NIST Special Publication 1500-3
	

NIST Big Data Interoperability 

Framework: 

Volume 3, Use Cases and General 

Requirements 

Final Version 1 

NIST Big Data Public Working Group 

Use Cases and Requirements Subgroup 

This publication is available free of charge from: 

http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1500-3
 

NIST Special Publication 1500-3 

NIST Big Data Interoperability Framework: 

Volume 3, Use Cases and General 

Requirements 

Final Version 1 

NIST Big Data Public Working Group (NBD-PWG) 

Use Cases and Requirements Subgroup 

Information Technology Laboratory 

This publication is available free of charge from: 

http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1500-3

September 2015 

U. S. Department of Commerce 

Penny Pritzker, Secretary 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Willie May, Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology and Director 
 

 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication 1500-3 

260 pages (September 16, 2015) 

NIST Special Publication series 1500 is intended to capture external perspectives related to NIST 

standards, measurement, and testing-related efforts. These external perspectives can come from 

industry, academia, government, and others. These reports are intended to document external 

perspectives and do not represent official NIST positions. 

Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an 

experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or 

endorsement by NIST, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best 

available for the purpose. 

There may be references in this publication to other publications currently under development by NIST in 

accordance with its assigned statutory responsibilities. The information in this publication, including concepts and 

methodologies, may be used by federal agencies even before the completion of such companion publications. Thus, 

until each publication is completed, current requirements, guidelines, and procedures, where they exist, remain 

operative. For planning and transition purposes, federal agencies may wish to closely follow the development of 

these new publications by NIST. 

Organizations are encouraged to review all draft publications during public comment periods and provide feedback 

to NIST. All NIST publications are available at http://www.nist.gov/publication-portal.cfm. 

Comments on this publication may be submitted to Wo Chang 

National Institute of Standards and Technology
 

Attn: Wo Chang, Information Technology Laboratory
 

100 Bureau Drive (Mail Stop 8900) Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930
 

Email: SP1500comments@nist.gov
 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Reports on Computer Systems Technology 

The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at NIST promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by 

providing technical leadership for the Nation’s measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops 

tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance 

the development and productive use of information technology. ITL’s responsibilities include the 

development of management, administrative, technical, and physical standards and guidelines for the 

cost-effective security and privacy of other than national security-related information in federal 

information systems. This document reports on ITL’s research, guidance, and outreach efforts in 

Information Technology and its collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic 

organizations. 

Abstract 

Big Data is a term used to describe the large amount of data in the networked, digitized, sensor-laden, 

information-driven world. While opportunities exist with Big Data, the data can overwhelm traditional 

technical approaches and the growth of data is outpacing scientific and technological advances in data 

analytics. To advance progress in Big Data, the NIST Big Data Public Working Group (NBD-PWG) is 

working to develop consensus on important fundamental concepts related to Big Data. The results are 

reported in the NIST Big Data Interoperability Framework series of volumes. This volume, Volume 3, 

contains the 51 use cases gathered by the NBD-PWG Use Cases and Requirements Subgroup and the 

requirements generated from those use cases. The use cases are presented in their original and 

summarized form. Requirements, or challenges, were extracted from each use case, and then summarized 

over all of the use cases. These generalized requirements were used in the development of the NIST Big 

Data Reference Architecture (NBDRA), which is presented in Volume 6. 

Keywords 

Big Data; Big Data Application Provider; Big Data characteristics; Big Data Framework Provider; Big 

Data taxonomy; Data Consumer; Data Provider; data science; Management Fabric; reference architecture; 

Security and Privacy Fabric; System Orchestrator; use cases. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Acknowledgements 

This document reflects the contributions and discussions by the membership of the NBD-PWG, cochaired by Wo Chang of the NIST ITL, Robert Marcus of ET-Strategies, and Chaitanya Baru, University 

of California San Diego Supercomputer Center. 

The document contains input from members of the NBD-PWG Use Cases and Requirements Subgroup, 

led by Geoffrey Fox (University of Indiana), and Tsegereda Beyene (Cisco Systems). 

NIST SP1500-3, Version 1 has been collaboratively authored by the NBD-PWG. As of the date of this 

publication, there are over six hundred NBD-PWG participants from industry, academia, and government. 

Federal agency participants include the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), National 

Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Science Foundation (NSF), and the U.S. 

Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland 

Security, Transportation, Treasury, and Veterans Affairs. 

NIST would like to acknowledge the specific contributions to this volume by the following NBD-PWG 

members: 

Tsegereda Beyene Nancy Grady Ashok Malhotra 

Cisco Systems SAIC Oracle Corporation 

Deborah Blackstock Jay Greenberg Robert Marcus 

MITRE Corporation The Boeing Company ET-Strategies 

David Boyd Karen Guertler Gary Mazzaferro 

InCadence Strategic Services Consultant AlloyCloud, Inc. 

Scott Brim Keith Hare William Miller 

Internet2 JCC Consulting, Inc. MaCT USA 

Pw Carey Babak Jahromi Sanjay Mishra 

Compliance Partners, LLC Microsoft Verizon 

Wo Chang Pavithra Kenjige Doug Scrimager 

NIST PK Technologies Slalom Consulting 

Marge Cole Donald Krapohl Cherry Tom 

SGT, Inc. Augmented Intelligence IEEE-SA 

Yuri Demchenko Luca Lepori Wilco van Ginkel 

University of Amsterdam Data Hold Verizon 

Safia Djennane Orit Levin Timothy Zimmerlin 

Cloud-Age-IT Microsoft Automation Technologies Inc. 

Geoffrey Fox Eugene Luster Alicia Zuniga-Alvarado 

Indiana University DISA/R2AD Consultant 

The editors for this document were Geoffrey Fox and Wo Chang. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Table of Contents 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... VIII
 

1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1
 

1.1 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................................1
 

1.2 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE USE CASES AND REQUIREMENTS SUBGROUP..............................................................2
 

1.3 REPORT PRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................3
 

1.4 REPORT STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................................................3
 

1.5 FUTURE WORK ON THIS VOLUME.......................................................................................................................3
 

2 USE CASE SUMMARIES............................................................................................................................... 5
 

2.1 USE CASE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS ....................................................................................................................5
 

2.2 GOVERNMENT OPERATION ...............................................................................................................................6
 

2.2.1	 Use Case 1: Census 2010 and 2000—Title 13 Big Data ...............................................................6
 

2.2.2	 Use Case 2: NARA Accession, Search, Retrieve, Preservation ....................................................6
 

2.2.3	 Use Case 3: Statistical Survey Response Improvement ................................................................6
 

2.2.4	 Use Case 4: Non-Traditional Data in Statistical Survey Response Improvement 

(Adaptive Design)......................................................................................................................... 7
 

2.3 COMMERCIAL.................................................................................................................................................7
 

2.3.1	 Use Case 5: Cloud Eco-System for Financial Industries ...............................................................7
 

2.3.2	 Use Case 6: Mendeley—An International Network of Research ..................................................8
 

2.3.3	 Use Case 7: Netflix Movie Service ............................................................................................... 8
 

2.3.4	 Use Case 8: Web Search................................................................................................................ 9
 

2.3.5	 Use Case 9: Big Data Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Within a Cloud EcoSystem ........................................................................................................................................... 9
 

2.3.6	 Use Case 10: Cargo Shipping ...................................................................................................... 10
 

2.3.7	 Use Case 11: Materials Data for Manufacturing .........................................................................11
 

2.3.8	 Use Case 12: Simulation-Driven Materials Genomics ................................................................12
 

2.4 DEFENSE .....................................................................................................................................................12
 

2.4.1	 Use Case 13: Cloud Large-Scale Geospatial Analysis and Visualization ...................................12
 

2.4.2	 Use Case 14: Object Identification and Tracking from Wide-Area Large Format
 

Imagery or Full Motion Video—Persistent Surveillance ............................................................13
 

2.4.3	 Use Case 15: Intelligence Data Processing and Analysis ............................................................13
 

2.5 HEALTH CARE AND LIFE SCIENCES.....................................................................................................................14
 

2.5.1	 Use Case 16: Electronic Medical Record Data ...........................................................................14
 

2.5.2	 Use Case 17: Pathology Imaging/Digital Pathology ...................................................................14
 

2.5.3	 Use Case 18: Computational Bioimaging ....................................................................................16
 

2.5.4	 Use Case 19: Genomic Measurements ........................................................................................16
 

2.5.5	 Use Case 20: Comparative Analysis for Metagenomes and Genomes ........................................16
 

2.5.6	 Use Case 21: Individualized Diabetes Management ...................................................................17
 

2.5.7	 Use Case 22: Statistical Relational Artificial Intelligence for Health Care .................................18
 

2.5.8	 Use Case 23: World Population-Scale Epidemiological Study ...................................................18
 

2.5.9	 Use Case 24: Social Contagion Modeling for Planning, Public Health, and Disaster 

Management ................................................................................................................................ 19
 

2.5.10 Use Case 25: Biodiversity and LifeWatch ...................................................................................19
 

2.6 DEEP LEARNING AND SOCIAL MEDIA.................................................................................................................20
 

2.6.1	 Use Case 26: Large-Scale Deep Learning ...................................................................................20
 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

2.6.2	 Use Case 27: Organizing Large-Scale, Unstructured Collections of Consumer Photos..............20
 

2.6.3	 Use Case 28: Truthy—Information Diffusion Research from Twitter Data................................21
 

2.6.4	 Use Case 29: Crowd Sourcing in the Humanities as Source for Big and Dynamic Data ............21
 

2.6.5	 Use Case 30: CINET—Cyberinfrastructure for Network (Graph) Science and Analytics ..........22
 

2.6.6	 Use Case 31: NIST Information Access Division—Analytic Technology Performance 

Measurements, Evaluations, and Standards ................................................................................22
 

2.7 THE ECOSYSTEM FOR RESEARCH ......................................................................................................................23
 

2.7.1	 Use Case 32: DataNet Federation Consortium............................................................................23
 

2.7.2	 Use Case 33: The Discinnet Process ...........................................................................................24
 

2.7.3	 Use Case 34: Semantic Graph Search on Scientific Chemical and Text-Based Data..................24
 

2.7.4	 Use Case 35: Light Source Beamlines.........................................................................................25
 

2.8 ASTRONOMY AND PHYSICS..............................................................................................................................25
 

2.8.1	 Use Case 36: Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey: A Digital, Panoramic, Synoptic 

Sky Survey.................................................................................................................................. 25
 

2.8.2	 Use Case 37: DOE Extreme Data from Cosmological Sky Survey and Simulations..................27
 

2.8.3	 Use Case 38: Large Survey Data for Cosmology........................................................................27
 

2.8.4	 Use Case 39: Particle Physics—Analysis of Large Hadron Collider Data: Discovery of 

Higgs Particle .............................................................................................................................. 27
 

2.8.5	 Use Case 40: Belle II High Energy Physics Experiment .............................................................30
 

2.9 EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND POLAR SCIENCE..................................................................................................30
 

2.9.1	 Use Case 41: European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association 3D Incoherent Scatter 

Radar System .............................................................................................................................. 30
 

2.9.2	 Use Case 42: Common Operations of Environmental Research Infrastructure...........................31
 

2.9.3	 Use Case 43: Radar Data Analysis for the Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets.................35
 

2.9.4	 Use Case 44: Unmanned Air Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) Data 

Processing, Data Product Delivery, and Data Services ...............................................................37
 

2.9.5	 Use Case 45: NASA Langley Research Center/ Goddard Space Flight Center iRODS 

Federation Test Bed .................................................................................................................... 38
 

2.9.6	 Use Case 46: MERRA Analytic Services (MERRA/AS)............................................................38
 

2.9.7	 Use Case 47: Atmospheric Turbulence – Event Discovery and Predictive Analytics .................39
 

2.9.8	 Use Case 48: Climate Studies Using the Community Earth System Model at the U.S. 

Department of Energy (DOE) NERSC Center............................................................................40
 

2.9.9	 Use Case 49: DOE Biological and Environmental Research (BER) Subsurface 

Biogeochemistry Scientific Focus Area......................................................................................41
 

2.9.10 Use Case 50: DOE BER AmeriFlux and FLUXNET Networks .................................................41
 

2.10 ENERGY ......................................................................................................................................................42
 

2.10.1 Use Case 51: Consumption Forecasting in Smart Grids..............................................................42
 

USE CASE REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................................................43
 

3.1 USE CASE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................................................43
 

3.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS...............................................................................................................................43
 

APPENDIX A: USE CASE STUDY SOURCE MATERIALS ........................................................................................ A‐1
 

APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF KEY PROPERTIES .................................................................................................. B‐1
 

APPENDIX C: USE CASE REQUIREMENTS SUMMARY ........................................................................................ C‐1
 

APPENDIX D: USE CASE DETAIL REQUIREMENTS ..............................................................................................D‐1
 

APPENDIX E: ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................................E‐1
 

APPENDIX F: REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................F‐1
 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Figures 

FIGURE 1: CARGO SHIPPING SCENARIO.................................................................................................................................11
 

FIGURE 2: PATHOLOGY IMAGING/DIGITAL PATHOLOGY—EXAMPLES OF 2‐D AND 3‐D PATHOLOGY IMAGES .....................................15
 

FIGURE 3: PATHOLOGY IMAGING/DIGITAL PATHOLOGY ...........................................................................................................15
 

FIGURE 4: DFC—IRODS ARCHITECTURE..............................................................................................................................23
 

FIGURE 5: CATALINA CRTS: A DIGITAL, PANORAMIC, SYNOPTIC SKY SURVEY ..............................................................................26
 

FIGURE 6: PARTICLE PHYSICS: ANALYSIS OF LHC DATA: DISCOVERY OF HIGGS PARTICLE—CERN LHC LOCATION ..............................28
 

FIGURE 7: PARTICLE PHYSICS: ANALYSIS OF LHC DATA: DISCOVERY OF HIGGS PARTICLE—THE MULTI‐TIER LHC COMPUTING
 

INFRASTRUCTURE.....................................................................................................................................................29
 

FIGURE 8: EISCAT 3D INCOHERENT SCATTER RADAR SYSTEM – SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE ...............................................................31
 

FIGURE 9: ENVRI COMMON ARCHITECTURE .........................................................................................................................32
 

FIGURE 10(A): ICOS ARCHITECTURE....................................................................................................................................33
 

FIGURE 10(B): LIFEWATCH ARCHITECTURE ...........................................................................................................................33
 

FIGURE 10(C): EMSO ARCHITECTURE..................................................................................................................................34
 

FIGURE 10(D): EURO‐ARGO ARCHITECTURE.........................................................................................................................34
 

FIGURE 10(E): EISCAT 3D ARCHITECTURE ...........................................................................................................................35
 

FIGURE 11: TYPICAL CRESIS RADAR DATA AFTER ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................35
 

FIGURE 12: RADAR DATA ANALYSIS FOR CRESIS REMOTE SENSING OF ICE SHEETS– TYPICAL FLIGHT PATHS OF DATA GATHERING IN
 

SURVEY REGION ......................................................................................................................................................36
 

FIGURE 13: TYPICAL ECHOGRAM WITH DETECTED BOUNDARIES .................................................................................................36
 

FIGURE 14: COMBINED UNWRAPPED COSEISMIC INTERFEROGRAMS ..........................................................................................37
 

FIGURE 15: TYPICAL MERRA/AS OUTPUT ...........................................................................................................................39
 

FIGURE 16: TYPICAL NASA IMAGE OF TURBULENT WAVES ......................................................................................................40
 

Tables 

TABLE B‐1: USE CASE SPECIFIC INFORMATION BY KEY PROPERTIES .......................................................................................... B‐1
 

TABLE C‐1: USE CASE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................................... C‐1
 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Executive Summary 

The NIST Big Data Interoperability Framework: Volume 3, Use Cases and General Requirements 

document was prepared by the NIST Big Data Public Working Group (NBD-PWG) Use Cases and 

Requirements Subgroup to gather use cases and extract requirements. The Subgroup developed a use case 

template with 26 fields that were completed by 51 users in the following broad areas: 

 Government Operations (4) 

 Commercial (8) 

 Defense (3) 

 Healthcare and Life Sciences (10) 

 Deep Learning and Social Media (6) 

 The Ecosystem for Research (4) 

 Astronomy and Physics (5) 

 Earth, Environmental and Polar Science (10) 

 Energy (1) 

The use cases are, of course, only representative, and do not represent the entire spectrum of Big Data 

usage. All of the use cases were openly submitted and no significant editing has been performed. While 

there are differences in scope and interpretation, the benefits of free and open submission outweighed 

those of greater uniformity. 

This document covers the process used by the Subgroup to collect use cases and extract requirements to 

form the NIST Big Data Reference Architecture (NBDRA). Included in this document are summaries of 

each use case, extracted requirements, and the original, unedited use case materials. 

The NIST Big Data Interoperability Framework consists of seven volumes, each of which addresses a 

specific key topic, resulting from the work of the NBD-PWG. The seven volumes are: 

 Volume 1, Definitions 

 Volume 2, Taxonomies 

 Volume 3, Use Cases and General Requirements 

 Volume 4, Security and Privacy 

 Volume 5, Architectures White Paper Survey 

 Volume 6, Reference Architecture 

 Volume 7, Standards Roadmap 

The NIST Big Data Interoperability Framework will be released in three versions, which correspond to 

the three development stages of the NBD-PWG work. The three stages aim to achieve the following with 

respect to the NIST Big Data Reference Architecture (NBDRA). 

Stage 1: Identify the high-level Big Data reference architecture key components, which are 

technology-, infrastructure-, and vendor-agnostic. 

Stage 2: Define general interfaces between the NBDRA components. 

Stage 3: Validate the NBDRA by building Big Data general applications through the general 

interfaces. 

Potential areas of future work for the Subgroup during stage 2 are highlighted in Section 1.5 of this 

volume. The current effort documented in this volume reflects concepts developed within the rapidly 

evolving field of Big Data. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

1 INTRODUCTION
 

1.1 BACKGROUND 

There is broad agreement among commercial, academic, and government leaders about the remarkable 

potential of Big Data to spark innovation, fuel commerce, and drive progress. Big Data is the common 

term used to describe the deluge of data in today’s networked, digitized, sensor-laden, and informationdriven world. The availability of vast data resources carries the potential to answer questions previously 

out of reach, including the following: 

 How can a potential pandemic reliably be detected early enough to intervene? 

 Can new materials with advanced properties be predicted before these materials have ever been 

synthesized? 

 How can the current advantage of the attacker over the defender in guarding against cybersecurity threats be reversed? 

There is also broad agreement on the ability of Big Data to overwhelm traditional approaches. The growth 

rates for data volumes, speeds, and complexity are outpacing scientific and technological advances in data 

analytics, management, transport, and data user spheres. 

Despite widespread agreement on the inherent opportunities and current limitations of Big Data, a lack of 

consensus on some important, fundamental questions continues to confuse potential users and stymie 

progress. These questions include the following: 

 What attributes define Big Data solutions? 

 How is Big Data different from traditional data environments and related applications? 

 What are the essential characteristics of Big Data environments? 

 How do these environments integrate with currently deployed architectures? 

 What are the central scientific, technological, and standardization challenges that need to be 

addressed to accelerate the deployment of robust Big Data solutions? 

Within this context, on March 29, 2012, the White House announced the Big Data Research and 

Development Initiative.1

 The initiative’s goals include helping to accelerate the pace of discovery in 

science and engineering, strengthening national security, and transforming teaching and learning by 

improving the ability to extract knowledge and insights from large and complex collections of digital 

data. 

Six federal departments and their agencies announced more than $200 million in commitments spread 

across more than 80 projects, which aim to significantly improve the tools and techniques needed to 

access, organize, and draw conclusions from huge volumes of digital data. The initiative also challenged 

industry, research universities, and nonprofits to join with the federal government to make the most of the 

opportunities created by Big Data. 

Motivated by the White House initiative and public suggestions, the National Institute of Standards and 

Technology (NIST) has accepted the challenge to stimulate collaboration among industry professionals to 

further the secure and effective adoption of Big Data. As one result of NIST’s Cloud and Big Data Forum 

held on January 15 to 17, 2013, there was strong encouragement for NIST to create a public working 

group for the development of a Big Data Interoperability Framework. Forum participants noted that this 

roadmap should define and prioritize Big Data requirements, including interoperability, portability, 

reusability, extensibility, data usage, analytics, and technology infrastructure. In doing so, the roadmap 

would accelerate the adoption of the most secure and effective Big Data techniques and technology. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

On June 19, 2013, the NIST Big Data Public Working Group (NBD-PWG) was launched with extensive 

participation by industry, academia, and government from across the nation. The scope of the NBD-PWG 

involves forming a community of interests from all sectors—including industry, academia, and 

government—with the goal of developing consensus on definitions, taxonomies, secure reference 

architectures, security and privacy requirements, andfrom thesea standards roadmap. Such a 

consensus would create a vendor-neutral, technology- and infrastructure-independent framework that 

would enable Big Data stakeholders to identify and use the best analytics tools for their processing and 

visualization requirements on the most suitable computing platform and cluster, while also allowing 

value-added from Big Data service providers. 

The NIST Big Data Interoperability Framework consists of seven volumes, each of which addresses a 

specific key topic, resulting from the work of the NBD-PWG. The seven volumes are: 

 Volume 1, Definitions 

 Volume 2, Taxonomies 

 Volume 3, Use Cases and General Requirements 

 Volume 4, Security and Privacy 

 Volume 5, Architectures White Paper Survey 

 Volume 6, Reference Architecture 

 Volume 7, Standards Roadmap 

The NIST Big Data Interoperability Framework will be released in three versions, which correspond to 

the three stages of the NBD-PWG work. The three stages aim to achieve the following with respect to the 

NSIT Big Data Reference Architecture (NBDRA.) 

Stage 1: Identify the high-level Big Data reference architecture key components, which are 

technology-, infrastructure-, and vendor-agnostic. 

Stage 2: Define general interfaces between the NBDRA components. 

Stage 3: Validate the NBDRA by building Big Data general applications through the general 

interfaces. 

Potential areas of future work for the Subgroup during stage 2 are highlighted in Section 1.5 of this 

volume. The current effort documented in this volume reflects concepts developed within the rapidly 

evolving field of Big Data. 

1.2 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE USE CASES AND REQUIREMENTS 

SUBGROUP 

This volume was prepared by the NBD-PWG Use Cases and Requirements Subgroup. The effort focused 

on forming a community of interest from industry, academia, and government, with the goal of 

developing a consensus list of Big Data requirements across all stakeholders. This included gathering and 

understanding various use cases from nine diversified areas (i.e., application domains.) To achieve this 

goal, the Subgroup completed the following tasks: 

 Gathered input from all stakeholders regarding Big Data requirements; 

 Analyzed and prioritized a list of challenging use case specific requirements that may delay or 

prevent adoption of Big Data deployment; 

 Developed a comprehensive list of generalized Big Data requirements; 

 Collaborated with the NBD-PWG Reference Architecture Subgroup to provide input for the 

NBDRA; and 

 Documented the findings in this report. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

1.3 REPORT PRODUCTION 

This report was produced using an open collaborative process involving weekly telephone conversations 

and information exchange using the NIST document system. The 51 use cases included herein came from 

Subgroup members participating in the calls and from other interested parties informed of the opportunity 

to contribute. 

The outputs from the use case process are presented in this report and online at the following locations: 

 Index to all use cases: http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/usecases.php 

 List of specific requirements versus use case: http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/uc_reqs_summary.php 

 List of general requirements versus architecture component: 

http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/uc_reqs_gen.php 

 List of general requirements versus architecture component with record of use cases giving 

requirements: http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/uc_reqs_gen_ref.php 

 List of architecture components and specific requirements plus use case constraining the 

components: http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/uc_reqs_gen_detail.php 

 General requirements: http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/uc_reqs_gen.php. 

1.4 REPORT STRUCTURE 

Following this introductory section, the remainder of this document is organized as follows: 

	 Section 2 presents the 51 use cases. 

o	 Section 2.1 discusses the process that led to their production. 

o	 Sections 2.2 through 2.10 provide summaries of the 51 use cases; each summary has three 

subsections: Application, Current Approach, and Future. The use cases are organized into the 

nine broad areas (application domains) listed below, with the number of associated use cases 

in parentheses: 

 Government Operation (4) 

 Commercial (8) 

 Defense (3) 

 Healthcare and Life Sciences (10) 

 Deep Learning and Social Media (6) 

 The Ecosystem for Research (4) 

 Astronomy and Physics (5) 

 Earth, Environmental, and Polar Science (10) 

 Energy (1) 

 Section 3 presents a more detailed analysis of requirements across use cases.
 

 Appendix A contains the original, unedited use cases.
 

 Appendix B summarizes key properties of each use case. 

 Appendix C presents a summary of use case requirements.
 

 Appendix D provides the requirements extracted from each use case and aggregated general 

requirements grouped by characterization category.
 

 Appendix E contains acronyms and abbreviations used in this document. 

 Appendix F supplies the document references.
 

1.5 FUTURE WORK ON THIS VOLUME 

Future work on this document will include the following: 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

	 Identify general features or patterns and a classification of use cases by these features. 

	 Draw on the use case classification to suggest classes of software models and system 

architectures.2,3,4,5,6 

	 A more detailed analysis of reference architecture based on sample codes that are being 

implemented in a university class. 7 

	 Collect benchmarks that capture the “essence” of individual use cases. 

	 Additional work may arise from these or other NBD-PWG activities. Other future work may 

include collection and classification of additional use cases in areas that would benefit from 

additional entries, such as Government Operations, Commercial, Internet of Things, and Energy. 

Additional information on current or new use cases may become available, including associated 

figures. In future use cases, more quantitative specifications could be made, including more 

precise and uniform recording of data volume. In addition, further requirements analysis can be 

performed now that the reference architecture is more mature. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

2 USE CASE SUMMARIES
 

2.1 USE CASE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 

A use case is a typical application stated at a high level for the purposes of extracting requirements or 

comparing usages across fields. In order to develop a consensus list of Big Data requirements across all 

stakeholders, the Subgroup began by collecting use cases. Publically available information was collected 

for various Big Data architecture examples with special attention given to some areas including 

Healthcare and Government. After collection of 51 use cases, nine broad areas (i.e., application domains) 

were identified by the Subgroup members to better organize the collection of use cases. The list of 

application domains reflects the use cases submitted and is not intended to be exhaustive. If other 

application domains are proposed, they will be considered. Each example of Big Data architecture 

constituted one use case. The nine application domains were as follows: 

 Government Operation 

 Commercial 

 Defense 

 Healthcare and Life Sciences 

 Deep Learning and Social Media 

 The Ecosystem for Research 

 Astronomy and Physics 

 Earth, Environmental, and Polar Science 

 Energy 

As noted above, participants in the NBD-PWG Use Cases and Requirements Subgroup and other 

interested parties supplied the information for the use cases. The template used to collect use case 

information and provided at the front of Appendix A, was valuable for gathering consistent information 

that enabled the Subgroup to develop supporting analysis and comparison of the use cases. However, 

varied levels of detail and quantitative or qualitative information were received for each use case template 

section. The original, unedited use cases are also included in Appendix A and may be downloaded from 

the NIST document library (http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/usecases.php). 

Beginning with Section 2.2 below, the following information is presented for each Big Data use case: 

 Application: a high-level description of the use case; 

 Current approach: the current manifestation of the use case; and 

 Future: desired computational environment, if submitted. 

For some application domains, several similar Big Data use cases are presented, providing a more 

complete view of Big Data requirements within that application domain. 

The use cases are presented in this section with the information originally submitted. The original content 

has not been modified. Specific vendor solutions and technologies are mentioned in the use cases. 

However, the listing of these solutions and technologies does not constitute endorsement from the NBDPWG. The front matter (page ii) contains a general disclaimer. The use cases are numbered sequentially 

to facilitate cross-referencing between the use case summaries presented in this section, the original use 

cases (Appendix A), and the use case summary tables (Appendices B, C, and D). 

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2.2 GOVERNMENT OPERATION 

2.2.1 USE CASE 1: CENSUS 2010 AND 2000—TITLE 13 BIG DATA 

Submitted by Vivek Navale and Quyen Nguyen, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) 

APPLICATION 

Census 2010 and 2000—Title 13 data must be preserved for several decades so they can be accessed and 

analyzed after 75 years. Data must be maintained ‘as-is’ with no access and no data analytics for 75 years, 

preserved at the bit level, and curated, which may include format transformation. Access and analytics 

must be provided after 75 years. Title 13 of the U.S. Code authorizes the U.S. Census Bureau to collect 

and preserve census related data and guarantees that individual and industry-specific data are protected. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

The dataset contains 380 terabytes (TB) of scanned documents. 

FUTURE 

Future data scenarios and applications were not expressed for this use case. 

2.2.2 USE CASE 2: NARA ACCESSION, SEARCH, RETRIEVE, PRESERVATION 

Submitted by Vivek Navale and Quyen Nguyen, NARA 

APPLICATION 

This area comprises accession, search, retrieval, and long-term preservation of government data. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

The data are currently handled as follows: 

1.	 Get physical and legal custody of the data 

2.	 Pre-process data for conducting virus scans, identifying file format identifications, and removing 

empty files 

3.	 Index the data 

4.	 Categorize records (e.g., sensitive, non-sensitive, privacy data) 

5.	 Transform old file formats to modern formats (e.g., WordPerfect to PDF) 

6.	 Conduct e-discovery 

7.	 Search and retrieve to respond to special requests 

8.	 Search and retrieve public records by public users 

Currently hundreds of TBs are stored centrally in commercial databases supported by custom software 

and commercial search products. 

FUTURE 

Federal agencies possess many distributed data sources, which currently must be transferred to centralized 

storage. In the future, those data sources may reside in multiple cloud environments. In this case, physical 

custody should avoid transferring Big Data from cloud to cloud or from cloud to data center. 

2.2.3 USE CASE 3: STATISTICAL SURVEY RESPONSE IMPROVEMENT 

Submitted by Cavan Capps, U.S. Census Bureau 

APPLICATION 

Survey costs are increasing as survey responses decline. The goal of this work is to increase the quality— 

and reduce the cost—of field surveys by using advanced ‘recommendation system techniques.’ These 

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techniques are open and scientifically objective, using data mashed up from several sources and also 

historical survey para-data (i.e., administrative data about the survey.) 

CURRENT APPROACH 

This use case handles about a petabyte (PB) of data coming from surveys and other government 

administrative sources. Data can be streamed. During the decennial census, approximately 150 million 

records transmitted as field data are streamed continuously. All data must be both confidential and secure. 

All processes must be auditable for security and confidentiality as required by various legal statutes. Data 

quality should be high and statistically checked for accuracy and reliability throughout the collection 

process. Software used includes Hadoop, Spark, Hive, R, SAS, Mahout, Allegrograph, MySQL, Oracle, 

Storm, BigMemory, Cassandra, and Pig. 

FUTURE 

Improved recommendation systems are needed similar to those used in e-commerce (e.g., similar to the 

Netflix use case) that reduce costs and improve quality, while providing confidentiality safeguards that 

are reliable and publicly auditable. Data visualization is useful for data review, operational activity, and 

general analysis. The system continues to evolve and incorporate important features such as mobile 

access. 

2.2.4 USE CASE 4: NON-TRADITIONAL DATA IN STATISTICAL SURVEY RESPONSE 

IMPROVEMENT (ADAPTIVE DESIGN)

Submitted by Cavan Capps, U.S. Census Bureau 

APPLICATION 

Survey costs are increasing as survey response declines. This use case has goals similar to those of the 

Statistical Survey Response Improvement use case. However, this case involves non-traditional 

commercial and public data sources from the web, wireless communication, and electronic transactions 

mashed up analytically with traditional surveys. The purpose of the mashup is to improve statistics for 

small area geographies and new measures, as well as the timeliness of released statistics. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Data from a range of sources are integrated including survey data, other government administrative data, 

web scrapped data, wireless data, e-transaction data, possibly social media data, and positioning data from 

various sources. Software, visualization, and data characteristics are similar to those in the Statistical 

Survey Response Improvement use case. 

FUTURE 

Analytics need to be developed that give more detailed statistical estimations, on a more near real-time 

basis, for less cost. The reliability of estimated statistics from such mashed up sources still must be 

evaluated. 

2.3 COMMERCIAL 

2.3.1 USE CASE 5: CLOUD ECO-SYSTEM FOR FINANCIAL INDUSTRIES 

Submitted by Pw Carey, Compliance Partners, LLC 

APPLICATION 

Use of cloud (e.g., Big Data) technologies needs to be extended in financial industries (i.e., banking, 

securities and investments, insurance) transacting business within the U.S. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

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The financial industry is already using Big Data and Hadoop for fraud detection, risk analysis, 

assessments, as well as improving their knowledge and understanding of customers. At the same time, the 

industry is still using traditional client/server/data warehouse/relational database management system 

(RDBMS) for the handling, processing, storage, and archival of financial data. Real-time data and 

analysis are important in these applications. 

FUTURE 

Security, privacy, and regulation must be addressed. For example, the financial industry must examine 

SEC-mandated use of XBRL (extensible business-related markup language) and use of other cloud 

functions. 

2.3.2 USE CASE 6: MENDELEY—AN INTERNATIONAL NETWORK OF RESEARCH 

Submitted by William Gunn, Mendeley 

APPLICATION 

Mendeley has built a database of research documents and facilitates the creation of shared bibliographies. 

Mendeley collects and uses the information about research reading patterns and other activities conducted 

via their software to build more efficient literature discovery and analysis tools. Text mining and 

classification systems enable automatic recommendation of relevant research, improving research teams’ 

performance and cost-efficiency, particularly those engaged in curation of literature on a particular 

subject. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Data size is presently 15 TB and growing at a rate of about 1 TB per month. Processing takes place on 

Amazon Web Services (AWS) using the following software: Hadoop, Scribe, Hive, Mahout, and Python. 

The database uses standard libraries for machine learning and analytics, latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA, 

a generative probabilistic model for discrete data collection), and custom-built reporting tools for 

aggregating readership and social activities for each document. 

FUTURE 

Currently Hadoop batch jobs are scheduled daily, but work has begun on real-time recommendation. The 

database contains approximately 400 million documents and roughly 80 million unique documents, and 

receives 500,000 to 700,000 new uploads on a weekday. Thus a major challenge is clustering matching 

documents together in a computationally efficient way (i.e., scalable and parallelized) when they are 

uploaded from different sources and have been slightly modified via third-party annotation tools or 

publisher watermarks and cover pages. 

