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UNITED STATES PARTMENT OF OMMERCE

UBLICATION y

NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 564

*»*« o»

U.S.

•PARTMENT

OF

COMMERCE

National

Bureau

of

C

o

753 tandards

Glass Limit Standards

Deposited at NBS for

Railway, Highway and Airways

Traffic Signal ColorsHistory, Permanence

and Colorimetric Properties
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TECHNICAL NOTE 564

ISSUED JUNE 1971

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 564, 121 pages (June 1971) CODEN: NBTNA

Glass Limit Standards Deposited at NBS

for Railway, Highway and Airways Traffic Signal ColorsHistory, Permanence and Colorimetric Properties

Geraldine W. Haupt

Heat Division

Institute for Basic Standards

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

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' "<"><»» of **

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Stock Number 0303 0863
CONTENTS

PAGE

1. Development of Standard Filters at NBS . . 1

1.

1

Association of American Railroads 1

1.

2

Institute of Traffic Engineers 7

1.3 Federal Agencies Dealing with Aeronautical Lighting 8

1.4 U.S. National Committee on Colors of Signal Lights 10

2. Permanence and Colorimetric Properties 10

3. Summary Ill

4

.

References 114

Appendix A 118

Appendix B 119

ii
Glass Limit Standards Deposited at NBS for

Railway, Highway and Airway Traffic Signal ColorsHistory, Permanence and Colorimetric Properties

Geraldine W. Haupt

Signal glass limit standards for railway, highway, and

aviation colors, selected by user-organizations, are on deposit at the National Bureau of Standards. Many duplicates

of these standards have been issued by NBS.

The first standards were selected in 1931 for railway

use. Highway standards were adopted in 1940, and selection

of aviation standards began in 1942. At the present time

the NBS is custodian of 63 standards for these signal colors.

Permanence of the filters is examined, based on colorimetric conversions for CIE standard illuminant A derived

from spectrophotometric measurements made on different instruments over periods of years.

Spectral transmittance data and the resulting colorimetric data are given for 9 illuminants ranging in distribution temperature from 1500 to 3250 kelvins and for

CIE standard illuminants B and C. Figures show, for several

filters of each color, the shifts occurring both in chromaticity (x,y) and in redness and brightness index (u,W*)

with changes in illuminant.

Key words: Aircraft signals; color standards; filter

permanence; limit filters; railroad signals; signal colors;

signal standards; spectral transmittance of glass filters;

traffic signals.

1. Development of Standard Filters at NBS

1.1. Association of American Railroads

Organization standard limit filters for the colors of signal lights

have been deposited with the National Bureau of Standards as early as 1931. At Corning Glass Works, J. C. Mock, Chairman of Sub-committee A

under Committee VI-Designs, American Railway Association (ARA) Signal

Section, used a diamond stylus to initial and date "J. CM. 11-6-31" some twenty-two "limit" glasses selected by the Signal Section Committee. All

limit glasses were prepared by Corning Glass Works; all are 2-inch polished squares with the exception of two yellow filters, numbers 199 and

200, which are 1-inch polished discs. Prior to this time Corning Glass

Works had custody of the six ARA standards in the form of 8 3/8-inch
roundels, engraved with "J. C. Mock, 10/3/30". Both sets include the

colors designated as red, yellow, green, blue, purple and lunar white.

The Bureau's work on the color standardization of railroad signal

glasses was started in 1930. I. G. Priest, who had attended the meeting

of the Committee, brought the 22 limit glasses to the Bureau. Spectrophotometry data on them were obtained by means of the Kbnig-Martens

visual spectrophotmeter (KM) [1] 1 and Gibson direct-reading photoelectric

spectrophotometer (PE) [2] and reported in tables 1 and 2 of Report No 3, one of a series of seven which from time to time had been formally reported

[3] to the cooperating organizations. Papers [4,5] have been published

giving a description of this cooperative work done by the AAR Signal

Section, Corning Glass Works, and NBS which led to the formulation of the

early AAR Signal Section Specifications for signal colors and glasses

designated 69-35 [6] and 69-38 [8], Signal Glasses (Exclusive of Kerosene

Lantern Globes) and 59-38 [7] , Glasses for Kerosene Hand Lanterns (Exclusive of Electric Lantern Glassware)

.

Table 1 gives the filter numbers of AAR limit glasses deposited at

NBS and shows the various specifications in which they are referenced.

The 69-59 Specification [12] is still current in 1970.

Similarly, table 2 gives filter numbers of eight Kerosene handlantern limit filters which have remained as limits up to the present

time. The 59-61 Specification [11] is still current in 1970.

In 1946 spectrophotometric data for thirty of these glasses (twentytwo from Specifications 69-40 [9] as seen from table 1, column 5, and

eight from Specification 59-38 [7] as seen from table 2, column 3) were

published in table 3 of a National Bureau of Standards research paper, RP

1688 [5] ; also, the chromaticity coordinates x,y,z and luminous transmittances, Ty, were given for three distribution temperatures 1900K,

2360K, and 2848K (c2=14,350 micrometer-kelvins) 2 in table 4 of this re- search paper. The colorimetric specification is in terms of the 1931

standard observer and coordinate system of the Commission Internationale

de l'Eclairage (CIE, International Commission on Illumination, formerly

abbreviated ICI)

.

Figures in brackets refer to the literature references at the end of this

paper.

o The definition of distribution temperature and an explanation of values

assigned to c

? are given in Appendix A, page
At the same time that purple was deleted as a signal color the

transmittances of filters designated by T.. R values [4] were eliminated

and luminous transmittance values were substituted. The T^^ values were

used to specify the luminous transmittance of the filters. The scale was arbitrary and in reality comprised six scales, one for each color. The

value of T. A„=100.0 for each scale had an equivalent luminous transmittance [5] for a distribution temperature of 2360K. The proposed revision

of Specification 69-48 [10] was submitted in a letter dated July 15, 1957

to L. E. Barbrow, Chief of Photometry and Colorimetry Section, by R. H. C. Balliet, Secretary, Signal Section, Association of American Railroads.

