NIST Technical Note 1753

Model Based Enterprise /

Technical Data Package

Summit Report

Joshua Lubell

Kenway Chen

John Horst

Simon Frechette

Paul Huang

http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1753
NIST Technical Note 1753 

Model Based Enterprise /

Technical Data Package

Summit Report

Joshua Lubell

Kenway Chen

Simon Frechette

Systems Integration Division

Engineering Laboratory

John Horst

Intelligent Systems Division

Engineering Laboratory

Paul Huang

United States Army Research Laboratory

http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1753

August 2012

U.S. Department of Commerce 

Rebecca M. Blank, Acting Secretary

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Patrick D. Gallagher, Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology and Director 
Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this

document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately.

Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the

National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the

entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. 

National Institute of Standards and Technology Technical Note 1753

Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Tech. Note 1753, 111 pages (August, 2012) 

http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NISTTN.1753

CODEN: NTNOEF
Abstract

This report summarizes the presentations, discussions and recommendations from the ModelBased Enterprise Summit held at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in 

December of 2011. The purpose of the Summit was to identify challenges, research, 

implementation issues, and lessons learned in manufacturing and quality assurance where a 

digital three-dimensional (3D) model of the product serves as the authoritative information 

source for all activities in the product’s lifecycle. The report includes an overview of modelbased engineering, technical challenges, summaries of the presentations given at the workshop, 

and conclusions that emerged from the presentations and discussions. 

Acknowledgment

We wish to acknowledge the individuals who organized and participated in the Model Based 

Engineering / Technical Data Package Summit – particularly those who presented to the group as 

a whole, many of whom provided comments and suggestions on an earlier draft of this 

document. We would like to acknowledge Richard Neal, whose meeting notes were invaluable in 

writing the presentation summaries in this report, and Roy Whittenburg for his thorough review 

of this document.

Keywords

Model-based, manufacturing, quality, MBE, MBD, technical data package
1

1 Introduction

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Engineering Laboratory and the 

Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) hosted the third annual Model-based Enterprise and 

Technical Data Package1(MBE/TDP) Summit from December 12 through December 15, 2011,

at NIST. Over 150 participants from industry and government met to share the latest 

technological developments and best practices for model-based engineering (MBE)

2

, and to 

continue work on a new version of the MIL-STD-31000 Technical Data Package (TDP) standard 

[1] to include requirements for 3D models. The Department of Defense (DoD) Engineering 

Drawing and Modeling Working Group is responsible for updating MIL-STD-31000 to support 

delivery of model-based technical data for defense systems. Table 1 lists the organizations that 

attended the Summit.

The Summit consisted of a series of technical presentations focusing on different aspects of

model-based engineering. The summit included separate working group meetings devoted to 

revising MIL-STD-31000 and related DoD standards. This report is concerned with the technical 

presentations and technical discussions related to MBE. The results and materials from the MIL 

standards working group meetings are not included in this report.

Section 1 of the report provides a brief introduction. Section 2 describes the main concepts of 

MBE and its advantages for manufacturing. Section 3 highlights technical challenges to adopting 

MBE in manufacturing. Section 4 summarizes each of the technical presentations. Conclusions 

and recommendations are in Section 5. The appendix contains a table of acronyms used in the 

report, agenda, and all presentations approved for public distribution.

3

 

1 The Technical Data Package (TDP) is the collection of all product data needed to manufacture and maintain the product.

2 Model-based “Enterprise” and Model-based “Engineering” are often treated as interchangeable terms. For the purposes of this 

document, we define the terms as follows. 

 Model-Based Engineering – an approach to product development, manufacturing, and lifecycle support that uses a 

digital model to drive all engineering activities. 

 Model-Based Enterprise – an organization that uses model-based engineering.

3 Those not included were not approved as of the publication of this Technical Note.
2

Table 1. Organizations participating in the Summit

ACIT Action Engineering

Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) Anark Corporation

South Carolina Research Authority 

(SCRA)

Autodesk, Inc.

Automation Alley B&W Y-12, LLC National Security 

Complex

BAE Systems Bell Helicopter Textron

Boeing Company CT Core Technologies 

Dassault Systemes Decision / Analysis Partners

Defense Logistics Agency GE Energy

Honeywell ICF International

Imagecom, Inc. ITI TranscenData

Jacobs Engineering Jotne North America Inc.

L-3 Combat Propulsion Systems LMI Government Consulting

Lockheed Martin Missiles & Fire Control Lucrum Group

Metrosage LLC Mitutoyo America Corporation

National Institute of Standards and 

Technology

Nextec Applications Inc.

Northrop Grumman Technical Services OSD Manufacturing Technology

Peerless Technologies Corporation Pratt & Whitney

PTC Raytheon Company

RECON Services/Army Renaissance Services, Inc.

Renishaw PLC Rolls-Royce North America

Sandia National Laboratories Siemens PLM Software Inc.

Spatial Integrated Systems, Inc. TSR Optima

U.S. Air Force U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory

U.S. Air Force Warner Robins Air 

Logistics Center (WR-ALC)

U.S. Army Armament Research, 

Development and Engineering Center 

(ARDEC)

U.S. Army Materiel Command Logistics 

Support Activity (USAMC LOGSA)

U.S. Army Research, Development and 

Engineering Command (RDECOM)

U.S. Army Research Laboratory U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, 

Development and Engineering Center 

(TARDEC)

U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Marine Corps

U.S. Naval Air Systems Command 

(NAVAIR)

U.S. Naval Facilities Expeditionary 

Logistics Center (NFELC)

U.S. Naval Sea Systems Command 

(NAVSEA)
3

2 Model-Based Engineering

Until recently, most engineering and manufacturing activities relied on hardcopy and/or digital 

documents (including 2D drawings) to convey engineering data and to drive manufacturing 

processes. With the advent of new manufacturing data format standards and more powerful 

engineering software, it is now possible to perform all engineering functions using data models. 

The model-based engineering (MBE) approach uses these models rather than documents as the 

data source for all engineering activities throughout the product life cycle. The core MBE tenet is 

that models are used to drive all aspects of the product lifecycle and that data is created once and 

reused by all downstream data consumers.

A model is a representation or idealization of the structure, behavior, operation, or other 

characteristics of a real-world system. A model is used to convey design information, simulate 

real world behavior, or specify a process. Engineers use models to convey product definition or 

otherwise define a product’s form, fit and function. In MBE, models can be applicable to a wide 

range of domains (systems, software, electronics, mechanics, human behavior, logistics, and 

manufacturing). Models can be either computational or descriptive. Computational models are 

meant for computer interpretation and have a machine-readable format and syntax. Descriptive 

models are human interpretable and meant for human consumption (symbolic representation and 

presentation). Core to MBE is the integration of descriptive models with computational models.

Computer aided design (CAD) models used in manufacturing are a good example. Early CAD 

models were meant only for human viewing. Today, CAD models can be directly interpreted by 

other engineering software applications. A variety of standard interchange formats now exist to 

enable application-to-application transfer of engineering data.

In the context of manufacturing, model data drives production and quality processes. A product 

model used in manufacturing is a container not only of the nominal geometry, but also of any 

additional information needed for production and support. This additional data, known as 

Product Manufacturing Information (PMI), may include geometric dimensions and tolerances 

(GD&T), material specifications, component lists, process specifications, and inspection 

requirements.

Two critical factors give MBE significant advantages over drawing-based or document-based 

engineering: 1) computer interpretability and 2) data associativity. The primary reason to use a 

data model in engineering and manufacturing is that a model can be processed directly by 

engineering software applications. In a document-based environment, humans must interpret the 

engineering documents and then enter the information into the specific user interface of each 

engineering application. Whether it is finite element analysis (FEA) or computer aided 

manufacturing (CAM), each application creates its own internal model. In the past, the only 

access to this model was through the application’s user interface (keyboard and screen). With 
4

MBE, the applications read and write the models directly. This results in fewer errors and a 

drastic reduction in processing time.

Data associativity is critical to model integrity. Data association within and between documents 

is very difficult to maintain. Tolerances, material specifications, surface finish, hardness, and 

other information must be associated with specific features in the model. In analysis models, for 

example, boundary conditions are associated with the point at which they act. In assembly 

models, components must be associated with and oriented toward mating components. Data 

associativity is critical for model interpretation by software applications and is built-in to the 

model representation formats and data exchange standards. 

Quintana et al. [2] define a product’s Model-Based Definition (MBD) as a dataset containing the 

model’s precise 3D geometry and annotations. The annotations specify manufacturing and life 

cycle support data and may include notes and lists. The model comprises a complete definition of 

the product, without relying on supplemental documents such as 2D drawings. 2D drawings are 

not needed when annotations are associated with objects in the model and can be viewed with the 

model.

Not only do humans have to be able to understand the model, but software applications have to 

“understand” the model as well. Quintana outlines requirements for engineering models.

 CAD systems must be able to manipulate, import, and export 3D solid models.

 CAM software must be able to define and validate machine-readable instructions for 

making the model, and must document the process definition.

 Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) software must be able to validate and optimize the 

product definition.

 Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) software must be able to control access and 

manage change of the various models and documents associated with the product.

 Applications such as Enterprise Resource Planning and Manufacturing Execution 

Systems need to extract raw material and component information from product models.

