.0 400 60 b 40 641 13.4 aRed pine Pinus resinosa 125 0.46 25 28.7 460 0.41 25 25.6 410 64 12 42 673 0.27 12 16.8 270 90 b 32 513 16.0 23

Pitch pine Pinus rigida 126 0.52 25 32.4 520 0.47 25 29.3 470 70 12 50 801 0.34 10 21.2 340 89 2 40 641 13.4 a

Gray or California foothill pine Pinus sabiniana 127 0.43 a 26.8 430 0.40 30 25.0 400 80 b 45 721 0.40 30 25.0 400 60 b 40 641 22.0 30

Pond pine Pinus serotina 128 0.56 25 34.9 560 0.51 25 31.8 510 60 b 51 817 0.33 b 20.6 330 94 b 40 641 13.4 a

Eastern white pine Pinus strobus 129 0.35 25 21.8 350 0.34 25 21.2 340 65 b 35 561 0.47 12 29.3 470 70 b 50 801 16.0 9

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda 131 0.51 25 31.8 510 0.47 25 29.3 470 81 12 53 849 0.33 12 20.6 330 99 2 41 657 16.6 19

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana 132 0.48 25 30.0 480 0.45 25 28.1 450 78 b 50 801 0.54 12 33.7 540 90 b 64 1025 13.4 a

Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 202 0.48 25 30.0 480 0.45 25 28.1 450 35 12 38 609 0.44 26 27.5 440 89 2 52 833 17.3 21

Redwood Sequoia sempervirens 211 0.38 25 23.7 380 0.36 25 22.5 360 123 12 50 801 0.43 10 26.8 430 16 30 31 497 18.0 30

Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum 212 0.38 a 23.7 380 0.34 30 21.2 340 178 30 59 945 0.34 30 21.2 340 18 b 25 400 18.0 a

Baldcypress Taxodium distichum 221 0.46 25 28.7 460 0.42 25 26.2 420 95 29 51 817 0.50 10 31.2 500 99 b 62 993 20.0 26

Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia 231 0.67 2 41.8 670 0.60 2 37.4 600 47 30 55 881 0.59 30 36.8 590 98 30 73 1169 4.0 30

Northern white-cedar Thuja occidentalis 241 0.31 25 19.3 310 0.29 25 18.1 290 99 23 36 577 0.42 10 26.2 420 91 b 50 801 14.0 9

Western redcedar Thuja plicata 242 0.32 25 20.0 320 0.31 25 19.3 310 40 12 27 433 0.37 12 23.1 370 56 22 36 577 10.6 21

Eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis 261 0.40 25 25.0 400 0.38 25 23.7 380 111 12 50 801 0.46 10 28.7 460 99 2 57 913 17.0 9

Western hemlock Tsuga heterophylla 263 0.45 25 28.1 450 0.42 25 26.2 420 56 12 41 657 0.50 26 31.2 500 102 22 63 1009 15.8 21

Mountain hemlock Tsuga mertensiana 264 0.45 25 28.1 450 0.42 25 26.2 420 68 12 44 705 0.41 10 25.6 410 92 b 49 785 15.8 a

Bigleaf maple Acer macrophyllum 312 0.48 25 30.0 480 0.44 25 27.5 440 71 13 47 753 0.48 10 30.0 480 114 22 64 1025 10.0 30

Boxelder Acer negundo 313 0.46 31 28.7 460 0.42 31 26.2 420 91 b 50 801 0.50 b 31.2 500 92 b 60 961 8.6 a

Black maple Acer nigrum 314 0.57 25 35.6 570 0.52 25 32.4 520 70 b 55 881 0.54 14 33.7 540 90 1 64 1025 15.6 a

Striped maple Acer pensylvanicum 315 0.46 1 28.7 460 0.44 1 27.5 440 71 b 47 753 0.50 b 31.2 500 89 b 59 945 8.6 a

Red maple Acer rubrum 316 0.54 25 33.7 540 0.49 25 30.6 490 64 13 50 801 0.60 13 37.4 600 79 1 67 1073 8.6 11

Silver maple Acer saccharinum 317 0.47 25 29.3 470 0.44 25 27.5 440 68 13 46 737 0.57 13 35.6 570 80 b 64 1025 8.6 a

Sugar maple Acer saccharum 318 0.63 25 39.3 630 0.56 25 34.9 560 57 13 55 881 0.54 13 33.7 540 90 1 64 1025 15.6 11

Yellow buckeye Aesculus flava 332 0.36 1 22.5 360 0.33 1 20.6 330 143 13 50 801 0.50 b 31.2 500 89 b 59 945 15.0 a

Ailanthus Ailanthus altissima 341 0.53 1 33.1 530 0.46 1 28.7 460 74 b 50 801 0.45 b 28.1 450 78 b 50 801 15.0 a

Red alder Alnus rubra 351 0.41 25 25.6 410 0.37 25 23.1 370 99 13 46 737 0.56 26 34.9 560 75 22 61 977 12.0 21

Serviceberry spp. Amelanchier spp. 356 0.79 1 49.3 790 0.66 1 41.2 660 48 26 61 977 0.50 b 31.2 500 60 b 50 801 8.6 a

Table 1A.—continued

Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of wood

Average mositure content (MC) 

and green weight of wood *

Specific gravity and oven-dry 

weight of bark Average mositure content (MC) and green weight of 

bark *

Bark 

volume 12% MC volume basis Green volume basis Green volume basis

Common name Genus Species

FIA 

code

Specific 

gravity 

Reference Avg. oven- dry weight (lb/cf) Avg. oven- dry weight (kg/m3) Specific gravity

Reference Avg. oven- dry weight (lb/cf) Avg. oven- dry weight (kg/m3)

Avg. 

moisture 

content 

as a % of 

oven-dry 

weight

Reference Avg. green wt. (lb/cf) Avg. green wt. (kg/m3) Specific gravity

Reference Avg. oven- dry weight (lb/cf) Avg. oven- dry weight (kg/m3)

Avg. 

MC as 

a % of 

ovendry 

weight

Reference Avg. green wt. (lb/cf) Avg. green wt. (kg/m3)

Avg. 

bark 

volume 

as % of 

wood 

volume

Reference
10

Pacific madrone Arbutus menziesii 361 0.65 1 40.6 650 0.58 1 36.2 580 66 26 60 961 0.60 25 37.4 600 60 b 60 961 15.0 aYellow birch Betula alleghaniensis 371 0.62 25 38.7 620 0.55 25 34.3 550 72 25 59 945 0.62 10 38.7 620 60 b 62 993 9.8 21

Sweet birch Betula lenta 372 0.65 25 40.6 650 0.60 25 37.4 600 73 25 65 1038 0.62 b 38.7 620 53 1 59 945 9.8 a

River birch Betula nigra 373 0.56 1 34.9 560 0.49 1 30.6 490 86 b 57 913 0.55 b 34.3 550 46 b 50 801 9.8 aPaper birch Betula papyrifera 375 0.55 25 34.3 550 0.48 25 30.0 480 74 25 52 833 0.56 13 34.9 560 52 22 53 849 12.6 c

Gray birch Betula populifolia 379 0.51 1 31.8 510 0.45 1 28.1 450 64 13 46 737 0.55 b 34.3 550 63 1 56 897 12.6 aAmerican hornbeam, musclewood Carpinus caroliniana 391 0.70 1 43.7 700 0.58 1 36.2 580 46 26 53 849 0.55 b 34.3 550 89 b 65 1041 8.6 aWater hickory Carya aquatica 401 0.62 25 38.7 620 0.61 25 38.1 610 84 25 70 1121 0.60 14 37.4 600 60 b 60 961 16.0 a

Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis 402 0.66 25 41.2 660 0.60 25 37.4 600 71 25 64 1025 0.60 23 37.4 600 60 b 60 961 16.0 a

Pignut hickory Carya glabra 403 0.75 25 46.8 750 0.66 25 41.2 660 65 13 68 1089 0.60 23 37.4 600 60 b 60 961 16.0 a

Pecan Carya illinoinensis 404 0.66 25 41.2 660 0.60 25 37.4 600 66 25 62 993 0.60 14 37.4 600 60 b 60 961 16.0 a

Shellbark hickory Carya laciniosa 405 0.69 25 43.1 690 0.62 25 38.7 620 65 13 64 1025 0.60 14 37.4 600 60 b 60 961 16.0 a

Nutmeg hickory Carya myristiciformis 406 0.60 25 37.4 600 0.56 25 34.9 560 77 29 62 993 0.60 14 37.4 600 60 b 60 961 16.0 a

Shagbark hickory Carya ovata 407 0.72 25 44.9 720 0.64 25 39.9 640 60 13 64 1025 0.72 13 44.9 720 34 b 60 961 16.0 a

Mockernut hickory Carya alba 409 0.72 25 44.9 720 0.64 25 39.9 640 63 25 65 1041 0.60 23 37.4 600 60 b 60 961 16.0 a

American chestnut Castanea dentata 421 0.43 25 26.8 430 0.40 25 25.0 400 120 25 55 881 0.50 14 31.2 500 89 b 59 945 15.0 a

Giant chinkapin, golden chinkapin Chrysolepis chrysophylla 431 0.46 1 28.7 460 0.42 1 26.2 420 133 26 61 977 0.42 30 26.2 420 91 b 50 801 12.0 30

Northern catalpa Catalpa speciosa 452 0.41 1 25.6 410 0.38 1 23.7 380 73 26 41 657 0.50 b 31.2 500 89 b 59 945 15.0 a

Hackberry Celtis occidentalis 462 0.53 25 33.1 530 0.49 25 30.6 490 64 29 50 801 0.49 23 30.6 490 90 b 58 929 15.0 23

Flowering dogwood Cornus florida 491 0.73 1 45.6 730 0.64 1 39.9 640 33 b 53 849 0.58 b 36.2 580 91 b 69 1105 15.0 a

Pacific dogwood Cornus nuttallii 492 0.62 a 38.7 620 0.58 18 36.2 580 46 b 53 849 0.58 18 36.2 580 91 b 69 1105 15.0 a

Common persimmon Diospyros virginiana 521 0.74 26 46.2 740 0.64 26 39.9 640 58 26 63 1009 0.50 b 31.2 500 89 b 59 945 15.0 a

American beech Fagus grandifolia 531 0.64 25 39.9 640 0.56 25 34.9 560 55 13 54 865 0.67 13 41.8 670 89 b 79 1265 6.0 11

White ash Fraxinus americana 541 0.60 25 37.4 600 0.55 25 34.3 550 46 25 50 801 0.50 13 31.2 500 89 b 59 945 16.0 a

Oregon ash Fraxinus latifolia 542 0.55 25 34.3 550 0.50 25 31.2 500 60 b 50 801 0.50 14 31.2 500 89 b 59 945 16.0 a

Black ash Fraxinus nigra 543 0.49 25 30.6 490 0.45 25 28.1 450 85 13 52 833 0.43 10 26.8 430 90 b 51 817 16.0 a

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 544 0.56 25 34.9 560 0.53 25 33.1 530 57 29 52 833 0.48 13 30.0 480 70 5 51 817 16.0 26

Pumpkin ash Fraxinus profunda 545 0.52 1 32.4 520 0.48 1 30.0 480 67 b 50 801 0.45 b 28.1 450 89 b 53 849 16.0 a

Blue ash Fraxinus quadrangulata 546 0.58 25 36.2 580 0.53 25 33.1 530 51 b 50 801 0.39 14 24.3 390 89 b 46 737 16.0 a

Honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos 552 0.65 a 40.6 650 0.60 25 37.4 600 60 26 60 961 0.50 14 31.2 500 89 b 59 945 15.0 a

Kentucky coffeetree Gymnocladus dioicus 571 0.60 1 37.4 600 0.53 1 33.1 530 51 b 50 801 0.50 b 31.2 500 60 b 50 801 15.0 a

Silverbell spp. Halesia spp. 580 0.45 1 28.1 450 0.42 1 26.2 420 68 26 44 705 0.50 b 31.2 500 89 b 59 945 15.0 a

American holly Ilex opaca 591 0.57 1 35.6 570 0.50 1 31.2 500 83 26 57 913 0.50 b 31.2 500 89 b 59 945 15.0 a

Table 1A.—continued

Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of wood

Average mositure content (MC) 

and green weight of wood *

Specific gravity and oven-dry 

weight of bark Average mositure content (MC) and green weight of 

bark *

Bark 

volume 12% MC volume basis Green volume basis Green volume basis

Common name Genus Species

FIA 

code

Specific 

gravity 

Reference Avg. oven- dry weight (lb/cf) Avg. oven- dry weight (kg/m3) Specific gravity

Reference Avg. oven- dry weight (lb/cf) Avg. oven- dry weight (kg/m3)

Avg. 

moisture 

content 

as a % of 

oven-dry 

weight

Reference Avg. green wt. (lb/cf) Avg. green wt. (kg/m3) Specific gravity

Reference Avg. oven- dry weight (lb/cf) Avg. oven- dry weight (kg/m3)

Avg. 