2.3.3 USE CASE 7: NETFLIX MOVIE SERVICE 

Submitted by Geoffrey Fox, Indiana University 

APPLICATION 

Netflix allows streaming of user-selected movies to satisfy multiple objectives (for different 

stakeholders)—but with a focus on retaining subscribers. The company needs to find the best possible 

ordering of a set of videos for a user (e.g., household) within a given context in real time, with the 

objective of maximizing movie consumption. Recommendation systems and streaming video delivery are 

core Netflix technologies. Recommendation systems are always personalized and use logistic/linear 

regression, elastic nets, matrix factorization, clustering, LDA, association rules, gradient-boosted decision 

trees, and other tools. Digital movies are stored in the cloud with metadata, along with individual user 

profiles and rankings for small fraction of movies. The current system uses multiple criteria: a contentbased recommendation system, a user-based recommendation system, and diversity. Algorithms are 

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continuously refined with A/B testing (i.e., two-variable randomized experiments used in online 

marketing). 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Netflix held a competition for the best collaborative filtering algorithm to predict user ratings for films— 

the purpose of which was to improve ratings by 10%. The winning system combined over 100 different 

algorithms. Netflix systems use SQL, NoSQL, and Map/Reduce on AWS. Netflix recommendation 

systems have features in common with e-commerce systems such as Amazon.com. Streaming video has 

features in common with other content-providing services such as iTunes, Google Play, Pandora, and 

Last.fm. Business initiatives such as Netflix-sponsored content have been used to increase viewership. 

FUTURE 

Streaming video is a very competitive business. Netflix needs to be aware of other companies and trends 

in both content (e.g., which movies are popular) and Big Data technology. 

2.3.4 USE CASE 8: WEB SEARCH 

Submitted by Geoffrey Fox, Indiana University 

APPLICATION 

A web search function returns results in ≈0.1 seconds based on search terms with an average of three 

words. It is important to maximize quantities such as “precision@10” for the number of highly 

accurate/appropriate responses in the top 10 ranked results. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

The current approach uses the following steps: 

1.	 Crawl the web 

2.	 Pre-process data to identify what is searchable (words, positions) 

3.	 Form an inverted index, which maps words to their locations in documents 

4.	 Rank the relevance of documents using the PageRank algorithm 

5.	 Employ advertising technology, e.g., using reverse engineering to identify ranking models—or 

preventing reverse engineering 

6.	 Cluster documents into topics (as in Google News) 

7.	 Update results efficiently. 

Modern clouds and technologies such as Map/Reduce have been heavily influenced by this application, 

which now comprises ≈45 billion web pages total. 

FUTURE 

Web search is a very competitive field, so continuous innovation is needed. Two important innovation 

areas are addressing the growing segment of mobile clients, and increasing sophistication of responses 

and layout to maximize the total benefit of clients, advertisers, and the search company. The “deep web” 

(content not indexed by standard search engines, buried behind user interfaces to databases, etc.) and 

multimedia searches are also of increasing importance. Each day, 500 million photos are uploaded, and 

each minute, 100 hours of video are uploaded to YouTube. 

2.3.5 USE CASE 9: BIG DATA BUSINESS CONTINUITY AND DISASTER RECOVERY WITHIN A 

CLOUD ECO-SYSTEM 

Submitted by Pw Carey, Compliance Partners, LLC 

APPLICATION 

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Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery (BC/DR) needs to consider the role that four overlaying and 

interdependent forces will play in ensuring a workable solution to an entity's business continuity plan and 

requisite disaster recovery strategy. The four areas are people (i.e., resources), processes (e.g., 

time/cost/return on investment [ROI]), technology (e.g., various operating systems, platforms, and 

footprints), and governance (e.g., subject to various and multiple regulatory agencies). 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Data replication services are provided through cloud ecosystems, incorporating IaaS and supported by 

Tier 3 data centers. Replication is different from backup and only moves the changes that took place since 

the previous replication, including block-level changes. The replication can be done quickly—with a fivesecond window—while the data are replicated every four hours. This data snapshot is retained for seven 

business days, or longer if necessary. Replicated data can be moved to a failover center (i.e., a backup 

system) to satisfy an organization’s recovery point objectives (RPO) and recovery time objectives (RTO). 

There are some relevant technologies from VMware, NetApps, Oracle, IBM, and Brocade. Data sizes 

range from terabytes to petabytes. 

FUTURE 

Migrating from a primary site to either a replication site or a backup site is not yet fully automated. The 

goal is to enable the user to automatically initiate the failover sequence. Both organizations must know 

which servers have to be restored and what the dependencies and inter-dependencies are between the 

primary site servers and replication and/or backup site servers. This knowledge requires continuous 

monitoring of both. 

2.3.6 USE CASE 10: CARGO SHIPPING 

Submitted by William Miller, MaCT USA 

APPLICATION 

Delivery companies such as Federal Express, United Parcel Service (UPS), and DHL need optimal means 

of monitoring and tracking cargo. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Information is updated only when items are checked with a bar code scanner, which sends data to the 

central server. An item’s location is not currently displayed in real time. Figure 1 provides an architectural 

diagram. 

FUTURE 

Tracking items in real time is feasible through the Internet of Things application, in which objects are 

given unique identifiers and capability to transfer data automatically, i.e., without human interaction. A 

new aspect will be the item’s status condition, including sensor information, global positioning system 

(GPS) coordinates, and a unique identification schema based upon standards under development 

(specifically International Organization for Standardization [ISO] standard 29161) from the ISO Joint 

Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 31, Working Group 2, which develops technical standards for data 

structures used for automatic identification applications. 

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Figure 1: Cargo Shipping Scenario 

2.3.7 USE CASE 11: MATERIALS DATA FOR MANUFACTURING 

Submitted by John Rumble, R&R Data Services 

APPLICATION 

Every physical product is made from a material that has been selected for its properties, cost, and 

availability. This translates into hundreds of billions of dollars of material decisions made every year. 

However, the adoption of new materials normally takes decades (usually two to three decades) rather than 

a small number of years, in part because data on new materials are not easily available. To speed adoption 

time, accessibility, quality, and usability must be broadened, and proprietary barriers to sharing materials 

data must be overcome. Sufficiently large repositories of materials data are needed to support discovery. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Decisions about materials usage are currently unnecessarily conservative, are often based on older rather 

than newer materials research and development data, and do not take advantage of advances in modeling 

and simulation. 

FUTURE 

Materials informatics is an area in which the new tools of data science can have a major impact by 

predicting the performance of real materials (in gram to ton quantities) starting at the atomistic, 

nanometer, and/or micrometer levels of description. The following efforts are needed to support this area: 

	 Establish materials data repositories, beyond the existing ones, that focus on fundamental data. 

	 Develop internationally accepted data recording standards that can be used by a very diverse 

materials community, including developers of materials test standards (e.g., ASTM International 

and ISO), testing companies, materials producers, and research and development labs. 

 Develop tools and procedures to help organizations that need to deposit proprietary materials in 

data repositories to mask proprietary information while maintaining the data’s usability. 

 Develop multi-variable materials data visualization tools in which the number of variables can be 

quite high. 

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2.3.8 USE CASE 12: SIMULATION-DRIVEN MATERIALS GENOMICS 

Submitted by David Skinner, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) 

APPLICATION 

Massive simulations spanning wide spaces of possible design lead to innovative battery technologies. 

Systematic computational studies are being conducted to examine innovation possibilities in 

photovoltaics. Search and simulation is the basis for rational design of materials. All these require 

management of simulation results contributing to the materials genome. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Survey results are produced using PyMatGen, FireWorks, VASP, ABINIT, NWChem, BerkeleyGW, and 

varied materials community codes running on large supercomputers, such as the Hopper at the National 

Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a 150,000-core machine that produces highresolution simulations. 

FUTURE 

Large-scale computing and flexible data methods at scale for messy data are needed for simulation 

science. The advancement of goal-driven thinking in materials design requires machine learning and 

knowledge systems that integrate data from publications, experiments, and simulations. Other needs 

include scalable key-value and object store databases; the current 100 TB of data will grow to 500 TB 

over the next five years. 

2.4 DEFENSE 

2.4.1 USE CASE 13: CLOUD LARGE-SCALE GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 

Submitted by David Boyd, Data Tactics 

APPLICATION 

Large-scale geospatial data analysis and visualization must be supported. As the number of geospatially 

aware sensors and geospatially tagged data sources increase, the volume of geospatial data requiring 

complex analysis and visualization is growing exponentially. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Traditional geographic information systems (GISs) are generally capable of analyzing millions of objects 

and visualizing thousands. Data types include imagery (various formats such as NITF, GeoTiff, and 

CADRG) and vector (various formats such as shape files, KML [Keyhole Markup Language], and text 

streams). Object types include points, lines, areas, polylines, circles, and ellipses. Image registration— 

transforming various data into one system—requires data and sensor accuracy. Analytics include 

principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) and consider closest 

point of approach, deviation from route, and point density over time. Software includes a server with a 

geospatially enabled RDBMS, geospatial server/analysis software (ESRI ArcServer or Geoserver), and 

visualization (either browser-based or using the ArcMap application). 

FUTURE 

Today’s intelligence systems often contain trillions of geospatial objects and must visualize and interact 

with millions of objects. Critical issues are indexing, retrieval and distributed analysis (note that 

geospatial data requires unique approaches to indexing and distributed analysis); visualization generation 

and transmission; and visualization of data at the end of low-bandwidth wireless connections. Data are 

sensitive and must be completely secure in transit and at rest (particularly on handhelds). 

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2.4.2 USE CASE 14: OBJECT IDENTIFICATION AND TRACKING FROM WIDE-AREA LARGE 

FORMAT IMAGERY OR FULL MOTION VIDEO—PERSISTENT SURVEILLANCE 

Submitted by David Boyd, Data Tactics 

APPLICATION 

Persistent surveillance sensors can easily collect PB of imagery data in the space of a few hours. The data 

should be reduced to a set of geospatial objects (e.g., points, tracks) that can be easily integrated with 

other data to form a common operational picture. Typical processing involves extracting and tracking 

entities (e.g., vehicles, people, packages) over time from the raw image data. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

It is not feasible for humans to process these data for either alerting or tracking purposes. The data need to 

be processed close to the sensor, which is likely forward-deployed since it is too large to be easily 

transmitted. Typical object extraction systems are currently small (e.g., 1 to 20 nodes) graphics processing 

unit (GPU)-enhanced clusters. There are a wide range of custom software and tools, including traditional 

RDBMSs and display tools. Real-time data are obtained at Full Motion Video (FMV)—30 to 60 frames 

per second at full-color 1080p resolution (i.e., 1920 x 1080 pixels, a high-definition progressive scan) or 

Wide-Area Large Format Imagery (WALF)—1 to 10 frames per second at 10,000 pixels x 10,000 pixels 

and full-color resolution. Visualization of extracted outputs will typically be as overlays on a geospatial 

(i.e., GIS) display. Analytics are basic object detection analytics and integration with sophisticated 

situation awareness tools with data fusion. Significant security issues must be considered; sources and 

methods cannot be compromised (i.e., “the enemy” should not know what we see). 

FUTURE 

A typical problem is integration of this processing into a large GPU cluster capable of processing data 

from several sensors in parallel and in near real time. Transmission of data from sensor to system is also a 

major challenge. 

2.4.3 USE CASE 15: INTELLIGENCE DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS 

Submitted by David Boyd, Data Tactics 

APPLICATION 

Intelligence analysts need the following capabilities: 

 Identify relationships between entities (e.g., people, organizations, places, equipment). 

 Spot trends in sentiment or intent for either the general population or a leadership group such as 

state and non-state actors. 

 Identify the locations and possibly timing of hostile actions including implantation of improvised 

explosive devices. 

 Track the location and actions of potentially hostile actors. 

 Reason against and derive knowledge from diverse, disconnected, and frequently unstructured 

(e.g., text) data sources. 

 Process data close to the point of collection, and allow for easy sharing of data to/from individual 

soldiers, forward-deployed units, and senior leadership in garrisons. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Software includes Hadoop, Accumulo (Big Table), Solr, natural language processing (NLP), Puppet (for 

deployment and security), and Storm running on medium-size clusters. Data size ranges from tens of 

terabytes to hundreds of petabytes, with imagery intelligence devices gathering a petabyte in a few hours. 

Dismounted warfighters typically have at most one to hundreds of gigabytes (GBs), which is typically 

handheld data storage. 

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FUTURE 

Data currently exist in disparate silos. These data must be accessible through a semantically integrated 

data space. A wide variety of data types, sources, structures, and quality will span domains and require 

integrated search and reasoning. Most critical data are either unstructured or maintained as imagery or 

video, which requires significant processing to extract entities and information. Network quality, 

provenance, and security are essential. 

2.5 HEALTH CARE AND LIFE SCIENCES 

2.5.1 USE CASE 16: ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD DATA 

Submitted by Shaun Grannis, Indiana University 

APPLICATION 

Large national initiatives around health data are emerging. These include developing a digital learning 

health care system to support increasingly evidence-based clinical decisions with timely, accurate, and 

up-to-date patient-centered clinical information; using electronic observational clinical data to efficiently 

and rapidly translate scientific discoveries into effective clinical treatments; and electronically sharing 

integrated health data to improve healthcare process efficiency and outcomes. These key initiatives all 

rely on high-quality, large-scale, standardized, and aggregate health data. Advanced methods are needed 

for normalizing patient, provider, facility, and clinical concept identification within and among separate 

health care organizations. With these methods in place, feature selection, information retrieval, and 

enhanced machine learning decision-models can be used to define and extract clinical phenotypes from 

non-standard, discrete, and free-text clinical data. Clinical phenotype data must be leveraged to support 

cohort selection, clinical outcomes research, and clinical decision support. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

The Indiana Network for Patient Care (INPC), the nation's largest and longest-running health information 

exchange, houses clinical data from more than 1,100 discrete logical operational healthcare sources. More 

than 20 TB of raw data, these data describe over 12 million patients and over 4 billion discrete clinical 

observations. Between 500,000 and 1.5 million new real-time clinical transactions are added every day. 

FUTURE 

Running on an Indiana University supercomputer, Teradata, PostgreSQL, and MongoDB will support 

information retrieval methods to identify relevant clinical features (e.g., term frequency–inverse 

document frequency [tf-idf], latent semantic analysis, mutual information). NLP techniques will extract 

relevant clinical features. Validated features will be used to parameterize clinical phenotype decision 

models based on maximum likelihood estimators and Bayesian networks. Decision models will be used to 

identify a variety of clinical phenotypes such as diabetes, congestive heart failure, and pancreatic cancer. 

2.5.2 USE CASE 17: PATHOLOGY IMAGING/DIGITAL PATHOLOGY 

Submitted by Fusheng Wang, Emory University 

APPLICATION 

Digital pathology imaging is an emerging field in which examination of high-resolution images of tissue 

specimens enables novel and more effective ways to diagnose diseases. Pathology image analysis 

segments massive spatial objects (e.g., millions of objects per image) such as nuclei and blood vessels, 

represented with their boundaries, along with many extracted image features from these objects. The 

derived information is used for many complex queries and analytics to support biomedical research and 

clinical diagnosis. Figure 2 presents examples of two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) pathology 

images. 

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Figure 2: Pathology Imaging/Digital Pathology—Examples of 2-D and 3-D Pathology Images 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Each 2D image comprises 1 GB of raw image data and entails 1.5 GB of analytical results. Message 

Passing Interface (MPI) is used for image analysis. Data processing happens with Map/Reduce (a data 

processing program) and Hive (to abstract the Map/Reduce program and support data warehouse 

interactions), along with spatial extension on supercomputers and clouds. GPUs are used effectively for 

image creation. Figure 3 shows the architecture of Hadoop-GIS, a spatial data warehousing system, over 

Map/Reduce to support spatial analytics for analytical pathology imaging. 

Figure 3: Pathology Imaging/Digital Pathology 

FUTURE 

Recently, 3D pathology imaging has been made possible using 3D laser technologies or serially 

sectioning hundreds of tissue sections onto slides and scanning them into digital images. Segmenting 3D 

microanatomic objects from registered serial images could produce tens of millions of 3D objects from a 

single image. This provides a deep ‘map’ of human tissues for next-generation diagnosis. 3D images can 

comprise 1 TB of raw image data and entail 1 TB of analytical results. A moderated hospital would 

generate 1 PB of data per year. 

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2.5.3 USE CASE 18: COMPUTATIONAL BIOIMAGING 

Submitted by David Skinner, Joaquin Correa, Daniela Ushizima, and Joerg Meyer, LBNL 

APPLICATION 

Data delivered from bioimaging are increasingly automated, higher resolution, and multi-modal. This has 

created a data analysis bottleneck that, if resolved, can advance bioscience discovery through Big Data 

techniques. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

The current piecemeal analysis approach does not scale to situations in which a single scan on emerging 

machines is 32 TB and medical diagnostic imaging is annually around 70 PB, excluding cardiology. A 

web-based, one-stop shop is needed for high-performance, high-throughput image processing for 

producers and consumers of models built on bio-imaging data. 

FUTURE 

The goal is to resolve that bottleneck with extreme-scale computing and community-focused science 

gateways, both of which apply massive data analysis toward massive imaging data sets. Workflow 

components include data acquisition, storage, enhancement, noise minimization, segmentation of regions 

of interest, crowd-based selection and extraction of features, and object classification, as well as 

organization and search. Suggested software packages are ImageJ, OMERO, VolRover, and advanced 

segmentation and feature detection software. 

2.5.4 USE CASE 19: GENOMIC MEASUREMENTS 

Submitted by Justin Zook, National Institute of Standards and Technology 

APPLICATION 

The NIST Genome in a Bottle Consortium integrates data from multiple sequencing technologies and 

methods to develop highly confident characterization of whole human genomes as reference materials. 

The consortium also develops methods to use these reference materials to assess performance of any 

genome sequencing run. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

NIST’s approximately 40 TB network file system (NFS) is full. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) 

and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) are also currently storing PBs of data. 

NIST is also storing data using open-source sequencing bioinformatics software from academic groups 

(UNIX-based) on a 72-core cluster, supplemented by larger systems at collaborators. 

FUTURE 

DNA sequencers can generate ≈300 GB of compressed data per day, and this volume has increased much 

faster than Moore’s Law gives for increase in computer processing power. Future data could include other 

‘omics’ (e.g., genomics) measurements, which will be even larger than DNA sequencing. Clouds have 

been explored as a cost effective scalable approach. 

2.5.5 USE CASE 20: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR METAGENOMES AND GENOMES 

Submitted by Ernest Szeto, LBNL, Joint Genome Institute 

APPLICATION 

Given a metagenomic sample this use case aims to do the following: 

 Determine the community composition in terms of other reference isolate genomes 

 Characterize the function of its genes 

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 Begin to infer possible functional pathways 

 Characterize similarity or dissimilarity with other metagenomic samples 

 Begin to characterize changes in community composition and function due to changes in 

environmental pressures 

 Isolate subsections of data based on quality measures and community composition 

CURRENT APPROACH 

The current integrated comparative analysis system for metagenomes and genomes is front-ended by an 

interactive web user interface (UI) with core data. The system involves backend precomputations and 

batch job computation submission from the UI. The system provides an interface to standard 

bioinformatics tools (e.g., BLAST, HMMER, multiple alignment and phylogenetic tools, gene callers, 

sequence feature predictors). 

FUTURE 

Management of heterogeneity of biological data is currently performed by a RDBMS (i.e., Oracle). 

Unfortunately, it does not scale for even the current volume, 50 TB of data. NoSQL solutions aim at 

providing an alternative, but unfortunately they do not always lend themselves to real-time interactive use 

or rapid and parallel bulk loading, and sometimes they have issues regarding robustness. 

2.5.6 USE CASE 21: INDIVIDUALIZED DIABETES MANAGEMENT 

Submitted by Ying Ding, Indiana University 

APPLICATION 

Diabetes is a growing illness in the world population, affecting both developing and developed countries. 

Current management strategies do not adequately take into account individual patient profiles, such as comorbidities and medications, which are common in patients with chronic illnesses. Advanced graph-based 

data mining techniques must be applied to electronic health records (EHRs), converting them into RDF 

(Resource Description Framework) graphs. These advanced techniques would facilitate searches for 

diabetes patients and allow for extraction of their EHR data for outcome evaluation. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Typical patient data records are composed of 100 controlled vocabulary values and 1,000 continuous 

values. Most values have a timestamp. The traditional paradigm of relational row-column lookup needs to 

be updated to semantic graph traversal. 

FUTURE 

The first step is to compare patient records to identify similar patients from a large EHR database (i.e., an 

individualized cohort.) Each patient’s management outcome should be evaluated to formulate the most 

appropriate solution for a given patient with diabetes. The process would use efficient parallel retrieval 

algorithms, suitable for cloud or high-performance computing (HPC), using the open source Hbase 

database with both indexed and custom search capability to identify patients of possible interest. The 

Semantic Linking for Property Values method would be used to convert an existing data warehouse at 

Mayo Clinic, called the Enterprise Data Trust (EDT), into RDF triples that enable one to find similar 

patients through linking of both vocabulary-based and continuous values. The time-dependent properties 

need to be processed before query to allow matching based on derivatives and other derived properties. 

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2.5.7 USE CASE 22: STATISTICAL RELATIONAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR HEALTH CARE 

Submitted by Sriram Natarajan, Indiana University 

APPLICATION 

The goal of the project is to analyze large, multi-modal medical data, including different data types such 

as imaging, EHR, and genetic and natural language. This approach employs relational probabilistic 

models that have the capability of handling rich relational data and modeling uncertainty using probability 

theory. The software learns models from multiple data types, and can possibly integrate information and 

reason about complex queries. Users can provide a set of descriptions, for instance: magnetic resonance 

imaging (MRI) images and demographic data about a particular subject. They can then query for the onset 

of a particular disease (e.g., Alzheimer’s), and the system will provide a probability distribution over the 

possible occurrence of this disease. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

A single server can handle a test cohort of a few hundred patients with associated data of hundreds of 

GBs. 

FUTURE 

A cohort of millions of patients can involve PB size datasets. A major issue is the availability of too much 

data (e.g., images, genetic sequences), which can make the analysis complicated. Sometimes, large 

amounts of data about a single subject are available, but the number of subjects is not very high (i.e., data 

imbalance). This can result in learning algorithms picking up random correlations between the multiple 

data types as important features in analysis. Another challenge lies in aligning the data and merging from 

multiple sources in a form that will be useful for a combined analysis. 

2.5.8 USE CASE 23: WORLD POPULATION-SCALE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY 

Submitted by Madhav Marathe, Stephen Eubank, and Chris Barrett, Virginia Tech 

APPLICATION 

There is a need for reliable, real-time prediction and control of pandemics similar to the 2009 H1N1 

influenza. Addressing various kinds of contagion diffusion may involve modeling and computing 

information, diseases, and social unrest. Agent-based models can utilize the underlying interaction 

network (i.e., a network defined by a model of people, vehicles, and their activities) to study the evolution 

of the desired phenomena. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

There is a two-step approach: (1) build a synthetic global population; and (2) run simulations over the 

global population to reason about outbreaks and various intervention strategies. The current 100 TB 

dataset was generated centrally with an MPI-based simulation system written in Charm++. Parallelism is 

achieved by exploiting the disease residence time period. 

FUTURE 

Large social contagion models can be used to study complex global-scale issues, greatly increasing the 

size of systems used. 

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2.5.9 USE CASE 24: SOCIAL CONTAGION MODELING FOR PLANNING, PUBLIC HEALTH, AND 

DISASTER MANAGEMENT 

Submitted by Madhav Marathe and Chris Kuhlman, Virginia Tech 

APPLICATION 

Social behavior models are applicable to national security, public health, viral marketing, city planning, 

and disaster preparedness. In a social unrest application, people take to the streets to voice either 

unhappiness with or support for government leadership. Models would help quantify the degree to which 

normal business and activities are disrupted because of fear and anger, the possibility of peaceful 

demonstrations and/or violent protests, and the potential for government responses ranging from 

appeasement, to allowing protests, to issuing threats against protestors, to taking actions to thwart 

protests. Addressing these issues would require fine-resolution models (at the level of individual people, 

vehicles, and buildings) and datasets. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

The social contagion model infrastructure simulates different types of human-to-human interactions (e.g., 

face-to-face versus online media), and also interactions between people, services (e.g., transportation), 

and infrastructure (e.g., Internet, electric power). These activity models are generated from averages such 

as census data. 

FUTURE 

One significant concern is data fusion (i.e., how to combine data from different sources and how to deal 

with missing or incomplete data.) A valid modeling process must take into account heterogeneous 

features of hundreds of millions or billions of individuals, as well as cultural variations across countries. 

For such large and complex models, the validation process itself is also a challenge. 

2.5.10 USE CASE 25: BIODIVERSITY AND LIFEWATCH 

Submitted by Wouter Los and Yuri Demchenko, University of Amsterdam 

APPLICATION 

Research and monitor different ecosystems, biological species, their dynamics, and their migration with a 

mix of custom sensors and data access/processing, and a federation with relevant projects in the area. 

Particular case studies include monitoring alien species, migrating birds, and wetlands. One of many 

efforts from the consortium titled Common Operations for Environmental Research Infrastructures 

(ENVRI) is investigating integration of LifeWatch with other environmental e-infrastructures. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

At this time, this project is in the preliminary planning phases and, therefore, the current approach is not 

fully developed. 

FUTURE 

The LifeWatch initiative will provide integrated access to a variety of data, analytical, and modeling tools 

as served by a variety of collaborating initiatives. It will also offer data and tools in selected workflows 

for specific scientific communities. In addition, LifeWatch will provide opportunities to construct 

personalized “virtual labs,” allowing participants to enter and access new data and analytical tools. New 

data will be shared with the data facilities cooperating with LifeWatch, including both the Global 

Biodiversity Information Facility and the Biodiversity Catalogue, also known as the Biodiversity Science 

Web Services Registry. Data include ‘omics’, species information, ecological information (e.g., biomass, 

population density), and ecosystem data (e.g., carbon dioxide [CO2] fluxes, algal blooming, water and soil 

characteristics.) 

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2.6 DEEP LEARNING AND SOCIAL MEDIA 

2.6.1 USE CASE 26: LARGE-SCALE DEEP LEARNING 

Submitted by Adam Coates, Stanford University 

APPLICATION 

There is a need to increase the size of datasets and models that can be tackled with deep learning 

algorithms. Large models (e.g., neural networks with more neurons and connections) combined with large 

datasets are increasingly the top performers in benchmark tasks for vision, speech, and NLP. It will be 

necessary to train a deep neural network from a large (e.g., much greater than 1 TB) corpus of data, which 

is typically comprised of imagery, video, audio, or text. Such training procedures often require 

customization of the neural network architecture, learning criteria, and dataset pre-processing. In addition 

to the computational expense demanded by the learning algorithms, the need for rapid prototyping and 

ease of development is extremely high. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

The largest applications so far are to image recognition and scientific studies of unsupervised learning 

with 10 million images and up to 11 billion parameters on a 64 GPU HPC Infiniband cluster. Both 

supervised (i.e., using existing classified images) and unsupervised applications are being investigated. 

FUTURE 

Large datasets of 100 TB or more may be necessary to exploit the representational power of the larger 

models. Training a self-driving car could take 100 million images at megapixel resolution. Deep learning 

shares many characteristics with the broader field of machine learning. The paramount requirements are 

high computational throughput for mostly dense linear algebra operations, and extremely high 

productivity for researcher exploration. High-performance libraries must be integrated with high-level 

(e.g., Python) prototyping environments. 

2.6.2 USE CASE 27: ORGANIZING LARGE-SCALE, UNSTRUCTURED COLLECTIONS OF 

CONSUMER PHOTOS 

Submitted by David Crandall, Indiana University 

APPLICATION 

Collections of millions to billions of consumer images are used to produce 3D reconstructions of 

scenes—with no a priori knowledge of either the scene structure or the camera positions. The resulting 

3D models allow efficient and effective browsing of large-scale photo collections by geographic position. 

New images can be geolocated by matching them to 3D models, and object recognition can be performed 

on each image. The 3D reconstruction can be posed as a robust, non-linear, least squares optimization 

problem: observed or noisy correspondences between images are constraints, and unknowns are sixdimensional (6D) camera poses of each image and 3D positions of each point in the scene. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

The current system is a Hadoop cluster with 480 cores processing data of initial applications. Over 500 

billion images are currently on Facebook, and over 5 billion are on Flickr, with over 500 million images 

added to social media sites each day. 

FUTURE 

Necessary maintenance and upgrades require many analytics including feature extraction, feature 

matching, and large-scale probabilistic inference. These analytics appear in many or most computer 

vision and image processing problems, including recognition, stereo resolution, and image denoising. 

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Other needs are visualizing large-scale, 3D reconstructions and navigating large-scale collections of 

images that have been aligned to maps. 

2.6.3 USE CASE 28: TRUTHY—INFORMATION DIFFUSION RESEARCH FROM TWITTER DATA 

Submitted by Filippo Menczer, Alessandro Flammini, and Emilio Ferrara, Indiana University 

APPLICATION 

How communication spreads on socio-technical networks must be better understood, and methods are 

needed to detect potentially harmful information spread at early stages (e.g., deceiving messages, 

orchestrated campaigns, untrustworthy information). 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Twitter generates a large volume of continuous streaming data—about 30 TB a year, compressed— 

through circulation of ≈100 million messages per day. The increase over time is roughly 500 GB data per 

day. All these data must be acquired and stored. Additional needs include near real-time analysis of such 

data for anomaly detection, stream clustering, signal classification, and online-learning; and data retrieval, 

Big Data visualization, data-interactive web interfaces, and public application programming interfaces 

(APIs) for data querying. Software packages for data analysis include Python/ SciPy/ NumPy/ MPI. 

Information diffusion, clustering, and dynamic network visualization capabilities already exist. 

FUTURE 

Truthy plans to expand, incorporating Google+ and Facebook, and so needs to move toward advanced 

distributed storage programs, such as Hadoop/Indexed HBase and Hadoop Distributed File System 

(HDFS). Redis should be used as an in-memory database to be a buffer for real-time analysis. Solutions 

will need to incorporate streaming clustering, anomaly detection, and online learning. 

2.6.4 USE CASE 29: CROWD SOURCING IN THE HUMANITIES AS SOURCE FOR BIG AND 

DYNAMIC DATA 

Submitted by Sebastian Drude, Max-Planck-Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands 

APPLICATION 

Information is captured from many individuals and their devices using a range of sources: manually 

entered, recorded multimedia, reaction times, pictures, sensor information. These data are used to 

characterize wide-ranging individual, social, cultural, and linguistic variations among several dimensions 

(e.g., space, social space, time). 

CURRENT APPROACH 

At this point, typical systems used are Extensible Markup Language (XML) technology and traditional 

relational databases. Other than pictures, not much multi-media is employed yet. 

FUTURE 

Crowd sourcing is beginning to be used on a larger scale. However, the availability of sensors in mobile 

devices provides a huge potential for collecting large amount of data from numerous individuals. This 

possibility has not been explored on a large scale so far; existing crowd sourcing projects are usually of a 

limited scale and web-based. Privacy issues may be involved because of access to individuals’ 

audiovisual files; anonymization may be necessary but not always possible. Data management and 

curation are critical. With multimedia, the size could be hundreds of terabytes. 

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2.6.5 USE CASE 30: CINET—CYBERINFRASTRUCTURE FOR NETWORK (GRAPH) SCIENCE 

AND ANALYTICS 

Submitted by Madhav Marathe and Keith Bisset, Virginia Tech 

APPLICATION 

CINET provides a common web-based platform that allows the end user seamless access to the following: 

 Network and graph analysis tools such as SNAP, NetworkX, and Galib 

 Real-world and synthetic networks 

 Computing resources 

 Data management systems. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

CINET uses an Infiniband-connected HPC cluster with 720 cores to provide HPC as a service. The 

platform is being used for research and education. CINET is used in classes and to support research by 

social science and social networking communities 

FUTURE 

Rapid repository growth is expected to lead to at least 1,000 to 5,000 networks and methods in about a 

year. As more fields use graphs of increasing size, parallel algorithms will be important. Two critical 

challenges are data manipulation and bookkeeping of the derived data, as there are no well-defined and 

effective models and tools for unified management of various graph data. 

2.6.6 USE CASE 31: NIST INFORMATION ACCESS DIVISION—ANALYTIC TECHNOLOGY 

PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS, EVALUATIONS, AND STANDARDS 

Submitted by John Garofolo, NIST 

APPLICATION 

Performance metrics, measurement methods, and community evaluations are needed to ground and 

accelerate development of advanced analytic technologies in the areas of speech and language processing, 

video and multimedia processing, biometric image processing, and heterogeneous data processing, as well 

as the interaction of analytics with users. Typically one of two processing models are employed: (1) push 

test data out to test participants, and analyze the output of participant systems, and (2) push algorithm test 

harness interfaces out to participants, bring in their algorithms, and test them on internal computing 

clusters. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

There is a large annotated corpora of unstructured/semi-structured text, audio, video, images, multimedia, 

and heterogeneous collections of the above, including ground truth annotations for training, 

developmental testing, and summative evaluations. The test corpora exceed 900 million web pages 

occupying 30 TB of storage, 100 million tweets, 100 million ground-truthed biometric images, several 

hundred thousand partially ground-truthed video clips, and terabytes of smaller fully ground-truthed test 

collections. 

FUTURE 

Even larger data collections are being planned for future evaluations of analytics involving multiple data 

streams and very heterogeneous data. In addition to larger datasets, the future includes testing of 

streaming algorithms with multiple heterogeneous data. The use of clouds is being explored. 

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2.7 THE ECOSYSTEM FOR RESEARCH 

2.7.1 USE CASE 32: DATANET FEDERATION CONSORTIUM 

Submitted by Reagan Moore, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 

APPLICATION 

The DataNet Federation Consortium (DFC) promotes collaborative and interdisciplinary research through 

a federation of data management systems across federal repositories, national academic research 

initiatives, institutional repositories, and international collaborations. The collaboration environment runs 

at scale and includes petabytes of data, hundreds of millions of files, hundreds of millions of metadata 

attributes, tens of thousands of users, and a thousand storage resources. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Currently, 25 science and engineering domains have projects that rely on the iRODS (Integrated RuleOriented Data System) policy-based data management system. Active organizations include the National 

Science Foundation, with major projects such as the Ocean Observatories Initiative (sensor archiving); 

Temporal Dynamics of Learning Center (cognitive science data grid); iPlant Collaborative (plant 

genomics); Drexel’s engineering digital library; and H. W. Odum Institute for Research in Social Science 

(data grid federation with Dataverse). iRODS currently manages PB of data, hundreds of millions of files, 

hundreds of millions of metadata attributes, tens of thousands of users, and a thousand storage resources. 

