EPA 832-R-06-004 J
Emerging Technologies

FORConveyance Systems

New Installations and Rehabilitation Methods

Offi ce of Wastewater Management

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Washington, D.C.
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

ii Conveyance Systems

Emerging Technologies for Conveyance Systems:

New Installations and Rehabilitation Methods

EPA 832-R-06-004 

July 2006 

Produced under U.S. EPA Contract No. 68-C-00-174

Prepared by the Parsons Corporation

Fairfax, Virginia

Technical review was provided by professionals with extensive experience in 

conveyance systems. Technical reviewers of this document were:

Ifty Kahn, Wastewater Collection Division, DPWES, Fairfax County, Virginia

Lynn Osborne, Insituform, Chesterfi eld, Missouri

Recyled/Recyclable

Printed with vegetable-based ink on paper that contains a minimum of 

50 percent post-consumer fi ber content processed chlorine free.

Electronic copies of this handbook can be downloaded from 

the U.S. EPA Offi ce of Wastewater Management web site at:

www.epa.gov/owm
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

iii

Preface

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) is charged by Congress 

with protecting the nation’s land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of 

environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate and implement actions leading 

to a balance between human activities and the ability of natural systems to support 

and sustain life. To meet this mandate, the Offi ce of Wastewater Management 

(OWM) provides information and technical support to solve environmental problems 

today and to build a knowledge base necessary to protect public health and the 

environment well into the future.

This publication has been produced under contract to the U.S. EPA by Parsons 

Corporation and provides current state of development as of the publication date. 

It is expected that this document will be revised periodically to refl ect advances 

in this rapidly evolving area. Except as noted, information, interviews and data 

development were conducted by the contractor. Some of the information, especially 

related to embryonic technologies, was provided by the manufacturer or vendor of 

the equipment or technology and could not be verifi ed or supported by full-scale 

case study. In some cases, cost data was based on estimated savings without 

actual fi eld data. When evaluating technologies, estimated costs, and stated 

performance, the user should collect current and more up-to-date information.

The mention of trade names or specifi c vendors or products does not represent 

an actual or presumed endorsement, preference, or acceptance by the U.S. EPA 

or the Federal government. Stated results, conclusions, usage, or practices do not 

necessarily represent the views or policies of the U.S. EPA.
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

iv Conveyance Systems
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

v

Contents

 Page

Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................ES-1

1. Introduction and Approach....................................................................................................1-1

1.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................1-1

1.2 Approach .........................................................................................................................1-3

1.2.1 Information Collection and New Process Identifi cation ........................................1-3

1.2.2 Initial Screening Technologies..............................................................................1-3

1.2.3 Development of Technology Summary Sheets ....................................................1-5

1.2.4 Evaluation of Technologies ..................................................................................1-5

1.3 Guidance Document Format and Use ..........................................................................1-11

1.4 Chapter References ......................................................................................................1-12

2. Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels ..........................................................................2-1

2.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................2-1

2.2 Technology Assessment ..................................................................................................2-1

3. Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals ....................................................................................3-1

3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................3-1

3.2 Technology Assessment ..................................................................................................3-1

4. Manholes .................................................................................................................................4-1

4.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................4-1

4.2 Technology Assessment ..................................................................................................4-1

5. Conveyance System Management ........................................................................................5-1

5.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................5-1

5.2 Technology Assessment ..................................................................................................5-1

6. Capacity Restoration ..............................................................................................................6-1

6.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................6-1

6.2 Technology Assessment ..................................................................................................6-1

7. Conveyance System Assessment.........................................................................................7-1

7.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................7-1

7.2 Technology Assessment ..................................................................................................7-1
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

vi Conveyance Systems

Contents

 Page

8. Research Needs ......................................................................................................................8-1

8.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................8-1

8.2 Research Needs .............................................................................................................8-1

8.3 Chapter References ........................................................................................................8-4

Appendix A

Trade Associations ................................................................................................................. A-1

A.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... A-1

A.2 Trade Associations ......................................................................................................... A-1
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JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

vii

List of Tables

 Page

Table 1.1 Summary of Conveyance System Technologies .......................................................1-6

Table 1.2 Descriptive Evaluation Criteria ................................................................................1-10

Table 2.1 Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels Technologies – State of Development .2-3

Table 3.1 Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals Technologies – State of Development ...........3-2

Table 4.1 Manhole Technologies – State of Development ........................................................4-2

Table 5.1 Conveyance System Management Technologies – State of Development ..............5-2

Table 6.1 Capacity Restoration Technologies – State of Development ....................................6-2

Table 7.1 Conveyance System Assessment Technologies – State of Development ................7-2

Table 8.1 Conveyance System Research Needs .....................................................................8-3

List of Figures

 Page

Figure 1.1 Flow Schematic for Guide Development ...................................................................1-2

Figure 2.1 Evaluation of Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels Innovative Technologies ...2-4

Figure 3.1 Evaluation of Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals InnovativeTechnologies ...........3-3

Figure 4.1 Evaluation of Manhole Innovative Technologies .......................................................4-3

Figure 5.1 Evaluation of Conveyance System Management Innovative Technologies ..............5-3

Figure 6.1 Evaluation of Capacity Restoration Innovative Technologies ...................................6-3

Figure 7.1 Evaluation of Conveyance System Assessment Innovative Technologies ...............7-3
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

viii Conveyance Systems

3D three dimensional

ADFc critical average daily fl ow

ADF average dry-weather fl ow

AMC antecedent moisture conditions

ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers

ASTM American Society of Testing and Materials

BES Bureau of Environmental Services

CCTV closed-circuit television

CIP capital improvement program

CIPP cured-in-place pipe

CSO combined sewer overfl ow

CWMP Comprehensive Wastewater Management Plan

DEP Department of Environmental Protection

DEQ Department of Environmental Quality

DNR Department of Natural Resources

DO dissolved oxygen

EMC Environmental Management Commission

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

ERDC Engineer Research and Development Center

ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute

FAC Florida Administrative Code

FELL Focused Electrode Leak Locator

g/ac/day gallons per acre per day

GASB Government Accounting Standards Board

GIS geographic information system

gpcd gallons per capita per day

gpd gallons per day

gpdidm gallons per day per inch-diameter mile

GRP glass-reinforced plastic

GWI groundwater infi ltration

HDD horizontal directional drilling

HDPE high-density polyethylene

HRT hydraulic residence time

I/I infi ltration and infl ow

ISS inline storage system

List of Abbreviations
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JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

ix

LF linear foot

MFP Master Facilities Plan

MGD million gallons per day

NASTT North American Society for Trenchless Technology

NDPU Non-Discharge Permitting Unit

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NPDES National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

O&M operation and maintenance

OAP Overfl ow Abatement Program

PF peak fl ow

POTW publicly owned treatment works

PVC polyvinyl chloride

PWWF peak wet weather fl ow

RDII rainfall-derived infi ltration and infl ow

RWQCB Regional Water Quality Control Board

SRF State Revolving Fund

SSES Sewer System Evaluation Survey

SSET Sewer Scanner and Evaluation Technology

SSO sanitary sewer overfl ow

SSOEP Sanitary Sewer Overfl ow Elimination Program

SWMM Storm Water Management Model

TISCIT Totally Integrated Sonar & CCTV Integrated Technique

WEF Water Environment Federation

WERF Water Environment Research Foundation

WPAP Water Pollution Abatement Program

WPCF water pollution control facility

WWTF wastewater treatment facility

WWTP wastewater treatment plant

List of Abbreviations
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

x Conveyance Systems
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

ES-1

Executive Summary

In the year 2000, the United States operated 21,264 collection and conveyance systems 

that included both sanitary and combined sewer systems (EPA’s Clean Watersheds Needs 

Survey 2000 Report to Congress). Publicly owned sewer systems in the country account 

for 724,000 miles of sewer pipe and privately owned sewer pipe comprises an additional 

500,000 miles (EPA’s Report to Congress: Impacts and Control of CSOs and SSOs, 

August 2004). Most of our nation’s conveyance systems are beginning to show signs of 

aging, with some systems dating back more than 100 years (American Society of Civil 

Engineers, 1999). Over time, a wide variety of materials and practices have been used 

for maintenance and repair. Sanitary and combined sewer overfl ows may be the result of 

improper operation and maintenance of sanitary, combined, and/or storm sewer systems, 

which can include structural, mechanical or electrical failures, collapsed or broken pipes, 

and insuffi cient capacity. The outcome of programs for overfl ow control and infrastructure 

asset management has resulted in a search for reliable, cost-effective conveyance system 

technologies. The purpose of this document is to provide a source of information on the 

newer technologies available. This document:

Identifi es nearly 100 conveyance system rehabilitation, replacement, and evaluation 

technologies, including technologies that may extend the life of a conveyance 

system.

Classifi es their development as established, innovative, or embryonic.

Provides a Technology Summary Sheet for each innovative or embryonic process 

with information about the description, state of development, associated contract 

names, and data sources.

Compares innovative processes/methods with respect to various criteria.

Identifi es research needs to guide the development of innovative conveyance 

system management.

This document organizes the information regarding emerging conveyance technologies 

into three categories of development.

Embryonic – They are in the development stage and/or have been tested at laboratory, 

bench, or pilot-scale only.

Innovative – They have been tested at a demonstration scale, are available and 

implemented in at least some locations in the United States, or have some degree of 

initial use (i.e., implemented in less than 1 percent of rehabilitation/replacement projects 

throughout the United States).

Established – They have been utilized in many locations (i.e., more than 1 percent of 

the rehabilitation/replacement projects), or have been available and implemented in the 

United States for more than 5 years.










Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

ES-2 Conveyance Systems

The document also provides information on each technology—its objective, its description, 

its state of development, available cost information, associated contact names, and 

related data sources. For each innovative technology, this document further evaluates the 

technology with respect to various criteria, although it does not rank or recommend any 

one technology over another. Research needs also are identifi ed to guide development of 

innovative and embryonic technologies and improve established ones.
Conveyance Systems

Chapter

1-1

1.1 Introduction

In the year 2000, the United States operated 21,264 collection and conveyance systems 

that included both sanitary and combined sewer systems (EPA’s Clean Watersheds Needs 

Survey 2000 Report to Congress). Publicly-owned sewer systems in the country account 

for 724,000 miles of sewer pipe and privately-owned sewer pipe comprises an additional 

500,000 miles (EPA’s Report to Congress: Impacts and Control of CSOs and SSOs, 

August 2004). Most of our nation’s conveyance systems are beginning to show signs of 

aging, with some systems dating back more than 100 years (American Society of Civil 

Engineers, 1999). Over time, a wide variety of materials and practices have been used 

for maintenance and repair. One cause of sanitary and combined sewer overfl ows may 

be improper operation and maintenance. Improper maintenance can include sanitary, 

combined, and/or storm sewer systems, which can include structural, mechanical or 

electrical failures, collapsed or broken pipes, and insuffi cient capacity. 

To meet the challenge of ongoing and even increasing needs for maintenance and repair, 

many utilities are seeking innovative technologies to replace, renew, or extend the life of 

their conveyance systems. Unfortunately, information on new and emerging technologies 

is not always readily available or easy to fi nd. In light of this, and with the desire to make 

such information available, the EPA has authorized the development of this document. 

The goal of this document is straightforward—to provide a guide for people seeking 

information on innovative and emerging conveyance system technologies. The guide 

lists new technologies, assesses their merits and costs, and provides sources for further 

technological investigation. This document is intended to serve as a tool for conveyance 

system owners and operators.

To develop this guide, the investigators sought information from a variety of sources, 

identifi ed new technologies, prepared planning-level cost summaries for innovative and 

embryonic technologies. This method is described below and in Figure 1.1.

Introduction and Approach

1
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

1-2 Conveyance Systems

Figure 1.1 Flow Schematic for Guide Development

1-2

Innovative

Collect Information

Identify Process

Prepare Process Summary Sheets

Prepare Process Evaluation Matrix

Screen

Established

No Further Action

Established

No Further Action

Embryonic or Innovative

Screen
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JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

1-3

1.2 Approach 

1.2.1 Information Collection and New Process Identifi cation

The information collection and new technology identifi cation provided the foundation 

for subsequent work. To identify new conveyance system technologies, investigators 

gathered information from a variety of sources, including the following:

Published Literature – A comprehensive literature review was performed to identify new 

technologies, and to evaluate their performance and applications. Specifi cally, the review 

focused on relevant Water Environment Federation (WEF), Water Environment Research 

Foundation (WERF), American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and North American 

Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT) reports and conference proceedings, as well 

as monthly publications from these and other organizations.

“Gray” Literature – Vendor-supplied information, Internet research, and consultants’ 

technical reports comprise the information collected in this category.

Patent Search – The U.S. Patent Offi ce website has a very good search engine and 

patent application information is available online.

Technical and Trade Associations – Investigators contacted a variety of professional 

and technical associations in the United States to identify emerging conveyance systems 

technologies. A peer review was conducted by experienced municipal engineers, and 

consultants who provided input into the list of technologies included in this report and 

information on the application and demonstration of these emerging technologies. Trade 

Associations, such as North American Society for Trenchless Technologies (NASTT), 

were also contacted for information and are listed in Chapter 9. 

Interviews and Correspondence – Individuals known to the project investigation 

team, including consultants, academia, and municipal conveyance system owners and 

operators, were consulted.

Technologies identifi ed through a search of the above sources were screened to determine 

their classifi cation as described below.

1.2.2 Initial Screening Technologies

Emerging technologies typically follow a development process that leads from laboratory 

investigations to pilot testing and, subsequently, to initial use or “full-scale demonstrations” 

and new applications before the technology is considered established. Not all technologies 

survive the entire development process. Some fail in the laboratory or at the pilot stage; 

while others see limited application in the fi eld, due to poor performance or unexpected 

costs that cause them to lose favor with practitioners in the fi eld. Even technologies 

that become established may also become dated, as technological advances lead to 

1-3
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

1-4 Conveyance Systems

obsolescence. In short, technologies are subject to the same evolutionary forces present 

in nature; those that cannot meet the demands of their environment fail, while those that 

adapt to changing technological, economic and regulatory climates can achieve longstanding success and survival in the market.

This project focuses on emerging technologies that are viable, but have not yet been 

accepted as established processes in the United States. Neither embryonic nor established 

technologies are considered in depth. Early in the development process (laboratory 

stage), data is usually insuffi cient to prove or disprove technology viability at full scale. 

Technologies on the other end of the developmental scale, those defi ned as established 

in North America, are also excluded from detailed assessments on the assumption that 

they are proven and widely used.

There may be differences between technologies established in Europe or Asia and those 

that have reached similar status in the United States. Technologies that have been applied 

successfully in other countries have not always fl ourished here. Because the viability 

of imported technologies is not guaranteed, established processes from overseas are 

classifi ed as innovative technologies for this project unless they have been proven in 

North American applications.

Specifi c screening criteria used to defi ne the state of development for processes are as 

follows:

Embryonic – These technologies are in the development stage and/or have been tested 

at laboratory or bench scale. New technologies that have reached the demonstration stage 

overseas, but cannot yet be considered to be established there, are also considered to be 

embryonic with respect to North American applications. Seven embryonic technologies 

have been identifi ed for use in conveyance systems.

Innovative – Technologies that meet one of the following criteria were classifi ed as 

innovative:

They have been tested at a demonstration scale; 

They have been available and implemented in the United States for less than

5 years;

They have some degree of initial use (i.e. implemented in less than one percent of 

rehabilitation/replacement projects throughout the United States); or,

They are established technologies from overseas but not established in the United 

States. 

Thirty-four innovative technologies were identifi ed for conveyance systems.

Established – These processes have been used in many locations in North America. 