MC as 

a % of 

ovendry 

weight

Reference Avg. green wt. (lb/cf) Avg. green wt. (kg/m3)

Avg. 

bark 

volume 

as % of 

wood 

volume

Reference
11

Butternut Juglans cinerea 601 0.38 25 23.7 380 0.36 25 22.5 360 105 13 46 737 0.40 14 25.0 400 88 b 47 753 15.0 a

Black walnut Juglans nigra 602 0.55 25 34.3 550 0.51 25 31.8 510 79 13 57 913 0.33 10 20.6 330 89 b 39 625 15.0 a

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua 611 0.52 25 32.4 520 0.46 25 28.7 460 74 13 50 801 0.42 13 26.2 420 91 1 50 801 15.0 5

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera 621 0.42 25 26.2 420 0.40 25 25.0 400 95 25 49 780 0.38 13 23.7 380 124 5 53 849 18.0 5

Tanoak Lithocarpus densiflorus 631 0.62 a 38.7 620 0.58 25 36.2 580 80 26 65 1041 0.62 10 38.7 620 60 b 62 993 19.0 30

Osage-orange Maclura pomifera 641 0.85 1 53.0 850 0.76 1 47.4 760 31 26 62 993 0.60 b 37.4 600 60 b 60 961 15.0 aCucumbertree Magnolia acuminata 651 0.48 25 30.0 480 0.44 25 27.5 440 78 13 49 785 0.44 14 27.5 440 89 b 52 833 15.0 a

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora 652 0.50 25 31.2 500 0.46 25 28.7 460 106 13 59 945 0.44 14 27.5 440 89 b 52 833 15.0 a

Sweetbay Magnolia virginiana 653 0.46 1 28.7 460 0.42 1 26.2 420 87 b 49 785 0.44 b 27.5 440 104 1 56 897 15.0 aMountain or Fraser magnolia Magnolia fraseri 655 0.44 1 27.5 440 0.40 1 25.0 400 96 b 49 785 0.44 b 27.5 440 89 b 52 833 15.0 aApple spp. Malus spp. 660 0.67 26 41.8 670 0.61 26 38.1 610 78 25 68 1085 0.50 b 31.2 500 70 b 53 849 15.0 a

Water tupelo Nyssa aquatica 691 0.50 25 31.2 500 0.46 25 28.7 460 95 29 56 897 0.58 10 36.2 580 82 1 66 1057 14.0 a

Blackgum Nyssa sylvatica 693 0.50 25 31.2 500 0.46 25 28.7 460 101 25 58 924 0.44 13 27.5 440 71 1 47 753 14.0 26

Eastern hophornbeam Ostrya virginiana 701 0.70 1 43.7 700 0.63 1 39.3 630 53 26 60 961 0.50 b 31.2 500 89 b 59 945 15.0 aSourwood Oxydendrum arboreum 711 0.55 1 34.3 550 0.50 18 31.2 500 70 26 53 849 0.60 b 37.4 600 60 b 60 961 15.0 aAmerican sycamore Platanus occidentalis 731 0.49 25 30.6 490 0.46 25 28.7 460 81 13 52 833 0.60 13 37.4 600 84 6 69 1105 8.0 23

Balsam poplar Populus balsamifera 741 0.34 25 21.2 340 0.31 25 19.3 310 107 13 40 641 0.50 23 31.2 500 86 1 58 929 22.0 a

Eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides 742 0.40 25 25.0 400 0.37 25 23.1 370 117 29 50 801 0.38 13 23.7 380 56 b 37 593 22.0 30

Bigtooth aspen Populus grandidentata 743 0.39 25 24.3 390 0.36 25 22.5 360 91 13 43 689 0.59 10 36.8 590 90 b 70 1121 14.4 a

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides 746 0.38 25 23.7 380 0.35 25 21.8 350 129 29 50 801 0.50 13 31.2 500 102 22 63 1009 14.4 21

Black cottonwood Populus balsamifera 747 0.35 25 21.8 350 0.31 25 19.3 310 138 13 46 737 0.40 13 25.0 400 100 31 50 801 16.3 21

Fremont cottonwood Populus fremontii 748 0.45 a 28.1 450 0.41 30 25.6 410 56 b 40 641 0.41 30 25.6 410 92 b 49 785 22.0 a

Mesquite spp. Prosopis spp. 755 0.82 1 51.2 820 0.78 31 48.7 780 21 b 59 945 0.65 b 40.6 650 41 b 57 913 15.0 a

Blackcherry Prunus serotina 762 0.50 25 31.2 500 0.47 25 29.3 470 53 29 45 721 0.63 10 39.3 630 91 b 75 1201 9.2 11

White oak Quercus alba 802 0.68 25 42.4 680 0.60 25 37.4 600 68 13 63 1009 0.56 13 34.9 560 89 17 66 1057 16.0 5

Swamp white oak Quercus bicolor 804 0.72 25 44.9 720 0.64 25 39.9 640 58 13 63 1009 0.55 b 34.3 550 89 b 65 1041 16.0 a

Canyon live oak Quercus chrysolepis 805 0.74 a 46.2 740 0.70 30 43.7 700 74 13 76 1217 0.64 14 39.9 640 90 b 76 1217 16.0 a

Scarlet oak Quercus coccinea 806 0.67 25 41.8 670 0.60 25 37.4 600 71 13 64 1025 0.71 10 44.3 710 49 6 66 1057 22.0 a

Southern red oak Quercus falcata 812 0.59 25 36.8 590 0.52 25 32.4 520 97 13 64 1025 0.68 10 42.4 680 48 6 63 1009 22.0 5

Cherrybark oak Quercus pagoda 813 0.69 25 43.1 690 0.61 25 38.1 610 68 13 64 1025 0.63 14 39.3 630 91 17 75 1201 22.0 a

Gambel oak Quercus gambelii 814 0.63 a 39.3 630 0.61 3 38.1 610 66 13 63 1009 0.63 b 39.2 629 66 b 65 1041 22.0 a

Oregon white oak Quercus garryana 815 0.72 1 44.9 720 0.64 1 39.9 640 58 13 63 1009 0.63 30 39.3 630 65 b 65 1041 16.0 a

California black oak Quercus kelloggii 818 0.55 a 34.3 550 0.51 18 31.8 510 101 13 64 1025 0.45 14 28.1 450 89 b 53 849 22.0 aLaurel oak Quercus laurifolia 820 0.63 25 39.3 630 0.56 25 34.9 560 83 13 64 1025 0.50 b 31.2 500 121 5 69 1105 16.0 a

Table 1A.—continued

Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of wood

Average mositure content (MC) 

and green weight of wood *

Specific gravity and oven-dry 

weight of bark Average mositure content (MC) and green weight of 

bark *

Bark 

volume 12% MC volume basis Green volume basis Green volume basis

Common name Genus Species

FIA 

code

Specific 

gravity 

Reference Avg. oven- dry weight (lb/cf) Avg. oven- dry weight (kg/m3) Specific gravity

Reference Avg. oven- dry weight (lb/cf) Avg. oven- dry weight (kg/m3)

Avg. 

moisture 

content 

as a % of 

oven-dry 

weight

Reference Avg. green wt. (lb/cf) Avg. green wt. (kg/m3) Specific gravity

Reference Avg. oven- dry weight (lb/cf) Avg. oven- dry weight (kg/m3)

Avg. 

MC as 

a % of 

ovendry 

weight

Reference Avg. green wt. (lb/cf) Avg. green wt. (kg/m3)

Avg. 

bark 

volume 

as % of 

wood 

volume

Reference
12

California white oak Quercus lobata 821 0.58 a 36.2 580 0.55 30 34.3 550 84 13 63 1009 0.55 30 34.3 550 89 b 65 1041 16.0 aOvercup oak Quercus lyrata 822 0.63 25 39.3 630 0.57 25 35.6 570 77 13 63 1009 0.51 14 31.8 510 89 b 60 961 22.0 a

Bur oak Quercus macrocarpa 823 0.64 25 39.9 640 0.58 25 36.2 580 74 13 63 1009 0.54 10 33.7 540 90 b 64 1025 16.0 a

Swamp chestnut oak Quercus michauxii 825 0.67 25 41.8 670 0.60 25 37.4 600 68 13 63 1009 0.51 14 31.8 510 89 b 60 961 23.0 a

Water oak Quercus nigra 827 0.63 25 39.3 630 0.56 25 34.9 560 83 13 64 1025 0.62 14 38.7 620 73 5 67 1073 16.0 a

Pin oak Quercus palustris 830 0.63 25 39.3 630 0.58 25 36.2 580 77 13 64 1025 0.60 14 37.4 600 90 17 71 1137 22.0 a

Willow oak Quercus phellos 831 0.69 25 43.1 690 0.56 25 34.9 560 83 13 64 1025 0.59 10 36.8 590 90 b 70 1121 16.0 a

Chestnut oak Quercus prinus 832 0.66 25 41.2 660 0.57 25 35.6 570 77 13 63 1009 0.54 10 33.7 540 60 6 54 865 23.0 5

Northern red oak Quercus rubra 833 0.63 25 39.3 630 0.56 25 34.9 560 83 13 64 1025 0.68 13 42.4 680 91 17 81 1298 20.0 9

Post oak Quercus stellata 835 0.67 25 41.8 670 0.60 25 37.4 600 71 13 64 1025 0.51 10 31.8 510 89 17 60 961 22.0 a

Black oak Quercus velutina 837 0.61 25 38.1 610 0.56 25 34.9 560 83 13 64 1025 0.60 10 37.4 600 90 17 71 1137 18.5 11

Live oak Quercus virginiana 838 0.88 25 54.9 880 0.80 25 49.9 800 52 13 76 1217 0.51 14 31.8 510 89 b 60 961 16.0 a

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia 901 0.69 25 43.1 690 0.66 25 41.2 660 41 26 58 929 0.29 10 18.1 290 88 b 34 545 15.0 a

Black willow Salix nigra 922 0.39 25 24.3 390 0.36 25 22.5 360 127 13 51 817 0.50 14 31.2 500 99 1 62 993 16.0 a

Sassafras Sassafras albidum 931 0.46 25 28.7 460 0.42 25 26.2 420 68 26 44 705 0.50 14 31.2 500 89 b 59 945 15.0 a

American basswood Tilia americana 951 0.37 25 23.1 370 0.32 25 20.0 320 105 25 41 657 0.48 10 30.0 480 90 b 57 913 10.5 c

Winged elm Ulmus alata 971 0.66 1 41.2 660 0.60 1 37.4 600 42 b 53 849 0.45 b 28.1 450 75 b 49 785 14.0 a

American elm Ulmus americana 972 0.50 25 31.2 500 0.46 25 28.7 460 94 25 56 892 0.44 10 27.5 440 78 b 49 785 14.0 a

Cedar elm Ulmus crassifolia 973 0.64 1 39.9 640 0.59 1 36.8 590 66 25 61 977 0.45 b 28.1 450 75 b 49 785 14.0 a

Slippery elm Ulmus rubra 975 0.53 25 33.1 530 0.48 25 30.0 480 77 b 53 849 0.29 10 18.1 290 171 b 49 785 14.0 a

Rock elm Ulmus thomasii 977 0.63 25 39.3 630 0.57 25 35.6 570 51 25 54 860 0.50 14 31.2 500 57 b 49 785 14.0 a

California-laurel Umbellularia californica 981 0.55 1 34.3 550 0.51 1 31.8 510 67 30 53 849 0.55 30 34.3 550 43 b 49 785 15.0 a

Table 1A.—continued* Moisture content is extremely variable and the values shown are averages or estimates based on the literature cited.a No reference source available, estimated based on similar species.b Based on green volume specific gravity and bark moisture content of similar species.c Adapted from McCormack (1955) using supplemental data from Forbes (1956) and Koch (1971)

Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of wood

Average mositure content (MC) 

and green weight of wood *

Specific gravity and oven-dry 

weight of bark Average mositure content (MC) and green weight of 

bark *

Bark 

volume 12% MC volume basis Green volume basis Green volume basis

Common name Genus Species

FIA 

code

Specific 

gravity 

Reference Avg. oven- dry weight (lb/cf) Avg. oven- dry weight (kg/m3) Specific gravity

Reference Avg. oven- dry weight (lb/cf) Avg. oven- dry weight (kg/m3)

Avg. 

moisture 

content 

as a % of 

oven-dry 

weight

Reference Avg. green wt. (lb/cf) Avg. green wt. (kg/m3) Specific gravity

Reference Avg. oven- dry weight (lb/cf) Avg. oven- dry weight (kg/m3)

Avg. 