It interoperates with workflow systems (e.g., National Center for Computing Applications’ [NCSA’s] 

Cyberintegrator, Kepler, Taverna), cloud, and more traditional storage models, as well as different 

transport protocols. Figure 4 presents a diagram of the iRODS architecture. 

FUTURE 

Future data scenarios and applications were not expressed for this use case. 

Figure 4: DFC—iRODS Architecture 

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2.7.2 USE CASE 33: THE DISCINNET PROCESS 

Submitted by P. Journeau, Discinnet Labs 

APPLICATION 

Discinnet has developed a Web 2.0 collaborative platform and research prototype as a pilot installation, 

which is now being deployed and tested by researchers from a growing number of diverse research fields. 

The goal is to reach a wide enough sample of active research fields, represented as clusters (i.e., 

researchers projected and aggregating within a manifold of mostly shared experimental dimensions) to 

test general, hence potentially interdisciplinary, epistemological models throughout the present decade. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Currently, 35 clusters have been started, with close to 100 awaiting more resources. There is potential for 

many more to be created, administered, and animated by research communities. Examples of clusters 

include optics, cosmology, materials, microalgae, health care, applied math, computation, rubber, and 

other chemical products/issues. 

FUTURE 

Discinnet itself would not be Big Data but rather will generate metadata when applied to a cluster that 

involves Big Data. In interdisciplinary integration of several fields, the process would reconcile metadata 

from many complexity levels. 

2.7.3 USE CASE 34: SEMANTIC GRAPH SEARCH ON SCIENTIFIC CHEMICAL AND TEXT-BASED 

DATA 

Submitted by Talapady Bhat, NIST 

APPLICATION 

Social media-based infrastructure, terminology and semantic data-graphs are established to annotate and 

present technology information. The process uses root- and rule-based methods currently associated 

primarily with certain Indo-European languages, such as Sanskrit and Latin. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Many reports, including a recent one on the Material Genome Project, find that exclusive top-down 

solutions to facilitate data sharing and integration are not desirable for multi-disciplinary efforts. 

However, a bottom-up approach can be chaotic. For this reason, there is need for a balanced blend of the 

two approaches to support easy-to-use techniques to metadata creation, integration, and sharing. This 

challenge is very similar to the challenge faced by language developers, so a recently developed method 

is based on these ideas. There are ongoing efforts to extend this method to publications of interest to the 

Material Genome Initiative8

, the Open Government movement9, and the NIST Integrated Knowledge 

Editorial Net (NIKE)10, a NIST-wide publication archive.) These efforts are a component of the Research 

Data Alliance Metadata Standards Directory Working Group11. 

FUTURE 

A cloud infrastructure should be created for social media of scientific information. Scientists from across 

the world could use this infrastructure to participate and deposit results of their experiments. Prior to 

establishing a scientific social medium, some issues must be resolved including the following: 

 Minimize challenges related to establishing re-usable, interdisciplinary, scalable, on-demand, usecase, and user-friendly vocabulary. 

 Adopt an existing or create new on-demand ‘data-graph’ to place information in an intuitive way, 

such that it would easily integrate with existing data-graphs in a federated environment, 

independently of details of data management. 

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 Find relevant scientific data without spending too much time on the Internet. 

Start with resources such as the Open Government movement, Material Genome Initiative, and Protein 

Databank. This effort includes many local and networked resources. Developing an infrastructure to 

automatically integrate information from all these resources using data-graphs is a challenge, but steps are 

being taken to solve it. Strong database tools and servers for data-graph manipulation are needed. 

2.7.4 USE CASE 35: LIGHT SOURCE BEAMLINES 

Submitted by Eli Dart, LBNL 

APPLICATION 

Samples are exposed to X-rays from light sources in a variety of configurations, depending on the 

experiment. Detectors, essentially high-speed digital cameras, collect the data. The data are then analyzed 

to reconstruct a view of the sample or process being studied. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

A variety of commercial and open source software is used for data analysis. For example, Octopus is used 

for tomographic reconstruction, and Avizo (http://vsg3d.com) and FIJI (a distribution of ImageJ) are used 

for visualization and analysis. Data transfer is accomplished using physical transport of portable media, 

which severely limits performance, high-performance GridFTP, managed by Globus Online, or workflow 

systems such as SPADE (Support for Provenance Auditing in Distributed Environments, an open source 

software infrastructure). 

FUTURE 

Camera resolution is continually increasing. Data transfer to large-scale computing facilities is becoming 

necessary because of the computational power required to conduct the analysis on timescales useful to the 

experiment. Because of the large number of beamlines (e.g., 39 at the LBNL Advanced Light Source), 

aggregate data load is likely to increase significantly over coming years, as will the need for a generalized 

infrastructure for analyzing GB per second of data from many beamline detectors at multiple facilities. 

2.8 ASTRONOMY AND PHYSICS 

2.8.1 USE CASE 36: CATALINA REAL-TIME TRANSIENT SURVEY: A DIGITAL, PANORAMIC, 

SYNOPTIC SKY SURVEY 

Submitted by S. G. Djorgovski, Caltech 

APPLICATION 

Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey (CRTS) explores the variable universe in the visible light regime, 

on timescales ranging from minutes to years, by searching for variable and transient sources. It discovers 

a broad variety of astrophysical objects and phenomena, including various types of cosmic explosions 

(e.g., supernovae), variable stars, phenomena associated with accretion to massive black holes (e.g., 

active galactic nuclei) and their relativistic jets, and high proper motion stars. The data are collected from 

three telescopes (two in Arizona and one in Australia), with additional ones expected in the near future in 

Chile. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

The survey generates up to approximately 0.1 TB on a clear night with a total of approximately 100 TB in 

current data holdings. The data are preprocessed at the telescope and then transferred to the University of 

Arizona and Caltech for further analysis, distribution, and archiving. The data are processed in real time, 

and detected transient events are published electronically through a variety of dissemination mechanisms, 

with no proprietary withholding period (CRTS has a completely open data policy). Further data analysis 

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includes classification of the detected transient events, additional observations using other telescopes, 

scientific interpretation, and publishing. This process makes heavy use of the archival data (several PBs) 

from a wide variety of geographically distributed resources connected through the virtual observatory 

(VO) framework. 

FUTURE 

CRTS is a scientific and methodological test bed and precursor of larger surveys to come, notably the 

Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), expected to operate in the 2020s and selected as the highestpriority ground-based instrument in the 2010 Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey. LSST will 

gather about 30 TB per night. Figure 5 illustrates the schematic architecture for a cyber infrastructure for 

time domain astronomy. 

Figure 5: Catalina CRTS: A Digital, Panoramic, Synoptic Sky Survey 

Survey pipelines from telescopes (on the ground or in space) produce transient event data streams, and the 

events, along with their observational descriptions, are ingested by one or more depositories, from which 

the event data can be disseminated electronically to human astronomers or robotic telescopes. Each event 

is assigned an evolving portfolio of information, which includes all available data on that celestial 

position. The data are gathered from a wide variety of data archives unified under the Virtual Observatory 

framework, expert annotations, etc. Representations of such federated information can be both humanreadable and machine-readable. The data are fed into one or more automated event characterization, 

classification, and prioritization engines that deploy a variety of machine learning tools for these tasks. 

The engines’ output, which evolves dynamically as new information arrives and is processed, informs the 

follow-up observations of the selected events, and the resulting data are communicated back to the event 

portfolios for the next iteration. Users, either human or robotic, can tap into the system at multiple points, 

both for information retrieval and to contribute new information, through a standardized set of formats 

and protocols. This could be done in (near) real-time or in archival (i.e., not time-critical) modes. 

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2.8.2 USE CASE 37: DOE EXTREME DATA FROM COSMOLOGICAL SKY SURVEY AND 

SIMULATIONS 

Submitted by Salman Habib, Argonne National Laboratory; Andrew Connolly, University of Washington 

APPLICATION 

A cosmology discovery tool integrates simulations and observation to clarify the nature of dark matter, 

dark energy, and inflation—some of the most exciting, perplexing, and challenging questions facing 

modern physics, including the properties of fundamental particles affecting the early universe. The 

simulations will generate data sizes comparable to observation. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

At this time, this project is in the preliminary planning phases and, therefore, the current approach is not 

fully developed. 

FUTURE 

These systems will use huge amounts of supercomputer time—over 200 million hours. Associated data 

sizes are as follows: 

 Dark Energy Survey (DES): 4 PB per year in 2015 

 Zwicky Transient Factory (ZTF): 1 PB per year in 2015 

 LSST (see CRTS discussion above): 7 PB per year in 2019 

 Simulations: 10 PB per year in 2017 

2.8.3 USE CASE 38: LARGE SURVEY DATA FOR COSMOLOGY 

Submitted by Peter Nugent, LBNL 

APPLICATION 

For DES, the data are sent from the mountaintop, via a microwave link, to La Serena, Chile. From there, 

an optical link forwards them to the NCSA and to NERSC for storage and ‘reduction.’ Here, galaxies and 

stars in both the individual and stacked images are identified and catalogued, and finally their properties 

are measured and stored in a database. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Subtraction pipelines are run using extant imaging data to find new optical transients through machine 

learning algorithms. Data technologies are Linux cluster, Oracle RDBMS server, Postgres PSQL, large 

memory machines, standard Linux interactive hosts, and the General Parallel File System (GPFS). HPC 

resources are needed for simulations. Software needs include standard astrophysics reduction software as 

well as Perl/Python wrapper scripts and Linux Cluster scheduling. 

FUTURE 

Techniques are needed for handling Cholesky decomposition for thousands of simulations with matrices 

of order one million on a side and parallel image storage. LSST will generate 60 PB of imaging data and 

15 PB of catalog data and a correspondingly large (or larger) amount of simulation data. In total, over 20 

TB of data will be generated per night. 

2.8.4 USE CASE 39: PARTICLE PHYSICS—ANALYSIS OF LARGE HADRON COLLIDER DATA: 

DISCOVERY OF HIGGS PARTICLE 

Submitted by Michael Ernst, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL); Lothar Bauerdick, Fermi National 

Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL); Geoffrey Fox, Indiana University; Eli Dart, LBNL 

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APPLICATION 

Analysis is conducted on collisions at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) Large 

Hadron Collider (LHC) accelerator (Figure 6) and Monte Carlo producing events describing particleapparatus interaction. 

Figure 6: Particle Physics: Analysis of LHC Data: Discovery of Higgs Particle—CERN LHC Location 

Processed information defines physics properties of events and generates lists of particles with type and 

momenta. These events are analyzed to find new effects—both new particles (e.g., Higgs), and present 

evidence that conjectured particles (e.g., Supersymmetry) have not been detected. A few major 

experiments are being conducted at LHC, including ATLAS and CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid). These 

experiments have global participants (e.g., CMS has 3,600 participants from 183 institutions in 38 

countries), and so the data at all levels are transported and accessed across continents. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

The LHC experiments are pioneers of a distributed Big Data science infrastructure. Several aspects of the 

LHC experiments’ workflow highlight issues that other disciplines will need to solve. These issues 

include automation of data distribution, high-performance data transfer, and large-scale high-throughput 

computing. Figure 7 shows grid analysis with 350,000 cores running near-continuously—over two 

million jobs per day arranged in three major tiers: CERN, Continents/Countries, and Universities. The 

analysis uses distributed, high-throughput computing (i.e., pleasing parallel) architecture with facilities 

integrated across the world by the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) and Open Science Grid in 

the U.S. Accelerator data and analysis generates 15 PB of data each year for a total of 200 PB. 

Specifically, in 2012, ATLAS had 8 PB on Tier1 tape and over 10 PB on Tier 1 disk at BNL and 12 PB 

on disk cache at U.S. Tier 2 centers. CMS has similar data sizes. Over half the resources are used for 

Monte Carlo simulations as opposed to data analysis. 

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Figure 7: Particle Physics: Analysis of LHC Data: Discovery of Higgs Particle—The Multi-tier LHC Computing 

Infrastructure
 

FUTURE 

In the past, the particle physics community has been able to rely on industry to deliver exponential 

increases in performance per unit cost over time, as described by Moore's Law. However, the available 

performance will be much more difficult to exploit in the future since technology limitations, in particular 

regarding power consumption, have led to profound changes in the architecture of modern central 

processing unit (CPU) chips. In the past, software could run unchanged on successive processor 

generations and achieve performance gains that follow Moore's Law, thanks to the regular increase in 

clock rate that continued until 2006. The era of scaling sequential applications on an HEP (heterogeneous 

element processor) is now over. Changes in CPU architectures imply significantly more software 

parallelism, as well as exploitation of specialized floating point capabilities. The structure and 

performance of HEP data processing software need to be changed such that they can continue to be 

adapted and developed to run efficiently on new hardware. This represents a major paradigm shift in HEP 

software design and implies large-scale re-engineering of data structures and algorithms. Parallelism 

needs to be added simultaneously at all levels: the event level, the algorithm level, and the sub-algorithm 

level. Components at all levels in the software stack need to interoperate, and therefore the goal is to 

standardize as much as possible on basic design patterns and on the choice of a concurrency model. This 

will also help to ensure efficient and balanced use of resources. 

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2.8.5 USE CASE 40: BELLE II HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS EXPERIMENT 

Submitted by David Asner and Malachi Schram, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) 

APPLICATION 

The Belle experiment is a particle physics experiment with more than 400 physicists and engineers 

investigating charge parity (CP) violation effects with B meson production at the High Energy 

Accelerator KEKB e+ e- accelerator in Tsukuba, Japan. In particular, numerous decay modes at the 

Upsilon(4S) resonance are sought to identify new phenomena beyond the standard model of particle 

physics. This accelerator has the largest intensity of any in the world, but the events are simpler than those 

from LHC, and so analysis is less complicated, but similar in style to the CERN accelerator analysis. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

At this time, this project is in the preliminary planning phases and, therefore, the current approach is not 

fully developed. 

FUTURE 

An upgraded experiment Belle II and accelerator SuperKEKB will start operation in 2015. Data will 

increase by a factor of 50, with total integrated raw data of ≈120 PB and physics data of ≈15 PB and ≈100 

PB of Monte Carlo samples. The next stage will necessitate a move to a distributed computing model 

requiring continuous raw data transfer of ≈20 GB per second at designed luminosity between Japan and 

the United States. Open Science Grid, Geant4, DIRAC, FTS, and Belle II framework software will be 

needed. 

2.9 EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND POLAR SCIENCE 

2.9.1 USE CASE 41: EUROPEAN INCOHERENT SCATTER SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION 3D 

INCOHERENT SCATTER RADAR SYSTEM 

Submitted by Yin Chen, Cardiff University; Ingemar Häggström, Ingrid Mann, and Craig Heinselman, 

European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association (EISCAT) 

APPLICATION 

EISCAT conducts research on the lower, middle, and upper atmosphere and ionosphere using the 

incoherent scatter radar technique. This technique is the most powerful ground-based tool for these 

research applications. EISCAT studies instabilities in the ionosphere and investigates the structure and 

dynamics of the middle atmosphere. EISCAT operates a diagnostic instrument in ionospheric 

modification experiments with addition of a separate heating facility. Currently, EISCAT operates three 

of the ten major incoherent radar scattering instruments worldwide; their three systems are located in the 

Scandinavian sector, north of the Arctic Circle. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

The currently running EISCAT radar generates data at rates of terabytes per year. The system does not 

present special challenges. 

FUTURE 

The design of the next-generation radar, EISCAT_3D, will consist of a core site with transmitting and 

receiving radar arrays and four sites with receiving antenna arrays at some 100 kilometers from the core. 

The fully operational five-site system will generate several thousand times the number of data of the 

current EISCAT system, with 40 PB per year in 2022, and is expected to operate for 30 years. 

EISCAT_3D data e-Infrastructure plans to use high-performance computers for central site data 

processing and high-throughput computers for mirror site data processing. Downloading the full data is 

not time-critical, but operations require real-time information about certain pre-defined events, which 

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would be sent from the sites to the operations center, and a real-time link from the operations center to the 

sites to set the mode of radar operation in real time. See Figure 8. 

Figure 8: EISCAT 3D Incoherent Scatter Radar System – System Architecture 

2.9.2 USE CASE 42: COMMON OPERATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 

INFRASTRUCTURE 

Submitted by Yin Chen, Cardiff University 

APPLICATION 

ENVRI (Common Operations of Environmental Research Infrastructures) addresses European distributed, 

long-term, remote-controlled observational networks focused on understanding processes, trends, 

thresholds, interactions, and feedbacks, as well as increasing the predictive power to address future 

environmental challenges. The following efforts are part of ENVRI: 

	 ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System) is a European distributed infrastructure dedicated 

to the monitoring of greenhouse gases (GHGs) through its atmospheric, ecosystem, and ocean 

networks. 

 EURO-Argo is the European contribution to Argo, which is a global ocean observing system. 

 EISCAT_3D (described separately) is a European new-generation incoherent scatter research 

radar system for upper atmospheric science. 

 LifeWatch (described separately) is an e-science infrastructure for biodiversity and ecosystem 

research. 

 EPOS (European Plate Observing System) is a European research infrastructure for earthquakes, 

volcanoes, surface dynamics, and tectonics. 

	 EMSO (European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and Water Column Observatory) is a European 

network of seafloor observatories for the long-term monitoring of environmental processes 

related to ecosystems, climate change, and geo-hazards. 

	 IAGOS (In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System) is setting up a network of aircraft for 

global atmospheric observation. 

	 SIOS (Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System) is establishing an observation system 

in and around Svalbard that integrates the studies of geophysical, chemical, and biological 

processes from all research and monitoring platforms. 

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CURRENT APPROACH 

ENVRI develops a reference model (ENVRI RM) as a common ontological framework and standard for 

the description and characterization of computational and storage infrastructures. The goal is to achieve 

seamless interoperability between the heterogeneous resources of different infrastructures. The ENVRI 

RM serves as a common language for community communication, providing a uniform framework into 

which the infrastructure’s components can be classified and compared. The ENVRI RM also serves to 

identify common solutions to common problems. Data sizes in a given infrastructure vary from GBs to 

petabytes per year. 

FUTURE 

ENVRI’s common environment will empower the users of the collaborating environmental research 

infrastructures and enable multidisciplinary scientists to access, study, and correlate data from multiple 

domains for system-level research. Collaboration affects Big Data requirements coming from 

interdisciplinary research. 

ENVRI analyzed the computational characteristics of the six European Strategy Forum on Research 

Infrastructures (ESFRI) environmental research infrastructures, and identified five common subsystems 

(Figure 9). They are defined in the ENVRI RM (http://www.envri.eu/rm) and below: 

 Data acquisition: Collects raw data from sensor arrays, various instruments, or human observers, 

and brings the measurements (data streams) into the system. 

 Data curation: Facilitates quality control and preservation of scientific data and is typically 

operated at a data center. 

 Data access: Enables discovery and retrieval of data housed in data resources managed by a data 

curation subsystem. 

 Data processing: Aggregates data from various resources and provides computational capabilities 

and capacities for conducting data analysis and scientific experiments. 

 Community support: Manages, controls, and tracks users' activities and supports users in conduct 

of their community roles. 

Figure 9: ENVRI Common Architecture 

Figures 10(a) through 10(e) illustrate how well the five subsystems map to the architectures of the ESFRI 

environmental research infrastructures. 

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Figure 10(a): ICOS Architecture 

Figure 10(b): LifeWatch Architecture 

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Figure 10(c): EMSO Architecture 

Figure 10(d): EURO-Argo Architecture 

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Figure 10(e): EISCAT 3D Architecture 

2.9.3 USE CASE 43: RADAR DATA ANALYSIS FOR THE CENTER FOR REMOTE SENSING OF ICE 

SHEETS 

Submitted by Geoffrey Fox, Indiana University 

APPLICATION 

As illustrated in Figure 11, the Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS) effort uses custom 

radar systems to measure ice sheet bed depths and (annual) snow layers at the North and South Poles and 

mountainous regions. 

Figure 11: Typical CReSIS Radar Data After Analysis 

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 NISTBIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Resulting data feed into the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The radar systems are 

typically flown in by aircraft in multiple paths, as illustrated by Figure 12. 

Figure 12: Radar Data Analysis for CReSIS Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets– Typical Flight Paths of Data Gathering in Survey 

Region 

CURRENT APPROACH 

The initial analysis uses Matlab signal processing that produces a set of radar images. These cannot be 

transported from the field over the Internet and are typically copied onsite to a few removable disks that 

hold a terabyte of data, then flown to a laboratory for detailed analysis. Figure 13 illustrates image 

features (i.e., layers) found using image understanding tools with some human oversight. Figure 13 is a 

typical echogram with detected boundaries. The upper (green) boundary is between air and ice layers, 

while the lower (red) boundary is between ice and terrain. This information is stored in a database frontended by a geographical information system. The ice sheet bed depths are used in simulations of glacier 

flow. Each trip into the field, usually lasting a few weeks, results in 50 TB to 100 TB of data. 

Figure 13: Typical echogram with detected boundaries 

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FUTURE 

With improved instrumentation, an order of magnitude more data (a petabyte per mission) is projected. 

As the increasing field data must be processed in an environment with constrained power access, lowpower or low-performance architectures, such as GPU systems, are indicated. 

2.9.4 USE CASE 44: UNMANNED AIR VEHICLE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (UAVSAR) 

DATA PROCESSING, DATA PRODUCT DELIVERY, AND DATA SERVICES 

Submitted by Andrea Donnellan and Jay Parker, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

APPLICATION 

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can identify landscape changes caused by seismic activity, landslides, 

deforestation, vegetation changes, and flooding. This function can be used to support earthquake science, 

as shown in Figure 14, as well as disaster management. Figure 14 shows the combined unwrapped 

coseismic interferograms for flight lines 26501, 26505, and 08508 for the October 2009 to April 2010 

time period. End points where slip can be seen on the Imperial, Superstition Hills, and Elmore Ranch 

faults are noted. GPS stations are marked by dots and are labeled. This use case supports the storage, 

image processing application, and visualization of geo-located data with angular specification. 

Figure 14: Combined Unwrapped Coseismic Interferograms 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Data from planes and satellites are processed on NASA computers before being stored after substantial 

data communication. The data are made public upon processing. They require significant curation owing 

to instrumental glitches. The current data size is approximately 150 TB. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

FUTURE 

The data size would increase dramatically if Earth Radar Mission launched. Clouds are suitable hosts but 

are not used today in production. 

2.9.5 USE CASE 45: NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER/ GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT 

CENTER IRODS FEDERATION TEST BED 

Submitted by Brandi Quam, NASA Langley Research Center 

APPLICATION 

NASA Center for Climate Simulation and NASA Atmospheric Science Data Center have complementary 

data sets, each containing vast amounts of data that are not easily shared and queried. Climate researchers, 

weather forecasters, instrument teams, and other scientists need to access data from across multiple 

datasets in order to compare sensor measurements from various instruments, compare sensor 

measurements to model outputs, calibrate instruments, look for correlations across multiple parameters, 

and more. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Data are generated from two products: the Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and 

Applications (MERRA, described separately) and NASA Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System 

(CERES) EBAF–TOA (Energy Balanced and Filled–Top of Atmosphere) product, which accounts for 

about 420 MB, and the EBAF–Surface product, which accounts for about 690 MB. Data numbers grow 

with each version update (about every six months). To analyze, visualize, and otherwise process data 

from heterogeneous datasets is currently a time-consuming effort. Scientists must separately access, 

search for, and download data from multiple servers, and often the data are duplicated without an 

understanding of the authoritative source. Often accessing data takes longer than scientific analysis. 

Current datasets are hosted on modest-sized (144 to 576 cores) Infiniband clusters. 

FUTURE 

Improved access will be enabled through the use of iRODS. These systems support parallel downloads of 

datasets from selected replica servers, providing users with worldwide access to the geographically 

dispersed servers. iRODS operation will be enhanced with semantically organized metadata and managed 

via a highly precise NASA Earth Science ontology. Cloud solutions will also be explored. 

2.9.6 USE CASE 46: MERRA ANALYTIC SERVICES (MERRA/AS) 

Submitted by John L. Schnase and Daniel Q. Duffy, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 

APPLICATION 

This application produces global temporally and spatially consistent syntheses of 26 key climate variables 

by combining numerical simulations with observational data. Three-dimensional results are produced 

every six hours extending from 1979 to the present. The data support important applications such as IPCC 

research and the NASA/Department of Interior RECOVER wildfire decision support system; these 

applications typically involve integration of MERRA with other datasets. Figure 15 shows a typical 

MERRA/AS output. 

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Figure 15: Typical MERRA/AS Output 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Map/Reduce is used to process a current total of 480 TB. The current system is hosted on a 36-node 

Infiniband cluster. 

FUTURE 

Clouds are being investigated. The data is growing by one TB a month. 

2.9.7 USE CASE 47: ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE – EVENT DISCOVERY AND PREDICTIVE 

ANALYTICS 

Submitted by Michael Seablom, NASA headquarters 

APPLICATION 

Data mining is built on top of reanalysis products, including MERRA (described separately) and the 

North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), a long-term, high-resolution climate data set for the North 

American domain. The analytics correlate aircraft reports of turbulence (either from pilot reports or from 

automated aircraft measurements of eddy dissipation rates) with recently completed atmospheric 

reanalyses. The information is of value to aviation industry and to weather forecasters. There are no 

standards for reanalysis products, complicating systems for which Map/Reduce is being investigated. The 

reanalysis data are hundreds of terabytes, slowly updated, whereas the turbulence dataset is smaller in size 

and implemented as a streaming service. Figure 16 shows a typical turbulent wave image. 

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Figure 16: Typical NASA Image of Turbulent Waves 

CURRENT APPROACH 

The current 200 TB dataset can be analyzed with Map/Reduce or the like using SciDB or another 

scientific database. 

FUTURE 

The dataset will reach 500 TB in five years. The initial turbulence case can be extended to other 

ocean/atmosphere phenomena, but the analytics would be different in each case. 

2.9.8 USE CASE 48: CLIMATE STUDIES USING THE COMMUNITY EARTH SYSTEM MODEL AT 

THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (DOE) NERSC CENTER 

Submitted by Warren Washington, National Center for Atmospheric Research 

APPLICATION 

Simulations with the Community Earth System Model (CESM) can be used to understand and quantify 

contributions of natural and anthropogenic-induced patterns of climate variability and change in the 20th 

and 21st centuries. The results of supercomputer simulations across the world should be stored and 

compared. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

The Earth System Grid (ESG) enables global access to climate science data on a massive scale— 

petascale, or even exascale—with multiple petabytes of data at dozens of federated sites worldwide. The 

ESG is recognized as the leading infrastructure for the management and access of large distributed data 

volumes for climate change research. It supports the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), 

whose protocols enable the periodic assessments carried out by the IPCC. 

FUTURE 

Rapid growth of data is expected, with 30 PB produced at NERSC (assuming 15 end-to-end climate 

change experiments) in 2017 and many times more than this worldwide. 

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2.9.9 USE CASE 49: DOE BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (BER) 

SUBSURFACE BIOGEOCHEMISTRY SCIENTIFIC FOCUS AREA 

Submitted by Deb Agarwal, LBNL 

APPLICATION 

A genome-enabled watershed simulation capability (GEWaSC) is needed to provide a predictive 

framework for understanding the following: 

 How genomic information stored in a subsurface microbiome affects biogeochemical watershed 

functioning. 

 How watershed-scale processes affect microbial functioning. 

 How these interactions co-evolve. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Current modeling capabilities can represent processes occurring over an impressive range of scales—from 

a single bacterial cell to that of a contaminant plume. Data cross all scales from genomics of the microbes 

in the soil to watershed hydro-biogeochemistry. Data are generated by the different research areas and 

include simulation data, field data (e.g., hydrological, geochemical, geophysical), ‘omics’ data, and 

observations from laboratory experiments. 

FUTURE 

Little effort to date has been devoted to developing a framework for systematically connecting scales, as 

is needed to identify key controls and to simulate important feedbacks. GEWaSC will develop a 

simulation framework that formally scales from genomes to watersheds and will synthesize diverse and 

disparate field, laboratory, and simulation datasets across different semantic, spatial, and temporal scales. 

2.9.10 USE CASE 50: DOE BER AMERIFLUX AND FLUXNET NETWORKS 

Submitted by Deb Agarwal, LBNL 

APPLICATION 

AmeriFlux and Flux Tower Network (FLUXNET) are U.S. and world collections, respectively, of sensors 

that observe trace gas fluxes (e.g., CO2, water vapor) across a broad spectrum of times (e.g., hours, days, 

seasons, years, and decades) and space. Moreover, such datasets provide the crucial linkages among 

organisms, ecosystems, and process-scale studies—at climate-relevant scales of landscapes, regions, and 

continents—for incorporation into biogeochemical and climate models. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Software includes EddyPro, custom analysis software, R, Python, neural networks, and Matlab. There are 

approximately 150 towers in AmeriFlux and over 500 towers distributed globally collecting flux 

measurements. 

FUTURE 

Field experiment data-taking would be improved by access to existing data and automated entry of new 

data via mobile devices. Interdisciplinary studies integrating diverse data sources will be expanded. 

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2.10ENERGY 

2.10.1 USE CASE 51: CONSUMPTION FORECASTING IN SMART GRIDS 

Submitted by Yogesh Simmhan, University of Southern California 

APPLICATION 

Smart meters support prediction of energy consumption for customers, transformers, substations and the 

electrical grid service area. Advanced meters provide measurements every 15 minutes at the granularity 

of individual consumers within the service area of smart power utilities. Data to be combined include the 

head end of smart meters (distributed), utility databases (customer information, network topology; 

centralized), U.S. Census data (distributed), NOAA weather data (distributed), micro-grid building 

information systems (centralized), and micro-grid sensor networks (distributed). The central theme is realtime, data-driven analytics for time series from cyber physical systems. 

CURRENT APPROACH 

Forecasting uses GIS-based visualization. Data amount to around 4 TB per year for a city such as Los 

Angeles with 1.4 million sensors. The process uses R/Matlab, Weka, and Hadoop software. There are 

significant privacy issues requiring anonymization by aggregation. Real-time and historic data are 

combined with machine learning to predict consumption. 

FUTURE 

Advanced grid technologies will have wide-spread deployment. Smart grids will have new analytics 

integrating diverse data and supporting curtailment requests. New technologies will support mobile 

applications for client interactions. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

3 USE CASE REQUIREMENTS
 

Requirements are the challenges limiting further use of Big Data. After collection, processing, and review 

of the use cases, requirements within seven characteristic categories were extracted from the individual 

use cases. These use case specific requirements were then aggregated to produce high-level, general 

requirements, within the seven characteristic categories, that are vendor neutral and technology agnostic. 

It is emphasized that neither the use case nor the requirements lists are exhaustive. 

3.1 USE CASE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS 

Each use case was evaluated for requirements within the following seven categories. These categories 

were derived from Subgroup discussions and motivated by components of the evolving reference 

architecture at the time. The process involved several Subgroup members extracting requirements and 

iterating back their suggestions for modifying the categories. 

1.	 Data source (e.g., data size, file formats, rate of growth, at rest or in motion) 

2.	 Data transformation (e.g., data fusion, analytics) 

3.	 Capabilities (e.g., software tools, platform tools, hardware resources such as storage and 

networking) 

4.	 Data consumer (e.g., processed results in text, table, visual, and other formats) 

5.	 Security and privacy 

6.	 Life cycle management (e.g., curation, conversion, quality check, pre-analytic processing) 

7.	 Other requirements 

Some use cases contained requirements in all seven categories while others only included requirements 

for a few categories. The complete list of specific requirements extracted from the use cases is presented 

in Appendix D. Section 2.1 of the NIST Big Data Interoperability Framework: Volume 6 Reference 

Architecture maps these seven categories to terms used in the reference architecture. The categories map 

in a one-to-one fashion but have slightly different terminology as the use case requirements analysis was 

performed before the reference architecture was finalized. 

3.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Aggregation of the use case-specific requirements allowed formation of more generalized requirements 

under the seven categories. These generalized requirements are listed below by category. 

DATA SOURCE REQUIREMENTS (DSR) 

 DSR-1: Needs to support reliable real-time, asynchronous, streaming, and batch processing to 

collect data from centralized, distributed, and cloud data sources, sensors, or instruments. 

 DSR-2: Needs to support slow, bursty, and high-throughput data transmission between data 

sources and computing clusters. 

 DSR-3: Needs to support diversified data content ranging from structured and unstructured text, 

document, graph, web, geospatial, compressed, timed, spatial, multimedia, simulation, and 

instrumental data. 

TRANSFORMATION PROVIDER REQUIREMENTS (TPR) 

	 TPR-1: Needs to support diversified compute-intensive, statistical and graph analytic processing, 

and machine learning techniques. 

	 TPR-2: Needs to support batch and real-time analytic processing. 

	 TPR-3: Needs to support processing large diversified data content and modeling. 

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 NISTBIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

	 TPR-4: Needs to support processing data in motion (streaming, fetching new content, tracking, 

etc.). 

CAPABILITY PROVIDER REQUIREMENTS (CPR) 

 CPR-1: Needs to support legacy and advanced software packages (software). 

 CPR-2: Needs to support legacy and advanced computing platforms (platform). 

 CPR-3: Needs to support legacy and advanced distributed computing clusters, co-processors, 

input output (I/O) processing (infrastructure). 

 CPR-4: Needs to support elastic data transmission (networking). 

 CPR-5: Needs to support legacy, large, and advanced distributed data storage (storage). 

 CPR-6: Needs to support legacy and advanced executable programming: applications, tools, 

utilities, and libraries (software). 

DATA CONSUMER REQUIREMENTS (DCR) 

 DCR-1: Needs to support fast searches from processed data with high relevancy, accuracy, and 

recall. 

 DCR-2: Needs to support diversified output file formats for visualization, rendering, and 

reporting. 

 DCR-3: Needs to support visual layout for results presentation. 

 DCR-4: Needs to support rich user interface for access using browser, visualization tools. 

 DCR-5: Needs to support high-resolution, multi-dimension layer of data visualization.
 

 DCR-6: Needs to support streaming results to clients. 

SECURITY AND PRIVACY REQUIREMENTS (SPR) 

 SPR-1: Needs to protect and preserve security and privacy of sensitive data. 

 SPR-2: Needs to support sandbox, access control, and multi-level, policy-driven authentication on 

protected data. 

LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS (LMR) 

	 LMR-1: Needs to support data quality curation including pre-processing, data clustering, 

classification, reduction, and format transformation. 

 LMR-2: Needs to support dynamic updates on data, user profiles, and links. 

 LMR-3: Needs to support data life cycle and long-term preservation policy, including data 

provenance. 

 LMR-4: Needs to support data validation. 

 LMR-5: Needs to support human annotation for data validation. 