The key to achieve interoperability across software applications is open standards, i.e., those 

developed by consensus either within a standards development organization or a consortium of 

stakeholders. No single software tool can perform all of the engineering tasks needed to design 

and manufacture a product. No single software product can do it all well. Users will mix and 

match software products according to their business objectives. Standards define an agreed-upon 

syntax and semantics of 3D modeling constructs and annotation so that users can understand one 

another’s models. Standards for representing, exchanging, and determining the fidelity of PMI

are of particular importance because PMI (includes GD&T annotations) is essential to 

manufacturing. Driven by industry, standards are adopted nationally and internationally, 

positively affecting interoperability across software applications.
5

Open standards are vital for MBE. Unlike industry standards, where the underlying technology is 

neither open nor democratically managed, no single company can exert an inordinate amount of 

control over the intellectual property in an open standard.[3] As a result, a company whose 

product model is based on open standards is less likely to find itself in a situation where it must 

rely on a competitor’s software in order to “understand” the model or, even worse, support a 

product whose digital model was created using software and computer hardware that is no longer 

available. Avoiding the latter scenario is of particular concern for companies such as aerospace 

manufacturers whose products have lifecycles measured in decades – far longer than the typical

lifetime of a CAD software application or computer operating system.
6

3 Benefits, Opportunities, and Challenges

MBE yields significant benefits to manufacturers and their customers. MBE has been shown to

substantially improve productivity and reduce manufacturing costs. A study by the Aberdeen 

Group documented significant time and cost savings when model-based techniques are compared 

to conventional engineering practices.[4] Another study found MBE methods result in time

savings of a factor of three for first-article product development and a factor of four for 

engineering change management.[5]

Model-based engineering increases the potential value of archived product data. As mentioned in 

Section 2, MBE enables Product Manufacturing Information (PMI) including Geometric 

Dimensions and Tolerances (GD&T), annotations, and notes to be integrated with the product’s 

digital 3D representation. Incorporating PMI into the model eliminates the need for 2D drawings 

and other supporting documents. MBE can also improve the accuracy of GD&T annotations by 

enabling the association of GD&T semantics with features in a 3D model of a part. Software 

tools can detect inconsistencies between the GD&T and the part geometry. New PMI standards 

for dimensioning and tolerancing make this possible. As Bill Tandler states in his presentation 

(4.11.4), emerging standards and technologies have the potential to prevent useless and costly 

“decoration” of models.

Scott Lucero, OSD, states (4.7), MBE facilitates “cross-domain coupling,” i.e., integration across 

a complex system spanning more than one engineering discipline. Cross-domain coupling results 

in benefits such as improved integration of modeling and simulation, which in turn can lower 

product development costs.

Recent technical and standards developments now make the vision of MBE possible for even the 

smallest manufacturers. Developments include the implementation of 3D PMI (e.g., GD&T) 

standards in CAD software, and the availability of low-cost software using new formats for 

viewing – and potentially exchanging – models. The result is a dramatic lowering of the cost of 

MBE, particularly for small businesses. For example, a 3D CAD model with GD&T annotations

and other supporting information can now be exported to the 3D Portable Document Format (3D

PDF).[6] A 3D PDF file can, in turn, be viewed with the Adobe Reader, free software that is a 

standard application on most computers.

As discussed in Section 2, an open standards-based approach provides many advantages to 

achieve interoperability between the applications creating and accessing model-based 

engineering data. Still needed are new standards for the syntax and semantics of PMI symbols, 

standards for the exchange of annotated 3D model data between systems, and standards for lowcost, efficient formats such as 3D PDF used for collaboration with partners and customers. Key 

to the success of standards is effective deployment and risk reduction. Test methods for 
7

validating that software applications correctly produce and interpret model data are an essential 

component of standards development.

Validation testing is a multi-faceted, multiple-stage process. Not only must CAD systems 

correctly implement dimensioning and tolerancing standards, but CAD systems must also be able 

to exchange data with other CAD systems using standard formats. In addition, translators must 

correctly export data to low-cost, collaborative formats. Finally, software for viewing and 

manipulating the formats must correctly interpret the model. 
8

4 Workshop Presentation Summaries

This section contains subsections summarizing each technical presentation. Subsection titles are

presentation titles. Italicized text following the subsection title identifies the presenter and 

organization represented. Summary text for the most part paraphrases the actual ideas 

communicated by the presenter. An exception is Bill Tandler’s summary (4.11.4, second 

paragraph), where we describe a real-time demonstration.

The Summit included two special sessions, each containing a group of presentations sharing a 

common theme. The first, a session on quality control and quality assurance (4.11), was 

organized by John Horst of NIST’s Intelligent Systems Division, Engineering Laboratory, who 

was responsible for choosing and inviting the speakers. The second special session, a series of 

CAD vendor demonstrations, was organized by Rich Eckenrode of RECON Services.

4.1 OSD MBE / TDP Summit Objectives

Paul Huang, US Army Research Laboratory

The Department of Defense (DoD) Engineering Drawing and Modeling Working Group

(DEDMWG) provides technical coordination and policy guidance on weapon systems data for 

acquisition, product design, analysis, simulation, manufacturing, provisioning and other product 

lifecycle management functions. The DEDMWG works in concert with the Joint Defense 

Manufacturing Technology Panel and DoD’s Advanced Manufacturing Enterprise subpanel. A 

major emphasis of the DEDMWG is to reduce costs by creating synergy across the community 

utilizing work that has been done and avoiding “reinventing the wheel” in moving toward a 

model-based enterprise. DEDMWG team members and collaborators include:

 OSD Manufacturing Technology (ManTech)

 Armed services (Army, Air Force, Navy/Marine Corps)

 Defense Logistics Agency

 Standards organizations such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

and the Aerospace Industries Association

 Government agencies including NIST, Department of Energy (DoE), and National 

Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

The scope of the DEDMWG includes standardization of technical data information requirements 

for computer-aided design, engineering, manufacturing, data repository, data archival and 

retrieval tools, and related applications for total product lifecycle management. Current 

ManTech-funded activities where DEDMWG is playing a leadership role include definition and 

validation of certified 3D models, use of 3D models across supply chains, reuse of 3D technical 

data package (TDP) in technical publications, and revision of MIL-STD-31000. Key DEDMWG 

accomplishments to date include:
9

 Conversion of the MIL-DTL-31000C Detail Specification [7] to MIL-STD-31000

 Improving synergy between ASME Y14.41 Digital Product Definition Data Practice 

standard [8] and the Aerospace Industries Association’s NAS3500 standard [9]

 Refinement of annotations and delivery of schemas and validation guidebook into MILSTD-31000

 Over 60 subject matter experts participating in the revision to MIL-STD-31000

The MBE Summit supports the DEDMWG goals of encouraging cross-agency and 

industry/government partnerships and discouraging duplication of efforts. The purpose of the 

Summit for OSD is to communicate the state of the art, key research challenges, and to share 

lessons learned and best practices.

4.2 NIST Engineering Laboratory Manufacturing Programs Overview

Vijay Srinivasan, Alkan Donmez, Mike Shneier, Fred Proctor, and Simon Frechette 

National Institute of Standards and Technology

The Engineering Laboratory manufacturing program vision is to be the source for measurement 

science and critical technical contributions underpinning standards used by the U.S. 

manufacturing industry. Consistent with this vision, the Engineering Laboratory conducts 

research to help advance standards and technology enabling U.S. manufacturers to compete more 

effectively. The Engineering Laboratory has five manufacturing research programs: Smart 

Manufacturing Processes and Equipment, Next Generation Robotics and Automation, Smart 

Manufacturing Controls, Systems Integration for Manufacturing and Construction Applications, 

and Sustainable Manufacturing.

The Smart Manufacturing Processes and Equipment Program’s objective is to advance 

measurement science enabling rapid and cost-effective production of innovative, complex 

products through advanced manufacturing processes and equipment. There are three thrust areas 

in the program: metal-based additive manufacturing, smart machining, and micro- and nanomanufacturing. The metal-based additive manufacturing thrust addresses the need to understand, 

identify, and reduce uncertainties in metal powder characteristics coupled with uncertainties in 

the advanced manufacturing process and equipment that lead to uncertainties in the final product. 

The smart machining thrust addresses the need to integrate modeling and simulation with realtime measurements to optimize processes and equipment. The micro- and nano-manufacturing 

thrust addresses the need to improve the quality and yield of micro- and nano-scale products 

through new measurement methods for improved process control.

The Next Generation Robotics and Automation Program’s objective is to advance measurement 

science to increase the safety, versatility, autonomy, and rapid re-tasking of intelligent robots and 

automation technologies for smart manufacturing and cyber-physical systems applications. There 

are four thrust areas in the program: sensing and perception, manipulation, mobility, and 

autonomy. Sensing and perception enables next-generation robots to collaborate with humans in 
10

unstructured environments. Manipulation enables robotic dexterity essential for agile 

manufacturing operations and a greater breadth of applications through Robotic Industries 

Association (RIA) or ASTM standards for measuring performance. Mobility aims at allowing 

manufacturing vehicles to operate safely and more effectively in the same workspace as humans 

through the development of industrial vehicle safety standards. Finally, autonomy enables

creation of agile and reconfigurable robots that are easily tasked to perform new manufacturing 

operations through standards and measurement tools for intelligent planning and modeling.