MC as 

a % of 

ovendry 

weight

Reference Avg. green wt. (lb/cf) Avg. green wt. (kg/m3)

Avg. 

bark 

volume 

as % of 

wood 

volume

Reference
13

Table 1B.—Average oven-dry and green weight of wood and bark when only wood volume is known for tree species in North America. 

Reference numbers in this table refer to numbered citations found in Literature Cited section of this report. Wood reference Bark reference Bark % reference (Tab 3)

Total oven-dry and green weight of wood and 

bark per cubic foot of wood *

Common name Genus Species

FIA 

code

Avg. ovendry weight 

of wood 

and bark 

(lb/cf)

Avg. ovendry weight 

of wood 

and bark 

(kg/m3) 

Avg. 

green 

weight 

of wood 

and bark 

(lb/cf)

Avg. 

green 

weight 

of wood 

and bark 

(kg/m3)

Pacific silver fir Abies amabilis 11 25 30 30 29 461 49 781

Balsam fir Abies balsamea 12 25 12 9 24 378 51 817

White fir Abies concolor 15 25 12 a 27 437 54 862

Grand fir Abies grandis 17 25 12 a 26 418 52 832

Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 19 25 12 21 23 364 33 536

California red fir Abies magnifica 20 25 12 a 25 407 52 826

Noble fir Abies procera 22 25 12 a 26 423 35 567

Port-Orford-cedar Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 41 25 25 a 27 436 47 754

Alaska yellow-cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 42 25 29 21 29 466 51 819

Atlantic white-cedar Chamaecyparis thyoides 43 25 29 a 22 356 42 669

Alligator juniper Juniperus deppeana 63 2 28 a 33 528 45 718

Utah juniper Juniperus osteosperma 65 3 b a 46 730 62 997

Southern redcedar Juniperus virginiana 67 2 b a 29 468 42 670

Eastern redcedar Juniperus virginiana 68 25 29 23 30 488 42 670

Tamarack (native) Larix laricina 71 25 12 23 33 532 52 836

Western larch Larix occidentalis 73 25 12 a 33 526 53 845

Incense-cedar Calocedrus decurrens 81 25 30 a 24 392 48 775

Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii 93 25 12 21 24 387 45 727

White spruce Picea glauca 94 25 12 a 26 421 41 650

Black spruce Picea mariana 95 25 12 a 27 434 42 665

Red spruce Picea rubens 97 25 12 a 26 411 39 618

Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis 98 25 12 21 25 399 41 653

Knobcone pine Pinus attenuata 103 30 b 30 27 435 55 878

Jack pine Pinus banksiana 105 25 12 9 29 457 57 911

Common or two-needle pinyon Pinus edulis 106 2 b a 35 553 45 727

Sand pine Pinus clausa 107 25 12 26 33 527 46 736

Lodgepole pine Pinus contorta 108 25 12 21 26 413 42 680

Shortleaf pine Pinus echinata 110 25 12 26 33 526 58 923

Slash pine Pinus elliottii 111 25 12 26 38 603 65 1047

Limber pine Pinus flexilis 113 2 b a 27 437 50 796

Spruce pine Pinus glabra 115 25 b a 29 470 50 796

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi 116 30 12 a 29 462 55 876

Sugar pine Pinus lambertiana 117 25 25 a 27 429 59 950

Western white pine Pinus monticola 119 25 12 21 26 419 42 670

Bishop pine Pinus muricata 120 30 b a 34 549 54 862

Longleaf pine Pinus palustris 121 25 12 26 38 603 62 1000

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa 122 25 12 21 29 469 52 840

Table Mountain pine Pinus pungens 123 2 b a 34 550 60 962

Monterey pine Pinus radiata 124 2 b a 28 454 55 887

Red pine Pinus resinosa 125 25 12 23 28 453 47 755

Pitch pine Pinus rigida 126 25 12 a 32 515 55 887
14

Gray or California foothill pine Pinus sabiniana 127 30 b 30 30 488 54 862

Pond pine Pinus serotina 128 25 b a 35 554 56 903

Eastern white pine Pinus strobus 129 25 b 9 26 415 43 689

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda 131 25 12 19 33 525 60 958

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana 132 25 b a 33 522 59 938

Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 202 25 12 21 33 526 47 753

Redwood Sequoia sempervirens 211 25 12 30 27 437 56 890

Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum 212 30 30 a 25 401 63 1017

Baldcypress Taxodium distichum 221 25 29 26 32 520 63 1016

Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia 231 2 30 30 39 623 58 928

Northern white-cedar Thuja occidentalis 241 25 23 9 22 349 43 689

Western redcedar Thuja plicata 242 25 12 21 22 349 31 493

Eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis 261 25 12 9 29 458 60 956

Western hemlock Tsuga heterophylla 263 25 12 21 31 499 51 816

Mountain hemlock Tsuga mertensiana 264 25 12 a 30 484 52 829

Bigleaf maple Acer macrophyllum 312 25 13 30 30 488 53 855

Boxelder Acer negundo 313 31 b a 29 463 55 884

Black maple Acer nigrum 314 25 b a 38 604 65 1041

Striped maple Acer pensylvanicum 315 1 b a 30 483 52 834

Red maple Acer rubrum 316 25 13 11 34 541 56 893

Silver maple Acer saccharinum 317 25 13 a 31 489 52 825

Sugar maple Acer saccharum 318 25 13 11 40 644 65 1041

Yellow buckeye Aesculus flava 332 1 13 a 25 405 59 943

Ailanthus Ailanthus altissima 341 1 b a 33 527 58 921

Red alder Alnus rubra 351 25 13 21 27 437 53 855

Serviceberry spp. Amelanchier spp. 356 1 26 a 44 703 65 1046

Pacific madrone Arbutus menziesii 361 1 26 a 42 670 69 1105

Yellow birch Betula alleghaniensis 371 25 25 21 38 611 65 1043

Sweet birch Betula lenta 372 25 25 a 41 661 71 1130

River birch Betula nigra 373 1 b a 34 544 62 992

Paper birch Betula papyrifera 375 25 25 c 34 550 59 940

Gray birch Betula populifolia 379 1 13 a 32 519 53 850

American hornbeam, musclewood Carpinus caroliniana 391 1 26 a 39 627 59 939

Water hickory Carya aquatica 401 25 25 a 44 706 80 1275

Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis 402 25 25 a 43 696 74 1179

Pignut hickory Carya glabra 403 25 13 a 47 756 78 1243

Pecan Carya illinoinensis 404 25 25 a 43 696 72 1147

Shellbark hickory Carya laciniosa 405 25 13 a 45 716 74 1179

Nutmeg hickory Carya myristiciformis 406 25 29 a 41 656 72 1147

Shagbark hickory Carya ovata 407 25 13 a 47 755 74 1179

Mockernut hickory Carya alba 409 25 25 a 46 736 75 1195

American chestnut Castanea dentata 421 25 25 a 30 475 64 1023

Table 1B.—continued

Wood reference

Bark reference

Bark % reference 

(Tab 3)

Total oven-dry and green weight of wood and 

bark per cubic foot of wood *

Common name Genus Species

FIA 

code

Avg. ovendry weight 

of wood 

and bark 

(lb/cf)

Avg. ovendry weight 

of wood 

and bark 

(kg/m3) 

Avg. 

green 

weight 

of wood 

and bark 

(lb/cf)

Avg. 

green 

weight 

of wood 

and bark 

(kg/m3)
15

Giant chinkapin, golden chinkapin Chrysolepis chrysophylla 431 1 26 30 29 470 67 1073

Northern catalpa Catalpa speciosa 452 1 26 a 28 455 50 799

Hackberry Celtis occidentalis 462 25 29 23 35 563 59 940

Flowering dogwood Cornus florida 491 1 b a 45 727 63 1015

Pacific dogwood Cornus nuttallii 492 18 b a 42 667 63 1015

Common persimmon Diospyros virginiana 521 26 26 a 45 715 72 1151

American beech Fagus grandifolia 531 25 13 11 37 600 59 941

White ash Fraxinus americana 541 25 25 a 39 630 59 952

Oregon ash Fraxinus latifolia 542 25 b a 36 580 59 952

Black ash Fraxinus nigra 543 25 13 a 32 519 60 964

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 544 25 29 26 38 607 60 964

Pumpkin ash Fraxinus profunda 545 1 b a 34 552 58 937

Blue ash Fraxinus quadrangulata 546 25 b a 37 592 57 919

Honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos 552 25 26 a 42 675 69 1103

Kentucky coffeetree Gymnocladus dioicus 571 1 b a 38 605 58 921

Silverbell spp. Halesia spp. 580 1 26 a 31 495 53 847

American holly Ilex opaca 591 1 26 a 36 575 66 1055

Butternut Juglans cinerea 601 25 13 a 26 420 53 850

Black walnut Juglans nigra 602 25 13 a 35 559 63 1007

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua 611 25 13 5 33 523 58 921

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera 621 25 25 5 29 468 58 932

Tanoak Lithocarpus densiflorus 631 25 26 30 44 697 77 1230

Osage-orange Maclura pomifera 641 1 26 a 53 850 71 1137

Cucumbertree Magnolia acuminata 651 25 13 a 32 506 57 910

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora 652 25 13 a 33 526 67 1070

Sweetbay Magnolia virginiana 653 1 b a 30 486 57 919

Mountain or Fraser magnolia Magnolia fraseri 655 1 b a 29 466 57 910

Apple spp. Malus spp. 660 26 25 a 43 685 76 1213

Water tupelo Nyssa aquatica 691 25 29 a 34 541 65 1045

Blackgum Nyssa sylvatica 693 25 25 26 33 521 64 1030

Eastern hophornbeam Ostrya virginiana 701 1 26 a 44 705 69 1103

Sourwood Oxydendrum arboreum 711 18 26 a 37 590 62 993

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis 731 25 13 23 32 508 58 921

Balsam poplar Populus balsamifera 741 25 13 a 26 420 53 845

Eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides 742 25 29 30 28 453 58 931

Bigtooth aspen Populus grandidentata 743 25 13 a 28 445 53 850

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides 746 25 29 21 26 422 59 946

Black cottonwood Populus balsamifera 747 25 13 21 23 375 54 868

Fremont cottonwood Populus fremontii 748 30 b a 31 500 51 813

Mesquite spp. Prosopis spp. 755 31 b a 55 877 68 1082

Black cherry Prunus serotina 762 25 29 11 33 528 52 831

White oak Quercus alba 802 25 13 5 43 689 74 1178

Table 1B.—continued

Wood reference

Bark reference

Bark % reference 

(Tab 3)

Total oven-dry and green weight of wood and 

bark per cubic foot of wood *

Common name Genus Species

FIA 

code

Avg. ovendry weight 

of wood 

and bark 

(lb/cf)

Avg. ovendry weight 

of wood 

and bark 

(kg/m3) 

Avg. 

green 

weight 

of wood 

and bark 

(lb/cf)

Avg. 

green 

weight 

of wood 

and bark 

(kg/m3)
16

Swamp white oak Quercus bicolor 804 25 13 a 45 728 73 1176

Canyon live oak Quercus chrysolepis 805 30 13 a 50 802 88 1412

Scarlet oak Quercus coccinea 806 25 13 a 47 756 79 1258

Southern red oak Quercus falcata 812 25 13 5 42 669 78 1247

Cherrybark oak Quercus pagoda 813 25 13 a 47 748 80 1289

Gambel oak Quercus gambelii 814 3 13 a 47 748 77 1238

Oregon white oak Quercus garryana 815 1 13 a 46 740 73 1176

California black oak Quercus kelloggii 818 18 13 a 38 609 76 1212

Laurel oak Quercus laurifolia 820 25 13 a 40 640 75 1202

California white oak Quercus lobata 821 30 13 a 40 638 73 1176

Overcup oak Quercus lyrata 822 25 13 a 43 682 76 1221

Bur oak Quercus macrocarpa 823 25 13 a 42 666 73 1173

Swamp chestnut oak Quercus michauxii 825 25 13 a 45 717 77 1230

Water oak Quercus nigra 827 25 13 a 41 659 75 1197

Pin oak Quercus palustris 830 25 13 a 44 712 80 1275

Willow oak Quercus phellos 831 25 13 a 41 654 75 1205

Chestnut oak Quercus prinus 832 25 13 5 43 694 75 1208

Northern red oak Quercus rubra 833 25 13 9 43 696 80 1285

Post oak Quercus stellata 835 25 13 a 44 712 77 1237

Black oak Quercus velutina 837 25 13 11 42 671 77 1236

Live oak Quercus virginiana 838 25 13 a 55 881 86 1371

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia 901 25 26 a 44 703 63 1011

Black willow Salix nigra 922 25 13 a 27 440 61 976

Sassafras Sassafras albidum 931 25 26 a 31 495 53 847

American basswood Tilia americana 951 25 25 c 23 370 47 753

Winged elm Ulmus alata 971 1 b a 41 663 60 959

American elm Ulmus americana 972 25 25 a 33 521 63 1002

Cedar elm Ulmus crassifolia 973 1 25 a 41 653 68 1087

Slippery elm Ulmus rubra 975 25 b a 32 520 60 959

Rock elm Ulmus thomasii 977 25 25 a 40 640 61 970

California-laurel Umbellularia californica 981 1 30 a 37 592 60 967

* Moisture content is extremely variable and the values shown are averages or estimates based on the literature cited.

a No reference source available, estimated based on similar species.

b Based on green volume specific gravity and bark moisture content of similar species.

c Adapted from McCormack (1955) using supplemental data from Forbes (1956) and Koch (1971)

Table 1B.—continued

Wood reference

Bark reference

Bark % reference 

(Tab 3)

Total oven-dry and green weight of wood and 

bark per cubic foot of wood *

Common name Genus Species

FIA 

code

Avg. ovendry weight 

of wood 

and bark 

(lb/cf)

Avg. ovendry weight 

of wood 

and bark 

(kg/m3) 

Avg. 

green 

weight 

of wood 

and bark 

(lb/cf)

Avg. 

green 

weight 

of wood 

and bark 

(kg/m3)
17

Table 2A.—Double bark thickness (DBT) regression coeeficients, bark void factors and average bark percentage by species and d.b.h. 