The category includes technologies that are widely used (e.g., pipe replacement) and 

technologies that have been available and are used in United States for more than fi ve years 

(e.g., cured-in-place pipe). Fifty-one established technologies have been identifi ed.









1-4
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JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

1-5

Some technologies fall into a “gray area” between the embryonic and innovative categories. 

Technologies that fall into this category are incorporated into the innovative category. The 

screening assessment summarized in Table 1.1 organizes the technologies in categories 

that are discussed in greater detail in the individual chapters. One organizational category 

represented in Table 1.1 is based on size. The large-diameter sewers or deep tunnels 

category represented in Table 1.1 is defi ned as any pipe or structure greater than 12 

inches in diameter. The small diameter sewers or laterals category applies to any pipe 12 

inches or less in diameter. 

1.2.3 Development of Technology Summary Sheets

Technologies defi ned as embryonic or innovative are each summarized on an individual 

Technology Summary sheet. Each process includes the following information:

Objective – description of the goal of the technology.

Description – a brief overview of the technology.

State of Development – where and how the technology has been applied (i.e. 

laboratory study, demonstration scale, full scale, etc.)

Available Cost Information – an approximate range of capital and operations and 

maintenance costs, and assumptions made in developing them

Key Words for Internet Search – this document is not intended to provide a 

comprehensive list of vendors for the included technologies; therefore, key words have 

been added to aid the reader in fi nding additional vendors and current product information 

on the Internet. 

Contact Names – names, addresses, and telephone numbers of contacts with 

additional information on the technology.

Data Sources – references used to compile the technology summary. 

1.2.4 Evaluation of Technologies

Technologies defi ned as innovative in the initial screening were subjected to a detailed 

evaluation.

Each technology was evaluated with respect to the descriptive and comparative criteria 

described below. Descriptive criteria include:

State of Development – describes the stage of development for each technology, 

ranging from development to full-scale operations.
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

1-6 Conveyance Systems

Classifi cation Application

Technology and Advancement(s)

EstablishedInnovativeEmbryonicInfl ow CorrectionInfi ltration CorrectionSewer RehabilitationSewer ReplacementNew Sewers and AppurtenancesSSO and CSO Sewer Overfl ows

Capacity, Management, O&M

Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels (Chapter 2)

Coatings and Linings

 Thermo-Plastic Liners (anchored or glued) • ••

 Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Panels •

 Modifi ed Cross-Section Lining (fold and form) • ••

 Sliplining Noncircular w/New Noncircular Pipe • ••

 Sliplining (segmental and spiral wound) • ••

 Polymer/Epoxy Concrete Lining •

 Spray-Applied Cementitious Lining • ••

 Non-Portland Polymer Concrete •

 Spray-Applied Epoxy Coating • ••

Cured-in-Place Pipe (CIPP)

 Composite/Fiberglass CIPP for Gravity Pipe • ••

 Spot (Point) Repair CIPP • ••

Other Technologies

 Grout Injection • ••

 Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) • •

 Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe • •

 In-Line Pipe Expansion (i.e. pipe bursting) • ••

 Internal Pipe Joint Seals • ••

 Mechanical Spot Repair Sleeves • ••

 Microtunneling • •

 Pipe Jacking • •

 Pipe Ramming • •

 Replacement (via excavation) • •• ••••

 Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Inserts (Vortex Flow) • •• •

 Tunneling • •

Table 1.1 Summary of Conveyance System Technologies
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JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

1-7

Classifi cation Application

Technology and Advancement(s)

EstablishedInnovativeEmbryonicInfl ow CorrectionInfi ltration CorrectionSewer RehabilitationSewer ReplacementNew Sewers and AppurtenancesSSO and CSO Sewer Overfl owsCapacity, Management, O&M

Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals (Chapter 3)

Cured-in-Place Pipe (CIPP)

 Composite/Fiberglass CIPP for Gravity Pipe • ••

 CIPP for Vertical Applications • • •

 Lateral CIPP Liner (main to house) • ••

 Lateral CIPP Liner (house to main) • ••

 Lateral-Main Fiberglass CIPP Connection Inserts • ••

 Spot (Point) Repair CIPP Liners • ••

Grout Injection

 Lateral Grout Injection • •

 Lateral Grout Injection from Mainline (up to 30 ft length) • •

Other Technologies

 Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) • •

 Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe • •

 Impact Moling – Steerable Moles • •

 In-Line Pipe Expansion (i.e. pipe bursting) • ••

 Lateral Pipe Bursting • ••

 Lateral Cleanout Connection • • •

 Mechanical Spot Repair Sleeves • ••

 Microtunneling • •

 Modifi ed Cross-Section Lining (i.e. fold and form) • ••

 Modifi ed Cross-Section Lateral Lining • ••

 Pipe Jacking • •

 Pipe Ramming • •

 Replacement (via excavation) • •• ••••

 Sanipor Technology (fl ood grouting) • ••

 Sliplining (segmental and spiral wound) • ••

 Lateral Sliplining • ••

Table 1.1 Summary of Conveyance System Technologies
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

1-8 Conveyance Systems

Classifi cation Application

Technology and Advancement(s)

EstablishedInnovativeEmbryonicInfl ow CorrectionInfi ltration CorrectionSewer RehabilitationSewer ReplacementNew Sewers and AppurtenancesSSO and CSO Sewer Overfl owsCapacity, Management, O&M

Manholes (Chapter 4)

Bench/Invert Rehabilitation

 Plastic Composite Invert System • •• •

Chimney Rehabilitation

 Flexible Sealant • ••

 Mechanical Chimney Seals (interior or exterior) • ••

 Polyethylene Chimney Form • ••

Coatings and Linings

 Cured-in-Place (CIP) Liners • ••

 Poured-in-Place Concrete Liners • ••

 Spray or Trowel-Applied Cementitious Lining • ••

 Spray or Trowel-Applied Polymer Coating • ••

Joint Sealing

 Cementitious Grout/Patching • ••

 Epoxy Grout/Patching • ••

 Mechanical Joint Seals • ••

Other Technologies

 Fiberglass Rehabilitation Manholes • ••

 Frame Adjustments (raise/reset) • •••

 HDPE Frame Adjustment Rings • ••

 Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Insert • ••

 Lid (Cover) Inserts • •

 Replacement • •• ••

 Sanipor® Technology (fi ll and drain) • ••

 Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Insert • ••

Conveyance System Management (Chapter 5)

 ESRI-Based One-Call Ticket Management • •

 Mobile GIS • •

Table 1.1 Summary of Conveyance System Technologies
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

1-9

Classifi cation Application

Technology and Advancement(s)

EstablishedInnovativeEmbryonicInfl ow CorrectionInfi ltration CorrectionSewer RehabilitationSewer ReplacementNew Sewers and AppurtenancesSSO and CSO Sewer Overfl owsCapacity, Management, O&M

 Public Outreach on Fats, Oils, and Grease (FOG) • • •

 Regional I/I Control Program • •• ••

 Sewer Maintenance Program • •• ••

Capacity Restoration (Chapter 6)

Sewer Cleaning

 Pigging (force main cleaning) • ••

 Culvert Cleaning System • ••

 HDD Attachments for Culvert Cleaning • ••

Other Technologies

 Above-Grade Grit Removal System (bridge applications) • •

 Basement Sump Pump Redirection • ••

 Foundation/Footer Drain Redirection • ••

 Interconnection Elimination • ••

 Roof Drain Redirection • ••

 Root Removal and Control • ••

 Storm Water Infi ltration Pumps • •

Conveyance System Assessment (Chapter 7)

 Closed-Circuit Television Inspection • •

 Digital Camera Inspection (mobile) • •

 Digital Camera Inspection (mounted) • •

 FELL (Focused Electrode Leak Locator) Electro-Scanning • •

 Ground-Penetrating Radar • •

 Laser Profi ling/3D Scan/Sonar • •

 Pipe Mechanical/Strucural Reliability Analysis • •

 Sewer Scanner and Evaluation Technology (SSET) • •

 Smart Sewer Assessment Systems • •

 TISCIT (Totally Integrated Sonar & CCTV Integrated Technique) • •

 Wireless Monitoring Systems • •

Table 1.1 Summary of Conveyance System Technologies
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

1-10 Conveyance Systems

Applicability – qualitatively assesses in which market the technology is designed to 

be utilized. 

Benefi ts – considers the benefi ts gained (e.g., capital or operational savings) from 

implementation of the technology.

Designations for each descriptive criterion are presented in Table 1.2.

Comparative criteria include:

Impact on Homeowners – describes whether or not the technology requires the 

involvement of the homeowner, and the degree to which the homeowner’s property 

will be disturbed. Excavation and replacement of a line is the baseline for comparison; 

technologies with less disturbance are rated as favorable.

Criterion riterion Designation esignation Description escription

State of Development D Demonstration project

L Limited municipal installations

I Full-scale industrial applications, with potential for 

application in municipal conveyance systems

O Full-scale operations overseas

N Full-scale operations in North America

Applicability I Industrial

S Municipal sanitary

T Municipal storm

C Municipal combined

B Municipal sanitary and storm

Potential Benefi ts C Capital savings

O Operational/maintenance savings

I Infl ow/infi ltration reduction

S SSO/CSO reduction

R Restored structural integrity

M Improved maintenance tracking/management

Table 1.2 Descriptive Evaluation Criteria
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JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

1-11

Maintenance Requirements – considers the amount of labor required to adequately 

maintain the technology. The baseline technology for a collection system is concrete 

gravity sewers; technologies with maintenance requirements comparable to concrete 

gravity sewers are considered neutral.

The above criteria compared individual technologies with other technologies in the same 

category (e.g., liners etc.), and were scored favorable, neutral/mixed, or unfavorable.

The criteria and ratings were applied to each innovative technology and the results are 

presented in matrix format. Where available information was insuffi cient to rate a technology 

for a criterion, no rating is given. The project team and reviewers assessed each technology 

based on the limited information gathered and their collective judgment, experience, and 

opinions. Results of the evaluation are presented in subsequent chapters.

1.3 Guidance Document Format and Use

The remainder of the document is divided into chapters based upon general technologies. 

One chapter is dedicated to each of the following categories:

Large-Diameter Sewers and Tunnels (Chapter 2)

Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals (Chapter 3)

Manholes (Chapter 4)

Conveyance System Management (Chapter 5)

Capacity Restoration (Chapter 6)

Conveyance System Evaluation (Chapter 7)

Each chapter overviews the technologies included, classifi es the state of development 

for each, presents an evaluation matrix for innovative technologies, and concludes with a 

Technology Summary sheet for each embryonic and innovative technology.

The technology summaries and evaluation matrices are the cornerstones of each 

chapter, broadly overviewing the innovative technologies. Neither the summaries nor the 

matrices should be considered defi nitive technology assessments. Rather, they should 

be considered stepping stones to more detailed investigations.

The research needs discussed in Chapter 8 display the specifi c technologies that may 

have a signifi cant impact on conveyance system construction and management, and their 

relevant research needs. The new and improved technology solutions for wastewater 

collection systems are key components in the preservation of the collection system 

infrastructure. Research on the assessment of the system integrity, the operation, 

maintenance, and rehabilitation, and new construction must be considered.












Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

1-12 Conveyance Systems

For the reader’s convenience, numerous trade associations, who are also excellent 

sources of information on emerging technologies in their respectful areas of expertise, 

are summarized in Appendix A.

This document should be updated from time to time. Technologies were reviewed in 

2004–2005.

1.4 Chapter References

American Society of Civil Engineers. Optimization of Collection System Maintenance 

Frequencies and System Performance (1999)

U.S. EPA. Report to Congress: Impacts and Control of CSO and SSOs. EPA 833-R-04-

001. Offi ce of Water (2004)

U.S. EPA Clean Watersheds Needs Survey 2000 Report to Congress. EPA 832-R-03-

001. Offi ce of Water (2000)
Conveyance Systems

Chapter

2-1

2

Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels

2.1 Introduction

For the purpose of this report, a large-diameter sewer or deep tunnel is defi ned as any 

pipe or structure greater than 12 inches in diameter. This chapter focuses on both new 

construction and rehabilitation technologies that can be utilized to restore and maintain 

these critical conveyance system components.

2.2 Technology Assessment

A summary of emerging and established technologies for large-diameter sewers and deep 

tunnels is provided in Table 2.1. The installation and maintenance techniques for pipes 

and structures of this size are well-documented and understood, as they serve the basis 

for conveyance systems that date back to over 100 years ago. The list of established 

technologies in Table 2.1 refl ects this knowledge base.

The large-diameter pipes and structures referred to in this report are greater than 12 inches 

in diameter. It is important to note that technologies mentioned in this chapter may be 

more common or practical when applied to a more specifi c size pipe. For example, the 

cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) technologies discussed in the chapter are more common for 

a medium-size pipe ranging from 15 to 36 inches in diameter. On the other hand, the 

glass-reinforced panels (GRP) mentioned are more common amongst the larger diameter 

pipes or tunnels with diameters greater than 36 inches. Polyvinyl chloride/high-density 

polyethylene (PVC/HDPE) thermoplastic liners using a variety of anchoring and gluing 

material, such as Ameron T-locTM,LinabondTM, AmaerplateTM, and Steuler P&S 400TM, 

have been extensively used for lining water pipe for many years. Therefore, the application 

of these two-pass systems for lining tunnels and large sewer pipe, even though relatively 

new to the industry, are not considered innovative.

Technology development in this area is now focusing on products for rehabilitation of 

existing facilities. Properly maintaining large-diameter sewers and tunnels can be very 

expensive as compared with smaller diameter sewers and in many cases municipalities 

and organizations have delayed maintenance activities of their large sewer systems to 

the point of structural deterioration and failure. GRP panels have been identifi ed as an 
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

2-2 Conveyance Systems

innovative technology aimed at restoring the structural integrity of large-diameter sewers 

and tunnels in a cost-effi cient manner. Another innovative approach is the use of sewer 

pipes made with polymer or epoxy resins, such as PolycreteTM and Polymer Concrete 

FX-826TM. These materials are extremely strong and corrosion resistant. Epoxy concrete 

can be applied in a one-step approach to provide a new interior surface as well as repair 

damaged pipe and restore structural integrity.

In addition to rehabilitation advances, progress has also been made to improve existing 

techniques so they are more suitable for non-traditional applications. A gasketed PVC joint 

has been developed that allows PVC to be used as practical alternative to HDPE pipe in 

horizontal directional drilling. Sliplining of a noncircular host pipe with a new, noncircular 

pipe has also come into the marketplace recently. In addition, the use of non-Portland 

cement based polymer concrete, such as BiocreteTM, for rehabilitating has demonstrated 

signifi cant cost savings in the foreign market.