 LMR-6: Needs to support prevention of data loss or corruption. 

 LMR-7: Needs to support multi-site archives. 

 LMR-8: Needs to support persistent identifier and data traceability. 

 LMR-9: Needs to support standardizing, aggregating, and normalizing data from disparate 

sources. 

OTHER REQUIREMENTS (OR) 

 OR-1: Needs to support rich user interface from mobile platforms to access processed results. 

 OR-2: Needs to support performance monitoring on analytic processing from mobile platforms.
 

 OR-3: Needs to support rich visual content search and rendering from mobile platforms.
 

 OR-4: Needs to support mobile device data acquisition. 

 OR-5: Needs to support security across mobile devices. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Appendix A: Use Case Study Source Materials 

Appendix A contains one blank use case template and the original completed use cases. These use cases 

were the source material for the use case summaries presented in Section 2 and the use case requirements 

presented in Section 3 of this document. The completed use cases have not been edited and contain the 

original text as submitted by the author(s). The use cases are as follows: 

GOVERNMENT OPERATION> USE CASE 1: BIG DATA ARCHIVAL: CENSUS 2010 AND 2000 .......................................................... A‐6
 

GOVERNMENT OPERATION> USE CASE 2: NARA ACCESSION, SEARCH, RETRIEVE, PRESERVATION................................................. A‐7
 

GOVERNMENT OPERATION> USE CASE 3: STATISTICAL SURVEY RESPONSE IMPROVEMENT ........................................................... A‐9
 

GOVERNMENT OPERATION> USE CASE 4: NON TRADITIONAL DATA IN STATISTICAL SURVEY....................................................... A‐11
 

COMMERCIAL> USE CASE 5: CLOUD COMPUTING IN FINANCIAL INDUSTRIES............................................................................ A‐13
 

COMMERCIAL> USE CASE 6: MENDELEY—AN INTERNATIONAL NETWORK OF RESEARCH........................................................... A‐22
 

COMMERCIAL> USE CASE 7: NETFLIX MOVIE SERVICE ......................................................................................................... A‐24
 

COMMERCIAL> USE CASE 8: WEB SEARCH........................................................................................................................ A‐26
 

COMMERCIAL> USE CASE 9: CLOUD‐BASED CONTINUITY AND DISASTER RECOVERY .................................................................. A‐28
 

COMMERCIAL> USE CASE 10: CARGO SHIPPING................................................................................................................. A‐32
 

COMMERCIAL> USE CASE 11: MATERIALS DATA ................................................................................................................ A‐34
 

COMMERCIAL> USE CASE 12: SIMULATION DRIVEN MATERIALS GENOMICS ............................................................................ A‐36
 

DEFENSE> USE CASE 13: LARGE SCALE GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION .................................................................. A‐38
 

DEFENSE> USE CASE 14: OBJECT IDENTIFICATION AND TRACKING – PERSISTENT SURVEILLANCE .................................................. A‐40
 

DEFENSE> USE CASE 15: INTELLIGENCE DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS .............................................................................. A‐42
 

HEALTHCARE AND LIFE SCIENCES> USE CASE 16: ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD DATA............................................................. A‐45
 

HEALTHCARE AND LIFE SCIENCES> USE CASE 17: PATHOLOGY IMAGING/DIGITAL PATHOLOGY.................................................... A‐48
 

HEALTHCARE AND LIFE SCIENCES> USE CASE 18: COMPUTATIONAL BIOIMAGING ..................................................................... A‐50
 

HEALTHCARE AND LIFE SCIENCES> USE CASE 19: GENOMIC MEASUREMENTS .......................................................................... A‐52
 

HEALTHCARE AND LIFE SCIENCES> USE CASE 20: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR (META) GENOMES .............................................. A‐54
 

HEALTHCARE AND LIFE SCIENCES> USE CASE 21: INDIVIDUALIZED DIABETES MANAGEMENT....................................................... A‐57
 

HEALTHCARE AND LIFE SCIENCES> USE CASE 22: STATISTICAL RELATIONAL AI FOR HEALTH CARE ................................................ A‐59
 

HEALTHCARE AND LIFE SCIENCES> USE CASE 23: WORLD POPULATION SCALE EPIDEMIOLOGY .................................................... A‐61
 

HEALTHCARE AND LIFE SCIENCES> USE CASE 24: SOCIAL CONTAGION MODELING .................................................................... A‐63
 

HEALTHCARE AND LIFE SCIENCES> USE CASE 25: LIFEWATCH BIODIVERSITY............................................................................ A‐65
 

DEEP LEARNING AND SOCIAL MEDIA> USE CASE 26: LARGE‐SCALE DEEP LEARNING.................................................................. A‐68
 

DEEP LEARNING AND SOCIAL MEDIA> USE CASE 27: LARGE SCALE CONSUMER PHOTOS ORGANIZATION ...................................... A‐71
 

DEEP LEARNING AND SOCIAL MEDIA> USE CASE 28: TRUTHY TWITTER DATA ANALYSIS............................................................. A‐73
 

DEEP LEARNING AND SOCIAL MEDIA> USE CASE 29: CROWD SOURCING IN THE HUMANITIES..................................................... A‐75
 

DEEP LEARNING AND SOCIAL MEDIA> USE CASE 30: CINET NETWORK SCIENCE CYBERINFRASTRUCTURE ..................................... A‐77
 

DEEP LEARNING AND SOCIAL MEDIA> USE CASE 31: NIST ANALYTIC TECHNOLOGY MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATIONS.................. A‐80
 

THE ECOSYSTEM FOR RESEARCH> USE CASE 32: DATANET FEDERATION CONSORTIUM (DFC).................................................... A‐83
 

THE ECOSYSTEM FOR RESEARCH> USE CASE 33: THE ‘DISCINNET PROCESS’ ............................................................................ A‐85
 

THE ECOSYSTEM FOR RESEARCH> USE CASE 34: GRAPH SEARCH ON SCIENTIFIC DATA .............................................................. A‐87
 

THE ECOSYSTEM FOR RESEARCH> USE CASE 35: LIGHT SOURCE BEAMLINES............................................................................ A‐90
 

ASTRONOMY AND PHYSICS> USE CASE 36: CATALINA DIGITAL SKY SURVEY FOR TRANSIENTS...................................................... A‐92
 

ASTRONOMY AND PHYSICS> USE CASE 37: COSMOLOGICAL SKY SURVEY AND SIMULATIONS ...................................................... A‐95
 

ASTRONOMY AND PHYSICS> USE CASE 38: LARGE SURVEY DATA FOR COSMOLOGY .................................................................. A‐97
 

ASTRONOMY AND PHYSICS> USE CASE 39: ANALYSIS OF LHC (LARGE HADRON COLLIDER) DATA................................................ A‐99
 

ASTRONOMY AND PHYSICS> USE CASE 40: BELLE II EXPERIMENT ........................................................................................ A‐105
 

EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLAR SCIENCE> USE CASE 41: EISCAT 3D INCOHERENT SCATTER RADAR SYSTEM...................... A‐107
 

EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLAR SCIENCE> USE CASE 42: COMMON ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE .............A‐110
 

EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLAR SCIENCE> USE CASE 43: RADAR DATA ANALYSIS FOR CRESIS.......................................... A‐115
 

EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLAR SCIENCE> USE CASE 44: UAVSAR DATA PROCESSING................................................... A‐117
 

EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLAR SCIENCE> USE CASE 45: NASA LARC/GSFC IRODS FEDERATION TESTBED...................... A‐119
 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLAR SCIENCE> USE CASE 46: MERRA ANALYTIC SERVICES ................................................... A‐123
 

EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLAR SCIENCE> USE CASE 47: ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE—EVENT DISCOVERY........................ A‐126
 

EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLAR SCIENCE> USE CASE 48: CLIMATE STUDIES USING THE COMMUNITY EARTH SYSTEM MODEL . A‐128
 

EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLAR SCIENCE> USE CASE 49: SUBSURFACE BIOGEOCHEMISTRY .............................................. A‐130
 

EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLAR SCIENCE> USE CASE 50: AMERIFLUX AND FLUXNET .................................................... A‐132
 

ENERGY> USE CASE 51: CONSUMPTION FORECASTING IN SMART GRIDS............................................................................... A‐134
 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

NBD-PWG USE CASE STUDIES TEMPLATE
 

Use Case Title

Vertical (area)

Author/Company/Email

Actors/ Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Goals

Use Case Description

Current

Solutions

Compute(System)

Storage

Networking

Software

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Volume (size)

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Variability (rate of

change)

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

Visualization

Data Quality (syntax)

Data Types

Data Analytics

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

More Information

(URLs)

Note: <additional comments>

Notes: No proprietary or confidential information should be included
 

ADD picture of operation or data architecture of application below table.
 

A-3 
 NISTBIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Comments on fields 

The following descriptions of fields in the template are provided to help with the understanding of both 

document intention and meaning of the 26 fields and also indicate ways that they can be improved. 

 Use Case Title: Title provided by the use case author 

 Vertical (area): Intended to categorize the use cases. However, an ontology was not created prior 

to the use case submissions so this field was not used in the use case compilation. 

 Author/Company/Email: Name, company, and email (if provided) of the person(s) submitting 

the use case. 

 Actors/ Stakeholders and their roles and responsibilities: Describes the players and their roles 

in the use case. 

 Goals: Objectives of the use case. 

 Use Case Description: Brief description of the use case. 

 Current Solutions: Describes current approach to processing Big Data at the hardware and 

software infrastructure level. 

o	 Compute (System): Computing component of the data analysis system. 

o	 Storage: Storage component of the data analysis system. 

o	 Networking: Networking component of the data analysis system. 

o	 Software: Software component of the data analysis system. 

	 Big Data Characteristics: Describes the properties of the (raw) data including the four major 

‘V’s’ of Big Data described in NIST Big Data Interoperability Framework: Volume 1, Big Data 

Definition of this report series. 

o	 Data Source: The origin of data, which could be from instruments, Internet of Things, Web, 

Surveys, Commercial activity, or from simulations. The source(s) can be distributed, 

centralized, local, or remote. 

o	 Volume: The characteristic of data at rest that is most associated with Big Data. The size of 

data varied drastically between use cases from terabytes to petabytes for science research 

(100 petabytes was the largest science use case for LHC data analysis), or up to exabytes in a 

commercial use case. 

o	 Velocity: Refers to the rate of flow at which the data is created, stored, analyzed, and 

visualized. For example, big velocity means that a large quantity of data is being processed in 

a short amount of time. 

o	 Variety: Refers to data from multiple repositories, domains, or types. 

o	 Variability: Refers to changes in rate and nature of data gathered by use case. 

	 Big Data Science: Describes the high level aspects of the data analysis process 

o	 Veracity: Refers to the completeness and accuracy of the data with respect to semantic 

content. NIST Big Data Interoperability Framework: Volume 1, Big Data Definition 

discusses veracity in more detail. 

o	 Visualization: Refers to the way data is viewed by an analyst making decisions based on the 

data. Typically visualization is the final stage of a technical data analysis pipeline and follows 

the data analytics stage. 

o	 Data Quality: This refers to syntactical quality of data. In retrospect, this template field 

could have been included in the Veracity field. 

o	 Data Types: Refers to the style of data such as structured, unstructured, images (e.g., pixels), 

text (e.g., characters), gene sequences, and numerical. 

o	 Data Analytics: Defined in NIST Big Data Interoperability Framework: Volume 1, Big Data 

Definition as “the synthesis of knowledge from information”. In the context of these use 

cases, analytics refers broadly to tools and algorithms used in processing the data at any stage 

A-4 
 

   

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

including the data to information or knowledge to wisdom stages, as well as the information 

to knowledge stage. 

	 Big Data Specific Challenges (Gaps): Allows for explanation of special difficulties for 

processing Big Data in the use case and gaps where new approaches/technologies are used. 

	 Big Data Specific Challenges in Mobility: Refers to issues in accessing or generating Big Data 

from Smart Phones and tablets. 

	 Security and Privacy Requirements: Allows for explanation of security and privacy issues or 

needs related to this use case. 

	 Highlight issues for generalizing this use case: Allows for documentation of issues that could 

be common across multiple use-cases and could lead to reference architecture constraints. 

	 More Information (URLs): Resources that provide more information on the use case. 

	 Note: <additional comments>: Includes pictures of use-case in action but was not otherwise 

used. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

SUBMITTED USE CASE STUDIES 

Government Operation> Use Case 1: Big Data Archival: Census 2010 and 2000 

Use Case Title Big Data Archival: Census 2010 and 2000—Title 13 Big Data

Vertical (area) Digital Archives

Author/Company/Email Vivek Navale and Quyen Nguyen (NARA)

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

NARA’s Archivists

Public users (after 75 years)

Goals Preserve data for a long term in order to provide access and perform analytics after

75 years. Title 13 of U.S. code authorizes the Census Bureau and guarantees that

individual and industry specific data is protected.

Use Case Description Maintain data “as‐is”. No access and no data analytics for 75 years.

Preserve the data at the bit‐level.

Perform curation, which includes format transformation if necessary.

Provide access and analytics after nearly 75 years.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Linux servers

Storage NetApps, Magnetic tapes.

Networking

Software

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Centralized storage.

Volume (size) 380 Terabytes.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Static.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Scanned documents

Variability (rate of

change)

None

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Cannot tolerate data loss.

Visualization TBD

Data Quality Unknown.

Data Types Scanned documents

Data Analytics Only after 75 years.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Preserve data for a long time scale.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

TBD

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Title 13 data.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

More Information

(URLs)

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Government Operation> Use Case 2: NARA Accession, Search, Retrieve, 

Preservation 

Use Case Title National Archives and Records Administration Accession NARA Accession, Search,

Retrieve, Preservation

Vertical (area) Digital Archives

Author/Company/Email Quyen Nguyen and Vivek Navale (NARA)

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Agencies’ Records Managers

NARA’s Records Accessioners

NARA’s Archivists

Public users

Goals Accession, Search, Retrieval, and Long term Preservation of Big Data.

Use Case Description 1) Get physical and legal custody of the data. In the future, if data reside in the

cloud, physical custody should avoid transferring Big Data from Cloud to Cloud

or from Cloud to Data Center.

2) Pre‐process data for virus scan, identifying file format identification, removing

empty files

3) Index

4) Categorize records (sensitive, unsensitive, privacy data, etc.)

5) Transform old file formats to modern formats (e.g. WordPerfect to PDF)

6) E‐discovery

7) Search and retrieve to respond to special request

8) Search and retrieve of public records by public users

Current Compute(System) Linux servers

Solutions Storage NetApps, Hitachi, Magnetic tapes.

Networking

Software Custom software, commercial search products,

commercial databases.

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Distributed data sources from federal agencies.

Current solution requires transfer of those data to a

centralized storage.

In the future, those data sources may reside in different

Cloud environments.

Volume (size) Hundreds of Terabytes, and growing.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Input rate is relatively low compared to other use cases,

but the trend is bursty. That is the data can arrive in

batches of size ranging from GB to hundreds of TB.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Variety data types, unstructured and structured data:

textual documents, emails, photos, scanned documents,

multimedia, social networks, web sites, databases, etc.

Variety of application domains, since records come

from different agencies.

Data come from variety of repositories, some of which

can be cloud‐based in the future.

Variability (rate of

change)

Rate can change especially if input sources are variable,

some having audio, video more, some more text, and

other images, etc.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Government Operation> Use Case 2: NARA Accession, Search, Retrieve, 

Preservation 

Use Case Title National Archives and Records Administration Accession NARA Accession, Search,

Retrieve, Preservation

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Search results should have high relevancy and high

recall.

Categorization of records should be highly accurate.

action) Visualization TBD

Data Quality Unknown.

Data Types Variety data types: textual documents, emails, photos,

scanned documents, multimedia, databases, etc.

Data Analytics Crawl/index; search; ranking; predictive search.

Data categorization (sensitive, confidential, etc.)

Personally Identifiable Information (PII) data detection

and flagging.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Perform pre‐processing and manage for long‐term of large and varied data.

Search huge amount of data.

Ensure high relevancy and recall.

Data sources may be distributed in different clouds in future.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Mobile search must have similar interfaces/results

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Need to be sensitive to data access restrictions.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

More Information

(URLs)

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Government Operation> Use Case 3: Statistical Survey Response Improvement 

Use Case Title Statistical Survey Response Improvement (Adaptive Design)

Vertical (area) Government Statistical Logistics

Author/Company/Email Cavan Capps: U.S. Census Bureau/cavan.paul.capps@census.gov

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

U.S. statistical agencies are charged to be the leading authoritative sources about the

nation’s people and economy, while honoring privacy and rigorously protecting

confidentiality. This is done by working with states, local governments and other

government agencies.

Goals To use advanced methods, that are open and scientifically objective, the statistical

agencies endeavor to improve the quality, the specificity and the timeliness of

statistics provided while reducing operational costs and maintaining the

confidentiality of those measured.

Use Case Description Survey costs are increasing as survey response declines. The goal of this work is to

use advanced “recommendation system techniques” using data mashed up from

several sources and historical survey para‐data to drive operational processes in an

effort to increase quality and reduce the cost of field surveys.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Linux systems

Storage SAN and Direct Storage

Networking Fiber, 10 gigabit Ethernet, Infiniband 40 gigabit.

Software Hadoop, Spark, Hive, R, SAS, Mahout, Allegrograph,

MySQL, Oracle, Storm, BigMemory, Cassandra, Pig

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Survey data, other government administrative data,

geographical positioning data from various sources.

Volume (size) For this particular class of operational problem

approximately one petabyte.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Varies, paradata from field data streamed continuously,

during the decennial census approximately 150 million

records transmitted.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Data is typically defined strings and numerical fields.

Data can be from multiple datasets mashed together for

analytical use.

Variability (rate of

change)

Varies depending on surveys in the field at a given time.

High rate of velocity during a decennial census.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

Data must have high veracity and systems must be very

robust. The semantic integrity of conceptual metadata

concerning what exactly is measured and the resulting

limits of inference remain a challenge

Visualization Data visualization is useful for data review, operational

activity and general analysis. It continues to evolve.

Data Quality (syntax) Data quality should be high and statistically checked for

accuracy and reliability throughout the collection

process.

Data Types Pre‐defined ASCII strings and numerical data

Data Analytics Analytics are required for recommendation systems,

continued monitoring and general survey improvement.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Improving recommendation systems that reduce costs and improve quality while

providing confidentiality safeguards that are reliable and publically auditable.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Mobile access is important.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

All data must be both confidential and secure. All processes must be auditable for

security and confidentiality as required by various legal statutes.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Government Operation> Use Case 3: Statistical Survey Response Improvement 

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Recommender systems have features in common to e‐commerce like Amazon,

Netflix, UPS etc.

More Information

(URLs)

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Government Operation> Use Case 4: Non Traditional Data in Statistical Survey 

Use Case Title Non Traditional Data in Statistical Survey Response Improvement (Adaptive Design)

Vertical (area) Government Statistical Logistics

Author/Company/Email Cavan Capps: U.S. Census Bureau / cavan.paul.capps@census.gov

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

U.S. statistical agencies are charged to be the leading authoritative sources about the

nation’s people and economy, while honoring privacy and rigorously protecting

confidentiality. This is done by working with states, local governments and other

government agencies.

Goals To use advanced methods, that are open and scientifically objective, the statistical

agencies endeavor to improve the quality, the specificity and the timeliness of

statistics provided while reducing operational costs and maintaining the

confidentiality of those measured.

Use Case Description Survey costs are increasing as survey response declines. The potential of using non‐

traditional commercial and public data sources from the web, wireless

communication, electronic transactions mashed up analytically with traditional

surveys to improve statistics for small area geographies, new measures and to

improve the timeliness of released statistics.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Linux systems

Storage SAN and Direct Storage

Networking Fiber, 10 gigabit Ethernet, Infiniband 40 gigabit.

Software Hadoop, Spark, Hive, R, SAS, Mahout, Allegrograph,

MySQL, Oracle, Storm, BigMemory, Cassandra, Pig

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Survey data, other government administrative data, web

scrapped data, wireless data, e‐transaction data,

potentially social media data and positioning data from

various sources.

Volume (size) TBD

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

TBD

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Textual data as well as the traditionally defined strings

and numerical fields. Data can be from multiple datasets

mashed together for analytical use.

Variability (rate of

change)

TBD.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

Data must have high veracity and systems must be very

robust. The semantic integrity of conceptual metadata

concerning what exactly is measured and the resulting

limits of inference remain a challenge

Visualization Data visualization is useful for data review, operational

activity and general analysis. It continues to evolve.

Data Quality (syntax) Data quality should be high and statistically checked for

accuracy and reliability throughout the collection

process.

Data Types Textual data, pre‐defined ASCII strings and numerical

data

Data Analytics Analytics are required to create reliable estimates using

data from traditional survey sources, government

administrative data sources and non‐traditional sources

from the digital economy.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Government Operation> Use Case 4: Non Traditional Data in Statistical Survey 

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Improving analytic and modeling systems that provide reliable and robust statistical

estimated using data from multiple sources that are scientifically transparent and

while providing confidentiality safeguards that are reliable and publically auditable.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Mobile access is important.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

All data must be both confidential and secure. All processes must be auditable for

security and confidentiality as required by various legal statutes.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Statistical estimation that provide more detail, on a more near real time basis for less

cost. The reliability of estimated statistics from such “mashed up” sources still must

be evaluated.

More Information

(URLs)

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 5: Cloud Computing in Financial Industries 

Use Case Title This use case represents one approach to implementing a BD (Big Data) strategy, within

a Cloud Eco‐System, for FI (Financial Industries) transacting business within the United

States.

Vertical (area) The following lines of business (LOB) include:

Banking, including: Commercial, Retail, Credit Cards, Consumer Finance, Corporate

Banking, Transaction Banking, Trade Finance, and Global Payments.

Securities and Investments, such as; Retail Brokerage, Private Banking/Wealth

Management, Institutional Brokerages, Investment Banking, Trust Banking, Asset

Management, Custody and Clearing Services

Insurance, including; Personal and Group Life, Personal and Group Property/Casualty,

Fixed and Variable Annuities, and Other Investments

Please Note: Any Public/Private entity, providing financial services within the

regulatory and jurisdictional risk and compliance purview of the United States, are

required to satisfy a complex multilayer number of regulatory governance, risk

management, and compliance (GRC)/ confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA)

requirements, as overseen by various jurisdictions and agencies, including; Fed., State,

Local and cross‐border.

Author/Company/Email Pw Carey, Compliance Partners, LLC, pwc.pwcarey@email.com

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Regulatory and advisory organizations and agencies including the; SEC (Securities

and Exchange Commission), FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation), CFTC

(Commodity Futures Trading Commission), US Treasury, PCAOB (Public Company

Accounting and Oversight Board), COSO, CobiT, reporting supply chains and

stakeholders, investment community, shareholders, pension funds, executive

management, data custodians, and employees.

At each level of a financial services organization, an inter‐related and inter‐

dependent mix of duties, obligations and responsibilities are in‐place, which are

directly responsible for the performance, preparation and transmittal of financial data,

thereby satisfying both the regulatory GRC and CIA of their organizations financial

data. This same information is directly tied to the continuing reputation, trust and

survivability of an organization's business.

Goals The following represents one approach to developing a workable BD/FI strategy

within the financial services industry. Prior to initiation and switch‐over, an

organization must perform the following baseline methodology for utilizing BD/FI

within a Cloud Eco‐system for both public and private financial entities offering

financial services within the regulatory confines of the United States; Federal, State,

Local and/or cross‐border such as the UK, EU and China.

Each financial services organization must approach the following disciplines

supporting their BD/FI initiative, with an understanding and appreciation for the impact

each of the following four overlaying and inter‐dependent forces will play in a workable

implementation.

These four areas are:

1. People (resources),

2. Processes (time/cost/ROI),

3. Technology (various operating systems, platforms and footprints) and

4. Regulatory Governance (subject to various and multiple regulatory agencies).

In addition, these four areas must work through the process of being; identified,

analyzed, evaluated, addressed, tested, and reviewed in preparation for attending to

the following implementation phases:

1. Project Initiation and Management Buy‐in

2. Risk Evaluations and Controls

3. Business Impact Analysis

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 5: Cloud Computing in Financial Industries 

4. Design, Development and Testing of the Business Continuity Strategies

5. Emergency Response and Operations (aka; Disaster Recovery)

6. Developing and Implementing Business Continuity Plans

7. Awareness and Training Programs

8. Maintaining and Exercising Business Continuity, (aka: Maintaining Regulatory

Currency)

Please Note: Whenever appropriate, these eight areas should be tailored and

modified to fit the requirements of each organizations unique and specific corporate

culture and line of financial services.

Use Case Description Big Data as developed by Google was intended to serve as an Internet Web site

indexing tool to help them sort, shuffle, categorize and label the Internet. At the

outset, it was not viewed as a replacement for legacy IT data infrastructures. With the

spin‐off development within OpenGroup and Hadoop, Big Data has evolved into a

robust data analysis and storage tool that is still undergoing development. However, in

the end, Big Data is still being developed as an adjunct to the current IT client/server/

big iron data warehouse architectures which is better at some things, than these same

data warehouse environments, but not others.

Currently within FI, BD/Hadoop is used for fraud detection, risk analysis and

assessments as well as improving the organizations knowledge and understanding of

the customers via a strategy known as....'know your customer', pretty clever, eh?

However, this strategy still must be following a well thought out taxonomy that

satisfies the entities unique, and individual requirements. One such strategy is the

following formal methodology which address two fundamental yet paramount

questions; “What are we doing”? and “Why are we doing it”?

1). Policy Statement/Project Charter (Goal of the Plan, Reasons and

Resources....define each),

2). Business Impact Analysis (how does effort improve our business services),

3). Identify System‐wide Policies, Procedures and Requirements,

4). Identify Best Practices for Implementation (including Change Management/

Configuration Management) and/or Future Enhancements,

5). Plan B‐Recovery Strategies (how and what will need to be recovered, if

necessary),

6). Plan Development (Write the Plan and Implement the Plan Elements),

7). Plan buy‐in and Testing (important everyone Knows the Plan, and Knows What to

Do), and

8). Implement the Plan (then identify and fix gaps during first 3 months, 6 months,

and annually after initial implementation)

9). Maintenance (Continuous monitoring and updates to reflect the current

enterprise environment)

10). Lastly, System Retirement

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Currently, Big Data/Hadoop within a Cloud Eco‐system

within the FI is operating as part of a hybrid system, with

BD being utilized as a useful tool for conducting risk and

fraud analysis, in addition to assisting in organizations in

the process of ('know your customer'). These are three

areas where BD has proven to be good at;

1. detecting fraud,

2. associated risks and a

3. 'know your customer' strategy.

At the same time, the traditional client/server/data

warehouse/RDBMS are used for the handling, processing,

A-14 
 

               

                 

                 

             

   

           

             

           

            

           

                 

                 

            

           

             

             

             

               

         

               

             

               

                   

             

             

             

                 

               

                      

           

                   

               

             

           

             

       

               

     

             

           

               

           

                   

               

                

           

                   

             

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 5: Cloud Computing in Financial Industries 

storage and archival of the entities financial data.

Recently the SEC has approved the initiative for requiring

the FI to submit financial statements via the XBRL

(extensible Business Related Markup Language), as of

May 13th, 2013.

Storage The same Federal, State, Local and cross‐border

legislative and regulatory requirements can impact any

and all geographical locations, including; VMware,

NetApps, Oracle, IBM, Brocade, et cetera.

Please Note: Based upon legislative and regulatory

concerns, these storage solutions for FI data must ensure

this same data conforms to US regulatory compliance for

GRC/CIA, at this point in time.

For confirmation, please visit the following agencies

web sites: SEC (U.S. Security and Exchange Commission),

CFTC (U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission), FDIC

(U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation), DOJ (U.S.

Department of Justice), and my favorite the PCAOB

(Public Company Accounting and Oversight Board).

Networking Please Note: The same Federal, State, Local and cross‐

border legislative and regulatory requirements can impact

any and all geographical locations of HW/SW, including

but not limited to; WANs, LANs, MANs WiFi, fiber optics,

Internet Access, via Public, Private, Community and

Hybrid Cloud environments, with or without VPNs.

Based upon legislative and regulatory concerns, these

networking solutions for FI data must ensure this same

data conforms to US regulatory compliance for GRC/CIA,

such as the US Treasury Dept., at this point in time.

For confirmation, please visit the following agencies

web sites: SEC, CFTC, FDIC, US Treasury Dept., DOJ, and

my favorite the PCAOB (Public Company Accounting and

Oversight Board).

Software Please Note: The same legislative and regulatory

obligations impacting the geographical location of

HW/SW, also restricts the location for; Hadoop,

Map/Reduce, Open‐source, and/or Vendor Proprietary

such as AWS (Amazon Web Services), Google Cloud

Services, and Microsoft

Based upon legislative and regulatory concerns, these

software solutions incorporating both SOAP (Simple

Object Access Protocol), for Web development and OLAP

(online analytical processing) software language for

databases, specifically in this case for FI data, both must

ensure this same data conforms to US regulatory

compliance for GRC/CIA, at this point in time.

For confirmation, please visit the following agencies

web sites: SEC, CFTC, U.S. Treasury, FDIC, DOJ, and my

favorite the PCAOB (Public Company Accounting and

Oversight Board).

A-15 
 

                    

           

             

           

               

           

     

                   

       

             

           

   

             

           

                 

                 

      

           

                   

             

     

               

   

               

             

        

           

               

                 

       

           

                     

                   

               

     

           

           

           

         

           

                   

                 

           

           

                     

                   

                

               

                 

                   

           

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 5: Cloud Computing in Financial Industries 

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source (distributed/

centralized)

Please Note: The same legislative and regulatory

obligations impacting the geographical location of

HW/SW, also impacts the location for; both

distributed/centralized data sources flowing into HA/DR

Environment and HVSs (Hosted Virtual Servers), such as

the following constructs: DC1‐‐‐> VMWare/KVM (Clusters,

w/Virtual Firewalls), Data link‐Vmware Link‐Vmotion Link‐

Network Link, Multiple PB of NaaS (Network as a Service),

DC2‐‐‐>, VMWare/KVM (Clusters w/Virtual Firewalls),

DataLink (Vmware Link, Vmotion Link, Network Link),

Multiple PB of NaaS, (Requires Fail‐Over Virtualization),

among other considerations.

Based upon legislative and regulatory concerns, these

data source solutions, either distributed and/or

centralized for FI data, must ensure this same data

conforms to US regulatory compliance for GRC/CIA, at this

point in time.

For confirmation, please visit the following agencies

web sites: SEC, CFTC, US Treasury, FDIC, DOJ, and my

favorite the PCAOB (Public Company Accounting and

Oversight Board).

Volume (size) Tera‐bytes up to Peta‐bytes.

Please Note: This is a 'Floppy Free Zone'.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Velocity is more important for fraud detection, risk

assessments and the 'know your customer' initiative

within the BD FI.

Please Note: However, based upon legislative and

regulatory concerns, velocity is not at issue regarding BD

solutions for FI data, except for fraud detection, risk

analysis and customer analysis.

Based upon legislative and regulatory restrictions,

velocity is not at issue, rather the primary concern for FI

data, is that it must satisfy all US regulatory compliance

obligations for GRC/CIA, at this point in time.

Variety

(multiple data sets,

mash‐up)

Multiple virtual environments either operating within

a batch processing architecture or a hot‐swappable

parallel architecture supporting fraud detection, risk

assessments and customer service solutions.

Please Note: Based upon legislative and regulatory

concerns, variety is not at issue regarding BD solutions for

FI data within a Cloud Eco‐system, except for fraud

detection, risk analysis and customer analysis.

Based upon legislative and regulatory restrictions,

variety is not at issue, rather the primary concern for FI

data, is that it must satisfy all US regulatory compliance

obligations for GRC/CIA, at this point in time.

Variability (rate of

change)

Please Note: Based upon legislative and regulatory

concerns, variability is not at issue regarding BD solutions

for FI data within a Cloud Eco‐system, except for fraud

detection, risk analysis and customer analysis.

A-16 
 

           

                   

                     

                

                 

               

             

           

     

  

         

             

                   

           

           

                     

                   

                

                 

               

               

                   

   

         

             

                 

                 

         

           

                 

                     

                  

                 

                 

               

         

             

         

           

                       

                       

             

      

                 

                 

                 

         

                   

             

               

             

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 5: Cloud Computing in Financial Industries 

Based upon legislative and regulatory restrictions,

variability is not at issue, rather the primary concern for

FI data, is that it must satisfy all US regulatory compliance

obligations for GRC/CIA, at this point in time.

Variability with BD FI within a Cloud Eco‐System will

depending upon the strength and completeness of the

SLA agreements, the costs associated with (CapEx), and

depending upon the requirements of the business.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Please Note: Based upon legislative and regulatory

concerns, veracity is not at issue regarding BD solutions

for FI data within a Cloud Eco‐system, except for fraud

detection, risk analysis and customer analysis.

Based upon legislative and regulatory restrictions,

veracity is not at issue, rather the primary concern for FI

data, is that it must satisfy all US regulatory compliance

obligations for GRC/CIA, at this point in time.

Within a Big Data Cloud Eco‐System, data integrity is

important over the entire life cycle of the organization

due to regulatory and compliance issues related to

individual data privacy and security, in the areas of CIA

and GRC requirements.

Visualization Please Note: Based upon legislative and regulatory

concerns, visualization is not at issue regarding BD

solutions for FI data, except for fraud detection, risk

analysis and customer analysis, FI data is handled by

traditional client/server/data warehouse big iron servers.

Based upon legislative and regulatory restrictions,

visualization is not at issue, rather the primary concern

for FI data, is that it must satisfy all US regulatory

compliance obligations for GRC/CIA, at this point in time.

Data integrity within BD is critical and essential over

the entire life‐cycle of the organization due to regulatory

and compliance issues related to CIA and GRC

requirements.

Data Quality Please Note: Based upon legislative and regulatory

concerns, data quality will always be an issue, regardless

of the industry or platform.

Based upon legislative and regulatory restrictions,

data quality is at the core of data integrity, and is the

primary concern for FI data, in that it must satisfy all US

regulatory compliance obligations for GRC/CIA, at this

point in time.

For BD/FI data, data integrity is critical and essential

over the entire life‐cycle of the organization due to

regulatory and compliance issues related to CIA and GRC

requirements.

Data Types Please Note: Based upon legislative and regulatory

concerns, data types is important in that it must have a

degree of consistency and especially survivability during

audits and digital forensic investigations where the data

format deterioration can negatively impact both an audit

A-17 
 

             

  

               

                     

               

         

             

                   

       

               

           

                 

               

      

                 

               

   

                             

                       

                     

       

  

      

   

                       

                         

             

                     

     

     

                         

                       

                       

                             

                     

                  

                         

   

   

           

          

   

                       

             

                         

                 

                   

                       

       

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 5: Cloud Computing in Financial Industries 

and a forensic investigation when passed through

multiple cycles.