(Equation: DBT = b0 + b1 x DIAMob). Reference numbers in this table refer to numbered citations found in Literature Cited section of this 

report.

 Bark 

void 

factor 

 DBT eq. coef. 

Reference

d.b.h. class (inches)

Species

FIA 

code EQ b0 b1 4 8 12 16 20 24 28+ AVG 

bark as percent of wood volume

Subalpine fir 19 1 0.27 0.05 0.06 22 11.2 11.0 10.8 10.7 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.8

Alaska yellow-cedar 42 2 0.27 0.24 0.03 22 13.4 12.5 11.6 11.2 10.9 10.8 10.6 11.6

Engelmann/white spruce 93 3 0.27 0.15 0.04 22 12.3 11.8 11.2 11.0 10.8 10.7 10.6 11.2

Silka spruce 98 4 0.27 0.39 0.01 22 15.5 14.0 12.6 11.9 11.5 11.3 11.1 12.5

Lodgepole pine 108 5 0.20 0.07 0.04 22 9.4 9.2 8.9 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.9

Western white pine 119 6 0.27 0.11 0.05 22 11.6 11.2 10.9 10.7 10.5 10.5 10.4 12.6

Ponderosa pine 122 7 0.26 0.21 0.10 22 27.6 26.6 25.6 25.2 24.9 24.7 24.6 25.6

Eastern white pine 129 8 0.27 0.02 0.10 a 18.5 18.4 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3

Loblolly pine 131 9 0.27 0.04 0.09 a 16.1 15.9 15.7 15.7 15.6 15.6 15.5 15.7

Douglas-fir, coastal 202 10 0.27 (0.23) 0.14 22 15.2 16.2 17.3 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.5 17.3

Douglas-fir, interior 202 11 0.27 (0.40) 0.17 22 14.5 16.2 18.1 19.0 19.6 20.0 20.3 18.3

W. redcedar, coastal 242 12 0.27 0.43 0.03 22 20.4 18.7 17.0 16.2 15.8 15.5 15.3 17.0

W. redcedar, interior 242 13 0.27 0.30 0.01 22 12.8 11.7 10.6 10.1 9.8 9.6 9.4 10.6

Eastern hemlock 261 14 0.27 0.18 0.08 a 21.5 20.7 20.0 19.6 19.4 19.2 19.1 19.9

W. hemlock, coastal 263 15 0.27 0.31 0.04 22 18.7 17.5 16.3 15.7 15.4 15.2 15.0 16.3

W. hemlock, interior 263 16 0.27 0.04 0.09 22 16.1 15.9 15.8 15.7 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.8

Red alder 351 17 0.23 0.16 0.04 22 13.3 12.7 12.1 11.8 11.6 11.5 11.4 12.0

Yellow birch 371 18 0.23 0.15 0.03 22 10.9 10.4 9.8 9.6 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.8

White birch 375 19 0.23 0.13 0.05 a 13.7 13.2 12.6 12.4 12.2 12.1 12.1 12.6

Ash 541 20 0.25 0.38 0.05 a 23.6 21.9 20.4 19.6 19.2 18.9 18.7 19.0

Trembling aspen 746 21 0.15 0.10 0.07 22 16.9 16.4 15.9 15.7 15.6 15.5 15.4 14.4

Black cottonwood 747 22 0.23 0.06 0.08 22 16.9 16.6 16.3 16.2 16.1 16.1 16.0 16.3

Red oak 806 23 0.20 0.19 0.07 a 19.7 18.8 18.0 17.6 17.4 17.2 17.1 18.0

Basswood 951 24 0.23 0.05 0.05 a 10.5 10.3 10.1 10.1 10.0 10.0 9.9 10.5

Softwoods, generic 25 0.27 0.30 0.02 13.8 12.7 11.6 11.1 10.8 10.6 10.4 13.4

Hardwoods, generic 26 0.23 0.12 0.06 15.0 14.5 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.5 13.5 15.0

a Adapted from McCormack (1955) using supplemental data from Forbes (1956) and Koch (1971)

NOTE: Bark voids are estimated based on data in Bowyer, J.L.; et al. 2007.

Table 2B.—Diameter inside bark (DIB) regression coeeficients, bark void factors, and average bole bark as a percentage of wood volume 

by species and d.b.h. class (Equation: DIB = b0 * DOB + b1 DOB2/DBH). Reference numbers in this table refer to numbered citations 

found in Literature Cited section of this report.

Bark

void

factor

DBT eq. coef.

Reference

D.b.h. class (inches)

Species FIA code EQ b0 b1 4 8 12 16 20 24 28+ AVG

---------------------------bark as percent of wood volume----------------------------

Redmaple 316 27 0.23 0.92 0.05 11 7.2 7.9 8.6 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.4 8.6

Sugarmaple 318 28 0.23 0.87 0.06 11 13.4 14.4 15.5 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.8 15.6

Beech 531 29 0.05 0.93 0.04 11 4.7 5.3 6.0 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.0

Yellow-poplar 621 30 0.23 0.84 0.09 11 15.5 17.1 18.8 19.6 20.2 20.5 20.8 18.9

Blackcherry 762 31 0.23 0.93 0.02 11 8.7 8.9 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.4 9.5 9.2

Whiteoak 802 32 0.23 0.88 0.06 11 12.5 13.4 14.4 14.9 15.2 15.4 15.6 14.5

Southernredoak 812 33 0.23 0.89 0.04 11 13.7 14.4 15.1 15.4 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.1

Chestnutoak 832 34 0.23 0.77 0.15 11 18.7 21.7 24.9 26.7 27.8 28.5 29.1 25.3

Blackoak 837 35 0.23 0.83 0.10 11 14.5 16.4 18.3 19.4 20.0 20.4 20.7 18.5
18

Table 3.—Estimated average green bark volume as a percent of green wood volume. Reference 

numbers in this table refer to numbered citations found in Literature Cited section of this report.

Species

Reference

FIA 

code Bark % Species

Reference

FIA 

code Bark % 

Pacific silver fir 30 11 14.0 Bigleaf maple 30 312 10.0

Balsam Fir 9 12 12.0 Red maple 11 316 8.6

Subalpine fir 21 19 10.8 Sugar maple 11 318 15.6

Alaska yellow cedar 21 42 11.6 Red alder 21 351 12.0

Eastern redcedar 23 68 12.0 Yellow birch 21 371 9.8

Tamarack (native) 23 71 14.0 White birch a 375 12.6

Spruce 10 90 13.0 Hickory 9 400 16.0

Engelmann spruce 21 93 11.2 Giant chinkapin 30 431 12.0

Silka spruce 21 98 12.5 Hackberry 23 462 15.0

Knobcone pine 30 103 12.0 Beech 11 531 6.0

Jack pine 9 105 14.0 Ash 9 540 16.0

Sand pine 26 107 15.0 Green Ash 26 544 16.0

Lodgepole pine 21 108 8.9 Walnut 23 600 15.0

Shortleaf pine 26 110 16.0 Sweetgum 5 611 15.0

Slash pine 26 111 18.0 Yellow-poplar 5 621 18.0

Western white pine 21 119 12.6 Tanoak 30 631 19.0

Longleaf Pine 26 121 14.0 Blackgum 26 693 14.0

Ponderosa pine 21 122 25.6 Sycamore 23 731 8.0

Red pine 23 125 16.0 E. cottonwood 30 742 22.0

Digger pine 30 127 22.0 Trembling aspen 21 746 14.4

Eastern white pine 9 129 16.0 Black cottonwood 21 747 16.3

Loblolly pine 19 131 16.6 Black cherry 11 762 9.2

Douglas-fir, coastal 21 202 17.3 White oak 5 802 16.0

Douglas-fir, interior 21 202 18.3 S. red oak 5 812 22.0

Redwood 30 211 18.0 Chestnut oak 5 832 23.0

Baldcypress 26 221 20.0 N. red oak 9 833 20.0

Pacific Yew 30 231 4.0 Black oak 11 837 18.5

N. white-cedar 9 241 14.0 Willow 23 920 16.0

W. redcedar, coastal 21 242 17.0 Basswood a 951 10.5

W. redcedar, interior 21 242 10.6 Elm 23 970 14.0

Eastern hemlock 9 261 17.0 Hardwoods, generic 999 15.0

W. hemlock, coastal 21 263 16.3

W. hemlock, interior 21 263 15.8

Softwoods, generic 299 13.4

a Adapted from McCormack (1955) using supplemental data from Forbes (1956) and Koch (1971)

NOTE: To express bark volume as a percentage of total volume, multiply the shown value by 1.0/(1.0 + shown 

value/100) 
19

Table 4.—Specific gravity and bark percent assignment for trees in FIADB reference species table. Reference numbers in this table refer to numbered citations found in Literature Cited section of this report.Common name Genus Species

FIA 

Code

Wood 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Bark 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

wood as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

bark as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Wood 

Specific 

gravity (12 

pct MC 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference Bark volume %

Reference

Fir spp. Abies spp. 10 0.36 b 0.49 b 84 b 62 b 0.38 b 11.8 f Pacific silver fir Abies amabilis 11 0.40 25 0.44 30 70 30 64 22 0.43 25 14.0 30

Balsam fir Abies balsamea 12 0.33 25 0.40 12 119 12 100 2 0.35 25 12.0 9Santa Lucia or bristlecone fir Abies bracteata 14 0.36 a 0.49 a 84 a 62 a 0.38 a 11.8 a White fir Abies concolor 15 0.37 25 0.56 10 104 12 63 22 0.39 25 12.0 f Fraser fir Abies fraseri 16 0.36 a 0.49 a 84 a 62 a 0.38 a 11.8 a Grand fir Abies grandis 17 0.35 25 0.57 10 106 12 63 22 0.37 25 12.0 f Corkbark fir Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica 18 0.36 a 0.49 a 84 a 62 a 0.38 a 11.8 a Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 19 0.31 25 0.50 10 45 12 63 22 0.32 25 10.8 21

California red fir Abies magnifica 20 0.36 25 0.44 10 114 12 20 30 0.38 25 10.8 f Shasta red fir Abies shastensis 21 0.36 a 0.49 a 84 a 62 a 0.38 a 11.8 a Noble fir Abies procera 22 0.37 25 0.49 10 30 12 64 22 0.39 25 10.8 f White-cedar spp. Chamaecyparis spp. 40 0.37 b 0.40 b 77 b 92 b 0.40 b 11.6 f Port-Orford-cedar Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 41 0.39 25 0.40 30 74 25 64 25 0.43 25 11.6 f Alaska yellow-cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 42 0.42 25 0.40 22 72 29 112 22 0.44 25 11.6 21

Atlantic white-cedar Chamaecyparis thyoides 43 0.31 25 0.40 14 86 29 100 30 0.32 25 11.6 f Cypress Cupressus spp. 50 0.41 c 0.42 c 74 c 71 c 0.44 c 14.3 c Arizona cypress Cupressus arizonica 51 0.41 c 0.42 c 74 c 71 c 0.44 c 14.3 c Baker or Modoc cypress Cupressus bakeri 52 0.41 c 0.42 c 74 c 71 c 0.44 c 14.3 c Tecate cypress Cupressus forbesii 53 0.41 c 0.42 c 74 c 71 c 0.44 c 14.3 c Monterey cypress Cupressus macrocarpa 54 0.41 c 0.42 c 74 c 71 c 0.44 c 14.3 c Sargent’s cypress Cupressus sargentii 55 0.41 c 0.42 c 74 c 71 c 0.44 c 14.3 c 