An evaluation of the innovative technologies identifi ed for large-diameter sewers and 

tunnels is presented in Figure 2.1. Summary sheets for each innovative and embryonic 

technology are provided at the end of this chapter.
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

2-3

Table 2.1 Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels Technologies – State of Development

Established Innovative Embryonic

Composite/Fiberglass CIPP for Gravity PipeGrout InjectionHorizontal Directional Drilling (HDD)In-Line Pipe Expansion (i.e., pipe bursting)Internal Pipe Joint SealsMechanical Spot Repair SleevesMicrotunnelingModifi ed Cross-Section Lining (i.e., fold and  form)Pipe JackingPipe RammingReplacement (via excavation)Sliplining (segmental and spiral wound)Spot (point) Repair CIPPSpray-Applied Cementitious LiningSpray-Applied Epoxy CoatingThermoplastic Liners (anchored or glued)Tunneling

Gasketed PVC Pressure PipeGlass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP) PanelsPolymer/Epoxy Concrete LiningSewer Odor and Corrosion Control Inserts (Vortex Flow)

Sliplining of Noncircular Pipe with New  Noncircular PipeNon-Portland Polymer Concrete 
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

2-4 Conveyance Systems EVALUATION CRITERIA INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY

Development

Applicability

 t fi Bene

Impact on Homeowners

Ease of Installation

Design Life

Maintenance Requirements COMMENTS

Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe L I S C ▲▲▲▲ As compared with replacement

Glass-Reinforced (GRP) Panels L B C C R ▲▲▲▲ As compared with replacement

Polymer/Epoxy Concrete Lining L B I ▲▲▲▲ As compared with current practice

Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Inserts (Vortex Flow) L S C O \ \ ▲ ▲ As compared with current practice

Figure 2.1 Evaluation of Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels Innovative Technologies

▲ Positive feature\ Neutral or mixedV Negative feature

I = IndustrialS = Municipal sanitaryT = Municipal stormC = Municipal combinedB = Municipal sanitary and storm

C = Capital savingsO = Operational/maintenance savingsI = Infl ow/infi ltration reduction

S = SSO/CSO reductionR = Restored structural integrityM = Improved maintenance tracking/management

KEYD = Demonstration projectL = Limited municipal installationsI = Full-scale industrial applications, with potential 

for application in municipal conveyance systems

O = Full-scale operations overseasN = Full-scale operations in North America

State of Development Applicability Potential Benefi ts Comparative Criteria
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

2-5

Technology Summary

Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe

Objective:

Increase strength and integrity of polyvinyl 

chloride in systems.

State of Development: Innovative

This technology has been around since 2004 and is 

widely used in Canada (20–30 municipalities to date) 

as well as parts of the United States.

Description:

The gasketed PVC pressure pipe is assembled in way that is similar to the assembly of the standard PVC 

pipe, only the gasketed pipe is locked in place with a ring and pin system. The pipe is locked once the 

system is hammered in to place. The wide groove on the spigot end of the pipes allow joint bending in the 

pipe. The joint bending then allows the PVC pipe to be pulled into boreholes with the ability to withstand the 

forces involved.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: 40% higher than regular PVC

Approximate O&M Costs: Low

O&M Costs are similar to any regular PVC systems around. In general, they are very low maintenance.

Vendor Name(s):

IPEX Inc.

2441 Royal Windsor Drive

Mississauga, Ontario J5J 4C7 Canada

Phone: 800-463-9572

FaxL 905-403-9195

E-mail: ricsta@ipexinc.com

Practitioner(s):

City of Springfi eld, Missouri

Public Works

P.O. Box 8368

Springfi eld, MO 65801

R. Stuart Royer & Associates, Inc.

1100 Welborne Drive, Suite 300

Richmond, VA 23229

Key Words for Internet Search:

Pressure, pipe, gasket, PVC, water, sewer

Data Sources:

“New Research Yields and Innovative Design for PVC Pipe.” Trenchless Technology (7–8 August 2004) 
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

2-6 Conveyance Systems

Technology Summary

Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP)

Objective:

Structural rehabilitation of large-diameter gravity 

sewers and tunnels.

State of Development: Innovative

This technology has been installed in two municipalities 

nationwide. In 2003, GRP panel lining was used to 

rehabilitate 72-inch-diameter pipe in Fort Wayne, 

Indiana, and pipe ranging from 108 – 126 inches in 

diameter in Chicago, Illinois

Description:

Fiber reinforced, fi lled, thermo-set resin panels are custom designed to fi t a variety of sewer and tunnel 

shapes, including oval, round, rectangular, square, horseshoe. The panels can be installed utilizing a manentry procedure in conveyance facilities ranging from 54 to 144 inches and higher in diameter. Half-pipe 

panels are fi tted together in place to form a full diameter segment. The annular space between the panels 

and the host pipe is fi lled with grout to complete the installation.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: $10–$13/diameter-inch/LF

Approximate O&M Costs: Periodic maintenance and visual inspection

Capital cost information is provided for a line segment that is several hundred feet long (over 200 LF), and 

includes both material and installation costs. Using the lower end of the cost range as an example, the unit 

price for a 96-inch diameter pipe would be $960/LF.

Vendor Name(s):

Insituform Technologies, Inc.

17999 Edison Avenue

Chesterfi eld, MO 63005

Phone: 636-530-8000

Fax: 636-530-8744

E-mail: losborne@insituform.com

Practitioner(s):

City of Fort Wayne

Division of Water Utilities, Water Resources

Sewer Repair and Replacement

One Main Street, Room 480

Fort Wayne, IN 46802

Key Words for Internet Search:

Glass-reinforced plastics, GRP, panel, pipe fi ber, water

Data Sources:

Hicks, M., T.J. Short, P.E., J. Teusch, P.E., L.E. Osborn, P.E. “Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP): A New 

Rehabilitation Technique for Sewers in Indiana,” Proceedings of ASCE Specialty Conference Pipelines, 

ASCE Specialty Conference, San Diego, CA (1–4 August 2004)

Osborn, L., “Rehabilitation of Large Chicago Sewers with Glass Reinforced Panels,” Proceedings of North 

American Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT) NO-DIG Conference, New Orleans, LA (22–24 

March 2004)

Jason Consultants International, Inc. “New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe 

Materials and Technology.” Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)

Vendor-supplied information
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

2-7

Technology Summary

Polymer/Epoxy Concrete Lining

Objective:

Sewer pipes lined with concrete made with 

polymer or epoxy materials are extremely 

corrosion resistant.

State of Development: Innovative

The basic technology of spray-applying concrete 

linings to repair of existing pipe has been available in 

the United States for many years. However, using a 

polymer or epoxy mixture is relatively new.

Description:

Polymer concrete is made using conventional Portland cement with the addition of 7–15% resin by weight. 

The resin is an orthopthalic, isopthalic, vinyl ester resin, or epoxy resins. The resin bonds the different 

materials together, giving the polymer concrete greater elasticity and safety against fracture as well as 

improved corrosion resistance. Polymer concrete can be used to line new pipe or to repair old pipe and can 

be applied at the factory or in the fi eld. The polymer concrete can be applied either in a “dry gun – Gunite” 

or “wet gun – Shotcrete” approach. Epoxy concrete can be applied in a one step approach to provide a new 

interior surface, as well as, repair damaged pipe and to restore structural integrity.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Cost ranges from 10%–20% more than conventional fi eld-applied concrete 

lining such as Gunite or Shotcrete using Portland cement.

Approximate O&M Costs: $0 – unit is self-cleaning. Improved corrosion protection and longer service 

life.

Vendor Name(s):

Fox Industries

3100 Falls Cliff Road

Baltimore, MD 21211

Practitioner(s):

See websites for practitioners: http://www.thomasnet.

com/products/sealants-cement-concrete-96117932-

1.html. or www.foxind.com

Key Words for Internet Search:

Polymer concrete, epoxy concrete, corrosion-resistant pipe lining

Data Sources:

Vendor-supplied information (www.meyer-polycrete.com)

Vendor-supplied information (www.foxind.com)

Association-supplied information (www.nastt.org)

Vendor-supplied information (www.rohmhaas.com)
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

2-8 Conveyance Systems

Technology Summary

Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Inserts (Vortex Flow)

Objective:

To prevent the release of odorous gases in drop 

structures and force main discharges to sewer 

manholes.

State of Development: Innovative

This technology has been available since 1998. It has 

been used in approximately 30 locations worldwide 

(ten to fi fteen units in the United States, two units in 

Canada, and two units in Australia).

Description:

A sewer odor and corrosion control insert can be installed in a new or existing precast manhole, and each 

insert is custom designed and built for the specifi c application. A typical insert consists of a channel that is 

connected to the manhole infl uent line, a drop shaft, and a shaft base that allows wastewater to spill over 

to the manhole effl uent pipe. Patented by IPEX Inc., the spiral fl ow design of the Vortex Flow pulls odorous 

gases downward toward the bottom of the cylindrical structure and promotes oxidation of these gases, 

which naturally reduces odor. Odorous gases are partially oxidized on the way down by the energy of 

falling fl ow, and are then entrained back into the wastewater. An elevation drop of 6 feet or more is required 

for proper operation of the insert. Thus, this technology is applicable for incorporation in drop manholes, 

chambers, and pumping stations.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Base price $5,000 plus $2,000 for each million gallons per day capacity

Approximate O&M Costs: $0 – unit is self-cleaning

Vendor Name(s):

IPEX, Inc.

2441 Royal Windsor Drive

Missassauga, Onatrio J5J 4C7 Canada

Practitioner(s):

Parsons Water & Infrastructure

10521 Rosehaven Street

Fairfax, VA 22030

Key Words for Internet Search:

Odor, corrosion, control, manholes, sewer, inserts, vortex, fl ow

Data Sources:

Vendor-supplied information
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

2-9

Technology Summary

Sliplining of a Noncircular Pipe with a New Noncircular Pipe

Objective:

Reconstruct sewer line and laterals without 

excavation using formed-in-place liner for 

sewers that are not circular.

State of Development: Embryonic

This technology has been used in Europe. 

Developmental work currently is taking place in the 

United States.

Description:

Sliplining is a rehabilitation process in which a slipliner pipe is placed inside the existing old lateral pipe. 

The non-circular method uses a liner pipe profi le that is designed so that it will slip through the section 

of the sewer that is narrowest. Once the new pipe is in place the pipe is fi lled with water to discourage 

deformation and the space between the new and old pipe is fi lled with low density foam grout.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Unknown

Approximate O&M Costs: Unknown

Vendor Name(s):

Sekisui SPR Americes, LLC

7 Sunbelt Business Park Drive, Suite 2

Greer, SC 29650

Phone: 864-662-1329

Fax: 864-662-1350 (fax)

Email: info@sekisui-spr.com

Practitioner(s):

See website for practitioners: 

http://www.sekisui-spr.com/

Key Words for Internet Search:

Sliplining, noncircular pipe, Romo-Line

Data Sources:

North American Society for Trenchless Technology site: www.trenchless-technology.org
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

2-10 Conveyance Systems

Non-Portland Polymer Concrete

Objective:

Sewer pipes made with polymer or 

epoxy materials are extremely corrosion 

resistant.

State of Development: Embryonic

This technology has been available in Germany since 1960. It 

has been used in many locations worldwide, including numerous 

cities in the United States, Canada, and Australia. Most 

applications to date have been for industrial sewers.

Description:

Polymer concrete is made using conventional Portland cement with the addition of 7–15% resin by weight. 

The resin is an orthopthalic, isopthalic, or vinyl ester resin. The resin bonds the different materials together, 

giving the polymer concrete greater elasticity and safety against fracture as well as improved corrosion 

resistance. Polymer concrete pipes have been manufactured by various processes including centrifugal and 

vibrating processes in both reinforced and non-reinforced sections. Circular and oval pipe as well as special 

cross-sections and manhole sections can be manufactured in the same way. Epoxy resins can also be used 

as an additive to the concrete mixture for pH ranges of 0.5 to 13. Pipes are joined using fl exible elastomeric 

seals (ASTM D4 161), while widely used for new construction, the use of non-Portland or epoxy concrete for 

rehabilitation is a new application.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Cost ranges from 10% to 20% more than conventional concrete pipe of the same 

size and strength.

Approximate O&M Costs: $0 – unit is self-cleaning. Provides increased corrosion protection and extends 

service life.

Vendor Name(s):

Meyer Rohr

Otto-Brenner-Str. 5

D-21337 Lueneburg, Germany

Practitioner(s):

See website for practitioners: 

http://www.meyer-polycrete.com/en

Key Words for Internet Search:

Polymer concrete, epoxy concrete, corrosion-resistant pipe

Data Sources:

Vendor-supplied information (www.meyer-polycrete.com)

Vendor-supplied information (www.foxind.com)

Vendor-supplied information (www.nastt.org)

Rohm and Haas Company (www.rohmhaas.com)

Technology Summary
Conveyance Systems

Chapter

3-1

3.1 Introduction 

A small-diameter sewer or lateral, as defi ned in this document, is a pipe 12 inches or 

less in diameter. This chapter focuses on both new construction and rehabilitation 

technologies that can be utilized to restore and maintain these critical conveyance 

system components.

3.2 Technology Assessment

Table 3.1 includes a categorized list of emerging and established technologies for 

small-diameter sewers and laterals. These pipes, especially laterals, have become 

the target of many municipal rehabilitation programs because they are the main 

sources of infl ow and infi ltration to conveyance systems. As a result, technological 

development in this area has focused mainly on rehabilitation of existing facilities.

Many innovative technologies and approaches for the rehabilitation of smalldiameter sewers and laterals have been identifi ed. These include technologies such 

as CIPP liners for vertical rehabilitation applications and fi ll and drain (Sanipor®) 

technology. Although several technologies for lateral rehabilitation are starting to 

emerge as forerunners in the marketplace, such as CIPP liners, the technologies 

themselves are not new and have been used sparingly throughout the United 

States for up to 10 years. As such, these technologies have been classifi ed as 

“established” for the purposes of this report.

An evaluation of the innovative technologies identifi ed for small-diameter sewers 

and laterals is presented in Figure 3.1. Summary sheets for each innovative and 

embryonic technology are provided at the end of this chapter. 

3

Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

3-2 Conveyance Systems Established Innovative Embryonic Composite/Fiberglass CIPP for Gravity Pipe Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) In-Line Pipe Expansion (i.e. pipe bursting) Mechanical Spot Repair Sleeves Microtunneling Modifi ed Cross-Section Lining (i.e. fold & form) Pipe Jacking Pipe Ramming Replacement (via excavation) Sliplining (segmental and spiral wound) Spot (point) Repair CIPP for Vertical Applications Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe Impact Moling–Steerable Moles Lateral Cleanout Connection Lateral Grout Injection Lateral Grout Injection from Mainline (up to 30 ft in length) Lateral CIPP Liner (house to main) Lateral CIPP Liner (main to house) Lateral-Main Fiberglass CIPP Connection Inserts Lateral Pipe Bursting Lateral Sliplining Sanipor® Technology (fl ood grout) Modifi ed Cross-Section Lateral Lining Table 3.1 Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals Technologies – State of Development
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

3-3

EVALUATION CRITERIA

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY

Development

Applicability

 t fi Bene

Impact on Homeowners

Ease of Installation

Design Life

Maintenance Requirements COMMENTS

CIPP for Vertical Applications D B C R ▲ ▲

\

▲ As compared with replacment

Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe L I S C ▲▲▲▲ As compared with replacement

Impact Moling – Steerable Moles L B C I C ▲ ▲ \ \ As compared with replacement

Lateral Cleanout Connection L S O

\

▲ \ \ As compared with new installation using T-section

Lateral Grout Injection N S C I ▲ ▲

V

\ As compared with replacement

Lateral CIPP Liner (house to main) N S C I R ▲ ▲

\

▲ As compared with replacement

Lateral CIPP Liner (main to house) N S C I R ▲ ▲

\

▲ As compared with replacement

Figure 3.1 Evaluation of Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals Innovative Technologies

▲ Positive feature\ Neutral or mixedV Negative feature

I = IndustrialS = Municipal sanitaryT = Municipal stormC = Municipal combinedB = Municipal sanitary and storm

C = Capital savingsO = Operational/maintenance savingsI = Infl ow/infi ltration reduction

S = SSO/CSO reductionR = Restored structural integrityM = Improved maintenance tracking/management

KEYD = Demonstration projectL = Limited municipal installationsI = Full-scale industrial applications, with potential 

for application in municipal conveyance systems

O = Full-scale operations overseasN = Full-scale operations in North America

State of Development Applicability Potential Benefi ts Comparative Criteria
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

3-4 Conveyance Systems EVALUATION CRITERIA INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY

Development

Applicability

 t fi Bene

Impact on Homeowners

Ease of Installation

Design Life

Maintenance Requirements COMMENTS

Lateral Grout Injection from Mainline L S C I ▲ ▲ V \ As compared with replacementLateral-Main Fiberglass CIPP Connection Inserts D B C I O ▲▲▲▲ As compared with replacementLateral Pipe Bursting L S C I ▲ ▲ \ ▲ As compared with replacementLateral Sliplining P I V O ▲ ▲ \ ▲ As compared with replacementSanipor® Technology (fl ood grouting) O I V ▲▲▲▲ As compared with replacement

Figure 3.1 Evaluation of Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals Innovative Technologies (continued)

▲ Positive feature\ Neutral or mixedV Negative feature

I = IndustrialS = Municipal sanitaryT = Municipal stormC = Municipal combinedB = Municipal sanitary and storm

C = Capital savingsO = Operational/maintenance savingsI = Infl ow/infi ltration reduction

S = SSO/CSO reductionR = Restored structural integrityM = Improved maintenance tracking/management

KEYD = Demonstration projectL = Limited municipal installationsI = Full-scale industrial applications, with potential 

for application in municipal conveyance systems

O = Full-scale operations overseasN = Full-scale operations in North America

State of Development Applicability Potential Benefi ts Comparative Criteria
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

3-5

CIPP for Vertical Applications

Objective:

Provide a smooth interior surface to a damaged 

vertical pipe.