For BD/FI data, multiple data types and formats,

include but is not limited to; flat files, .txt, .pdf, android

application files, .wav, .jpg and VOIP (Voice over IP)

Data Analytics Please Note: Based upon legislative and regulatory

concerns, data analytics is an issue regarding BD solutions

for FI data, especially in regards to fraud detection, risk

analysis and customer analysis.

However, data analytics for FI data is currently

handled by traditional client/server/data warehouse big

iron servers which must ensure they comply with and

satisfy all United States GRC/CIA requirements, at this

point in time.

For BD/FI data analytics must be maintained in a

format that is non‐destructive during search and analysis

processing and procedures.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Currently, the areas of concern associated with BD/FI with a Cloud Eco‐system,

include the aggregating and storing of data (sensitive, toxic and otherwise) from

multiple sources which can and does create administrative and management problems

related to the following:

 Access control

 Management/Administration

 Data entitlement and

 Data ownership

However, based upon current analysis, these concerns and issues are widely known

and are being addressed at this point in time, via the Research and Development

SDLC/HDLC (Software Development Life Cycle/Hardware Development Life Cycle)

sausage makers of technology. Please stay tuned for future developments in this

regard

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Mobility is a continuously growing layer of technical complexity; however, not all Big

Data mobility solutions are technical in nature. There are two interrelated and co‐

dependent parties who required to work together to find a workable and maintainable

solution, the FI business side and IT. When both are in agreement sharing a, common

lexicon, taxonomy and appreciation and understand for the requirements each is

obligated to satisfy, these technical issues can be addressed.

Both sides in this collaborative effort will encounter the following current and on‐going

FI data considerations:

 Inconsistent category assignments

 Changes to classification systems over time

 Use of multiple overlapping or

 Different categorization schemes

In addition, each of these changing and evolving inconsistencies, are required to

satisfy the following data characteristics associated with ACID:

 Atomic‐ All of the work in a transaction completes (commit) or none of it

completes

 Consistent‐ A transmittal transforms the database from one consistent state

to another consistent state. Consistency is defined in terms of constraints.

 Isolated‐ The results of any changes made during a transaction are not visible

until the transaction has committed.

A-18 
 

               

                         

                           

             

                                 

                     

                         

   

   

     

           

       

                           

                             

        

                 

                   

  

  

  

  

   

                           

     

                           

     

     

     

          

     

                   

               

              

         

     

       

     

                         

           

  

      

   

                             

               

   

                       

                       

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 5: Cloud Computing in Financial Industries 

 Durable‐ The results of a committed transaction survive failures.

When each of these data categories is satisfied, well, it's a glorious thing.

Unfortunately, sometimes glory is not in the room, however, that does not mean we

give up the effort to resolve these issues.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

No amount of security and privacy due diligence will make up for the innate

deficiencies associated with human nature that creep into any program and/or

strategy. Currently, the BD/FI must contend with a growing number of risk buckets,

such as:

 AML‐Anti‐money Laundering

 CDD‐ Client Due Diligence

 Watch‐lists

 FCPA – Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

...to name a few.

For a reality check, please consider Mr. Harry M. Markopolos' nine‐year effort to get

the SEC among other agencies to do their job and shut down Mr. Bernard Madoff's

billion dollar Ponzi scheme.

However, that aside, identifying and addressing the privacy/security requirements of

the FI, providing services within a BD/Cloud Eco‐system, via continuous improvements

in:

1. technology,

2. processes,

3. procedures,

4. people and

5. regulatory jurisdictions

...is a far better choice for both the individual and the organization, especially when

considering the alternative.

Utilizing a layered approach, this strategy can be broken down into the following sub

categories:

1. Maintaining operational resilience

2. Protecting valuable assets

3. Controlling system accounts

4. Managing security services effectively, and

5. Maintaining operational resilience

For additional background security and privacy solutions addressing both security

and privacy, we'll refer you to the two following organization's:

 ISACA (International Society of Auditors and Computer Analysts)

 isc2 (International Security Computer and Systems Auditors)

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use case

(e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Areas of concern include the aggregating and storing data from multiple sources can

create problems related to the following:

 Access control

 Management/Administration

 Data entitlement and

 Data ownership

Each of these areas is being improved upon, yet they still must be considered and

addressed, via access control solutions, and SIEM (Security Incident/Event

Management) tools.

I don't believe we're there yet, based upon current security concerns mentioned

whenever Big Data/Hadoop within a Cloud Eco‐system is brought up in polite

conversation.

A-19 
 

                         

                   

                       

             

           

         

                     

     

                         

                   

             

           

                   

               

                             

       

             

       

             

             

   

                       

                     

                   

               

             

               

                   

     

               

                   

                       

           

                       

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 5: Cloud Computing in Financial Industries 

Current and on‐going challenges to implementing BD Finance within a Cloud Eco, as

well as traditional client/server data warehouse architectures, include the following

areas of Financial Accounting under both US GAAP (U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting

Practices) or IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards):

XBRL (extensible Business Related Markup Language)

Consistency (terminology, formatting, technologies, regulatory gaps)

SEC mandated use of XBRL (extensible Business Related Markup Language) for

regulatory financial reporting.

SEC, GAAP/IFRS and the yet to be fully resolved new financial legislation impacting

reporting requirements are changing and point to trying to improve the

implementation, testing, training, reporting and communication best practices

required of an independent auditor, regarding:

Auditing, Auditor's reports, Control self‐assessments, Financial audits, GAAS / ISAs,

Internal audits, and the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX).

More Information (URLs) 1. Cloud Security Alliance Big Data Working Group, “Top 10 Challenges in Big Data

Security and Privacy”, 2012.

2. The IFRS, Securities and Markets Working Group, http://www.xbrl‐eu.org

3. IEEE Big Data conference

http://www.ischool.drexel.edu/bigdata/bigdata2013/topics.htm

4. Map/Reduce http://www.mapreduce.org.

5. PCAOB http://www.pcaob.org

6. http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Industries/Financial‐Services/Insurance

7. http://www.treasury.gov/resource‐center/fin‐mkts/Pages/default.aspx

8. CFTC http://www.cftc.org

9. SEC http://www.sec.gov

10. FDIC http://www.fdic.gov

11. COSO http://www.coso.org

12. isc2 International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium, Inc.:

http://www.isc2.org

13. ISACA Information Systems Audit and Control Association: http://www.isca.org

14. IFARS http://www.ifars.org

15. Apache http://www.opengroup.org

16. http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/print/9221652/IT_must_prepare_for_H

adoop_security_issues?tax ...

17. "No One Would Listen: A True Financial Thriller" (hard‐cover book). Hoboken, NJ:

John Wiley & Sons. March 2010. Retrieved April 30, 2010. ISBN 978‐0‐470‐55373‐2

18. Assessing the Madoff Ponzi Scheme and Regulatory Failures (Archive of:

Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government Sponsored

Enterprises Hearing) (http://financialserv.edgeboss.net/wmedia/

financialserv/hearing020409.wvx) (Windows Media). U.S. House Financial Services

Committee. February 4, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2009.

19. COSO, The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission

(COSO), Copyright© 2013, http://www.coso.org.

20. (ITIL) Information Technology Infrastructure Library, Copyright© 2007‐13 APM

Group Ltd. All rights reserved, Registered in England No. 2861902, http://www.itil‐

officialsite.com.

21. CobiT, Ver. 5.0, 2013, ISACA, Information Systems Audit and Control Association, (a

framework for IT Governance and Controls), http://www.isaca.org.

22. TOGAF, Ver. 9.1, The Open Group Architecture Framework (a framework for IT

architecture), http://www.opengroup.org.

A-20 
 

             

     

                                   

                           

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 5: Cloud Computing in Financial Industries 

23. ISO/IEC 27000:2012 Info. Security Mgt., International Organization for

Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission,

http://www.standards.iso.org/

Note: Please feel free to improve our INITIAL DRAFT, Ver. 0.1, August 25th, 2013....as we do not consider our

efforts to be pearls, at this point in time......Respectfully yours, Pw Carey, Compliance Partners,

LLC_pwc.pwcarey@gmail.com

A-21 
 

                 

         

         

       

  

            

                     

                   

                     

                 

                               

               

                       

                 

                 

                       

                         

                           

                   

               

                         

                         

  

   

           

           

     

         

          

           

     

               

         

   

                   

                         

                 

       

     

  

             

             

             

         

         

         

           

           

           

   

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 6: Mendeley—An International Network of Research 

Use Case Title Mendeley – An International Network of Research

Vertical (area) Commercial Cloud Consumer Services

Author/Company/Email William Gunn / Mendeley / william.gunn@mendeley.com

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Researchers, librarians, publishers, and funding organizations.

Goals To promote more rapid advancement in scientific research by enabling researchers

to efficiently collaborate, librarians to understand researcher needs, publishers to

distribute research findings more quickly and broadly, and funding organizations to

better understand the impact of the projects they fund.

Use Case Description Mendeley has built a database of research documents and facilitates the creation of

shared bibliographies. Mendeley uses the information collected about research

reading patterns and other activities conducted via the software to build more

efficient literature discovery and analysis tools. Text mining and classification

systems enables automatic recommendation of relevant research, improving the

cost and performance of research teams, particularly those engaged in curation of

literature on a particular subject, such as the Mouse Genome Informatics group at

Jackson Labs, which has a large team of manual curators who scan the literature.

Other use cases include enabling publishers to more rapidly disseminate

publications, facilitating research institutions and librarians with data management

plan compliance, and enabling funders to better understand the impact of the work

they fund via real‐time data on the access and use of funded research.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Amazon EC2

Storage HDFS Amazon S3

Networking Client‐server connections between Mendeley and end

user machines, connections between Mendeley offices

and Amazon services.

Software Hadoop, Scribe, Hive, Mahout, Python

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Distributed and centralized

Volume (size) 15TB presently, growing about 1 TB/month

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Currently Hadoop batch jobs are scheduled daily, but

work has begun on real‐time recommendation

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

PDF documents and log files of social network and client

activities

Variability (rate of

change)

Currently a high rate of growth as more researchers sign

up for the service, highly fluctuating activity over the

course of the year

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Metadata extraction from PDFs is variable, it’s

challenging to identify duplicates, there’s no universal

identifier system for documents or authors (though

ORCID proposes to be this)

Visualization Network visualization via Gephi, scatterplots of

readership vs. citation rate, etc.

Data Quality 90% correct metadata extraction according to

comparison with Crossref, Pubmed, and Arxiv

Data Types Mostly PDFs, some image, spreadsheet, and

presentation files

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 6: Mendeley—An International Network of Research 

Data Analytics Standard libraries for machine learning and analytics,

LDA, custom built reporting tools for aggregating

readership and social activities per document

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

The database contains ≈400M documents, roughly 80M unique documents, and

receives 5‐700k new uploads on a weekday. Thus a major challenge is clustering

matching documents together in a computationally efficient way (scalable and

parallelized) when they’re uploaded from different sources and have been slightly

modified via third‐part annotation tools or publisher watermarks and cover pages

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Delivering content and services to various computing platforms from Windows

desktops to Android and iOS mobile devices

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Researchers often want to keep what they’re reading private, especially industry

researchers, so the data about who’s reading what has access controls.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

This use case could be generalized to providing content‐based recommendations to

various scenarios of information consumption

More Information

(URLs)

http://mendeley.com http://dev.mendeley.com

A-23 
 

         

         

       

       

  

                 

                       

                       

                   

                             

                               

                       

             

     

          

           

             

   

         

                    

         

               

                   

                 

     

             

   

                 

         

                     

               

               

             

     

  

             

             

   

               

             

           

           

         

         

             

             

             

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 7: Netflix Movie Service 

Use Case Title Netflix Movie Service

Vertical (area) Commercial Cloud Consumer Services

Author/Company/Email Geoffrey Fox, Indiana University gcf@indiana.edu

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Netflix Company (Grow sustainable Business), Cloud Provider (Support streaming

and data analysis), Client user (Identify and watch good movies on demand)

Goals Allow streaming of user selected movies to satisfy multiple objectives (for different

stakeholders) ‐‐ especially retaining subscribers. Find best possible ordering of a set

of videos for a user (household) within a given context in real time; maximize movie

consumption.

Use Case Description Digital movies stored in cloud with metadata; user profiles and rankings for small

fraction of movies for each user. Use multiple criteria – content based recommender

system; user‐based recommender system; diversity. Refine algorithms continuously

with A/B testing.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Amazon Web Services AWS

Storage Uses Cassandra NoSQL technology with Hive, Teradata

Networking Need Content Delivery System to support effective

streaming video

Software Hadoop and Pig; Cassandra; Teradata

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Add movies institutionally. Collect user rankings and

profiles in a distributed fashion

Volume (size) Summer 2012. 25 million subscribers; 4 million ratings

per day; 3 million searches per day; 1 billion hours

streamed in June 2012. Cloud storage 2 petabytes (June

2013)

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Media (video and properties) and Rankings continually

updated

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Data varies from digital media to user rankings, user

profiles and media properties for content‐based

recommendations

Variability (rate of

change)

Very competitive business. Need to aware of other

companies and trends in both content (which Movies

are hot) and technology. Need to investigate new

business initiatives such as Netflix sponsored content

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Success of business requires excellent quality of service

Visualization Streaming media and quality user‐experience to allow

choice of content

Data Quality Rankings are intrinsically “rough” data and need robust

learning algorithms

Data Types Media content, user profiles, “bag” of user rankings

Data Analytics Recommender systems and streaming video delivery.

Recommender systems are always personalized and

use logistic/linear regression, elastic nets, matrix

factorization, clustering, latent Dirichlet allocation,

association rules, gradient boosted decision trees and

others. Winner of Netflix competition (to improve

ratings by 10%) combined over 100 different

algorithms.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 7: Netflix Movie Service 

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Analytics needs continued monitoring and improvement.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Mobile access important

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Need to preserve privacy for users and digital rights for media.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Recommender systems have features in common to e‐commerce like Amazon.

Streaming video has features in common with other content providing services like

iTunes, Google Play, Pandora and Last.fm

More Information

(URLs)

http://www.slideshare.net/xamat/building‐largescale‐realworld‐recommender‐

systems‐recsys2012‐tutorial by Xavier Amatriain

http://techblog.netflix.com/

A-25 
 

             

         

       

       

  

                   

                           

                       

                               

                       

                   

                     

             

  

             

               

             

           

       

             

           

          

                 

                 

     

   

   

                 

           

                     

     

  

                 

           

           

         

                 

   

           

     

   

                 

                         

   

               

     

      

         

                         

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 8: Web Search 

Use Case Title Web Search (Bing, Google, Yahoo...)

Vertical (area) Commercial Cloud Consumer Services

Author/Company/Email Geoffrey Fox, Indiana University gcf@indiana.edu

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Owners of web information being searched; search engine companies; advertisers;

users

Goals Return in ≈0.1 seconds, the results of a search based on average of 3 words;

important to maximize “precision@10”; number of great responses in top 10 ranked

results

Use Case Description 1) Crawl the web; 2) Pre‐process data to get searchable things (words, positions);

3) Form Inverted Index mapping words to documents; 4) Rank relevance of

documents: PageRank; 5) Lots of technology for advertising, “reverse engineering

ranking” “preventing reverse engineering”; 6) Clustering of documents into topics (as

in Google News) 7) Update results efficiently

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Large Clouds

Storage Inverted Index not huge; crawled documents are

petabytes of text – rich media much more

Networking Need excellent external network links; most operations

pleasingly parallel and I/O sensitive. High performance

internal network not needed

Software Map/Reduce + Bigtable; Dryad + Cosmos. PageRank.

Final step essentially a recommender engine

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Distributed web sites

Volume (size) 45B web pages total, 500M photos uploaded each day,

100 hours of video uploaded to YouTube each minute

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Data continually updated

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Rich set of functions. After processing, data similar for

each page (except for media types)

Variability (rate of

change)

Average page has life of a few months

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Exact results not essential but important to get main

hubs and authorities for search query

Visualization Not important although page layout critical

Data Quality A lot of duplication and spam

Data Types Mainly text but more interest in rapidly growing image

and video

Data Analytics Crawling; searching including topic based search;

ranking; recommending

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Search of “deep web” (information behind query front ends)

Ranking of responses sensitive to intrinsic value (as in Pagerank) as well as

advertising value

Link to user profiles and social network data

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Mobile search must have similar interfaces/results

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Need to be sensitive to crawling restrictions. Avoid Spam results

A-26 
 

     

     

       

  

                   

   

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 8: Web Search 

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Relation to Information retrieval such as search of scholarly works.

More Information

(URLs)

http://www.slideshare.net/kleinerperkins/kpcb‐internet‐trends‐2013

http://webcourse.cs.technion.ac.il/236621/Winter2011‐2012/en/ho_Lectures.html

http://www.ifis.cs.tu‐bs.de/teaching/ss‐11/irws

http://www.slideshare.net/beechung/recommender‐systems‐tutorialpart1intro

http://www.worldwidewebsize.com/

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 9: Cloud-based Continuity and Disaster Recovery 

Use Case Title IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) Big Data BC/DR Within A Cloud Eco‐System provided

by Cloud Service Providers (CSPs) and Cloud Brokerage Service Providers (CBSPs)

Vertical (area) Large Scale Reliable Data Storage

Author/Company/Email Pw Carey, Compliance Partners, LLC, pwc.pwcarey@email.com

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Executive Management, Data Custodians, and Employees responsible for the integrity,

protection, privacy, confidentiality, availability, safety, security and survivability of a

business by ensuring the 3‐As of data accessibility to an organizations services are

satisfied; anytime, anyplace and on any device.

Goals The following represents one approach to developing a workable BC/DR strategy.

Prior to outsourcing an organizations BC/DR onto the backs/shoulders of a CSP or CBSP,

the organization must perform the following Use Case, which will provide each

organization with a baseline methodology for BC/DR best practices, within a Cloud Eco‐

system for both Public and Private organizations.

Each organization must approach the ten disciplines supporting BC/DR, with an

understanding and appreciation for the impact each of the following four overlaying

and inter‐dependent forces will play in ensuring a workable solution to an entity's

business continuity plan and requisite disaster recovery strategy. The four areas are;

people (resources), processes (time/cost/ROI), technology (various operating systems,

platforms and footprints) and governance (subject to various and multiple regulatory

agencies).

These four concerns must be; identified, analyzed, evaluated, addressed, tested,

reviewed, addressed during the following ten phases:

1. Project Initiation and Management Buy‐in

2. Risk Evaluations and Controls

3. Business Impact Analysis

4. Design, Development and Testing of the Business Continuity Strategies

5. Emergency Response and Operations (aka; Disaster Recovery

6. Developing and Implementing Business Continuity Plans

7. Awareness and Training Programs

8. Maintaining and Exercising Business Continuity Plans, (aka: Maintaining

Currency)

9. Public Relations (PR) and Crises Management Plans

10. Coordination with Public Agencies

Please Note: When appropriate, these ten areas can be tailored to fit the

requirements of the organization.

Use Case Description Big Data as developed by Google was intended to serve as an Internet Web site

indexing tool to help them sort, shuffle, categorize and label the Internet. At the outset,

it was not viewed as a replacement for legacy IT data infrastructures. With the spin‐off

development within OpenGroup and Hadoop, Big Data has evolved into a robust data

analysis and storage tool that is still undergoing development. However, in the end, Big

Data is still being developed as an adjunct to the current IT client/server/big iron data

warehouse architectures which is better at some things, than these same data

warehouse environments, but not others.

As a result, it is necessary, within this business continuity/disaster recovery use case,

we ask good questions, such as; why are we doing this and what are we trying to

accomplish? What are our dependencies upon manual practices and when can we

leverage them? What systems have been and remain outsourced to other

organizations, such as our Telephony and what are their DR/BC business functions, if

any? Lastly, we must recognize the functions that can be simplified and what are the

preventative steps we can take that do not have a high cost associated with them such

as simplifying business practices.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 9: Cloud-based Continuity and Disaster Recovery 

We must identify what are the critical business functions that need to be recovered,

1st, 2nd, 3rd in priority, or at a later time/date, and what is the Model of A Disaster

we're trying to resolve, what are the types of disasters more likely to occur realizing

that we don't need to resolve all types of disasters. When backing up data within a

Cloud Eco‐system is a good solution, this will shorten the fail‐over time and satisfy the

requirements of RTO/RPO. In addition, there must be 'Buy‐in', as this is not just an IT

problem; it is a business services problem as well, requiring the testing of the Disaster

Plan via formal walk‐throughs, et cetera. There should be a formal methodology for

developing a BC/DR Plan, including: 1). Policy Statement (Goal of the Plan, Reasons and

Resources....define each), 2). Business Impact Analysis (how does a shutdown impact

the business financially and otherwise), 3). Identify Preventive Steps (can a disaster be

avoided by taking prudent steps), 4). Recovery Strategies (how and what you will need

to recover), 5). Plan Development (Write the Plan and Implement the Plan Elements),

6). Plan buy‐in and Testing (very important so that everyone knows the Plan and knows

what to do during its execution), and 7). Maintenance (Continuous changes to reflect

the current enterprise environment)

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Cloud Eco‐systems, incorporating IaaS (Infrastructure as a

Service), supported by Tier 3 Data Centers....Secure Fault

Tolerant (Power).... for Security, Power, Air Conditioning

et cetera...geographically off‐site data recovery

centers...providing data replication services, Note:

Replication is different from Backup. Replication only

moves the changes since the last time a replication,

including block level changes. The replication can be done

quickly, with a five second window, while the data is

replicated every four hours. This data snap shot is

retained for seven business days, or longer if necessary.

Replicated data can be moved to a Fail‐over Center to

satisfy the organizations RPO (Recovery Point Objectives)

and RTO

Storage VMware, NetApps, Oracle, IBM, Brocade,

Networking WANs, LANs, WiFi, Internet Access, via Public, Private,

Community and Hybrid Cloud environments, with or

without VPNs.

Software Hadoop, Map/Reduce, Open‐source, and/or Vendor

Proprietary such as AWS (Amazon Web Services), Google

Cloud Services, and Microsoft

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source (distributed

/centralized)

Both distributed/centralized data sources flowing into

HA/DR Environment and HVSs, such as the following:

DC1‐‐‐> VMWare/KVM (Clusters, w/Virtual Firewalls),

Data link‐VMware Link‐Vmotion Link‐Network Link,

Multiple PB of NaaS, DC2‐‐‐>, VMWare/KVM (Clusters

w/Virtual Firewalls), DataLink (VMware Link, Motion Link,

Network Link), Multiple PB of NaaS, (Requires Fail‐Over

Virtualization)

Volume (size) Terabytes up to Petabytes

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Tier 3 Data Centers with Secure Fault Tolerant (Power) for

Security, Power, and Air Conditioning. IaaS (Infrastructure

as a Service) in this example, based upon NetApps.

Replication is different from Backup; replication requires

only moving the CHANGES since the last time a

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 9: Cloud-based Continuity and Disaster Recovery 

REPLICATION was performed, including the block level

changes. The Replication can be done quickly as the data

is Replicated every four hours. These replications can be

performed within a 5 second window, and this Snap Shot

will be kept for seven business days, or longer if necessary

to a Fail‐Over Center.....at the RPO and RTO....

Variety

(multiple data sets, mash‐

up)

Multiple virtual environments either operating within a

batch processing architecture or a hot‐swappable parallel

architecture.

Variability (rate of

change)

Depending upon the SLA agreement, the costs (CapEx)

increases, depending upon the RTO/RPO and the

requirements of the business.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Data integrity is critical and essential over the entire life‐

cycle of the organization due to regulatory and

compliance issues related to data CIA and GRC data

requirements.

Visualization Data integrity is critical and essential over the entire life‐

cycle of the organization due to regulatory and

compliance issues related to data CIA and GRC data

requirements.

Data Quality Data integrity is critical and essential over the entire life‐

cycle of the organization due to regulatory and

compliance issues related to data CIA and GRC data

requirements.

Data Types Multiple data types and formats, including but not limited

to; flat files, .txt, .pdf, android application files, .wav, .jpg

and VOIP (Voice over IP)

Data Analytics Must be maintained in a format that is non‐destructive

during search and analysis processing and procedures.

Big Data Specific The complexities associated with migrating from a Primary Site to either a Replication

Challenges (Gaps) Site or a Backup Site is not fully automated at this point in time. The goal is to enable

the user to automatically initiate the Fail Over Sequence, moving Data Hosted within

Cloud requires a well‐defined and continuously monitored server configuration

management. In addition, both organizations must know which servers have to be

restored and what are the dependencies and inter‐dependencies between the Primary

Site servers and Replication and/or Backup Site servers. This requires a continuous

monitoring of both, since there are two solutions involved with this process, either

dealing with servers housing stored images or servers running hot all the time, as in

running parallel systems with hot‐swappable functionality, all of which requires

accurate and up‐to‐date information from the client.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Mobility is a continuously growing layer of technical complexity; however, not all

DR/BC solutions are technical in nature, as there are two sides required to work

together to find a solution, the business side and the IT side. When they are in

agreement, these technical issues must be addressed by the BC/DR strategy

implemented and maintained by the entire organization. One area, which is not limited

to mobility challenges, concerns a fundamental issue impacting most BC/DR solutions.

If your Primary Servers (A, B, C) understand X, Y, Z....but your Secondary Virtual

Replication/Backup Servers (a, b, c) over the passage of time, are not properly

maintained (configuration management) and become out of sync with your Primary

Servers, and only understand X, and Y, when called upon to perform a Replication or

Back‐up, well "Houston, we have a problem...."

A-30 
 

                           

                   

                           

                       

                       

     

     

       

           

                             

                             

                           

                                 

                         

                         

                           

                     

                                 

                           

                             

                     

                             

       

                       

       

                   

     

               

                 

                       

           

                       

             

     

             

                                   

                           

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 9: Cloud-based Continuity and Disaster Recovery 

Please Note: Over time all systems can and will suffer from sync‐creep, some more

than others, when relying upon manual processes to ensure system stability.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Dependent upon the nature and requirements of the organization's industry verticals,

such as; Finance, Insurance, and Life Sciences including both public and/or private

entities, and the restrictions placed upon them by; regulatory, compliance and legal

jurisdictions.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Challenges to Implement BC/DR, include the following:

1) Recognition, a). Management Vision, b). Assuming the issue is an IT issue, when it is

not just an IT issue, 2). People: a). Staffing levels ‐ Many SMBs are understaffed in IT for

their current workload, b). Vision ‐ (Driven from the Top Down) Can the business and IT

resources see the whole problem and craft a strategy such a 'Call List' in case of a

Disaster, c). Skills ‐ Are there resources that can architect, implement and test a BC/DR

Solution, d). Time ‐ Do Resources have the time and does the business have the

Windows of Time for constructing and testing a DR/BC Solution as DR/BC is an

additional Add‐On Project the organization needs the time and resources. 3). Money ‐

This can be turned in to an OpEx Solution rather than a CapEx Solution which and can

be controlled by varying RPO/RTO, a). Capital is always a constrained resource, b). BC

Solutions need to start with "what is the Risk" and "how does cost constrain the

solution"? 4). Disruption ‐ Build BC/DR into the standard "Cloud" infrastructure (IaaS) of

the SMB, a). Planning for BC/DR is disruptive to business resources, b). Testing BC is

also disruptive.....

More Information

(URLs)

1. http://www.disasterrecovery.org/, (March, 2013).

2. BC_DR From the Cloud, Avoid IT Disasters EN POINTE Technologies and dinCloud,

Webinar Presenter Barry Weber, http://www.dincloud.com.

3. COSO, The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission

(COSO), Copyright© 2013, http://www.coso.org.

4. ITIL Information Technology Infrastructure Library, Copyright© 2007‐13 APM

Group Ltd. All rights reserved, Registered in England No. 2861902, http://www.itil‐

officialsite.com.

5. CobiT, Ver. 5.0, 2013, ISACA, Information Systems Audit and Control Association, (a

framework for IT Governance and Controls), http://www.isaca.org.

6. TOGAF, Ver. 9.1, The Open Group Architecture Framework (a framework for IT

architecture), http://www.opengroup.org.

7. ISO/IEC 27000:2012 Info. Security Mgt., International Organization for

Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission,

http://www.standards.iso.org/.

8. PCAOB, Public Company Accounting and Oversight Board,

http://www.pcaobus.org.

Note: Please feel free to improve our INITIAL DRAFT, Ver. 0.1, August 10th, 2013....as we do not consider our

efforts to be pearls, at this point in time......Respectfully yours, Pw Carey, Compliance Partners,

LLC_pwc.pwcarey@gmail.com

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 10: Cargo Shipping 

Use Case Title Cargo Shipping

Vertical (area) Industry

Author/Company/Email William Miller/MaCT USA/mact‐usa@att.net

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

End‐users (Sender/Recipients)

Transport Handlers (Truck/Ship/Plane)

Telecom Providers (Cellular/SATCOM)

Shippers (Shipping and Receiving)

Goals Retention and analysis of items (Things) in transport

Use Case Description The following use case defines the overview of a Big Data application related to the

shipping industry (i.e., FedEx, UPS, DHL, etc.). The shipping industry represents

possible the largest potential use case of Big Data that is in common use today. It

relates to the identification, transport, and handling of item (Things) in the supply

chain. The identification of an item begins with the sender to the recipients and for

all those in between with a need to know the location and time of arrive of the items

while in transport. A new aspect will be status condition of the items which will

include sensor information, GPS coordinates, and a unique identification schema

based upon a new ISO 29161 standards under development within ISO JTC1 SC31

WG2. The data is in near real time being updated when a truck arrives at a depot or

upon delivery of the item to the recipient. Intermediate conditions are not currently

known; the location is not updated in real time, items lost in a warehouse or while in

shipment represent a problem potentially for homeland security. The records are

retained in an archive and can be accessed for xx days.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Unknown

Storage Unknown

Networking LAN/T1/Internet Web Pages

Software Unknown

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Centralized today

Volume (size) Large

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

The system is not currently real time.

Variety

(multiple datasets, mashup)

Updated when the driver arrives at the depot and

download the time and date the items were picked

up. This is currently not real time.

Variability (rate of change) Today the information is updated only when the

items that were checked with a bar code scanner are

sent to the central server. The location is not

currently displayed in real time.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Visualization NONE

Data Quality YES

Data Types Not Available

Data Analytics YES

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Provide more rapid assessment of the identity, location, and conditions of the

shipments, provide detailed analytics and location of problems in the system in real

time.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 10: Cargo Shipping 

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Currently conditions are not monitored on‐board trucks, ships, and aircraft

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Security need to be more robust

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

This use case includes local data bases as well as the requirement to synchronize

with the central server. This operation would eventually extend to mobile device and

on‐board systems which can track the location of the items and provide real‐time

update of the information including the status of the conditions, logging, and alerts

to individuals who have a need to know.

More Information

(URLs)

See Figure 1: Cargo Shipping – Scenario. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 11: Materials Data 

Use Case Title Materials Data

Vertical (area) Manufacturing, Materials Research

Author/Company/Email John Rumble, R&R Data Services; jumbleusa@earthlink.net

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Product Designers (Inputters of materials data in CAE)

Materials Researchers (Generators of materials data; users in some cases)

Materials Testers (Generators of materials data; standards developers)

Data distributors ( Providers of access to materials, often for profit)

Goals Broaden accessibility, quality, and usability; Overcome proprietary barriers to sharing

materials data; Create sufficiently large repositories of materials data to support

discovery

Use Case Description Every physical product is made from a material that has been selected for its

properties, cost, and availability. This translates into hundreds of billion dollars of

material decisions made every year.

In addition, as the Materials Genome Initiative has so effectively pointed out, the

adoption of new materials normally takes decades (two to three) rather than a small

number of years, in part because data on new materials is not easily available.

All actors within the materials life cycle today have access to very limited

quantities of materials data, thereby resulting in materials‐related decision that are

non‐optimal, inefficient, and costly. While the Materials Genome Initiative is

addressing one major and important aspect of the issue, namely the fundamental

materials data necessary to design and test materials computationally, the issues

related to physical measurements on physical materials ( from basic structural and

thermal properties to complex performance properties to properties of novel

(nanoscale materials) are not being addressed systematically, broadly (cross‐

discipline and internationally), or effectively (virtually no materials data meetings,

standards groups, or dedicated funded programs).

One of the greatest challenges that Big Data approaches can address is predicting

the performance of real materials (gram to ton quantities) starting at the atomistic,

nanometer, and/or micrometer level of description.

As a result of the above considerations, decisions about materials usage are

unnecessarily conservative, often based on older rather than newer materials

research and development data, and not taking advantage of advances in modeling

and simulations. Materials informatics is an area in which the new tools of data

science can have major impact.

Current Compute(System) None

Solutions Storage Widely dispersed with many barriers to access

Networking Virtually none

Software Narrow approaches based on national programs (Japan,

Korea, and China), applications (EU Nuclear program),

proprietary solutions (Granta, etc.)

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Extremely distributed with data repositories existing

only for a very few fundamental properties

Volume (size) It is has been estimated (in the 1980s) that there were

over 500,000 commercial materials made in the last

fifty years. The last three decades has seen large

growth in that number.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Computer‐designed and theoretically design materials

(e.g., nanomaterials) are growing over time

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 11: Materials Data 

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Many data sets and virtually no standards for mashups

Variability (rate of

change)

Materials are changing all the time, and new materials

data are constantly being generated to describe the

new materials

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

More complex material properties can require many

(100s?) of independent variables to describe

accurately. Virtually no activity no exists that is trying to

identify and systematize the collection of these

variables to create robust data sets.

Visualization Important for materials discovery. Potentially

important to understand the dependency of properties

on the many independent variables. Virtually

unaddressed.

Data Quality Except for fundamental data on the structural and

thermal properties, data quality is poor or unknown.

See Munro’s NIST Standard Practice Guide.

Data Types Numbers, graphical, images

Data Analytics Empirical and narrow in scope

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

1. Establishing materials data repositories beyond the existing ones that focus on

fundamental data

2. Developing internationally‐accepted data recording standards that can be used

by a very diverse materials community, including developers materials test

standards (such as ASTM and ISO), testing companies, materials producers, and

research and development labs

3. Tools and procedures to help organizations wishing to deposit proprietary

materials in data repositories to mask proprietary information, yet to maintain

the usability of data

4. Multi‐variable materials data visualization tools, in which the number of

variables can be quite high

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Not important at this time

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Proprietary nature of many data very sensitive.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Development of standards; development of large scale repositories; involving

industrial users; integration with CAE (don’t underestimate the difficulty of this –

materials people are generally not as computer savvy as chemists, bioinformatics

people, and engineers)

More Information

(URLs)

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 12: Simulation Driven Materials Genomics 

Use Case Title Simulation driven Materials Genomics

Vertical (area) Scientific Research: Materials Science

Author/Company/Email David Skinner/LBNL/deskinner@lbl.gov

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Capability providers: National labs and energy hubs provide advanced materials

genomics capabilities using computing and data as instruments of discovery.