MacNab’s cypress Cupressus macnabiana 56 0.41 c 0.42 c 74 c 71 c 0.44 c 14.3 c Redcedar/juniper spp. Juniperus spp. 57 0.45 b 0.40 b 36 b 60 b 0.47 b 12.0 f Pinchot juniper Juniperus pinchotii 58 0.45 a 0.40 a 36 a 60 a 0.47 a 12.0 a Redberry juniper Juniperus coahuilensis 59 0.45 a 0.40 a 36 a 60 a 0.47 a 12.0 a Drooping juniper Juniperus flaccida 60 0.45 a 0.40 a 36 a 60 a 0.47 a 12.0 a Ashe juniper Juniperus ashei 61 0.45 a 0.40 a 36 a 60 a 0.47 a 12.0 a California juniper Juniperus californica 62 0.45 a 0.40 a 36 a 60 a 0.47 a 12.0 a 
20

Alligator juniper Juniperus deppeana 63 0.48 2 0.40 e 34 28 60 e 0.51 2 12.0 f Western juniper Juniperus occidentalis 64 0.45 a 0.40 a 36 a 60 a 0.47 a 12.0 a Utah juniper Juniperus osteosperma 65 0.68 3 0.40 e 35 e 60 e 0.72 f 12.0 f Rocky Mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum 66 0.45 a 0.40 a 36 a 60 a 0.47 a 12.0 a Southern redcedar Juniperus virginiana 67 0.42 2 0.40 e 41 e 60 e 0.44 2 12.0 f Eastern redcedar Juniperus virginiana 68 0.44 25 0.40 23 35 29 60 e 0.47 25 12.0 23

Oneseed juniper Juniperus monosperma 69 0.45 a 0.40 a 36 a 60 a 0.47 a 12.0 a Larch spp. Larix spp. 70 0.49 b 0.32 b 57 b 82 b 0.53 b 14.0 f Tamarack (native) Larix laricina 71 0.49 25 0.30 23 54 12 98 2 0.53 25 14.0 23

Subalpine larch Larix lyallii 72 0.49 a 0.32 a 57 a 82 a 0.53 a 14.0 a Western larch Larix occidentalis 73 0.48 25 0.33 12 60 12 65 2 0.52 25 14.0 f Incense-cedar Calocedrus decurrens 81 0.35 25 0.25 10 106 30 28 30 0.37 25 17.0 f Spruce spp. Picea spp. 90 0.36 b 0.44 b 59 b 81 b 0.39 b 12.6 10

Norway spruce Picea abies 91 0.36 a 0.44 a 59 a 81 a 0.39 a 12.6 a Brewer spruce Picea breweriana 92 0.36 a 0.44 a 59 a 81 a 0.39 a 12.6 a Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii 93 0.33 25 0.51 12 89 12 79 2 0.35 25 11.2 21

White spruce Picea glauca 94 0.37 25 0.39 12 52 12 77 30 0.40 25 13.0 f Black spruce Picea mariana 95 0.38 25 0.42 12 48 12 91 2 0.46 25 13.0 f Blue spruce Picea pungens 96 0.36 a 0.44 a 59 a 81 a 0.39 a 12.6 a Red spruce Picea rubens 97 0.37 25 0.32 14 47 12 75 e 0.40 25 13.0 f Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis 98 0.33 25 0.55 10 60 12 81 22 0.36 25 12.5 21

Pine spp. Pinus spp. 100 0.43 b 0.40 b 76 b 68 b 0.47 b 16.1 f Whitebark pine Pinus albicaulis 101 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine Pinus aristata 102 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a Knobcone pine Pinus attenuata 103 0.39 30 0.38 30 105 e 69 e 0.42 f 12.0 30

Foxtail pine Pinus balfouriana 104 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a Jack pine Pinus banksiana 105 0.40 25 0.41 12 100 12 92 2 0.43 25 14.0 9Common or two-needle pinyon Pinus edulis 106 0.50 2 0.40 e 28 e 60 e 0.57 2 13.4 f Sand pine Pinus clausa 107 0.46 25 0.45 14 32 12 89 2 0.48 25 15.0 26

Lodgepole pine Pinus contorta 108 0.38 25 0.38 12 64 12 64 2 0.41 25 8.9 21

Table 4.—continuedCommon name Genus Species

FIA 

Code

Wood 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Bark 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

wood as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

bark as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Wood 

Specific 

gravity (12 

pct MC 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference Bark volume %

Reference
21

Coulter pine Pinus coulteri 109 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a Shortleaf pine Pinus echinata 110 0.47 25 0.35 12 77 12 60 e 0.51 25 16.0 26

Slash pine Pinus elliottii 111 0.54 25 0.35 12 72 12 88 2 0.59 25 18.0 26

Apache pine Pinus engelmannii 112 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a Limber pine Pinus flexilis 113 0.37 2 0.50 e 95 e 12 e 0.42 2 13.4 f Southwestern white pine Pinus strobiformis 114 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a Spruce pine Pinus glabra 115 0.41 25 0.45 14 76 e 25 e 0.44 25 13.4 f Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi 116 0.37 30 0.36 30 104 12 34 2 0.42 25 25.6 f Sugar pine Pinus lambertiana 117 0.34 25 0.35 10 130 25 88 2 0.36 25 25.6 f Chihuahua pine Pinus leiophylla 118 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a Western white pine Pinus monticola 119 0.36 25 0.47 12 56 12 84 22 0.38 25 12.6 21

Bishop pine Pinus muricata 120 0.45 30 0.45 30 60 e 42 e 0.49 f 22.0 f Longleaf pine Pinus palustris 121 0.54 25 0.45 12 63 12 89 2 0.59 25 14.0 26

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa 122 0.38 25 0.35 12 90 12 33 2 0.40 25 25.6 21

Table Mountain pine Pinus pungens 123 0.49 2 0.45 e 77 e 60 e 0.52 2 13.4 f Monterey pine Pinus radiata 124 0.40 2 0.40 e 100 e 60 e 0.53 2 13.4 f Red pine Pinus resinosa 125 0.41 25 0.27 12 64 12 90 e 0.46 25 16.0 23

Pitch pine Pinus rigida 126 0.47 25 0.34 10 70 12 89 2 0.52 25 13.4 f Gray or California foothill pine Pinus sabiniana 127 0.40 30 0.40 30 80 e 60 e 0.43 f 22.0 30

Pond pine Pinus serotina 128 0.51 25 0.33 e 60 e 94 e 0.56 25 13.4 f Eastern white pine Pinus strobus 129 0.34 25 0.47 12 65 e 70 e 0.35 25 16.0 9Scotch pine Pinus sylvestris 130 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a Loblolly pine Pinus taeda 131 0.47 25 0.33 12 81 12 99 2 0.51 25 16.6 19

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana 132 0.45 25 0.54 12 78 e 90 e 0.48 25 13.4 f Singleleaf pinyon Pinus monophylla 133 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a 

Border pinyon Pinus discolor 134 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a Arizona pine Pinus arizonica 135 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a Austrian pine Pinus nigra 136 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a Washoe pine Pinus washoensis 137 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a Four-leaf or Parry pinyon pine Pinus quadrifolia 138 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a 

Table 4.—continuedCommon name Genus Species

FIA 

Code

Wood 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Bark 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

wood as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

bark as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Wood 

Specific 

gravity (12 

pct MC 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference Bark volume %

Reference
22

Torrey pine Pinus torreyana 139 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a Mexican pinyon pine Pinus cembroides 140 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a Papershell pinyon pine Pinus remota 141 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a Great Basin bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva 142 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a Arizona pinyon pine Pinus monophylla 143 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a Honduras pine Pinus elliottii 144 0.43 a 0.40 a 76 a 68 a 0.47 a 16.1 a Douglas-fir spp. Pseudotsuga spp. 200 0.45 b 0.44 b 35 b 89 b 0.48 b 17.3 f Bigcone Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga macrocarpa 201 0.45 a 0.44 a 35 a 89 a 0.48 a 17.3 a Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 202 0.45 25 0.44 26 35 12 89 2 0.48 25 17.3 21

Redwood Sequoia sempervirens 211 0.36 25 0.43 10 123 12 16 30 0.38 25 18.0 30

Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum 212 0.34 30 0.34 30 178 30 18 e 0.38 f 18.0 f Baldcypress spp. Taxodium spp. 220 0.42 b 0.50 b 95 b 99 b 0.46 b 20.0 f Baldcypress Taxodium distichum 221 0.42 25 0.50 10 95 29 99 e 0.46 25 20.0 26

Pondcypress Taxodium ascendens 222 0.42 a 0.50 a 95 a 99 a 0.46 a 20.0 a Montezuma baldcypress Taxodium mucronatum 223 0.42 a 0.50 a 95 a 99 a 0.46 a 20.0 a Yew spp. Taxus spp. 230 0.60 b 0.59 b 47 b 98 b 0.67 b 4.0 f Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia 231 0.60 2 0.59 30 47 30 98 30 0.67 2 4.0 30

Florida yew Taxus floridana 232 0.60 a 0.59 a 47 a 98 a 0.67 a 4.0 a Thuja spp. Thuja spp. 240 0.30 b 0.40 b 70 b 74 b 0.32 b 12.5 f Northern white-cedar Thuja occidentalis 241 0.29 25 0.42 10 99 23 91 e 0.31 25 14.0 9Western redcedar Thuja plicata 242 0.31 25 0.37 12 40 12 56 22 0.32 25 10.6 21

Torreya (nutmeg) spp. Torreya spp. 250 0.41 c 0.42 c 74 c 71 c 0.44 c 14.3 c California torreya (nutmeg) Torreya californica 251 0.41 c 0.42 c 74 c 71 c 0.44 c 14.3 c Florida torreya (nutmeg) Torreya taxifolia 252 0.41 c 0.42 c 74 c 71 c 0.44 c 14.3 c Hemlock spp. Tsuga spp. 260 0.41 b 0.46 b 78 b 98 b 0.43 b 16.2 f 

Eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis 261 0.38 25 0.46 10 111 12 99 2 0.40 25 17.0 9

Carolina hemlock Tsuga caroliniana 262 0.41 a 0.46 a 78 a 98 a 0.43 a 16.2 a Western hemlock Tsuga heterophylla 263 0.42 25 0.50 26 56 12 102 22 0.45 25 15.8 21

Mountain hemlock Tsuga mertensiana 264 0.42 25 0.41 10 68 12 92 e 0.45 25 15.8 f Unknown dead conifer Tree evergreen 299 0.41 c 0.42 c 74 c 71 c 0.44 c 14.3 c 

Table 4.—continuedCommon name Genus Species

FIA 

Code

Wood 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Bark 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

wood as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

bark as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Wood 

Specific 

gravity (12 

pct MC 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference Bark volume %

Reference
23

Acacia spp. Acacia spp. 300 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Sweet acacia Acacia farnesiana 303 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Catclaw acacia Acacia greggii 304 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Maple spp. Acer spp. 310 0.47 b 0.53 b 70 b 91 b 0.52 b 10.9 f Florida maple Acer barbatum 311 0.47 a 0.53 a 70 a 91 a 0.52 a 10.9 a Bigleaf maple Acer macrophyllum 312 0.44 25 0.48 10 71 13 114 22 0.48 25 10.0 30

Boxelder Acer negundo 313 0.42 31 0.50 e 91 e 92 e 0.46 31 8.6 f Black maple Acer nigrum 314 0.52 25 0.54 14 70 e 90 1 0.57 25 15.6 f Striped maple Acer pensylvanicum 315 0.44 1 0.50 e 71 e 89 e 0.46 1 8.6 f Red maple Acer rubrum 316 0.49 25 0.60 13 64 13 79 1 0.54 25 8.6 11

Silver maple Acer saccharinum 317 0.44 25 0.57 13 68 13 80 e 0.47 25 8.6 f Sugar maple Acer saccharum 318 0.56 25 0.54 13 57 13 90 1 0.63 25 15.6 11

Mountain maple Acer spicatum 319 0.47 a 0.53 a 70 a 91 a 0.52 a 10.9 a Norway maple Acer platanoides 320 0.47 a 0.53 a 70 a 91 a 0.52 a 10.9 a Rocky Mountain maple Acer glabrum 321 0.47 a 0.53 a 70 a 91 a 0.52 a 10.9 a Bigtooth maple Acer grandidentatum 322 0.47 a 0.53 a 70 a 91 a 0.52 a 10.9 a Chalk maple Acer leucoderme 323 0.47 a 0.53 a 70 a 91 a 0.52 a 10.9 a Buckeye, horsechestnut spp. Aesculus spp. 330 0.33 d 0.50 d 143 d 89 d 0.36 d 15.0 d Ohio buckeye Aesculus glabra 331 0.33 d 0.50 d 143 d 89 d 0.36 d 15.0 d Yellow buckeye Aesculus flava 332 0.33 1 0.50 e 143 13 89 e 0.36 1 15.0 f California buckeye Aesculus californica 333 0.33 d 0.50 d 143 d 89 d 0.36 d 15.0 d Texas buckeye Aesculus glabra 334 0.33 d 0.50 d 143 d 89 d 0.36 d 15.0 d Red buckeye Aesculus pavia 336 0.33 d 0.50 d 143 d 89 d 0.36 d 15.0 d Painted buckeye Aesculus sylvatica 337 0.33 d 0.50 d 143 d 89 d 0.36 d 15.0 d Ailanthus Ailanthus altissima 341 0.46 1 0.45 e 74 e 78 e 0.53 1 15.0 f 