The revision did not reflect any intent to change the colors of signals.

Also in the same letter he stated: "Colorimetric and transmittance data

for accomplishing all the above have been found in NBS Research Paper by

Gibson, Haupt, and Keegan. They clearly foresaw the need to express railroad signaling definitions in terms of color temperature 2848°K closely

representative of modern signal lamps. As a final step toward putting

this specification in effect, it will be necessary to notify owners of

certified limit glasses that the T^ar values of those glasses are superseded by luminous transmittances and inform them of such values. Your

advice and assistance will be appreciated toward carrying out this final

step, data for which were discussed briefly between G. W. Haupt and J. P. Hoxie on May 1st 1957 at the Bureau of Standards."

The computed values of luminous transmittance for 2854K (CIE standard illuminant A) were sent to the owners of 137 certified limit glasses

with a letter dated April 6, 1959 to C. J. R. Taylor, Chairman Committee

VI, Signal Section, AAR. In this connection, it may be noted that ref- erences to 2848K were also changed to 2854K in the revised and current

Specifications 69-59 [12] and 59-61 [11].

These several revisions affecting the choice of limit filters and

resulting in changes in AAR Signal Section Specifications 69- and 59-

occurred over a period of 30 years, since 1931. Purple signals are no longer used, but they are included in the list of filters in this paper

to show their values in terms of recent CIE systems of specifying color.

A few of the items intended for accomplishment which he listed in his

letter are the following:

1. Eliminate purple as an A.A.R. recommended practice while keeping

present limit glass standards for all other colors.

2. Eliminate descriptions involving 2360K since this source is no longer

employed for service, inspection or standardization.

3. Adopt CLE. illuminant A (2848K) for inspection, definition of

standards and tolerances on standards.

4. Adopt luminous transmittances in place of old T.._ values and thus

dropc the T. AT, scale.

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Table 2. Filter Numbers of Limit Glasses deposited at the National

Bureau of Standards which appear in AAR 59- Specifications ,- Glasses for Kerosene Hand Lanterns (Exclusive of Electric

Lantern Glassware)

Color Limit

Filter Numbers used in

Specifications

59-38A

59-39A

59-61

Red light

dark

201

211

Yellow light

dark

261

271

Green light

dark

137

322

Blue light

dark

B141

B131

Footnotes

A No filter numbers are listed in this specification, but

they are shown on the chromaticity diagram.

Filter numbers 201 and B131 engraved by GKT 6-23-33. (GKT

refers to G. K. Thomas, Chairman Committee VI)

Filter numbers 211, 261, 271, and B141 engraved by ASH 6-11-35

(See footnote table 1)

Filter number 322 engraved by ASH 5-20-37
1.2. Institute of Traffic Engineers

The Institute of Traffic Engineers ITE, with Donald M. McNeil1* as chairman of a Standards and Specification Committee of fifteen members in

1938-39, decided upon the color requirements "after extensive tests by

the Committee both daytime and nighttime with the use of standard traffic

signals".

In answer to Mr. McNeil's request of November 20, 1939 for comments

or suggestions regarding these specifications, Dr. K. S. Gibson, Chief of

Photometry and Colorimetry Section, wrote in his letter of December 1.8,

1939, "We thank you for giving us this opportunity of examining the specification in its tentative form. We are much interested in having the

various signal-glass specifications as consistent with each other as is

possible, and are particularly glad that you have been able to use limit

glasses which have already been standardized."

This tentative specification [13] included colors designated red,

yellow and green. In 1939-40 the committee chairman was Wm. C. Brandes.

The six limit filters selected were:

Filter Number

Color Designation Light Limit Dark Limit

Red 154 86

Yellow 359 199

Green 134 87

Yellow filter 359 was the only one not previously standardized. In table

III of the 1940 Traffic Report [13] are given the trichromatic coefficients

(x,y,z) for illuminant at 2848K for the above standard limit glasses. The

^AAR va lue > with the illuminant at 2360K, was employed for certifying duplicate limit glasses. On June 5, 1942, this Technical Report [13] was approved as an American Standard by the American Standards Association

and designated ASA D10. 1-1942. It was later revised by Technical Committee No. 4-Design of Equipment, but the six filters listed above were

retained.

The report was revised by Technical Committee 7-A and approved as an ITE Standard [14] by the Board of Direction, May 23, 1958, and as an American Standard, October 16, 1958. The revision added two orange limits

to be used for pedestrian-control:

Color Limit Filter Number

Orange Yellow 3840A

Red 3647A

^Dept. of Public Safety, Bureau of Traffic Planning, City of Pittsburgh, Pa.

5 Traffic Signal Engineer, City Hall, Chicago, Illinois.

7
These two filters had already been standardized and were listed in Federal

Standard No. 3 [17]. However, by 1966 these color limits for the orange

lens used in traffic signals to indicate "Wait" had been deleted and did

not appear in the revised Technical Report [15]. Red limits were changed

at that time to include more yellow. The adopted limit filters, previously standardized, were:

Color Limit Filter Number

Red Yellow 75

Transmittance 154

This revised Standard [15] was developed by Project Committee 7E(61) of

the ITE Technical Council consisting of twenty-five members and chaired

by Wayne N. Volk. 6 On January 22, 1966, it was approved by the ITE Board

of Direction, and on October 4, 1966, by the U.S.A. Standards Institute.

It supersedes the 1958 ITE Technical Report [14] and the 1960 supplement

thereto, "Twelve- inch Adjustable Face Traffic Control Signal Heads."

1.3. Federal Agencies Dealing with Aeronautical Lighting.

Early in 1942, in an effort to unify the various specifications

relating to airport lighting and aircraft identification, the War and Navy

Departments and the Civil Aeronautics Administration adopted Army-Navy

Aeronautical Specification AN-C-56 [16] which set forth the colorimetric

specification of ware to be used for aeronautical lighting equipment.

