NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

i|220

REFRIGERATION AND FIELD EQUIPMENT

PROGRESS REPORT

January 1, 1955 June 30 , 1955

To

HEADQUARTERS, QUARTERMASTER RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT COMMAND

NATICK, MASS.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Sinclair Weeks, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards is suggested in the following listing

of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each section is engaged in specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated hy its title. A brief

description of the activities, and of the resultant reports and publications, appears on the inside

of the back cover of this report.

Electricity and Electronics. Resistance and Reactance. Electron Tubes. Electrical Instru- ments. Magnetic Measurements. Process Technology. Engineering Electronics. Electronic

Instrumentation. Electrochemistry.

Optics and Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Optical Instruments. Photographic

Technology. Length. Engineering Metrology.

Heat and Power. Temperature Measurements. Thermodynamics. Cryogenic Physics.

Engines and Lubrication. Engine Fuels.

Atomic and Radiation Physics. Spectroscopy. Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid

State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Nuclear Physics. Radioactivity. X-rays. Betatron. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Radiological Equipment. AEC Radiation Instruments. Chemistry. Organic Coatings. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry.

Inorganic Chemistry. Electrodeposition. Gas Chemistry. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Spectrochemistry. Pure Substances.

Mechanics. Sound. Mechanical Instruments. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics.

Mass and Scale. Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters. Combustion Controls.

Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure. Organic Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion.

Mineral Products. Porcelain and Pottery. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Concreting Materials. Constitution and Microstructure.

Building Technology. Structural Engineering. Fire Protection. Heating and Air Conditioning. Floor, Roof, and Wall Coverings. Codes and Specifications.

Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics.

Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry. Digital Systems.

Analogue Systems.

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials.

Gas Liquefaction.

Radio Propagation Physics. Upper Atmosphere Research. Ionospheric Research. Regular

Propagation Services.

Radio Propagation Engineering. Frequency Utilization Research. Tropospheric Propagation

Research.

Radio Standards. High Frequency Standards. Microwave Standards. • Office of Basic Instrumentation • Office of Weights and Measures
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

X003-20-It832 July 1$, 19^^ 4220

REFRIGERATION AND FIELD EQUIPMENT

PROGRESS REPORT

January 1, 1955 to June 30, 1955

by

C. W. Phillips

P, R, Achenbach

Heating and Air Conditioning Section

Building Technology Division

for

HEADQUARTERS, QUARTERMASTER RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT COMMAND

NATICK, MASS.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The publlcatloi 3 or In part, Is prohibited

unless permissi APprOVCd for public rdcaSC by the ,fStandards, Washington

25,D.C. Suet Director of the National Institute of a report has been specifically prepared Standards and Technology (NIST) ar report for its own use. —- on October 9, 201 5.

PROGRESS REPORT

Jan. 1. 19^^ toJime lO. 19 ^^

1. Refrigeration and Field Equipment

NBS Report No. 3929, summarizing progress on the research and testing program of the National Bureau of Standards for the Quartermaster Research and Development

Command during the period Aug.l, to Dec. 3 I, 19Sk, was submitted under date of Feb. 3 , 1955»

2. 1 /3 -Ton Thermo-King Unit, Model Q15GOn request of the Quartermaster Research and Development Command a supplementary report was Issued on the

1 /3 -Ton Thermo-King Unit, Model Q15D, furnishing Information

not contained in NBS Report 3790 on this same unit. This

supplementary report, transmitted under date of April 1 , 1955» provided details on the power used by the evaporator

and condenser fans at various speeds, a description of the

instruments used for the observations, the heat transmission

coefficients of the warehouse used as a calorimeter, observed values of temperature at various points in the refrigerant circuit, and comments on the performance of the thermostatic expansion value during this investigation.