Mimosa, silktree Albizia julibrissin 345 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Alder spp. Alnus spp. 350 0.37 b 0.56 b 99 b 75 b 0.41 b 11.5 f Red alder Alnus rubra 351 0.37 25 0.56 26 99 13 75 22 0.41 25 12.0 21

White alder Alnus rhombifolia 352 0.37 a 0.56 a 99 a 75 a 0.41 a 11.5 a Arizona alder Alnus oblongifolia 353 0.37 a 0.56 a 99 a 75 a 0.41 a 11.5 a 

Table 4.—continuedCommon name Genus Species

FIA 

Code

Wood 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Bark 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

wood as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

bark as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Wood 

Specific 

gravity (12 

pct MC 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference Bark volume %

Reference
24

European alder Alnus glutinosa 355 0.37 a 0.56 a 99 a 75 a 0.41 a 11.5 a Serviceberry spp. Amelanchier spp. 356 0.66 1 0.50 e 48 26 60 e 0.79 1 8.6 f Common serviceberry Amelanchier arborea 357 0.66 a 0.50 a 48 a 60 a 0.79 a 8.6 a Roundleaf serviceberry Amelanchier sanguinea 358 0.66 a 0.50 a 48 a 60 a 0.79 a 8.6 a Madrone spp. Arbutus spp. 360 0.58 d 0.60 d 66 d 60 d 0.65 d 15.0 d Pacific madrone Arbutus menziesii 361 0.58 1 0.60 25 66 26 60 e 0.65 1 15.0 f Arizona madrone Arbutus arizonica 362 0.58 d 0.60 d 66 d 60 d 0.65 d 15.0 d Texas madrone Arbutus xalapensis 363 0.58 d 0.60 d 66 d 60 d 0.65 d 15.0 d Pawpaw Asimina triloba 367 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Birch spp. Betula spp. 370 0.51 b 0.58 b 74 b 55 b 0.58 b 11.0 f Yellow birch Betula alleghaniensis 371 0.55 25 0.62 10 72 25 60 e 0.62 25 9.8 21

Sweet birch Betula lenta 372 0.60 25 0.62 e 73 25 53 1 0.65 25 9.8 f River birch Betula nigra 373 0.49 1 0.55 e 86 e 46 e 0.56 1 9.8 f Water birch Betula occidentalis 374 0.51 a 0.58 a 74 a 55 a 0.58 a 11.0 a Paper birch Betula papyrifera 375 0.48 25 0.56 13 74 25 52 22 0.55 25 12.6 8Virginia roundleaf birch Betula uber 377 0.51 a 0.58 a 74 a 55 a 0.58 a 11.0 a Northwestern paper birch Betula x utahensis 378 0.51 a 0.58 a 74 a 55 a 0.58 a 11.0 a Gray birch Betula populifolia 379 0.45 1 0.55 e 64 13 63 1 0.51 1 12.6 f Chittamwood, gum bumelia Sideroxylon lanuginosum 381 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c American hornbeam, musclewood Carpinus caroliniana 391 0.58 1 0.55 e 46 26 89 e 0.70 1 8.6 f Hickory spp. Carya spp. 400 0.62 b 0.62 b 69 b 57 5 0.68 b 16.0 9Water hickory Carya aquatica 401 0.61 25 0.60 14 84 25 60 e 0.62 25 16.0 f Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis 402 0.60 25 0.60 23 71 25 60 e 0.66 25 16.0 f Pignut hickory Carya glabra 403 0.66 25 0.60 23 65 13 60 e 0.75 25 16.0 f Pecan Carya illinoinensis 404 0.60 25 0.60 14 66 25 60 e 0.66 25 16.0 f 

Shellbark hickory Carya laciniosa 405 0.62 25 0.60 14 65 13 60 e 0.69 25 16.0 f Nutmeg hickory Carya myristiciformis 406 0.56 25 0.60 14 77 29 60 e 0.60 25 16.0 f Shagbark hickory Carya ovata 407 0.64 25 0.72 13 60 13 34 e 0.72 25 16.0 f Black hickory Carya texana 408 0.62 a 0.62 a 69 a 57 a 0.68 a 16.0 a Mockernut hickory Carya alba 409 0.64 25 0.60 23 63 25 60 e 0.72 25 16.0 f 

Table 4.—continuedCommon name Genus Species

FIA 

Code

Wood 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Bark 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

wood as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

bark as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Wood 

Specific 

gravity (12 

pct MC 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference Bark volume %

Reference
25

Sand hickory Carya pallida 410 0.62 a 0.62 a 69 a 57 a 0.68 a 16.0 a Scrub hickory Carya floridana 411 0.62 a 0.62 a 69 a 57 a 0.68 a 16.0 a Red hickory Carya ovalis 412 0.62 a 0.62 a 69 a 57 a 0.68 a 16.0 a Southern shagbark hickory Carya carolinae-septentrionalis 413 0.62 a 0.62 a 69 a 57 a 0.68 a 16.0 a Chestnut spp. Castanea spp. 420 0.40 d 0.50 d 120 d 89 d 0.43 d 15.0 d American chestnut Castanea dentata 421 0.40 25 0.50 14 120 25 89 e 0.43 25 15.0 f Allegheny chinkapin Castanea pumila 422 0.40 d 0.50 d 120 d 89 d 0.43 d 15.0 d Ozark chinkapin Castanea pumila 423 0.40 d 0.50 d 120 d 89 d 0.43 d 15.0 d Chinese chestnut Castanea mollissima 424 0.40 d 0.50 d 120 d 89 d 0.43 d 15.0 d Giant chinkapin, golden chinkapin Chrysolepis chrysophylla 431 0.42 1 0.42 30 133 26 91 e 0.46 1 12.0 30

Catalpa spp. Catalpa spp. 450 0.38 d 0.50 d 73 d 89 d 0.41 d 15.0 d Southern catalpa Catalpa bignonioides 451 0.38 d 0.50 d 73 d 89 d 0.41 d 15.0 d Northern catalpa Catalpa speciosa 452 0.38 1 0.50 e 73 26 89 e 0.41 1 15.0 f Hackberry spp. Celtis spp. 460 0.49 d 0.49 d 64 d 90 d 0.53 d 15.0 d Sugarberry Celtis laevigata 461 0.49 d 0.49 d 64 d 90 d 0.53 d 15.0 d Hackberry Celtis occidentalis 462 0.49 25 0.49 23 64 29 90 e 0.53 25 15.0 23

Netleaf hackberry Celtis laevigata 463 0.49 d 0.49 d 64 d 90 d 0.53 d 15.0 d Eastern redbud Cercis canadensis 471 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Curlleaf mountain-mahogany Cercocarpus ledifolius 475 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Yellowwood Cladrastis kentukea 481 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Dogwood spp. Cornus spp. 490 0.61 d 0.58 d 40 d 91 d 0.68 d 15.0 d Flowering dogwood Cornus florida 491 0.64 1 0.58 e 33 e 91 e 0.73 1 15.0 f Pacific dogwood Cornus nuttallii 492 0.58 18 0.58 18 46 e 91 e 0.62 f 15.0 f Hawthorn spp. Crataegus spp. 500 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Cockspur hawthorn Crataegus crus-galli 501 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c 

Downy hawthorn Crataegus mollis 502 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Brainerd’s hawthorn Crataegus brainerdii 503 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Pear hawthorn Crataegus calpodendron 504 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Fireberry hawthorn Crataegus chrysocarpa 505 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Broadleaf hawthorn Crataegus dilatata 506 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c 

Table 4.—continuedCommon name Genus Species

FIA 

Code

Wood 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Bark 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

wood as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

bark as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Wood 

Specific 

gravity (12 

pct MC 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference Bark volume %

Reference
26

Fanleaf hawthorn Crataegus flabellata 507 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Oneseed hawthorn Crataegus monogyna 508 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Scarlet hawthorn Crataegus pedicellata 509 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Eucalyptus spp. Eucalyptus spp. 510 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Tasmanian bluegum Eucalyptus globulus 511 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c River redgum Eucalyptus camaldulensis 512 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Grand eucalyptus Eucalyptus grandis 513 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Swampmahogany Eucalyptus robusta 514 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Persimmon spp. Diospyros spp. 520 0.64 d 0.50 d 58 d 89 d 0.74 d 15.0 d Common persimmon Diospyros virginiana 521 0.64 26 0.50 e 58 26 89 e 0.74 26 15.0 f Texas persimmon Diospyros texana 522 0.64 d 0.50 d 58 d 89 d 0.74 d 15.0 d Anacua knockaway Ehretia anacua 523 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c American beech Fagus grandifolia 531 0.56 25 0.67 13 55 13 89 e 0.64 25 6.0 11

Ash spp. Fraxinus spp. 540 0.51 b 0.46 b 61 b 86 b 0.55 b 16.0 9White ash Fraxinus americana 541 0.55 25 0.50 13 46 25 89 e 0.60 25 16.0 f Oregon ash Fraxinus latifolia 542 0.50 25 0.50 14 60 e 89 e 0.55 25 16.0 f Black ash Fraxinus nigra 543 0.45 25 0.43 10 85 13 90 e 0.49 25 16.0 f Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 544 0.53 25 0.48 13 57 29 70 5 0.56 25 16.0 26

Pumpkin ash Fraxinus profunda 545 0.48 1 0.45 e 67 e 89 e 0.52 1 16.0 f Blue ash Fraxinus quadrangulata 546 0.53 25 0.39 14 51 e 89 e 0.58 25 16.0 f Velvet ash Fraxinus velutina 547 0.51 a 0.46 a 61 a 86 a 0.55 a 16.0 a Carolina ash Fraxinus caroliniana 548 0.51 a 0.46 a 61 a 86 a 0.55 a 16.0 a Texas ash Fraxinus texensis 549 0.51 a 0.46 a 61 a 86 a 0.55 a 16.0 a Honeylocust spp. Gleditsia spp. 550 0.60 d 0.50 d 60 d 89 d 0.65 d 15.0 d Waterlocust Gleditsia aquatica 551 0.60 d 0.50 d 60 d 89 d 0.65 d 15.0 d 

Honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos 552 0.60 25 0.50 14 60 26 89 e 0.65 f 15.0 f Loblolly-bay Gordonia lasianthus 555 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Ginkgo, maidenhair tree Ginkgo biloba 561 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Kentucky coffeetree Gymnocladus dioicus 571 0.53 1 0.50 e 51 e 60 e 0.60 1 15.0 f Silverbell spp. Halesia spp. 580 0.42 1 0.50 e 68 26 89 e 0.45 1 15.0 f 

Table 4.—continuedCommon name Genus Species

FIA 

Code

Wood 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Bark 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

wood as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

bark as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Wood 

Specific 

gravity (12 

pct MC 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference Bark volume %

Reference
27

Carolina silverbell Halesia carolina 581 0.42 a 0.50 a 68 a 89 a 0.45 a 15.0 a Two-wing silverbell Halesia diptera 582 0.42 a 0.50 a 68 a 89 a 0.45 a 15.0 a Little silverbell Halesia parviflora 583 0.42 a 0.50 a 68 a 89 a 0.45 a 15.0 a American holly Ilex opaca 591 0.50 1 0.50 e 83 26 89 e 0.57 1 15.0 f Walnut spp. Juglans spp. 600 0.44 b 0.37 b 92 b 89 b 0.47 b 15.0 23

Butternut Juglans cinerea 601 0.36 25 0.40 14 105 13 88 e 0.38 25 15.0 f Black walnut Juglans nigra 602 0.51 25 0.33 10 79 13 89 e 0.55 25 15.0 f Northern California black walnut Juglans hindsii 603 0.44 a 0.37 a 92 a 89 a 0.47 a 15.0 a Southern California black walnut Juglans californica 604 0.44 a 0.37 a 92 a 89 a 0.47 a 15.0 a Texas walnut Juglans microcarpa 605 0.44 a 0.37 a 92 a 89 a 0.47 a 15.0 a Arizona walnut Juglans major 606 0.44 a 0.37 a 92 a 89 a 0.47 a 15.0 a Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua 611 0.46 25 0.42 13 74 13 91 1 0.52 25 15.0 5Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera 621 0.40 25 0.38 13 95 25 124 5 0.42 25 18.0 5Tanoak Lithocarpus densiflorus 631 0.58 25 0.62 10 80 26 60 e 0.62 f 19.0 30