This specification superseded AN-C-7 which consisted of U. S. Army Specification 98-12017-A (1936) , portions of Navy Aeronautical Specification

M-47, and Civil Aeronautics Administration Specification CAA-433. Specification AN-C-56 described the colors in terms of boundaries, given by

mathematical equations relating the x,y coordinates of the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram, and by limit standards. The primary specification was

in terms of the chromaticity boundaries.

Unlike the specifications for railroad and traffic signals, which

cover signals produced by sources operating at specific distribution temperatures, the aeronautical signals are intended to be produced by sources operating over various ranges of distribution temperature between 1900K

and 3000K. The use of limit standards greatly facilitates inspection of

ware for compliance since they can easily be used with sources of variable

distribution temperature.

Twelve limit standards were listed among twenty primary procurement standards which were given as provisional in the AN-C-56 specification.

These twelve are:

6 Chief Traffic Engineer, Wisconsin State Highway Commission.
Filter

NBS

3647

3218A

7346A

3113A

3055A

3955A

6319A

6310A

6916A7 6905A

8449A

8430A

Color

Aviation Red

M ti " Green

Identification Red

it ii Yellow

Green

Lunar Wh.

Use

Pale Lim. , Yl. Lim.

Tr. Std.

Pale Lim. , Yl. Lim.

Pale Lim. , Yl. Lim.

Tr. Std.

Pale Lim. , Gr. Lim.

Pale Lim. Yl.

,

Yl. Lim.

Tr. Std. Yl.

Pale Lim. Bl.

Blue Lim. , Tr. Std. Bl,

Pale Lim. , Yl. Lim.

Blue Lim. , Tr. Std.

In the late 1940 's and early 1950 's there was an interest in international standardization of color for aeronautical signalling. Definitions of the colors were adopted in 1949 by the International Civil

Aviation Organization (ICAO). These definitions were in terms of boundaries only. In order to correlate the older U. S. military specifications

with the boundaries adopted by ICAO, Federal Standard No. 3 [17] was prepared and adopted in 1951 for use by all Federal agencies. The definitions of the colors in Federal Standard No. 3 were generally in agreement

with those adopted by ICAO. In addition to the mathematical definitions,

Federal Standard No. 3 lists twenty-eight limit standards which conformed

to the definitions.

Since the military requirements resulted in boundaries somewhat

different from the internationally adopted boundaries, and those listed

in Federal Standard No. 3, the Air Force and Navy Bureau of Aeronautics

adopted MIL-C-25050 (ASG) 8 [18] in 1954 to supersede AN-C-56. No table

of NBS filter numbers is given in MIL-C-25050; the entire definition of

the colors being by boundaries. However, it is stated that procurement

color standards may be adopted which "have been certified by the National

Bureau of Standards as conforming to the requirements of this specification".

When MIL-C-25050 was superseded in 1963 by MIL-C-25050A (ASG) [19],

definitions of the colors were again in terms of chromaticity boundaries;

however, direct reference was made to the limit standards specified in

Federal Standard No. 3.

7 6916A was broken and 6916J replaced it and became 6916J-A in Fed. Std.

No. 3.

8 Aeronautical Standards Group (ASG).

9
1.4. U. S. National Committee on Colors of Signal Lights

At the 1948 session of the CIE, a review was made of the more important specifications for signal .light colors in use in different countries and variations in these specifications were pointed out. The increased use of signal lights in one country by citizens of other countries necessitated more uniformity between the various national specifications. Following this meeting a committee of the CIE on which the

U. S. was represented was established to study the problem. This CIE

committee on Color Specifications for Signal Lights assisted ICAO in

establishing standards for aeronautical use.

The U. S. National Committee on the Colors of Signal Lights was established in 1952 to assist the U. S. representative in preparing for

the 1955 meeting of the CIE and also to provide liaison with those or- ganizations and government agencies which were responsible for the specification and regulation of signal light colors used in USA. The work of

this committee resulted in the development of a U. S. Standard for the

Colors of Signal Lights. It was prepared as a recommended standard to

help to bring specifications for signal light colors used in this country

into agreement with international usage as recommended by the CIE. The

standard was published as NBS Handbook 95 [20] in 1964.

Eighteen national standard filters are identified. Of these, three

are new and different limit filters, namely: red 3.640, yellow 4.166 and

green 7.136. The remaining fifteen are previously standardized filters.

These fifteen refer to the same filters previously listed in railroad

specifications 69-59 [12] and 59-61 [11] but with prefix numbers 3,4,7 and

8 added to indicate the colors red, yellow, green and blue respectively.

2. Permanence and Colorimetric Properties

As noted above, NBS has been the custodian of these sixty-three

organization limit standards since the first twenty- two were deposited

in 1931. Over the years, spectral transmittance data have been obtained

for almost all of them. These measurements of spectral transmittance

have been made by means of the following spectrophotometers: KBnigMartens visual (KM) [1]; Gibson direct reading photoelectric (PE) [2];

General Electric recording with 4 and 8 nanometer spectral bandpass (GE I)

[21, 22]; General Electric recording with 10 nanometer spectral bandpass

(GE II) [21, 22]; Beckman Model DU manual (DU) [23]; and Cary Model 14M

[24].

Spectral transmittance data with acceptably narrow slits were not

obtained for four of the aeronautical limit standards (3656A, 3964A,

7342A, and 8219A) . However, since spectral transmittance data were obtained for duplicate limit filter 8219B which is of the same melt and

thickness as 8219A, this blue filter has been added. These four standards were measured relative to limit standards or other filters of the same type which had been measured previously by means of a spectrophotometer; their chromaticity coordinates and luminous transmittances

were determined by visual comparison with these filters by means of a 10
chromaticity-dif ference colorimeter (CDC) [25,26] and a Schmidt & Haensch

Martens photometer (Mph) [27] respectively. Later models of these early

instruments were designed and built about 1955 and are shown in Figures

1, 2 and 3.

The filter designated 6700A in Federal Standard No. 3 has been

omitted from the remainder of this paper because the manufacturer was unable to prepare glass suitable for issuance as duplicate filters.