3 . Federal Specification AA-R-211c

A complete revision of Federal Specification AA-R-211c

covering Self-Contained Electric Refrigerators was transmitted to the Quartermaster Research and Development

Laboratory on Jan. 11 , 1955* After circulation of the draft

to government departments and to Industry for comment then

suggestions were evaluated and incorporated into the revision where appropriate in collaboration with QMR&D personnel during a conference on July 7, 1955*

I4

. 1 /3 -Ton Carrier Refrigerating Unit

The report on the performance of the l/3 -ton gasolinedriven warehouse refrigerating unit. Model D?31 manufactured

by Carrier Corporation is under review and will be transmitted by Aug. 31 , 1955*
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5* l/2-Ton Thermo-King Refrigerating Unit

Review and revision of the report on the l/2-ton

gasoline engine driven Thermo-King warehouse refrigerating

unit. Model K-10, is about completed and the report will be

submitted by Aug. 3 I 5 1955*

6. Standardization of Refrigeration Components

Section personnel participated in a two day meeting

at the Quartermaster Research and Development Laboratory

on Jan. 11 and 12 to review in detail the test procedures

for standardization of open type compressors as submitted

by Consultants, Inc.

A project proposal for evaluating the test procedures

and testing several compressors under the standardization

program was prepared and submitted to the Quartermaster

Research and Development Laboratory,

Engineering assistance and recommendations on test

methods and procedures and the fundamental concepts in

standardizing condensers for refrigerating units were

furnished to representatives of Consultants, Inc., under

contract to QMR&D, during three conferences requested by

the contractor,

7. Heat Transmission of Refrigerated Trailer

A heat transmission test was completed on a specimen

7 l/2-ton semi-trailer manufactured by the Kentucky Manufacturing Co. The Trailer was tested for compliance with

a purchase specification requirement that the heat leakage

should not exceed 52 Btu/hr ( °F temperature difference between inside and outside). The test results showed that

the heat leakage averaged 63 . 0 Btu/hr (°F) during two tests

with mean temperature of about 60°F, The results of these

tests were reported under date of June 30 , 1955<»

8 . Vapor Transmission Studies

A third test was made in the water vapor transmission

apparatus using the first panel with gaskets on both sides

of the panel joints corresponding to Fart II of the project

proposal submitted on this project under date of Dec, 21,

1953* The test conditions were approximately 110 °F dry

bulb temperature and ^ 0% relative humidity on the warm side
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and -3°F dry bulb temperature and 55^ relative humidity

on the cold side. Approximately 73 days were required to

transfer I4.9 lb of the 5 of water available in the humidifier on the warm side of the panel. About 36^ of the

water vapor released on the warm side was absorbed by the

desiccant on the cold side of the panel and an additional

2 , 6% was mopped up as free water on the floor of the warm

side of the test apparatus. Presumably the remainder of

the water was in the test panel and joint construction.

The following observations were made on the panel

when it was dismantled at the end of the 73“d.ay test.

1. All five of the plexiglass windows covering inspection holes in the cold skin were dry and clear.

2. There was no evidence of rust on the pieces of

bare iron wire installed beneath the plexiglass windows,

3. The Insulation felt dry to the touch adjacent

to the cold skin.

4 . The humidity elements installed under the plexiglass windows indicated that condensation was not imminent

on the cold skin.

5 . There was ice in the joint at one side of the outer

panel reaching down about 1 foot from the top. The ice was

about l/2-inch in width and was attached to the metal where

it overlapped the breaker strip,

6. There was ice formation on the top edge of the

center panel reaching about 2-lnches from the same corner

that revealed ice in the vertical joint,

7. The wooden breaker strips were damp on the other

side of the center panel covering an area of about 2 sq.

in. near the point where the center panel and top and left

border panels meet.

6, The panel fasteners functioned satisfactorily.

The weight of water vapor entering the panel on the

warm side in 73 days corresponded to an average permeance

of about 0.5 grams/hr (sq.ft) (in Hg pressure difference)

or to a vapor transmission rate of about 0,35 gralns/hr

(linear foot of gasketed joint). The latter figure is

probably more significant since no water vapor could pass
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through the metal skins on the two sides of the panel

thus making the length of gasketed joint a primary factor

in the transfer of water vapor across the construction.

The water vapor t ransmi ssion rate entering the panel on the

warm side with the double gaskets was approximately l/20

of that observed on the same panel with a gasket on the cold

side only for similar temperature conditions on the two

sides of the panel,

9, Exhaust gas heat exchangers for 1-ton gasoline enginedriven refrigerating unit*

Performance of prototype heat exchangers at temperatures above 0°P had been determined and reported in previous progress reports.

