## SPARRC User’s Manual

March 2007

Submitted to:
Rajiv Khera, P.E.
Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Submitted by:
Science Applications International Corporation

11251 Roger Bacon Drive

Reston, VA 20190

EPA Contract No. 68-C-02-067
SAIC Project No. 06-6312-08-0506-XXXSPARRC User’s Manual



## Disclaimer

SPARRC Version 2 has not undergone external peer re view and, therefore, is only available as an interim release to demonstrate recent improvemen ts such as a new cost estimate feature and validation of the mass balance calculations. Follow ing external peer review of the mass balance calculations and cost estimation method, EPA will p repare a formal public release version.
The objective of SPARRC is to simulate disposal qua ntities and costs for radionuclidecontaminated wastes given user-defined inputs for i nfluent water quality and treatment operation parameters. It is not intended to design process eq uipment. SPARRC does not establish regulatory requirements, nor is it a regulation, it self. Neither the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency nor its employees make any warranty, express or implied, regarding the residuals and cost estimates generated using this tool. Its cost outputs do not represent formal offers to provide equipment or services. In addition, mention of spec ific vendors does not constitute an endorsement by either the U.S. Environmental Protec tion Agency or any of its employees.



## Important Installation Information

If, at any time during the installation process, yo u see a “Version Conflict” pop-up window requesting whether you want the setup program to ke ep a more current system file (usually one with a dll or ocx extension) or replace it with an older version of that file, select the YES option to KEEP the existing system file.SPARRC User’s Manual



### i 

## Table of Contents

1. Introduction ...................................

................................................... ........................................... 1 2. Background .....................................

................................................... ......................................... 1 3. Installation....................................

................................................... ............................................ 2 3.1 System Requirements ...........................

................................................... ......................... 2 3.2 Installation Steps ............................

................................................... ............................... 2 4. Using SPARRC ...................................

................................................... ..................................... 4 4.1 Startup .......................................

................................................... .................................... 4 4.2 SPARRC Inputs .................................

................................................... ........................... 6 4.3 SPARRC Outputs ................................

................................................... .......................... 7 5. Printing Output Results ........................

................................................... .................................... 9 A.1 Introduction ..................................

................................................... ................................ A-1 A.1.1 Inputs and Outputs Common to All Technologies

.................................................. . A-1 A.2 Coagulation Filtration ........................

................................................... .......................... A-2 A.3 Lime Softening.................................

................................................... ............................ A-2 A.4 Ion Exchange ..................................

................................................... ............................. A-2 A.4.1 Ion Exchange Technology Overview ............

................................................... ........ A-2 A.4.2 Ion Exchange Design Validity Checks and Warni ng Messages............................... A-4 A.4.3 Ion Exchange Inputs .........................

................................................... ..................... A-5 A.4.4 Ion Exchange Outputs ........................

................................................... ................... A-9 A.5 Reverse Osmosis ...............................

................................................... ......................... A-19 A.5.1 Reverse Osmosis Technology Overview .........

................................................... .... A-19 A.5.2 Reverse Osmosis Inputs.......................

................................................... ................ A-19 A.5.3 Reverse Osmosis Outputs .....................

................................................... ............... A-20 A.6 Activated Alumina .............................

................................................... ........................ A-24 A.6.1 Activated Alumina Technology Overview .......

................................................... ... A-24 A.6.2 Activated Alumina Inputs ....................

................................................... ................ A-24 A.6.3 Activated Alumina Output.....................

................................................... .............. A-25 A.7 Green Sand Filtration .........................

................................................... ........................ A-27 A.7.1 Green Sand Filtration Technology Overview ...

................................................... ... A-27 A.7.2 Green Sand Filtration Inputs.................

................................................... ............... A-27 A.7.3 Green Sand Filtration Outputs ...............

................................................... .............. A-29 A.8 References ....................................

................................................... .............................. A-34 B.1 Introduction ..................................

................................................... ................................ B-1 B.2 Liquid Waste Disposal Options .................

................................................... .................. B-1 B.2.1 Direct discharge ............................

................................................... ......................... B-2 B.2.2 Discharge to POTW............................

................................................... ................... B-2 B.2.3 Underground injection .......................

................................................... .................... B-2 B.2.4 Septic System Disposal ......................

................................................... ................... B-3 B.3 Solid Waste Disposal Options ..................

................................................... ................... B-3 B.3.1 Contracted Uranium Extraction ...............

................................................... .............. B-3 B.3.2 Non-Hazardous Waste Disposal Facilities .....

................................................... ....... B-3SPARRC User’s Manual



### ii B.3.3 Hazardous Waste Disposal Facilities .........

................................................... ........... B-4 B.3.4 LLRW Facilities .............................

................................................... ....................... B-4 B.4 References ....................................

................................................... ................................ B-5 C.1 Introduction ..................................

................................................... ................................ C-1 C.2 Anion Exchange ................................

................................................... ........................... C-1 C.2.1 Arrowbear Lake, California ..................

................................................... ................. C-1 C.3 Cation Exchange ...............................

................................................... ........................... C-3 C.3.1 New Jersey Utility ..........................

................................................... ....................... C-3 C.3.2 Robertson Utilities, North Carolina .........

................................................... .............. C-5 C.3.3 Baywood Forest, North Carolina ..............

................................................... ............. C-6 C.4 Reverse Osmosis ...............................

................................................... ........................... C-8 C.4.1 Toluca, Illinois ............................

................................................... ........................... C-8 C.5 References ....................................

................................................... ................................ C-9SPARRC User’s Manual



### 1 

## 1. Introduction

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) deve loped the Software Program to Ascertain Radionuclide Residual Concentrations (SPARRC) to es timate quantities and concentrations of radium and uranium in water treatment plant residua ls for selected treatment technologies using a mass balance approach. In 2006, EPA revised SPARR C to address stakeholder comments including those provided by the American Water Work s Association’s Technical Advisory Workgroup on Radionuclides. EPA converted the Help Menu from an on-line format to a printed format (see Appendix A). EPA added a disposal cost estimating tool to some of the technologies in SPARRC and included default unit costs based on national average cost information (see Appendix B). Finally, EPA used available case study data to validate the revised mass balance calculations (see Appendix C for results), and also compared outputs with another radionuclide mass balance model. The objective of SPARRC is to s imulate disposal quantities and costs for radionuclide-contaminated wastes given user-defined inputs for influent water quality and treatment operation parameters. It is not intended to design process equipment. Therefore, the cost tool does not include intermediate waste handl ing costs (e.g., for dewatering).
This User’s Manual provides instructions for instal ling and using SPARRC, a Help Manual that describes the modeling approach, and descriptions f or the disposal cost method and default unit cost values in Version 2 of SPARRC. 

## 2. Background

Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, EPA regulates th e amount of radionuclides such as alpha particles, beta particles, radium, and uranium allo wed in drinking water provided by community water systems. When radionuclide concentrations in source water exceed drinking water standards, then water systems can use treatment or nontreatment options to reduce the concentrations to meet the standards. Systems consi dering treatment options can use SPARRC to evaluate how well different treatment technologies remove radium and uranium from drinking water and what residual streams and disposal costs these treatment options generate. Exhibit 1 provides a list of technologies in SPARRC along wit h the radionuclide contaminant removed, and the Help Manual in Appendix A provides brief de scriptions of each technology along with the mass balance calculations in SPARRC.

Exhibit 1. SPARRC Technologies and Radionuclides Removed Technology Radionuclide Coagulation Filtration 1 Uranium Lime Softening 1 Radium and Uranium Ion E xchange Radium and Uranium Reverse Osmosis Radium and Uraniu m Activated Alumina Uranium Green Sand Filtration Radium 1. The mass balance calculations for this technology have not been updated in the second version of SPA RRC. Consequently, no disposal cost calculations are sho wn. These updates will appear in a later version of SPARRC.SPARRC User’s Manual



### 2 When these treatment technologies remove naturally occurring radionuclide material (NORM) (i.e., radium and uranium) from drinking water, the y concentrate the contaminants in solid and liquid residuals, thereby creating residuals that c ontain technologically enhanced naturally occurring radionuclide material (TENORM). Disposal options for these residuals will depend on the quantity and concentration of contaminants as w ell as federal, State, and local requirements that affect disposal practices. EPA prepared a guid ance document, A Regulators’ Guide to the Management of Radioactive Residuals from Drinking W ater Treatment Technologies (U.S. EPA, 2005), which describes disposal considerations for residuals containing TENORM and provides contact information for community water systems see king assistance with disposal issues. Even though the cost outputs show estimates for a full r ange of disposal options, the actual options available to a system will depend on State and loca l requirements and restrictions. Furthermore, the default unit costs are based on sources that co nduct national surveys and publish national average costs and regional adjustment factors such as Environmental Remediation Cost Data – Unit Price 2006

(ECHOS, 2006). Because site-specific costs are lik ely to differ from these national averages, EPA included an option for users to insert site-specific unit costs.


## 3. Installation
3.1 System Requirements Make sure that you have the following before instal ling SPARRC on your computer:

• Operating system: Windows XP

• Disk space: at least 4 MB

• Screen resolution: 1024 × 768. 

## 3.2 Installation Steps Step 1. Close all applications running on your computer. Some applications access common files that the SPARRC setup program will try to upd ate. Sharing violations will terminate the setup program. If you have older versions of SPARRC , uninstall SPARRC using Add/Remove Programs.
Step 2. Locate the setup.exe file . If you have a SPARRC CD, insert it into your disk drive. The CD should automatically start; if it does not, then go to My Computer and double click on the CD drive. The setup.exe file should be among the fi les listed for the CD.
If you downloaded a SPARRC.zip file, go to the dire ctory where you saved the file and open the file. Extract all of the files to same directory. O ne of these files will be the setup.exe file. Doubl e click on this file.
Step 3. Install the SPARRC program files . During the installation process, you will see thr ee windows. The first window (see Exhibit 2) contains a reminder to close all other applications during SPARRC installation. If other applications a re open, click on Exit Setup , close those applications, and repeat this step. When you are re ady to proceed with installation, click OK.SPARRC User’s Manual



### 3 Exhibit 2. SPARRC Setup Window

The second window identifies where the program file s will be installed. Check the default directory shown in the Directory section of the win dow (see Exhibit 3). If this is the location you want to use, click on the install button above the directory to begin installation. To change the location, click on the Change Directory button on t he right. Then, select or enter the correct location. If prompted to create a new directory, cl ick OK. When you return to the directory window, click on the install button.

Exhibit 3. SPARRC Installation Directory Selection WindowSPARRC User’s Manual



### 4 The next window identifies the program group that y ou will use to open the program (see Exhibit 4). The default is SPARRC. To accept the default, c lick Continue to begin installation. You can also enter another program group title before click ing Continue

.

Exhibit 4. SPARRC Program Group Selection Window

After installation is complete, click OK . If you are trying to install SPARRC on a computer that has a Windows 2000 operating system and there is an error message regarding missing or out-ofdate DLL files, stop installation.

Important: If, at any time during the installation process, you see a “Version Conflict” popup window requesting whether you want the setup pro gram to keep a more current system file (usually one with a dll or ocx extension) or r eplace it with an older version of that file, select the YES option to KEEP the existing system f ile. 

## 4. Using SPARRC
4.1 Startup To begin using SPARRC, click START , go to All Programs , and click on SPARRC . Or go to the folder in which the program is saved (Program F iles\residuals is the default location) and click on residuals.exe.
The program will open to the main page (Exhibit 5), which displays a top menu bar listing the six treatment technologies: coagulation filtration, lime softening, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, activated alumina, and green sand filtration.SPARRC User’s Manual



### 5 Exhibit 5. SPARRC Main Page

Click on a treatment technology on the top menu bar to begin. For example, clicking Ion Exchange displays the user interface shown in Exhibit 6. Th e user interface for each treatment technology includes:

• 

### Model input variables displayed on the left hand-si de of the screen (light-yellow part of the screen)

• 

### Two output tabs displayed on the right hand-side of the screen – one that reports residuals and water quality information (shown in Exhibit 6) and a second that reports annual costs (shown in Exhibit 7).

At the bottom of the interface, there is a button t o generate a printable report. Users of the first version of SPARRC will notice that the user interfa ce no longer contains information and help buttons. All of this information has been moved to Appendix A of this User’s Manual. The help button at the bottom right of the user interface pr ovides a reminder that look for help in the SPARRC User’s Manual.SPARRC User’s Manual



### 6 Exhibit 6. Example Display of Inputs and Main Outpu t for Ion Exchange



## 4.2 SPARRC Inputs To change the model input variables, click on the u p-down arrows to the right of the values or type a value in the input cell. The output results will automatically update to reflect the new input value. The Help Manual in Appendix A provides addit ional information for the inputs.
To display a description for an input variable, hol d the cursor over the field name until it turns red and a description will appear in a small pop-up window.SPARRC User’s Manual



### 7 

## 4.3 SPARRC Outputs The output section is on the right side of the scre en. There are two output tabs. The Main Output tab reports physical outputs such as treated water quality and residuals quantities and qualities. The Annual Cost tab reports annual cost estimates for different ty pes of residual disposal.
The output on both tabs automatically updates as th e inputs change. For example, changing the average flow will increase the quantity of residual s on the Main Output tab as well as disposal costs on the Annual Cost tab.
The purpose of the Annual Cost tab is to provide disposal cost estimates for comp arison across disposal alternatives (see example in Exhibit 7). I t contains a table of cost estimates for various liquid and solid disposal methods that reflect the output residual quantities. These costs include only the incremental costs to transport and dispose of liquid or solid residuals. They do not include capital costs for residuals handling infras tructure such as storage facilities, or annual costs for residuals handling labor.
The rows show different types of residual disposal methods and the columns distinguish between cost outputs for liquid and solid wastes. In some c ases, annual residuals will include solids and liquids. In other cases, costs pertain to only one type of residual. The cost output in Exhibit 7 is an example where annual residuals are likely to inc lude only liquids because the operation model is regenerated ion exchange.
Annual cost estimates can be based on “System Defau lt” unit costs in SPARRC or on sitespecific unit costs entered by the user. Use the Unit Cost Set list box at the top left of the Annual Cost

tab to select which costs to use. Another entry op tion at the top right can be used to enter the distance to disposal facilities. Changing this value will alter transportation costs that ar e based on mileage.

To enter user-defined unit costs, click on the Adjust Unit Costs button to the right of the list box. This activates a window with two list boxes (s ee Exhibit 8). Use the top list box to select either System Default

unit costs or User Adjusted unit costs. Use the second list box to select one of the following categories of unit costs shown in Exhibit 9.SPARRC User’s Manual



### 8 Exhibit 7. Example Display of SPARRC Annual Cost Ta b

Exhibit 8. Pop-up Window With Unit Cost DataSPARRC User’s Manual



### 9 Exhibit 9. Categories of Unit Costs in SPARRC
Unit Costs for Liquid Residuals Unit Costs for Solid Residuals Direct Discharge Discharge to POTW Underground Injection Contracted Uranium Extraction Hazardous Landill Hazardous LLRW Non-hazardous Landfill Non-hazardous LLRW TENORM Landfill



### Selecting a unit cost category updates the data ent ry information in the Category Items section. A user can enter site-specific unit costs in the Un it Cost column, making sure that the measurement units match the units shown in the Item column. For example, site-specific costs for wastewater disposal fees need to be in dollars per thousand gallons ($/1000gal). This means that fees for a POTW that has a different fee struc ture (e.g., a fixed base charge plus a volumetric charge) must be converted to average dollars per th ousand gallons. For more information on the unit cost items in each Category and how they are u sed in SPARRC, see Appendix B. 