The Smart Manufacturing Controls Program objective is to advance measurement science 

enabling real-time monitoring, control, and performance optimization of smart manufacturing 

systems in the factory. There are three thrust areas in the program: factory networks, information 

modeling and testing, and performance measurement and optimization. The factory network

thrust aims at enabling cost savings and ease of integration for networked equipment and sensors 

by developing performance and conformance tests for data exchange and cyber security

standards through the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and International 

Society of Automation (ISA). The information modeling and testing thrust aims at enabling 

seamless information exchange throughout production activities by developing validation and 

conformance tests for information exchange standards through ISO and the Dimensional 

Measurement Standards Consortium (DMSC). The performance measurement and optimization 

thrust aims at enabling optimization of manufacturing across the shop floor by developing 

standards for measuring key performance indicators through the Association for Manufacturing 

Technology (AMT).

The Systems Integration for Manufacturing and Construction Applications Program’s objective 

is to develop and deploy measurement science for integration of engineering information systems 

used in complex manufacturing and construction networks to improve product and process 

performance by 2016. The program addresses industry’s struggle to digitize manufacturing and 

thus achieve the level of integration needed to make substantial breakthroughs in manufacturing 

productivity, quality, and agility. The two major program thrusts are Model-based Engineering 

and Service-based Manufacturing. The Model-based Engineering thrust’s objectives are to 

conduct research and deliver technical results to enable the transition from document-based data 

to model-based data, support new manufacturing processes and quality improvement, and enable 

end-to-end integration from systems engineering to manufacturing. The Service-based 

Manufacturing thrust’s objectives are to develop service-oriented architectures for 

manufacturing, and to create supply chain service models that enable SMEs to participate in 

manufacturing supply chains.

The Sustainable Manufacturing Program’s objective is to develop and deploy advances in 

measurement science to enable improvements in resource (energy, material) efficiency and waste 

reduction across manufacturing processes and product assembly by 2016. The program addresses 

the industry’s need for well-defined sustainability metrics and a measurement science-based 
11

methodology to compose those metrics across global supply chains within manageable 

uncertainty. The two major program thrusts are Methodologies for Characterizing Sustainable 

Processes and Resources and Integration Infrastructure for Sustainable Manufacturing. The 

Methodologies for Characterizing Sustainable Processes thrust aims to define sustainability 

metrics of unit and assembly processes and use those metrics in life-cycle predictions and 

decisions. The Integration Infrastructure for Sustainable Manufacturing thrust aims to develop a 

sustainability testbed based on real manufacturing scenarios.

4.3 NASA Integrated Model-Centric Architecture 

Paul Gill, NASA

The NASA Integrated Model-Centric Architecture is based on the general model-centric vision 

of advancing from a document-centric engineering practice to one in which structural, 

behavioral, and simulation-based models representing the technical designs are integrated 

throughout the lifecycle. 

There are several problems to be solved, including:

 Lack of affordability of projects and activities

 Mission complexity growing faster than the ability to manage it

 Inability to share models in a collaborative environment

 Ineffective testing and too many design reviews

 Lack of early problem identification

 Necessity of searching for needed data

 Necessity of integrating pieces as opposed to total model solutions

 Data model quality uncertainty

Moving to a model-driven environment with integration and simulation capability will help 

resolve many of the issues listed above. NASA has developed three use cases to illustrate the 

benefits of deploying the model-centric vision. The first scenario is a change in requirements late 

in the development cycle where a fully model-centric program would enable the tracing of effect 

of a change across all aspects of the product. The second scenario is an in-flight anomaly, where 

a model-centric architecture would allow immediate definition of data and information needed to 

address the problem and locations of spare parts and needed materials. The third scenario 

involves the deluge of development data where the volume of data is huge, and a model-centric 

architecture would accommodate that requirement.

The means of establishing a model-centric environment comes in two parts. The first is the 

establishment of Communities of Practice (CoP) in several areas including model-based systems 

engineering, product data and lifecycle management, models and simulations, and computer 

aided design. The CoP mission goes beyond communication and discussion to include the 

deployment of model-centric toolsets. Seven teams have been established to address various 
12

aspects of the challenge. They are Benchmarking, Foundations, Current Architecture, Concept 

of Operations (ConOps), Communications Plan, Pilots, and Workforce Capabilities. 

The second part is the development of a three-phase roadmap to guide the model-centric 

activities. The first phase is preparation, which involves establishing a common vision and 

developing strategic and implementation plans. The second phase is implementation, which 

involves developing standards and policies for new capabilities and developing a standard suite 

of modeling tools and technologies. The third phase is sustaining and improving, which involves 

establishing an operational model-centric infrastructure and a mature model-based development 

methodology. 

Key benefits that NASA envisions from moving to a model-centric culture include enhanced 

affordability, increased collaboration, earlier identification of problems, and quicker diagnoses 

and solutions. Early results are already having an impact.

4.4 Affordable Readiness through Model-Based Enterprise 

Shelley Diedrich, U.S. Coast Guard 

A new goal for the Coast Guard is affordable readiness through a model-based enterprise. Coast 

Guard equipment is aging. Much equipment is at least 40 years old and no longer has data for 

sustainment and maintenance. The access to needed data for maintaining equipment is becoming 

an important issue.

The Coast Guard defines logistics as “all the activities associated with developing, acquiring, 

sustaining, and eventually retiring the components of capability, including people, systems and 

information.” This definition of logistics includes mission requirements and regulation 

requirements needed to support assets. This view of logistics is different from the more limited 

view of logistics in certain circles.

The Coast Guard vision includes: 

 Affordable readiness

 Spiral MBE implementation

 Standard Coast Guard processes

 Integrated modular architecture

 A configuration-based business model

 Baseline management

The three elements of the vision are a standard product model, standard business model, and 

single information technology system. The approach to achieving the vision involves developing 

systems engineering for business model management and leveraging of government and industry 

best practices. A roadmap was created to outline the strategy plan for achieving the vision. Every 
13

organization within the Coast Guard must be transformed to embrace and implement the MBE 

solution.

Several risks have been identified and need to be addressed. These risks include lack of a 

comprehensive ISO 10303 (also known as “STEP” – the Standard for the Exchange of Product 

Model Data) [10] pilot, limited STEP expertise, competing standards and limited ability to 

sustain them, and revisions to STEP standards making the end state a moving target.

4.5 Model-based Engineering / Manufacturing Review from Y-12 National Security 

Complex 

Donna Bennett, National Nuclear Security Administration 

Y-12 is a manufacturing facility whose mission includes sustaining a safe nuclear arsenal, 

processing highly enriched uranium, and preventing nuclear proliferation and nuclear terrorism. 

B&W Y-12 operates it for the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). Y-12 plays a 

vital role in DOE’s Nuclear Security Enterprise. It has four core areas of research and 

development: defense programs, transformation, complementary work, and basic science. 

Y-12 focuses on the link between design and manufacturing by emphasizing model-based 

engineering and manufacturing, which includes the use of 3D models for defining refurbished 

stockpile product, supporting certification, and integrating design, engineering, and 

manufacturing activities throughout the lifecycle. The model-based engineering and 

manufacturing concepts are applied during design, analysis/simulation, manufacturing, 

inspection, and packaging.

Y-12 has model-based activities in four areas: packaging of materials, life-extension programs, 

the integrated glove box program, and the uranium processing facility. Packaging of materials 

involves designing a product and testing it for requirement fulfillment (e.g., designing a 

container and then dropping it to analyze the impact result). Life-extension programs develop 

business rules around MBE needs and requirements, and complete process planning using workin-process models. The integrated glove box program uses virtual process planning to identify 

problems in fixture design and allows for corrections of these problems before any builds. The 

uranium processing facility involves conceptual and ergonomic design with the intent of 

identifying and resolving problems early in the design process.

The Y-12 Complex collaborates with other Department of Energy sites and federal agencies as 

well as universities and private industry. The Plant Directed Research, Development, and 

Demonstration Program supports innovative or high-risk design and manufacturing concepts and 

technologies with potentially high payoff for the Nuclear Security Enterprise.

4.6 Model-Based Enterprise Impact on Organizational Behavior

James DeLaPorte, NexTec 
14

Organizations have a large inertia, and change is difficult. It is analogical to Newton’s law of 

motion stating, “A body in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted on by an outside force.” 

The model-based enterprise (MBE) is an outside force that can drive change.

People in an organization tend to establish and to reinforce “normal” behavior. MBE is a 

fundamental shift to 3D from 2D for all major organizations, which is a major perturbation from 

the normal behavior. The impacts are felt in engineering, operations, quality, service and support, 

information technology, and finance and contracts. All of these business units are required to 

adapt, which means there is a need to rebuild the organization to support the use of 3D, to update 

training and instructions, and to manage new applications and processes.

In order to achieve MBE and organizational behavior transformation, four elements are needed: 

(1) empowerment of leaders at all levels, (2) adaptation to changing roles and responsibilities, (3) 

trust and encouragement, and (4) active pursuit of conflict resolution. People will follow the new 

behaviors defined by the organizational leaders. Keeping people involved and informed will 

increase the individual commitment to the new norms. This commitment will stabilize and 

sustain the new organizations. The new organizational behavior will be much more dynamic and 

flexible. 