In order to evaluate the performance of the heating

operation of the MQ51 Thermo-King gasoline engine driven

refrigerating unit at temperatures below 0°P, and with

an air-cooled engine in place of the original liquidcooled engine, special test facilities were constructed

in the Section's Test Bungalow,

Tests were made of operation with the heat exchanger

selected by QMR&D and with the one developed at the NBS,

The first series of tests were made with the original

liquid-cooled Crosley engine.

Tests of the NBS heat exchanger were made using it

both in the suction line as a direct expansion device and

in the discharge line where it was employed as a superheating device.

The heat exchanger manufactured by the Heat Exchanger

Company, suggested by QMR&D, became plugged with decomposed oil, carbon, etc., when installed in the engine

exhaust gas passage and efforts to clean it were not successful. The NBS exchanger can be cleaned by roddlng,

since exhaust gas tubes are straight and accessible from

both ends.

Although the NBS exchanger was designed primarily

for use in the discharge line as a superheating device,

tests were made using it as a direct expansion device

in the suction line.

- 5 - Because of the relatively large amounts of heat given

off into the test space by the air-cooled engine as compared with the liquid-cooied engine, additional provisions

were made to increase the refrigerating effect within the

test area. A separate test enclosure surrounding the enginedriven unit under test was constructed and ducts connecting

this directly to the air cooling units in the Bungalow shell

were constructed.

Despite precautions to the contrary, Mr. Peter F.

Orban, a laboratory mechanic working on this project, lost

his life on May 20, 1955 as a result of carbon monoxide

poisoning. Improved safety measures are being incorporated in the testing procedure and the remaining low- temperature tests will be resumed shortly. A report of this

accident was made to members of the staff of the Mechanical

Engineering Division of QMR&D Command at Natick on July 7,

1955.

A summary of the test results will be prepared on completion of the low temperature tests. The results indicate

that use of the engine exhaust gas heat exchanger will provide adequate heating for operation of the 600 cu. ft. warehouse at 35^ in an ambient temperature of -IjO^F. Operating

characteristics of the liquld-and air-cooled engines will

be reported, including difficulties in starting at low temperature, freezing of breather openings, etc,

10, Development of Thermo-Mechanical Controls for 1-ton

Gasoline Engine-Driven Refrigerating Unit

Work has continued on the modification of the MQ.51

Thermo-King, warehouse refrigerating unit. The work on

controls is a companion project to that dealing with the

engine exhaust gas heat exchangers. The overall objective

is the development by QMR&D of a 1-ton gasoline enginedriven unit which can satisfactorily cool a 600 cu, ft.

warehouse to 0°F in 110°F ambient, heat the same warehouse

to 35°F in -l40 °F ambient, modulate heating or cooling

capacity as required, and operate with thermo -mechanical

controls. Expressed in more detail, the specific objectives and associated problems are:

Objectives :

1. Conversion of refrigeration unit into a heat pump,

capable of cooling and heating.
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(a) Use of the gasoline engine exhaust gas as heat

source for heating.

(b) Determing the optimuin circuit for heating

cycle

,

(c) Heating the discharge vapor in a vapor-tovapor heat exchanger.

(d) Switch-over of cyle between heating and

cooling by means of pilot and master valves,

(e) Devising a means to bypass the exhaust gas

during non-heating cycle,

(f) Providing hi^ temperature safety for refrigerant vapor leaving the heat exchanger,

2. Eliminate electrical control and provide simplified control by mechanical means,

(a) When temperature is satisfied the gasoline

engine will be idled instead of being stopped,

(b) While Idling of the engine, the refrigerant

will be bypassing from the high side to the low side,

(c) Engine speed will be variable according to

load requirement either for cooling or heating cycle,

(d) Engine speed will be adjusted by changing

the speed setting of the governor automatically.

(e) Devise a cam for automatic speed adjustment and for automatic sivi Lch-ovc;c of heating, bypassing

and cooling cycles.

(f) Design a liquid filled temperature sensing

bulb and power element to actuate tne above cam.

(g) Provide safety means lor the temperature

sensing bulb for a storage temperature of up to lbO°P.

(h) Provide a charge in the power element to

prevent it from flashing at high temperature in the engine ambient.

7

(1) Design a pilot valve to be actuated by the

above cam,

( j) Select a master valve to be actuated by the

pilot valve.

3 . Provide manual defrosting

(a) Defrosting will be initiated and terminated

manually. When defrosting is required heating cycle will

be turned on manually.

(b) Evaporator damper will be closed during defrosting by diaphram valve which is operated by pressure.