## 5. Printing Output Results

To generate a text output report, click on the Printable Report button located in the lower menu bar on the user interface. SPARRC will display a te xt report using Windows Notepad that contains the input and output variables. Exhibit 10 shows a partial report for the ion exchange model. You can use the File menu in Windows Notepad to print this document and save it.SPARRC User’s Manual



### 10 Exhibit 10. Display of Output ReportSPARRC User’s Manual



## Appendix A

Help ManualSPARRC User’s Manual



### A-1 

## A.1 Introduction For each technology included in SPARRC, this append ix provides: (1) an overview and description of the technology, (2) a description of the inputs required, and (3) a description of the outputs shown on the Main Output tab, with details of the internal calculations SPARRC performs for each output.
A.1.1 Inputs and Outputs Common to All Technologies In general, the following inputs are common to all of the technologies:

Design Flow: 

### Design Flow is the nominal capacity of the treatmen t technology in million gallons per day (mgd). SPARRC accepts design flows as low as 0.01 t o 0.05 mgd and as high as 100 to 500 mgd, depending on the technology.

Average Flow or Average Influent Flow: 

### Average Flow is entered in mgd. It includes water t hat is treated (treated flow) and water that is bypassed (bypass flow). SPARRC accepts average f lows as low as 0.01 to 0.05 mgd and as high as 100 to 500 mgd, depending on the technology

.
Bypass Flow: 

### Bypass Flow is the flow of water, in mgd, that bypa sses the treatment process. It is a portion of average flow that is not treated. SPARRC accepts by pass flows as low as 0 mgd and as high as 100 to 500 mgd, depending on the technology.

The following outputs are common to all of the tech nologies:

Treated Flow or Treated Water Flow or Influent Trea ted Flow: 

### Treated Flow is the portion of average flow, in mgd , that is treated, calculated as:

[ Treated Flow (mgd)] = [ Average Flow (mgd)] – [ Bypass Flow (mgd)]

Finished Flow or Finished Water Flow: 

### Finished Flow is the result of blending treated flo w with the untreated bypass flow, in mgd. It represents the production flow that is sent to othe r treatment units or to consumers. It is equal to the average flow.

Exhibit A-1 shows the relationships among average f low, bypass flow, treated flow, and finished flow.SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-2 Exhibit A-1. Flow Terminology in SPARRC



## A.2 Coagulation Filtration The Coagulation Filtration technology is not comple te in the current version of SPARRC.



## A.3 Lime Softening The Lime Softening technology is not complete in th e current version of SPARRC.



## A.4 Ion Exchange A.4.1 Ion Exchange Technology Overview Ion exchange is a process where pre-saturated ions are exchanged from the surface of a solid with ions of the same charge in the feed water. In this process, source water is continually passed through the bed of ion exchange resin beads in a do wn-flow or up-flow mode and the unwanted ions in the water are replaced with like-charged io ns from the solid resin. The contaminant ions bond with the resin and slowly build up in the bed until the resin’s exchange capacity is reached. At this point, the resin must be regenerated in ord er to restore capacity or disposed and replaced with fresh resin.

Regeneration, if used, consists of the following st eps: (1) backwash, (2) regeneration, (3) slow rinse, and (4) fast rinse. After the resin capacity is exhausted, the source water supply is stopped and the bed is backwashed to remove suspended solid s collected on the bed. In addition, backwashing is performed periodically as needed to remove debris from the resin. In the backwashing step, water is passed up-flow through the resin bed to remove debris. After backwashing the bed is regenerated with brine or an other appropriate chemical (Note that 

### Average Daily Flow (influent) Bypass Flow

Treated Flow Finished Flow

(to other treatment or customers) Treatment Process Average Daily Flow (influent) Bypass Flow

Treated Flow Finished Flow

(to other treatment or customers) Treatment ProcessSPARRC User’s Manual



### A-3 SPARRC considers regeneration with sodium chloride brine only). During regeneration, the unwanted ions collected on the bed during exhaustio n are replaced with innocuous ions that can be used to exchange unwanted ions in source water d uring exhaustion. After regeneration, the bed undergoes slow and then fast rinsing before re- entering operation. This regeneration process generates liquid waste streams (spent regenerant an d rinse and backwash water) that may require treatment, reduction and disposal. If regeneration is not used, the process generates waste in the form of spent resin laden with the contaminant ion. SPAARC considers both types of ion exchange process: regenerated and throwaway.

SPARRC also considers the use of two types of ion e xchange resins: strong base anion (SBA) resin for removal of uranium, and strong acid catio n (SAC) resin for removal of radium. SAC resins also can remove uranium when influent water pH is less than 6. Although this treatment approach might not be practical when uranium is the only targeted contaminant, SPARRC calculates uranium removal for SAC resin when the u ser selects pH of 6 or less.

The largest application of ion exchange to drinking water treatment is in the area of softening using cation exchange, where hardness ions such as calcium and magnesium are removed from feed water and replaced by sodium or potassium. Cat ion exchange also has been employed to remove contaminant cations such as barium, radium, and strontium from the feed water by displacing like charged ions (typically hydrogen) b onded to sulfonates or carboxylates suspended in a polystyrene matrix (AWWA/ASCE 1998). In a hard ness removal exchanger, during exhaustion, the calcium and magnesium are exchanged with sodium ions in the resin phase according to the following reactions:

R-Na + + Ca +2  R 2 Ca + Na +
R-Na + + Mg +2  R 2 Mg + Na + 

### Where, R denotes resin matrix. After exhaustion the resins are regenerated with brine according to the following reactions:

R 2 Ca + Na +  R-Na + + Ca +2
R 2 Mg + Na +  R-Na + + Mg +2 

### In addition to calcium and magnesium cations, SAC a lso removes radium during the softening process.

Anion exchange has been employed to remove nitrates , sulfates, arsenic, selenium and uranium from water (AWWA/ASCE 1998). In this process, negat ively charged ions such as chloride or hydroxide are displaced from their locations on ins oluble, solid exchange resins by ions of theSPARRC User’s Manual



### A-4 same charge in solution. Through the selective use of particular resins, specific contaminant anions in solution (in the feed water) can be targe ted for removal and replacement by ions that are more desirable.

A.4.2 Ion Exchange Design Validity Checks and Warni ng Messages When ion exchange is used in a regenerated mode, SP ARRC performs calculations to determine if the calculated regeneration parameters are withi n a reasonable range for typical resins, based on the user’s inputs. This section describes these warning messages and how to adjust inputs to correct them. Section A.4.3 describes the individua l inputs mentioned here in more detail and Section A.4.4 describes the calculations used to ma ke these validity checks.

“The regenerant dose has reached its practical oper able limit ...” 

### SPARRC displays this warning when the user’s inputs result in a regenerant dose that is greater than that typically used in ion exchange. I n checking for this problem, SPARRC assumes an operational limit of 22 pounds of NaCl p er cubic foot of resin for a strong base anion (SBA) resin and an operational limit of 20 po unds NaCl per cubic foot of resin for a strong acid cation (SAC) resin.
To correct this problem, users can:

• Reduce the input used for Brine (Bed Volumes) (i.e. , reduce the quantity of brine delivered during regeneration).

• Reduce the input used for NaCl weight (% brine solu tion) (i.e., reduce the strength of brine used for regeneration).

“Make sure that the amount of salt of x lb/cubic f oot of resin used to regenerate the resin is sufficient.” 

### SPARRC displays this warning when the user’s inputs result in a regenerant dose that is less than that typically used in ion exchange. In checki ng for this problem, SPARRC assumes an operational minimum of 7.6 pounds of NaCl per cubic foot of resin.
This warning can be considered advisory, if the use r is certain that the regenerant dose displayed is reasonable to restore the desired capa city to the resin. If uncertain, to correct this problem, users can:

• Increase the input used for Brine (Bed Volumes) (i. e., increase the quantity of brine delivered during regeneration).

• Increase the input used for NaCl weight (% brine so lution) (i.e., increase the strength of brine used for regeneration).SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-5 “The regeneration efficiency of x is incompatible with the regeneration level of y.” 

### For strong acid cation (SAC) resins, SPARRC display s this warning when the user’s inputs result in a regenerant dose that is, theoretically, too high or too low, given the quantity of hardness the regenerant is intended to remove from the resin. SPARRC makes this determination by calculating a theoretical efficien cy (equivalents of NaCl provided per equivalents of hardness removed as CaCO 3 

### ), using the following formula:

[Theoretical Efficiency (eq NaCl/eq CaCO 3 )] = 0.1678 * [ Regeneration Level (lbs NaCl/ft 3 resin)] + 0.7648 

### This theoretical efficiency calculation is based on operating data for Amberlite IR-120 SAC resin as presented in AWWA/ASCE (1998). If the actu al efficiency resulting from the user’s inputs is not within 10% of the theoretical value, SPARRC displays the warning.
To correct this problem, users can:

• Adjust the input used for Bed Volumes to Regenerati on (i.e., change the quantity of hardness removed between regenerations).

• Adjust the input used for Brine (Bed Volumes) (i.e. , change the quantity of brine delivered during regeneration and, therefore, the q uantity of NaCl provided).

• Adjust the input used for NaCl weight (% brine solu tion) (i.e., change the strength of brine used for regeneration and, therefore, the qua ntity of NaCl provided).

A.4.3 Ion Exchange Inputs
Design Flow, Average Flow, and Bypass Flow:


### See Section A.1.

Raw Water Radium Concentration: 

### Raw Water Radium Concentration is entered in picocu ries per liter (pCi/L) and represents the radium concentration in the influent water. SPARRC accepts radium concentrations from 0.01 to 500 pCi/L. This input is not applicable when usi ng SBA resin for uranium removal.

Raw Water Uranium Concentration:


### Raw Water Uranium Concentration is entered in micro grams per liter (μg/L) and represents the uranium concentration in the influent water. SP ARRC accepts uranium concentrations from 0.01 to 1,000 μg/L. This input is ignored when using SAC resin for radium removal, if the pH is greater than 6 (see Raw Water pH, below).
Mass to Activity Ratio: 

### Mass to Activity Ratio is the mass of uranium exhib iting a radioactivity of one picocurie. It is entered in units of micrograms per picocurie ( μ g/pCi). SPARRC accepts mass to activity ratios of 0.1 to 5 μ g/pCi. A typical value is 1 μ g/pCi.SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-6 Raw Water TSS Concentration: 

### Raw Water Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Concentratio n is entered in milligrams per liter (mg/L) and represents the TSS concentration in the influent water. SPARRC uses this value in calculating the dry basis concentration of the cont aminant in liquid wastes. SPARRC accepts TSS concentrations of 0.01 to 300 mg/L, although va lues of <1 to <3 mg/L are typical for ion exchange to operate.

Raw Water TDS Concentration: 

### Raw Water Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Concentratio n is entered in milligrams per liter (mg/L) and represents the TDS concentration in the influent water. SPARRC assumes there is no TDS removal with ion exchange and therefore this concentration is the same as the finished water TDS concentration. SPARRC accepts TDS concent rations of 0.01 to 10,000 mg/L, and uses this value to calculate the TDS concentration ultimately received by the POTW, after treatment residuals are combined with inflows from community use.

Raw Water Hardness: 

### Raw Water Hardness is typically defined as the sum of calcium and magnesium in the influent water and entered in milligrams per liter (mg/L) as CaCO 3 

### . SPARRC accepts raw water hardness from 1 to 5,000 mg/L. Raw water hardness c an control the removal of radium by SAC resin. As discussed in Clifford (1999), a syste m run to hardness breakthrough will also achieve a steady state of radium removal after abou t five regeneration cycles. This input is not applicable when using SBA resin for uranium removal

. Raw Water pH: 

### Raw water pH is the pH of the influent water. SPARR C accepts a range from 3.5 to 10. Raw water pH controls uranium removal as discussed in S ection A.4.4.
Resin Type: 

### This input allows the user to select the type of re sin: strong acid cation (SAC) resin for hardness and radium removal (and uranium at pH less than or equal to 6) or strong base anion (SBA) resin for uranium removal.
Regenerated: 

### This is a yes or no input allowing the user to spec ify whether the anion exchange resin is regenerated or used on a throwaway basis (i.e., res in is disposed and replaced with fresh resin). This option is not available for cation exchange re sin, which is assumed to be always regenerated.

EBCT: 

### EBCT, or Empty Bed Contact Time, is defined as the time required, in minutes, for water to pass through the volume equivalent of the resin bed . SPARRC accepts EBCTs of 0.1 to 20 minutes. A typical value is 3 minutes.
Bed Depth:SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-7 Bed Depth is the depth of the resin bed in feet. Th is input determines the surface area of the resin bed and, therefore, the quantity of backwash required, when backwash is used outside of the regeneration cycle (see the input Backwash Outs ide Regeneration Cycle and the output Backwash Waste Outside Regeneration Cycle, below). Bed Depths for ion exchange typically range between 2.5 and 6 feet. This input is ignored when backwash outside of the regeneration cycle is not required.
Bed Volumes to Regeneration: 

### Bed Volumes to Regeneration represents the exchange capacity of the resin. Although titled “Bed Volumes to Regeneration,” the input also appli es when throwaway operation is selected. Once a volume of water equal to this many volumes o f the resin bed passes through the treatment process, the media is considered exhauste d and must be regenerated or replaced. For SAC resin, users may wish to verify that the va lue selected for this input is appropriate for the operating capacity of their resin in kilograins CaCO 3 

### per cubic foot and the raw water hardness, using the following equation: [ Bed Volumes to Regeneration ] = ( [resin capacity (kilograins/ft 3 )] * 453,000 (mg/lb) ) / ( [ Raw Water Hardness (mg/L)] * 7 (kilograins / lb) * 7.48 (gallons/ft 3 ) * 3.78 (L/gallon)



### Resin operating capacity in kilograins per cubic fo ot, which usually varies depending on the regeneration level and other conditions (such as TD S, pH, and ion concentration) between 20 and 30 kilograins per cubic foot. The following tab le (from Clifford, 1999) shows typical resin operating capacities, given different regeneration levels (regeneration level is a SPARRC output discussed below): Regeneration Level (lbs/ft 3 ) Resin Capacity (kilograins/ft 3 )

4 17
6 20
8 22
10 25
15 27
20 29 

### Note that, to further verify that the value selecte d for this input is appropriate when combined with the inputs for Brine (Bed Volumes) and NaCl we ight (% brine solution) (see below), SPARRC performs calculations to determine if the ca lculated regeneration parameters are within a reasonable range for a typical SAC resin. If they are not within a reasonable range, SPARRC displays warning messages. See Section A.4.2 for more information on these warning messages.

Radium Removal: 

### Radium Removal is the percentage (%) of radium in t he influent water that is removed by the ion exchange treatment process. SPARRC accepts radi um removals of 1 to 100%. For typical values, one method is to calculate radium removal b ased on hardness removal (U.S. EPA 1977), although other factors may affect radium rem oval:SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-8 [ Radium Removal (%)] = 0.25 * [ Hardness Removal (%)] + 72.5 

### This input is not applicable when using SBA resin f or uranium removal.

Hardness Removal: 

### Hardness Removal is the percentage (%) of hardness in the influent water that is removed by the ion exchange treatment process. SPARRC accepts radium removals of 1 to 100%. This input is not applicable when using SBA resin f or uranium removal.
Backwash, Brine, Slow Rinse, and Fast Rinse (Bed Vo lumes): 

### These inputs specify the quantity of liquid used in each step of the regeneration process. Each is entered in bed volumes, meaning they use a volum e of liquid equal to the entered value times the volume of the resin bed. Users who are no t familiar with measuring regeneration quantities in terms of bed volumes can examine the output quantities shown for the various steps (in gallons per regeneration event and gallon s per day) to verify their input selections. Note that, to further verify that the value selecte d for Brine (Bed Volumes) is appropriate when combined with the inputs for Bed Volumes to Re generation and NaCl weight (% brine solution) (see below), SPARRC performs calculations to determine if the calculated regeneration parameters are within a reasonable ran ge for typical resins. If they are not within a reasonable range, SPARRC displays warning message s. See Section A.4.2 for more information on these warning messages. These inputs are not applicable when operating in t hrowaway (non-regenerated) mode.
NaCl weight (% brine solution): 

### NaCl weight is the concentration of brine used in r egenerating the resin., entered as a percentage (%). SPARRC accepts percentage of 0.01 t o 60%, although concentrations are usually between 8 and 14%, with 10% being typical ( AWWA/ASCE 1998). To further verify that the value selected for NaCl weight (% brine solution) is appropriate when combined with the inputs for Bed Volumes to Re generation and Brine (Bed Volumes) (see above), SPARRC performs calculations to determ ine if the calculated regeneration parameters are within a reasonable range for typica l resins. If they are not within a reasonable range, SPARRC displays warning messages. See Sectio n A.4.2 for more information on these warning messages. This input is not applicable when operating in thro waway (non-regenerated) mode.
Backwash Outside Regeneration Cycle: 

### This is a yes or no input allowing the user to spec ify whether additional backwash is required in between regular regenerations. This input is not applicable when operating in throwaway (non-regenerated) mode. Operationally, periodic bac kwash will be required when operating in throwaway mode, but this backwash is likely to have minimal effect on the radionuclide concentrations on the resin. Therefore, SPARRC does not require input relating to backwash when operating in throwaway mode.SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-9 Backwash Rate: 

### Backwash Rate represents the rate, in gallons per m inute, at which water is passed through the resin bed per unit of surface area of the bed, in s quare feet (gpm/ft 2 

### ), for backwash events that occur outside the regeneration cycle. SPARRC accept s backwash rates of 1 to 10 gpm/ft 2



### . Typical rates vary depending on specific resin and manufacturer. This input is not applicable when backwash outside of the regeneration cycle is not required.