User Community: DOE, industry and academic researchers as a user community

seeking capabilities for rapid innovation in materials.

Goals Speed the discovery of advanced materials through informatically driven simulation

surveys.

Use Case Description Innovation of battery technologies through massive simulations spanning wide

spaces of possible design. Systematic computational studies of innovation

possibilities in photovoltaics. Rational design of materials based on search and

simulation.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Hopper.nersc.gov (150K cores), omics‐like data

analytics hardware resources.

Storage GPFS, MongoDB

Networking 10Gb

Software PyMatGen, FireWorks, VASP, ABINIT, NWChem,

BerkeleyGW, varied community codes

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Gateway‐like. Data streams from simulation surveys

driven on centralized peta/exascale systems. Widely

distributed web of dataflows from central gateway to

users.

Volume (size) 100TB (current), 500TB within 5 years. Scalable key‐

value and object store databases needed.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

High throughput computing (HTC), fine‐grained tasking

and queuing. Rapid start/stop for ensembles of tasks.

Real‐time data analysis for web‐like responsiveness.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Mashup of simulation outputs across codes and levels

of theory. Formatting, registration and integration of

datasets. Mashups of data across simulation scales.

Variability (rate of

change)

The targets for materials design will become more

search and crowd‐driven. The computational backend

must flexibly adapt to new targets.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

Validation and UQ of simulation with experimental data

of varied quality. Error checking and bounds estimation

from simulation inter‐comparison.

Visualization Materials browsers as data from search grows. Visual

design of materials.

Data Quality (syntax) UQ in results based on multiple datasets.

Propagation of error in knowledge systems.

Data Types Key value pairs, JSON, materials file formats

Data Analytics Map/Reduce and search that join simulation and

experimental data.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

HTC at scale for simulation science. Flexible data methods at scale for messy data.

Machine learning and knowledge systems that integrate data from publications,

experiments, and simulations to advance goal‐driven thinking in materials design.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Potential exists for widespread delivery of actionable knowledge in materials

science. Many materials genomics “apps” are amenable to a mobile platform.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Commercial> Use Case 12: Simulation Driven Materials Genomics 

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Ability to “sandbox” or create independent working areas between data

stakeholders. Policy‐driven federation of datasets.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

An OSTP blueprint toward broader materials genomics goals was made available in

May 2013.

More Information

(URLs)

http://www.materialsproject.org

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Defense> Use Case 13: Large Scale Geospatial Analysis and Visualization 

Use Case Title Large Scale Geospatial Analysis and Visualization

Vertical (area) Defense – but applicable to many others

Author/Company/Email David Boyd/Data Tactics/ dboyd@data‐tactics.com

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Geospatial Analysts

Decision Makers

Policy Makers

Goals Support large scale geospatial data analysis and visualization.

Use Case Description As the number of geospatially aware sensors increase and the number of

geospatially tagged data sources increases the volume geospatial data requiring

complex analysis and visualization is growing exponentially. Traditional GIS systems

are generally capable of analyzing a millions of objects and easily visualizing

thousands. Today’s intelligence systems often contain trillions of geospatial objects

and need to be able to visualize and interact with millions of objects.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Compute and Storage systems ‐ Laptops to Large

servers (see notes about clusters)

Visualization systems ‐ handhelds to laptops

Storage Compute and Storage ‐ local disk or SAN

Visualization ‐ local disk, flash ram

Networking Compute and Storage ‐ Gigabit or better LAN

connection

Visualization ‐ Gigabit wired connections, Wireless

including WiFi (802.11), Cellular (3g/4g), or Radio Relay

Software Compute and Storage – generally Linux or Win Server

with Geospatially enabled RDBMS, Geospatial

server/analysis software – ESRI ArcServer, Geoserver

Visualization – Windows, Android, IOS – browser based

visualization. Some laptops may have local ArcMap.

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Very distributed.

Volume (size) Imagery – 100s of Terabytes

Vector Data – 10s of GBs but billions of points

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Some sensors delivery vector data in NRT. Visualization

of changes should be NRT.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Imagery (various formats NITF, GeoTiff, CADRG)

Vector (various formats shape files, kml, text streams:

Object types include points, lines, areas, polylines,

circles, ellipses.

Variability (rate of

change)

Moderate to high

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Data accuracy is critical and is controlled generally by

three factors:

1. Sensor accuracy is a big issue.

2. datum/spheroid.

3. Image registration accuracy

Visualization Displaying in a meaningful way large data sets (millions

of points) on small devices (handhelds) at the end of

low bandwidth networks.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Defense> Use Case 13: Large Scale Geospatial Analysis and Visualization 

Data Quality The typical problem is visualization implying

quality/accuracy not available in the original data. All

data should include metadata for accuracy or circular

error probability.

Data Types Imagery (various formats NITF, GeoTiff, CADRG)

Vector (various formats shape files, kml, text streams:

Object types include points, lines, areas, polylines,

circles, ellipses.

Data Analytics Closest point of approach, deviation from route, point

density over time, PCA and ICA

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Indexing, retrieval and distributed analysis

Visualization generation and transmission

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Visualization of data at the end of low bandwidth wireless connections.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Data is sensitive and must be completely secure in transit and at rest (particularly on

handhelds)

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Geospatial data requires unique approaches to indexing and distributed analysis.

More Information

(URLs)

Applicable Standards: http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards

http://geojson.org/

http://earth‐info.nga.mil/publications/specs/printed/CADRG/cadrg.html

Geospatial Indexing: Quad Trees, Space Filling Curves (Hilbert Curves) – You can

google these for lots of references.

Note: There has been some work with in DoD related to this problem set. Specifically, the DCGS‐A standard

cloud (DSC) stores, indexes, and analyzes some Big Data sources. However, many issues still remain with

visualization.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Defense> Use Case 14: Object Identification and Tracking – Persistent Surveillance 

Use Case Title Object identification and tracking from Wide Area Large Format Imagery (WALF)

Imagery or Full Motion Video (FMV) – Persistent Surveillance

Vertical (area) Defense (Intelligence)

Author/Company/Email David Boyd/Data Tactics/dboyd@data‐tactics.com

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

1. Civilian Military decision makers

2. Intelligence Analysts

3. Warfighters

Goals To be able to process and extract/track entities (vehicles, people, packages) over time

from the raw image data. Specifically, the idea is to reduce the petabytes of data

generated by persistent surveillance down to a manageable size (e.g. vector tracks)

Use Case Description Persistent surveillance sensors can easily collect petabytes of imagery data in the space

of a few hours. It is unfeasible for this data to be processed by humans for either

alerting or tracking purposes. The data needs to be processed close to the sensor which

is likely forward deployed since it is too large to be easily transmitted. The data should

be reduced to a set of geospatial object (points, tracks, etc.) which can easily be

integrated with other data to form a common operational picture.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Various – they range from simple storage capabilities

mounted on the sensor, to simple display and storage, to

limited object extraction. Typical object extraction

systems are currently small (1‐20 node) GPU enhanced

clusters.

Storage Currently flat files persisted on disk in most cases.

Sometimes RDBMS indexes pointing to files or portions of

files based on metadata/telemetry data.

Networking Sensor comms tend to be Line of Sight or Satellite based.

Software A wide range custom software and tools including

traditional RDBMS and display tools.

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Sensors include airframe mounted and fixed position

optical, IR, and SAR images.

Volume (size) FMV – 30 to 60 frames per/sec at full color 1080P

resolution.

WALF – 1 to 10 frames per/sec at 10Kx10K full color

resolution.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Real Time

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Data Typically exists in one or more standard imagery or

video formats.

Variability (rate of

change)

Little

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

The veracity of extracted objects is critical. If the system

fails or generates false positives people are put at risk.

Visualization Visualization of extracted outputs will typically be as

overlays on a geospatial display. Overlay objects should

be links back to the originating image/video segment.

Data Quality Data quality is generally driven by a combination of sensor

characteristics and weather (both obscuring factors ‐

dust/moisture and stability factors – wind).

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Defense> Use Case 14: Object Identification and Tracking – Persistent Surveillance 

Data Types Standard imagery and video formats are input. Output

should be in the form of OGC compliant web features or

standard geospatial files (shape files, KML).

Data Analytics 1. Object identification (type, size, color) and tracking.

2. Pattern analysis of object (did the truck observed

every Weds. afternoon take a different route today or

is there a standard route this person takes every day).

3. Crowd behavior/dynamics (is there a small group

attempting to incite a riot. Is this person out of place

in the crowd or behaving differently?

4. Economic activity

a. is the line at the bread store, the butcher, or the

ice cream store,

b. are more trucks traveling north with goods than

trucks going south

c. Has activity at or the size of stores in this market

place increased or decreased over the past year.

5. Fusion of data with other data to improve quality and

confidence.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Processing the volume of data in NRT to support alerting and situational awareness.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Getting data from mobile sensor to processing

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Significant – sources and methods cannot be compromised the enemy should not be

able to know what we see.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Typically this type of processing fits well into massively parallel computing such as

provided by GPUs. Typical problem is integration of this processing into a larger cluster

capable of processing data from several sensors in parallel and in NRT.

Transmission of data from sensor to system is also a large challenge.

More Information

(URLs)

Motion Imagery Standards ‐ http://www.gwg.nga.mil/misb/

Some of many papers on object identity/tracking:

http://www.dabi.temple.edu/~hbling/publication/SPIE12_Dismount_Formatted_v2_B

W.pdf

http://csce.uark.edu/~jgauch/library/Tracking/Orten.2005.pdf

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031320305004863

General Articles on the need:

http://www.militaryaerospace.com/topics/m/video/79088650/persistent‐surveillance‐

relies‐on‐extracting‐relevant‐data‐points‐and‐connecting‐the‐dots.htm

http://www.defencetalk.com/wide‐area‐persistent‐surveillance‐revolutionizes‐tactical‐

isr‐45745/

http://www.defencetalk.com/wide‐area‐persistent‐surveillance‐revolutionizes‐tactical‐

isr‐45745/

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Defense> Use Case 15: Intelligence Data Processing and Analysis 

Use Case Title Intelligence Data Processing and Analysis

Vertical (area) Defense (Intelligence)

Author/ Company/Email David Boyd/Data Tactics/dboyd@data‐tactics.com

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Senior Civilian/Military Leadership

Field Commanders

Intelligence Analysts

Warfighters

Goals 1. Provide automated alerts to Analysts, Warfighters, Commanders, and Leadership

based on incoming intelligence data.

2. Allow Intelligence Analysts to identify in Intelligence data

a. Relationships between entities (people, organizations, places, equipment)

b. Trends in sentiment or intent for either general population or leadership

group (state, non‐state actors).

c. Location of and possibly timing of hostile actions (including implantation of

IEDs).

d. Track the location and actions of (potentially) hostile actors

3. Ability to reason against and derive knowledge from diverse, disconnected, and

frequently unstructured (e.g. text) data sources.

4. Ability to process data close to the point of collection and allow data to be

shared easily to/from individual soldiers, forward deployed units, and senior

leadership in garrison.

Use Case Description 1. Ingest/accept data from a wide range of sensors and sources across intelligence

disciplines (IMINT, MASINT, GEOINT, HUMINT, SIGINT, OSINT, etc.)

2. Process, transform, or align date from disparate sources in disparate formats into

a unified data space to permit:

a. Search

b. Reasoning

c. Comparison

3. Provide alerts to users of significant changes in the state of monitored entities or

significant activity within an area.

4. Provide connectivity to the edge for the Warfighter (in this case the edge would

go as far as a single soldier on dismounted patrol)

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Fixed and deployed computing clusters ranging from

1000s of nodes to 10s of nodes.

Storage 10s of Terabytes to 100s of Petabytes for edge and fixed

site clusters. Dismounted soldiers would have at most 1‐

100s of GBs (mostly single digit handheld data storage

sizes).

Networking Networking with‐in and between in garrison fixed sites is

robust. Connectivity to forward edge is limited and often

characterized by high latency and packet loss. Remote

comms might be Satellite based (high latency) or even

limited to RF Line of sight radio.

Software Currently baseline leverages:

1. Hadoop

2. Accumulo (Big Table)

3. Solr

4. NLP (several variants)

5. Puppet (for deployment and security)

6. Storm

7. Custom applications and visualization tools

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Defense> Use Case 15: Intelligence Data Processing and Analysis 

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Very distributed

Volume (size) Some IMINT sensors can produce over a petabyte of

data in the space of hours. Other data is as small as

infrequent sensor activations or text messages.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Much sensor data is real time (Full motion video, SIGINT)

other is less real time. The critical aspect is to be able

ingest, process, and disseminate alerts in NRT.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Everything from text files, raw media, imagery, video,

audio, electronic data, human generated data.

Variability (rate of

change)

While sensor interface formats tend to be stable, most

other data is uncontrolled and may be in any format.

Much of the data is unstructured.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

Data provenance (e.g. tracking of all transfers and

transformations) must be tracked over the life of the

data.

Determining the veracity of “soft” data sources

(generally human generated) is a critical requirement.

Visualization Primary visualizations will be Geospatial overlays and

network diagrams. Volume amounts might be millions of

points on the map and thousands of nodes in the

network diagram.

Data Quality (syntax) Data Quality for sensor generated data is generally

known (image quality, sig/noise) and good.

Unstructured or “captured” data quality varies

significantly and frequently cannot be controlled.

Data Types Imagery, Video, Text, Digital documents of all types,

Audio, Digital signal data.

Data Analytics 1. NRT Alerts based on patterns and baseline changes.

2. Link Analysis

3. Geospatial Analysis

4. Text Analytics (sentiment, entity extraction, etc.)

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

1. Big (or even moderate size data) over tactical networks

2. Data currently exists in disparate silos which must be accessible through a

semantically integrated data space.

3. Most critical data is either unstructured or imagery/video which requires

significant processing to extract entities and information.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

The outputs of this analysis and information must be transmitted to or accessed by

the dismounted forward soldier.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Foremost. Data must be protected against:

1. Unauthorized access or disclosure

2. Tampering

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Wide variety of data types, sources, structures, and quality which will span domains

and requires integrated search and reasoning.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Defense> Use Case 15: Intelligence Data Processing and Analysis 

More Information

(URLs)

http://www.afcea‐

aberdeen.org/files/presentations/AFCEAAberdeen_DCGSA_COLWells_PS.pdf

http://stids.c4i.gmu.edu/papers/STIDSPapers/STIDS2012_T14_SmithEtAl_HorizontalI

ntegrationOfWarfighterIntel.pdf

http://stids.c4i.gmu.edu/STIDS2011/papers/STIDS2011_CR_T1_SalmenEtAl.pdf

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l4Qii7T8zeg

http://dcgsa.apg.army.mil/

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 16: Electronic Medical Record Data 

Use Case Title Electronic Medical Record (EMR) Data

Vertical (area) Healthcare

Author/Company/Email Shaun Grannis/Indiana University/sgrannis@regenstrief.org

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Biomedical informatics research scientists (implement and evaluate enhanced

methods for seamlessly integrating, standardizing, analyzing, and operationalizing

highly heterogeneous, high‐volume clinical data streams); Health services

researchers (leverage integrated and standardized EMR data to derive knowledge

that supports implementation and evaluation of translational, comparative

effectiveness, patient‐centered outcomes research); Healthcare providers –

physicians, nurses, public health officials (leverage information and knowledge

derived from integrated and standardized EMR data to support direct patient care

and population health)

Goals Use advanced methods for normalizing patient, provider, facility and clinical concept

identification within and among separate health care organizations to enhance

models for defining and extracting clinical phenotypes from non‐standard discrete

and free‐text clinical data using feature selection, information retrieval and machine

learning decision‐models. Leverage clinical phenotype data to support cohort

selection, clinical outcomes research, and clinical decision support.

Use Case Description As health care systems increasingly gather and consume EMR data, large national

initiatives aiming to leverage such data are emerging, and include developing a

digital learning health care system to support increasingly evidence‐based clinical

decisions with timely accurate and up‐to‐date patient‐centered clinical information;

using electronic observational clinical data to efficiently and rapidly translate

scientific discoveries into effective clinical treatments; and electronically sharing

integrated health data to improve healthcare process efficiency and outcomes.

These key initiatives all rely on high‐quality, large‐scale, standardized and aggregate

health data. Despite the promise that increasingly prevalent and ubiquitous EMR

data hold, enhanced methods for integrating and rationalizing these data are needed

for a variety of reasons. Data from clinical systems evolve over time. This is because

the concept space in healthcare is constantly evolving: new scientific discoveries lead

to new disease entities, new diagnostic modalities, and new disease management

approaches. These in turn lead to new clinical concepts, which drive the evolution of

health concept ontologies. Using heterogeneous data from the Indiana Network for

Patient Care (INPC), the nation's largest and longest‐running health information

exchange, which includes more than 4 billion discrete coded clinical observations

from more than 100 hospitals for more than 12 million patients, we will use

information retrieval techniques to identify highly relevant clinical features from

electronic observational data. We will deploy information retrieval and natural

language processing techniques to extract clinical features. Validated features will be

used to parameterize clinical phenotype decision models based on maximum

likelihood estimators and Bayesian networks. Using these decision models we will

identify a variety of clinical phenotypes such as diabetes, congestive heart failure,

and pancreatic cancer.

Current Compute(System) Big Red II, a new Cray supercomputer at I.U.

Solutions Storage Teradata, PostgreSQL, MongoDB

Networking Various. Significant I/O intensive processing needed.

Software Hadoop, Hive, R. Unix‐based.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 16: Electronic Medical Record Data 

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Clinical data from more than 1,100 discrete logical,

operational healthcare sources in the Indiana Network

for Patient Care (INPC) the nation's largest and longest‐

running health information exchange.

Volume (size) More than 12 million patients, more than 4 billion

discrete clinical observations. > 20 TB raw data.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Between 500,000 and 1.5 million new real‐time clinical

transactions added per day.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

We integrate a broad variety of clinical datasets from

multiple sources: free text provider notes; inpatient,

outpatient, laboratory, and emergency department

encounters; chromosome and molecular pathology;

chemistry studies; cardiology studies; hematology

studies; microbiology studies; neurology studies;

provider notes; referral labs; serology studies; surgical

pathology and cytology, blood bank, and toxicology

studies.

Variability (rate of

change)

Data from clinical systems evolve over time because

the clinical and biological concept space is constantly

evolving: new scientific discoveries lead to new disease

entities, new diagnostic modalities, and new disease

management approaches. These in turn lead to new

clinical concepts, which drive the evolution of health

concept ontologies, encoded in highly variable fashion.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

Data from each clinical source are commonly gathered

using different methods and representations, yielding

substantial heterogeneity. This leads to systematic

errors and bias requiring robust methods for creating

semantic interoperability.

Visualization Inbound data volume, accuracy, and completeness

must be monitored on a routine basis using focus

visualization methods. Intrinsic informational

characteristics of data sources must be visualized to

identify unexpected trends.

Data Quality (syntax) A central barrier to leveraging EMR data is the highly

variable and unique local names and codes for the

same clinical test or measurement performed at

different institutions. When integrating many data

sources, mapping local terms to a common

standardized concept using a combination of

probabilistic and heuristic classification methods is

necessary.

Data Types Wide variety of clinical data types including numeric,

structured numeric, free‐text, structured text, discrete

nominal, discrete ordinal, discrete structured, binary

large blobs (images and video).

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 16: Electronic Medical Record Data 

Data Analytics Information retrieval methods to identify relevant

clinical features (tf‐idf, latent semantic analysis, mutual

information). Natural Language Processing techniques

to extract relevant clinical features. Validated features

will be used to parameterize clinical phenotype

decision models based on maximum likelihood

estimators and Bayesian networks. Decision models will

be used to identify a variety of clinical phenotypes such

as diabetes, congestive heart failure, and pancreatic

cancer.

Big Data Specific Overcoming the systematic errors and bias in large‐scale, heterogeneous clinical data

Challenges (Gaps) to support decision‐making in research, patient care, and administrative use‐cases

requires complex multistage processing and analytics that demands substantial

computing power. Further, the optimal techniques for accurately and effectively

deriving knowledge from observational clinical data are nascent.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Biological and clinical data are needed in a variety of contexts throughout the

healthcare ecosystem. Effectively delivering clinical data and knowledge across the

healthcare ecosystem will be facilitated by mobile platform such as mHealth.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Privacy and confidentiality of individuals must be preserved in compliance with

federal and state requirements including HIPAA. Developing analytic models using

comprehensive, integrated clinical data requires aggregation and subsequent de‐

identification prior to applying complex analytics.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Patients increasingly receive health care in a variety of clinical settings. The

subsequent EMR data is fragmented and heterogeneous. In order to realize the

promise of a Learning Health Care system as advocated by the National Academy of

Science and the Institute of Medicine, EMR data must be rationalized and integrated.

The methods we propose in this use‐case support integrating and rationalizing

clinical data to support decision‐making at multiple levels.

More Information

(URLs)

Regenstrief Institute (http://www.regenstrief.org); Logical observation identifiers

names and codes (http://www.loinc.org); Indiana Health Information Exchange

(http://www.ihie.org); Institute of Medicine Learning Healthcare System

(http://www.iom.edu/Activities/Quality/LearningHealthcare.aspx)

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 17: Pathology Imaging/Digital Pathology 

Use Case Title Pathology Imaging/digital pathology

Vertical (area) Healthcare

Author/Company/Email Fusheng Wang/Emory University/fusheng.wang@emory.edu

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Biomedical researchers on translational research; hospital clinicians on imaging

guided diagnosis

Goals Develop high performance image analysis algorithms to extract spatial information

from images; provide efficient spatial queries and analytics, and feature clustering

and classification

Use Case Description Digital pathology imaging is an emerging field where examination of high resolution

images of tissue specimens enables novel and more effective ways for disease

diagnosis. Pathology image analysis segments massive (millions per image) spatial

objects such as nuclei and blood vessels, represented with their boundaries, along

with many extracted image features from these objects. The derived information is

used for many complex queries and analytics to support biomedical research and

clinical diagnosis. Recently, 3D pathology imaging is made possible through 3D laser

technologies or serially sectioning hundreds of tissue sections onto slides and

scanning them into digital images. Segmenting 3D microanatomic objects from

registered serial images could produce tens of millions of 3D objects from a single

image. This provides a deep “map” of human tissues for next generation diagnosis.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Supercomputers; Cloud

Storage SAN or HDFS

Networking Need excellent external network link

Software MPI for image analysis; Map/Reduce + Hive with spatial

extension

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Digitized pathology images from human tissues

Volume (size) 1GB raw image data + 1.5GB analytical results per 2D

image; 1TB raw image data + 1TB analytical results per

3D image. 1PB data per moderated hospital per year

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Once generated, data will not be changed

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Image characteristics and analytics depend on disease

types

Variability (rate of

change)

No change

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

High quality results validated with human annotations

are essential

Visualization Needed for validation and training

Data Quality Depend on pre‐processing of tissue slides such as

chemical staining and quality of image analysis

algorithms

Data Types Raw images are whole slide images (mostly based on

BIGTIFF), and analytical results are structured data

(spatial boundaries and features)

Data Analytics Image analysis, spatial queries and analytics, feature

clustering and classification

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Extreme large size; multi‐dimensional; disease specific analytics; correlation with

other data types (clinical data, ‐omic data)

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 17: Pathology Imaging/Digital Pathology 

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

3D visualization of 3D pathology images is not likely in mobile platforms

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Protected health information has to be protected; public data have to be de‐

identified

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Imaging data; multi‐dimensional spatial data analytics

More Information

(URLs)

https://web.cci.emory.edu/confluence/display/PAIS

https://web.cci.emory.edu/confluence/display/HadoopGIS

See Figure 2: Pathology Imaging/Digital Pathology – Examples of 2-D and 3-D pathology images. 

See Figure 3: Pathology Imaging/Digital Pathology – Architecture of Hadoop-GIS, a spatial data 

warehousing system, over MapReduce to support spatial analytics for analytical pathology imaging. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 18: Computational Bioimaging 

Use Case Title Computational Bioimaging

Vertical (area) Scientific Research: Biological Science

Author/Company/Email David Skinner1

, deskinner@lbl.gov

Joaquin Correa1

, JoaquinCorrea@lbl.gov

Daniela Ushizima2

, dushizima@lbl.gov

Joerg Meyer2

, joergmeyer@lbl.gov 1

National Energy Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), Lawrence Berkeley National

Laboratory, USA 2

Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Capability providers: Bioimaging instrument operators, microscope developers,

imaging facilities, applied mathematicians, and data stewards.

User Community: DOE, industry and academic researchers seeking to collaboratively

build models from imaging data.

Goals Data delivered from bioimaging is increasingly automated, higher resolution, and

multi‐modal. This has created a data analysis bottleneck that, if resolved, can

advance the biosciences discovery through Big Data techniques. Our goal is to solve

that bottleneck with extreme scale computing.

Meeting that goal will require more than computing. It will require building

communities around data resources and providing advanced algorithms for massive

image analysis. High‐performance computational solutions can be harnessed by

community‐focused science gateways to guide the application of massive data

analysis toward massive imaging data sets. Workflow components include data

acquisition, storage, enhancement, minimizing noise, segmentation of regions of

interest, crowd‐based selection and extraction of features, and object classification,

and organization, and search.

Use Case Description Web‐based one‐stop‐shop for high performance, high throughput image processing

for producers and consumers of models built on bio‐imaging data.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Hopper.nersc.gov (150K cores)

Storage Database and image collections

Networking 10Gb, could use 100Gb and advanced networking (SDN)

Software ImageJ, OMERO, VolRover, advanced segmentation and

feature detection methods from applied math

researchers

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Distributed experimental sources of bioimages

(instruments). Scheduled high volume flows from

automated high‐resolution optical and electron

microscopes.

Volume (size) Growing very fast. Scalable key‐value and object store

databases needed. In‐database processing and analytics.

50TB here now, but currently over a petabyte overall. A

single scan on emerging machines is 32TB

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

High throughput computing (HTC), responsive analysis

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Multi‐modal imaging essentially must mash‐up disparate

channels of data with attention to registration and

dataset formats.

Variability (rate of

change)

Biological samples are highly variable and their analysis

workflows must cope with wide variation.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

Data is messy overall as is training classifiers.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 18: Computational Bioimaging 

analysis, Visualization Heavy use of 3D structural models.

action) Data Quality (syntax)

Data Types Imaging file formats

Data Analytics Machine learning (SVM and RF) for classification and

recommendation services.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

HTC at scale for simulation science. Flexible data methods at scale for messy data.

Machine learning and knowledge systems that drive pixel based data toward

biological objects and models.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

There is potential in generalizing concepts of search in the context of bioimaging.

More Information

(URLs)

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 19: Genomic Measurements 

Use Case Title Genomic Measurements

Vertical (area) Healthcare

Author/Company/Email Justin Zook/NIST/jzook@nist.gov

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

NIST/Genome in a Bottle Consortium – public/private/academic partnership

Goals Develop well‐characterized Reference Materials, Reference Data, and Reference

Methods needed to assess performance of genome sequencing

Use Case Description Integrate data from multiple sequencing technologies and methods to develop highly

confident characterization of whole human genomes as Reference Materials, and

develop methods to use these Reference Materials to assess performance of any

genome sequencing run

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) 72‐core cluster for our NIST group, collaboration with

>1000 core clusters at FDA, some groups are using

cloud

Storage ≈40TB NFS at NIST, PBs of genomics data at NIH/NCBI

Networking Varies. Significant I/O intensive processing needed

Software Open‐source sequencing bioinformatics software from

academic groups (UNIX‐based)

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Sequencers are distributed across many laboratories,

though some core facilities exist.

Volume (size) 40TB NFS is full, will need >100TB in 1‐2 years at NIST;

Healthcare community will need many PBs of storage

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

DNA sequencers can generate ≈300GB compressed

data/day. Velocity has increased much faster than

Moore’s Law

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

File formats not well‐standardized, though some

standards exist. Generally structured data.

Variability (rate of

change)

Sequencing technologies have evolved very rapidly, and

new technologies are on the horizon.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

All sequencing technologies have significant systematic

errors and biases, which require complex analysis

methods and combining multiple technologies to

understand, often with machine learning

Visualization “Genome browsers” have been developed to visualize

processed data

Data Quality Sequencing technologies and bioinformatics methods

have significant systematic errors and biases

Data Types Mainly structured text

Data Analytics Processing of raw data to produce variant calls. Also,

clinical interpretation of variants, which is now very

challenging.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Processing data requires significant computing power, which poses challenges

especially to clinical laboratories as they are starting to perform large‐scale

sequencing. Long‐term storage of clinical sequencing data could be expensive.

Analysis methods are quickly evolving. Many parts of the genome are challenging to

analyze, and systematic errors are difficult to characterize.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Physicians may need access to genomic data on mobile platforms

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 19: Genomic Measurements 

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Sequencing data in health records or clinical research databases must be kept

secure/private, though our Consortium data is public.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

I have some generalizations to medical genome sequencing above, but focus on

NIST/Genome in a Bottle Consortium work. Currently, labs doing sequencing range

from small to very large. Future data could include other ‘omics’ measurements,

which could be even larger than DNA sequencing

More Information

(URLs)

Genome in a Bottle Consortium: http://www.genomeinabottle.org

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 20: Comparative Analysis for (meta) 

Genomes 

Use Case Title Comparative analysis for metagenomes and genomes

Vertical (area) Scientific Research: Genomics

Author/Company/Email Ernest Szeto / LBNL / eszeto@lbl.gov

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Joint Genome Institute (JGI) Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) project. Heads:

Victor M. Markowitz, and Nikos C. Kyrpides. User community: JGI, bioinformaticians

and biologists worldwide.

Goals Provide an integrated comparative analysis system for metagenomes and genomes.

This includes interactive Web UI with core data, backend precomputations, batch job

computation submission from the UI.

Use Case Description Given a metagenomic sample, (1) determine the community composition in terms of

other reference isolate genomes, (2) characterize the function of its genes, (3) begin

to infer possible functional pathways, (4) characterize similarity or dissimilarity with

other metagenomic samples, (5) begin to characterize changes in community

composition and function due to changes in environmental pressures, (6) isolate sub‐

sections of data based on quality measures and community composition.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Linux cluster, Oracle RDBMS server, large memory

machines, standard Linux interactive hosts

Storage Oracle RDBMS, SQLite files, flat text files, Lucy (a

version of Lucene) for keyword searches, BLAST

databases, USEARCH databases

Networking Provided by NERSC

Software Standard bioinformatics tools (BLAST, HMMER, multiple

alignment and phylogenetic tools, gene callers,

sequence feature predictors...), Perl/Python wrapper

scripts, Linux Cluster scheduling

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Centralized.

Volume (size) 50tb

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Front end web UI must be real time interactive. Back

end data loading processing must keep up with

exponential growth of sequence data due to the rapid

drop in cost of sequencing technology.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Biological data is inherently heterogeneous, complex,

structural, and hierarchical. One begins with sequences,

followed by features on sequences, such as genes,

motifs, regulatory regions, followed by organization of

genes in neighborhoods (operons), to proteins and

their structural features, to coordination and

expression of genes in pathways. Besides core genomic

data, new types of “Omics” data such as

transcriptomics, methylomics, and proteomics

describing gene expression under a variety of

conditions must be incorporated into the comparative

analysis system.

Variability (rate of

change)

The sizes of metagenomic samples can vary by several

orders of magnitude, such as several hundred thousand

genes to a billion genes (e.g., latter in a complex soil

sample).

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 20: Comparative Analysis for (meta) 

Genomes 

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Metagenomic sampling science is currently preliminary

and exploratory. Procedures for evaluating assembly of

highly fragmented data in raw reads are better defined,

but still an open research area.

Visualization Interactive speed of web UI on very large data sets is an

ongoing challenge. Web UI’s still seem to be the

preferred interface for most biologists. It is use for

basic querying and browsing of data. More specialized

tools may be launched from them, e.g. for viewing

multiple alignments. Ability to download large amounts

of data for offline analysis is another requirement of

the system.

Data Quality Improving quality of metagenomic assembly is still a

fundamental challenge. Improving the quality of

reference isolate genomes, both in terms of the

coverage in the phylogenetic tree, improved gene

calling and functional annotation is a more mature

process, but an ongoing project.

Data Types Cf. above on “Variety”

Data Analytics Descriptive statistics, statistical significance in

hypothesis testing, discovering new relationships, data

clustering and classification is a standard part of the

analytics. The less quantitative part includes the ability

to visualize structural details at different levels of

resolution. Data reduction, removing redundancies

through clustering, more abstract representations such

as representing a group of highly similar genomes in a

pangenome are all strategies for both data

management as well as analytics.

Big Data Specific The biggest friend for dealing with the heterogeneity of biological data is still the

Challenges (Gaps) RDBMS. Unfortunately, it does not scale for the current volume of data. NoSQL

solutions aim at providing an alternative. Unfortunately, NoSQL solutions do not

always lend themselves to real time interactive use, rapid and parallel bulk loading,

and sometimes have issues regarding robustness. Our current approach is currently

ad hoc, custom, relying mainly on the Linux cluster and the file system to supplement

the Oracle RDBMS. The custom solution oftentimes rely in knowledge of the

peculiarities of the data allowing us to devise horizontal partitioning schemes as well

as inversion of data organization when applicable.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

No special challenges. Just world wide web access.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

No special challenges. Data is either public or requires standard login with password.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

A replacement for the RDBMS in Big Data would be of benefit to everyone. Many

NoSQL solutions attempt to fill this role, but have their limitations.

More Information

(URLs)

http://img.jgi.doe.gov

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 21: Individualized Diabetes Management 

Use Case Title Individualized Diabetes Management

Vertical (area) Healthcare

Author/Company/Email Peter Li, Ying Ding, Philip Yu, Geoffrey Fox, David Wild at Mayo Clinic, Indiana

University, UIC; dingying@indiana.edu

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Mayo Clinic + IU/semantic integration of EHR data

UIC/semantic graph mining of EHR data

IU cloud and parallel computing

Goals Develop advanced graph‐based data mining techniques applied to EHR to search for

these cohorts and extract their EHR data for outcome evaluation. These methods will

push the boundaries of scalability and data mining technologies and advance

knowledge and practice in these areas as well as clinical management of complex

diseases.