State of Development: Innovative

Am-Drain has been on the market in the United States 

since 2003 and available for the rehabilitation of down 

spouts in Europe for 15 years prior to the United States’ 

use.

Description:

CIPP Applications for vertical pipes differ from the lateral lining because of the diffi culties accompanied 

with the resin application to a vertical pipe. Typically resin would run down from the upper to lower portions 

of the inverted liner. Am-Drain is a needle-punched, nonwoven polyester felt tube with a PVC coating. 

Am-Drain is cured to the vertical pipe when the liner harders. An inversion drum, with the help of an air 

compressor inserts the liner tube into the damaged pipe while inverting the liner throughout the process. 

One CIPP vertical method uses a woven liner rather than a normal CIPP liner. This woven liner holds the 

resin more and prevents it from slipping due to gravity.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: $14–$24/LF dry materials and resin

Approximate O&M Costs: Periodic inspection and cleaning

Costs will vary depending on the degree of bends in the pipe, lining material, and resin mat. 

Vendor Name(s):

MaxLiner, LLC

450 College Drive

Martinsville, VA 24112

Practitioner(s):

Ace Pipe Cleaning

Carylon Corporation

1509 Sylvania Court

Fort Worth, TX 76111

Key Words for Internet Search:

Vertical pipe lining, Am-Drain, vertical CIPP

Data Sources:

Griffen, Jeff. “Vertical Lining: Historic Forth Worth Church Has Downspout Repaired Without Destruction of 

Wall.” Rehabilitation Technology: Underground Construction (July 2004)

Vendor-supplied information

Technology Summary
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

3-6 Conveyance Systems

Technology Summary

Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe

Objective:

Increase strength and integrity of polyvinyl 

chloride in systems.

State of Development: Innovative

Technology has been around since 2004 and is widely 

used in Canada (20–30 municipalities to date) as well 

as parts of the United States.

Description:

The gasketed PVC pressure pipe is assembled similar to how a standard PVC pipe is assembled, only the 

gasketed pipe is locked with a ring and pin system. The inner and outer rings of the pipe are hammered into 

place locking the joints in the system. Due to the wide groove on the spigot end of the pipe bending at the 

pipe’s joints is possible. This joint bending allows the PVC to be pulled into boreholes and to withstand the 

forces involved.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: 40% higher than regular PVC.

Approximate O&M Costs: Low

Vendor Name(s):

IPEX, Inc.

2441 Royal Windsor Drive

Mississauga, Ontario J5J 4C7

Phone: 800-463-9572

Fax: 905-403-9195

Email: ricsta@ipexinc.com

Practitioner(s):

See website for practitioners:

http://www.ipexinc.com/Content/Common/2_0_

Products/2_0_1_Case_Studies/case_study_list.asp

Key Words for Internet Search:

Pressure, pipe, gasket, PVC, water, sewer

Data Sources:

“New Research Yields an Innovative Design for PVC Pipe.” Trenchless Technology (7–8 August 2004)
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

3-7

Technology Summary

Impact Moling – Steerable Moles

Objective:

Uses a compaction principle to create a bore in 

compressible soils in which pipe is then installed.

State of Development: Innovative

Innovative applications such as steerable moles 

allowing curves and direction changes.

Description:

Moling is based on a percussion or hammering action with a pneumatic piercing tool to create a bore by 

compacting and displacing soil rather than removing it. The impact mole consists of an enclosed steel tube 

containing an air powered piston that strikes the nose of the tool driving it forward. It has low operational 

costs, simplicity in operations with minimal excavation. Moling is limited by ground conditions. One 

steerable mole is offered in the market place. It uses walkover tracking and remote steering similar to that 

in the horizontal drilling industry. A sonde integrated within the forward end of the tool body is made rugged 

to withstand the impact of the mole. The current generation of steerable moles have a dual position steering 

head with two operating modes, one for straight and an asymetrical one for steering.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: $35,000 per machine; price includes all parts and everything needed for 

impact moling.

Approximate O&M Costs: Included in capital cost. 

Vendor Name(s):

TT Technologies of Illinois

2020 E. New York St.

Aurora, IL 60504

Phone: 800-533-2078

info@ttechnologies.com

Practitioner(s):

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Vicksburg, MS

Key Words for Internet Search:

Impact moling, pipe ramming, trenchless technology, bore, steerable mole

Data Sources:

“Guidelines for Impact Moling.” TTC Technical Report #2001.03. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, ERDC, 

Vicksburg, MS
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

3-8 Conveyance Systems

Technology Summary

Lateral Cleanout Connection

Objective:

Install cleanout on existing lateral where one 

does not exist.

State of Development: Innovative

Process has been commercially available for three 

years with the installation of several thousand feet of 

line.

Description:

The lateral is located by TV camera that fi nds a location for the cleanout that will not require bends or 

fi ttings. A vacuum excavating unit is then used to dig an 18-inch hole that will expose the lateral, the 

vacuum will be used to remove all soil. A two-part epoxy mix is used to glue the bottom of the saddle to the 

lateral when it is dropped and snapped over the lateral pipe. After the 15 minutes the epoxy takes to set, a 

water hydrostatic test is performed, followed by the use of a coring tool to core out the lateral. The coupon 

is removed and a clean out cap is added. A new riser or clean out can be attached.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: $750 to $1,500 each

Approximate O&M Costs: Same as standard cleanout.

Costs vary based on location, depth, and soil conditions.

Vendor Name(s):

LMK Enterprises, Inc.

Practitioner(s):

Rock River Water Reclamation District

3333 Kishwaukee St.

Rockford, IL 61109

Key Words for Internet Search:

Vacatee, lateral liner system, CIPP, cleanout

Data Sources:

Vendor-supplied information
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

3-9

Technology Summary

Lateral Grout Injection

Objective:

Seal the lateral-main connection and cracks and 

joints in laterals to prevent infl ow and infi ltration 

into the sanitary sewer system.

State of Development: Innovative

Description:

Seals lateral by creating a impermeable gel ring outside the pipe joint. Lateral grout injection is 

accomplished using a packer, which is inserted through a manhole and positioned in the line using 

a camera. The packer is rotated and a grouting plug is infl ated up the lateral. Grout is injected, to fi ll 

the annular area, into the surrounding soil, creating a sand and gel ring outside the pipe and service 

connection. The packer elements are defl ated and pulled back into packer, scraping excess gel from the 

service line.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: $300–$500 per lateral

Approximate O&M Costs: Periodic visual inspections and cleaning recommended 

Capital cost estimate is based on grouting each joint in the fi rst 8 ft–10 ft of the lateral from the sewer main.

Vendor Name(s):

Avanti International

822 Bay Star Blvd.

Webster, TX 77598

Practitioner(s):

See website for practitioners: http://avantigrout.com

Key Words for Internet Search:

Grout rehabilitation, injection, lateral pipe, joint sealing

Data Sources:

“Methods to Control Leaks in Sewer Collection Systems.” An informative White Paper written by C. Vipu, 

Ph.D., P.E., Director of CIGMAT, and Chairman of Civil Engineering Department, University of Houston, 

Houston, TX 

Jason Consultants International, Inc. “ New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe 

Materials and Technology.” Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)

Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutto, and Alan 

Johnson. “Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral Sewers.” WERF (2006)

Vendor-supplied information
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

3-10 Conveyance Systems

Technology Summary

Lateral Grout Injection from Mainline (Up to 30-ft in Length)

Objective:

Seal the lateral-main connection and cracks 

and joints in laterals up to 30 feet from the main 

sewer line to prevent infl ow and infi ltration into 

the sanitary sewer system.

State of Development: Innovative

A Packer and 30-foot grouting plug have been 

developed and tested in a laboratory setting. As of May 

2005, 24 units have been installed.

Description:

Lateral grout injection is accomplished using a packer, which is inserted into a sewer main through a 

manhole. The packer is remotely positioned in the mainline at the lateral connection, and a grouting plug 

is infl ated up the lateral. Grout is injected, or pumped, into the lateral up to the location of the group plug. 

Grout is forced through cracks and joints into the surrounding soil, where it solidifi es to form a watertight 

seal outside the pipeline. This grouting can be applied to laterals up to 30 feet from the main sewer line.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Varies

Approximate O&M Costs: Varies

Vendor Name(s):

Logiball, Inc.

HC 76 P.O. Box 625

Jackman, ME 04945

Phone: 800-246-5988

Fax: 418-653-5746

E-mail: marc@logiball.com

Practitioner(s):

Heitkamp, Inc.

New England Pipe Cleaning Co.

99 Callender Road

P.O. Box 730

Watertown, CT 06795

Key Words for Internet Search:

Grout rehabilitation, injection, lateral pipe, joint sealing, mainline

Data Sources:

Jason Consultants International, Inc. “New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe 

Materials and Technology.” Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)

Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutton, and Alan 

Johnson. “Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral Sewers.” WERF (2006)

Vendor-supplied information
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

3-11

Technology Summary

Lateral CIPP Liner (House to Main)

Objective:

Provide reconstruction of service lateral pipe 

without excavation by the installation of a resin 

conduit liner.

State of Development: Innovative

Description:

Woven or nonwoven material is impregnated with thermosetting resin and installed in an existing pipeline or 

conduit using an air inversion and curing process. Product designed to rehabilitate pipelines with diameters 

from 2 to 8 inches and negotiates curves (up to 90o

) and lines through 4–6 inch transitions without changing 

structural properties of the liner. Installation through existing building sewer lines permit connection without 

stretching into sewer main.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Ranges from $2500 – $4500

Approximate O&M Costs: Periodic visual inspections recommended.

Costs are highly variable and will fl uctuate based on pipe size, material, condition, depth, and accessibility 

(i.e. cleanout available).

Vendor Name(s):

Perma-liner Industries

6196 126th Avenue North

Largo, FL 33773

Phone: 727-507-9749

Email: dough@perma-liner.com

Practitioner(s):

Southwest Pipeline

539 West 140th Street

Gardena, CA 90248

Key Words for Internet Search:

CIPP lateral lining, sewer rehabilitation, resin, house cleanout, DrainLinerTM, Formadrain®, INFlex LinerTM, 

InservTM, MaxLinerTM, PermaLateralTM, PrimelinerTM, and Verline Lateral, Saertex® Liner, PrimeLiner LCTM, 

Insituform® Lateral, LMK T-Liner®

Data Sources:

Jason Consultants International, Inc. New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe 

Materials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)

Black and Veatch Corporation. Effective Practices for Sanitary Sewer and Collection System Operations 

and Maintenance. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2003)

Bergstrom, E., P.E., B. Swarner, P.E., M. Lopez, P.E., “Infi ltration and Infl ow (I/I) Reduction in 10 Pilot 

Projects, King County, Washington,” Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation Collection Systems 

2005 Conference, Sustaining Aging Infrastructure: System, Workforce and Funding (CD-ROM), Boston, MA 

(17–20 July 2005)

Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutton and Alan 

Johnson. “Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral Sewers.” WERF (2006)

Vendor-supplied information
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

3-12 Conveyance Systems

Technology Summary

Lateral CIPP Liner (Main to House)

Objective:

Provide reconstruction of service lateral pipe 

without excavation by the installation of a resin 

conduit liner.

State of Development: Innovative

Description:

The polyester resin-impregnated tube is installed into an existing service lateral through the mainline pipe. 

The resin and tube are inverted into place so that when installed the cured-in-place pipe will fi t the internal 

circumference of the existing pipe. The resin and tube are held in place by internal pressure until cured into 

a impermeable continuous pipe within a pipe.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: $3,500 for installation in lateral up to 20 ft from main; $45 per ft beyond 20 ft

Approximate O&M Costs: Costs will vary depending on quantity of materials, quality of installations, 

location, and other installation needs

Vendor Name(s):

Insituform Technologies, Inc.

702 Spirit 40 Park Drive

Chesterfi eld, MO 63005

Phone: 636-530-8000

Fax: 636-519-8010

Email: spearson@insituform.com

Practitioner(s):

Boston Water and Sewer Company

Boston, MA

Key Words for Internet Search:

CIPP lateral lining, sewer rehabilitation, resin, mainline

Data Sources:

Jason Consultants International, Inc. New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe 

Materials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)

Black and Veatch Corporation. Effective Practices for Sanitary Sewer and Collection System Operations 

and Maintenance. Alexandria, VA. WERF (2003)

Bergstrom, E., P.E., B. Swarner, P.E., M. Lopez, P.E., “Infi ltration and Infl ow (I/I) Reduction in 10 Pilot 

Projects, King County, Washington,” Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation Collection Systems 

2005 Conference, Sustaining Aging Infrastructure: System, Workforce and Funding (CD-ROM), Boston, MA 

(17–20 July 2005)

King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project 

Report, Regional Infi ltration and Infl ow Control Program, King County, WA. (October 2004)

Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutton, and Alan 

Johnson. “Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral Sewers.” WERF (2006)

Vendor-supplied information
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

3-13

Technology Summary

Lateral-Main Fiberglass CIPP Connection Inserts

Objective:

Provide reconstruction of service lateral pipe 

without excavation by the installation of a resin 

impregnated, fl exible felt tube.

State of Development: Innovative

Description:

Installation of a polyester or vinyl impregnated corrosion resistant fi berglass insert into a lateral opening 

to fi t T and Y connections. Insert is factory-impregnated with an epoxy bonding component. The laminate 

is placed on an applicator, driven into the lateral opening and inserted by air inversion approximately 6 

inches into the lateral and 3 inches in the mainline on either side of the lateral opening. The product is 

available for lines between 6 and 36 inches in diameter.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: $1,300 to $1,700 per insert

Approximate O&M Costs: Capital and O&M costs will vary depending on quantity of materials, quality 

of installations, location, and other installation needs.

Vendor Name(s):

Top Hat SystemsTM

Cosmic Sondermaschinenbau GmbH

Steinabruck 35

3072 Kasten, Austria

U.S. Distributor – Amerik Supplies, Inc.