In table 3 the 62 limit standards are identified by the designations used for them in 5 publications. Columns 2 and 3 refer to the

railroad signal limit filters; column 4, to the traffic signal limit filters; column 5, to the aeronautical signal limit filters in Federal Standard No. 3; and column 6, to the limit filters in U. S. Standard for the

Colors of Signal Lights (NBS Handbook 95). The Corning type numbers,

melt numbers when available, and thicknesses are listed in columns 7 to 9.

The origin of the spectral transmittance data used in the remainder of

this paper, the number of sets of data available (indicated in parantheses)

if more than one, together with the date of measurement are listed in

column 10. The final column lists the serial number for the measurement;

these serial numbers are shown in figures 4 and 5 and in square brackets

in the upper right-hand corner of each page of table 7.

The advent of high-speed computers permitted more extensive colorimetric data to be determined. There follows, for each filter, from one

to three sets of spectral transmittance data from 380 to 770 nm at each

10 nm interval (40 wavelengths), together with the corresponding computed^

colorimetric data in terms of three CIE systems of specifying color for

eleven illuminants; nine specified by distribution temperatures [28,29]

between approximately 1500 and 3250 kelvins (c2=14,388 micrometer-kelvins)

and two as CIE standard illuminants B and C [30,31]. The tristimulus

values X,Y,Z and chromaticity coordinates x,y,z [32,33,34] are given ac- cording to the CIE 1931 system [35,36], the chromaticity coordinates u, v, according to the CIE 1960 UCS system [37], and brightness index (W*)

3 The spectral transmittance data were processed by means of an IBM 7094

or UNIVAC 1108 high-speed digital computer which is programmed to convert

spectral-transmittance data into colorimetric terms for 10-nm summation

intervals by means of the tristimulus functions x,y,z adopted by the CIE

in 1931 and to convert colorimetric data x,y to u,v (CIE 1960 UCS system)

and to compute W*,U*,V* (CIE 1964 system) using the following formulas:

u = 4x/(12y -2x+3) = 4X/ (X+15Y+3Z) (1) v = 6y/(12y -2x+3) = 6Y/ (X+15Y+3Z) (2)

W*= 25Y 1/3 -17 (l^Y^lOO) (3)

U*= 13W*(u-u ) V*=13W*(v-vQ

) (4)

where uQ

, v are the values of the variables u,v for the achromatic

point.

11
Figure 1. Present model of Judd chromaticity-dif ference colorimeter

(CDC) designed to measure Ax, Ay directly in CIE 1931 system.

12
Figure 2. Haupt ref lecto-transmissometer which incorporates a Martens

photometer (Mph) to measure both luminous transmittance and

luminous reflectance.

13
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of Haupt

reflecto-transmissometer.

A Light source, 50 watt projection

lamp

B,B Removable white emanel plaques

used as reflecting surfaces

C,C Collimating lenses (10 diopter)

near front of lamp housing

D,D Boxes with covers to hold glass

filters (2-inch squares) of

different thicknesses

E,E Removable collimating lenses

(10 diopter) perpendicular to

beam in supporting holder

F Front of supporting holder for

Martens photometer

Mph Martens photometer

G Lens to magnify viewing field

of Martens photometer

H Eye piece

J View of photometric field of

Martens photometer

14
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and chromaticness indices (U*,V*) according to the system recommended by

CIE in 1964 [38].

Since some spectral transmittance data used in these derivations

are much more recent than others (table 3, column 10), it was decided to

check again the permanence of these filters. A method for measuring permanence is to determine the total color difference, Ae, between the

color recently obtained (U* r ,V*

r ,W* r

) and the color previously obtained

(U*

e ,V*e

,W*

e

) for the same filter. To accomplish this the CIE color difference 10 , AE, for CIE standard illuminant A was computed for filters for

which recent (r) and early (e) spectral transmittance data were available

on the same filter. The formula defining the CIE unit of color difference

is that given by Wyszecki and Stiles [34, page 461]:

AE = [ (U* r -U*e ) 2 + (V* r -V*e ) 2 + (W*r -W*

e

) 2

] 1/2

(5)

Knowledge of the stability of standard filters has always been important in connection with the issuance of duplicates. NBS data have

been analyzed for changes in the standards that might result in errors in

the certification of duplicate filters calibrated by comparison with the

standards on the chromaticity-dif ference colorimeter and the reflectotransmissometer. There has been little evidence over the years that the

chromaticity of the standards has changed. One of the reasons, perhaps,

is that much care has been taken to protect them from improper exposure

and use. An analysis of the data, some of which extends over a 34-year

period, was undertaken. Table 4 shows, for CIE standard illuminant A,

the changes obtained in chromaticity coordinates x,y,z,u,v, luminous transmittance, Y and total color difference, AE , for a number of red, yellow,

green, blue and lunar white filters. The most noticeable changes are seen to occur among the red filters where AE values (column 8) are large

and AY values (column 5) are also large. Except for one red filter, AY

values are all positive, indicating an increase in transmittance with age.

By keeping the luminous transmittance constant for each red filter but

permitting the chromaticity changes, another set of AE values was computed

(column 9 of the same table). This procedure arbitrarily sets AY-0 and

thereby effects considerable reduction in AE; for twelve red filters the

average chromaticity change is reduced from 1.5 to 0.4. One concludes,

therefore, that the limit filters have changed very little, except for

red filters where chromaticity has undergone very little change but where

luminous transmittance is increasing.

The positive signs in AY may be an indication of "blooming" of surfaces. Blevin, [39], observed similar changes in transmittance in a group of neutral filters during a period of about five years. Formation

of a reflectance-reducing film on the surface of a glass filter came to

One CIE unit of color difference is equal, on the average, to about one NBS unit [34, page 468] and one NBS unit is about four times the size of

color difference detectable 95% of the time under optimum conditions

[26, page 30].