4.7 Engineered Resilient Systems

Scott Lucero, Office of the Secretary of Defense

Engineered Resilient Systems (ERS) is one of the seven Department of Defense (DoD) Science 

and Technology priorities. ERS was established to guide FY13-17 defense investments across 

DoD services and agencies. Although ERS is a systems engineering approach, it goes far beyond 

process. New technologies, applied across a broad community, are imperative in addressing the 

changing requirements. New tools help engineers and users understand interactions, identify 

implications, and manage consequences. This scenario of operations points to an ability to 

automatically evaluate many options, understand all implications, respond to requirements, 

propagate tradeoffs, and adapt through a continuous learning process.

A ten-year technology and science roadmap is currently under development. Four technology 

enablers have been identified. These are:

 System representation and modeling – capturing physical and logical structures, behavior, 

interactions with the environment and other systems

 Characterizing changing operational contexts – directly capturing operational data, 

deeper understanding of warfighter needs and operational impacts of alternatives

 Cross-domain coupling-– better interchange between incommensurate models, resolving 

temporal, multi-scale, multi-physics issues

 Collaborative design and decision support – well-informed decision support among many 

stakeholders.
15

Research will develop the tools and technologies to enhance engineering productivity, resulting 

in resilient systems that are effective in a wide range of situations, readily adaptable through 

reconfiguration or replacement, with graceful degradation. The goals for success of the roadmap

include adaptable design, faster and more efficient engineering iterations, and decisions informed 

by mission needs.

4.8 The National Digital Engineering and Manufacturing Consortium

Dennis Thompson, South Carolina Research Authority

The National Digital Engineering and Manufacturing Consortium (NDEMC) is a public-private 

partnership that is part of the President’s Advanced Manufacturing initiative. The goal of the 

NDEMC is to provide high performance computing capability for the small manufacturing 

community. The consortium is providing Software-as-a-Service access to high performance 

software and to the hardware on which it runs with an emphasis on modeling and simulation 

capabilities.

There are two major thrust areas: 1) specialized consulting or training in modeling, simulation, 

and analysis provided by teams of experts, and 2) on-line manufacturing support systems. 

NDEMC stresses shared solutions. The goal is to provide tools that can serve a broader 

community, not just satisfy very specific needs of a highly specialized application. The program 

is focused across the product lifecycle. The benefits are realized by the original equipment 

manufacturers, software providers, SMEs, and by the U.S. government.

Seven projects have been launched, and 30 to 40 projects are planned to be launched. A catalog 

of 143 software tools is being developed and will be accessible by SMEs through the NDEMC 

portal.

4.9 Department of Defense (DoD) MBE Program Reviews

4.9.1 Navy Digital Product Model

Ben Kassel, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division

The Digital Product Model will be the authoritative source of data for the entire ship’s lifecycle.4

NAVSEA (Naval Sea Systems Command) is pursuing a two-level approach. At the first level,

the ship design is a collection of parts with the model supporting the management of the 

collection. At the second level, there is an additional layer of information required to manage and 

 

4 A memo signed by the Chief Engineer and Deputy Commander, Naval Systems Engineering Directorate – SHIP DESIGN AND 

ANALYSIS TOOLS GOALS, Ser 05T/015, Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington D.C., Sep 29 2010 –"NAVSEA is 

committed to creating and maintaining LEAPS models for every major ship class in the U.S. Navy to enhance lifecycle support 

and incident response. A future goal is for NAVSEA to maintain a LEAPS model for every ship in the fleet." LEAPS (Leading 

Edge Architecture for Prototyping Systems) is NAVSEA’s product model repository implementation.
16

support the product from the as-designed and as-built derived models of the product. The Navy 

believes that the STEP Product life cycle support standard (ISO 10303-239) [11] has emerged as 

a useful mechanism to define product structure, the relationship between objects, and 

configuration management, and that the STEP Core data for automotive mechanical design 

processes standard (ISO 10303-214) [12] is a relatively mature mechanism for managing product 

data. Contracts with the ship builder will specify that the contractor supply Data Exchange 

Specifications (DEXs) based on the ISO 10303-239 information model supporting the 

interpretation of data. In the future, the Navy will provide standard DEXs and will specify 

compliance with those DEXs in all contracts.

4.9.2 Air Force Technical Data Objectives

Brench Boden, United States Air Force

The Air Force program Expeditionary Logistics for the 21st Century focuses on the 

transformation of supply chain activities. It addresses major issues including data rights, data 

availability, and acquisition strategy. A ManTech opportunity is seen in PLM integration and 

new methodologies for managing product technical data. Interoperability is a major opportunity 

area. Studies show the lack of interoperability costs billions of dollars per year.[13] The Air 

Force ManTech program is developing a strategic vision and technical thrusts. The four focus 

areas are:

 Moving manufacturing left (i.e., developing technologies enabling early consideration of 

manufacturing requirements during design)

 Cradle-to-cradle digital thread

 Responsive integrated supply base

 Factory of the future

The cradle-to-cradle digital thread is particularly important to the TDP/MBE activities.

4.9.3 Army Research Objectives for MBE

Andy Davis, US Army Research Development and Engineering Command

The Army has identified three goals in achieving a model-based enterprise:

 Fully integrated manufacturing enterprise to support weapons systems development

 Digital thread connectivity from prototype to production

 Establishment and implementation of best practices and standards for product data use

The Army is addressing challenges including lack of resources, competition from industry, 

political interests, and institutional issues. Current investments include the Net-centric MBE 

project ($ 8.9 million over 4 years) and Accelerated and Adaptive Army Fabrication Enterprise 
17

($9.2 million over 4 years). The latter is a major activity focused on establishing an organic 

capability within the army to pilot and demonstrate an advanced model-based enterprise.

4.9.4 Defense Logistics Agency Objectives for MBE

Rick Norton, Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) 

There are three active MBE projects within DLA named Charter 1, 2, and 3. Charter 1 is an A-10 

jet aircraft TDP exchange pilot. Charter 2 involves a contracting TDP within an MBE 

environment. Charter 3 addresses supply chain activities. The Charter 1 project is a partnership 

with the Air Force and Boeing that addresses parts provisioning using 3D model data. The 

objective is to modernize the means of exchanging data. Charter 2 will begin with an in-depth 

study of the present state of practice and emerging best practices in the model-based enterprise. 

The study will include benchmarking supporting gap and trend analysis, and business case 

analysis. Charter 2 will deliver a model-based enterprise/product lifecycle management 

technology discovery and investment strategy for DLA. In summary, Charter 1 defines what 

needs to be done in developing new MBE tools. Charter 2 determines what needs to happen to 

drive contract deliverables within an MBE. Charter 3 will make MBE happen within the supply 

chain.

4.10 Industry and ManTech Interaction Success

David Baum, Raytheon 

Raytheon has four mission areas in addressing a technology-driven growth strategy: 

 Sensing, which expands beyond traditional Radio Frequency/Electrical-Optical to new 

growth focus areas, including multi-mission areas.

 Command, Control, Communication, and Intelligence), which broadens market presence 

in communications, networking and knowledge management.

 Effects (military actions or outcome), which leverages kinetic energy-based expertise into 

Electronic Warfare, directed energy and cyber markets.

 Mission support, engineering services, and training. 

The objective is to identify and establish common product data management (PDM) systems, 

engineering documentation standards, and process asset libraries. Technology-readiness level 

and manufacture-readiness level should be defined in each lifecycle phase.

Raytheon’s capability development timeline is as follows:

 2011: model-based definition – complete an enterprise MBD specification,

 2012: model-based manufacturing – establish global supplier communication and deploy 

CAD model derivatives,

 2013: model-based engineering and lifecycle support – implement virtual verification and 

requirement allocations/derivations.
18

Raytheon leverages the Customer/Supplier Interoperability (CSI) ManTech program (see 4.13). 

The vision of CSI is a flexible, configurable, standard-based system that automates common 

tasks associated with customer supplier interoperability. Specific leveraging of the ManTech 

work includes: 

 Working with industry partners PTC and ITI TranscenData to validate conversions of 

CAD file formats, 

 Developing a standard MBD schema with start parts5and PDM attributes,

 Developing MBD model qualifications and workflows prioritized by modeling defect 

causes,

 Using ITI’s model comparison software to identify model changes during the change 

management process. 

4.11 Special Session: MBE for Quality Control / Quality Assurance

John Horst, National Institute of Standards and Technology

The summit included a mini-session on MBE for quality control and quality assurance. Several 

leading US quality measurement experts presented their perspectives on the potential offered by 

a model-based approach to performing quality measurement. The presentations shared as a 

common theme the improvement of the quality measurement process, i.e., making it more 

efficient, less error prone, and more cost effective. They also touched on improving the 

integration of the quality measurement process into the entire manufacturing enterprise –

particularly that part of the enterprise focusing on product design, quality management, and 

production. A model-based quality measurement process promises huge benefits, but also 

presents huge challenges. A key challenge is intelligent use of model data.