Osage-orange Maclura pomifera 641 0.76 1 0.60 e 31 26 60 e 0.85 1 15.0 f Magnolia spp. Magnolia spp. 650 0.43 b 0.44 b 92 b 93 b 0.47 b 15.0 f Cucumbertree Magnolia acuminata 651 0.44 25 0.44 14 78 13 89 e 0.48 25 15.0 f Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora 652 0.46 25 0.44 14 106 13 89 e 0.50 25 15.0 f Sweetbay Magnolia virginiana 653 0.42 1 0.44 e 87 e 104 1 0.46 1 15.0 f Bigleaf magnolia Magnolia macrophylla 654 0.43 a 0.44 a 92 a 93 a 0.47 a 15.0 a Mountain or Fraser magnolia Magnolia fraseri 655 0.40 1 0.44 e 96 e 89 e 0.44 1 15.0 f Pyramid magnolia Magnolia pyramidata 657 0.43 a 0.44 a 92 a 93 a 0.47 a 15.0 a Umbrella magnolia Magnolia tripetala 658 0.43 a 0.44 a 92 a 93 a 0.47 a 15.0 a Apple spp. Malus spp. 660 0.61 26 0.50 e 78 25 70 e 0.67 26 15.0 f Oregon crab apple Malus fusca 661 0.61 a 0.50 a 78 a 70 a 0.67 a 15.0 a 

Southern crab apple Malus angustifolia 662 0.61 a 0.50 a 78 a 70 a 0.67 a 15.0 a Sweet crab apple Malus coronaria 663 0.61 a 0.50 a 78 a 70 a 0.67 a 15.0 a Prairie crab apple Malus ioensis 664 0.61 a 0.50 a 78 a 70 a 0.67 a 15.0 a Mulberry spp. Morus spp. 680 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c White mulberry Morus alba 681 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c 

Table 4.—continuedCommon name Genus Species

FIA 

Code

Wood 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Bark 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

wood as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

bark as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Wood 

Specific 

gravity (12 

pct MC 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference Bark volume %

Reference
28

Red mulberry Morus rubra 682 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Texas mulberry Morus microphylla 683 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Black mulberry Morus nigra 684 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Tupelo spp. Nyssa spp. 690 0.46 b 0.51 b 98 b 77 b 0.50 b 14.0 f Water tupelo Nyssa aquatica 691 0.46 25 0.58 10 95 29 82 1 0.50 25 14.0 f Ogeechee tupelo Nyssa ogeche 692 0.46 a 0.51 a 98 a 77 a 0.50 a 14.0 a Blackgum Nyssa sylvatica 693 0.46 25 0.44 13 101 25 71 1 0.50 25 14.0 26

Swamp tupelo Nyssa biflora 694 0.46 a 0.51 a 98 a 77 a 0.50 a 14.0 a Eastern hophornbeam Ostrya virginiana 701 0.63 1 0.50 e 53 26 89 e 0.70 1 15.0 f Sourwood Oxydendrum arboreum 711 0.50 18 0.60 e 70 26 60 e 0.55 1 15.0 f Paulownia, empress-tree Paulownia tomentosa 712 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Bay spp. Persea spp. 720 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Redbay Persea borbonia 721 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Water-elm, planertree Planera aquatica 722 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Sycamore spp. Platanus spp. 729 0.46 d 0.60 d 81 d 84 d 0.49 d 8.0 d California sycamore Platanus racemosa 730 0.46 d 0.60 d 81 d 84 d 0.49 d 8.0 d American sycamore Platanus occidentalis 731 0.46 25 0.60 13 81 13 84 6 0.49 25 8.0 23

Arizona sycamore Platanus wrightii 732 0.46 d 0.60 d 81 d 84 d 0.49 d 8.0 d Cottonwood and poplar spp. Populus spp. 740 0.35 b 0.46 b 106 b 88 b 0.39 b 18.4 f Balsam poplar Populus balsamifera 741 0.31 25 0.50 23 107 13 86 1 0.34 25 22.0 f Eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides 742 0.37 25 0.38 13 117 29 56 e 0.40 25 22.0 30

Bigtooth aspen Populus grandidentata 743 0.36 25 0.59 10 91 13 90 e 0.39 25 14.4 f Swamp cottonwood Populus heterophylla 744 0.35 a 0.46 a 106 a 88 a 0.39 a 18.4 a Plains cottonwood Populus deltoides 745 0.35 a 0.46 a 106 a 88 a 0.39 a 18.4 a Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides 746 0.35 25 0.50 13 129 29 102 22 0.38 25 14.4 21

Black cottonwood Populus balsamifera 747 0.31 25 0.40 13 138 13 100 30 0.35 25 16.3 21

Fremont cottonwood Populus fremontii 748 0.41 30 0.41 30 56 e 92 e 0.45 f 22.0 f Narrowleaf cottonwood Populus angustifolia 749 0.35 a 0.46 a 106 a 88 a 0.39 a 18.4 a Silver poplar Populus alba 752 0.35 a 0.46 a 106 a 88 a 0.39 a 18.4 a Lombardy poplar Populus nigra 753 0.35 a 0.46 a 106 a 88 a 0.39 a 18.4 a 

Table 4.—continuedCommon name Genus Species

FIA 

Code

Wood 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Bark 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

wood as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

bark as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Wood 

Specific 

gravity (12 

pct MC 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference Bark volume %

Reference
29

Mesquite spp. Prosopis spp. 755 0.78 31 0.65 e 21 e 41 e 0.82 1 15.0 f Honey mesquite Prosopis glandulosa 756 0.78 a 0.65 a 21 a 41 a 0.82 a 15.0 a Velvet mesquite Prosopis velutina 757 0.78 a 0.65 a 21 a 41 a 0.82 a 15.0 a Screwbean mesquite Prosopis pubescens 758 0.78 a 0.65 a 21 a 41 a 0.82 a 15.0 a Cherry and plum spp. Prunus spp. 760 0.47 b 0.63 b 53 b 91 b 0.50 b 9.2 f Pin cherry Prunus pensylvanica 761 0.47 a 0.63 a 53 a 91 a 0.50 a 9.2 a Black cherry Prunus serotina 762 0.47 25 0.63 10 53 29 91 e 0.50 25 9.2 11

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana 763 0.47 a 0.63 a 53 a 91 a 0.50 a 9.2 a Peach Prunus persica 764 0.47 a 0.63 a 53 a 91 a 0.50 a 9.2 a Canada plum Prunus nigra 765 0.47 a 0.63 a 53 a 91 a 0.50 a 9.2 a American plum Prunus americana 766 0.47 a 0.63 a 53 a 91 a 0.50 a 9.2 a Bitter cherry Prunus emarginata 768 0.47 a 0.63 a 53 a 91 a 0.50 a 9.2 a Allegheny plum Prunus alleghaniensis 769 0.47 a 0.63 a 53 a 91 a 0.50 a 9.2 a Chickasaw plum Prunus angustifolia 770 0.47 a 0.63 a 53 a 91 a 0.50 a 9.2 a Sweet cherry, domesticated Prunus avium 771 0.47 a 0.63 a 53 a 91 a 0.50 a 9.2 a Sour cherry, domesticated Prunus cerasus 772 0.47 a 0.63 a 53 a 91 a 0.50 a 9.2 a European plum, domesticated Prunus domestica 773 0.47 a 0.63 a 53 a 91 a 0.50 a 9.2 a Mahaleb cherry, domesticated Prunus mahaleb 774 0.47 a 0.63 a 53 a 91 a 0.50 a 9.2 a Oak spp Quercus spp. 800 0.59 b 0.58 b 75 b 83 b 0.66 b 19.1 f California live oak Quercus agrifolia 801 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a White oak Quercus alba 802 0.60 25 0.56 13 68 13 89 17 0.68 25 16.0 5Arizona white oak Quercus arizonica 803 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Swamp white oak Quercus bicolor 804 0.64 25 0.55 e 58 13 89 e 0.72 25 16.0 f Canyon live oak Quercus chrysolepis 805 0.70 30 0.64 14 74 13 90 e 0.74 f 16.0 f Scarlet oak Quercus coccinea 806 0.60 25 0.71 10 71 13 49 6 0.67 25 22.0 f 

Blue oak Quercus douglasii 807 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Durand oak Quercus sinuata 808 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Northern pin oak Quercus ellipsoidalis 809 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Emory oak Quercus emoryi 810 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Engelmann oak Quercus engelmannii 811 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a 

Table 4.—continuedCommon name Genus Species

FIA 

Code

Wood 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Bark 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

wood as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

bark as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Wood 

Specific 

gravity (12 

pct MC 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference Bark volume %

Reference
30

Southern red oak Quercus falcata 812 0.52 25 0.68 10 97 13 48 6 0.59 25 22.0 5Cherrybark oak Quercus pagoda 813 0.61 25 0.63 14 68 13 91 17 0.69 25 22.0 f Gambel oak Quercus gambelii 814 0.61 3 0.63 e 66 13 66 e 0.63 f 22.0 f Oregon white oak Quercus garryana 815 0.64 1 0.63 30 58 13 65 e 0.72 1 16.0 f Scrub oak Quercus ilicifolia 816 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Shingle oak Quercus imbricaria 817 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a California black oak Quercus kelloggii 818 0.51 18 0.45 14 101 13 89 e 0.55 f 22.0 f Turkey oak Quercus laevis 819 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Laurel oak Quercus laurifolia 820 0.56 25 0.50 e 83 13 121 5 0.63 25 16.0 f California white oak Quercus lobata 821 0.55 30 0.55 30 84 13 89 e 0.58 f 16.0 f Overcup oak Quercus lyrata 822 0.57 25 0.51 14 77 13 89 e 0.63 25 22.0 f Bur oak Quercus macrocarpa 823 0.58 25 0.54 10 74 13 90 e 0.64 25 16.0 f Blackjack oak Quercus marilandica 824 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Swamp chestnut oak Quercus michauxii 825 0.60 25 0.51 14 68 13 89 e 0.67 25 23.0 f Chinkapin oak Quercus muehlenbergii 826 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Water oak Quercus nigra 827 0.56 25 0.62 14 83 13 73 5 0.63 25 16.0 f Texas red oak Quercus texana 828 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Mexican blue oak Quercus oblongifolia 829 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Pin oak Quercus palustris 830 0.58 25 0.60 14 77 13 90 17 0.63 25 22.0 f Willow oak Quercus phellos 831 0.56 25 0.59 10 83 13 90 e 0.69 25 16.0 f Chestnut oak Quercus prinus 832 0.57 25 0.54 10 77 13 60 6 0.66 25 23.0 5Northern red oak Quercus rubra 833 0.56 25 0.68 13 83 13 91 17 0.63 25 20.0 9Shumard oak Quercus shumardii 834 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Post oak Quercus stellata 835 0.60 25 0.51 10 71 13 89 17 0.67 25 22.0 f Delta post oak Quercus similis 836 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Black oak Quercus velutina 837 0.56 25 0.60 10 83 13 90 17 0.61 25 18.5 11

Live oak Quercus virginiana 838 0.80 25 0.51 14 52 13 89 e 0.88 25 16.0 f Interior live oak Quercus wislizeni 839 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Dwarf post oak Quercus margarettiae 840 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Dwarf live oak Quercus minima 841 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a 

Table 4.—continuedCommon name Genus Species

FIA 

Code

Wood 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Bark 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

wood as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

bark as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Wood 

Specific 

gravity (12 

pct MC 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference Bark volume %

Reference
31

Bluejack oak Quercus incana 842 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Silverleaf oak Quercus hypoleucoides 843 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Oglethorpe oak Quercus oglethorpensis 844 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Dwarf chinkapin oak Quercus prinoides 845 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Gray oak Quercus grisea 846 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Netleaf oak Quercus rugosa 847 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Chisos oak Quercus graciliformis 851 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Sea torchwood Amyris elemifera 852 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Pond-apple Annona glabra 853 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Gumbo limbo Bursera simaruba 854 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Sheoak spp. Casuarina spp. 855 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Gray sheoak Casuarina glauca 856 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Belah Casuarina lepidophloia 857 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Camphortree Cinnamomum camphora 858 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Florida fiddlewood Citharexylum fruticosum 859 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Citrus spp. Citrus spp. 860 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Tietongue, pigeon-plum Coccoloba diversifolia 863 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Soldierwood Colubrina elliptica 864 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Largeleaf geigertree Cordia sebestena 865 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Carrotwood Cupaniopsis anacardioides 866 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Bluewood Condalia hookeri 867 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Blackbead ebony Ebenopsis ebano 868 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Great leucaene Leucaena pulverulenta 869 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Texas sophora Sophora affinis 870 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Red stopper Eugenia rhombea 873 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Butterbough, inkwood Exothea paniculata 874 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Florida strangler fig Ficus aurea 876 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Wild banyantree, shortleaf fig Ficus citrifolia 877 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Beeftree, longleaf blolly Guapira discolor 882 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Manchineel Hippomane mancinella 883 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c 