20
our attention in 1952 11 when a red limit filter (number 154) was remeasured. In November 1955, this red filter was repolished and measured

again. Table 5 shows that after polishing, the spectral transmittance

values obtained on the Beckman DU manual spectrophotometer [23] had decreased for all wavelengths greater than 600 nm. This decrease in spectral transmittance indicates that a reflectance-reducing film was removed

by polishing. The previous upward drift in transmittance is therefore

ascribed to the gradual formation of such a film. This subject is also

discussed in a 1963 paper [40] by Keegan, Schleter and Belknap, in which

the statement is made that the indicated rate of upward drift is slow,

and that it takes about 10 years for the drift to exceed the assigned

uncertainty. The paper [40] reports a recalibration, made in 1961 and

1962, of four glasses (selenium-red, carbon-yellow, copper-green, cobaltblue) on three spectrophotometers (Cary 14, Beckman DU, K8nig-Martens)

From table 4 it may be seen that the yellow, blue, lunar white and green

filters (except for two greens) show AE values no greater than 0.5 for a period of time ranging from 17 to 34 years. Two identification green filters, 6327A and 6319A, have CIE AE 10 values (table 4, column 8) slightly

less than 0.9 on the average but the AY values (column 5) are not corre- spondingly large.

To determine whether or not these AE values are excessively large

for this interval of time (20 to 30 years), differences in chromaticity

,

luminous transmittance and color for a much shorter time were computed.

Table 6 shows the differences in x,y,z,Y,u,v, between two sets of measurements made with the same Cary recording photoelectric spectrophotometer

[24] (Model 14M, Serial No. 173). The maximum change in luminous transmittance for red filter number 75 was found to be +0.0019 over a period

of five years as compared to +0.0034 for a 20 year period and +0.0053 for

a 25 year period; see table 4, column 5. Except for this filter, the differences are of the order of the uncertainties which may be expected from

repeated measurements on this spectrophotometer for certain red and green

glasses used as signal limit filters. The total color difference, AE,

shown in table 6, indicates that the uncertainty of measurement is about

0.5 unit for these red and green glasses.

There are no data with which to make similar comparisons for yellow,

blue, lunar white or purple filters but the AE values (table 4, column 8),

computed for the yellow, blue and lunar white filters, indicate that for

a period of years ranging from 17 to 34, the changes in these filters are no greater than 0.5.

From the data given in tables 4 and 5 it may be concluded that

there has been little or no change in chromaticity in any of these filters,

but that a reflectance-reducing film has formed on the surface of the

selenium-red glasses causing an increase in transmittance. In some cases

this increase in AY for CIE standard illuminant A amounts to as much as 0.006 (table 4, column 5) over a period of 20 to 30 years.

11 Report 1711 June 10, 1952 by K.S. Gibson and Marion A. Belknap to Alan

J. Werner, Coming Glass Works, who had noted certain inconsistencies in

results among red glasses.

21
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23
Table 5. Influence of polishing selenium-red filter on its spectral

transmittance

Spectral Transmittance

Wavelength Beckman (Model DU)

(urn) 1952

590 0.0000

600 .0003

610 .031

620 .46

630 .74

640 .816

650 .838

660 .852

670

680 .863

690

700 .866

710

720 .864

730

740

750 .857

760

1956 Difference

1.0024 +0.0021

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.44 - .02

.73 - .01

.811 - .005

.835 - .003

.845 - .007

.853

.857 - .006

.860

.861 - .005

.861

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.857

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24
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25
Because of these conclusions, the spectrophotometric data (early

or more recent or both) are presented in table 7 for each filter described in table 3 with one exception 12

. The colorimetric data shown have

been computed for eleven illuminants. The range of illuminants specified

by distribution temperatures is based upon the variation in distributiontemperature of lamps now in use for signal lighting including airport

lighting under conditions varying from daytime fog to clear-night darkness

(1500 to 3100 kelvins). Two additional CIE standard illuminants (B,C) are included because they are recommended for use in colorimetric specifications of object colors.

The data for table 7 were reproduced directly from the computer

output. Therefore the column headings are of necessity limited to the

upper-case font available on the printer. The column headings have the

following significance: "1931 CIE CAP X, CAP Y, CAP Z," the CIE 1931

system tristimulus values and "X,Y,Z," the chromaticity coordinates x, y,

z; "I960 CIE U, V", CIE 1960 system chromaticity coordinates u, v; and

"1964 CIE CAP U*, CAP V*, CAP W*", the CIE 1964 system chromaticness

indices U*,V* and brightness index W*.

It should be noted that while the values of U* and V* have been

computed for eleven illuminants and given in table 7, each set of (U*,V*)

values for a given illuminant has been computed from equation 4 which is

dependent upon values of the variables u, v of the achromatic point, designated uQ

, Vg, for the respective illuminant,

illuminant used are given below:

The values u„, v„ for each

Identification of Illuminant

Distribution CIE

temperature standard

kelvins illuminant

c

2=14,387.9 umK

1500.8

1700.9

1905.0

2101.2

2366.3

2601.4

2855.6 A

3051.7

3251.8

B

C

V

0.35776 0.36034

.33338 .36048

.31314 .35970

.29713 .35828

.27958 .35564

.26705 .35285

.25595 .34955

.24875 .34692

.24241 .34421

.21363 .32350

.20083 .30733

12 In table 7, blue filter 8219A which is listed in table 3 is omitted be- cause the only set of spectral data for it was obtained with undesirably

wide slits (GE II spectrophotometer, spectral band pass approximately

lOnm) . Data are presented for filter 8219B because it was from the same melt of glass, polished to the same thickness and has data for narrower

slits obtained by means of the Gary spectrophotometer. See table 4 including footnote.

26
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108
Due to the large amount of data in table 7, the 1964 CIE U*, V*,

W* indices are also presented in graphical form to show changes in indices

with change of illuminant for a single filter. Diagrams were published

previously [41] showing change in indices with change in thickness of the

filter for CIE standard illuminant A. Such a diagram was created in the

U*, W* cross-section of the U*, V*, W* color solid. It was found that

this diagram had no relevance to the change in effect for a given filter

when used with a given light source as in signal practice. As the lamps

vary or are varied over a wide range of distribution temperatures, the

signal color varies but not in a manner which would be indicated in a U*,

W* diagram formed by connecting, for a single filter, the data points obtained from equations 3 and 4 and represented by the various illuminants

given. The values of U*, V*, W*, correlate with the appearance of the

filters viewed as objects against a light gray background, both filter

and background having the same illuminant. Thus, the created U*,W* diagram

indicated the appearance of the filters when the observer is adapted to

each single illuminant, taken one at a time. For example, if the filters

were viewed in a daylight illuminated room and then the room illuminant

changed to approxiamtely 1500 kelvins, the yellow filters would indeed

appear red as would be indicated by the U*,W* diagram. However, to an observer adapted to one kind of light, say daylight, the appearance of the

signals produced by the yellow filters changes in the opposite direction;

that is, the signals appear more reddish, the lower the distribution temperature of the source.