260 Ainsley Court

Marietta, GA 30066

Phone: 770-924-2899

Practitioner(s):

Town of Pinetops

Pinetops, NC

Southwest Pipeline

539 West 140th St.

Gardena, CA 90248

Key Words for Internet Search:

Top hats, connection inserts, CIPP lateral

Data Sources:

Materials and Technology.” Alexandria, Virginia: Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) 

(2000)

Larsen, P., P.E., G. Keibler, and E. Heijn. “Awakening From the Nightmare on 10th Street – Trenchless 

Repair to Prevent Deep Excavations in Closed Rear-Yard Easements,” Proceedings of the 77th Annual 

Water Environment Federation Technical Exposition and Conference [CD-ROM], New Orleans, LA (2–6 

Oct. 2004)

Bergstrom, E., P.E., B. Swarner, P.E., and M. Lopez, P.E. “Infi ltration and Infl ow (I/I) Reduction in 10 

Pilot Projects, King County, Washington,” Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation Collection 

Systems 2005 Conference, Sustaining Aging Infrastructure: System, Workforce and Funding [CD-ROM], 

Boston, MA. (17–20 July 2005)

King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project 

Report, Regional Infi ltration and Infl ow Control Program, King County, WA (October 2004)

Vendor-supplied information
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

3-14 Conveyance Systems

Technology Summary

Lateral Pipe Bursting

Objective:

Replace an existing lateral without excavation, 

with the same or larger diameter pipe (applicable 

for 4–8 inch diameter pipe).

State of Development: Innovative

Description:

A portable static bursting system (Grundotugger) with a direct bolt expander and optional pneumatic 

piercing tool is used to hydraulically pull a winch cable and the expander tool and new pipe through an 

existing line. The expander fractures the existing pipe and displaces the fragments into the surrounding 

soil while the new pipe is pulled in behind. Lateral bursting allows for a increase in the diameter from the 

original host size.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: $25,000 for Grudotugger, estimated $40LF.

Approximate O&M Costs:

Vendor Name(s):

TT Technologies

2020 E. New York St.

Aurora, IL 60504

Phone: 800-533-2078

Fax: 630-851-8299

www.tttechnologies.com

Practitioner(s):

King County

Department of Natural Resources and Parks

Wastewater Treatment Division

201 S. Jackson St., Suite 505

Seattle, WA 98104-3855

Key Words for Internet Search:

Static pull, pipe bursting, lateral rehabilitation, Grundotugger

Data Sources:

Jason Consultants International, Inc. “New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe 

Materials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)

Black and Veatch Corporation. Effective Practices for Sanitary Sewer and Collection System Operations 

and Maintenance. Alexandria, VA. WERF (2003)

Bergstrom, E., P.E., B. Swarner, P.E., and M. Lopez, P.E. “Infi ltration and Infl ow (I/I) Reduction in 10 Pilot 

Projects, King County, Washington,” Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation Collection Systems 

2005 Conference, Sustaining Aging Infrastructure: System, Workforce and Funding (CD-ROM), Boston, MA 

(17–20 July 2005)

King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project 

Report, Regional Infi ltration and Infl ow Control Program, King County, WA (October 2004)

District of West Vancouver and Dayton & Knight Ltf. (D&K). West Vancouver (Pipe Bursting) Case Study 

(Oct 6–Dec 18, 2003)

 Vendor-supplied information
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

3-15

Technology Summary

Lateral Sliplining

Objective:

Reconstruct sewer line and laterals without 

excavation using formed-in-place liner.

State of Development: Innovative

Innovative application for house laterals. Essentially no 

longer used for small-diameter lateral repair.

Description:

Lateral sliplining is a rehabilitation process in which a slipliner pipe is placed inside the existing old lateral 

pipe. This method does not include any folding or heating of the slipliner, and will decrease the inner 

diameter of the existing pipe by the size of the new pipe. Sliplining is a more practical process for larger 

diameter laterals because of the possibility of pipe blockage in pipes smaller than six inches in diameter.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Estimated at $110–$120/LF

Approximate O&M Costs: Costs vary depending on the number of laterals being lined.

Vendor Name(s):

Miller Pipeline Corporation

P.O. Box 34141

8850 Crawfordsville Rd.

Indianapolis, IN 46234

Phone: 800-428-3742

Fax: 317-293-8502

Practitioner(s):

See website for practitioners/case studies: 

http://nastt.net/NoDig/index.html or 

http://www.millerpipeline.com

Key Words for Internet Search:

Sliplining, lateral pipe, rehabilitation, resin, liner, insertion renewal

Data Sources:

“Pipe Within a Pipe is a Winning Solution”. Australasian Society Trenchless for Technologies Newsletter. 

(October 2004) 

Telephone conversation with Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, 

Roger L. Tarbutton, and Alan Johnson. “Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral 

Sewers.” Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) Draft (2005)

Vendor-supplied information
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

3-16 Conveyance Systems

Technology Summary

Sanipor® Technology (Floor Grouting)

Objective:

Non-structural rehabilitation of laterals, 

manholes, and mainlines by sealing to prevent 

leaking and/or infi ltration.

State of Development: Innovative

Although it has only been used in the USA over the last 

year, Sanipor® Technology has been used in Europe for 

over 10 years. In Germany, Sanipor® technology has 

been used and has had positive results.

Description:

Repairs systems using two liquids (S-1 and S-2). After cleaning and closing off the main pipe, S-1 solution 

is pumped into the system. S-1 solution is able to get into the surrounding soil through leaking points. S-1 

is pumped out after approximately an hour and S-2 solution is pumped in. S-2 will also get through the leak 

points and into the surrounding soil, where it mixes with S-1 and forms a conglomerate-like solution that 

seals the leak points. S-2 is pumped out after an hour and the line is then fl ushed clean and reconnected to 

the system.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: $8,000/day (equipment)

Approximate O&M Costs: Unknown

Capital costs do not include items prior to Sanipor installation (i.e. mainline and lateral CCTV, clean outs, 

purchase of plugs

Vendor Name(s):

AKZO Nobel EKA Chemicals

Marietta, GA

Sanipor®

Feldkirchen, Germany

www.sanipor.de/sanipor.htm

Practitioner(s):

City of Lafayette

Lafayette Utilities System

705 W. University Avenue

Lafayette, LA 70506

Key Words for Internet Search:

Sanipor, No Dig, sewer renovation, trenchless, fl ood grouting

Data Sources:

Case study – Sanipor Pilot 2003 in Lafayette, LA (https://www.latech.edu/tech/engr/ttc/werf)

Jadranka Simicevic, Trenchless Technology Center (jandranka@coes.latech.edu)

Pipe Materials and Technology. Alexandria, Virginia. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) 

(2000)
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

3-17

Technology Summary

Modifi ed Cross-Section Lateral Lining

Objective:

Line existing pipe without the need for 

excavation or time for cure-in-place, fi eld-cured 

systems.

State of Development: Embryonic

Description:

A high-strength unplasticized PVC resin liner that is continuously inserted through existing manholes and 

into existing lines while being heated and softened. Once in place along the pipeline, it is expanded to fi t 

tightly within the host pipe by applying both steam and pressure. The PVC pipe is then cooled by replacing 

the steam with air. This method differs from the CIPP by expanding the liner in place rather than curing it in 

place. This process is often referred to as pipe-within-a-pipe, though the diameter of the pipe is only slightly 

decreased.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Unknown

Approximate O&M Costs: Unknown

As of publication date, capital cost data was not available for this embryonic technology. It is anticipated 

that modifi ed cross-section lateral lining will be comparable in price to Lateral CIPP Lining House to Main.

Vendor Name(s):

Miller Pipeline Corporation

P.O. Box 34141

8850 Crawfordsville Road

Indianapolis, IN 46234

Phone: 800-428-3742

Fax: 317-293-8502

Practitioner(s):

See website for practitioners/case studies:

http://www.millerpipeline, com/ex.html

Key Words for Internet Search:

Modifi ed cross-sections, cured-in-place lateral lining, seals, sewer

Data Sources:

Vendor-supplied information
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

3-18 Conveyance Systems
Conveyance Systems

Chapter

4-1

4.1 Introduction 

Manholes serve as aboveground access points to the underground conveyance 

system. This chapter focuses on both new construction and rehabilitation 

technologies that can be utilized to restore and maintain manholes.

 4.2 Technology Assessment

The state of development of technologies identifi ed for manholes is summarized 

in Table 4.1. Similarly to large-diameter sewers and deep tunnels, much of 

the technology available for manholes is established, having been available 

and utilized in the United States for numerous years. However, six innovative 

technologies, as well as one embryonic technology, have been identifi ed. Glassreinforced plastic inserts made of the same material used to rehabilitate largediameter sewers and tunnels, were in the development stage in 2004.

The Sanipor® (fl ood grouting) technology is considered to be an innovative 

method aimed at complete rehabilitation of an entire conveyance system section, 

including manholes. This technology is also described in Chapter 3 as it applies 

to small-diameter sewers and laterals.

An evaluation of the innovative technologies identifi ed for manholes is presented 

in Figure 4.1. Summary sheets for each innovative and embryonic technology 

are provided at the end of this chapter.

4

Manholes
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

4-2 Conveyance Systems Table 4.1 Manhole Technologies – State of Development Established Innovative Embryonic Cured-in-Place (CIP) Liners Flexible Sealant Frame Adjustments (raise/reset) Joint Sealing – Cementitious Grout Joint Sealing – Epoxy Grout/Patching Lid (cover) Inserts Mechanical Chimney Seals (interior & exterior) Plastic Composite Invert System Poured-in-Place Concrete Liners Replacement (via excavation) Spray or Trowel-Applied Cementitious Lining Spray or Trowel-Applied Polymer Coating Fiberglass Rehabilitation Manholes HDPE Frame Adjustment Rings Mechanical Joint Seals Polyethylene Chimney Form Sanipor® Technology (fi ll and drain) Sewer Odor and Corrsion Control Insert Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Insert
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

4-3

EVALUATION CRITERIA

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY

Development

Applicability

 t fi Bene

Impact on Homeowners

Ease of Installation

Design Life

Maintenance Requirements COMMENTS

Fiberglass Rehabilitation Manholes L B C I O I R \ V ▲ ▲ As compared with manhole replacement

HDPE Frame Adjustment Rings L B C I O \ \ ▲ ▲ As compared with concrete adjustment rings

Mechanical Joint Seals L B C I \ V ▲ \ As compared to cementitious patchingPolyethylene Chimney Form L B C I I ▲ \ ▲ ▲ As compared with concrete adjustment ringsSanipor® Technology L B C I I ▲▲▲▲ As compared with manhole replacement

Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Insert L S BC O ▲ \ \ ▲

Figure 4.1 Evaluation of Mahole Innovative Technologies

▲ Positive feature

\ Neutral or mixedV Negative feature

I = IndustrialS = Municipal sanitaryT = Municipal stormC = Municipal combinedB = Municipal sanitary and storm

C = Capital savingsO = Operational/maintenance savingsI = Infl ow/infi ltration reduction

S = SSO/CSO reductionR = Restored structural integrityM = Improved maintenance tracking/management

KEYD = Demonstration projectL = Limited municipal installationsI = Full-scale industrial applications, with potential for 

application in municipal conveyance systems

O = Full-scale operations overseasN = Full-scale operations in North America

State of Development Applicability Potential Benefi ts Comparative Criteria
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

4-4 Conveyance Systems

Technology Summary

Fiberglass Rehabilitation Manholes

Objective:

To provide a structural barrier within existing 

manholes.

State of Development: Innovative

Description:

Fiberglass Rehabilitation Manholes are made to be installed within existing concrete, brick, or precast 

manholes to provide a non-corrosive structural barrier to prevent infi ltration and exfi ltration. A unit is 

constructed of glass-fi ber reinforcements, supplier-certifi ed unsaturated isophthalic polyester resin, and 

chemically enhanced silica. Flowtite® is able to withstand 16,000 pound vertical load. Manufactured as one 

integral piece up to 25 feet deep.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: $400 per vertical foot installed cost for a 4-foot-diameter, 10-foot-deep manhole

Approximate O&M Costs: Periodic visual inspections recommended

Vendor Name(s):

Containment Solutions, Inc.

Conroe, TX

www.containmentsolutions.com

Practitioner(s):

King County, Washington

Wastewater Treatment Division

201 S. Jackson St., Suite 505

Seattle, WA 98104

Key Words for Internet Search:

Fiberglass manholes, rehabilitation, Flowtite, glass-fi ber reinforced

Data Sources:

www.containmentsolutions.com

Simicevic, J. “Currently Available Products and Techniques for Manhole Rehabilitation.” Trenchless 

Technology Center, Ruston, LA (www.latech.edu/tech/coes)

King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project 

Report, Regional Infi ltration and Infl ow Control Program, King County, WA (October 2004)

Jason Consultants International, Inc. New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe 

Materials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

4-5

Technology Summary

HDPE Frame Adjustment Rings

Objective:

Eliminate manhole chimney degradation 

by replacing cracked concrete rings with 

high-density polyethylene rings.

State of Development: Innovative

Description:

HDPE lightweight-grade rings provide structure and maintain material quality to eliminate degradation in 

manhole chimneys. They are designed to be an alternative to replacing concrete rings that are damaged. 

They are a mortarless system allowing fast assembly. HDPE rings are lighter, safer to handle and eliminate 

the need for heavy equipment to install. Properly installed rings provide a watertight seal to control I/I. 

HDPE rings are made of 100% recycled plastic.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: $18–$25 each for standard 1.25- to 2-inch deep, round adjustment rings;

$35-$42 each for 4-inch deep, round, adjustment rings;

$23-$24 each for standard catch basin adjustment rings.

Approximate O&M Costs: Periodic visual inspections recommended.

Round manhole adjustment rings are available in the following inside diameter sizes: 24-, 27-, 30-, 32-, and 34-inch.

Catch basin adjustment rings are either 24- by 36-inch or 24- by 24-inch

Grade adjustment rings are available with either a fl at or sloped design and 

are manufactured to ASTM D4976.

Vendor Name(s):

Ladtech, Inc.

6704 Meadowlark Court

Lino Lakes, MN 55038

Phone: 651-415-1252

Fax: 651-415-1090

www.ladtech.com

Practitioner(s):

South Tahoe Public Utility District

Lake Tahoe, CA

City of Houston

Houston, TX

Key Words for Internet Search:

HDPE adjustment, rings, manhole, seals, sewer, frame

Data Sources:

“Plastic Manhole Adjustment Rings Improve the Quality of Sanitary and Storm Sewers” Water Engineering 

& Management (www.waterem.com)

Vendor-supplied information
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

4-6 Conveyance Systems

Technology Summary

Mechanical Joint Seals

Objective:

A watertight rubber seal compressed against 

the inside of the frame and cone by expansion 

bands.

State of Development: Innovative

Description:

Several rubber seal products are available as internal sealing systems for stopping leakage in precast 

manhole joints. CretexWrap involves a fl exible rubber sleeve that has multiple pleats that can be expanded 

into place. The top and bottom section of the sleeve compresses against the manhole producing a water 

tight seal. FlexRib seal is made from a rubber compound that seals the manhole when stainless steel 

expansion bands compress the rubber against the inside of the frame and cones.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: $400 per one 48-inch-diameter seal

Approximate O&M Costs: Periodic visual inspections recommended

Vendor Name(s):

NPC, Inc.

Milford, NH

www.npc.com

Practitioner(s):

City of New Berlin

Utiities Division

3805 S. Casper Drive

New Berlin, WI 53151

Key Words for Internet Search:

Mechanical joint connections, joint seals, manholes, sewer, barrel

Data Sources:

Simicevic, J. “Currently Available Products and Techniques for Manhole Rehabilitation.” Trenchless 

Technology Center, Ruston, LA (www.latech.edu/tech/coes)
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

4-7

Technology Summary

Polyethylene Chimney Form

Objective:

Eliminate water entering the manhole through 

the grade rings.

State of Development: Innovative

Patent by manufacturer still pending. Currently in use 

by 40 municipalities across the United States.