Use Case Description Diabetes is a growing illness in world population, affecting both developing and

developed countries. Current management strategies do not adequately take into

account of individual patient profiles, such as co‐morbidities and medications, which

are common in patients with chronic illnesses. We propose to approach this

shortcoming by identifying similar patients from a large Electronic Health Record

(EHR) database, i.e., an individualized cohort, and evaluate their respective

management outcomes to formulate one best solution suited for a given patient

with diabetes.

Project under development as below

Stage 1: Use the Semantic Linking for Property Values method to convert an existing

data warehouse at Mayo Clinic, called the Enterprise Data Trust (EDT), into RDF

triples that enables us to find similar patients much more efficiently through linking

of both vocabulary‐based and continuous values,

Stage 2: Needs efficient parallel retrieval algorithms, suitable for cloud or HPC, using

open source Hbase with both indexed and custom search to identify patients of

possible interest.

Stage 3: The EHR, as an RDF graph, provides a very rich environment for graph

pattern mining. Needs new distributed graph mining algorithms to perform pattern

analysis and graph indexing technique for pattern searching on RDF triple graphs.

Stage 4: Given the size and complexity of graphs, mining subgraph patterns could

generate numerous false positives and miss numerous false negatives. Needs robust

statistical analysis tools to manage false discovery rate and determine true subgraph

significance and validate these through several clinical use cases.

Current Compute(System) supercomputers; cloud

Solutions Storage HDFS

Networking Varies. Significant I/O intensive processing needed

Software Mayo internal data warehouse called Enterprise Data

Trust (EDT)

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

distributed EHR data

Volume (size) The Mayo Clinic EHR dataset is a very large dataset

containing over 5 million patients with thousands of

properties each and many more that are derived from

primary values.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

not real time but updated periodically

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 21: Individualized Diabetes Management 

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Structured data, a patient has controlled vocabulary

(CV) property values (demographics, diagnostic codes,

medications, procedures, etc.) and continuous property

values (lab tests, medication amounts, vitals, etc.). The

number of property values could range from less than

100 (new patient) to more than 100,000 (long term

patient) with typical patients composed of 100 CV values

and 1000 continuous values. Most values are time

based, i.e., a timestamp is recorded with the value at

the time of observation.

Variability (rate of

change)

Data will be updated or added during each patient visit.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Data are annotated based on domain ontologies or

taxonomies. Semantics of data can vary from labs to

labs.

action) Visualization no visualization

Data Quality Provenance is important to trace the origins of the data

and data quality

Data Types text, and Continuous Numerical values

Data Analytics Integrating data into semantic graph, using graph

traverse to replace SQL join. Developing semantic graph

mining algorithms to identify graph patterns, index

graph, and search graph. Indexed Hbase. Custom code

to develop new patient properties from stored data.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

For individualized cohort, we will effectively be building a datamart for each patient

since the critical properties and indices will be specific to each patient. Due to the

number of patients, this becomes an impractical approach. Fundamentally, the

paradigm changes from relational row‐column lookup to semantic graph traversal.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Physicians and patient may need access to this data on mobile platforms

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Health records or clinical research databases must be kept secure/private.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Data integration: continuous values, ontological annotation, taxonomy

Graph Search: indexing and searching graph

Validation: Statistical validation

More Information

(URLs)

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 22: Statistical Relational AI for Health 

Care 

Use Case Title Statistical Relational AI for Health Care

Vertical (area) Healthcare

Author/Company/Email Sriraam Natarajan / Indiana University /natarasr@indiana.edu

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Researchers in Informatics, medicine and practitioners in medicine.

Goals The goal of the project is to analyze large, multi‐modal, longitudinal data. Analyzing

different data types such as imaging, EHR, genetic and natural language data

requires a rich representation. This approach employs the relational probabilistic

models that have the capability of handling rich relational data and modeling

uncertainty using probability theory. The software learns models from multiple data

types and can possibly integrate the information and reason about complex queries.

Use Case Description Users can provide a set of descriptions – say for instance, MRI images and

demographic data about a particular subject. They can then query for the onset of a

particular disease (say Alzheimer’s) and the system will then provide a probability

distribution over the possible occurrence of this disease.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) A high performance computer (48 GB RAM) is needed to

run the code for a few hundred patients. Clusters for

large datasets

Storage A 200 GB to 1 TB hard drive typically stores the test

data. The relevant data is retrieved to main memory to

run the algorithms. Backend data in database or NoSQL

stores

Networking Intranet.

Software Mainly Java based, in house tools are used to process

the data.

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

All the data about the users reside in a single disk file.

Sometimes, resources such as published text need to be

pulled from internet.

Volume (size) Variable due to the different amount of data collected.

Typically can be in 100s of GBs for a single cohort of a

few hundred people. When dealing with millions of

patients, this can be in the order of 1 petabyte.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Varied. In some cases, EHRs are constantly being

updated. In other controlled studies, the data often

comes in batches in regular intervals.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

This is the key property in medical data sets. That data is

typically in multiple tables and need to be merged in

order to perform the analysis.

Variability (rate of

change)

The arrival of data is unpredictable in many cases as

they arrive in real time.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

Challenging due to different modalities of the data,

human errors in data collection and validation.

Visualization The visualization of the entire input data is nearly

impossible. But typically, partially visualizable. The

models built can be visualized under some reasonable

assumptions.

Data Quality (syntax)

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 22: Statistical Relational AI for Health 

Care 

Data Types EHRs, imaging, genetic data that are stored in multiple

databases.

Data Analytics

Big Data Specific Data is in abundance in many cases of medicine. The key issue is that there can

Challenges (Gaps) possibly be too much data (as images, genetic sequences etc.) that can make the

analysis complicated. The real challenge lies in aligning the data and merging from

multiple sources in a form that can be made useful for a combined analysis. The

other issue is that sometimes, large amount of data is available about a single

subject but the number of subjects themselves is not very high (i.e., data imbalance).

This can result in learning algorithms picking up random correlations between the

multiple data types as important features in analysis. Hence, robust learning

methods that can faithfully model the data are of paramount importance. Another

aspect of data imbalance is the occurrence of positive examples (i.e., cases). The

incidence of certain diseases may be rare making the ratio of cases to controls

extremely skewed making it possible for the learning algorithms to model noise

instead of examples.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Secure handling and processing of data is of crucial importance in medical domains.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Models learned from one set of populations cannot be easily generalized across

other populations with diverse characteristics. This requires that the learned models

can be generalized and refined according to the change in the population

characteristics.

More Information

(URLs)

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 23: World Population Scale 

Epidemiology 

Use Case Title World Population Scale Epidemiological Study

Vertical (area) Epidemiology, Simulation Social Science, Computational Social Science

Author/Company/Email Madhav Marathe Stephen Eubank or Chris Barrett/ Virginia Bioinformatics Institute,

Virginia Tech, mmarathe@vbi.vt.edu, seubank@vbi.vt.edu or cbarrett@vbi.vt.edu

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Government and non‐profit institutions involved in health, public policy, and disaster

mitigation. Social Scientist who wants to study the interplay between behavior and

contagion.

Goals (a) Build a synthetic global population. (b) Run simulations over the global

population to reason about outbreaks and various intervention strategies.

Use Case Description Prediction and control of pandemic similar to the 2009 H1N1 influenza.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Distributed (MPI) based simulation system written in

Charm++. Parallelism is achieved by exploiting the

disease residence time period.

Storage Network file system. Exploring database driven

techniques.

Networking Infiniband. High bandwidth 3D Torus.

Software Charm++, MPI

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Generated from synthetic population generator.

Currently centralized. However, could be made

distributed as part of post‐processing.

Volume (size) 100TB

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Interactions with experts and visualization routines

generate large amount of real time data. Data feeding

into the simulation is small but data generated by

simulation is massive.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Variety depends upon the complexity of the model

over which the simulation is being performed. Can be

very complex if other aspects of the world population

such as type of activity, geographical, socio‐economic,

cultural variations are taken into account.

Variability (rate of

change)

Depends upon the evolution of the model and

corresponding changes in the code. This is complex and

time intensive. Hence low rate of change.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

Robustness of the simulation is dependent upon the

quality of the model. However, robustness of the

computation itself, although non‐trivial, is tractable.

Visualization Would require very large amount of movement of data

to enable visualization.

Data Quality (syntax) Consistent due to generation from a model

Data Types Primarily network data.

Data Analytics Summary of various runs and replicates of a simulation

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Computation of the simulation is both compute intensive and data intensive.

Moreover, due to unstructured and irregular nature of graph processing the problem

is not easily decomposable. Therefore it is also bandwidth intensive. Hence, a

supercomputer is applicable than cloud type clusters.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

None

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 23: World Population Scale 

Epidemiology 

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Several issues at the synthetic population‐modeling phase (see social contagion

model).

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

In general contagion diffusion of various kinds: information, diseases, social unrest

can be modeled and computed. All of them are agent‐based model that utilize the

underlying interaction network to study the evolution of the desired phenomena.

More Information

(URLs)

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 24: Social Contagion Modeling 

Use Case Title Social Contagion Modeling

Vertical (area) Social behavior (including national security, public health, viral marketing, city

planning, disaster preparedness)

Author/Company/Email Madhav Marathe or Chris Kuhlman /Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech

mmarathe@vbi.vt.edu or ckuhlman@vbi.vt.edu

/Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Goals Provide a computing infrastructure that models social contagion processes.

The infrastructure enables different types of human‐to‐human interactions (e.g.,

face‐to‐face versus online media; mother‐daughter relationships versus mother‐

coworker relationships) to be simulated. It takes not only human‐to‐human

interactions into account, but also interactions among people, services (e.g.,

transportation), and infrastructure (e.g., internet, electric power).

Use Case Description Social unrest. People take to the streets to voice unhappiness with government

leadership. There are citizens that both support and oppose government. Quantify

the degrees to which normal business and activities are disrupted owing to fear and

anger. Quantify the possibility of peaceful demonstrations, violent protests. Quantify

the potential for government responses ranging from appeasement, to allowing

protests, to issuing threats against protestors, to actions to thwart protests. To

address these issues, must have fine‐resolution models and datasets.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Distributed processing software running on commodity

clusters and newer architectures and systems (e.g.,

clouds).

Storage File servers (including archives), databases.

Networking Ethernet, Infiniband, and similar.

Software Specialized simulators, open source software, and

proprietary modeling environments. Databases.

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Many data sources: populations, work locations, travel

patterns, utilities (e.g., power grid) and other man‐

made infrastructures, online (social) media.

Volume (size) Easily 10s of TB per year of new data.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

During social unrest events, human interactions and

mobility key to understanding system dynamics. Rapid

changes in data; e.g., who follows whom in Twitter.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Variety of data seen in wide range of data sources.

Temporal data. Data fusion.

Data fusion a big issue. How to combine data from

different sources and how to deal with missing or

incomplete data? Multiple simultaneous contagion

processes.

Variability (rate of

change)

Because of stochastic nature of events, multiple

instances of models and inputs must be run to ranges

in outcomes.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

Failover of soft real‐time analyses.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 24: Social Contagion Modeling 

analysis,

action)

Visualization Large datasets; time evolution; multiple contagion

processes over multiple network representations.

Levels of detail (e.g., individual, neighborhood, city,

state, country‐level).

Data Quality (syntax) Checks for ensuring data consistency, corruption.

Preprocessing of raw data for use in models.

Data Types Wide‐ranging data, from human characteristics to

utilities and transportation systems, and interactions

among them.

Data Analytics Models of behavior of humans and hard

infrastructures, and their interactions. Visualization of

results.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

How to take into account heterogeneous features of 100s of millions or billions of

individuals, models of cultural variations across countries that are assigned to

individual agents? How to validate these large models? Different types of models

(e.g., multiple contagions): disease, emotions, behaviors. Modeling of different

urban infrastructure systems in which humans act. With multiple replicates required

to assess stochasticity, large amounts of output data are produced; storage

requirements.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

How and where to perform these computations? Combinations of cloud computing

and clusters. How to realize most efficient computations; move data to compute

resources?

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Two dimensions. First, privacy and anonymity issues for individuals used in modeling

(e.g., Twitter and Facebook users). Second, securing data and computing platforms

for computation.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Fusion of different data types. Different datasets must be combined depending on

the particular problem. How to quickly develop, verify, and validate new models for

new applications. What is appropriate level of granularity to capture phenomena of

interest while generating results sufficiently quickly; i.e., how to achieve a scalable

solution. Data visualization and extraction at different levels of granularity.

More Information

(URLs)

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 25: LifeWatch Biodiversity 

Use Case Title LifeWatch – E‐Science European Infrastructure for Biodiversity and Ecosystem

Research

Vertical (area) Scientific Research: Life Science

Author/Company/Email Wouter Los, Yuri Demchenko (y.demchenko@uva.nl), University of Amsterdam

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

End‐users (biologists, ecologists, field researchers)

Data analysts, data archive managers, e‐Science Infrastructure managers, EU states

national representatives

Goals Research and monitor different ecosystems, biological species, their dynamics and

migration.

Use Case Description LifeWatch project and initiative intends to provide integrated access to a variety of

data, analytical and modeling tools as served by a variety of collaborating initiatives.

Another service is offered with data and tools in selected workflows for specific

scientific communities. In addition, LifeWatch will provide opportunities to construct

personalized ‘virtual labs', also allowing to enter new data and analytical tools.

New data will be shared with the data facilities cooperating with LifeWatch.

Particular case studies: Monitoring alien species, monitoring migrating birds,

wetlands

LifeWatch operates Global Biodiversity Information facility and Biodiversity

Catalogue that is Biodiversity Science Web Services Catalogue

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Field facilities TBD

Data center: General Grid and cloud based resources

provided by national e‐Science centers

Storage Distributed, historical and trends data archiving

Networking May require special dedicated or overlay sensor

network.

Software Web Services based, Grid based services, relational

databases

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Ecological information from numerous observation and

monitoring facilities and sensor network, satellite

images/information, climate and weather, all recorded

information.

Information from field researchers

Volume (size) Involves many existing data sets/sources

Collected amount of data TBD

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Data analyzed incrementally, processes dynamics

corresponds to dynamics of biological and ecological

processes.

However may require real‐time processing and analysis

in case of the natural or industrial disaster.

May require data streaming processing.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Variety and number of involved databases and

observation data is currently limited by available tools;

in principle, unlimited with the growing ability to

process data for identifying ecological changes,

factors/reasons, species evolution and trends.

See below in additional information.

Variability (rate of

change)

Structure of the datasets and models may change

depending on the data processing stage and tasks

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 25: LifeWatch Biodiversity 

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

In normal monitoring mode are data are statistically

processed to achieve robustness.

Some biodiversity research is critical to data veracity

(reliability/trustworthiness).

In case of natural and technogenic disasters data

veracity is critical.

Visualization Requires advanced and rich visualization, high definition

visualization facilities, visualization data

 4D visualization

 Visualizing effects of parameter change in

(computational) models

 Comparing model outcomes with actual

observations (multi dimensional)

Data Quality Depends on and ensued by initial observation data.

Quality of analytical data depends on used mode and

algorithms that are constantly improved.

Repeating data analytics should be possible to re‐

evaluate initial observation data.

Actionable data are human aided.

Data Types Multi‐type.

Relational data, key‐value, complex semantically rich

data

Data Analytics Parallel data streams and streaming analytics

Big Data Specific Variety, multi‐type data: SQL and no‐SQL, distributed multi‐source data.

Challenges (Gaps) Visualization, distributed sensor networks.

Data storage and archiving, data exchange and integration; data linkage: from the

initial observation data to processed data and reported/visualized data.

 Historical unique data

 Curated (authorized) reference data (i.e., species names lists), algorithms,

software code, workflows

 Processed (secondary) data serving as input for other researchers

 Provenance (and persistent identification (PID)) control of data, algorithms, and

workflows

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Require supporting mobile sensors (e.g. birds migration) and mobile researchers

(both for information feed and catalogue search)

 Instrumented field vehicles, Ships, Planes, Submarines, floating buoys, sensor

tagging on organisms

 Photos, video, sound recording

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Data integrity, referral integrity of the datasets.

Federated identity management for mobile researchers and mobile sensors

Confidentiality, access control and accounting for information on protected species,

ecological information, space images, climate information.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

 Support of distributed sensor network

 Multi‐type data combination and linkage; potentially unlimited data variety

 Data life cycle management: data provenance, referral integrity and

identification

 Access and integration of multiple distributed databases

More Information

(URLs)

http://www.lifewatch.eu/web/guest/home

https://www.biodiversitycatalogue.org/

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Healthcare and Life Sciences> Use Case 25: LifeWatch Biodiversity 

Note:

Variety of data used in Biodiversity research

Genetic (genomic) diversity

‐ DNA sequences and barcodes

‐ Metabolomics functions

Species information

‐ species names

‐ occurrence data (in time and place)

‐ species traits and life history data

‐ host‐parasite relations

‐ collection specimen data

Ecological information

‐ biomass, trunk/root diameter and other physical characteristics

‐ population density etc.

‐ habitat structures

‐ C/N/P etc. molecular cycles

Ecosystem data

‐ species composition and community dynamics

‐ remote and earth observation data

‐ CO2 fluxes

‐ Soil characteristics

‐ Algal blooming

‐ Marine temperature, salinity, pH, currents, etc.

Ecosystem services

‐ productivity (i.e.., biomass production/time)

‐ fresh water dynamics

‐ erosion

‐ climate buffering

‐ genetic pools

Data concepts

‐ conceptual framework of each data

‐ ontologies

‐ provenance data

Algorithms and workflows

‐ software code and provenance

‐ tested workflows

Multiple sources of data and information

 Specimen collection data

 Observations (human interpretations)

 Sensors and sensor networks (terrestrial, marine, soil organisms), bird etc. tagging

 Aerial and satellite observation spectra

 Field * Laboratory experimentation

 Radar and LiDAR

 Fisheries and agricultural data

 Deceases and epidemics

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Deep Learning and Social Media> Use Case 26: Large-scale Deep Learning 

Use Case Title Large‐scale Deep Learning

Vertical (area) Machine Learning/AI

Author/Company/Email Adam Coates / Stanford University / acoates@cs.stanford.edu

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Machine learning researchers and practitioners faced with large quantities of data

and complex prediction tasks. Supports state‐of‐the‐art development in computer

vision as in automatic car driving, speech recognition, and natural language

processing in both academic and industry systems.

Goals Increase the size of datasets and models that can be tackled with deep learning

algorithms. Large models (e.g., neural networks with more neurons and connections)

combined with large datasets are increasingly the top performers in benchmark tasks

for vision, speech, and NLP.

Use Case Description A research scientist or machine learning practitioner wants to train a deep neural

network from a large (>>1TB) corpus of data (typically imagery, video, audio, or text).

Such training procedures often require customization of the neural network

architecture, learning criteria, and dataset pre‐processing. In addition to the

computational expense demanded by the learning algorithms, the need for rapid

prototyping and ease of development is extremely high.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) GPU cluster with high‐speed interconnects (e.g.,

Infiniband, 40gE)

Storage 100TB Lustre filesystem

Networking Infiniband within HPC cluster; 1G ethernet to outside

infrastructure (e.g., Web, Lustre).

Software In‐house GPU kernels and MPI‐based communication

developed by Stanford CS. C++/Python source.

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Centralized filesystem with a single large training

dataset. Dataset may be updated with new training

examples as they become available.

Volume (size) Current datasets typically 1 TB to 10 TB. With increases in

computation that enable much larger models, datasets of

100TB or more may be necessary in order to exploit the

representational power of the larger models. Training a

self‐driving car could take 100 million images.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Much faster than real‐time processing is required.

Current computer vision applications involve processing

hundreds of image frames per second in order to ensure

reasonable training times. For demanding applications

(e.g., autonomous driving) we envision the need to

process many thousand high‐resolution (6 megapixels or

more) images per second.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Individual applications may involve a wide variety of

data. Current research involves neural networks that

actively learn from heterogeneous tasks (e.g., learning to

perform tagging, chunking and parsing for text, or

learning to read lips from combinations of video and

audio).

Variability (rate of

change)

Low variability. Most data is streamed in at a consistent

pace from a shared source. Due to high computational

requirements, server loads can introduce burstiness into

data transfers.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Deep Learning and Social Media> Use Case 26: Large-scale Deep Learning 

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

Datasets for ML applications are often hand‐labeled and

verified. Extremely large datasets involve crowd‐sourced

labeling and invite ambiguous situations where a label is

not clear. Automated labeling systems still require

human sanity‐checks. Clever techniques for large dataset

construction is an active area of research.

Visualization Visualization of learned networks is an open area of

research, though partly as a debugging technique. Some

visual applications involve visualization predictions on

test imagery.

Data Quality (syntax) Some collected data (e.g., compressed video or audio)

may involve unknown formats, codecs, or may be

corrupted. Automatic filtering of original source data

removes these.

Data Types Images, video, audio, text. (In practice: almost anything.)

Data Analytics Small degree of batch statistical pre‐processing; all other

data analysis is performed by the learning algorithm

itself.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Processing requirements for even modest quantities of data are extreme. Though the

trained representations can make use of many terabytes of data, the primary

challenge is in processing all of the data during training. Current state‐of‐the‐art deep

learning systems are capable of using neural networks with more than 10 billion free

parameters (akin to synapses in the brain), and necessitate trillions of floating point

operations per training example. Distributing these computations over high‐

performance infrastructure is a major challenge for which we currently use a largely

custom software system.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

After training of large neural networks is completed, the learned network may be

copied to other devices with dramatically lower computational capabilities for use in

making predictions in real time. (E.g., in autonomous driving, the training procedure is

performed using a HPC cluster with 64 GPUs. The result of training, however, is a

neural network that encodes the necessary knowledge for making decisions about

steering and obstacle avoidance. This network can be copied to embedded hardware

in vehicles or sensors.)

Security and Privacy

Requirements

None.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Deep Learning and Social Media> Use Case 26: Large-scale Deep Learning 

Highlight issues for Deep Learning shares many characteristics with the broader field of machine learning.

generalizing this use The paramount requirements are high computational throughput for mostly dense

case (e.g. for ref. linear algebra operations, and extremely high productivity. Most deep learning

architecture) systems require a substantial degree of tuning on the target application for best

performance and thus necessitate a large number of experiments with designer

intervention in between. As a result, minimizing the turn‐around time of experiments

and accelerating development is crucial.

These two requirements (high throughput and high productivity) are dramatically in

contention. HPC systems are available to accelerate experiments, but current HPC

software infrastructure is difficult to use which lengthens development and debugging

time and, in many cases, makes otherwise computationally tractable applications

infeasible.

The major components needed for these applications (which are currently in‐house

custom software) involve dense linear algebra on distributed‐memory HPC systems.

While libraries for single‐machine or single‐GPU computation are available (e.g., BLAS,

CuBLAS, MAGMA, etc.), distributed computation of dense BLAS‐like or LAPACK‐like

operations on GPUs remains poorly developed. Existing solutions (e.g., ScaLapack for

CPUs) are not well‐integrated with higher level languages and require low‐level

programming which lengthens experiment and development time.

More Information Recent popular press coverage of deep learning technology:

(URLs) http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/24/science/scientists‐see‐advances‐in‐deep‐

learning‐a‐part‐of‐artificial‐intelligence.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/26/technology/in‐a‐big‐network‐of‐computers‐

evidence‐of‐machine‐learning.html

http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/06/andrew_ng/

A recent research paper on HPC for Deep Learning:

http://www.stanford.edu/~acoates/papers/CoatesHuvalWangWuNgCatanzaro_icml2

013.pdf

Widely‐used tutorials and references for Deep Learning:

http://ufldl.stanford.edu/wiki/index.php/Main_Page

http://deeplearning.net/

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Deep Learning and Social Media> Use Case 27: Large Scale Consumer Photos 

Organization 

Use Case Title Organizing large‐scale, unstructured collections of consumer photos

Vertical (area) (Scientific Research: Artificial Intelligence)

Author/Company/Email David Crandall, Indiana University, djcran@indiana.edu

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Computer vision researchers (to push forward state of art), media and social network

companies (to help organize large‐scale photo collections), consumers (browsing

both personal and public photo collections), researchers and others interested in

producing cheap 3d models (archaeologists, architects, urban planners, interior

designers...)

Goals Produce 3d reconstructions of scenes using collections of millions to billions of

consumer images, where neither the scene structure nor the camera positions are

known a priori. Use resulting 3d models to allow efficient and effective browsing of

large‐scale photo collections by geographic position. Geolocate new images by

matching to 3d models. Perform object recognition on each image.

Use Case Description 3d reconstruction is typically posed as a robust non‐linear least squares optimization

problem in which observed (noisy) correspondences between images are constraints

and unknowns are 6‐d camera pose of each image and 3‐d position of each point in

the scene. Sparsity and large degree of noise in constraints typically makes naïve

techniques fall into local minima that are not close to actual scene structure. Typical

specific steps are: (1) extracting features from images, (2) matching images to find

pairs with common scene structures, (3) estimating an initial solution that is close to

scene structure and/or camera parameters, (4) optimizing non‐linear objective

function directly. Of these, (1) is embarrassingly parallel. (2) is an all‐pairs matching

problem, usually with heuristics to reject unlikely matches early on. We solve (3)

using discrete optimization using probabilistic inference on a graph (Markov Random

Field) followed by robust Levenberg‐Marquardt in continuous space. Others solve (3)

by solving (4) for a small number of images and then incrementally adding new

images, using output of last round as initialization for next round. (4) is typically

solved with Bundle Adjustment, which is a non‐linear least squares solver that is

optimized for the particular constraint structure that occurs in 3d reconstruction

problems. Image recognition problems are typically embarrassingly parallel, although

learning object models involves learning a classifier (e.g. a Support Vector Machine),

a process that is often hard to parallelize.

Current Compute(System) Hadoop cluster (about 60 nodes, 480 core)

Solutions Storage Hadoop DFS and flat files

Networking Simple Unix

Software Hadoop Map‐reduce, simple hand‐written

multithreaded tools (ssh and sockets for

communication)

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Publicly‐available photo collections, e.g. on Flickr,

Panoramio, etc.

Volume (size) 500+ billion photos on Facebook, 5+ billion photos on

Flickr.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

100+ million new photos added to Facebook per day.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Images and metadata including EXIF tags (focal distance,

camera type, etc.),

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Deep Learning and Social Media> Use Case 27: Large Scale Consumer Photos 

Organization 

Variability (rate of

change)

Rate of photos varies significantly, e.g. roughly 10x

photos to Facebook on New Years versus other days.

Geographic distribution of photos follows long‐tailed

distribution, with 1000 landmarks (totaling only about

100 square km) accounting for over 20% of photos on

Flickr.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Important to make as accurate as possible, subject to

limitations of computer vision technology.

analysis,

action)

Visualization Visualize large‐scale 3‐d reconstructions, and navigate

large‐scale collections of images that have been aligned

to maps.

Data Quality Features observed in images are quite noisy due both to

imperfect feature extraction and to non‐ideal properties

of specific images (lens distortions, sensor noise, image

effects added by user, etc.)

Data Types Images, metadata

Data Analytics

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Analytics needs continued monitoring and improvement.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Many/most images are captured by mobile devices; eventual goal is to push

reconstruction and organization to phone to allow real‐time interaction with the

user.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Need to preserve privacy for users and digital rights for media.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Components of this use case including feature extraction, feature matching, and

large‐scale probabilistic inference appear in many or most computer vision and

image processing problems, including recognition, stereo resolution, image

denoising, etc.

More Information

(URLs)

http://vision.soic.indiana.edu/disco

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Deep Learning and Social Media> Use Case 28: Truthy Twitter Data Analysis 

Use Case Title Truthy: Information diffusion research from Twitter Data

Vertical (area) Scientific Research: Complex Networks and Systems research

Author/Company/Email Filippo Menczer, Indiana University, fil@indiana.edu;

Alessandro Flammini, Indiana University, aflammin@indiana.edu;

Emilio Ferrara, Indiana University, ferrarae@indiana.edu;

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Research funded by NFS, DARPA, and McDonnel Foundation.

Goals Understanding how communication spreads on socio‐technical networks. Detecting

potentially harmful information spread at the early stage (e.g., deceiving messages,

orchestrated campaigns, untrustworthy information, etc.)

Use Case Description (1) Acquisition and storage of a large volume of continuous streaming data from

Twitter (≈100 million messages per day, ≈500GB data/day increasing over time);

(2) near real‐time analysis of such data, for anomaly detection, stream clustering,

signal classification and online‐learning; (3) data retrieval, Big Data visualization,

data‐interactive Web interfaces, public API for data querying.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Current: in‐house cluster hosted by Indiana University.

Critical requirement: large cluster for data storage,

manipulation, querying and analysis.

Storage Current: Raw data stored in large compressed flat files,

since August 2010. Need to move towards

Hadoop/IndexedHBase and HDFS distributed storage.

Redis as an in‐memory database as a buffer for real‐time

analysis.

Networking 10GB/Infiniband required.

Software Hadoop, Hive, Redis for data management.

Python/SciPy/NumPy/MPI for data analysis.

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Distributed – with replication/redundancy

Volume (size) ≈30TB/year compressed data

Velocity (e.g. real time) Near real‐time data storage, querying and analysis

Variety (multiple

datasets, mashup)

Data schema provided by social media data source.

Currently using Twitter only. We plan to expand

incorporating Google+, Facebook

Variability (rate of

change)

Continuous real‐time data stream incoming from each

source.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

99.99% uptime required for real‐time data acquisition.

Service outages might corrupt data integrity and

significance.

Visualization Information diffusion, clustering, and dynamic network

visualization capabilities already exist.

Data Quality (syntax) Data structured in standardized formats, the overall

quality is extremely high. We generate aggregated

statistics; expand the features set, etc., generating high‐

quality derived data.

Data Types Fully‐structured data (JSON format) enriched with users

meta‐data, geo‐locations, etc.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Deep Learning and Social Media> Use Case 28: Truthy Twitter Data Analysis 

Data Analytics Stream clustering: data are aggregated according to

topics, meta‐data and additional features, using ad hoc

online clustering algorithms. Classification: using multi‐

dimensional time series to generate, network features,

users, geographical, content features, etc., we classify

information produced on the platform. Anomaly

detection: real‐time identification of anomalous events

(e.g., induced by exogenous factors). Online learning:

applying machine learning/deep learning methods to

real‐time information diffusion patterns analysis, users

profiling, etc.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Dealing with real‐time analysis of large volume of data. Providing a scalable

infrastructure to allocate resources, storage space, etc. on‐demand if required by

increasing data volume over time.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Implementing low‐level data storage infrastructure features to guarantee efficient,

mobile access to data.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Twitter publicly releases data collected by our platform. Although, data‐sources

incorporate user meta‐data (in general, not sufficient to uniquely identify

individuals) therefore some policy for data storage security and privacy protection

must be implemented.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Definition of high‐level data schema to incorporate multiple data‐sources providing

similarly structured data.

More Information

(URLs)

http://truthy.indiana.edu/

http://cnets.indiana.edu/groups/nan/truthy

http://cnets.indiana.edu/groups/nan/despic

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Deep Learning and Social Media> Use Case 29: Crowd Sourcing in the 

Humanities 

Use Case Title Crowd Sourcing in the Humanities as Source for Big and Dynamic Data

Vertical (area) Humanities, Social Sciences

Author/Company/Email Sebastian Drude <Sebastian.Drude@mpi.nl>, Max Planck Institute for

Psycholinguistics

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Scientists (Sociologists, Psychologists, Linguists, Politic Scientists, Historians, etc.),

data managers and analysts, data archives

The general public as data providers and participants

Goals Capture information (manually entered, recorded multimedia, reaction times,

pictures, sensor information) from many individuals and their devices.

Thus capture wide ranging individual, social, cultural and linguistic variation among

several dimensions (space, social space, time).

Use Case Description Many different possible use cases: get recordings of language usage (words,

sentences, meaning descriptions, etc.), answers to surveys, info on cultural facts,

transcriptions of pictures and texts ‐‐ correlate these with other phenomena, detect

new cultural practices, behavior, values and believes, discover individual variation

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Individual systems for manual data collection (mostly

Websites)

Storage Traditional servers

Networking barely used other than for data entry via web

Software XML technology, traditional relational databases for

storing pictures, not much multi‐media yet.

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Distributed, individual contributors via webpages and

mobile devices

Volume (size) Depends dramatically, from hundreds to millions of data

records.

Depending on data‐type: from GBs (text, surveys,

experiment values) to hundreds of terabytes

(multimedia)

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Depends very much on project: dozens to thousands of

new data records per day

Data has to be analyzed incrementally.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

so far mostly homogeneous small data sets; expected

large distributed heterogeneous datasets which have to

be archived as primary data

Variability (rate of

change)

Data structure and content of collections are changing

during data life cycle.

There is no critical variation of data producing speed, or

runtime characteristics variations.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Noisy data is possible, unreliable metadata,

identification and pre‐selection of appropriate data

Visualization important for interpretation, no special visualization

techniques

Data Quality validation is necessary; quality of recordings, quality of

content, spam

Data Types individual data records (survey answers, reaction times);

text (e.g., comments, transcriptions,...);

multi‐media (pictures, audio, video)

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Deep Learning and Social Media> Use Case 29: Crowd Sourcing in the 

Humanities 

Data Analytics pattern recognition of all kind (e.g., speech recognition,

automatic A&V analysis, cultural patterns), identification

of structures (lexical units, linguistic rules, etc.)

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Data management (metadata, provenance info, data identification with PIDs)

Data curation

Digitizing existing audio‐video, photo and documents archives

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Include data from sensors of mobile devices (position, etc.);

Data collection from expeditions and field research.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Privacy issues may be involved (A/V from individuals), anonymization may be

necessary but not always possible (A/V analysis, small speech communities)

Archive and metadata integrity, long term preservation

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Many individual data entries from many individuals, constant flux of data entry,

metadata assignment, etc.

Offline vs. online use, to be synchronized later with central database.

Giving significant feedback to contributors.

More Information

(URLs)

‐‐‐

Note: Crowd sourcing has been barely started to be used on a larger scale.

With the availability of mobile devices, now there is a huge potential for collecting much data from many

individuals, also making use of sensors in mobile devices. This has not been explored on a large scale so far;

existing projects of crowd sourcing are usually of a limited scale and web‐based.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Deep Learning and Social Media> Use Case 30: CINET Network Science 

Cyberinfrastructure 

Use Case Title CINET: Cyberinfrastructure for Network (Graph) Science and Analytics

Vertical (area) Network Science

Author/Company/Email Team lead by Virginia Tech and comprising of researchers from Indiana University,

University at Albany, North Carolina AT, Jackson State University, University at

Houston Downtown, Argonne National Laboratory

Point of Contact: Madhav Marathe or Keith Bisset, Network Dynamics and Simulation

Science Laboratory, Virginia Bio‐informatics Institute Virginia Tech,

mmarathe@vbi.vt.edu / kbisset@vbi.vt.edu

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Researchers, practitioners, educators and students interested in the study of

networks.