4.11.1 Product Tolerance Representation: Critical Requirements for Product Definition 

and Metrology Interoperability

Curtis Brown, Honeywell Federal Manufacturing & Technology

Full semantic product tolerance representation in digital information models is a critical 

requirement for cost-effective and efficient manufacturing, where “full semantic” means that no 

information in the digital model is mere “decoration,” but contains the complete and rich 

association between geometry, feature definitions, tolerance frames, datum definitions, etc.

Current standard model-based product representations define nominal shapes only, and 

unfortunately, one cannot manufacture nominally shaped parts. Parts that fit and function are 

 

5 A “start part” is used to speed up the initial creation of a CAD model for a part, drawing, or assembly. Start parts can help to 

encourage common modeling practices throughout an organization. Start parts are analogous to the document templates often 

used with office suite applications to facilitate creation of reports, spreadsheets, or slide presentations.
19

manufactured via 2D drawings and, to a lesser degree, via proprietary 3D models. Product 

tolerance representation that is correct, complete, unambiguous, and verified is essential for the 

successful exchange of product models for next generation automated applications and the return 

on investment promised by MBE. There is currently no model-based CAD system with the level 

of robustness to adequately represent and transfer product tolerance. 

A fully semantic product definition must include: 

 Solid models augmented with product tolerance. 

 “Tolerance features,” i.e., geometric features with tolerance frame attached, as is defined 

in GD&T standards like ASME Y14.5.[14]

 Correct tolerances automatically inferred per ASME Y14.5 and company standards. 

 Part functional tolerance definitions that are checked, validated, and scored.

 The ability to exchange tolerance definition with other product definitions. 

 A published application programming interface suite for extending tolerance analysis, 

integration with existing software applications, and supporting downstream activities like 

manufacturing and measurement.

Downstream machining and inspection processes require tolerance information. Therefore, 

product data standards such as STEP Managed Model Based 3D Engineering [15] [16], process 

data standards such as STEP Numerical Controllers [17], and the Dimensional Metrology 

Standards Consortium’s (DMSC) Quality Information Framework (QIF) 6all support 

representation and exchange of tolerance semantics. GD&T validation tools are needed to ensure 

the correctness of the tolerance information being exchanged.

4.11.2 MBE for Dimensional Quality within a Heterogeneous Supply Base

Nick Orchard and Ron Snyder, Rolls-Royce 

There is a proliferation of incompatible CAD, PDM, PLM, and CAM software environments.

Rolls-Royce wants one single integrated environment. In the current Rolls-Royce PLM 

environment, even though geometry can be linked between models, the system does not allow 

users to link PMI, a capability that is essential to achieve the “paperless office.” In terms of 

CAD models, one important question to ask is whether one size could fit all? For example, if the 

analysis department doesn’t like including blends and radii in the CAD Model but CAM 

programmers and quality engineers do, then the answer is no. 

An “inflated CAD model” is a concept where the CAD model has elements useful to 

downstream processes. Such processes include analysis, machining, and inspection – particularly 

 

6

http://www.qifstandards.org
20

3D inspection (i.e., using non-contact optical systems). For point cloud data, there are concerns 

about how to determine the validity of the results, how to determine the correct point density, 

how to qualify optical measurement systems based on an optical based inspection standard, and 

whether there is an optical based inspection standard. 

4.11.3 Improving First Article Inspection in a Model-Based Environment

Ray Admire, Lockheed Martin

First-Article Inspection (FAI) in a model-based environment, compliant with industry 

information standards (such as ISO STEP, Aerospace First Article Inspection [18], and the 

Dimensional Measurement Standards Consortium’s Quality Information Framework), will 

deliver substantial benefits to manufacturers and their customers. 

Challenges and risk to product quality in the supply chain include the uncertainty of experienced 

talent, the supplier value stream, fixed price contracts, technical challenges in achieving quality 

targets, vicissitudes in the national and international economy, uncertain performance of lower 

tier suppliers, changes in government policy, changes in trade regulations, and increasing 

Government Industry Data Exchange Program notifications. 

Characteristic Accountability & Verification (CAV) is a process ensuring that all critical and 

major characteristics are defined and accounted for in the product technical data package. CAV 

also ensures that manufacturing and quality plans include controls adequate for conformance of 

these characteristics.

FAI can be improved in a model-based environment. However, a barrier to model-based FAI is 

that CAD data (including GD&T) does not flow seamlessly to downstream processes when 

components are not from the same vendor. The GD&T is not fully associated to critical 

characteristic features. This is because CAD vendors do not use standards, the standards are 

incomplete, end users do not enforce standards compliance, and there are no formal tools or 

methods for verifying CAD vendor compliance to the standards. 

Top inspection process definition issues are: 

 Lack of comprehensive non-shape information available from the product – including 

CAD tolerance data, material properties, and optical properties.

 Lack of a standard mechanism to capture and exchange knowledge – including methods, 

practices, resources, and rules. 

As a result, costly rework is required at each step in the inspection process: planning, 

programming, results generation, and analysis. 

The importance of FAI is that it reassures the customer or supplier that lower tier suppliers are 

compliant to all specified design characteristics (dimensional, material, etc.). The QIF model and 
21

schema (from the DMSC) holds promise for facilitating successful FAIs. A pilot demo involving 

joint efforts of NIST and Lockheed Martin is planned for demonstrating the joint benefits from 

FAI and QIF. 

4.11.4 The Key to Intelligent GD&T

Bill Tandler, MultiMetrics

MBD is absolutely essential for ensuring the intelligent application of GD&T, since the 

concepts and symbolic language of GD&T are so complex that few individuals have the time, 

skill or interest to master them. This lack of mastery leads to improperly defined GD&T, which 

further leads to most GD&T being merely “decorative” and therefore, useless or even dangerous. 

MBD holds promise for automating precise application of GD&T to part geometry and features 

to enable correct execution of precision tasks such as tolerance stack-up analysis, manufacturing 

process management, coordinate metrology, and assembly. 

Tandler presented a live example of the problems with a “decorative” GD&T application on a 

part not satisfying fit and function requirements, versus a correct GD&T definition satisfying fit 

and function. He described an experiment demonstrating this process. In concert with an 

unnamed “3D metrology” vendor, Tandler was able to encode the geometry and features of the 

same part, associate ASME Y14.5 standards-compliant and requirements-satisfying GD&T with 

the critical features on the part, and exchange this information with the 3D metrology vendor’s 

software. The vendor’s software then produced measurement results sufficient for analysis on fit 

and function. 

Prerequisites to achieving the goal of model-based definitions that produce parts that assemble 

and function as required include:

 Significantly improving the ergonomics of MBD technology to encourage its use.

 Refining and solidifying the concepts, tools, rules, processes and best practices of GD&T 

to enable large-scale automation of the “encoding” and “decoding” processes.

 Largely automating the GD&T “encoding” process in the 3D CAD environment using the 

refinements referenced in the previous bullet.

 Fully automating the GD&T “decoding” process in the 3D CAD environment to 

graphically illustrate the impact of the “code” during the “encoding” processes.

 Largely automating the tolerance stack-up analysis process in the 3D CAD environment 

and providing intelligent feedback to enable iterative refinement of the GD&T code.

4.11.5 3D Technical Data Package Validation Demonstration

Roy Whittenburg, Universal Technical Resource Services, Inc.

The 3D technical data package validation demonstration provides an illustration in which a 

model is built and then broken down into segments, each segment having its own validation 

point. The approach focuses on defining what needs to be validated and then working with the 
22

industry to fill any technology gaps. Since DoD is inherently 2D and drawing based, there is a 

fundamental distrust of 3D data. Verification and validation is needed to gain this trust.

The objective of the project is to provide a process to verify and validate whether the data quality 

of the 3D TDP is sufficient for manufacturing. A team that consists of DoD service 

representatives, vendors, and subject matter experts executes the project.

The demonstration of the 3D technical data package validation process is provided in three steps: 

design model creation, product lifecycle management (PLM) check-in, and derivative model 

creation. The demonstration intentionally selects different tools for each section of the 

demonstration. The demonstration evaluates the model, determines issues causing deviations 

between the model and its derivatives, and offers assistance in resolving the issues. The issues 

are highlighted in the model and in the reports related to those models. The validation is not 

limited to parts, but also operates on assemblies.

In the demonstration, a model is created, initial validation is conducted, and the model is checked 

into the PLM system to enable sharing. An additional series of checks are executed to assure that 

the model has reached certain levels of model maturity and usability. If the model passes the 

checks, it is then available to be shared with others in either a released or unreleased state. After 

the model is checked in, derivatives (translations) are created. The derivatives must be validated, 

just like the original. In addition to the kinds of checking performed on the original model, 

derivative models must also be checked for deviations from the original.