Description:

The Polyethylene Chimney Form is a molded polymer shield that is incorporated into the chimney section of 

a manhole assembly. The Polyethylene Chimney Form protects the manhole against infl ow and infi ltration 

of groundwater, storm water, and eroded soil, effectively preventing clean material from entering the 

collection system.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Retails for $110 – $120 depending on size

Approximate O&M Costs: None

Vendor Name(s):

Strike Products

31785 64th Ave.

Cannon Falls, MN 55009

Phone: 800-262-4129

Fax: 507-263-4891

Email: tool@striketool.com

www.striketool.com

Practitioner(s):

National Water Works

200 West Highway 6, Suite 620

Waco, TX 76712

Key Words for Internet Search:

Chimney seals, polyethylene, manholes

Data Sources:

www.striketool.com

King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project 

Report, Regional Infi ltration and Infl ow Control Program, King County, WA (October 2004)

Vendor-supplied information 
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

4-8 Conveyance Systems

Technology Summary

Sanipor® Technology (fi ll and drain)

Objective:

Nonstructural rehabilitation of laterals, manholes 

and mainlines by sealing to prevent leaking 

and/or infi ltration.

State of Development: Innovative

Although it has only been used in the United States 

over the past year, Sanipor® Technology has been used 

in Europe for over 10 years. In Germany, Sanipor®

Technology has been used and has had positive 

results.

Description:

Repairs systems using two liquids (S-1 and S-2). After cleaning and closing off the main pipe, S-1 solution 

is pumped into the system. S-1 solution is able to get into the surrounding soil through leaking points. S-1 

is pumped out after approximately an hour and S-2 solution is pumped in. S-2 will also get through the leak 

points and into the surrounding soil, where it mixes with S-1 and forms a conglomerate-like solution that 

seals the leak points. S-2 is pumped out after an hour and the line is then fl ushed clean and reconnected to 

the system.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: $3,600/day (equipment and crew); $17.99/gallon (S-2 solution)

Approximate O&M Costs: Unknown

Vendor Name(s):

AKZO Nobel EKA Chemicals

Marietta, GA

Sanipor®

Feldkirchen, Germany

www.sanipor.de/sanipor.htm

Practitioner(s):

Lafayette Utilities Systems

1314 Walker Road

Lafayette, LA 70501

Key Words for Internet Search:

Sanipor®, no dig, manhole renovation, coatings, fl ood grouting

Data Sources:

Case Study-Sanipor Pilot 2003 in Lafayette, LA (https://www.latech.edu/tech/engr/ttc/werf/)

Telephone conversation with Jadranka Simicevic (Trenchless Technology Center)

 jandranka@coes.latech.edu

Jason Consultants International, Inc. New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe 

Materials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

4-9

Technology Summary

Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Inserts

Objective:

Prevent the release of odorous gases in drop 

manholes and force main discharges to sewer 

manholes.

State of Development: Innovative

This technology has been available since 1998 but only 

recently has been used in approximately 30 locations.

Description:

Patented by IPEX Inc., the spiral fl ow design of the vortex fl ow pulls odorous air downward towards the 

bottom of the structure. The entrained air raises the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the sewage and is able to 

partially oxidize the reduced gases in solution in the sewage. Because the process operates at a slight 

vacuum, odorous gases are not released from the liquid. The system requires a drop in elevation of at least 

6 feet for the process to work correctly.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: $5,000 plus $2,000 for each million gallons per day capacity

Approximate O&M Costs: $0 – unit is self-cleaning

The approximate capital cost of the unit is based on its size as each unit is custom fabricated for a given 

fl ow and drop height.

Vendor Name(s):

IPEX, Inc.

2441 Royal Windsor Drive

Mississauga, Ontario J5J 4C7

Canada

Phone: 800-463-9572

Fax: 905-403-9195

E-mail: ricsta@ipexinc.com

Practitioner(s):

Rummel, Klepper & Kahl, LLP

81 Mosher Street

Baltimore, MD 21217

Key Words for Internet Search:

Odor, corrosion, control, manholes, sewer, inserts, vortex, fl ow

Data Sources:

Vendor-supplied information
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

4-10 Conveyance Systems

Technology Summary

Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Inserts

Objective:

Structural rehabilitation of brick and precast 

manholes.

State of Development: Embryonic

This technology is in the laboratory development stage.

Description:

Fiber reinforced, fi lled, thermoset resin manhole inserts are custom designed to be installed in manholes 

of various diameters and depths. The installation procedure includes excavating the existing manhole to a 

depth that facilitates removal of the frame and cone (or corbel). The new glass-reinforced plastic manhole 

insert is placed within the existing manhole barrel and the annular space between the two is fi lled with 

grout. The invert and bench are reformed and the rehabilitated manhole is backfi lled to complete the 

installation.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Unknown 

Approximate O&M Costs: Periodic visual inspections recommended.

As of publication date, capital cost data was not available for this embryonic technology. It is anticipated 

that GRP manhole inserts will be comparable in price to fi berglass manhole inserts.

Vendor Name(s):

Insituform Technologies, Inc.

17999 Edison Avenue

Chesterfi eld, MO 63005

Phone: 636-530-8000

Fax: 636-530-8744

E-mail: losborne@insituform.com

Practitioner(s):

See website for practitioners/case studies:

http://www.amitechuse.com/studies.htm

Key Words for Internet Search:

Glass-reinforced plastics, panel, pipe, manholes

Data Sources:

Vendor-supplied information
Conveyance Systems

Chapter

5-1

5.1 Introduction 

Conveyance systems management includes two distinct types of management tools. Any 

technological tool that can be used for asset management purposes to track maintenance 

and inspection records, complaint and emergency response efforts, and utility information 

can be considered a conveyance system management tool. On the other end of the 

spectrum, a program, public outreach effort, or regional collaboration that has been 

established to assist in the decision-making process and planning for a given conveyance 

system has also been classifi ed as a conveyance system management tool. Both of these 

identifi ed conveyance systems management tools have the same goal, which is to reduce 

operation and maintenance efforts, and in turn costs, through effective planning.

5.2 Technology Assessment

With the release of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) Statement 

No. 34 in June 1999, many municipalities have begun to focus on the importance of 

proper asset management, including utilities such as conveyance systems. Many of 

the technologies associated with conveyance systems management have been newly 

developed and can be considered innovative, including programs that broaden the use of 

geographic information system (GIS) for municipal applications. Others, such as proactive 

sewer maintenance program and public outreach on the impact of fats, oils, and grease 

(FOG), are well established, but may be underutilized on a national scale. 

The state of development of conveyance system management technologies is summarized 

in Table 5.1. An evaluation of the innovative technologies identifi ed is presented in Figure 

5.1. Summary sheets for each innovative technology are provided at the end of this 

chapter.

5

Conveyance Systems Management
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

5-2 Conveyance Systems Table 5.1 Conveyance System Management Technologies – State of Development Established Innovative Embryonic Public Outreach on Fats, Oils, and Grease (FOG) Sewer Maintenance Program ESRI-Based One-Call Ticket Management Mobile GIS Regional I/I Control Program
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

5-3

Figure 5.1 Evaluation of Conveyance System Management Innovative Technologies

EVALUATION CRITERIA

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY

Development

Applicability

 t fi Bene

Impact on Homeowners

Ease of Installation

Design Life

Maintenance Requirements COMMENTS

ESRI-Based One-Call Ticket Management L I C B M \ ▲▲▲Mobile GIS L I C B M \ ▲ ▲ VRegional I/I Control Program L S I ▲ N/A N/A N/A

▲ Positive feature\ Neutral or mixedV Negative feature

I = IndustrialS = Municipal sanitaryT = Municipal stormC = Municipal combinedB = Municipal sanitary and storm

C = Capital savingsO = Operational/maintenance savingsI = Infl ow/infi ltration reduction

S = SSO/CSO reductionR = Restored structural integrityM = Improved maintenance tracking/management

KEYD = Demonstration projectL = Limited municipal installationsI = Full-scale industrial applications, with potential 

for application in municipal conveyance systems

O = Full-scale operations overseasN = Full-scale operations in North America

State of Development Applicability Potential Benefi ts Comparative Criteria
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

5-4 Conveyance Systems

Technology Summary

ESRI-Based One-Call Ticket

Objective:

Managing the process of determining and 

validating the One-Call sites for buried or 

underground infrastructure

State of Development: Innovative

One-call ticket management is an established 

technology; however, one new product is compatible 

with Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), 

a leading GIS software developer. The Dig-Smart 

Program has been available for approximately one 

year. There are six municipalities in New York State 

currently utilizing the technology, and the program has 

also been used in CA.

Description:

Dig-Smart works in conjunction with Arc View GIS program. It provides an automated process to locate 

areas on incoming One-Call ticket numbers. It determines if the area is near buried underground utilities 

based on GIS date. Dig-Smart will automatically use this data to determine if a stake-out is required. Using 

GIS, this program will create a map with the geographic location of the ticket number and route the ticket 

number(s) to the proper utility companies where physical stake-outs are needed and automatically generate 

work orders. ESRI-based one-call ticket management software is compatible with programs currently 

mandated in all 50 states.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Costs: Dig Smart (professional) = $3,000 per license

Dig-Smart (Enterprise) = $9,000 primary license with $3,000 for each secondary license

Approximate O&M Costs: $500–$1,200 per year, based upon the type of license purchased (this includes technical support as well as upgrade services).

Vendor Name(s):

Bergmann Associates P.C.

40 La Riviere Drive

Waterfront Village Center

Buffalo, NY 14202

Phone: 71-852-3211

www.dig-smart.com

Practitioner(s):

Monroe County Environmental Services

50 West Main Street, Suite 7100

Rochester, NY 14614

Key Words for Internet Search:

Automated mapping, utilities GIS, Dig-Smart

Data Sources:

Schenkel, P., and J. Schoenberg. “Monroe County, New York, Maximizes Dig-Smart and the Enterprise GIS 

for Complete Ticket Management.” ESRI Water Writes (Winter 2004)

Vendor-supplied information
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

5-5

Technology Summary

Mobile GIS

Objective:

Maintains up-to-date records of systems integrity 

in a system that is installed on the palm pilot 

and allows the user(s) to create database 

applications (i.e. routine sewer inspection 

checklist).

State of Development: Innovative

The program itself has been around for approximately 5 

years but only recently been used in the industry.

Description:

The program tool installed on a mobile device, such as a palm pilot, allows personnel to link data 

collected in the fi eld to authorities using GIS programs. At the end of each day, the information collected is 

downloaded to a central computer. From there, the information is shared with all department authorities as 

well as persons involved in work on the system itself. The mobile device can be very cost effective and is 

primarily used for simple tasks, such as routine maintenance inspections.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: ~$12,000 for palm pilots, applications, and Pen Dragon Program

Approximate O&M Costs: Capital costs include O&M costs

Note: Palm pilots cost approximately $50 to $60 each, which allows for variability of capital costs due to the 

number of palm pilots needed for a project. Pen Dragon costs approximately $2,000 and the application to 

run Pen Dragon is about $7,000. 

Vendor Name(s):

Pendragon Software Corporation

1580 S. Milwaukee Ave., Suite 515

Libertyville, IL 60048

Practitioner(s):

Clayton County Water Authority

1600 Battle Creek Road

Morrow, GA 30260

Email: BTaylor@ccwal.com

Key Words for Internet Search:

Palm pilot software, GIS, handheld devices

Data Sources:

“CCWA Using New Technology to Inspect System Pipes.” Water & Wastes Digest. 44 (August 2004)

Bey, G., G Ramon, C. Stern. “Empowering Utility Field Crews With a Mobile GIS and Field Service 

Management System.” ESRI

Vendor-supplied information
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

5-6 Conveyance Systems

Regional I/I Program

Description:

Regional Infi ltration/Infl ow (I/I) Control Program is based on a cooperative partnership between King County 

and 32 local component agencies. The six-year program included fl ow monitoring at over 800 locations 

to identify I/I in the overall system, ten pilot I/I control projects utilizing different rehabilitation techniques, 

evaluating fi nancial options and solutions, and design of a long-term control program for the local agencies 

and the County. The program is aimed at reducing I/I in the County’s wastewater conveyance interceptors 

and treatment facilities as well as local agency collection systems.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Pilot project construction cost: $7.8 million

Approximate O&M Costs: Pilot project total cost: $12 million

The pilot project total cost includes costs for construction, sewer system-evaluation study (SSES), design, 

pre- and post-rehabilitation fl ow monitoring, construction management, modeling and analysis. A reduction 

in I/I was observed as a result of eight of the ten pilot sanitary sewer rehabilitation construction projects 

undertaken. Through the program, the County successfully demonstrated that I/I cana be identifi ed,located, 

and reduced through collection system monitoring and rehabilitation, as well as strong communication 

between public and private stakeholders.

Vendor Name(s):

Not applicable

Practitioner(s):

King County

Department of Natural Resources and 

Parks

Wastewater Treatment Division

201 S. Jackson St., Suite 505

Seattle, WA 98104-3184

Phone: 206-263-3184

Fax: 206-684-1741

E-mail: mary.lundt@metrokc.gov

Key Words for Internet Search:

Infi ltration/infl ow, I/I control program, sewer program

Data Sources:

Telephone communication with Mary Lundt, King County (15 September 2004)

http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wtd/i-i

Bergstrom, E., P.E., B. Swarner, P.E., and M. Lopez, P.E. “Infi ltration and Infl ow (I/I) Reduction in 10 Pilot 

Projects, King County, WA,” Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation Collection Systems 2005 

Conference, Sustaining Aging Infrastructure: System, Workforce and Funding (CD-ROM), Boston, MA 

(17–20 July 2005)

King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project 

Report, Regional Infi ltration and Infl ow Control Program, King County, WA (October 2004)

Objective:

Quantify, locate and assess the most cost effective 

measures and infi ltration and infl ow goals that 

should be pursued by a given region.

State of Development: Innovative

King County, WA, is taking a unique regional 

approach to I/I control. A report summarizing the 

results of the 10 pilot I/I control projects was made 

available to the public in October 2004.

Technology Summary
Conveyance Systems

Chapter

6-1

6.1 Introduction 

Capacity restoration refers to removing blockages, excess fl ow, or any hindrances that 

restrict fl ow through a conveyance system. Flow restrictions often are the cause of sanitary 

and combined sewer overfl ows.

6.2 Technology Assessment

A summary of innovative, emerging, and established technologies for capacity restoration 

is provided in Table 6.1. Capacity restoration can be achieved by implementing structural 

best management practices to prevent debris grit and excess fl ow from entering a 

conveyance system; conducting regular cleaning of the sewer system; and identifying 

and removing any illicit connections to a conveyance system that would contribute excess 

fl ow, such as roof drains, footer drains, basement sump pumps, and storm/sanitary sewer 

interconnections.

Many of the capacity restoration techniques listed in Table 6.1 are well established for 

municipal and industrial use. However, four technologies considered to be innovative 

or embryonic, were identifi ed. These include an in-line grit removal system for use with 

bridge stormwater collection systems, and two new cleaning techniques for conveyance 

systems. An evaluation of the one innovative technology identifi ed is also provided in 

Figure 6.1.

Summary sheets for each innovative and embryonic technology are provided at the end 

of this chapter. 