Backwash Time: 

### Backwash Time is the time, in minutes, over which b ackwash occurs, for backwash events that occur outside the regeneration cycle. SPARRC accept s backwash times of 1 to 30 minutes. This input is not applicable when backwash outside of the regeneration cycle is not required.

Backwash Interval: 

### Backwash Interval represents the frequency with whi ch backwash occurs, for backwash events that occur outside the regeneration cycle, entered as the number of hours between events. SPARRC accepts backwash intervals of 1 to 720 hours (or 30 days). This input is not applicable when backwash outside of the regeneration cycle is not required.

Water Loss: 

### Water Loss is entered as a percentage (%) and repre sents the portion of finished water that is “lost” during distribution to and use by the commun ity. This loss is not ultimately treated by the community’s publicly owned treatment works (POT W). SPARRC uses this value to calculate the radionuclide and TDS concentration ul timately received by the POTW, after treatment residuals are combined with inflows from community use.

A.4.4 Ion Exchange Outputs

Treated Water Flow and Finished Water Flow:


### See Section A.1.

Radium Removal: 

### Radium Removal is the percentage (%) of radium in t he influent water that is removed by the cation exchange treatment process. For treated wate r, it is identical to the value entered by the user as an input. For finished water, it is calcula ted as follows: [ Finished Water Radium Removal (%)] = ( [ Raw Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] – [ Finished Water Radium

Concentration (pCi/L)] ) * 100 / [ Raw Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] 

### This output is not shown when using SBA resin for u ranium removal.

Uranium Removal: 

### Uranium Removal is the percentage (%) of uranium in the influent water that is removed by the ion exchange treatment process. For treated wat er, SPARRC estimates uranium removal asSPARRC User’s Manual



### A-10 follows: For strong acid cation (SAC) resin: If [ Raw Water pH ] > = 6.1 , then [ Uranium Removal (%)] = 0 If [ Raw Water pH ] < 6.1 and > 3.8 , then [ Uranium Removal (%)] = -195 *Log( [ Raw Water pH ] ) + 355

If [ Raw Water pH ] < 3.8 and >= 3.5 , then [ Uranium Removal (%)] = 99 

### For strong base anion (SBA) resin: If [ Raw Water pH ] > = 5.8 , then [ Uranium Removal (%)] = 99 If [ Raw Water pH ] < 6.1 and > 3.8 , then [ Uranium Removal (%)] = 4.5 *([ Raw Water pH ]) 2 – 4.2 *( [ Raw Water pH ] ) – 45.18 If [ Raw Water pH ] < 3.8 , then [ Uranium Removal (%)] = 0 

### Uranium removals were approximated using the distri butions of uranyl-carbonate and uranyl hydroxides complexes versus pH developed by Langmui r (1974). For finished water, it is calculated as follows: [ Finished Water Uranium Removal (%)] = ( [ Raw Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] – [ Finished Water Uranium

Concentration (μg/L)] ) * 100 / [ Raw Water Uranium Concentration (pCi/L)]

Hardness Removal: 

### Hardness Removal is the percentage (%) of hardness in the influent water that is removed by the cation exchange treatment process. For treated water, it is identical to the value entered by the user as an input. For finished water, it is cal culated as follows: [ Finished Water Hardness Removal (%)] = ( [ Raw Water Hardness Concentration (mg/L)] – [ Finished Water Hardness

Concentration (mg/L)] ) * 100 / [ Raw Water Hardness Concentration (mg/L)] 

### This output is not shown when using SBA resin for u ranium removal.

Radium Concentration:


### Radium Concentration is the concentration of radium in picocuries per liter (pCi/L) in the treated and finished water after treatment: [ Treated Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] = [ Raw Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] * ( 100 – [ Radium Removal (%)] ) / 100 [ Finished Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] = ( [ Treated Water Flow (mgd)] * [ Treated Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] + [ Bypass Flow (mgd)] * [ Raw Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] ) / [ Finished Water Flow (mgd)] 

### This output is not shown when using SBA resin for u ranium removal.

Uranium Concentration:


### Uranium Concentration is the concentration of urani um in micrograms per liter (μg/L) in the treated and finished water after treatment: [ Treated Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] = [ Raw Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] * ( 100 – [ Uranium Removal (%)] ) / 100 [ Finished Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] = ( [ Treated Water Flow (mgd)] * [ Treated Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] + [ Bypass Flow (mgd)] * [ Raw Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] ) / [ Finished Water Flow (mgd)]SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-11 Hardness Concentration:


### Hardness Concentration is the concentration of hard ness in milligrams per liter (mg/L) in the treated and finished water after treatment: [ Treated Water Hardness Concentration (mg/L)] = [ Raw Water Hardness Concentration (mg/L)] * ( 100 – [ Hardness Removal (%)] ) / 100 [ Finished Water Hardness Concentration (mg/L)] = ( [ Treated Water Flow (mgd)] * [ Treated Water Hardness Concentration (mg/L)] + [ Bypass Flow (mgd)] * [ Raw Water Hardness Concentration (mg/L)] ) / [ Finished Water Flow (mgd)] 

### This output is not shown when using SBA resin for u ranium removal.

Resin Volume: 

### The Resin Volume is the volume in cubic feet (ft 3 

### ) of the resin bed: [ Resin Volume (ft 3 )] = [ Design Flow (mgd)] * [ EBCT (minutes)] * 10 6 (gallons/million gallons) / ( 1440 (minutes/day) * 7.48 (gallons/ ft 3 ) )
Resin Weight: 

### Media Weight is the weight, in pound (lbs), of the resin in the bed: [ Resin Weight (lbs)] = [ Resin Volume (ft 3 )] * [Resin Density (lbs/ft 3 )] 

### SPARRC assumes a resin density of 43 lbs/ft 3 

### for strong base anion (SBA) resin and 50 lbs/ft 3 

### for strong acid cation (SAC) resin.
Regeneration Level: 

### Regeneration Level is the regenerant dose delivered to the resin in pounds of NaCl per cubic foot of resin (lbs/ft 3 

### ):

[ Regeneration Level (lbs/ft 3 )] =[Brine NaCl (lbs/cycle)] / [ Resin Volume (ft 3 )]


### Where: [Brine NaCl (lbs/cycle)] = [Brine Volume (ft 3 /cycle)] * [Brine Density (lbs/gallon)] * 7.48 (gallons/ft 3 ) * [ NaCl weight (% brine solultion) (%)] / 100 [Brine Volume (ft 3 /cycle)] = [ Brine (Bed Volumes) ]*[ Resin Volume (ft 3 )] [Brine Density (lbs/gallon)] = 0.926 * [ NaCl weight (% brine solultion) (%)] - 0.2491 

### SPARRC uses this output in performing the design va lidations discussed in Section A.4.2. This output is not shown when operating in throwawa y (non-regenerated) mode.
NaCl Applied: 

### NaCl Applied is the number of equivalents of NaCl a pplied per liter of resin (eq NaCl/L) during regeneration: [ NaCl Applied (eq NaCl/L)] = ( (Brine NaCl (lbs/cycle)] / 2.2 (lb/kg) * 1,000 (g/kg) ) / 58.5 (g/eq NaCl/) ) / ( [ Resin Volume (ft 3 )] * 28.3 (L/ft 3 ) )


### Where: [Brine NaCl (lbs/cycle)] = [Brine Volume (ft 3 /cycle)] * [Brine Density (lbs/gallon)] * 7.48 (gallons/ft 3 ) * [ NaCl weight (% brineSPARRC User’s Manual



### A-12 solultion) (%)] / 100 [Brine Volume (ft 3 /cycle)] = [ Brine (Bed Volumes) ]*[ Resin Volume (ft 3 )] [Brine Density (lbs/gallon)] = 0.926 * [ NaCl weight (% brine solultion) (%)] - 0.2491 

### This output is not shown when operating in throwawa y (non-regenerated) mode.
Hardness Capacity: 

### Hardness Capacity is the number of equivalents of h ardness as CaCO 3 

### removed per liter of resin (eq CaCO 3 

### /L) from the influent water between regenerations: [ Hardness Capacity (eq CaCO 3 /L)] = ( ( [ Raw Water Hardness (mg/L)] * ( [ Hardness Removal (%)] / 100 ) / 1,000 (mg/g) ) * ( [ Resin Volume (ft 3 )] * [ Bed Volumes to Regeneration ] * 28.3 (L/ft 3 ) ) / ( [ Resin Volume (ft 3 )] * 28.3 (L/ft 3 ) ) ) / 50 (g/eq CaCO 3 ) 

### Although it is labeled “Capacity,” this output actu ally represents the hardness removed, not the absolute capacity of the resin to remove hardness. This output is not shown when operating in throwaway (non-regenerated) mode or when using SBA resin for uranium removal.
Regeneration Efficiency: 

### Regeneration Efficiency relates the quantity of NaC l applied in regeneration to the quantity of hardness the regenerant is intended to remove from the resin. It is shown as equivalents of NaCl provided per equivalents of hardness removed a s CaCO 3 

### (eq NaCl/eq CaCO 3 

### ): [ Regeneration Efficiency (eq NaCl/ eq CaCO 3 )] = [ NaCl Applied (eq NaCl/L)] / [ Hardness Capacity (eq CaCO 3 /L)] 

### SPARRC uses this output in performing the design va lidations discussed in Section A.4.2. This output is not shown when operating in throwawa y (non-regenerated) mode or when using SBA resin for uranium removal.
Changeouts Per Year: 

### Changeouts Per Year is the number of times per year that the resin must be replace when operating in throwaway (non-regenerated) mode: [ Changeouts Per Year ] = 365 (days/year) / ( [ Resin Volume (ft 3 )] * [ Bed Volumes to Regeneration ] * 7.48 (gallons/ft 3 ) / ( 10 6 (gallons/million gallons) * [ Treated Water Flow (mgd)])) 

### This output is only shown when operating in throwaw ay (non-regenerated) mode.
Annual Media Disposal: 

### Annual Media Disposal is the quantity of spent resi n, in cubic feet, that must be disposed each year (ft 3 

### /year): [ Annual Media Disposal (ft 3 /year)] = [ Resin Volume (ft 3 )] * [ Changeouts Per Year ] 

### This output is only shown when operating in throwaw ay (non-regenerated) mode.

Resin Radium Concentration: 

### Resin Radium Concentration is the quantity of radiu m, in picocuries, that accumulates on each gram of spent resin (pCi/g) between changeouts:SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-13 [ Resin Radium Concentration (pCi/g)] = ( [ Tot al Waste Radium Removal (pCi/day)] * 365 (days/year) ) / ([ Resin Weight (lbs)] * [ Changeouts Per Year ] / 2.2 (lb/kg)) / 1,000 (g/kg) 

### This output is only shown when operating in throwaw ay (non-regenerated) mode.

Resin Uranium Concentration: 

### Resin Uranium Concentration is the quantity of uran ium, in picocuries, that accumulates on each gram of spent resin (pCi/g) between changeouts : [ Resin Uranium Concentration (pCi/g)] = ( [ Total Waste Uranium Daily Removal (μg/day)] / [ Mass to Activity Ratio (μg/pCi)] * 365 (days/year) ) / ([ Resin Weight (lbs)] * [ Changeouts Per Year ] / 2.2 (lb/kg)) / 1,000 (g/kg) 

### This output is only shown when operating in throwaw ay (non-regenerated) mode.
Regeneration Waste Volume and Flow (brine + slow ri nse): 

### Regeneration Waste Volume and Flow (brine + slow ri nse) is the volume, in gallons per regeneration event (gal/event) and gallons per day (gal/day), of concentrated waste produced during the regeneration process. The waste includes waste brine solution and slow rinse wastewater: [ Regeneration Waste Volume (brine + slow rinse) (gal/event)] = ( [ Brine (Bed Volumes) ] + [ Slow Rinse (Bed Volumes) ] ) * [ Resin Volume (ft 3 )] * 7.48 (gal/ft 3 ) [ Regeneration Waste Flow (brine + slow rinse) (gal/day)] = ( [ Brine (Bed Volumes) ] + [ Slow Rinse (Bed Volumes) ] ) * [Cycles Per Day] * [ Resin Volume (ft 3 )] * 7.48 (gal/ft 3 )


### Where: [Cycles Per Day] = [ Treated Water Flow (mgd)] * 10 6 (gallons/million gallons) / ( 7.48 (gal/ft 3 ) * [ Resin Volume (ft 3 )] * [ Bed Volumes to Regeneration ] ) 

### SPARRC combines the two quantities for output becau se the slow rinse and brine steps of regeneration overlap and the two waste streams ofte n cannot be separated and, therefore, have similar characteristics. To check the quantity of t he individual parts of this waste (e.g., brine or slow rinse), users can reduce the number of bed vol umes input for the other portion of the waste to 0. This output is not shown when operating in throwaway (non-regenerated) mode.
Regeneration Waste Hardness Concentration (brine + slow rinse): 

### Regeneration Waste Hardness Concentration (brine + slow rinse) is the hardness concentration, in milligrams per liter as CaCO 3 

### (mg/L), of concentrated waste produced during the regeneration process: [ Regeneration Waste Hardness Concentration (brine + slow rinse) (mg/L)] = ( [ Hardness Capacity (eq CaCO 3 /L resin)] ) / ( [ Brine (Bed Volumes) (L liquid/L resin)] + [ Slow Rinse (Bed Volumes) (L liquid/L resin)] ) * 50 (g/eq CaCO 3 ) * 1,000 (mg/g) 

### This output is not shown when operating in throwawa y (non-regenerated) mode or when using SBA resin for uranium removal.
Time To Breakthrough: 

### Time To Breakthrough is the number of hours between regeneration events: [ Time To Breakthrough (hours)] = 24 (hours/day) / [Cycles Per Day]SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-14 Where: [Cycles Per Day] = [ Treated Water Flow (mgd)] * 10 6 (gallons/million gallons) / ( 7.48 (gal/ft 3 ) * [ Resin Volume (ft 3 )] * [ Bed Volumes to Regeneration ] ) 

### This output is not shown when operating in throwawa y (non-regenerated) mode.

Excess NaCl: 

### Excess NaCl is the concentration in milligrams per liter (mg/L) of NaCl in the regeneration waste (brine + slow rinse). It is NaCl above that r equired to remove accumulated hardness that is [ Excess NaCl (mg/L)] = ( [ NaCl Applied (eq NaCl/L resin)] - [ Hardness Capacity (eq CaCO 3 /L resin)] ) / ( [ Brine (Bed Volumes) (L liquid/L resin)] + [ Slow Rinse (Bed Volumes) (L liquid/L resin)] ) * 58.5 (g/eq NaCl) * 1,000 (mg/g) 

### This output is not shown when operating in throwawa y (non-regenerated) mode or when using SBA resin for uranium removal.
Regeneration Dissolved Solids: 

### Regeneration Dissolved Solids is the concentration in milligrams per liter (mg/L) of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the regeneration waste (b rine + slow rinse). It is the sum of the regenerant salt concentration assuming all hardness is Ca 2 