The light from a point source transmitted by the filter is far different than the light appearing in the usual land or sea scape and so makes a distinctive signal. To illustrate the properties of these filters

to produce signal colors, figure 4 shows data of u,W* for several filters

of each color and for all illuminants listed in table 7. Chromaticity

coordinate, u, indicates the redness of the signal resulting from the

illuminant-f ilter combination and W* is a measure of its brightness.

Note from figure 4 that when distribution temperature of illuminant

is lowered all red and yellow filters are seen as redder (u increases)

and brighter (W* increases); all of lunar white, green, blue and purple

filters are seen as darker (W* decreases) ; all lunar white filters and

two green filters, identification numbers 33 and 36 respectively (6310A

and 6319A) , are seen as redder (u increases) ; and finally all remaining

green filters, the purple filters and two blue filters are seen as greener

followed by redder as the distribution temperature of the illuminant is

lowered. Some filters were omitted from figure 4 for clarity, but the same conclusions apply.

It may also be noted that not all of the filters included in figure

4 have completed lines connecting all eleven symbols. One of the purples

(identification number 79) has one symbol only, namely that for CIE standard illuminant C. The explanation is that W* is not defined for Y less

than one percent; see equation 3 which shows W*= 8.000 for Y= 1.000. Note

also that U* and V*, which depend on W*, are likewise undefined for Y less

than one percent. Thus neither table 7 nor figure 4 shows these values

for such filter-illuminant combinations.

109
100

0.7

Figure 4. Changes in u^ (redness) and W* (brightness) for several signalglass limit filters of each color with changes in illuminant. Note that

red filters (group having highest values of u) , and yellow filters (group

having the highest values of W* ) change toward red and become brighter.

Two of the ten green filters (group having lowest values of u) and all

six lunar-white filters become redder. The remaining green filters, two

blue filters, and all purple filters, become first greener then redder.

The remaining three blue filters are seen still to be changing toward

green as they approach W*=8, the lower limit. In the legend, the numbers

to the right of the symbols are the applicable distribution temperatures,

in kelvins, based upon a value of c~=l4 ,387. 9 micrometer-kelvins . The

illuminants having the highest values of correlated color temperature are CIE standard illuminant B (4872. 7K) and CIE standard illuminant C

(6743. 7K).

110
Color specifications dealing with signals are usually written in

colorimetric terms according to the CIE 1931 standard observer and co- ordinate system. Figure 5 shows the variations in x and y created by

changes in illuminant for several filters of each color. In practice CIE

standard illuminants B and C are not used in filter-illuminant combinations

dealing with colors of signal lights but these two illuminants have been

included in this study and are shown in figure 5 for completeness. To

avoid confusion in figure 5, 13 of the 43 filters and some illuminant

symbols (mostly for red and yellow filters) , included in figure 4 have

been omitted. Of the data for the 11 red, 7 yellow, and 6 lunar white

filters included in figure 4, only the data of 4 red, 4 yellow and 3 lunar

white are shown in figure 5.

3. Summary

The National Bureau of Standards has been the custodian of signalglass limit filters since 1931. At that time twenty-two filters were

selected at Corning Glass Works and deposited at NBS by the Signal Section,

American Railway Association, now the Association of American Railroads.

Through the cooperative efforts of these three organizations the work of

standardization began. By 1948 a few substitutions together with some additions increased this number of railroad standards to thirty-one. The

Institute of Traffic Engineers added only one new limit filter in 1940

when they designated six standards, five of which had already been standardized. Federal Agencies dealing with aeronautical lighting began with

twelve limits in 1942, but by 1951 twenty-eight were listed in Federal

Standard No. 3. In 1964 the U. S. National Committee on the Colors of

Signal Lights under the sponsorship of the U. S. National Committee of CIE

selected eighteen national standard filters, three of which are new and

different from the above organization limit filters. Therefore, the

National Bureau of Standards is the custodian of sixty-three signal-glass

limit filters.

Spectrophotometric measurements obtained by means of several of

four instruments, as they became available, were the basis for the formulation of specifications in colorimetric terms and diagrams according

to the CIE 1931 standard observer and coordinate system combined with the

appropriate illuminants used in signal practice.

A permanence study was made possible because of colorimetric com- putations for CIE standard illuminant A based upon both early and recent

spectrophotometric measurements on the same filter.

This paper presents tables which list spectrophotometric data,

within the visible spectrum, for each filter together with the corresponding colormetric data recently obtained, in tabular and graphical form, by means of an electronic computer and a digital-incremental plotter. The

colorimetric data are given for eleven illuminants, nine of which are specified by distribution temperatures ranging from approximately 1500

to 3250 kelvins, and the remaining two as CIE standard illuminants B and

C. The colorimetric data listed are tristimulus values, X,Y,Z, chromaticity coordinates, x,y,z, in the CIE 1931 system; chromaticity coordinates,

111
0.7

0.6 -

^r

o.o 0. 1

Figure 5. Chromaticity changes for several signal-glass limit filters of

each color caused by changes in illuminant. The (x,y)-chromaticity diagram of the CIE 1931 system is used. The Planckian locus and spectrum

locus are given for orientation. Symbols are the same as in figure 4.

Identification numbers are the same as in tables 3 and 7, and in figure 4.

Note that as the distribution temperature of the illuminant increases,

the motion of the point representing the chromaticity coordinates of a filter moves counterclockwise. This is the same direction in which the

illuminant point moves as the color temperature is increased.