4.12 The 3D PDF Consortium

Jim Merry, Tetra4D

A 3D PDF document is any PDF document that contains CAD data in Universal 3D (U3D) [19]

or Product Representation Compact (PRC) [6] formats. Adobe no longer supports translation of 

CAD data to PRC or U3D. They are still supporting insertion of U3D and PRC to create 3D 

PDFs in their Acrobat Professional product. Although Adobe’s Reader software will continue to 

support viewing of 3D PDF, partners have been chosen to continue the development and support 

of the CAD to 3D PDF conversion technology. Tech Soft 3D has taken on development and 

maintenance of the software toolkit for PRC-based CAD translator development, and is now 

leading the PRC ISO standardization effort. Tetra 4D is now the sole distributor of the 3D PDF 

conversion technology for the Adobe Acrobat platform and provides a plug-in enabling the latest 

version of Acrobat Professional to generate 3D PDF documents from multiple 3D formats from 

the mechanical CAD, architecture, engineering and construction, and digital content creation

domains. ProSTEP AG now provides a server-level capability integrating 3D PDF generation in 

business processes and enterprise systems. Recent versions of Adobe Reader will read 3D PDFs, 

providing ubiquitous access to CAD model information. 
23

While PDF is commonly perceived primarily as a presentation mechanism, PDF supports other 

functionalities relevant to the MBE environment such as information protection mechanisms and 

digital rights management. The ability for Adobe Reader users to interact with the 3D model via 

forms is another important capability. Support for digital signatures is important for document 

workflows requiring approval and/or certification for information authentication assurance.

The 3D PDF Consortium is a newly formed non-profit organization comprised of users, software 

developers, and solution providers whose goal is to accelerate 3D PDF standardization, 

implementation, and industry adoption. The consortium intends to achieve this goal through 

demonstration, communication, and evangelism. The consortium’s website is 

http://www.3dpdfconsortium.org.

4.13 Engineering Software Provider Session

Rich Eckenrode, RECON Services, moderated a session consisting of CAD vendor 

demonstrations of new capabilities supporting MBE. Table 2 shows the vendors represented in 

the session, software products demonstrated, and the people who gave the presentations.

Table 2. CAD vendor demonstrations.

Vendor Software Product Presenter(s)

Dassault Systèmes CATIA Bob Brown and Israel Flores

PTC Creo Mark Nielson

Siemens NX Dennis Keating

Siemens Solid Edge Ricky Black

Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Craig Therrien

4.14 Reducing New Product Introduction Time and Cost through More Effective 

Collaboration

John Gray, ITI TranscenData

Interoperability costs can easily add up. No manufacturer has an “explicit” interoperability 

budget. The Customer Supplier Interoperability (CSI) program is a solution to reduce 

interoperability costs. 

The cost of interoperability is the summation of many small things that add to a significant dollar 

amount. For example, a forty-year program can have up to four million interoperability issues,

costing in excess of $1 billion over the program’s lifetime. Extrapolation of existing studies point 

to the fact that the lack of interoperability is a $2 billion per year problem for DoD. CSI sought 

to understand the interoperability issues and prototype some solutions. The steps in the CSI 

approach included review (data contract language), analyze (failures), prioritize (opportunities), 

identify (most value actions), and demonstrate (solutions in pilots).
24

The CSI vision involves a flexible and configurable standards-based system in which common

tasks associated with Customer-Supplier Interoperability are automated. A model for effective 

interoperability was established and applied using a toolkit configured with tools from multiple 

technology suppliers. Prototypes of automated solutions have been demonstrated. To support the 

value proposition for CSI, a higher fidelity study of cost savings for the F-35 combat aircraft was 

undertaken. The potential savings for the F-35 program were conservatively estimated at $140 

million over the life of the program. 

The CSI program is now initiating four new activities. These are:

 Draw-to-PMI – automating merging of 2D GD&T into a 3D model, producing 

associative 3D PMI facilitating manufacturers migrating to a model based design 

methodology in new projects.

 Critical Problem Resolution Process – detecting and resolving model issues in design for 

manufacturability.

 3D PMI Translation – translating associative 3D models and 3D PMI between dissimilar 

CAD environments with either BREP or Features.

 3D ECO (Engineering Change Order) Documentation – documenting model changes in a 

3D PDF format that improves communication between different organizations in an 

enterprise.
25

5 Conclusions

The December 2011 MBE/TDP Summit brought together a collection of stakeholders

representing a wide variety of organizations spanning both the public and private sectors. 

Speakers included program managers, quality measurement experts, researchers, and solution 

providers. Conclusions and recommendations that emerged from the Summit are summarized in 

the following.

5.1 MBE is a key driver of affordability

Cost and affordability was a high priority for many organizations represented at the Summit. For 

instance, Paul Gill (4.3) pointed out that one of NASA’s major problems is the lack of 

affordability of projects and activities. Other speakers agreed that implementing MBE can lead to 

cost savings and provided promising progress and results. Donna Bennett (4.5) highlighted a 

cost savings of $535K that resulted from using virtual testing instead of physical testing for 

packaging in the Y-12 program. Brench Boden from the Air Force (4.9.2) highlighted several 

studies substantiating the cost of the lack of interoperability in billions of dollars per year. In 

summary, the consensus is that cost control is crucial and the use of a model-centric architecture 

leads to increasing affordability.

5.2 MBE reduces errors

Current practices for communicating and accurately implementing changes in product 

requirements are inefficient. Such practices still depend on email, phone communication, and 

manual entry and reentry of data, creating opportunities for errors. These errors lead to delays 

and additional costs. John Gray (4.13) presented a demonstration scenario of interactions 

between an airframe manufacturer and mechanical equipment provider in the F-35 program. In 

his scenario, human interaction was required on numerous occasions to complete processes such 

as translating data into STEP, checking models for compliance issues, and verifying that the 

translated file is correct. 

Implementation of MBE will increase the efficiency in dealing with changing requirements, 

especially during later development cycle stages. A fully model-centric software application 

could trace the effect of that change through many viewpoints. In an example use case from 

NASA (4.3) illustrating the use of such an application, a changing requirement resulted in

successful identification of the affected mission segment, functions, and parts. David Baum also 

stressed (4.10) that one of the benefits of MBE is the reduction of time to implement changes in 

systems by enabling design reuse and configuration management. Successful change 

management and design reuse shows that MBE increases efficiency in processing change in 

design requirements.
26

5.3 MBE enables effective data reuse across the entire system lifecycle

Many presenters emphasized the ability to communicate and manage product data across the 

lifecycle. Paul Gill (4.3) stressed the ideal of a reusable model-driven environment with 

integration and simulation capability applicable to every activity and extending across the 

product lifecycle. Gill said that product data and lifecycle management are key to establishing a 

model-centric environment. Dennis Thompson (4.8) stated that the National Digital Engineering 

and Manufacturing Consortium (NDEMC) is focused on providing tools serving a broad 

community across the product lifecycle. Ben Kassel (4.9.1) emphasized that a goal for the Navy 

is the use of the digital product model as the authoritative source for the entire ship's lifecycle. 

Gill’s, Thompson’s and Kassel’s presentations indicate a growing consensus that while it is 

important to achieve a model-centric environment and incorporating technical data into 3D 

models, it is also equally important that this environment and the data contained in the models 

are easily accessible and usable during the entire product lifecycle.

5.4 We need new research to achieve true model-based quality control

Software implementations of 3D geometry and PMI, both proprietary and standards-based, are 

increasingly addressing information modeling requirements for automating downstream quality 

control and quality assurance (QC/QA) processes. The presence of QC/QA domain experts at the 

Summit (4.11) addressed the need to integrate manufacturing with QC/QA. The experts’

presentations articulated a shared commitment to improve the quality measurement process by 

making it more efficient, less error prone, and more cost effective. The development of new 

research areas in test methods, measurement methods, and standards is the key to improve 

product and process performance for manufacturing. 

One key requirement for achieving these improvements is to fully incorporate GD&T data with 

CAD models and allow these data to flow seamlessly to downstream processes. Currently,

GD&T data is often not associated with individual features of the part, making it impossible to 

automate inspection process programming. If GD&T information is expressed as individual lines 

and arcs in a CAD model or as notes on a drawing, it is not available to automated computer 

processes that can use it.

Another key area of need is to develop methods to verify and validate that the data quality of the 

3D technical data package is sufficient for manufacturing. As Roy Whittenburg pointed in his 

presentation (4.11.5), there is a lack of trust in the data quality of 3D TDPs because current DoD 

practices are inherently 2D and drawing based, and there is no method of verifying the quality of 

the 3D data received. Hence, development of test methods for 3D TDPs is an area that needs 

more research.

5.5 We need new open standards to achieve the full potential of MBE

As the industry continues to make progress in implementing MBE, it is crucial that common 

conventions be agreed upon and that best practices are codified. Bill Tandler (4.11.4) argued that 
27

the full value of MBE and GD&T will not be realized until the standards that support MBD and 

GD&T are improved. He stated that GD&T almost fulfills its promise, but with great difficulty. 

Other speakers outlined and discussed the approach that their organizations are undertaking in 

developing new standards for MBE. David Baum (4.10) said that Raytheon is developing a 

standard MBD schema with start parts and PDM attributes. Ray Admire (4.11.3) mentioned that 

Lockheed Martin is working with other organizations to achieve agreement and common 

understanding of metrology issues to enable standardization and best practices.

Curtis Brown (4.11.1) stated that modern product definition systems can “successfully deliver 

the representation and exchange of nominal shapes.” However, “no one can manufacture 

nominally shaped parts.” The use of PMI enables semantic and accurate specification of product 

tolerances. As Brown pointed out, correct, complete, unambiguous, and verified tolerance 

definitions are the critical enabler for realizing successful representation of product models such 

that they can be consumed by next generation automation applications. Ron Snyder and Nick 

Orchard (4.11.2) also agreed that the move to PMI provides a pathway to a better modeling

environment because this migration enables a participatory engagement in which manufacturing 

challenges are addressed in the design configuration.
28

6 References

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(05 NOV 2009) [Superseding MIL-DTL-31000C].