### + hardness (in mg/L of CaCl 2 

### ) and the Excess NaCl in mg/L of NaCl: [ Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L)] = [ Hardness Capacity (eq CaCO 3 /L resin)] / ( [ Brine (Bed Volumes) (L liquid/L resin)] + [ Slow Rinse (Bed Volumes) (L liquid/L resin)] ) * 1 (eq CaCl 2 /eq Ca CO 3 ) * 111 (g/eq CaCO 3 ) * 1,000 (mg/g) + [ Excess NaCl (mg/L)] 

### Assuming that hardness is in magnesium and/or iron would result in slightly lower TDS levels. This output is not shown when operating in throwawa y (non-regenerated) mode.
Regeneration Waste Radium Concentration (brine + sl ow rinse): 

### Regeneration Waste Radium Concentration (brine + sl ow rinse) is the concentration of radium in picocuries per liter (pCi/L) in the regeneration waste (brine + slow rinse): [ Regeneration Waste Radium Concentration (brine + sl ow rinse) (pCi/L)] = [ Raw Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] * ( [ Radium Removal (%)] / 100 ) * [ Treated Water Flow (mgd)] * 10 6 (gallons/million gallons) / [ Regeneration Waste Flow (brine + slow rinse) (gal/day)] 

### This output is not shown when using SBA resin for u ranium removal.
Regeneration Waste Uranium Concentration (brine + s low rinse): 

### Regeneration Waste Uranium Concentration (brine + s low rinse) is the concentration of uranium in micrograms per liter (μg/L) and picocuri es per liter (pCi/L) in the regeneration waste (brine + slow rinse): [ Regeneration Waste Uranium Concentration (brine + s low rinse) (μg/L)] = [ Raw Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] * ( [ Uranium Removal (%)] / 100 ) * [ Treated Water Flow (mgd)] * 10 6 (gallons/million gallons) / [ Regeneration Waste Flow (brine + slow rinse) (gal/day)] 

### The concentration is converted to picocuries/liter using the mass to activity ratio:

[Concentration (pCi/L)] = [Concentration (μg/L)] / [ Mass to Activity Ratio (μg/pCi)]SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-15 Additional Regeneration Waste Volume (fast rinse + backwash): 

### Additional Regeneration Waste Volume (fast rinse + backwash) is the volume, in gallons per regeneration event (gal/event), gallons per day (ga l/day), and gallons per year (gal/year), of additional waste produced during the regeneration p rocess. The waste includes fast rinse wastewater and spent backwash water produced during regeneration: [ Additional Regeneration Waste Volume (fast rinse + backwash) (gal/event)] = ( [ Fast Rinse (Bed Volumes) ] +

[ Backwash (Bed Volumes) ] ) * [ Resin Volume (ft 3 )] * 7.48 (gal/ft 3 ) [ Additional Regeneration Waste Volume (fast rinse + backwash) (gal/day)] = ([ Fast Rinse (Bed Volumes) ] + [ Backwash

(Bed Volumes) ] ) * [Cycles Per Day] * [ Resin Volume (ft 3 )] * 7.48 (gal/ft 3 ) [ Additional Regeneration Waste Volume (fast rinse + backwash) (gal/year)] = 365 (days/year) * [ Additional

Regeneration Waste Volume (fast rinse + backwash) (gal/day)]



### Where: [Cycles Per Day] = [ Treated Water Flow (mgd)] * 10 6 (gallons/million gallons) / ( 7.48 (gal/ft 3 ) * [ Resin Volume (ft 3 )] * [ Bed Volumes to Regeneration ] ) 

### SPARRC combines the two quantities for output becau se the fast rinse and backwash steps of regeneration have similar characteristics (i.e., th ey are assumed not to contain the radionuclide contaminants). To check the quantity of the individ ual parts of this waste (e.g., fast rinse or regeneration backwash), users can reduce the number of bed volumes input for the other portion of the waste to 0. This output is not shown when operating in throwawa y (non-regenerated) mode.
Backwash Waste Volume Outside Regeneration Cycle: 

### Backwash Waste Volume Outside Regeneration Cycle is the volume, in gallons per backwash event (gal/event), gallons per day (gal/day), and g allons per year (gal/year), of additional spent backwash water produced between regular regeneratio ns: [ Backwash Waste Volume Outside Regeneration Cycle (gal/event)] = [ Backwash Rate (gpm/ft 2 ) * [Filter Area (ft 2 )] * [ Backwash Time (minutes)] [ Backwash Waste Volume Outside Regeneration Cycle (gal/day)] = [ Backwash Waste Volume Outside Regeneration Cycle (gal/event)] * 24 (hours/day) / [ Backwash Interval (hours)] [ Backwash Waste Volume Outside Regeneration Cycle (gal/year)] = [ Backwash Waste Volume Outside Regeneration Cycle (gal/day)] * 365 (days/year)


### Where: [Filter Area (ft 2 )] = [ Resin Volume (ft 3 )] / [ Bed Depth (ft)] 

### This output is not shown when operating in throwawa y (non-regenerated) mode or when backwash outside regeneration cycle is set to “no.” Operationally, periodic backwash will be required when operating in throwaway mode, but this backwash is likely to have minimal effect on the radionuclide concentrations on the re sin. Therefore, SPARRC assumes no radionuclides in spent backwash when operating in t hrowaway mode, and does not calculate spent backwash quanities.SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-16 Total Waste Volume (brine + slow rinse + fast rinse + backwash + backwash outside regeneration cycle): 

### Total Waste Volume (brine + slow rinse + fast rinse + backwash + backwash outside regeneration cycle) is the volume, in gallons per d ay (gal/day), of all liquid waste streams once they are combined for disposal: [ Total Waste Volume (brine + slow rinse + fast rinse + backwash + backwash outside regeneration cycle) (gal/day)] = [ Regeneration Waste Flow (brine + slow rinse) (gal/day)] + [ Additional Regeneration Waste Volume (fast rinse +

backwash) (gal/day)] + [ Backwash Waste Volume Outside Regeneration Cycle (gal/day)] 

### It is assumed that finished water is the source of backwash and regeneration water. This output is not shown when operating in throwaway (no n-regenerated) mode.
Total Waste Solids (brine + slow rinse + fast rinse + backwash + backwash outside regeneration cycle): 

### Total Waste Solids (brine + slow rinse + fast rinse + backwash + backwash outside regeneration cycle) is the quantity, in pounds per day (lb/day), of solids contained in the liquid waste streams once they are combined for disposal: [ Total Waste Solids (brine + slow rinse + fast rinse + backwash + backwash outside regeneration cycle) (lb/day)] = [ Treated Water Flow (mgd)] * 10 6 (gallons/million gallons) * [ Raw Water TSS Concentration (mg/L)] * 3.78 (L/gallon) / 453,000 (mg/lb) 

### SPARRC assumes that all suspended solids in the inf luent water are captured in by the resin bed, then removed during backwash and regeneration. This output is not shown when operating in throwawa y (non-regenerated) mode.

Total Waste Dissolved Solids:


### Total Waste Dissolved Solids is the concentration i n milligrams per liter (mg/L) of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the liquid waste streams once they are combined for disposal. This is calculated by combining regeneration waste (brin e and slow rinse) with the rest the liquid residuals. It is assumed that the fast rinse, back wash, and backwash outside the regeneration cycle all have negligible TDS concentrations: [ Total Waste Dissolved Solids (mg/L)] = [ Regeneration Waste Dissolved Solids (mg/L)] * [ Regeneration Waste Volume (brine + slow rinse) (gal/day)] / ( [ Total Waste Volume (brine + slow rinse + fast rinse + backwash + backwash outside

regeneration cycle) (gal/day)] + [ Finished Water TDS Concentration (mg/L)] 

### This output is not shown when operating in throwawa y (non-regenerated) mode.SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-17 Total Waste Radium Concentration:


### Total Waste Radium Concentration is the concentrati on, in picocuries per liter (pCi/L), picocuries per gram of liquid (pCi/g wet basis), an d picocuries per gram of solids (pCi/g dry basis), of radium in the liquid waste streams once they are combined for disposal: [ Total Waste Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] = [ Total Radium Removal (pCi/day)] / [ Total Waste Volume (brine + slow rinse + fast rinse + backwash + backwash outside re generation cycle) (gal/day)] / 3.78 (L/gal) + [ Finished Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] [ Total Waste Radium Concentration (pCi/g wet basis)] = [ Total Radium Removal (pCi/day)] / ( [ Total Waste Volume (brine + slow rinse + fast rinse + backwash + backw ash outside regeneration cycle) (gal/day)] * 8.34 (lb/gal) * 453.6 (g/lb) ) [ Total Waste Radium Concentration (pCi/g dry basis)] = [ Total Radium Removal (pCi/day)] / ([ Total Waste Solids (brine + slow rinse + fast rinse + backwash + backwash out side regeneration cycle) (lb/day)] * 453.6 (g/lb) ) 

### This output is not shown when operating in throwawa y (non-regenerated) mode or when using SBA resin for uranium removal.

Total Radium Removal: 

### Total Radium Removal is the total quantity of radiu m removed by the ion exchange process, in picocuries per day (pCi/day) and curies per year (C i/year): [ Total Radium Removal (pCi/day)] = [ Raw Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] * ( [ Radium Removal (%)] / 100 ) *

[ Treated Water Flow (mgd)] * 10 6 (gallons/million gallons) * 3.78 (L/gal) [ Total Radium Removal (Ci/year)] = [ Total Radium Removal (pCi/day)] * 365 (days/year) / 10 12 (pCi/Ci) 

### This output is not shown when operating in throwawa y (non-regenerated) mode or when using SBA resin for uranium removal.

Total Waste Uranium Concentration:


### Total Waste Uranium Concentration is the concentrat ion, in micrograms per liter (μg/L), picocuries per liter (pCi/L), micrograms per gram o f liquid (μg/g wet basis), picocuries per gram of liquid (pCi/g wet basis), milligrams per gr am of solids (mg/g dry basis), and picocuries per gram of solids (pCi/g dry basis), of uranium the liquid waste streams once they are combined for disposal: [ Total Waste Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] = [ Total Uranium Removal (mg/day)] / 1,000 (μg /mg) / [ Total Waste Volume (brine + slow rinse + fast rinse + backwash + backwash outside regeneration cycle) (gal/day)] / 3.78 (L/gal)+ [ Finished Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] [ Total Waste Uranium Concentration (μg/g wet basis)] = [ Total Uranium Removal (mg/day)] / 1,000 (μg /mg) / ( [ Total Waste Volume (brine + slow rinse + fast rinse + bac kwash + backwash outside regeneration cycle) (gal/day)] * 8.34 (lb/gal) * 453.6 (g/lb) ) [ Total Waste Uranium Concentration (mg/g dry basis)] = [ Total Uranium Removal (mg/day)] / ([ Total Waste Solids (brine + slow rinse + fast rinse + backwash + backw ash outside regeneration cycle) (lb/day)] * 453.6 (g/lb) ) 

### The concentrations are converted to picocuries usin g the mass to activity ratio: [ Mass to Activity Ratio (μg/pCi)]. This output is not shown when operating in throwawa y (nonregenerated) mode.SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-18 Total Uranium Removal: 

### Total Uranium Removal is the total quantity of uran ium removed by the ion exchange process, in milligrams per day (mg/day), picocuries per day (pCi/day), kilograms per year (kg/yr), and curies per year (Ci/year): [ Total Uranium Removal (mg/day)] = [ Raw Water Uranium Concentration (mg/L)] * ( [ Uranium Removal (%)] / 100 ) *

[ Treated Water Flow (mgd)] * 10 6 (gallons/million gallons) * 3.78 (L/gal) [ Total Uranium Removal (kg/year)] = [ Total Uranium Removal (mg/day)] * 365 (days/year) / 10 6 (mg/kg) 

### The concentrations are converted to picocuries usin g the mass to activity ratio: [ Mass to Activity Ratio (μg/pCi)]. This output is not shown when operating in throwawa y (nonregenerated) mode.

POTW Concentration:


### POTW Concentrations are the radionuclide concentrat ions ultimately received by a community’s publicly owned treatment works (POTW), after treatment residuals are combined with inflows from community use: [ POTW Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] = ( [ Total Waste Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] * [ Total Waste Volume (brine + slow rinse + fast rinse + backwash + backwash outsi de regeneration cycle) (gal/day)] + [ Finished Water Radium

Concentration (pCi/L)] * [POTW User Flow (gal/day)] ) / [POTW To tal Flow (gal/day)] [ POTW Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] = ( [ Total Waste Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] * [ Total Waste Volume (brine + slow rinse + fast rinse + backwash + backwash outsi de regeneration cycle) (gal/day)] + [ Finished Water Uranium

Concentration (μg/L)] * [POTW User Flow (gal/day)] ) / [POTW Tot al Flow (gal/day)] [ POTW Uranium Concentration (pCi/L)] = [ POTW Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] / [ Mass to Activity Ratio (μg/pCi)] [ POTW TDS Concentration (mg/L)] = ( [ Total Waste TDS Concentration (mg/L)] * [ Total Waste Volume (brine + slow rinse + fast rinse + backwash + backwash outside re generation cycle) (gal/day)] + [Finished Water TDS Concentration

(mg/L)] * [POTW User Flow (gal/day)] ) / [POTW Tota l Flow (gal/day)]



### Where: [POTW User Flow (gal/day)] = ([ Finished Water Flow (mgd)] * 10 6 (gallons/million gallons) - [ Total Waste Volume (brine + slow rinse + fast rinse + backwash + backwash outsi de regeneration cycle) (gal/day)]* ( 1 – [ Water Loss (%)] / 100 ) [POTW Total Flow (gal/day)] = [POTW User Flow (gal/ day)] + [ Total Waste Volume (brine + slow rinse + fast rinse + backwash + backwash outside regeneration cycle) (gal/day)] [Finished Water TDS Concentration (mg/L)] = [Influent Water TDS Concentration (mg/L)] 

### Note that these outputs are not shown when operatin g in throwaway (non-regenerated) mode and radium concentration is not shown when using SB A resin for uranium removal.SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-19 

## A.5 Reverse Osmosis A.5.1 Reverse Osmosis Technology Overview Reverse osmosis (RO) technology employs a semi-perm eable membrane that allows water molecules to pass through it, leaving behind impuri ties. Reverse osmosis is a membrane filtration technology that has been traditionally used for des alination of brackish waters. The membrane is so tight that even ions of metals cannot pass throu gh, including radioactive metal ions such as radium and uranium. The removal of these contaminan ts is not 100% as some ions pass through the membrane, depending on membrane type and qualit y, water quality, and operational parameters.

A.5.2 Reverse Osmosis Inputs
Average Influent Flow and Bypass Flow:


### See Section A.1.

Raw Water Uranium Concentration:


### Raw Water Uranium Concentration is entered in micro grams per liter ( μ g/L) and represents the uranium concentration in the influent water. SP ARRC accepts uranium concentrations from .01 to 1,000 μ g/L.

Raw Water TDS Concentration: 

### Raw Water Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Concentratio n is entered in milligrams per liter (mg/L) and represents the TDS concentration in the influent water. SPARRC accepts TDS concentrations of 0.01 to 10000 mg/L.
Mass to Activity Ratio: 

### Mass to Activity Ratio is the mass of uranium exhib iting a radioactivity of one picocurie. It is entered in units of micrograms per picocurie ( μ g/pCi). SPARRC accepts mass to activity ratios of 0.1 to 5 μ g/pCi. A typical value is 1 μ g/pCi.

Raw Water Radium Concentration: 

### Raw Water Radium Concentration is entered in picocu ries per liter (pCi/L) and represents the radium concentration in the influent water. SPARRC accepts radium concentrations from .01 to 500 pCi/L.

TDS Removal: 

### TDS Removal is the percentage (%) of total dissolve d solids in the influent treated water that are removed by the reverse osmosis treatment proces s. SPARRC accepts TDS removals of 1 to 100%.SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-20 Radium Removal: 

### Radium Removal is the percentage (%) of radium in t he influent treated water that is removed by the reverse osmosis treatment process. SPARRC ac cepts radium removals of 1 to 100%.