Table 4.—continuedCommon name Genus Species

FIA 

Code

Wood 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Bark 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

wood as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

bark as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Wood 

Specific 

gravity (12 

pct MC 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference Bark volume %

Reference
32

False tamarind Lysiloma latisiliquum 884 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Mango Mangifera indica 885 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Florida poisontree Metopium toxiferum 886 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Fishpoison tree Piscidia piscipula 887 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Octopus tree, schefflera Schefflera actinophylla 888 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c False mastic Sideroxylon foetidissimum 890 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c White bully, willow bustic Sideroxylon salicifolium 891 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Paradisetree Simarouba glauca 895 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Java plum Syzygium cumini 896 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Tamarind Tamarindus indica 897 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia 901 0.66 25 0.29 10 41 26 88 e 0.69 25 15.0 f New Mexico locust Robinia neomexicana 902 0.66 d 0.29 d 41 d 88 d 0.69 d 15.0 d Everglades palm, paurotis-palm Acoelorraphe wrightii 906 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Florida silver palm Coccothrinax argentata 907 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Coconut palm Cocos nucifera 908 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Royal palm spp. Roystonea spp. 909 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Mexican palmetto Sabal mexicana 911 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Cabbage palmetto Sabal palmetto 912 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Key thatch palm Thrinax morrisii 913 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Florida thatch palm Thrinax radiata 914 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Other palms Family Arecaceae not listed above 915 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Western soapberry Sapindus saponaria 919 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Willow spp. Salix spp. 920 0.36 b 0.50 b 127 b 99 b 0.39 b 16.0 23

Peachleaf willow Salix amygdaloides 921 0.36 a 0.50 a 127 a 99 a 0.39 a 16.0 a Black willow Salix nigra 922 0.36 25 0.50 14 127 13 99 1 0.39 25 16.0 f 

Bebb willow Salix bebbiana 923 0.36 a 0.50 a 127 a 99 a 0.39 a 16.0 a Bonpland willow Salix bonplandiana 924 0.36 a 0.50 a 127 a 99 a 0.39 a 16.0 a Coastal plain willow Salix caroliniana 925 0.36 a 0.50 a 127 a 99 a 0.39 a 16.0 a Balsam willow Salix pyrifolia 926 0.36 a 0.50 a 127 a 99 a 0.39 a 16.0 a White willow Salix alba 927 0.36 a 0.50 a 127 a 99 a 0.39 a 16.0 a 

Table 4.—continuedCommon name Genus Species

FIA 

Code

Wood 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Bark 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

wood as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

bark as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Wood 

Specific 

gravity (12 

pct MC 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference Bark volume %

Reference
33

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana 928 0.36 a 0.50 a 127 a 99 a 0.39 a 16.0 a Weeping willow Salix sepulcralis 929 0.36 a 0.50 a 127 a 99 a 0.39 a 16.0 a Sassafras Sassafras albidum 931 0.42 25 0.50 14 68 26 89 e 0.46 25 15.0 f Mountain-ash spp. Sorbus spp. 934 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c American mountain-ash Sorbus americana 935 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c European mountain-ash Sorbus aucuparia 936 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Northern mountain-ash Sorbus decora 937 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c West Indian mahogany Swietenia mahagoni 940 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Basswood spp. Tilia spp. 950 0.32 b 0.48 b 105 b 90 b 0.37 b 10.5 f American basswood Tilia americana 951 0.32 25 0.48 10 105 25 90 e 0.37 25 10.5 8White basswood Tilia americana 952 0.32 a 0.48 a 105 a 90 a 0.37 a 10.5 a Carolina basswood Tilia americana 953 0.32 a 0.48 a 105 a 90 a 0.37 a 10.5 a Elm spp. Ulmus spp. 970 0.54 b 0.43 b 66 b 91 6 0.59 b 14.0 23

Winged elm Ulmus alata 971 0.60 1 0.45 e 42 e 75 e 0.66 1 14.0 f American elm Ulmus americana 972 0.46 25 0.44 10 94 25 78 e 0.50 25 14.0 f Cedar elm Ulmus crassifolia 973 0.59 1 0.45 e 66 25 75 e 0.64 1 14.0 f Siberian elm Ulmus pumila 974 0.54 a 0.43 a 66 a 91 a 0.59 a 14.0 a Slippery elm Ulmus rubra 975 0.48 25 0.29 10 77 e 171 e 0.53 25 14.0 f September elm Ulmus serotina 976 0.54 a 0.43 a 66 a 91 a 0.59 a 14.0 a Rock elm Ulmus thomasii 977 0.57 25 0.50 14 51 25 57 e 0.63 25 14.0 f California-laurel Umbellularia californica 981 0.51 1 0.55 30 67 30 43 e 0.55 1 15.0 f Joshua tree Yucca brevifolia 982 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Black-mangrove Avicennia germinans 986 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Buttonwood-mangrove Conocarpus erectus 987 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c White-mangrove Laguncularia racemosa 988 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c 

American mangrove Rhizophora mangle 989 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Desert ironwood Olneya tesota 990 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Saltcedar Tamarix spp. 991 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Melaleuca Melaleuca quinquenervia 992 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Chinaberry Melia azedarach 993 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c 

Table 4.—continuedCommon name Genus Species

FIA 

Code

Wood 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Bark 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

wood as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

bark as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Wood 

Specific 

gravity (12 

pct MC 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference Bark volume %

Reference
34

Chinese tallowtree Triadica sebifera 994 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Tungoil tree Vernicia fordii 995 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Smoketree Cotinus obovatus 996 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Russian-olive Elaeagnus angustifolia 997 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Unknown dead hardwood Tree broadleaf 998 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Other or unknown live tree Tree unknown 999 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Washington hawthorn Crataegus phaenopyrum 5091 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Fleshy hawthorn Crataegus succulenta 5092 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Dwarf hawthorn Crataegus uniflora 5093 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Berlandier ash Fraxinus berlandieriana 5491 0.51 a 0.46 a 61 a 86 a 0.55 a 16.0 a Avocado Persea americana 7211 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c Graves oak Quercus gravesii 8511 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Mexican white oak Quercus polymorpha 8512 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Buckley oak Quercus buckleyi 8513 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Lacey oak Quercus laceyi 8514 0.59 a 0.58 a 75 a 83 a 0.66 a 19.1 a Anacahuita Texas Olive Cordia boissieri 8651 0.52 c 0.53 c 75 c 80 c 0.58 c 15.2 c 

Table 4.—continuedCommon name

a Assigned average value of the trees of the same genus in Table 1Ab Assigned genus value from Table 5c Assigned the average value of softwood trees or average value of hardwood trees from Table 1Ad Assigned value of the tree of the same genus in Table 1Ae Based on green volume specific gravity and bark moisture content of similar speciesf No reference source available, estimated based on similar species

Genus Species

FIA 

Code

Wood 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Bark 

Specific 

gravity 

(green 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

wood as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Avg. 

moisture 

content of 

bark as a 

% of ovendry weight

Reference

Wood 

Specific 

gravity (12 

pct MC 

volume 

basis dry 

weight)

Reference Bark volume %

Reference
35

Corrected Table 5.—Average specifi c gravity, dry weight, green weight, and moisture content for tree Genus groups found in North America. (The values in the columns with unit measurements lb/cf and kg/m3 were corrected on Feb. 10, 2010.)

Specifi c gravity and oven-dry weight of wood Average mositure content (MC) and green weight of 

wood *

Specifi c gravity and oven-dry 

weight of bark Average mositure content (MC) and green weight of 

bark *

Bark 

volume 12% MC volume basis Green volume basis Green volume basis

Common name Genus

No. of 

species

Average 

specifi c 

gravity

Avg. 

oven-dry 

weight 

(lb/cf)

Avg. 

oven-dry 

weight 

(kg/m3)

Average 

specifi c 

gravity

Avg. 

oven-dry 

weight 

(lb/cf)

Avg. 

oven-dry 

weight 

(kg/m3)

Avg. 

moisture 

content 

as a % of 

oven-dry 

weight

Avg. 

green wt. 

(lb/cf) 

Avg. 

green wt. 

(kg/m3)

Average 

specifi c 

gravity 

Avg. 

oven-dry 

weight 

(lb/cf)

Avg. 

oven-dry 

weight 

(kg/m3)

Avg. MC 

as a % of 

oven-dry 

weight

Avg. 

green wt. 

(lb/m3)

Avg. 

green wt. 

(kg/m3)

Avg. bark 

volume 

as % of 

wood 

volume

Fir Abies 7 0.38 23.4 376 0.36 22.2 356 83.79 40.8 653 0.49 30.3 485 62.51 49.1 787 11.76

Cedar Chamaecyparis 3 0.40 24.8 396 0.37 23.3 373 77.27 41.1 659 0.40 25.0 400 92.32 48.0 769 11.58

Juniper Juniperus 4 0.54 33.4 535 0.51 31.5 505 36.11 42.9 687 0.40 25.0 400 60.25 40.0 641 12.00

Larch Larix 2 0.53 32.8 525 0.49 30.3 485 56.98 47.5 761 0.32 19.7 315 81.38 35.5 569 14.00

Spruce Picea 5 0.39 24.6 394 0.36 22.2 356 59.22 35.2 564 0.44 27.3 438 80.51 49.4 791 12.55

Pine Pinus 24 0.47 29.3 469 0.43 26.8 429 76.22 46.8 749 0.40 25.0 401 68.37 41.9 671 16.13

Aborvitae Thuja 2 0.32 19.7 315 0.30 18.7 300 69.26 31.5 505 0.40 24.6 395 73.35 43.0 689 12.28

Hemlock Tsuga 3 0.43 27.0 433 0.41 25.4 406 78.40 45.0 721 0.46 28.5 456 97.35 56.3 902 16.18

Maple Acer 7 0.52 32.2 515 0.47 29.5 473 70.16 50.0 801 0.53 33.3 533 90.54 63.1 1,011 10.81

Birch Betula 5 0.58 36.1 578 0.51 32.1 514 73.75 55.8 893 0.58 36.2 580 54.66 56.0 897 10.94

Hickory Carya 8 0.68 42.3 677 0.62 38.5 616 68.93 64.9 1039 0.62 38.4 615 56.91 60.0 961 16.00

Dogwood Cornus 2 0.68 42.1 675 0.61 38.1 610 39.58 53.0 849 0.58 36.2 580 90.66 69.0 1,105 15.00

Ash Fraxinus 6 0.55 34.3 550 0.51 31.6 506 61.08 50.7 812 0.46 28.6 458 86.05 53.2 852 16.00

Walnut Juglans 2 0.47 29.0 465 0.44 27.1 435 91.95 51.5 825 0.37 22.8 365 88.85 43.0 689 15.00

Magnolia Magnolia 4 0.47 29.3 470 0.43 26.8 430 91.83 51.5 825 0.44 27.5 440 93.03 53.0 849 15.00

Tupelo Nyssa 2 0.50 31.2 500 0.46 28.7 460 98.04 56.8 911 0.51 31.8 510 76.77 56.5 905 14.00

Poplar Populus 6 0.39 24.0 385 0.35 21.9 352 106.31 44.8 718 0.46 28.9 463 87.64 54.5 873 18.52

Oak Quercus 22 0.66 41.2 661 0.59 37.1 594 75.30 64.7 1036 0.58 36.1 579 82.95 65.7 1,053 19.12

Elm Ulmus 5 0.59 36.9 592 0.54 33.7 540 65.84 55.3 886 0.43 26.6 426 91.07 49.0 785 14.00

Softwood 56 0.44 27.8 445 0.41 25.7 411 74.28 44.1 707 0.42 26.0 417 70.51 44.5 712 14.47Hardwood 100 0.58 36.0 577 0.52 32.6 523 75.12 56.1 899 0.53 32.9 527 80.64 58.8 942 15.32

* Moisture content is extremely variable and the values shown are averages or estimates based on the literature cited.
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of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (800)795-3272 

(voice) or (202)720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. 

Miles, Patrick D.; Smith, W. Brad. 2009. Specific gravity and other properties 

of wood and bark for 156 tree species found in North America. Res. Note 

NRS-38. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Northern Research Station. 35 p.

This paper reports information for the estimation of biomass for 156 tree species 

found in North America for use in national forest inventory applications. We present 

specific gravities based on average green volume as well as 12 percent moisture 

content volume for calculation of oven-dry biomass. Additional information is 

included on bark thickness, bark voids, and bark percentages by species and green 

and dry weight of wood and bark.

KEY WORDS: bark percentage, bark thickness, biomass, tree volume, dry weight, 

green weight
Capitalizing on the strengths of existing science 

capacity in the Northeast and Midwest to attain a more 

integrated, cohesive, landscape-scale research program

www.nrs.fs.fed.us