Much of this work is well under way. For example;

performance of prototype heat exchangers has been evaluated

and is reported separately. The refrigerant circuit for

both heating and cooling has been studied and modification

of the evaporator to prevent accumulation of liquid refrigerant and oil during heating has been made. A Thermosensitive pilot valve and governor control has been designed and a prototype model constructed. Master control

valves for heating and cooling circuits have been selected

and purchased. Necessary modifications to the VEii Wisconsin

engine governor to permit speed modulation from 700 to 2i|00

rpm have been made. Means to prevent oil breather freezing

have been studied,

A summary of this phase of the work concerning the

modification of the MQ51 unit will be included with the

reporting of the heat exchanger phase.

11, Conversion of MQ51 Thermo-King to Electric Motor

Drive

The final draft of the report of the tests to determine perfonnance characteristics of the MQ^l-S kit

for conversion of this unit to electric motor drive has

been completed and is currently under review. The final

report will be transmitted by August 3 I 5 195^»

12. Insulated Food Containers

Three Insulated food containers were tested to determine their relative ability to maintain food temperatures
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above freezing in an ambient temperature of -I^OF. One

unit was insulated with block insulation, one with shredded

insulation and the third with air spaces for insulation.

The time required for water in each container to drop from

approximately 200 °F to 32 °F was about 17 hours for the unit

using an air space for insulation, 2? hours for the one with

shredded insulation and 29 hours for the one with block

insulation, f

The draft of the report of these tests has been completed and is currently under review. The final report

will be submitted by August 3I, 1955 •

13, QJ^R&D Test Items Shipped to Natick

Sixteen crates of Q>1 R&D test items were shipped to

Natick as requested by Mr, Augustus C, Baker, Research

Property Officer, OQMG, in April 1955 • The following

list, by crate number, shows items which were returned.

Crate No , Description

1 (Part of Item I6) 1 section

of test duct 18" dia, x 50“7/8"

long with 3 square flanges and

air straightener insert,

I test duct transformation

piece 5U'* single I8” dia,

on one end x 2 - 12" dia,

openings on opposite end,

II 18" dia, test duct orifice

plates

Weight Cubage

319 57.8

2 (Part of Item 16 ) 1 section of

test duct 18" dia,x30" long,

with one square flange,

I4 12" dia, flexible ducts for

tent heaters 93 9.3

(Part of Item I6) 1 section

of test duct 18" dia, x 3I-I/2"

long 56 7.7

1| (Part of Item I6) 1 section

test duct 18" dia, x 36-I/2"

long, 1 section test duct

12" dia, X 38”3/U" with

orifice plate 6? 9.1
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Crate No. Weip;ht Cubage

- 9

-

Description

5 (Part of Item I6) 1 section

test duct 18" dia.x 37-1/2

long. 1 section test duct

12" dia. X 36-3/4" lorig, with

orifice plate 67

6 (Item 13) Tent Heater, Herman

Nelson Model VB 3077 CS Ser. #

103 NBS 93-52 less fan 350

7 (Item 15) Tent Heater, Silent

Glow Model 36 3^77 Ser. #352

NBS 95-52 less fan 350

8 (Item 14 ) Tent Heater, Herman

Nelson Model GT 3077 Ser. #32603

NBS 94“52, less fan and fan

shroud 350

9 (Part of Items I3, II4, & 15) Fans

for tent heaters 57

10 (Item 3) Thermomatlc Ice Cube

Maker (No NBS number) (in

original crate) 645

11 (Item 19) 1/2 ton Thermo-King

Model K-10 Ser.#GB 109QS

NBS #100-53 945

12 (Item 11) 1/3 ton Thermo-King

Plug type unit. Model Q15E 680

13 (Item 7) Thermomatic Ice Cube

Maker NBS #39-50) 678

Ik (Item 2) 10 KW Onan Engine

Generator, Mod, JWC-4-10M2 1450

15 (Item 6) 1/3 ton Carrier

Plug type unit, Mod.D-731

Ser. #9644 860

16 (Item 8) Thermo-King Plug

type unit, Mod,D-35 NBS

#16-50 Ser. #2487 1140

9.1

146.2

146.

146.2

I4.2

55.3

73.4

43«o

53.7

50.2

58.8

62.2
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A

I
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and

maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods

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