Uranium Removal: 

### Uranium Removal is the percentage (%) of uranium in the influent treated water that is removed by the reverse osmosis treatment process. S PARRC accepts uranium removals of 1 to 100%.
Membrane Flow Recovery Percent: 

### Membrane flow recovery percent is the percentage (% ) of flow entering the membrane that is recovered and becomes treated water. This percent i s used to determine the flow of treated water. SPARRC accepts recovery efficiencies ranging from 40 to 90%

Water Loss: 

### Water Loss is entered as a percentage (%) and repre sents the portion of finished water that is “lost” during distribution to and use by the commun ity. This loss is not ultimately treated by the community’s publicly owned treatment works (POT W). SPARRC uses this value to calculate the radionuclide and TDS concentration ul timately received by the POTW, after treatment residuals are combined with inflows from community use.

A.5.3 Reverse Osmosis Outputs
Influent Average Flow, Influent Treated Flow, Influ ent Bypass Flow:


### See Section A.1.

Final Production Treated Water Flow: 

### Final Production Treated Water Flow is the portion of influent treated flow recovered by the membrane in mgd, calculated as: [ Final Production Treated Water Flow (mgd)] =[ Influent Treated Flow (mgd)] * [ Membrane Flow Recovery Percent (%)]

Final Production Finished Water Flow:


### Final Production Finished Water Flow is the combina tion of final production treated water flow and bypass water, calculated as: [ Final Production Finished Water Flow (mgd)] = [ Final Production Treated Water Flow (mgd)] + [ Bypass Flow (mgd)]
Membrane Flow Recovery Percent: 

### Membrane flow recovery percent is the percentage (% ) of flow entering the membrane that is recovered and becomes treated water. It is identica l to the value entered by the user as input.

Uranium Removal: 

### Uranium Removal is the percentage of uranium remove d for the final production treated andSPARRC User’s Manual



### A-21 finished water. For treated water, it is identical to the value entered by the user as input. For finished water, it is calculated as: [ Finished Water Uranium Removal (%)] = ([ Raw Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] - Finished Flow Uranium

Concentration (μg/L)] ) / [ Raw Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] * 100

Uranium Concentration:


### Uranium Concentration is the concentration of urani um, micrograms per liter ( μ g/L), in the final production treated and finished water: [ Treated Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] = [ Raw Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] * ( 1 – [ Uranium Removal (%)] ) [ Finished Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] = ( [ Bypass Flow (mgd)] * [ Raw Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] + ( [ Final Production Treated Water Flow (mgd)] x [ Treated Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] ) / ( [ Final Production Finished Water Flow (mgd)] ) 

### The concentrations are converted to picocuries/lite r using the mass to activity ratio:

[Concentration (pCi/L)] = [Concentration (μg/L)] / [ Mass to Activity Ratio (μg/pCi)]

Radium Removal: 

### Radium Removal is the percentage of radium removed for the final production treated and finished water. For treated water, it is identical to the value entered by the user as input. For finished water, it is calculated as: [ Finished Water Radium Removal (%)] = ( [ Raw Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] - Finished Water Radium

Concentration (pCi/L)] ) / [ Raw Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] * 100

Radium Concentration:


### Radium Concentration is the concentration of radium , in picocuries per liter (pCi/L), in the final production treated and finished water: [ Treated Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] = [ Raw Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] * ( 1 – [ Radium Removal (%)] ) [ Finished Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] = ( [ Bypass Flow (mgd)] * [ Raw Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] + ( [ Final Production Treated Water Flow (mgd)] x [ Treated Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] ) / ( [ Final Production Finished Water Flow (mgd)] )

TDS Removal: 

### TDS Removal is the percentage of TDS removed for th e final production treated and finished water. For treated water, it is identical to the va lue entered by the user as input. For finished water, it is calculated as: [ Finished Water TDS Removal (%)] = ([ Raw Water TDS Concentration (mg/L)] - Finished Water TDS Concentration (mg/L)] ) / [ Raw Water TDS Concentration (mg/L)] * 100

TDS Concentration:


### Treated Flow TDS Concentration is the concentration of TDS, in milligrams per liter (mg/L), in the final production treated and finished water: [ Treated Water TDS Concentration (mg/L)] = [ Raw Water TDS Concentration (mg/L)] * ( 1 – [ TDS Removal (%)] ) [ Finished Water TDS Concentration (mg/L)] = ( [ Bypass Flow (mgd)] * [ Raw Water TDS Concentration (mg/L)] + ( [ FinalSPARRC User’s Manual



### A-22 Production Treated Water Flow ( mgd )] x [ Treated Flow TDS Concentration ( m g/L)] ) / ( [ Final Production Finished Water Flow (mgd)] )

Waste Volume 

### Waste Volume is the total amount of liquid residual s (flow reject) from the reverse osmosis process in mgd, calculated as: [ Waste Volume (mgd)] = [ Influent Treated Flow (mgd)] – [ Final Production Treated Water Flow (mgd)]

Total Waste Uranium Concentration:


### Total Waste Uranium Concentration is the concentrat ion of uranium in the residual waste, in micrograms per liter (μg/L) and picocuries per lite r (pCi/L) [ Total Waste Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] =( [ Influent Treated Flow (mgd)] * [ Raw Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L) – [ Final Production Treated Water Flow (mgd)] * [ Treated Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] ) / [ Waste Volume (mgd)] 

### The concentration is converted to picocuries using the mass to activity ratio: [ Mass to Activity Ratio (μg/pCi)]

Total Uranium Removal: 

### Total Uranium Removal is the total quantity of uran ium removed by the reverse osmosis process, in grams per day (g/day), picocuries per d ay (pCi/day), kilograms per year (kg/yr), and curies per year (Ci/year): [ Total Uranium Removal (g/day)] =( [ Influent Treated Flow (mgd)] * [ Raw Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L) – [ Final Production Treated Water Flow (mgd)] * [ Treated Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] ) * 10 6 (gallons/million gallons) * 3.78 (L/gal) / 10 6 (g/μg) [ Total Uranium Removal (kg/year)] = [ Total Uranium Removal (g/day)] * 365 (days/year) / 1000 (g/kg) 

### The removals are converted to picocuries using the mass to activity ratio: [ Mass to Activity Ratio (μg/pCi)]

Total Waste Radium Concentration:


### Total Waste Radium Concentration is the concentrati on of radium in the residual waste, in picocuries per liter (pCi/L): [ Total Waste Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] =( [ Influent Treated Flow (mgd)] * [ Raw Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L) – [ Final Production Treated Water Flow (mgd)] * [ Treated Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] ) / [ Waste Volume (mgd)]

Total Radium Removal: 

### Total Radium Removal is the total quantity of radiu m removed by the reverse osmosis process in picocuries per day (pCi/day) and curies per year (Ci/year): [ Total Radium Removal (pCi/day)] =([ Influent Treated Flow (mgd)] * [ Raw Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L) – [ Final Production Treated Water Flow (mgd)] * [ Treated Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] ) * 10 6 (gallons/million gallons) * 3.78 (L/gal) [ Total Radium Removal (Ci/year)] = [ Total Radium Removal (pCi/day)] * 365 (days/year) / 10 12 (pCi/Ci)SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-23 Total Waste TDS Concentration:


### Total Waste TDS Concentration is the concentration of TDS in the residual waste, in micrograms per liter (mg/L): [ Total Waste TDS Concentration (μg/L)] =( [ Influent Treated Flow (mgd)] * [ Raw Water TDS Concentration (mg/L) – [ Final Production Treated Water Flow (mgd)] * [ Treated Flow TDS Concentration (mg/L)] ) / [ Waste Volume (mgd)]

Total TDS Removal: 

### Total TDS Removal is the total quantity of TDS remo ved by the reverse osmosis process, in metric tons per day (metric tons/day) and metric to ns per year (metric tons/yr): [ Total TDS Removal (metric tons/day)] =( [ Influent Treated Flow (mgd)] * [ Raw Water TDS Concentration (mg/L) – [ Final Production Treated Water Flow (mgd)] * [ Treated Water TDS Concentration (mg/L)]) * 10 6 (gallons/million gallons) * 3.78 (L/gal) / 10 9 (mg/metric ton) [ Total TDS Removal (metric tons/year)] = [ Total TDS Removal (metric tons/day)] * 365 (days/year)

POTW Concentration:


### POTW Concentrations are the radionuclide concentrat ions ultimately received by a community’s publicly owned treatment works (POTW), after treatment residuals are combined with inflows from community use: [ POTW Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] = ( [ Total Waste Uranium Concentration ((μg/L)] * [ Waste Volume (mgd)] + [ Finished Water Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] * [POTW User Flow (mgd/day)] ) / [POTW Tot al Flow (mgd/day)] [ POTW Uranium Concentration (pCi/L)] = [ POTW Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] / [ Mass to Activity Ratio (μg/pCi)] [ POTW Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] = ( [ Total Waste Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] * [ Waste Volume (mgd)] + [ Finished Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] * [POTW User Flow (mgd/day)] ) / [POTW To tal Flow (mgd/day)] [ POTW TDS Concentration (mg/L)] = ( [ Total Waste TDS Concentration (mg/L)] * [ Waste Volume (mgd)] + [ Finished Water TDS Concentration (mg/L)] * [POTW User Flow (mgd/day)] ) / [POTW Tot al Flow (mgd/day)]


### Where: [POTW User Flow (mgd)] = [ Final Production Finished Water Flow (mgd)] * ( 1 – [ Water Loss (%)] / 100 ) [POTW Total Flow (mgd)] = [POTW User Flow (mgd)] + [ Waste Volume (mgd)]SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-24 

## A.6 Activated Alumina A.6.1 Activated Alumina Technology Overview Activated alumina is a technology that can remove u ranium at pH levels below 8.2. In activated alumina treatment, water passes through a bed of me dia that adsorbs contaminants. An activated alumina bed can remove uranium and treat a water vo lume of less than two thousand bed volumes. SPARRC assumes that activated alumina is u sed on a throw-away basis. That is, once the capacity of the media to adsorb uranium is cons idered “exhausted,” the media is disposed. Operationally, activated alumina requires periodic backwash when operating in throwaway mode, but this backwash is likely to have minimal e ffect on the radionuclide concentrations on the media. Therefore, SPARRC does not perform calcu lations relating to backwash for activated alumina.
A.6.2 Activated Alumina Inputs
Design Flow, Average Flow, and Bypass Flow:


### See Section A.1.

Uranium Concentration: 

### Uranium Concentration is entered in micrograms per liter ( μ g/L) and represents the uranium concentration in the influent water. SPARRC accepts uranium concentrations from 1 to 1,000 μ g/L.
Mass to Activity Ratio: 

### Mass to Activity Ratio is the mass of uranium exhib iting a radioactivity of one picocurie. It is entered in units of micrograms per picocurie ( μ g/pCi). SPARRC accepts mass to activity ratios of 0.1 to 5 μ g/pCi. A typical value is 1 μ g/pCi.

Uranium Removal: 

### Uranium Removal is the percentage (%) of uranium in the influent water that is removed by the activated alumina treatment process. SPARRC acc epts uranium removals of 1 to 99%. A typical value is 95% assuming an influent uranium c oncentration of 30 μ g/L.

EBCT: 

### EBCT, or Empty Bed Contact Time, is defined as the time required, in minutes, for water to pass through the volume equivalent of the media bed . SPARRC accepts EBCTs of 2 to 15 minutes. A typical value is 5 minutes.

Number of Bed Volumes: 

### Number of Bed Volumes represents the capacity of th e activated alumina media to adsorb uranium. Once a volume of water equal to this many volumes of the media bed passes through the treatment process, the media is considered exha usted and must be replaced. SPARRC accepts inputs for this value from 100 to 100,000 b ed volumes. A typical value, assuming an influent uranium concentration of 30 μ g/L, uranium removal of 95%, EBCT of 5 minutes, and water pH below 8.2, is 1,600 bed volumes.SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-25 Media Density: 

### Media Density is the bulk density of the activated alumina media in pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft 3 

### ). SPARRC accepts media densities from 1 to 100 lb/ ft 3 

### . A typical value is 47 lb/ft 3



### .

A.6.3 Activated Alumina Output

Treated Flow and Finished Flow: 

### See Section A.1.

Media Volume: 

### The Media Volume is the volume in cubic feet (ft 3 

### ) of the activated alumina bed: [ Media Volume (ft 3 )] = [ Design Flow (mgd)] * [ EBCT (minutes)] * 10 6 (gallons/million gallons) / ( 1440 (minutes/day) * 7.48 (gallons/ ft 3 ) )
Water Treated Until Breakthrough: 

### Water Treated Until Breakthrough is the quantity of water treated, in million gallons, up until the point the media is considered exhausted (i.e., the point at which the number of bed volumes entered by the user is exceeded):

[ Water Treated (ft 3 )] = [ Number of Bed Volumes ] * [ Media Volume (ft 3 )] [ Water Treated (million gallons)] = ( [ Number of Bed Volumes ] * [ Media Volume (ft 3 )] * 7.48 (gallons/ft 3 ) ) / 10 6 (gallons/million gallons)
Number of Days Media in Use: 

### Number of Days Media in Use is the number of days u p until the point the media is considered exhausted (i.e., the point at which the number of b ed volumes entered by the user is exceeded): [ Days Media in Use (days)] = ( [ Water Treated (million gallons)] ) / ( [ Average Flow (mgd)] – [ Bypass Flow (mgd)] )

Media Mass: 

### Media Mass is the mass, in kilograms (kg), of the a ctivated alumina media in the bed:

[ Media Mass (kg)] = [ Media Volume (ft 3 )] * [ Media Density (lbs/ft 3 )] * 0.453 (kg/lb)

Treated Flow Uranium Concentration:


### Treated Flow Uranium Concentration is the concentra tion of uranium in the treated water (see Exhibit A-1): [ Treated Flow Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] = [ Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] * ( 1 – [ Uranium Removal (%)] ) 

### The concentration is converted to picocuries/liter using the mass to activity ratio:

[Concentration (pCi/L)] = [Concentration (μg/L)] / [ Mass to Activity Ratio (μg/pCi)]
Bypass Flow Uranium Concentration: 

### The Bypass Flow Uranium Concentration is the same a s the raw water uranium concentration in μg/L. The concentration is converted to picocuri es/liter using the mass to activity ratio:SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-26 [Concentration (pCi/L)] = [Concentration ( μ g/L)] / [ Mass to Activity Ratio ( μ g/pCi)]

Finished Flow Uranium Concentration:


### Finished Flow Uranium Concentration is the concentr ation of uranium in the finished water (i.e., treated water combined with bypass flow, see Exhibit A-1): [ Finished Flow Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] = ( [ Bypass Flow (mgd)] * [ Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] + ( [ Treated

Flow (mgd)] x [ Treated Flow Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] ) / ( [ Average Flow (mgd)] ) 

### The concentration is converted to picocuries/liter using the mass to activity ratio:

[Concentration (pCi/L)] = [Concentration (μg/L)] / [ Mass to Activity Ratio (μg/pCi)]

Uranium Mass on Media:


### Uranium Mass on Media is the total mass of uranium in micrograms that accumulates on the activated alumina media during each operational cyc le (i.e., between media changeouts): [ Uranium Mass on Media (μg)] = [ Water Treated (ft 3 )] * 28.32 (L/ft 3 ) * ( [ Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] – [ Treated Flow Uranium Concentration (μg/L)] ) 

### The mass is converted to picocuries using the mass to activity ratio: [Mass (pCi)] = [Mass (μg)] / [ Mass to Activity Ratio (μg/pCi)]
Uranium Removed per Unit of Media: 

### Uranium Removed per Unit of Media is the mass of ur anium on each mass of media (i.e., the concentration per unit mass) in grams per kilogram (g/kg) and picocuries per gram (pCi/g): [ Uranium Removed per Unit of Media (g/kg)] = [ Uranium Mass on Media (μg)] / 10 6 (μg/g) / [ Media Mass (kg)] [ Uranium Removed per Unit of Media (pCi/g)] = [ Uranium Mass on Media (pCi)] / [ Media Mass (kg)]* / 1000 (g/kg)
Media Changeouts per Year: 

### Media Changeouts per Year is the number of times pe r year that the media reaches exhaustion and must be replaced:

[ Media Changeouts per Year (times/year)] = 365 (days/year) / [ Days Media in Use (days)]
Annual Media Disposal: 

### Annual Media Disposal is the quantity of media, in tons, that must be disposed each year: [ Annual Media Disposal (tons/year)] = [ Media Volume (ft 3 )] * [ Media Density (lbs/ft 3 )] * [ Media Changeouts per Year (times/year)] / 2,000 (lbs/ton)

Annual Uranium Removed:


### Annual Uranium Removed is the total mass of uranium removed from the influent water during the course of a year, in kilograms per year (kg/year) and curies per year (Ci/year): [ Annual Uranium Removed (kg/year)] = [ Media Mass (kg)] * [ Media Changeouts per Year (times/year)] * [ Uranium Removed per Unit of Media (g/kg)] [ Annual Uranium Removed (Ci/year)] = [ Media Mass (kg)] * [ Media Changeouts per Year (times/year)] * [ Uranium Removed per Unit of Media (pCi/kg)] / 10 12 (pCi/Ci)SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-27 

## A.7 Green Sand Filtration A.7.1 Green Sand Filtration Technology Overview
Green Sand Filtration is similar to conventional fi ltration except for the fact that it can be configured as a pressure filter, like Activated Alu mina. Green Sand is a zeolite filtration material that contains glauconite, a green clay-like materia l that is iron-rich and exhibits ion-exchange properties. The process can be operated as a rapid sand filter and includes a continuous regeneration step. Green Sand regeneration occurs c ontinuously by adding potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 

### ).

Greensand filtration has been designated an applica ble technology for the Radium MCL by the U.S. EPA. Radium in influent water adsorbs to the m anganese dioxide (hydrous) present in the filter; no oxidation occurs. SPARRC assumes that pe riodic backwashes then remove the adsorbed radium.