[2] Virgilio Quintana, Louis Rivest, Robert Pellerin, Frédérick Venne, Fawzi Kheddouci, Will 

Model-based Definition replace engineering drawings throughout the product lifecycle? A 

global perspective from aerospace industry, Computers in Industry, Volume 61, Issue 5, June 

2010, Pages 497-508, ISSN 0166-3615, 10.1016/j.compind.2010.01.005.

[3] Russell S. Peak, Joshua Lubell, Vijay Srinivasan, and Stephen C. Waterbury. “STEP, XML, 

and UML: Complementary Technologies.” J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng. 4, 379 (2004). 

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[4] Aberdeen Group. The Transition from 2D Drafting to 3D Modeling Benchmark Report –

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[5] Boehm B, ed. Systems 2020 Strategic Initiative. DoD Systems Engineering Research Center 

Final Technical Report SERC-2010-TR-009, August 29, 2010. Online at 

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[6] ISO/DIS 14739-1.2. Document management – 3D use of Product Representation Compact 

(PRC) format – Part 1: PRC 10001.

[7] MIL-DTL-31000C, Detail Specification: Technical Data Packages (9 July 2004) 

[Superseding MIL-DTL-31000B].

[8] ASME Y14.41 Digital Product Definition Practices. New York: The American Society of 

Mechanical Engineers. New York, NY. 2012.

[9] Aerospace Industries Association. NAS3500. Revision/Edition: 08. Date: 11/00/08. 

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[10] STEP Application Handbook: ISO 10303 (Version 3 ed.), North Charleston, SC: SCRA, 

30 June 2006. Online at 

http://www.uspro.org/documents/STEP_application_hdbk_63006_BF.pdf

[11] ISO 10303-239:2005. Industrial automation systems and integration – Product data 

representation and exchange – Part 239: Application protocol: Product life cycle support.

[12] ISO 10303-214:2010. Industrial automation systems and integration – Product data 

representation and exchange – Part 214: Application protocol: Core data for automotive 

mechanical design processes.
29

[13] National Institute of Standards and Technology. Planning Report 02-5. Economic Impact 

Assessment of the International Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data (STEP) in 

Transportation Equipment Industries. December 2002. Online at 

http://www.nist.gov/director/planning/upload/report02-5.pdf

[14] ASME Y14.5 Dimensioning and Tolerancing. New York: The American Society of 

Mechanical Engineers. New York, NY. 2009.

[15] Aerospace and Defence Industries Association of Europe, Aerospace Industries 

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Application Protocol Based on AP 203 and AP 214: STEP AP 242 – Managed Model Based 

3D Engineering. Version 1.0. 2009-11-05.

[16] ISO/CD 10303-242. Industrial automation systems and integration – Product data 

representation and exchange – Part 242: Application protocol: Managed Model-based 3D 

Engineering. Stage 30.99 (2012-05-15).

[17] ISO 10303-238:2007. Industrial automation systems and integration – Product data 

representation and exchange – Part 238: Application protocol: Application interpreted model 

for computerized numerical controllers.

[18] SAE International. AS9102A. Aerospace First Article Inspection Requirement. 2004-01-

13.

[19] Ecma International. Standard ECMA-363. Universal 3D File Format. 4th Edition. June 

2007.
Appendix 1: Table of Acronyms

Acronym Expansion

AMT Association for Manufacturing Technology

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

CoP Communities of Practice

CAD Computer Aided Drawing

CAE Computer Aided Engineering

CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing

CAV Characteristic Accountability & Verification

CSI Customer/Supplier Interoperability

DoD Department of Defense

DEDMWG Department of Defense Engineering Drawing and Modeling Working 

Group

DEX Data Exchange Specification

DLA Defense Logistics Agency

DMSC Dimensional Measurement Standards Consortium

DOE Department of Energy

ECO Engineering Change Order

ERS Engineered Resilient Systems

FAI First Article Inspection

FEA Finite Element Analysis

GD&T Geometric Dimensions and Tolerances

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

ISA International Society of Automation

ISO International Organization for Standardization

LEAPS Leading Edge Architecture for Prototyping Systems

ManTech Manufacturing Technology

MBD Model Based Definition

MBE Model Based Enterprise/Engineering

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NAVSEA Naval Sea Systems Command

NDEMC National Digital Engineering and Manufacturing Consortium

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology

NNSA National Nuclear Security Administration

OSD Office of the Secretary of Defense

PDF Portable Document Format

PDM Product Data Management

PLM Product Lifecycle Management

PMI Product Manufacturing Information

PRC Product Representation Compact
QC/QA Quality Control / Quality Assurance

QIF Quality Information Framework

RIA Robotic Industries Association

SCRA South Carolina Research Authority

SME Small or Medium Enterprise

STEP Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data

TDP Technical Data Package

U3D Universal 3D
Appendix 2: Final Agenda and Presentation Materials

The following pages contain:

1. The final MBE/TDP Summit agenda

2. Presentation materials from all Summit speakers who gave NIST permission to distribute 

their slides.

In order to minimize page count, each page of presentation materials contains six slides. In some 

cases, we deleted slides determined to be content-free (e.g., "Thank you" and "Any questions?" 

slides) and slides that were partial builds of other slides (useful for "animating" presentations but 

not of much value in a printed hard copy). 

With the exception of presentations given by NIST staff (e.g., 4.2), inclusion in this Appendix 

implies neither endorsement nor approval by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
MBE/TDP Summit

NIST, Gaithersburg, MD

Green Auditorium

12 Dec. 2011

Time Topic Speaker(s)

0730-0830 Registration

0830-0840 Introductions and Admin

Simon Frechette, NIST & Paul 

Huang, ARL

0840-0900 Opening Remarks 

Dr. Harary, NIST & Ms. Radcliff, 

OSD ManTech

0900-0930 OSD MBE/TDP Summit Objectives Paul Huang/Simon Frechette

0930-1010

NIST Engineering Laboratory 

Manufacturing Programs Overview

Vijay Srinivasan, Simon Frechette, 

Fred Proctor, Alkan Donmez, Mike 

Shneier, NIST

1010-1030 Break

1030-1110 

NASA Integrated Model-centric 

Architecture Paul Gill, NASA

1110-1150

Integrated Data Management Strategy in 

support of MBE life cycle management Shelley Detrich, USGC

1150-1230

Model Based Engineering/Manufacturing 

Review from Y-12 Donna Bennet, NNSA

1230-1330 Lunch Break

1330-1400

MBE Implementation at Enterprise Level 

Requirements James Delaporte, NexTec

1400-1430 Engineering Resilient System Scott Lucero, OSD 

1430-1510 EDA Overview Dennis Thompson, ATI

1510-1530 Break

1530-1730 DoD Program reviews

30 min Navy Ben Kassel, NAVSEA

30 min Air Force Brench Boden, AFRL 

30 min DLA Ric Norton, DLA-LIS

30 min Army Andrew Davis, RDECOM

1730 Wrap-up All
MBE/TDP Summit

NIST, Gaithersburg, MD

Green Auditorium

13 Dec. 2011

Time Topic Speaker(s)

0730-0830 Registration

0830-0840 Opening Remarks Paul Huang/Simon Frechette

0840-0920 Industry and ManTech Interaction success David Baum, Raytheon

0920-0930 MBE for QC/QA John Horst, NIST

0930-1010

Critical Product Tolerance 

Representation Requirements for 

MBD and Metrology Interoperability Curtis Brown, DoE/KCP

1010-1030 Break

1030-1110

MBD for Dimensional Quality within 

a Heterogeneous Supply Base Ron Snyder, Rolls Royce

1110-1150

Improving First Article Inspection in a 

Model-Based Environment Ray Admire, Lockheed Martin

1150-1230 MBE - Enabler of Intelligent GD&T Bill Tandler, MultiMetrics

1230-1330 Lunch Break

1330-1400 TDP Validation Roy Whittenburg, UTRC

Vendor Session - MBD/MBE Capabilities

Rich Eckenrode, Army-Support 

CTR

1400-1430 Dassault Systemes Bob Brown, Michael Melton

1430-1500 PTC Mark Nielson

1500-1515 Break

1515-1545 Siemens Dennis Keating

1545-1615 SolidEdge Ricky Black

1615-1645 SolidWorks Craig Therrien

1645-1715 3D PDF Consortium Jim Merry

1715-1730 Wrap-up discussion ALL

Q & A session for vendors 
MBE/TDP Summit

NIST, Gaithersburg, MD

Green Auditorium

14 Dec. 2011 MIL-STD-31000 & 973

Time Topic Speaker(s)