6

Capacity Restoration
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

6-2 Conveyance Systems Table 6.1 Capacity Restoration Technologies—State of Development Established Innovative Embryonic Basement Sump Pump Redirection Foundation/Footer Drain Redirection Interconnection Elimination Roof Drain Redirection Root Removal and Control Storm Water Infi ltration Pumps Above-Grade Grit Removal System (Bridge applications) HDD Attachments for Culvert Cleaning Pigging (force main cleaning) Culvert Cleaning System
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

6-3

Figure 6.1 Evaluation of Capacity Restoration Innovative Technologies

EVALUATION CRITERIA

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY

Development

Applicability

 t fi Bene

Impact on Homeowners

Ease of Installation

Design Life

Maintenance Requirements COMMENTS

Above-Grade Grit Removal System D T O S \ ▲▲▲

HDD Attachments for Culvert Cleaning L T S \ ▲ N/A N/A

Pigging (force main cleaning) L T O S \ V N/A N/A

▲ Positive feature\ Neutral or mixedV Negative feature

I = IndustrialS = Municipal sanitaryT = Municipal stormC = Municipal combinedB = Municipal sanitary and storm

C = Capital savingsO = Operational/maintenance savingsI = Infl ow/infi ltration reduction

S = SSO/CSO reductionR = Restored structural integrityM = Improved maintenance tracking/management

KEYD = Demonstration projectL = Limited municipal installationsI = Full-scale industrial applications, with potential 

for application in municipal conveyance systems

O = Full-scale operations overseasN = Full-scale operations in North America

State of Development Applicability Potential Benefi ts Comparative Criteria
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

6-4 Conveyance Systems

Technology Summary

Above-Grade Grit Removal System

Objective:

Simplify maintenance activities and minimize 

maintenance costs by preventing excess sand 

and debris from entering and clogging an 

existing storm water system.

State of Development: Innovative

One full-scale above-grade grit removal system has 

been installed on the Peace Bridge, the international 

border crossing between Buffalo, New York, and Fort 

Erie, Ontario.

Description:

The above-grade grit removal system consists of an above grade grit trap unit; concrete pad and curbing 

for overfl ow containment; and a deep catch basin that are designed to receive fl ows from a bridge scupper 

drain system. The grit trap unit is a standard roll-off container with a removable tarp cover. A square hole in 

the cover allows water to enter the container from the bridge deck above. Storm water fl ows to the front end 

of the grit trap, where it passes through a fi lter screen and is discharged to the catch basin through a series 

of outlets, attached to a watertight access door.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Under $10,000 for fabricated 20 cubic foot grit trap unit.

Approximate O&M Costs: Under $200 annually (assuming one cleaning per year)

The O&M Costs include labor, hauling costs, and disposal at landfi ll. Annual costs may vary based on 

classifi cation of sediment material at landfi ll and municipal labor rates.

Vendor Name(s):

Parsons

180 Lawrence Bell Drive, Suite 104

Williamsville, NY 14221

Phone: 716-633-7074

Fax: 716-633-7195

E-mail: jaime.davidson@parsons.com

Practitioner(s):

Buffalo and Fort Erie Public Bridge Authority

One Peace Bridge Plaza

Buffalo, NY 14213

Key Words for Internet Search:

Grit removal system, above grade, Peace Bridge

Data Sources:

Practitioner-supplied information
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

6-5

Technology Summary

HDD Attachments for Culvert Cleaning

Objective:

Remove soil and debris from culverts without 

damage to the culvert or need for replacement of 

the structure.

State of Development: Innovative

Now considered recently established, as work has been 

done in over 800 municipalities. Recently patented 

horizontal directional drilling (HDD) attachment. As of 

5/2005, 160 units sold to clean nearly 1,800 culverts in 

38 states.

Description:

The fi rst attachment in the patented process is a barrel reamer, a round tool with fi ns and water jets. The 

barrel reamer rotates through the pipe, mixing water with the debris. The tool also allows the operator to 

assess the integrity of the pipe and the type of debris. After the barrel reamer, operators attach either a 

push bucket or pull bucket, to move the material and dispose of it properly. Square box buckets are also 

available. The barrel reamers are strong enough to cut through tree roots and move large rocks. A brush 

attachment is also available to fi ne clean the culvert. Attachment sizes accommodate between 6 and 110 

inch culverts. The attachments provide the advantage of a controlled environment by allowing the push or 

pull of debris, that may be contaminated, away from sensitive areas such as streams or creeks.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Proprietary equipment not for public sale. Cleaning services typically subcontracted.

Approximate O&M Costs: $1/diameter-inch/LF for cleaning by a licensed contractor

Note: For example, a 18-inch-diameter pipe would cost $18/LF to clean. Horizontal direction drilling (HDD) 

machines are also required. As with most costs, this is subject to change based on the type of material 

being removed (i.e. silt, rock, vegetation, broken pipe material, etc.), whether or not contamination is 

present, accessibility issues, etc. 

Vendor Name(s):

Harr Technologies, LLC

Mosca, CO

Phone: 719-523-4090

Practitioner(s):

See website for practitioners/case studies: 

http://www.harrtech.com/culvertcleaning.aspx

Key Words for Internet Search:

Culvert cleaning, pipe cleaning, horizontal directional drilling, attachments, nozzles

Data Sources:

Deering, Tara. “Attachments for HDD Machines” Rocky Mountain Construction

Vendor-supplied information 
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

6-6 Conveyance Systems

Technology Summary

Pigging (Force Main Cleaning)

Objective:

Cleaning, confi rmation of pipeline integrity, 

increasing carry capacity, reduce pumping 

pressure required to maintain fl ow.

State of Development: Innovative

Although pigging has been around over 30 years, 

for natural gas and petroleum pipes, pigs have only 

recently been used in application for the wastewater 

systems industry.

Description:

A pipeline pig acts like a free moving piston inside the pipeline by sealing against the inside wall with a 

number of sealing elements. Pigs perform numerous tasks including cleaning debris from the line and 

removing residuals. This method begins by inserting various size, shape, texture, and/or density pigs into 

a launch that is either attached to the existing system or installed new. The diameter, texture, and density 

increase with each pass of the pig (also referred to as “progressive pigging”) as several pigs are used. 

When launched, the pig is pushed through the system with a differential pressure that is greater than the 

pressure in front of the pig. The pig is ejected out the other end of the system leaving a clean pipe behind.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Ranges from $2,000 and up for installation of an 8-inch-diameter launcher 

plus the cost of a Y connection and Y valve.

Approximate O&M Costs: $23 per each 8-inch-diameter B-1/G-1 pig. Subcontractor cleaning cost 

ranges from $1 – $5 per foot depending on pipe length.

Costs for pigging are extremely variable based on pipe material, pipe diameter, and the material being 

cleaned (i.e. biological scaling, iron scaling).

Vendor Name(s):

Pipeline Pigging Products

P.O. Box 690052

Houston, TX 77269

Practitioner(s):

Montauk Services, Inc.

84A Johnson Avenue

Hackensack, NJ 07601

Key Words for Internet Search:

Pipeline pigging, industrial pipe, pig cleaning services, wastewater

Data Sources:

Vendor-supplied information
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

6-7

Technology Summary

Culvert Cleaning System

Objective:

Cleans culverts and vacuums emulsifi ed material 

simultaneously.

State of Development: Embryonic

This technology has been around for less than one year 

and is still in the research and development stages.

Description:

A vacuum unit with variable sized cleaning tools with dual rotating nozzles that are constantly moving is 

used. This unit is extended into the culvert pipe. A rubber boot at the bottom assists with pushing debris 

while maintaining contact with the pipe. While this is running the vacuum sucks debris and stores it in a 

tank for later disposal.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: $14,500 – $17,000

Approximate O&M Costs: Unknown

Costs are dependent upon auger system and accessories.

Vendor Name(s):

Ring-O-Matic Manufacturers, Inc.

P.O. Box 305

Pella, IA 50219

Email: infor@ringomatic.com

Practitioner(s):

Oklahoma Department of Transportation

2800 South 32nd Street

Muskogee, OK 74401

Key Words for Internet Search:

Culvert cleaning, pipe cleaning, vacuum, culvert maintenance

Data Sources:

Vendor-supplied information
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

6-8 Conveyance Systems
Conveyance Systems

Chapter

7-1

7.1 Introduction 

This chapter focuses on any technique or tool that is used to monitor, assess, and/or 

evaluate the condition of an existing conveyance system.

7.2 Technology Assessment

Being able to fully understand and monitor the condition of an existing system is critical 

to developing an appropriate maintenance program and to ensuring the integrity of an 

entire conveyance system. A summary of the state of development of conveyance system 

assessment technologies is provided in Table 7.1. 

Conveyance systems evaluation technologies are continuously emerging as technological 

advancements are made. For example, systems are available for use in the fi eld that can 

provide an accurate picture of the structural integrity and fl ow characteristics of a given 

pipe. Soon, this equipment will be permanently embedded into conveyance systems 

components, termed “smart infrastructure,” and will be capable of alerting a technician at 

a remote location of any critical structural failures or fl ow hindrances.

Figure 7.1 includes an evaluation of the innovative technologies identifi ed. Summary 

sheets for each innovative and embryonic technology are provided at the end of this 

chapter. 

7

Conveyance System Assessment
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

7-2 Conveyance Systems Table 7.1 Conveyance System Assessment Technologies – State of Development Established Innovative Embryonic Closed-Circuit Television Inspection Digital Camera Inspection (mobile) Ground-Penetrating Radar Digital Camera Inspection (mounted) FELL (Focused Electrode Leak Locator) Electro-Scanning Laser Profi ling/3D Scanning,/Sonar Sewer Scanner and Evaluation Technology (SSET) TISCIT (Totally Integrated Sonar & CCTV Integrated Technique) Wireless Monitoring Systems Pipe Mechanical/Structural Reliability Analysis Smart Sewer Assessment Systems
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

7-3

EVALUATION CRITERIA

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY

Development

Applicability

 t fi Bene

Impact on Homeowners

Ease of Installation

Design Life

Maintenance Requirements COMMENTS

Digital Camera Inspection L B C M N/A

FELL (Focused Electrode Leak Locator) L B C M N/ALaser Profi ling/3D Scanning/Sonar L B C M N/ASewer Scanner and Evaluation Technology L B C M N/ATISCIT L B C M N/AWireless Monitoring Systems L B C M N/A

Figure 7.1 Evaluation of Conveyance System Assessment Innovative Technologies

▲ Positive feature

\ Neutral or mixedV Negative feature

I = IndustrialS = Municipal sanitaryT = Municipal stormC = Municipal combinedB = Municipal sanitary and storm

C = Capital savingsO = Operational/maintenance savingsI = Infl ow/infi ltration reduction

S = SSO/CSO reductionR = Restored structural integrityM = Improved maintenance tracking/management

KEYD = Demonstration projectL = Limited municipal installationsI = Full-scale industrial applications, with potential for 

application in municipal conveyance systems

O = Full-scale operations overseasN = Full-scale operations in North America

State of Development Applicability Potential Benefi ts Comparative Criteria
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

7-4 Conveyance Systems

Technology Summary

Digital Camera Inspection

Objective:

Screen and prioritize cleaning, more detailed 

inspection and repairs to manholes, storm 

sewers, and sanitary sewers.

State of Development: Innovative

Service provided for municipalities in six states on the 

East Coast and 10 Indian Reservations.

Description:

The AquaZoom diagnostic camera is equipped with a tele-objective zoom lens used to gather information 

about the condition of storm water and wastewater collection systems. Manholes and pipes are inspected 

from the surface level, eliminating the risk and cost of confi ned space entry. The AquaZoom camera will 

pan 360° as it is lowered from street level for manhole inspection and view up to 75 feet in a 6-inch pipe 

segment and up to 700 feet for larger diameter pipelines.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Inspection and analysis services typically subcontracted 

Approximate O&M Costs: Video Inspection: $35/manhole and $115/pipe

Diagnosis: $50/manhole and $125/pipe segment

Diagnosis includes viewing, rating, and ranking the operational and structural condition of each manhole 

and pipe segment. 

Vendor Name(s):

InfoMetrix, LLC

500 Edgwater Drive, Suite 545

Wakefi eld, MA 01880

Phone: 781-245-4255

Fax: 781-245-5338

E-mail: info@inframetrix.com

ww.inframetrix.com

Practitioner(s):

Town of Tonawanda

Water Resources Department

Water and Sewer Maintenance Division

525 Belmont Avenue

Buffalo, NY 14223

Key Words for Internet Search:

Digital inspection camera, mounted, pipe, water, municipal equipment

Data Sources:

http://www.epa.gov/ne/assistance/ceit_iti/tech_cos/aquazoom.html

http://www.inframetrix.com/news.htm#EPA

Lenz, M., P.E. Sanitary Sewer Inspections Meet 21st Century Technology, presented at the New York Water 

Environment Association Spring Technical Conference & Exhibition; Grand Island, NY

(6–8 June 2005)
Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

7-5

Technology Summary

FELL (Focused Electrode Leak Locator) Electro-Scanning

Objective:

Generate maps that identify pipe defects and 

can be used to better assess infi ltration/infl ow 

(I/I) sources and amounts.

State of Development: Innovative

Description:

An electric current is used to determine the defects in the pipe that will be used to estimate I/I whether it is 

occurring at the time the inspection takes place or not. The electric current transfers data to an input device 

by measuring an electrical current fl ow between a probe that travels in the pipe and a surface electrode. 

Defects in the pipe cause a spike in the electrical signal because of the increase in conductivity where 

leaks may occur. Electro-scanning only works on nonconductive pipe and can be used for inspection of 

new sanitary sewer construction or for I/I assessments. Data results will identify size of defect and relative 

fl ow contribution.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Inspection and analysis services typically subcontracted 

Approximate O&M Costs: $1–$3 per linear foot; $2–$6 per lateral 25–100 feet

Costs are highly dependent on size of pipe, accessibility to manholes, and other project specifi cs. 

Vendor Name(s):

Metrotech

488 Tasman Drive

Sunnyvale, CA 94089

Practitioner(s):

See website for case studies

www.fell41.com

Key Words for Internet Search:

Electro-Scanning, FELL (Focused Electrode Leak Locator)

Data Sources:

Lenz, M., P.E. “Sanitary Sewer Inspections Meet 21st Century Technology,” presented at the New York 

Water Environment Association Spring Technical Conference & Exhibition; Grand Island, NY (6–8 June 

2005)

Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutton, and Alan 

Johnson. “Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral Sewers,” Water Environment 

Research Foundation (WERF) (2006)

Vendor-supplied information
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

7-6 Conveyance Systems

Technology Summary

Laser Profi ling/3D Scanning/Sonar

Objective:

Identifi es actual pipe conditions, structural 

shape, deformations, defl ections, and debris 

accumulation from internal measurements.

State of Development: Innovative

Description:

The actual condition of the pipe is revealed by supplying data relating to the exact shape of the conduit, 

the magnitude, length, and location of deformations, location and position of laterals, and the area and 

perimeter of conduits’ cross sectional areas. This data is collected by sending a laser generated source 

to the interior of a pipe and sending and receiving frequent data points. Sonar profi ling is possible in wet 

areas and therefore is used in inspections of siphons and submerged/surcharged pipe. Laser profi ling is 

performed with a point or line laser and may be enhanced with a technology including a rotating laser. The 

rotating laser collects a 360 degree view of the pipe to build a 3D virtual pipe model.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Inspection and analysis services typically subcontracted

Approximate O&M Costs: $2–$3 per linear foot.

The addition of the technology allowing 360-degree view of the pipe with laser profi ling will increase costs 

to an estimated $10-$20 per linear foot.

Vendor Name(s):

Hydromax, USA LLC

1766 Brent Drive

Newburgh, IN 47630

Practitioner(s):

Redzone Robotics

www.redzone.com

Key Words for Internet Search:

 Laser Profi ling, Sewer, Pipe Profi ling, 3D Scanning, Sonar

Data Sources:

Lenz, M., P.E. “Sanitary Sewer Inspections Meet 21st Century Technology,” presented at the New York 

Water Environment Association Spring Technical Conference & Exhibition; Grand Island, NY.

(6–8 June 2005)

Vendor-supplied information
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JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

7-7

Technology Summary

Sewer Scanner and Evaluation Technology (SSET)

Objective:

Inspect sewer lines using optical scanners and 

gyroscope technology.