112
u,v, in the CIE 1960 UCS system; and the chromaticness indices U*,V* and

brightness index W* in the 1964 CIE uniform color space. Figures show,

for several filters of each color, the shifts occurring in x and y and

in u and W* with change in illuminant.

It is a pleasure to acknowledge the helpful advice of Dr. Deane

B. Judd and of Mr. Charles A. Douglas, and to offer my thanks to Mr. J.

C. Schleter who in addition to helpful advice provided table 7 by means

of a colorimetric program which he wrote and both figures 4 and 5 by use

of a digital- incremental plotter.

113
4. References

[I] McNicholas, H. J., Equipment for routine spectral transmission and

reflection measurements, BS J. Research JL, 793 (1928) RP 30.

[2] Gibson, K. S. , Direct-reading photoelectric measurements of spectral

transmission, J. Opt. Soc. Am. & Rev. Sci. Instr. _7, 693 (1923).

[3] Gibson, K. S. and Walker, Geraldine K. , Standardization of railway

signal glasses-Reports on measurements and investigations undertaken by the Colorimetry Section of the National Bureau of Standards at the request of the Signal Section, American Railway

Association. Reports 1 to 5 , Signal Section Proceedings, American

Railway Association 30, 384 (1933)

.

Gibson, K. S. , Haupt , Geraldine Walker, and Keegan, H. J., Reports

6 and 7, Association of American Railroads, Signal Section Proceedings 36, 136 (1939)

[4] Gibson, Kasson S., and Haupt, Geraldine Walker, Standardization of

the luminous-transmission scale used in the specification of railroad signal glasses, J. Research NBS 22, 627 (1939) RP1209; J. Opt.

Soc. Am. 29, 188 (1939).

[5] Gibson, Kasson S. , Haupt, Geraldine Walker and Keegan, Harry J.,

Specification of railroad signal colors and glasses, J. Research

NBS ^6, 1 (1946) RP1688; J. Opt. Soc. Am. 35, 772 (1945).

[6] A.A.R. Signal Section Specification 69-35, Association of American

Railroads, Signal Section Proceedings J32, 441 (1935).

[7] A.A.R. Signal Section Specification 59-38, Association of American

Railroads, Signal Section Proceedings _35, 133 (1938); also Manual

Part 66.

[8] A.A.R. Signal Section Specification 69-38, Association of American

Railroads, Signal Section Proceedings 35_, 122 (1938); also Manual

Part 136.

[9] A.A.R. Signal Section Specification 69-40, Association of American

Railroads, Signal Section Proceedings 3_7, 327 (1940).

[10] A.A.R. Signal Section Specification 69-48, Association of American

Railroads, Signal Section Proceedings 45, 122 (1948).

[II] A.A.R. Signal Specification 59-61, Association of American Railroads.

Signal Manual Part 66, (1962),' Address: Secretary AAR, Signal

Section, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y.

[12] A.A.R. Signal Section Specification 69-59, Association of American

Railroads, Signal Section, Part 136, (1960). Address: Secretary

AAR, Signal Section, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y.

114
[13] Technical Report Number 1, Adjustable Face Traffic Control Signal

Head Standards, Institute of Traffic Engineers, Reprinted from

1940 Proceedings, Eleventh Annual Meeting, ASA D10. 1-1942.

[14] Technical Report Number 1, Revised 1958, Adjustable Face Traffic

Control Signal Head Standards, Institute of Traffic Engineers,

ASA D- 10. 1-1958 UDC 656.057.

[15] Technical Report Number 1, Revised 1966, Adjustable Face Vehicle

Traffic Control Signal Head Standard, Institute of Traffic

Engineers, USAS D- 10. 1-1966 UDC 656.057. Address: Institute

of Traffic Engineers, 2029 K Street NW, Washington, D. C. 20006.

[16] Army-Navy Aeronautical Specification AN-C-56, Colors, Aeronautical

Lights and Lighting Equipment, July 25, 1942.

[17] Federal Standard No. 3, Colors, Aeronautical Lighting (21 March

1951). Address: Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government

Printing Office., Washington, D. C. 20402.

[18] Military Specification MIL-C-25050 (ASG) , Colors, Aeronautical

Lights and Lighting Equipment, General Requirements for, (29 October 1954) approved by the Department of the Air Force and by the

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics.

[19] Military Specification MIL-C-25050A (ASG), Colors, Aeronautical

Lights and Lighting Equipment, General Requirements for, (2 December 1963) approved by the Department of the Air Force and by the

Bureau of Naval Weapons.

[20] U. S. National Committee on Colors of Signal Lights, (F. C. Breckenridge, Editor), U. S. Standard for the Colors of Signal Lights,

Handbook 95, National Bureau of Standards (1964).

[21] Michaelson, J. L. , Construction of the General Electric recording

spectrophotometer, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 28, 365 (1938).

[22] Gibson, K. S. , Spectrophotometry, Nat'l. Bur. Std. Circular 484 , (Sept. 15, 1949).

[23] Cary , H.H. and Beckman, A.O., A quartz photoelectric spectrophotometer, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 31> 682 (1941).

[24] Keegan, H. J., Schleter, J. S., and Judd , D. B. , Glass filters for

checking performance of spectrophotometer-integrator systems of

color measurement, J. Res. NBS 66A , (Phys. and Chem.) No. 3, 203

(1962)

.

[25] Judd, D. B. , Specification of uniform color tolerances for textiles, Textile Research 9, 253 (1939).

[26] Judd, D. B., Colorimetry, NBS Circular ^78, (March 1, 1950) p. 22.

115
[27] Martens, F. F. , Uber ein neues Polarisationphotometer, Phys. Z. 1_, 299 (1900).

[28] Judd, D. B. , Estimation of chromaticity differences and nearest

color temperature on the standard 1931 ICI colorimetric coordinate

system, J. Research NBS 17, 771 (1936) RP 944; J. Opt. Soc. Am.

26, 421 (1936).

[29] Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, International

Lighting Vocabulary (3rd ed.)