A.7.2 Green Sand Filtration Inputs
Design Flow, Average Flow, and Bypass Flow:


### See Section A.1.

Raw Water Radium Concentration: 

### Raw Water Radium Concentration is entered in picocu ries per liter (pCi/L) and represents the radium concentration in the influent water. SPARRC accepts radium concentrations from 0.01 to 500 pCi/L.

Raw Water TSS Concentration: 

### Raw Water Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Concentratio n is entered in milligrams per liter (mg/L) and represents the TSS concentration in the influent water. SPARRC accepts TSS concentrations of 1 to 1,500 mg/L.

Raw Water Iron Concentration: 

### Raw Water Iron Concentration is entered in milligra ms per liter (mg/L) and represents the iron concentration in the influent water. SPARRC accepts iron concentrations of 0.01 to 5 mg/L.
Raw Water Manganese Concentration: 

### Raw Water Manganese Concentration is entered in mil ligrams per liter (mg/L) and represents the manganese concentration in the influent water. SPARRC accepts manganese concentrations of 0.01 to 10 mg/L.
Raw Water Hydrogen Sulfide Concentration: 

### Raw Water Hydrogen Sulfide Concentration is entered in milligrams per liter (mg/L) and represents the hydrogen sulfide concentration in th e influent water. SPARRC acceptsSPARRC User’s Manual



### A-28 hydrogen sulfide concentrations of 0 to 5 mg/L.
Raw Water pH: 

### Raw Water pH is the pH of the influent water. SPARR C accepts a range from 5 to 10. Raw water pH, along with chlorine pre-oxidation dose, c ontrols radium removal as discussed in Section A.7.3.

TSS Treated Water: 

### Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Treated water is enter ed in milligrams per liter (mg/L) and represents the TSS concentration in the treated wat er after Green Sand Filtration is applied. SPARRC accepts treated water TSS concentrations of 1 to 150 mg/L.

Chlorine Pre-Ox Dose: 

### Chlorine Pre-Ox Dose is entered in milligrams per l iter (mg/L) and represents the chlorine concentration in the influent water resulting from any chlorine addition that occurs before Green Sand Filtration. Pre-treatment chlorine addit ion affects radium removal as discussed in Section A.7.3. SPARRC accepts chlorine pre-oxidatio n doses of 0 to 5 mg/L.

Filtration Rate: 

### Filtration Rate represents the rate, in gallons per minute, at which influent water is passed through the filter bed during treatment per unit of surface area of the bed, in square feet (gpm/ft 2 

### ). SPARRC accepts filtration rates of 1 to 16 gpm/f t 2



### . Filter Capacity: 

### Filter Capacity measures the capacity of the green sand bed to remove contaminants, measured in grains per unit of surface area of the bed, in s quare feet (grains/ft 2 

### ). Note that 1 grain is equivalent to 64.8 milligrams and 7,000 grains are equivalent to 1 pound.

Backwash Rate: 

### Backwash Rate represents the rate, in gallons per m inute, at which backwash water is passed through the filter bed per unit of surface area of the bed, in square feet (gpm/ft 2 

### ). SPARRC accepts backwash rates of 10 to 20 gpm/ft 2



### .
Backwash Time: 

### Backwash Time is the time, in minutes, over which b ackwash occurs. SPARRC accepts backwash times of 1 to 100 minutes. Backwashing usu ally lasts 3 to 15 minutes (AWWA/ASCE 1998).
Backwash Holding or Septic Tank: 

### This is a yes or no input allowing the user to spec ify whether a holding tank is used to store spent backwash. The purpose of a holding tank can b e to equalize residuals flow rates over time and/or to allow time for solids to settle from the spent backwash. If a holding tank is specified and the user determines that some fractio n of solids settles during holding (see Fraction TSS Removed, below), SPARRC will calculate the quantity of residual solidsSPARRC User’s Manual



### A-29 generated, in addition to spent backwash liquids. This input can also be used to simulate the impact of septic system disposal of spent backwash. Users wishing to see septic system residuals quanti ties and concentrations should select yes for this input and appropriate values for the next thre e inputs, as discussed below.
Coagulant Dose: 

### Coagulant Dose is the concentration of coagulant, i n milligrams per liter (mg/L), added to the holding tank to promote the settling of solids. Coa gulant addition may be required to achieve a high fraction of TSS removed (see below). For holdi ng without coagulant addition, users can enter 0 mg/L for coagulant dose. The user should al so enter 0 mg/L when simulating septic system disposal, as coagulant is not usually added to septic systems.

Fraction TSS Removed: 

### Fraction TSS Removed is the portion of TSS that is removed from the spent backwash during holding. Users should verify that the fractional re moval is consistent with the coagulant dosage specified (i.e., a higher dose coagulant addition s hould increase removal). SPARRC allows TSS removal fractions from 0.01 to 1. If no solid s ettling occurs during holding, users should select "no" for the backwash holding tank input. If simulating septic system disposal, the user should enter a removal fraction consistent with the solids removal expected to occur in the septic tank.
Cleanout Frequency: 

### Cleanout Frequency is the frequency with which sett led solids are removed from the holding tank, measured in months between cleanout events. S PARRC accepts cleanout frequencies of 0.5 to 60 months. If simulating septic system dispo sal, the user should enter a relatively long period between cleanouts (e.g., 6 months to several years), consistent with expected septic tank cleaning frequencies.

Water Loss: 

### Water Loss is entered as a percentage (%) and repre sents the portion of finished water that is “lost” during distribution to and use by the commun ity. This loss is not ultimately treated by the community’s publicly owned treatment works (POT W). SPARRC uses this value to calculate the radionuclide concentration ultimately received by the POTW, after treatment residuals are combined with inflows from community use.

A.7.3 Green Sand Filtration Outputs
Permanganate Demand: 

### Permanganate Demand represents the concentration of permanganate, in milligrams per liter (mg/L), added continuously to the treatment system to regenerate the Green Sand media. SPARRC estimates the permanganate demand based on r aw water iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide concentrations, adjusting for chlo rine pre-oxidation dose: If [ Chlorine Pre-Ox Dose (mg/L)] <= [ Raw Water Iron Concentration (mg/L)], then [ Permanganate Demand (mg/L)] = 0.2 *SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-30 [ Chlorine Pre

- Ox Dose (mg/L)] + 1 * ( [ Raw Water Iron Concentration (mg/L)

- [ Chlorine Pre

- Ox Dose (mg/L)] ) + 2 * [ Raw Water Manganese Concentration (mg/L)] + 6 * [ Raw Water Hydrogen Sulfide Concentration (mg/L)] If [ Chlorine Pre-Ox Dose (mg/L)] > [ Raw Water Iron Concentration (mg/L)], then [ Permanganate Demand (mg/L)] = 0.2 * [ Raw Water Iron Concentration (mg/L)] + 2 * [ Raw Water Manganese Concentration (mg/L)] + 6 * [ Raw Water Hydrogen Sulfide Concentration (mg/L)]

Filter Area:


### Filter Area is the surface area of the Green Sand f ilter bed, in square feet (ft 2 

### ): [ Filter Area (ft 2 )] = [ Design Flow (mgd) * 10 6 (gallons/million gallons) / ( [ Filtration Rate (gpm/ft 2 ) * 24 (hours/day) * 60 (minutes/hour) )
Run Length Between Backwashes: 

### Run Length Between Backwashes is the number of hour s between backwash events:

[ Run Length (hours)] = [Filter Loading (gal/ft 2 )] / [ Filtration Rate (gpm/ ft 2 )] / 60 (minutes/hour)


### Where: [Filter Loading (gal/ft 2 )] = [ Filter Capacity (grains/ft 2 ) / [ Permanganate Demand (mg/L)] * 3.78 (L/gal) / 64.798 (grains/mg)

Treated Water Flow and Finished Water Flow:


### See Section A.1.

Radium Removal: 

### Radium Removal is the percentage (%) of radium in t he influent water that is removed by the Green Sand Filter. SPARRC estimates radium removal based on raw water pH, using data from Pedersen (2001), adjusted for chlorine pre-oxi dation dose, based in data from Peterson (1999): If [ Raw Water pH ] >= 5 and [ Raw Water pH ] <= 6.3 , then [ Radium Removal (%)] = ( 4.61 * [ Raw Water pH ] + 62.9 ) * [Removal Adjustment] If [ Raw Water pH ] > 6.3 and [ Raw Water pH ] <= 10.3, then [ Radium Removal (%)] = ( 1.46 * [ Raw Water pH ] + 82.6 ) * [Removal Adjustment] 

### Where: [Removal Adjustment] = 0.9653 * Exp( -0.5954 * [ Chlorine Pre-Ox Dose (mg/L)] )

TSS Removal: 

### TSS Removal is the percentage (%) of suspended soli ds in the influent water that is removed by the Green Sand Filter: [ TSS Removal (%)]t = ( [ Raw Water TSS Concentration (mg/L)] – [ TSS Treated Water (mg/L)] ) * 100 / [ Raw Water TSS Concentration (mg/L)]

Radium Concentration:


### Radium Concentration is the concentration of radium in picocuries per liter (pCi/L) in the treated and finished water after treatment: [ Treated Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] = [ Raw Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] * ( 100 – [ Radium Removal (%)] ) / 100SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-31 [ Finished Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] = ( [ Treated Water Flow ( mgd )] * [ Treated Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] + [ Bypass Flow (mgd)] * [ Raw Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] ) / [ Finished Water Flow (mgd)]

TSS Concentration: 

### TSS Concentration is the concentration of suspended solids in milligrams per liter (mg/L) in the treated and finished water after treatment. For treated water, this value is identical to the value of TSS Treated Water selected by the user. Fo r finished water: [ Finished Water TSS Concentration (mg/L)] = ( [ Treated Water Flow (mgd)] * [ TSS Treated Water (mg/L)] + [ Bypass Flow (mgd)] * [ Raw Water TSS Concentration (mg/L)] ) / [ Finished Water Flow (mgd)]

Backwash Volume: 

### Backwash Volume is the volume of spent backwash pro duced during each backwash event, in million gallons per backwash event (Mgal/backwash): [ Backwash Volume (Mgal/backwash)] = ( [ Backwash Rate (gpm/ft 2 )] * [ Filter Area (ft 2 )] * [ Backwash Time (minutes)] ) / 10 6 (gallons/Mgal)

Backwash Solids: 

### Backwash Solids is the quantity of solids contained in the spent backwash, in pounds per backwash event (lbs/backwash). This value includes suspended solids, iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide removed from the influent water: [ Backwash Solids (lbs/backwash)] = [ Treated Water Flow (mgd)] * 10 6 (gallons/million gallons) * ( [ Raw Water TSS Concentration (mg/L) – [ Treated Water TSS Concentration (mg/L)] + [Other Solids (mg/L)] ) * 3.78 (L/gallon) / ( [ Run Length (hours)] / 24 (hours/day) ) / 453,000 (mg/lb)


### Where: [Other Solids (mg/L)] = [ Raw Water Iron Concentration (mg/L)] + [ Raw Water Manganese Concentration (mg/L)] + [ Raw Water Hydrogen Sulfide Concentration (mg/L)] 

### Note that increasing the iron, manganese, or hydrog en sulfide concentration will decrease the run length (i.e., backwash interval), therefore dec reasing the total amount of solids per backwash.

Backwash Radium Concentration: 

### Backwash Radium Concentration is the concentration, in picocuries per liter of liquids (pCi/L) and picocuries per gram of solids (pCi/g dry basis) , of radium in the spent backwash before settling (if any). SPARRC assumes finished water, with a small concentration of radium, is used for backwash: [ Backwash Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] = [Radium Removed (pCi/day)] * [ Run Length (hours)] / ( 24 (hours/day) * [ Backwash Volume (Mgal/backwash)] * 10 6 (gal/Mgal) * 3.78 (L/gal) ) + Finished Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)

[ Backwash Radium Concentration (pCi/g dry basis)] = [Radium Removed (pCi/day)] * [ Run Length (hours)] / ( 24

(hours/day) * [ Backwash Solids (lbs/backwash)] * 453.6 (g/lb) )


### Where: [Radium Removed (pCi/day)] = [Treated Water Flow (m gd)] * ( [ Raw Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] - [ Treated Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] ) * 10 6 (gallons/Mgal) * 3.78 (L/gal)SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-32 Daily Residual Volume: 

### Daily Residual Volume is the quantity of spent back wash produced in mgd: [ Daily Residual Volume (mgd)] = [ Backwash Volume (Mgal/backwash)] * 24 (hours/day) / [ Run Length (hours)]
Liquid Residual Radium Concentration: 

### Liquid Residual Radium Concentration is the concent ration, in picocuries per liter of liquids (pCi/L), of radium in the spent backwash after acco unting for settling (if any): [ Liquid Residual Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] = [Radium Removed (pCi/day)] * [ Run Length (hours)] * ( 1 – [ Fraction TSS Removed ] )/ ( 24 (hours/day) * [ Backwash Volume (Mgal/backwash)] * 10 6 (gal/Mgal) * 3.78 (L/gal) )+ Finished Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)


### Where: [Radium Removed (pCi/day)] = [Treated Water Flow (m gd)] * ( [ Raw Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] - [ Treated Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] ) * 10 6 (gallons/Mgal) * 3.78 (L/gal)

Liquid Residual Radium Removed: 

### Liquid Residual Radium Removed is the total quantit y of radium contained in the the spent backwash after accounting for settling (if any), in picocuries per day (pCi/day) and curies per year (Ci/year): [ Liquid Residual Radium Removed (pCi/day)] = [ Daily Residual Volume (mgd)] * [ Liquid Residual Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] * 10 6 (gal/Mgal) * 3.78 (L/gal) [ Liquid Residual Radium Removed (Ci/year)] = [ Liquid Residual Radium Removed (pCi/day)] * 365 (days/year) / 10 12 (pCi/Ci)

POTW Concentration:


### POTW Concentration is the radium concentrations ult imately received by a community’s publicly owned treatment works (POTW), after liquid treatment residuals are combined with inflows from community use. SPARRC assumes that fi nished water is used for backwashing, therefore the user flow amount subtracts the daily residual volume from the finished flow: [ POTW Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] = ([ Daily Residual Volume (mgd)] * [ Liquid Residual Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] + [ Finished Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] * [POTW User Flow (mgd)] ) / [POTW Total Flow (mgd)] [POTW User Flow (mgd)] = ([ Finished Water Flow (mgd) - [ Daily Residual Volume (mgd)]) * ( 1 – [ Water Loss (%)] / 100 ) [POTW Total Flow (gal/day)] = [POTW User Flow (gal/ day)] + [ Daily Residual Volume (mgd)]

Settled Solids Per Backwash: 

### Settled Solids Per Backwash is the quantity of soli ds (if any) that settle in the backwash holding tank, accounting for solids introduced by c oagulant addition (if any), in pounds per backwash event (lbs/backwash): [ Settled Solids Per Backwash (lbs/backwash)] = [ Backwash Solids (lbs/backwash)] * [ Fraction TSS Removed ] + ( [ Coagulant Dose (mg/L)] * [ Backwash Volume (Mgal/backwash)] * 10 6 (gal/Mgal) * 3.78 (L/gal) / 453,600 (mg/lb) )SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-33 Daily Solids Residuals: 

### Daily Solids Residuals is the quantity of solids (i f any) that settle in the backwash holding tank, accounting for solids introduced by coagulant addition (if any), in pounds per day (lbs/day): [ Daily Solids Residuals (lbs/day)] = [ Settled Solids Per Backwash (lbs/backwash)] * 24 (hours/day) / [ Run Length (hours)]

Solid Residual Radium Concentration:


### Solid Residual Radium Concentration is the concentr ation, in picocuries per gram of solids (pCi/g dry basis), of radium in the settled solids: [ Solid Residual Radium Concentration (pCi/g dry basis)] = [Radium Removed (pCi/day)] * [ Fraction TSS Removed ] / ( [ Daily Solids Residuals (lbs/day)] * 453.6 (g/lb) )


### Where: [Radium Removed (pCi/day)] = [Treated Water Flow (m gd)] * ( [ Raw Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] - [ Treated Water Radium Concentration (pCi/L)] ) * 10 6 (gallons/Mgal) * 3.78 (L/gal)

Solid Residual Radium Removed: 

### Solid Residual Radium Removed is the total quantity of radium contained in the settled solids, in picocuries per day (pCi/day) and curies per year (Ci/year): [ Solid Residual Radium Removed (pCi/day)] = [ Daily Solids Residuals (lbs/day)] * [ Solid Residual Radium Concentration (pCi/g dry basis)] * 453.6 (g/lb) [ Solid Residual Radium Removed (Ci/year)] = [ Solid Residual Radium Removed (pCi/day)] * 365 (days/year) / 10 12 (pCi/Ci)SPARRC User’s Manual



### A-34 

## A.8 References
AWWA. 1990. Water Quality and Treatment . 4th Edition. American Water Works Association.

AWWA/ASCE. 1998. Water Treatment Plant Design . Third Edition, McGraw Hill Publishers.
Clifford, D.A. 1999. “Ion Exchange and Inorganic Ad sorption.” Water Quality and Treatment

. Chapter 9. New York: American Water Works Associati on-McGraw Hill.
Langmuir, D. 1974. “Uranium solution-mineral equili bria a low temperatures with applications to sedimentary ore deposits.” Geochimica et Cosmochimica 42:547-569.

Pedersen, E.J. II. 2001. “Greensand Filtration Remo ves Radium.” Water Technology. August: 51-55.

Peterson, K. R. 1999. “Radionuclides Removal with O ptimized Iron/Manganese Filtration.” Radium Removal in Drinking Water. Brooklyn Center, Minnesota. October 20.
U.S. EPA. 1977. Manual of Treatment Techniques for Meeting the Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulation. EPA 600/8-77-005.SPARRC User’s Manual



## Appendix B

Description of Default Unit Cost Values in SPARRCSPARRC User’s Manual



### B-1 

## B.1 Introduction
SPARRC contains default unit cost values for variou s disposal fees and transportation costs. These unit values are based primarily on sources of national average costs. They reflect incremental annual costs to transport (if necessary ) and discharge wastes contaminated by radionuclides. This appendix provides background in formation for the unit costs provided in the default cost scenario, including source information and any conversions applied prior to their use in SPARRC. Exhibit B-1 shows the residual streams w ith cost calculations in SPARRC. Section B.2 describes the unit costs for liquid residuals a nd Section B.3 describes the unit costs for solid residuals.
Exhibit B-1. Residual Streams by Treatment Technolo gy Treatment Technology Liquid Residuals Solid Residuals Green sand filtration B ackwash Settled Solids Activated alumina None (throwaway

– no regeneration) Spent media Ion exchange Regenerant (if applicable) Spent resin (if not regenerated) Reverse osmosis Concentrate and cleaning None 1 1. Costs for m embrane element disposal is no t included be cause SPARRC does not estimate the number of elements in use.



### The Annual Cost

tab for each technology shows a range of potential disposal costs for different waste classifications: nonhazardous, hazardous, TEN ORM, low level radioactive waste (LLRW), and mixed waste. The classification for a particula r utility’s waste depends on the type and quantity of contaminants it contains as well as dis posal standards that may vary by location for waste that does not fall under the jurisdiction of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). SPARRC does not ascertain which discharge options a re applicable based on waste characteristics beyond distinguishing between liqui d and solid waste disposal options, and providing a warning message when the uranium concen tration of a waste stream exceeds the threshold of 0.05% by weight (approximately 335 pCi /g) and no longer meets the “unimportant quantity” exemption established by the Nuclear Regu latory Commission (10 CFR 40.13).

Therefore, users of SPARRC cannot assume that when cost estimates are shown for each disposal option, that those options are available t o them. State and local requirements, as well as proximity to commercial disposal sites, will affect the available disposal options for a particular system’s residuals. EPA prepared a guidance documen t to help treatment plant operators understand different waste classifications: A Regulators’ Guide to the Management of Radioactive Residuals from Drinking Water Treatment Technologies (U.S. EPA, 2005). This guide contains decision trees to assist with determ ining waste classification. Nevertheless, treatment plant operators will need to consult with local and State sources to identify site-specific disposal options and costs. 

## B.2 Liquid Waste Disposal Options Liquid discharge options for radionuclide-contamina ted residuals include direct discharge to surface waters, discharge to a publicly owned treat ment works (POTW), and injection in an underground well. For Green Sand Filtration, the op tions also include septic system disposal. Costs for liquid discharges include upfront fixed c osts such as National Pollutant DischargeSPARRC User’s Manual



### B-2 Elimination System (NPDES) permit fees, and recurri ng costs such as POTW fees or fees for commercial underground injection. Potential sources of fee estimates include commercial disposal entities, Environmental Remediation Cost D ata (ECHOS, 2006), and a recent survey of waste facility disposal costs developed Argonne (20 06).
B.2.1 Direct discharge Liquid wastes that meet applicable standards for di rect discharge may be discharged to receiving waters in the proximity of the treatment plant. The incremental discharge costs of direct disposal (compared to alternative disposal options) involve obtaining a permit issued under the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Per mit application fees vary by state, and can vary with the volume of discharge flow. SPARRC cont ains average permit application costs based on permit fees for several states as well as costs for a system to prepare application materials. The costs are $2,000 for discharge flows less than 0.1 mgd, $3,000 for discharge flows of 0.1 mgd to 1.0 mgd, and $5,000 for higher flows. These permits must be renewed every five years. Therefore, the permit cost can be annualized over five years to obtain a true annual cost equivalent to compare with other annual discharge c osts. B.2.2 Discharge to POTW If liquid wastes meet requirements for discharge to a Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW), then the incremental discharge costs can in clude a one-time connection fee and annual base and volumetric charges, which may vary with di scharge quantity and quality. Fee structures vary widely across POTWs. EPA used average costs fr om a survey of 44 cities as the default values in SPARRC. These costs include a base annual fee of $631.08 and volumetric charges of $1.80 per thousand gallons (kgal). Any POTW fee str ucture that can be reduced to an annual base fee and recurring volumetric costs can be used to estimate site-specific costs.
B.2.3 Underground injection Costs for underground injection of liquid wastes wi ll vary across on-site and off-site disposal options. SPARRC does not contain default values for this disposal option because there are no sources for national average costs and disposal is not limited to a few well-defined sites.

If a well is constructed on-site, annual costs will reflect annualized construction costs as well as any annual costs for conveyance and injection. Cons truction costs will vary with site conditions and the type of well allowed by the underground inj ection controls (UIC) in the SDWA. If residuals are not classified as hazardous or radioa ctive waste, then a Class V well may be an option. If residuals are, however, classified as ha zardous and/or radioactive waste, then a Class I well is required. EPA Guidance (U.S. EPA 2005) prov ides an overview of waste definitions as they apply to underground injection of liquid resid uals.
When residuals are shipped to an off-site commercia l facility, disposal costs include transportation and disposal facility fees. ANL (200 6) provides survey results for underground injection of liquids and solid residuals of the oil and gas industry. These include costs for Class II and Class I wells. Costs for nonhazardous liquid wa stes such as produced water are generally less than $1.00 per barrel, although some facilitie s charged $3 to $7 per barrel. The average cost across disposal facilities is $25/kgal. Disposal co sts at a facility that accepts NORM-SPARRC User’s Manual



### B-3 contaminated waste, however, are $150 to $300 per b arrel. ANL (2006) only reports hourly costs ranging from $65 to $95 for transportation to comme rcial facilities.
B.2.4 Septic System Disposal Septic system disposal assumes liquid wastes are di scharged through a septic tank into a leach field. Solids contained in these liquids accumulate in the septic tank and require periodic cleanout and disposal using one of the solid waste disposal options discussed in Section B.3. Costs for septic systems are primarily associated w ith construction of the septic system. That is, they are capital costs, which SPARRC does not calcu late. Therefore, SPARRC assumes the operating cost of liquid disposal through a septic system is zero. The operating cost of disposing of septic tank solids will depend on the solid wast e disposal option chosen.

For Green Sand Filtration, users can simulate the s eptic system disposal option by following the guidance in Appendix A. This will cause SPARRC to c alculate appropriate quantities and concentrations for settled solids in the septic tan k, allowing users to view the costs associated with each solid waste disposal option for these sol ids. For other technologies, SPARRC assumes low levels of settleable solids in the liquid resid uals. Therefore, the quantities of septic tank solids generated would be minimal and cleanout woul d be infrequent. Because of this, SPARRC does not show septic system disposal costs for thes e other technologies. 

## B.3 Solid Waste Disposal Options Solid waste disposal options for selected SPARRC te chnologies apply to spent media, settled solids, and spent membranes. Disposal facilities re quire that residuals be able to meet a paint filter test to be considered solid waste.

B.3.1 Contracted Uranium Extraction WDT is obtaining a license from the NRC to provide a unique service to water treatment facilities that use ion exchange systems to treat f or uranium in source water. WDT would install and maintain ownership of the ion exchange process, and provide disposal services for the exhausted ion exchange media, which would include s ending the media to a uranium mill for extraction. The anticipated cost for resin disposal service is $0.30/kgal (Source: Personal communication, WDT owner with M. Herr, SAIC, Novemb er 2006).
B.3.2 Non-Hazardous Waste Disposal Facilities Facilities that accept non-hazardous solid wastes m ay or may not accept TENORMcontaminated wastes. ECHOS (2006) reports an averag e disposal costs for non-hazardous landfill of $74.81 per ton (based on 1 ton per cubi c yard), and a cost of $4.16 per cubic yard for transportation (including labor costs for loading a nd unloading debris) over a 10-mile distance.
ECHOS (2006) also reports average landfill disposal costs for TENORM or radioactive wastes. Transportation costs are $3.15 per mile (assuming a transportation distance of 100-250 miles) and $278.33 per cubic yard for disposal (or $10.31 per cubic foot). The transportation cost applies to each disposal trip during the year. The model associates a disposal trip with each media changeout for anion exchange or activated alu mina or each cleanout for green sand, regardless of waste volume.SPARRC User’s Manual



### B-4 B.3.3 Hazardous Waste Disposal Facilities Facilities that accept hazardous solid wastes may o r may not accept TENORM-contaminated wastes. ECHOS (2006) reports an average disposal co sts for hazardous landfill of $176.06 per ton (based on 1 ton per cubic yard), and a cost of $1.75 per 20 cubic yards per mile for bulk transportation. The transportation cost applies to each disposal trip during the year. The model associates a disposal trip with each media changeou t for anion exchange or activated alumina or each cleanout for green sand, regardless of waste v olume.

B.3.4 LLRW Facilities There are three facilities that accept low-level ra dioactive waste (LLRW): Hanford (Richland, WA), Barnwell (Barnwell, SC), and Envirocare (Clive , UT). Exhibit B-2 provides a summary of the types of wastes accepted by these facilities.

Exhibit B

- 2. LLRW Disposal Facilities Facility Waste Types 1 

### Waste Sources Barnwell LLRW Class A, B, C Atlantic Compact States only after 2008 (CT, NJ, SC) Hanford LLRW Class A, B, C Northwest (AK, OR, HI, ID, MT, UT, WY, WA) and Rocky Mountain (CO, NM, NV) Compact States Envirocare LLRW Class A Some Mixed Waste All but Northwest Compact States

1. LLRW Classes based on 10 CFR 61.55.



### Disposal fee structures differ across these facilit ies. The SPARRC model contains default costs based on Envirocare’s fee structure because it rece ives the largest volume of LLRW – 76% in 1998 according to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commi ssion (NRC, 2006) – and it receives wastes from the largest number of states. Exhibit B -3 provides a summary of transportation and disposal costs. The transportation cost applies to each disposal trip during the year. The model associates a disposal trip with each media changeou t for anion exchange or activated alumina or each cleanout for green sand, regardless of waste v olume.

Exhibit B

- 3. LLRW Disposal Fees for Envirocare Waste Type Cost Non

- hazardous disposal, dry $128/cubic foot Hazardous disposal, dry $343/cubic foot Transportation $2.10/mile (full load) Annual State fee $1,500 Source: Personal communication, Envirocare represen tative with M. Herr, SAIC, October 2006. 1. LLRW Classes based on 10 CFR 61.55.SPARRC User’s Manual



### B-5 

## B.4 References Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). 2006. Offsite Co mmercial Disposal of Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Wastes: Availability, Op tions, and Costs. ANL/EVS/R-06/5. Oak Ridge, TN: Department of Energy, Office of Scientif ic and Technical Information.
Environmental Cost Handling and Solutions (ECHOS). 2006. Environmental Remediation Cost Data – Unit Price 2006. Castle Rock, CO: Azimuth Gr oup, LTD.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 20 05. A Regulators’ Guide to the Management of Radioactive Residuals from Drinking W ater Treatment Technologies. EPA 816- R-05-004. Washington, D.C.: U.S. EPA Office of Wate r. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/safewater/radionuclides/complian cehelp.html.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). 2006. Pol icy Issue Memorandum: Actions Related To Regulation Of Maximum Contamination Levels For U ranium In Drinking Water. Available online at http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collect ions/commission/secys/2006/secy2006- 0049/2006-0049scy.pdf. Accessed 12/27/06.
---------. 2006. Low-Level Waste Disposal Statistic s. Available online at http://www.nrc.gov/waste/llw-disposal/statistics.ht ml.SPARRC User’s Manual



## Appendix C

Comparison of SPARRC Results with Case Study DataSPARRC User’s Manual



### C-1 

## C.1 Introduction
To evaluate how well SPARRC estimates radionuclide concentrations in residuals, EPA entered case study inputs into SPARRC for five case studies in AWWARF (2005). These case studies involved three SPARRC technologies: anion exchange, cation exchange, and reverse osmosis. The following sections provide results for each tec hnology comparison. 