State of Development: Innovative

SSET has been implemented in 20–35 cities throughout 

the United States.

Description:

This system scans and digitizes in forward direction and the total surface of the sewers that can be used to 

generate color coded computer images. This helps in getting better quality of images that can be magnifi ed 

and viewed to assess the damage on the pipelines.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: $80,000 system

Approximate O&M Costs: $4,000/week for data acquisition plus $200,000 for data analysis

The SSET system cost does not include the cost of the vehicle that carries the system.

Vendor Name(s):

Hydromax USA

9921 Spring Ridge Drive

Louisville, KY 40223

Practitioner(s):

See website for case studies

www.hydromaxusa.com

Key Words for Internet Search:

Evaluation of SSET (Sewer Scanner and Evaluation Technology), digital diagnosis, sewer pipes

Data Sources:

Lenz, M., P.E. “Sanitary Sewer Inspections Meet 21st Century Technology,” presented at the New York Water 

Environment Association Spring Technical Conference & Exhibition; Grand Island, NY (6–8 June 2005)

http://www.new-technologies.org/ECT/Civil/sset.htm

http://www.cerf.org/ceitec/eval/ongoing/sset.htm

Vendor-supplied information 
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

7-8 Conveyance Systems

Technology Summary

TISCIT (Totally Integrated Sonar & CCTV Inspection Technique)

Objective:

To assess partially submerged pipes when 

by-passing the fl ow is not possible by assessing 

above and below the waterline.

State of Development: Innovative

Description:

A combination of CCTV (closed circuit television) and sonar technologies are used to assess the pipe above 

and below the waterline. Sonar technology is operated with the high frequencies and rotating equipment to 

allow a scan of the full wet perimeter of the sewer. Simultaneously, the CCTV equipment is retrieving images 

producing information for the assessment of the structural and hydraulic conditions of the sewer.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Inspection and analysis services typically subcontracted.

Approximate O&M Costs: $2.50–$3 per linear foot

Vendor Name(s):

Future Amtec

http:\\fesuk.com

Practitioner(s):

City of August, GA

www.agustaga.gov/departments/utilities/current_projects.

asp

Key Words for Internet Search:

TISCIT, CCTV, sonar, trunk sewer, sewer maintenance, surcharged sewers

Data Sources:

Lenz, M., P.E. “Sanitary Sewer Inspections Meet 21st Century Technology,” presented at the New York Water 

Environment Association Spring Technical Conference & Exhibition; Grand Island, NY (6–8 June 2005)

Andrews, M.E. P.E. “Large Diameter Sewer Condition Assessment Using Combined Sonar and CCTV 

Equipment,” APWA International Public Works Congress, NRCC/CPWA Seminar Series: “Innovations in Urban 

Infrastructure.” Ottawa, Canada
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7-9

Technology Summary

Wireless Monitoring Systems

Objective:

Monitor and record data of combined sewer 

overfl ows (CSOs) and santitary sewer overfl ows 

(SSOs) in conveyance systems and lift stations.

State of Development: Innovative

This technology is currently in use by 25 municipalities 

in the United States.

Description:

The SSO-33 is a compact recorder that is enclosed in a water-tight case and will monitor and document 

CSO/SSO events in a conveyance system. Each event is recorded and stamped to show date, time, water 

level and duration. A wireless communication setup relays recorded data for critical point monitoring. The R33 is a compact recorder that monitors the intermittent on/off operation of each pump and the fl ow through 

a lift station. The total water fl ow of each recording period is used to document CSOs and SSOs.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: $2,500 for an individual recorder

Approximate O&M Costs: Minimal

Capital cost is just for the recorder and does not include installation, which is done by the customer.

O&M cost is very low and includes battery replacement or cost of electrical utility. 

Vendor Name(s):

Telog Industries, Inc.

830 Canning Parkway

Victor, NY 14564

Phone: 585-742-3000

Fax: 585-742-3006

http://www.telog.com

Practitioner(s):

Massachusetts Water Resource Authority

Charlestown Navy Yard

100 First Avenue

Boston, MA 02129

Key Words for Internet Search:

Monitoring system, sewer pipe, wireless, fl ow meter system, CSO, SSO

Data Sources:

http://www.telog.com/downloads/Telogers_brochure_ws.pdf

Vendor-supplied information
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

7-10 Conveyance Systems

Technology Summary

Pipe Mechanical/Structural Reliability Analysis

Objective:

Integrated mechanical-electronic system to 

inspect different kinds of pipes.

State of Development: Embryonic

This technology is currently being used in France.

Description:

This technology (MAC system) assesses the reliability of the pipe by pipe-soil interactive structural 

behavior. The mechanical component of the system applies nondestructive loads and measures the 

displacement while the electronic component analyzes results.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Unknown

Approximate O&M Costs: Unknown

As of publication date, cost datea was not available for this embryonic technology.

Vendor Name(s):

None

Practitioner(s):

None

Key Words for Internet Search:

Pipe structure evaluating system, structural reliability analysis, mechanical technologies

Data Sources:

http://www.new-technologies.org/ECT/Civil/pipeeval.htm
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JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

7-11

Technology Summary

Smart Sewer Assessment Systems

Objective:

Use an automated system with artifi cial 

intelligence to assess cracks and leaks on pipes.

State of Development: Embryonic

Description:

Three different kinds of the technology are available. The KARO system consists of three parts; a mobile 

control, surveillance station and a mobile robot. The mobile robot has a 3D sensor, and ultra sonic sensor 

and a microwave sensor for the inspection of pipes. The PIRAT system consists of a laser scanner for a 

drained pipe and sonar scanner for fl ooded pipes. The TriScan system consists of a TV-system equipped 

with a laser distance sensor.

Available Cost Information:

Approximate Capital Cost: Unknown.

Approximate O&M Costs: Unknown

These three systems are still prototypes and are not currently being manufactured. These systems were 

experimental research and development projects that for one reason or another never got off the ground. 

Vendor Name(s):

CSIRO Project Engineer

Locked Bag 9

Preston 3072 Australia

Phone: +61 3 9662-7756

Fax: +61 3 9662-7853

Email: robin.kirkham@csiro.au

Practitioner(s):

None

Key Words for Internet Search:

Emerging construction technology, smart sewer assessment, back-up prevention

Data Sources:

http://www.new-technologies.org/ECT/Civil/smartsew.htm

http://vision.cmit.csiro.au

http://www.optimess.com
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

7-12 Conveyance Systems
Conveyance Systems

Chapter

8-1

8.1 Introduction 

In order to reclassify any technology that is considered to be innovative or embryonic, 

additional research and fi eld demonstration projects are necessary. This chapter focuses 

on specifi c technologies that may have a signifi cant impact on conveyance system 

construction rehabilitation and management and the relevant research needs in these 

areas.

8.2 Research Needs

Many of the wastewater collection and conveyance systems in the country were built 

more than 100 years ago. Maintenance, replacement, and rehabilitation practices during 

the ensuing period have resulted in a patchwork of technologies in collection systems. In 

order to adequately preserve the collection system infrastructure, protect the environment, 

and accommodate growth, new and improved solutions and technologies for wastewater 

collection systems are necessary.

Emerging and innovative technologies can provide more cost-effi cient and effective 

solutions to the problems associated with deteriorating wastewater collection systems. 

Research and technical issues can be grouped into three areas: (1) assessment of system 

integrity; (2) operation, maintenance, and rehabilitation; and (3) new construction. 

Assessment of System Integrity

A thorough assessment of system integrity is based on fl ow monitoring and physical 

condition assessment elements.

Flow Monitoring 

The primary issues related to fl ow monitoring are accuracy and reliability. Improved 

accuracy, or an indication of the error of measurement, are areas where research is 

necessary.

8

Research Needs
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

8-2 Conveyance Systems

Physical Condition Assessment

A thorough assessment of the physical condition of the collection system is critical to 

maintain the integrity of the system. An assessment identifi es structural features that may 

require correction and establishes priorities for rehabilitation or replacement. Predicting 

the likelihood of failure and the associated risk analysis are key elements of the evaluation. 

The primary research issue associated with physical condition assessment is how to 

effectively detect and locate defects and failures in the collection system. There is a need 

to standardize and better defi ne inspection procedures and techniques. Since nearly, all 

inspection techniques depend on visual observations; interpretation of defect severity is 

the greatest limitation.

There is a need to further evaluate emerging evaluation technologies to document 

performance and cost under both controlled-condition testing and fi eld testing for a variety 

of system characteristics and components. There is also a need to investigate the concept 

of “intelligent systems” for remote sensing and monitoring the structural integrity.

Current research needs involve the development of predictive tools or performance 

indicators for measuring degradation of conveyance systems. The intent of this research 

is to enable municipalities to identify areas for rehabilitation to strategically focus effort in 

areas most likely to need attention.

Additional research may result in the development of a remote sensing system based 

on electrochemical impedance techniques and electrochemical polarization decay for 

monitoring corrosion in underground pipes encased in concrete.

Operation, Maintenance, and Rehabilitation

Fundamental research is needed in these areas:

Address private ownership issues associated with established rehabilitation 

and replacement practices in house and service laterals. Since many utilities do 

not have access or control of these lines, the private ownership issues must be 

addressed and trenchless technologies that can accommodate bends and line 

confi gurations are needed to minimize property disturbance.

Determine the longevity and performance of rehabilitation methods under the 

various conditions to provide comparative data on cost effectiveness.

Evaluate new and improved repair and replacement technologies/methodologies.

Evaluate approaches to optimize and assess O&M programs.

Evaluate the performance of sealers (grouts and liners) under various conditions 

and wastewater chemistry.

Evaluate alternatives to remove roots and prevent root growth.

Develop a standardized rating system for sewer system evalaution tools.

Table 8.1 summarizes conveyance system research needs.














Conveyance Systems

JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies

8-3

Table 8.1 Conveyance System Research Needs

Category Technology Focus of Investigation

Large-Diameter Sewers 

and Deep Tunnels

All rehabilitation techniques Evaluate longevity and performance of rehabilitation technologies 

under various conditions.

All grouts and liners Evaluate performance of sealers.

All new and replacement 

technologies

Identify improved materials and 

construction techniques.

Small-Diameter Sewers 

and Laterals

Impact moling Improve trenchless technologies 

that can accommodate bends and 

line confi gurations.

CIPP, fold and form, replacementEvaluate long-term performance of 

plastic pipe in force mains.

Manholes Replacement construction Evaluate approaches to optimize 

and assess O&M programs.

Conveyance System

Management

Sewer maintenance program Evaluate approaches to optimize 

and assess O&M programs.

Regional I/I control program Develop predictive tools or performance indicators to measure 

degradation of system.

Capacity Restoration Root removal and control Evaluate alternatives to remove 

roots and prevent root growth.

Conveyance System 

Assessment

CCTV, digital camera inspectionStandardize and better defi ne 

inspection procedures and criteria 

to interpret defect severity.

Wireless monitoring systems Improve accuracy or reduction of 

measurement error in system.

Smart sewer assessment 

systems

Investigate “intelligent systems” for 

remote sensing and monitoring.
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

8-4 Conveyance Systems

New Construction

Improved materials and construction techniques can reduce future deterioration and 

rehabilitation needs. The relationship between the chemistry of sewage to pipe materials 

must be thoroughly understood. The use of new materials (resins) and the control of 

corrosion in metallic and pre-stressed concrete pipes need to be further developed. 

Improved standards and materials of construction are required. Research needs 

include:

 Identify new materials for pipe and pipe coatings that control erosion and increase 

strength.

 Develop sensors that are incorporated into new systems to track deterioration and 

structural performance over time.

 Evaluate alternative designs for watertight manholes for cost-effectiveness.

 Evaluate long-term performance of plastic pipe materials now in use for force 

mains.

 Review and evaluate current sewer design and installation practices.

 Evaluate new and improved coupling techniques.

 Determine whether solvent-welded pipe performs better than rubber-gasketed pipe 

for I/I and root control in house and service laterals.

8.3 Chapter References

Optimizing Operations, Maintenance, and Rehabilitation of sanitary Sewer Collection 

Systems New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission, Lowell, MA 

01852 (December 2003)

U.S. EPA. National Risk Management Research Laboratory. Innovation and Research 

for Water Infrastructure for the 21st Century. Summary Report from the EPA Research 

Planning Workshop, Arlington, VA (20–21 March 2006)

U.S. EPA. Tafuri, A.N. and A. Selvakumar. Wastewater Collection System Infrastructure 

Research Needs. National Risk Management Research Laboratory. EPA/600/JA-02/226 

(2002)
Conveyance Systems

Appendix

A-1

A.1 Introduction 

This chapter lists professional and trade associations that may have signifi cant information 

and may provide relevant research assistance on conveyance system technologies within 

their respective areas of expertise.

A.2 Trade Associations

American Concrete Pipe Association

222 W. Las Colinas Blvd, Suite 641, Irving, TX 

Phone: 972-506-7216 Web Address: www.concrete-pipe.org

American Underground Contractors Association

4301 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 360, Arlington, VA 

Phone: 703-358-9300 Web Address: www.auca.org

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 

Phone: 800-548-2723 Web Address: www.asce.org

Center for Underground Infrastructure Research and Education

Michigan State University, 230 Farrall Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 

Phone: 517-432-2096 Web Address: www.cuire.org

Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association

245 Riverchase Parkway East, Suite O, Birmingham, AL 

Phone: 205-402-8700 Web Address: www.dipra.org 

Fiberglass Tank and Pipe Institute

11150 S. Wilcrest Drive, Suite 101, Houston, TX 

Phone: 281-568-4100 Web Address: www.fi berglasstankandpipe.com

National Association of Clean Water Agencies

1816 Jefferson Place, NW, Washington, D.C. 

Phone: 202-833-2672 Web Address: www.nacwa.org

A

Trade Associations
Emerging Technologies JULY 2006

A-2 Conveyance Systems

National Association of Sewer Service Companies

1314 Bedford Ave, Suite 201, Baltimore, MD 

Phone: 410-486-3500 Web Address: www.nassco.org

National Clay Pipe Institute

P.O. Box 759, Lake Geneva, WI

Phone: 262-248-9094 Web Address: www.ncpi.org

National Environmental Services Center

P.O. Box 6064, Morgantown, WV

Phone: 304-293-4191 Web Address: www.nesc.wvu.edu

New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission

100 Foot of John Street, Lowell, MA 01852

Phone: 978-323-7929 Fax: 978-323-7919 

E-mail: mail@neiwpcc.org Web Address: www.neiwpcc.org

North American Society for Trenchless Technology

1655 N. Ft. Meyer Drive, Arlington, VA 

Phone: 703-351-5252 Web Address: www.nastt.org

Pipe Rehabilitation Council

423 W. King Street, Suite 350, Chambersburg, PA 17201

Phone: 717-267-1995 Web Address: www.piperehab.org

Trenchless Technology Center

600 W. Arizona, Engineering Annex, P.O. Box 10348, Ruston, LA

Phone: 800-626-8659 Web Address: www.latech.edu/tech/engr/ttc

Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association

2655 Villa Creek Drive, Suite 155, Dallas, TX 75234

Phone: 450-434-2092 Web Address: www.wwema.org

Water and Wastewater Equipment Manufacturers Associations 

(WWEMA)

P.O. Box 17402, Washington, D.C.

Phone: 703-444-1777 Web Address: www.wwema.org

Water Environment Federation

601 Wythe Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1994

Phone: 703-684-2452 http://www.wef.org

Water Environment Research Foundation

635 Slaters Lane, Suite 300, Alexandria, VA 22314

Phone: 703-684-2470 http://www.werf.org