[30] Davis, Raymond, and Gibson, K. S., Filters for the reproduction of

sunlight and daylight and the determination of color temperature,

NBS Misc. Pub. No. 114 (1931).

[31] Davis, Raymond, Gibson, Kasson S., and Haupt, Geraldine Walker,

Spectral energy distribution of the International Commission on Illumination Light Sources A, B, and C, J. Research NBS 50 , 31 (1953) RP 2384.

[32] Judd, D. B. , Colorime try, Nat'l. Bur. Std. Circular 478 (March 1,

1950) Tables 3 (a), (b) , (c) pp. 9-11.

[33] Judd, D. B. , and Wyszecki, G. W. , Color in Business, Science, and

Industry (2nd ed.), New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1963. Table

2.4 pp. 126, 127.

[34] Wyszecki, Glinter, and Stiles, W. S., Color Science: Concepts and

Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulas, New York. John Wiley

and Sons, 1967. Table 3.19 pp. 298-304 and Table 1.6 pp. 16-28.

[35] Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, Proceedings of the 8th

Session, Cambridge 1931 (Cambridge University Press, London,

1932), p. 19.

[36] Judd, Deane B. , The 1931 I.C.I, standard observer and coordinate

system for colorimetry, J. Opt. Soc. Am. _23, 359 (1933).

[37] Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, Proceedings of the

14th Session, Brussels, 1959 (Bureau Central CIE, Paris, 1960),

Vol. A, pp. 36, 107, 109.

[38] Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, Proceedings of the 15th

Session, Vienna, 1964 (CIE Bureau Central, 57 Paris 5, France),

Vol. A, p. 33.

[39] Blevin, W. R. , Ageing of neutral glass filters, Optica Acta, 6^, No. 1, 99 (1959).

116
[40] Keegan, Harry J., Schleter, J. C. and Belknap, Marion A., Recalibration of the NBS Glass Standards of Spectral Transmittance, J. Res. NBS 67A, (Phys. and Chem.) No. 6, 577 (1963); J. Opt. Soc. Am.

54, 69 (1964).

[41] Werner, A. J. , Luminous transmittance and chromaticity of colored

filter glasses in CIE 1964 uniform color space, Appl. Opt. 7_, 849

(1968).

117
Appendix A

Distribution temperature of a source is the temperature of a complete

(Planckian) radiator having the same spectral distribution, or nearly so,

as the source within stated wavelength limits. For an incandescent lamp,

distribution temperature between 400 and 700 nanometers (1 nanometer

(nm) =10"^ meters, formerly called millimicron) is closely the same as its color temperature. By color temperature is meant the temperature of

a complete radiator having approximately the same chromaticity as the source in question. The numerical value of a distribution temperature

depends on the value assigned to the constant C2 in Planck's radiation

equation for the complete radiator. The units of C2 are micrometerkelvins (ymK). For example, with the several values of C2 indicated, the

following values of distribution temperature, T, all represent the spectral energy distribution of CIE standard illuminant A. The assigned value

of C2 has been adjusted over the years and the time interval during which

the assignments listed below were in use is indicated in the column headed

year.

co T Year

14350 ymK 2848K Prior to 1934

14320 ymK 2842K 1934 to 1948

14380 ymK 2854K 1949 to 1970

14388 ymK 2856K After 1970

In this Technical Note, distribution temperature is generally expressed

by values given to the nearest 0.1K, based upon C2=14388 micrometerkelvins. Internationally, C2 is now (1970) defined as 14387.9 ymK. The

values of distribution temperature are given in table 7 and figures 4 and

5 to the nearest 0.1K because it was a convenient form of computer output.

Normally for colorimetric applications, distribution temperature is given

to the nearest 10K with the exception of CIE standard illuminant A which

is usually listed to the nearest IK. Colorimetric specifications generally

follow the latter usage.

118
Appendix B

Footnotes for Table 4:

These filters, although not standards, have been included in the permanence study because (1) they have been cut from the same melt of glass

as their respective standards and (2) recent (r) data were available on them but not on their respective standards. Pertinent data are given

below.

Corning

Filter Type Thickness Source of

Number Number Melt (mm) Data, Year

3656B

8213B

8219B

8240

2424

5543

5543

5543

405

403

403

403

3.00

3.15

2.38

3.20

CDC, Mph, 1944

rel. 3647A

Cary 1961

Cary 1962

CDC, Mph, 1944

rel. 8213A

Cary 1962

CDC, Mph, 1943

rel. 8242

Cary 1960

GE I 1944

Cary 1962

CDC indicates chromaticity-dif f erence colorimeter

Mph indicates Martens photometer (first model for the determination of

luminous transmittance by direct visual comparison with NBS standard

filters)

119

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1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBS-TN-564

2, Gov't Accession No.

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SH E E T

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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Glass Limit Standards Deposited at NBS for Railway, Highway

and Airway Traffic Signal Colors —History, Permanence and

Colorimetric Properties

5. Publication Date June 1971

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

Geraldine W. Haupt

8. Performing Organization

10. Project/Taslc/Work Unit No. 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

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Pinal

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) Signal glass limit standards for railway, highway, and aviation colors, selected by userorganizations, are on deposit at the National Bureau of Standards. Many duplicates of these

standards have been issued by NBS.

The first standards were selected in 1931 for railway use. Highway standards were adopted

in 1940, and selection of aviation standards began in 1942. At the present time the NBS is

custodian of 63 standards for these signal colors.

Permanence of the filters is examined, based on colorimetric conversions for CIE standard

illuminant. A derived from spectrophotometric measurements made on different instruments over

periods of years.

Spectral transmittance data and the resulting colorimetric data are given for 9 illuminants

ranging in distribution temperature from 1500 to 3250 kelvins and for CIE standard illuminants

B and C. Figures show, for several filters of each color, the shifts occurring both in chromatici^y

(x, y) and in redness and brightness index (u, W*) with changes in illuminant.

17. key words (Alphabetical order, separated by semicolons) Aircraft signals; color standards; filter

permanence; limit filters; railroad signals; signal colors; signal standards; spectral transmittance of glass filters; traffic signals.

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