0730-0830 Registration

0830-0845 Intro and Admin Paul Huang/Simon Frechette

0845-0935 MIL-STD-31000 Working Group Updates 

10 min. Acquisition WG Gary Sunderland/Hank Oakes

10 min. Data Content WG Ric Norton/Gordon Ney

10 min. Data Delievery WG Roy Whittenburg/Paul Huang

10 min. Nomenclature Simon Frechette

10 min. Manufacturing WG Fred Proctor/Rich Eckenrode

0935-1030 Review of 31000 Ric Norton/Paul Huang

1030-1045 Break

1045-1130 Review of 31000 Ric Norton/Paul Huang

1130-1200 Customer Supplier Interoperability John Gray, ITI 

1200-1230

Update on PowerLOG-J PLCS Adapter & 

PLCS Implementor Form Scott Motquin, LOGSA

1230-1330 Lunch Break

1330-1400 

Joint Service Product Data Requirement 

Detrmination John Campbell, ARDEC 

1400-1500 MIL-STD-31000 Review of Appendices Simon/Roy

1500-1520 Break

1520-1700 MIL-STD-31000 Review of Appendices Simon/Roy
MBE/TDP Summit

NIST, Gaithersburg, MD

Gaithersburg Hilton

15 Dec. 2011 MIL-STD-31000 & 973

Time Topic Speaker(s)

0800-1045 MIL-STD-31000 WG breakout sessions All

1045-1100 Break

1100-1230 Wrap-up and closing remarks Ric/Paul

1230-1330 Lunch Break

1330-1600

AIA NAS3500 & 31000 WG joint 

discussion Paul Huang/Robert Morris

1600-1630 Wrap-up and closing remarks Paul/Simon/Robert 

http://www.nist.gov/el/msid/tdpsummit_2011.cfm 
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Downstream users a 

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can reuse with out 

re-mastering the data 

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means they will have 

the ability to drive 

their CAM software 

straight from the 

model along with 

numerous other 

process 

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Solid & Surface Geometry 

Wireframe Geometry 

Geometry Attributes 

Model Attributes 

Geometry Graphics 

Model Structure 

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ͻ CAD Interoperability 

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communicate translation requirements 

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and communicate requirements 

– Developing translation validation process 

ͻ Manufacturing Process Definition 

– Working closely with CAD/CAM providers to define 

and communicating requirements 

– Sub-contracting the develop of productivity scripts 

– Developing and deploying 3D interactive Work 

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within the model (CAD Model Schema) 

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 enabling annotated models 

within the light weight 

viewers 

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1 

NASA Integrated Model-Centric Architecture 

(NIMA) Concept 

Presented at the Model Based Engineering (MBE) Summit at 

NIST 

December 12th, 2011 

Paul S. Gill 

Contents 

ͻ NASA Overview 

ͻ Problem to be Solved 

ͻ Model-Centric effort 

ͻ Benefits 

ͻ Vision/Use Cases 

– Determining the effect/impact of a requirement change 

– Designing a system 

– Performing a review 

– Working a mission anomaly 

ͻ Goals 

ͻ Roadmap 

2 

NASA Overview 



Variety of Missions 

ͻ Aeronautics – Pioneers and proves new flight technologies that improve our ability to 

explore and which have practical applications on Earth 

– Green aviation 

– Next Generation Air Transportation System (increasing safety and managing traffic 

congestion) 



Test Flight of the blended wing body X-48B 

Researching ways to improve air traffic 

flow in NASA’s Air Traffic Operations Lab Supersonic jet concept 

Subscale model wind tunnel testing 

Variety of Missions (Cont’d) 

ͻ Science – Explores the Earth, solar system and universe beyond; 

charts the best route of discovery; and reaps the benefits of Earth 

and space exploration for society 

– Earth: Weather, Carbon Cycle & Ecosystems, Water & Energy 

Cycles, Climate Variability & Change, Earth Surface & Interior, 

Atmospheric Composition 

– Heliophysics: Heliosphere, magnetospheres, Space 

Environment 

– Planets: Inner Solar System, Outer Solar System, Small Bodies 

– Astrophysics: Stars, Galaxies, black holes, the big bang, dark 

energy, dark matter, planets around other suns 



Variety of Missions (Cont’d) 

ͻ Human Exploration and Operations – Focuses on International Space 

Station operations and human exploration beyond low Earth orbit 

– ISS 

– Multi-Purpose Crewed Vehicle (Orion) 

– Space Launch System 

– 21st Century Ground Operations 


Problem to be Solved 



 Looking at our past experiences, our technical, cost and schedule performance 

needs to be enhanced in order to accomplish our future plans 

 Some of the problems to be solved are: 

 Lack of affordability of projects and activities 

 Mission complexity is growing faster than our ability to manage it 

 Not identifying design or integration problems until late in lifecycle 

 Having to Search for data or supporting material during mission anomaly 

resolutions 

 Inability to share models in a collaborative environment 

 Ineffective use of precious testing time and resources 

 Too many design reviews that reviews documents vice the design 

 System design emerges from the pieces, not from an architecture 

 Use of unvalidated models in simulations leading to incorrect/invalid 

results 

 Moving to a more model-centric philosophy within the Agency will help 

resolve many of these issues 

Model-Centric Concept 

8 

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General Model-Centric Vision 

10 

Today: Document driven & standalone models 

Future: Reusable model-driven with 

integration & simulation capability 

Mission: Advance from our current documentcentric engineering practice to one in which 

structural, behavioral, physics and simulation-based 

models representing the technical designs are 

integrated and evolve throughout the life-cycle, 

supporting trade studies, design verification and 

system V&V 

To do this we must provide: 

 Modeling development 

environment and standards 

 Reusable models repository 

 Tool/model integration 

 Training 

 User community support 

 Partnerships 

Use Throughout Lifecycle 

11 

Pre-Phase A Phase A Phase B Phase C Phase D Phase E Phase F 

Concept Studies Concept & Tech 

Dev. Prelim. Design Final Design & Fab Assembly, test & Launch 

Ops & 

Sustainment Closeout 

Conceptual 

 Models 

Cost Estimation 

Requirements 

Functional 

Flows 

CAD designs 

Analysis Models 

Prototype test 

data 

Refined Costs 

Refined CAD 

Refined 

Analysis 

Engineering 

Data 

Manufacturing 

Integration 

Simulations 

Verification 

Certification 

Operations 

Anomalies 

Simulations 

Science Data 

Decommissioning 

Simulations 

Data Archiving 

Final Costs 

 Use of a model-centric enterprise system throughout the lifecycle of a product will greatly 

enhance its quality and affordability 

 Work products will be built and matured seamlessly eliminating need to re-create 

them over the lifecycle 

 Example products are: 

Enhances Sound Engineering Practices and 

Experience – Does Not Replace It! 

Vision/Use Case Examples 

ͻ Determining the effect/impact of a requirement change 

ͻ Working a mission anomaly 

12 
Determining an Effect of a Requirement Change 

13 

DRM Affected 

Mission 

Segment 

Affected 

Functions 

Affected 

Cost Impacts 

Parts 

Affected 

 Premise: Late in a development 

cycle a key requirement is changed. 

 A fully model-centric program will 

be able to trace the effect of that 

change through many viewpoints 

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Communities of Practice 

20 

 This effort is primarily the integration and expansion of the 

work already being performed separately in the following 

Communities of Practice (CoP): 

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 Product Data and Lifecycle Management (PDLM) 

 Models and Simulation (M&S) 

 Computer Aided Design (CAD) 

 Mechanical CAD 

 Electrical CAD 

 The tools and methodologies are being employed by these 

CoPs in support of existing and future Project and Programs 

 By having a common vision we will be able to coordinate and 

enhance this work in a more effective way, learning and 

leveraging off each others discoveries and insights 

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Multi-Year Roadmap 

 Key Activities: 

 Incrementally bring on more 

capabilities per Implementation Plan 

 Develop/update standards, policies 

and processes as new capabilities are 

brought on-line 

 Establish a standard suite of 

modeling tools and methodologies 

 Populate the CM controlled 

repository with validated reusable 

models created from formulation to 

implementation 

 Train at all levels – users, managers, 

executives 

 Identify what’s not working and fix it 

 Identify what is working and 

duplicate it 

Key Activities: 

 Establish a common vision 

 Establish an integrated 

governance structure 

 Develop a Strategic Plan with 

Needs, Goals and Objectives 

 Develop a detailed 

roadmap/Implementation Plan 

 Establish a model-centric friendly 

infrastructure that facilitates 

collaborative activities 

 Perform piloted capabilities for 

key areas 

 Identify and develop initial 

standards, policies and processes 

 Develop a cadre of trained users 

 Develop User’s guides and 

handbooks 

 Establish an initial CM controlled 

model repository 

FY18

Continuous 

Practice 

Phase 1: Preparation Phase II: Implementation Phase III: Sustaining/Improving 

 Key Capabilities: 

 A fully operational model-centric 

Infrastructure that enables 

integration of physical models with 

domain discipline analytical models, 

simulations and cost models to 

support activities throughout 

lifecycle from concept through 

disposal 

 A matured model-based 

development methodology and 

standards with training support 

 A fully CM controlled operational 

model repositories that 

collaboratively managed by projects, 

lines and Institution 

 Models as well as 

processes/methodologies are 

continuously improved and updates 

as more experience is gained 

FY11

22 

23 

Benefits 

ͻ Moving to a model-centric culture will provide NASA many 

benefits 

– Enhanced affordability 

– Increased ability for collaboration 

– Identification of problems earlier 

– Quicker and more accurate diagnosis and resolution of mission 

anomalies 

– More effective use of testing resources 

– Better cost estimation and control 

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