## C.2 Anion Exchange C.2.1 Arrowbear Lake, California This site has an anion exchange system for uranium removal that treats an average of 285,000 gallons per day, which EPA converted to 0.29 mgd fo r the SPARRC input. Two wells provide the raw water for treatment. The approximate concen tration of uranium in the mixture of raw water from the two wells is 100 pCi/L. AWWARF (2005 ) reports a uranium concentration for the spent brine that was sampled following treatmen t of approximately 37,500 bed volumes (BV). The regeneration process (backwash + brine + slow rinse) produces approximately 1,900 gallons of water.
Exhibit C-1 provides a summary of the SPARRC inputs EPA used in its comparison study. Exhibit C-2 shows the SPARRC outputs for uranium as well as the case study outputs reported in AWWARF (2005) and Sorg et al. (1991, as reported in AWWARF, 2005). SPARRC calculated values for uranium concentration in residuals that are within the range reported in Sorg et al. (1991). The SPARRC values are, however, approximate ly 24 times higher than the values reported in AWWARF (2005). This difference may be d ue to uncertainty regarding the actual uranium concentration in the influent water. The or iginal influent uranium value is reported as an “approximate concentration.” There was no reported verification, however, that the influent uranium concentrations were similar to this value d uring the period prior to the regeneration tested in AWWARF (2005). AWWARF (2005) includes a c aveat, quoted from Sorg et al. (1991), regarding the limitations of analytical dat a for uranium due to the high dilutions required. In addition, there are several uncertainties regard ing the design of this system, as noted in Exhibit C-1 (e.g., the inputs with justification co des H and I), that may affect SPARRC’s estimates of uranium concentration in residuals.SPARRC User’s Manual



### C-2 C

- 1. SPARRC Input Parameter Values for the Arrowbear Lake Case Study

Input Site Data SPARRC Input Value Justification Radium conc. (pCi/L) NR 60.0 (B) Uranium conc. ( μ g/L) 100 pCi/L 67 (C) Mass to Activity Ratio ( μ g/pCi) 1.49 * 1.49 (A) TSS conc. (mg/L) NR 1 (B) Hardness (mg/L) NR 275 (B) pH 7.55 7.55 (A) Design Flow ( mgd ) NR 0.29 (H) Average Flow ( mgd ) 0.285 0.29 (D) Bypass Flow ( mgd ) NR 0 (E) Resin Type SBA SBA (A) Regenerated Yes Yes (A) EBCT (min) 2.5 2.5 (I) Bed Depth NR 3 (B) Bed Volumes to Regeneration 37,500 37,500 (A) Backwash (Bed Volumes) 1,900 gal 1 (F) Brine (Bed Volumes) 2.78 Slow Rinse (Bed Volumes) 0 Fast Rinse (Bed Volumes) 600 gal 0 (J) NaCl weight (% brine solution) NR 10% (B) Backwash Outside Regen eration Cycle NR No (G) Water Loss (%) NR 10% (B) NR = Not Reported
, * = Calculated from information reported in the sou rce Justification Codes: (A) Set equal to site data. (B) Results for comparison do not vary with this in put, so SPARRC default value was used. (C) Site value was reported to average 100 pCi/L. S PARRC input chosen assuming a mass to activity rati o of 1.49, calculated from data provided in the source. (D) Set as close as possible to site data, given pr ecision of SPARRC input. (E) Set to zero to avoid complicating presentation of results. (F) Source reported that regeneration (backwash + br ine + slow rinse) produces approximately 1,900 gall ons of water. SPARRC inputs chosen to produce the same qua ntity. (G) Set to no to avoid complicating presentation of results. (H) The source did not indicate design flow. SPARRC input set equal to average flow. (I) AWWARF used a 2.5 minute EBCT in comparing this site to a previous version of SPARRC. It is not cle ar if this is the EBCT provided at design flow or average flow and the description of the site does not indicate t he size of the resin beds. (J) Although the source reported that fast rinse pr oduced 600 gallons of fast rinse, SPARRC input set to zero to produce a concentration output for comparison to si te data (concentration in backwash + brine + slow r inse).SPARRC User’s Manual



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- 2. Comparison of Site Data and SPARRC Estimates for Ra dionuclide Residuals Output Site Data SPARRC Output Value Uranium Concentration in Regeneration Waste (backwash + brine + slow rinse) (μg/L) 27,000 ( AWWARF 2005) 657,440 203,000 to 899,000 (Sorg et al., 1991)
Uranium Concentration in Regeneration Waste (backwash + brine + slow rinse) (pCi/L) 18,090 ( AWWARF 2005) 441,235 136,000 to 602,000 (Sorg et al., 1991)



## C.3 Cation Exchange C.3.1 New Jersey Utility This site has a cation exchange system for radium r emoval with a design capacity of 1.1 mgd and an average treated flow of 0.5 mgd. The system has an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 3.74 minutes at this average flow. The units are regener ated every 5 to 7 days, usually within a day or two of hardness breakthrough. The waste volume duri ng regeneration is approximately 15,600 gallons. Average Ra-226 and Ra-228 levels in the so urce water are 2.6 and 5.5 pCi/L, respectively.
Exhibit C-3 provides a summary of the SPARRC inputs EPA used in its comparison study. Exhibit C-4 shows the SPARRC outputs for radium as well as the case study outputs reported in AWWARF (2005). The SPARRC estimate is within 3% of the value reported in AWWARF (2005) given the average operating conditions shown in Exhibit C-3.SPARRC User’s Manual



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- 3. SPARRC Input Parameter Values for the New Jersey Utility Case Study

Input Site Data SPARRC Input Value Justification Radium conc. (pCi/L) 8.1 8.1 (A) Uranium conc. ( μ g/L) NR 60 (B) Mass to A ctivity Ratio ( μ g/pCi) NR 1 (B) TSS conc. (mg/L) NR 1 (B) Hardness (mg/L) 39.7 39.7 (A) pH NR 7 (B) Design Flow ( mgd ) 1.1 1.1 (A) Average Flow ( mgd ) 0.5 0.5 (A) Bypass Flow ( mgd ) NR 0 (C) Resin Type SAC SAC (A) Regenerated Yes Yes (A) EBCT (min) 3 .74 at average flow 1.7 (D)

Bed Depth NR 3 (B) Bed Volumes to Regeneration 5 to 7 days 2301 (E) Radium Removal (%) 93% * 93% (A) Hardness Removal (%) NR 99.8% (B) Backwash (Bed Volumes) NR 5 (B) Brine (Bed Volumes) 15,600 gal 12.01 (F) Slow Rinse (B ed Volumes) 0 Fast Rinse (Bed Volumes) NR 5 (A) NaCl weight (% brine solution) NR 10% (B) Backwash Outside Regeneration Cycle NR No (G) Water Loss (%) NR 10% (B) NR = Not Reported
, * = Calculated from information reported in the sou rce Justification Codes: (A) Set equal to average from site data. (B) Results for comparison do not vary with this in put, so SPARRC default value was used. (C) Set to zero to avoid complicating presentation of results. (D) Source reported that an EBCT of 3.74 minutes at average flow. This converts to a design EBCT of 1.7 minutes. (E) Source reported regeneration every 5 to 7 days. This converts to 1,925 to 2,695 BV at average flow. SPARRC input chosen to represent an average of 6 days. (F) Source reported that regeneration (brine + slow rinse) produces approximately 15,600 gallons of wat er. SPARRC inputs chosen to produce the same quantity. (G) Set to no to avoid complicating presentation of results.



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- 4. Comparison of Site Data and SPARRC Estimates for Radionuclide Residuals Output Site Data SPARRC Output Value Radium Concentration in Regeneration Waste (pCi/L) 1,400 1,443SPARRC User’s Manual



### C-5 C.3.2 Robertson Utilities, North Carolina This site also has a cation exchange system for rad ium removal. The source water comes from a 100 gallon per minute (gpm) well supply, but the sy stem treats only 35 gpm. The raw water has 65.7 pCi/L combined radium. Treated water radium is 14 pCi/L. Hardness is 100 mg/L and the radium removal unit is regenerated at 800 to 900 BV . The treatment process contains 14.0 cubic feet of resin and regeneration produces 6.7 BV of w aste.
Exhibit C-5 provides a summary of the SPARRC inputs EPA used in its comparison study. Exhibit C-6 shows the SPARRC outputs for radium as well as the case study outputs reported in AWWARF (2005). SPARRC output is within 6% of the va lue reported in AWWARF (2005).

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- 5 . SPARRC Input Parameter Values for the Robertson Utilities Case Study

Input Site Data SPARRC Input Value Justification Radium conc. (pCi/L) 65.7 65.7 (A) Uranium conc. ( μ g/L) NR 6 0 (B) Mass to Activity Ratio ( μ g/pCi) NR 1 (B) TSS conc. (mg/L) NR 1 (B) Hardness (mg/L) 100 100 (A) pH NR 7 (B) Design Flow ( mgd ) 0.144 * 0.14 (C) Average Flow ( mgd ) 0.0504 * 0.05 (C) Bypass Flow ( mgd ) NR 0 (D) Resin Type SAC SAC (A) Regenerated Yes Yes (A) EBCT (min) 1.04 * 1.04 (E) Bed Depth NR 3 (B) Bed Volumes to Regeneration 800 to 900 850 (F) Radium Removal (%) 79.3% * 79.3% (A) Hardness Removal (%) NR 99.8% (B) Backwash (Bed Volumes)
6.7 1 (G) Brine (Bed Volumes) 5.7 Slow Rinse (B ed Volumes) 0 Fast Rinse (Bed Volumes) 0 NaCl weight (% brine solution) NR 10% (B) Backwash Outside Regeneration Cycle NR No (H) Water Loss (%) NR 10% (B) NR = Not Reported
, * = Calculated from information reported in the sou rce Justification Codes: (A) Set equal to average from site data. (B) Results for comparison do not vary with this in put, so SPARRC default value was used. (C) Set as close as possible to site data, given pr ecision of SPARRC input. (D) Set to zero to avoid complicating presentation of results. (E) 14 cubic feet of resin provides 1.04 minutes EB CT at design flow. (F) SPARRC input chosen to represent an average of t he range reported. (G) Source reported that regeneration (backwash + b rine + slow rinse + fast rinse) produces 6.7 bed vo lumes of waste. SPARRC inputs chosen to produce the same qua ntity. (H) Set to no to avoid complicating presentation of results.SPARRC User’s Manual



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- 6. Comparison of Site Data and SPARRC Estimates for Radionuclide Residuals Output Site Data SPARRC Output Value Radium Concentration in Total Waste (pCi/L) 6,378 6, 785



### C.3.3 Baywood Forest, North Carolina This site is a 105 gpm combined cation and anion ex change system for radium and uranium removal (cation and anion resins in the same vessel ). Because the data reported in AWWARF (2005) are for radium, SPARRC inputs were chosen as if simulating a cation exchange system for radium removal. Raw water combined radium is 5. 3 pCi/L. Treated water radium is 0.3 pCi/L. The system contains a total of 48 cubic feet of resin. The system is regenerated at 1,500 BV and has an influent hardness of 50 mg/L. Regener ation (backwash + brine + slow rinse + fast rinse) produces 7.94 BV of waste. The value reporte d in AWWARF (2005) of 4.79 appears to be a typographical error, based on the volumes reporte d.
Exhibit C-7 provides a summary of the SPARRC inputs EPA used in its comparison study. Exhibit C-8 shows the SPARRC outputs for radium as well as the case study outputs reported in AWWARF (2005). The SPARRC estimate for radionuclide concentration in the residuals is 37% higher than the value reported in the source.SPARRC User’s Manual



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- 7 . SPARRC Input Parameter Values for the Baywood Forest Case Study

Input Site Data SPARRC Input Value Justification Radium conc. (pCi/L) 5.3 5.3 (A) Uranium conc. ( μ g/L) NR 60 (B) Mass to Activity Ratio ( μ g/pCi) NR 1 (B) TSS conc. (mg/L) NR 1 (B) Hardness (mg/L) 50 50 (A) pH NR 7 (B) Design Flow ( mgd ) NR 0.15 (I) Average Flow ( mgd ) 0.1512 * 0.15 (C) Bypass Flow ( mgd ) NR 0 (D) Resin Type SAC/SBA SAC (J) Regenerated Yes Yes (A) EBCT (min) 3.41 * 3.41 (E) Bed Depth NR 3 (B) Bed Volumes to Regeneration 1500 1500 (F) Radium Removal (%) 94.3% * 94.3% (A) Hardness Removal (%) NR 99.8% (B) Backwash (Bed Volumes)
7.94 1 (G) Brine (Bed Volumes) 6.94 Slow Rinse (Bed Volumes) 0 Fast Rinse (Bed Volumes) 0 NaCl weight (% brine solution) NR 10% (B) Backwash Outside Regeneration Cycle NR No (H) Water Loss (%) NR 10% (B) NR = Not Reported
, * = Calculated from information reported in the sou rce Justification Codes: (A) Set equal to average from site data. (B) Results for comparison do not vary with this in put, so SPARRC default value was used. (C) Set as close as possible to site data, given pr ecision of SPARRC input. (D) Set to zero to avoid complicating presentation of results. (E) 48 cubic feet of resin provides 3.41 minutes EB CT at 105 gpm. (F) SPARRC input chosen to represent an average of t he range reported. (G) Source reported that regeneration (backwash + b rine + slow rinse + fast rinse) produces 6.7 bed vo lumes of waste. SPARRC inputs chosen to produce the same qua ntity. (H) Set to no to avoid complicating presentation of results. (I) The source did not provide a clear indication of design flow. SPARRC input set equal to average flo w. (J) Because the data reported in the source are for radium, SPARRC inputs were chosen as if simulating a cation exchange system for radium removal.



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- 8. Comparison of Site Data and SPARRC Estimates for Radionuclide Residuals Output Site Data SPARRC Output Value Radium Concentration in Total Waste (pCi/L) 690 943SPARRC User’s Manual



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## C.4 Reverse Osmosis C.4.1 Toluca, Illinois This site has a 290 gpm reverse osmosis plant for t he removal of radium. The water recovery rate is around 75%. The permeate shows approximately 87. 6% removal of radium and 74.8% removal of TDS.
Exhibit C-9 provides a summary of the SPARRC inputs EPA used in its comparison study. Exhibit C-10 shows the SPARRC outputs for radium as well as the case study outputs reported in AWWARF (2005). SPARRC estimates are approximately 3 1% lower for radon and 13% lower for TDS than the values reported in the source. It is possible that measurement error may affect the reported result and, therefore, account for som e of the difference in the radium estimates. AWWARF (2005) notes the possibility of TDS interfer ence in the combined radium sample.

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- 9 . SPARRC Input Parameter Values Input Site Data SPARRC Input Value Justification Average Flow ( mgd ) 0.4176 * 0.42 (C) Bypass Flow ( mgd ) NR 0 (D) TDS conc. (mg/L) 1,748 1,748 (A) Uranium conc. ( μ g/L) NR 30 (B) Ma ss to Activity Ratio ( μ g/pCi) NR 1 (B) Radium conc. (pCi/L) 12.1 12.1 (A) TDS Removal Percent 74.8% * 74.8% (A) Uranium Removal Percent NR 98% (B) Radium Removal Percent 87.6% 87.6% (A) Membrane Flow Recovery Percent 75% 75% (A) Total Water Loss Perc ent NR 10% (B) NR = Not Reported * = Calculated from information reported in the sou rce Justification Codes: (A) Set equal to average from site data. (B) Results for comparison do not vary with this in put, so SPARRC default value was used. (C) Set as close as possible to site data, given pr ecision of SPARRC input. (D) Set to zero to avoid complicating presentation of results.



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- 10. Comparison of Site Data and SPARRC Estimates fo r Radionuclide Residuals Output Site Data SPARRC Output Value Radium Concentration in Reject (pCi/L) 63 44
TDS Concentration in Reject (mg/L) 6,533 5,671SPARRC User’s Manual



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## C.5 References
American Water Works Association Research Foundatio n (AWWARF). 2005. Management of the Disposal of Radioactive Residuals in Drinking W ater Treatment . Denver, CO.
Sorg, T.J., D.A.. Lytle, J. Egal, and Z. Zhang. 199 1. Characterization of Wastes (Brine) From Uranium Removal Plant. Paper presented at the AWWA/Water Pollution Contro l Federation Conference on the Future of Residuals Management Af ter 1991. Research Triangle Park, NC. August 11-14.