Goals CINET cyberinfrastructure middleware to support network science. This middleware

will give researchers, practitioners, teachers and students access to a computational

and analytic environment for research, education and training. The user interface

provides lists of available networks and network analysis modules (implemented

algorithms for network analysis). A user, who can be a researcher in network science

area, can select one or more networks and analysis them with the available network

analysis tools and modules. A user can also generate random networks following

various random graph models. Teachers and students can use CINET for classroom

use to demonstrate various graph theoretic properties and behaviors of various

algorithms. A user is also able to add a network or network analysis module to the

system. This feature of CINET allows it to grow easily and remain up‐to‐date with the

latest algorithms.

The goal is to provide a common web‐based platform for accessing various

(i) network and graph analysis tools such as SNAP, NetworkX, Galib, etc. (ii) real‐

world and synthetic networks, (iii) computing resources and (iv) data management

systems to the end‐user in a seamless manner.

Use Case Description Users can run one or more structural or dynamic analysis on a set of selected

networks. The domain specific language allows users to develop flexible high level

workflows to define more complex network analysis.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) A high performance computing cluster (DELL C6100),

named Shadowfax, of 60 compute nodes and 12

processors (Intel Xeon X5670 2.93GHz) per compute

node with a total of 720 processors and 4GB main

memory per processor.

Shared memory systems ; EC2 based clouds are also

used

Some of the codes and networks can utilize single node

systems and thus are being currently mapped to Open

Science Grid

Storage 628 TB GPFS

Networking Internet, infiniband. A loose collection of

supercomputing resources.

Software Graph libraries: Galib, NetworkX.

Distributed Workflow Management: Simfrastructure,

databases, semantic web tools

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Deep Learning and Social Media> Use Case 30: CINET Network Science 

Cyberinfrastructure 

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

A single network remains in a single disk file accessible

by multiple processors. However, during the execution

of a parallel algorithm, the network can be partitioned

and the partitions are loaded in the main memory of

multiple processors.

Volume (size) Can be hundreds of GB for a single network.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Two types of changes: (i) the networks are very

dynamic and (ii) as the repository grows, we expect at

least a rapid growth to lead to over 1000‐5000

networks and methods in about a year

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Data sets are varied: (i) directed as well as undirected

networks, (ii) static and dynamic networks, (iii) labeled,

(iv) can have dynamics over these networks,

Variability (rate of

change)

The rate of graph‐based data is growing at increasing

rate. Moreover, increasingly other life sciences

domains are using graph‐based techniques to address

problems. Hence, we expect the data and the

computation to grow at a significant pace.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

Challenging due to asynchronous distributed

computation. Current systems are designed for real‐

time synchronous response.

action) Visualization As the input graph size grows the visualization system

on client side is stressed heavily both in terms of data

and compute.

Data Quality (syntax)

Data Types

Data Analytics

Big Data Specific Parallel algorithms are necessary to analyze massive networks. Unlike many

Challenges (Gaps) structured data, network data is difficult to partition. The main difficulty in

partitioning a network is that different algorithms require different partitioning

schemes for efficient operation. Moreover, most of the network measures are global

in nature and require either i) huge duplicate data in the partitions or ii) very large

communication overhead resulted from the required movement of data. These

issues become significant challenges for big networks.

Computing dynamics over networks is harder since the network structure often

interacts with the dynamical process being studied.

CINET enables large class of operations across wide variety, both in terms of

structure and size, of graphs. Unlike other compute + data intensive systems, such as

parallel databases or CFD, performance on graph computation is sensitive to

underlying architecture. Hence, a unique challenge in CINET is manage the mapping

between workload (graph type + operation) to a machine whose architecture and

runtime is conducive to the system.

Data manipulation and bookkeeping of the derived for users is another big challenge

since unlike enterprise data there is no well‐defined and effective models and tools

for management of various graph data in a unified fashion.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Security and Privacy

Requirements

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Deep Learning and Social Media> Use Case 30: CINET Network Science 

Cyberinfrastructure 

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

HPC as a service. As data volume grows increasingly large number of applications

such as biological sciences need to use HPC systems. CINET can be used to deliver

the compute resource necessary for such domains.

More Information

(URLs)

http://cinet.vbi.vt.edu/cinet_new/

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Deep Learning and Social Media> Use Case 31: NIST Analytic Technology 

Measurement and Evaluations 

Use Case Title NIST Information Access Division analytic technology performance measurement,

evaluations, and standards

Vertical (area) Analytic technology performance measurement and standards for government,

industry, and academic stakeholders

Author/Company/Email John Garofolo (john.garofolo@nist.gov)

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

NIST developers of measurement methods, data contributors, analytic algorithm

developers, users of analytic technologies for unstructured, semi‐structured data,

and heterogeneous data across all sectors.

Goals Accelerate the development of advanced analytic technologies for unstructured,

semi‐structured, and heterogeneous data through performance measurement and

standards. Focus communities of interest on analytic technology challenges of

importance, create consensus‐driven measurement metrics and methods for

performance evaluation, evaluate the performance of the performance metrics and

methods via community‐wide evaluations which foster knowledge exchange and

accelerate progress, and build consensus towards widely‐accepted standards for

performance measurement.

Use Case Description Develop performance metrics, measurement methods, and community evaluations

to ground and accelerate the development of advanced analytic technologies in the

areas of speech and language processing, video and multimedia processing,

biometric image processing, and heterogeneous data processing as well as the

interaction of analytics with users. Typically employ one of two processing models: 1)

Push test data out to test participants and analyze the output of participant systems,

2) Push algorithm test harness interfaces out to participants and bring in their

algorithms and test them on internal computing clusters. Developing approaches to

support scalable Cloud‐based developmental testing. Also perform usability and

utility testing on systems with users in the loop.

Current

Solutions

Compute (System) Linux and OS‐10 clusters; distributed computing with

stakeholder collaborations; specialized image processing

architectures.

Storage RAID arrays, and distribute data on 1‐2TB drives, and

occasionally FTP. Distributed data distribution with

stakeholder collaborations.

Networking Fiber channel disk storage, Gigabit Ethernet for system‐

system communication, general intra‐ and Internet

resources within NIST and shared networking resources

with its stakeholders.

Software PERL, Python, C/C++, Matlab, R development tools.

Create ground‐up test and measurement applications.

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Large annotated corpora of unstructured/semi‐

structured text, audio, video, images, multimedia, and

heterogeneous collections of the above including

ground truth annotations for training, developmental

testing, and summative evaluations.

Volume (size) The test corpora exceed 900M Web pages occupying 30

TB of storage, 100M tweets, 100M ground‐truthed

biometric images, several hundred thousand partially

ground‐truthed video clips, and terabytes of smaller

fully ground‐truthed test collections. Even larger data

collections are being planned for future evaluations of

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Deep Learning and Social Media> Use Case 31: NIST Analytic Technology 

Measurement and Evaluations 

analytics involving multiple data streams and very

heterogeneous data.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Most legacy evaluations are focused on retrospective

analytics. Newer evaluations are focusing on simulations

of real‐time analytic challenges from multiple data

streams.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

The test collections span a wide variety of analytic

application types including textual search/extraction,

machine translation, speech recognition, image and

voice biometrics, object and person recognition and

tracking, document analysis, human‐computer dialogue,

and multimedia search/extraction. Future test

collections will include mixed type data and applications.

Variability (rate of

change)

Evaluation of tradeoffs between accuracy and data rates

as well as variable numbers of data streams and variable

stream quality.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

The creation and measurement of the uncertainty

associated with the ground‐truthing process – especially

when humans are involved – is challenging. The manual

ground‐truthing processes that have been used in the

past are not scalable. Performance measurement of

complex analytics must include measurement of

intrinsic uncertainty as well as ground truthing error to

be useful.

Visualization Visualization of analytic technology performance results

and diagnostics including significance and various forms

of uncertainty. Evaluation of analytic presentation

methods to users for usability, utility, efficiency, and

accuracy.

Data Quality (syntax) The performance of analytic technologies is highly

impacted by the quality of the data they are employed

against with regard to a variety of domain‐ and

application‐specific variables. Quantifying these

variables is a challenging research task in itself. Mixed

sources of data and performance measurement of

analytic flows pose even greater challenges with regard

to data quality.

Data Types Unstructured and semi‐structured text, still images,

video, audio, multimedia (audio+video).

Data Analytics Information extraction, filtering, search, and

summarization; image and voice biometrics; speech

recognition and understanding; machine translation;

video person/object detection and tracking; event

detection; imagery/document matching; novelty

detection; a variety of structural/semantic/temporal

analytics and many subtypes of the above.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Scaling ground‐truthing to larger data, intrinsic and annotation uncertainty

measurement, performance measurement for incompletely annotated data,

measuring analytic performance for heterogeneous data and analytic flows involving

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Deep Learning and Social Media> Use Case 31: NIST Analytic Technology 

Measurement and Evaluations 

users.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Moving training, development, and test data to evaluation participants or moving

evaluation participants’ analytic algorithms to computational testbeds for

performance assessment. Providing developmental tools and data. Supporting agile

developmental testing approaches.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Analytic algorithms working with written language, speech, human imagery, etc.

must generally be tested against real or realistic data. It’s extremely challenging to

engineer artificial data that sufficiently captures the variability of real data involving

humans. Engineered data may provide artificial challenges that may be directly or

indirectly modeled by analytic algorithms and result in overstated performance. The

advancement of analytic technologies themselves is increasing privacy sensitivities.

Future performance testing methods will need to isolate analytic technology

algorithms from the data the algorithms are tested against. Advanced architectures

are needed to support security requirements for protecting sensitive data while

enabling meaningful developmental performance evaluation. Shared evaluation

testbeds must protect the intellectual property of analytic algorithm developers.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Scalability of analytic technology performance testing methods, source data

creation, and ground truthing; approaches and architectures supporting

developmental testing; protecting intellectual property of analytic algorithms and PII

and other personal information in test data; measurement of uncertainty using

partially‐annotated data; composing test data with regard to qualities impacting

performance and estimating test set difficulty; evaluating complex analytic flows

involving multiple analytics, data types, and user interactions; multiple

heterogeneous data streams and massive numbers of streams; mixtures of

structured, semi‐structured, and unstructured data sources; agile scalable

developmental testing approaches and mechanisms.

More Information

(URLs)

http://www.nist.gov/itl/iad/

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

The Ecosystem for Research> Use Case 32: DataNet Federation Consortium 

(DFC) 

Use Case Title DataNet Federation Consortium (DFC)

Vertical (area) Collaboration Environments

Author/Company/Email Reagan Moore / University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill / rwmoore@renci.org

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

National Science Foundation research projects: Ocean Observatories Initiative

(sensor archiving); Temporal Dynamics of Learning Center (Cognitive science data

grid); the iPlant Collaborative (plant genomics); Drexel engineering digital library;

Odum Institute for social science research (data grid federation with Dataverse).

Goals Provide national infrastructure (collaboration environments) that enables

researchers to collaborate through shared collections and shared workflows. Provide

policy‐based data management systems that enable the formation of collections,

data grid, digital libraries, archives, and processing pipelines. Provide interoperability

mechanisms that federate existing data repositories, information catalogs, and web

services with collaboration environments.

Use Case Description Promote collaborative and interdisciplinary research through federation of data

management systems across federal repositories, national academic research

initiatives, institutional repositories, and international collaborations. The

collaboration environment runs at scale: petabytes of data, hundreds of millions of

files, hundreds of millions of metadata attributes, tens of thousands of users, and a

thousand storage resources.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Interoperability with workflow systems (NCSA

Cyberintegrator, Kepler, Taverna)

Storage Interoperability across file systems, tape archives, cloud

storage, object‐based storage

Networking Interoperability across TCP/IP, parallel TCP/IP, RBUDP,

HTTP

Software Integrated Rule Oriented Data System (iRODS)

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Manage internationally distributed data

Volume (size) Petabytes, hundreds of millions of files

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Support sensor data streams, satellite imagery,

simulation output, observational data, experimental

data

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Support logical collections that span administrative

domains, data aggregation in containers, metadata, and

workflows as objects

Variability (rate of

change)

Support active collections (mutable data), versioning of

data, and persistent identifiers

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Provide reliable data transfer, audit trails, event

tracking, periodic validation of assessment criteria

(integrity, authenticity), distributed debugging

Visualization Support execution of external visualization systems

through automated workflows (GRASS)

Data Quality Provide mechanisms to verify quality through

automated workflow procedures

Data Types Support parsing of selected formats (NetCDF, HDF5,

Dicom), and provide mechanisms to invoke other data

manipulation methods

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

The Ecosystem for Research> Use Case 32: DataNet Federation Consortium 

(DFC) 

Data Analytics Provide support for invoking analysis workflows,

tracking workflow provenance, sharing of workflows,

and re‐execution of workflows

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Provide standard policy sets that enable a new community to build upon data

management plans that address federal agency requirements

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Capture knowledge required for data manipulation, and apply resulting procedures

at either the storage location, or a computer server.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Federate across existing authentication environments through Generic Security

Service API and Pluggable Authentication Modules (GSI, Kerberos, InCommon,

Shibboleth). Manage access controls on files independently of the storage location.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Currently 25 science and engineering domains have projects that rely on the iRODS

policy‐based data management system:

Astrophysics Auger supernova search

Atmospheric science NASA Langley Atmospheric Sciences Center

Biology Phylogenetics at CC IN2P3

Climate NOAA National Climatic Data Center

Cognitive Science Temporal Dynamics of Learning Center

Computer Science GENI experimental network

Cosmic Ray AMS experiment on the International Space Station

Dark Matter Physics Edelweiss II

Earth Science NASA Center for Climate Simulations

Ecology CEED Caveat Emptor Ecological Data

Engineering CIBER‐U

High Energy Physics BaBar

Hydrology Institute for the Environment, UNC‐CH; Hydroshare

Genomics Broad Institute, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute

Medicine Sick Kids Hospital

Neuroscience International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility

Neutrino Physics T2K and dChooz neutrino experiments

Oceanography Ocean Observatories Initiative

Optical Astronomy National Optical Astronomy Observatory

Particle Physics Indra

Plant genetics the iPlant Collaborative

Quantum Chromodynamics IN2P3

Radio Astronomy Cyber Square Kilometer Array, TREND, BAOradio

Seismology Southern California Earthquake Center

Social Science Odum Institute for Social Science Research, TerraPop

More Information

(URLs)

The DataNet Federation Consortium: http://www.datafed.org

iRODS: http://www.irods.org

Note: A major challenge is the ability to capture knowledge needed to interact with the data products of a

research domain. In policy‐based data management systems, this is done by encapsulating the knowledge in

procedures that are controlled through policies. The procedures can automate retrieval of data from external

repositories, or execute processing workflows, or enforce management policies on the resulting data products.

A standard application is the enforcement of data management plans and the verification that the plan has been

successfully applied.

See Figure 4: DataNet Federation Consortium DFC – iRODS architecture. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

The Ecosystem for Research> Use Case 33: The ‘Discinnet Process’ 

Use Case Title The ‘Discinnet process’, metadata <‐> Big Data global experiment

Vertical (area) Scientific Research: Interdisciplinary Collaboration

Author/Company/Email P. Journeau / Discinnet Labs / phjourneau@discinnet.org

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Actors Richeact, Discinnet Labs and I4OpenResearch fund France/Europe. American

equivalent pending. Richeact is fundamental research and development

epistemology, Discinnet Labs applied in web 2.0 http://www.discinnet.org, I4 non‐

profit warrant.

Goals Richeact scientific goal is to reach predictive interdisciplinary model of research

fields’ behavior (with related meta‐grammar). Experimentation through global

sharing of now multidisciplinary, later interdisciplinary Discinnet process/web

mapping and new scientific collaborative communication and publication system.

Expected sharp impact to reducing uncertainty and time between theoretical,

applied, technology research and development steps.

Use Case Description Currently 35 clusters started, close to 100 awaiting more resources and potentially

much more open for creation, administration and animation by research

communities. Examples range from optics, cosmology, materials, microalgae, health

to applied maths, computation, rubber and other chemical products/issues.

How does a typical case currently work:

- A researcher or group wants to see how a research field is faring and in a

minute defines the field on Discinnet as a ‘cluster’

- Then it takes another 5 to 10 mn to parameter the first/main dimensions,

mainly measurement units and categories, but possibly later on some

variable limited time for more dimensions

- Cluster then may be filled either by doctoral students or reviewing

researchers and/or communities/researchers for projects/progress

Already significant value but now needs to be disseminated and advertised although

maximal value to come from interdisciplinary/projective next version. Value is to

detect quickly a paper/project of interest for its results and next step is trajectory of

the field under types of interactions from diverse levels of oracles (subjects/objects)

+ from interdisciplinary context.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Currently on OVH (Hosting company

http://www.ovh.co.uk/) servers (mix shared +

dedicated)

Storage OVH

Networking To be implemented with desired integration with others

Software Current version with Symfony‐PHP, Linux, MySQL

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Currently centralized, soon distributed per country and

even per hosting institution interested by own platform

Volume (size) Not significant : this is a metadata base, not Big Data

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Real time

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Link to Big data still to be established in a Meta<‐>Big

relationship not yet implemented (with experimental

databases and already 1st level related metadata)

Variability (rate of

change)

Currently real time, for further multiple locations and

distributed architectures, periodic (such as nightly)

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

Methods to detect overall consistency, holes, errors,

misstatements, known but mostly to be implemented

Visualization Multidimensional (hypercube)

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

The Ecosystem for Research> Use Case 33: The ‘Discinnet Process’ 

action) Data Quality (syntax) A priori correct (directly human captured) with sets of

checking + evaluation processes partly implemented

Data Types ‘cluster displays’ (image), vectors, categories, PDFs

Data Analytics

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Our goal is to contribute to Big 2 Metadata challenge by systematic reconciling

between metadata from many complexity levels with ongoing input from

researchers from ongoing research process.

Current relationship with Richeact is to reach the interdisciplinary model, using

meta‐grammar itself to be experimented and its extent fully proven to bridge

efficiently the gap between as remote complexity levels as semantic and most

elementary (big) signals. Example with cosmological models versus many levels of

intermediary models (particles, gases, galactic, nuclear, geometries). Others with

computational versus semantic levels.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Appropriate graphic interface power

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Several levels already available and others planned, up to physical access keys and

isolated servers. Optional anonymity, usual protected exchanges

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Through 2011‐2013, we have shown on http://www.discinnet.org that all kinds of

research fields could easily get into Discinnet type of mapping, yet developing and

filling a cluster requires time and/or dedicated workers.

More Information

(URLs)

On http://www.discinnet.org the already started or starting clusters can be watched

in one click on ‘cluster’ (field) title and even more detail is available through free

registration (more resource available when registering as researcher (publications) or

pending (doctoral student)

Maximum level of detail is free for contributing researchers in order to protect

communities but available to external observers for symbolic fee: all suggestions for

improvements and better sharing welcome.

We are particularly open to provide and support experimental appropriation by

doctoral schools to build and study the past and future behavior of clusters in Earth

sciences, Cosmology, Water, Health, Computation, Energy/Batteries, Climate models,

Space, etc..

Note: We are open to facilitate wide appropriation of both global, regional and local versions of the platform

(for instance by research institutions, publishers, networks with desirable maximal data sharing for the greatest

benefit of advancement of science.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

The Ecosystem for Research> Use Case 34: Graph Search on Scientific Data 

Use Case Title Enabling Face‐Book like Semantic Graph‐search on Scientific Chemical and Text‐

based Data

Vertical (area) Management of Information from Research Articles

Author/Company/Email Talapady Bhat, bhat@nist.gov

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Chemical structures, Protein Data Bank, Material Genome Project, Open‐GOV

initiative, Semantic Web, Integrated Data‐graphs, Scientific social media

Goals Establish infrastructure, terminology and semantic data‐graphs to annotate and

present technology information using ‘root’ and rule‐based methods used primarily

by some Indo‐European languages like Sanskrit and Latin.

Use Case Description  Social media hype

o Internet and social media play a significant role in modern information

exchange. Every day most of us use social‐media both to distribute and

receive information. Two of the special features of many social media like

Face‐Book are

 the community is both data‐providers and data‐users

 they store information in a pre‐defined ‘data‐shelf’ of a data‐graph

 Their core infrastructure for managing information is reasonably

language free

 What this has to do with managing scientific information?

During the last few decades science has truly evolved to become a community

activity involving every country and almost every household. We routinely ‘tune‐

in’ to internet resources to share and seek scientific information.

What are the challenges in creating social media for science

o Creating a social media of scientific information needs an infrastructure

where many scientists from various parts of the world can participate and

deposit results of their experiment. Some of the issues that one has to

resolve prior to establishing a scientific social media are:

 How to minimize challenges related to local language and its grammar?

 How to determining the ‘data‐graph’ to place an information in an

intuitive way without knowing too much about the data management?

 How to find relevant scientific data without spending too much time on

the internet?

Approach: Most languages and more so Sanskrit and Latin use a novel ‘root’‐based

method to facilitate the creation of on‐demand, discriminating words to define

concepts. Some such examples from English are Bio‐logy, Bio‐chemistry. Youga, Yogi,

Yogendra, Yogesh are examples from Sanskrit. Genocide is an example from Latin.

These words are created on‐demand based on best‐practice terms and their

capability to serve as node in a discriminating data‐graph with self‐explained

meaning.

Current Compute(System) Cloud for the participation of community

Solutions Storage Requires expandable on‐demand based resource that is

suitable for global users location and requirements

Networking Needs good network for the community participation

Software Good database tools and servers for data‐graph

manipulation are needed

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Distributed resource with a limited centralized

capability

Volume (size) Undetermined. May be few terabytes at the beginning

Velocity Evolving with time to accommodate new best‐practices

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

The Ecosystem for Research> Use Case 34: Graph Search on Scientific Data 

(e.g. real time)

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Wildly varying depending on the types available

technological information

Variability (rate of

change)

Data‐graphs are likely to change in time based on

customer preferences and best‐practices

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Technological information is likely to be stable and

robust

Visualization Efficient data‐graph based visualization is needed

Data Quality Expected to be good

Data Types All data types, image to text, structures to protein

sequence

Data Analytics Data‐graphs is expected to provide robust data‐analysis

methods

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

This is a community effort similar to many social media. Providing a robust, scalable,

on‐demand infrastructures in a manner that is use‐case and user‐friendly is a real

challenge by any existing conventional methods

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

A community access is required for the data and thus it has to be media and location

independent and thus requires high mobility too.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

None since the effort is initially focused on publicly accessible data provided by

open‐platform projects like open‐gov, MGI and protein data bank.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

This effort includes many local and networked resources. Developing an

infrastructure to automatically integrate information from all these resources using

data‐graphs is a challenge that we are trying to solve.

More Information

(URLs)

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013‐07/aiop‐ffm071813.php

http://xpdb.nist.gov/chemblast/pdb.pl

http://xpdb.nist.gov/chemblast/pdb.pl

Note: Many reports, including a recent one on Material Genome Project finds that exclusive top‐down solutions

to facilitate data sharing and integration are not desirable for federated multi‐disciplinary efforts. However, a

bottom‐up approach can be chaotic. For this reason, there is need for a balanced blend of the two approaches

to support easy‐to‐use techniques to metadata creation, integration and sharing. This challenge is very similar

to the challenge faced by language developer at the beginning. One of the successful effort used by many

prominent languages is that of ‘roots’ and rules that form the framework for creating on‐demand words for

communication. In this approach a top‐down method is used to establish a limited number of highly re‐usable

words called ‘roots’ by surveying the existing best practices in building terminology. These ‘roots’ are combined

using few ‘rules’ to create terms on‐demand by a bottom‐up step.

Y(uj) (join), O (creator, God, brain), Ga (motion, initiation) –leads to ‘Yoga’ in Sanskrit, English

Geno (genos)‐cide–race based killing – Latin, English

Bio‐technology –English, Latin

Red‐light, red‐laser‐light –English.

A press release by the American Institute of Physics on this approach is at

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013‐07/aiop‐ffm071813.php

Our efforts to develop automated and rule and root‐based methods (Chem‐BLAST ‐.

http://xpdb.nist.gov/chemblast/pdb.pl) to identify and use best‐practice, discriminating terms in generating

semantic data‐graphs for science started almost a decade back with a chemical structure database. This

database has millions of structures obtained from the Protein Data Bank and the PubChem used world‐wide.

Subsequently we extended our efforts to build root‐based terms to text‐based data of cell‐images. In this work

we use few simple rules to define and extend terms based on best‐practice as decided by weaning through

millions of popular use‐cases chosen from over hundred biological ontologies.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

The Ecosystem for Research> Use Case 34: Graph Search on Scientific Data 

Currently we are working on extending this method to publications of interest to Material Genome, Open‐Gov

and NIST‐wide publication archive ‐ NIKE. ‐ http://xpdb.nist.gov/nike/term.pl. These efforts are a component of

Research Data Alliance Working Group on Metadata https://www.rd‐alliance.org/filedepot_download/694/160

and https://rd‐alliance.org/poster‐session‐rda‐2nd‐plenary‐meeting.html

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

The Ecosystem for Research> Use Case 35: Light Source Beamlines 

Use Case Title Light source beamlines

Vertical (area) Research (Biology, Chemistry, Geophysics, Materials Science, others)

Author/Company/Email Eli Dart, LBNL (eddart@lbl.gov)

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Research groups from a variety of scientific disciplines (see above)

Goals Use of a variety of experimental techniques to determine structure, composition,

behavior, or other attributes of a sample relevant to scientific enquiry.

Use Case Description Samples are exposed to X‐rays in a variety of configurations depending on the

experiment. Detectors (essentially high‐speed digital cameras) collect the data. The data

are then analyzed to reconstruct a view of the sample or process being studied. The

reconstructed images are used by scientists analysis.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Computation ranges from single analysis hosts to high‐

throughput computing systems at computational facilities

Storage Local storage on the order of 1‐40TB on Windows or Linux

data servers at facility for temporary storage, over 60TB on

disk at NERSC, over 300TB on tape at NERSC

Networking 10Gbps Ethernet at facility, 100Gbps to NERSC

Software A variety of commercial and open source software is used

for data analysis – examples include:

 Octopus (http://www.inct.be/en/software/octopus)

for Tomographic Reconstruction

 Avizo (http://vsg3d.com) and FIJI (a distribution of

ImageJ; http://fiji.sc) for Visualization and Analysis

Data transfer is accomplished using physical transport of

portable media (severely limits performance) or using high‐

performance GridFTP, managed by Globus Online or

workflow systems such as SPADE.

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Centralized (high resolution camera at facility). Multiple

beamlines per facility with high‐speed detectors.

Volume (size) 3GB to 30GB per sample – up to 15 samples/day

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Near real‐time analysis needed for verifying experimental

parameters (lower resolution OK). Automation of analysis

would dramatically improve scientific productivity.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Many detectors produce similar types of data (e.g. TIFF

files), but experimental context varies widely

Variability (rate of

change)

Detector capabilities are increasing rapidly. Growth is

essentially Moore’s Law. Detector area is increasing

exponentially (1k x 1k, 2k x 2k, 4k x 4k, ...) and readout is

increasing exponentially (1Hz, 10Hz, 100Hz, 1kHz, ...).

Single detector data rates are expected to reach 1 GB per

second within 2 years.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Near real‐time analysis required to verify experimental

parameters. In many cases, early analysis can dramatically

improve experiment productivity by providing early

feedback. This implies high‐throughput computing, high‐

performance data transfer, and high‐speed storage are

routinely available.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

The Ecosystem for Research> Use Case 35: Light Source Beamlines 

Visualization Visualization is key to a wide variety of experiments at all

light source facilities

Data Quality Data quality and precision are critical (especially since

beam time is scarce, and re‐running an experiment is often

impossible).

Data Types Many beamlines generate image data (e.g. TIFF files)

Data Analytics Volume reconstruction, feature identification, others

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Rapid increase in camera capabilities, need for automation of data transfer and near‐

real‐time analysis.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Data transfer to large‐scale computing facilities is becoming necessary because of the

computational power required to conduct the analysis on time scales useful to the

experiment. Large number of beamlines (e.g. 39 at LBNL ALS) means that aggregate data

load is likely to increase significantly over the coming years.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Varies with project.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

There will be significant need for a generalized infrastructure for analyzing GBs per

second of data from many beamline detectors at multiple facilities. Prototypes exist now,

but routine deployment will require additional resources.

More Information

(URLs)

http://www‐als.lbl.gov/

http://www.aps.anl.gov/

https://portal.slac.stanford.edu/sites/lcls_public/Pages/Default.aspx

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Astronomy and Physics> Use Case 36: Catalina Digital Sky Survey for Transients 

Use Case Title Catalina Real‐Time Transient Survey (CRTS): a digital, panoramic, synoptic sky survey

Vertical (area) Scientific Research: Astronomy

Author/Company/Email S. G. Djorgovski / Caltech / george@astro.caltech.edu

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

The survey team: data processing, quality control, analysis and interpretation,

publishing, and archiving.

Collaborators: a number of research groups world‐wide: further work on data

analysis and interpretation, follow‐up observations, and publishing.

User community: all of the above, plus the astronomical community world‐wide:

further work on data analysis and interpretation, follow‐up observations, and

publishing.

Goals The survey explores the variable universe in the visible light regime, on time scales

ranging from minutes to years, by searching for variable and transient sources. It

discovers a broad variety of astrophysical objects and phenomena, including various

types of cosmic explosions (e.g., Supernovae), variable stars, phenomena associated

with accretion to massive black holes (active galactic nuclei) and their relativistic jets,

high proper motion stars, etc.

Use Case Description The data are collected from 3 telescopes (2 in Arizona and 1 in Australia), with

additional ones expected in the near future (in Chile). The original motivation is a

search for near‐Earth (NEO) and potential planetary hazard (PHO) asteroids, funded

by NASA, and conducted by a group at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL) at

the Univ. of Arizona (UA); that is the Catalina Sky Survey proper (CSS). The data

stream is shared by the CRTS for the purposes for exploration of the variable

universe, beyond the Solar system, led by the Caltech group. Approximately 83% of

the entire sky is being surveyed through multiple passes (crowded regions near the

Galactic plane, and small areas near the celestial poles are excluded).

The data are preprocessed at the telescope, and transferred to LPL/UA, and hence to

Caltech, for further analysis, distribution, and archiving. The data are processed in

real time, and detected transient events are published electronically through a

variety of dissemination mechanisms, with no proprietary period (CRTS has a

completely open data policy).

Further data analysis includes automated and semi‐automated classification of the

detected transient events, additional observations using other telescopes, scientific

interpretation, and publishing. In this process, it makes a heavy use of the archival

data from a wide variety of geographically distributed resources connected through

the Virtual Observatory (VO) framework.

Light curves (flux histories) are accumulated for ≈ 500 million sources detected in the

survey, each with a few hundred data points on average, spanning up to 8 years, and

growing. These are served to the community from the archives at Caltech, and

shortly from IUCAA, India. This is an unprecedented data set for the exploration of

time domain in astronomy, in terms of the temporal and area coverage and depth.

CRTS is a scientific and methodological testbed and precursor of the grander surveys

to come, notably the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), expected to operate in

2020’s.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Instrument and data processing computers: a number of

desktop and small server class machines, although more

powerful machinery is needed for some data analysis

tasks.

This is not so much a computationally‐intensive project,

but rather a data‐handling‐intensive one.

Storage Several multi‐TB / tens of TB servers.

Networking Standard inter‐university internet connections.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Astronomy and Physics> Use Case 36: Catalina Digital Sky Survey for Transients 

Software Custom data processing pipeline and data analysis

software, operating under Linux. Some archives on

Windows machines, running a MS SQL server databases.

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Distributed:

1. Survey data from 3 (soon more?) telescopes

2. Archival data from a variety of resources

connected through the VO framework

3. Follow‐up observations from separate

telescopes

Volume (size) The survey generates up to ≈ 0.1 TB per clear night; ≈

100 TB in current data holdings. Follow‐up observational

data amount to no more than a few % of that.

Archival data in external (VO‐connected) archives are in

PBs, but only a minor fraction is used.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Up to ≈ 0.1 TB / night of the raw survey data.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

The primary survey data in the form of images,

processed to catalogs of sources (db tables), and time

series for individual objects (light curves).

Follow‐up observations consist of images and spectra.

Archival data from the VO data grid include all of the

above, from a wide variety of sources and different

wavelengths.

Variability (rate of

change)

Daily data traffic fluctuates from ≈ 0.01 to ≈ 0.1 TB / day,

not including major data transfers between the principal

archives (Caltech, UA, and IUCAA).

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

A variety of automated and human inspection quality

control mechanisms is implemented at all stages of the

process.

action) Visualization Standard image display and data plotting packages are

used. We are exploring visualization mechanisms for

highly dimensional data parameter spaces.

Data Quality (syntax) It varies, depending on the observing conditions, and it

is evaluated automatically: error bars are estimated for

all relevant quantities.

Data Types Images, spectra, time series, catalogs.

Data Analytics A wide variety of the existing astronomical data analysis

tools, plus a large amount of custom developed tools

and software, some of it a research project in itself.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Development of machine learning tools for data exploration, and in particular for an

automated, real‐time classification of transient events, given the data sparsity and

heterogeneity.

Effective visualization of hyper‐dimensional parameter spaces is a major challenge

for all of us.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Not a significant limitation at this time.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

None.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Astronomy and Physics> Use Case 36: Catalina Digital Sky Survey for Transients 

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

 Real‐time processing and analysis of massive data streams from a distributed

sensor network (in this case telescopes), with a need to identify, characterize,

and respond to the transient events of interest in (near) real time.

 Use of highly distributed archival data resources (in this case VO‐connected

archives) for data analysis and interpretation.

 Automated classification given the very sparse and heterogeneous data,

dynamically evolving in time as more data come in, and follow‐up decision

making given limited and sparse resources (in this case follow‐up observations

with other telescopes).

More Information

(URLs)

CRTS survey: http://crts.caltech.edu

CSS survey: http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/css

For an overview of the classification challenges, see, e.g.,

http://arxiv.org/abs/1209.1681

For a broader context of sky surveys, past, present, and future, see, e.g., the review

http://arxiv.org/abs/1209.1681

Note: CRTS can be seen as a good precursor to the astronomy’s flagship project, the Large Synoptic Sky Survey

(LSST; http://www.lsst.org), now under development. Their anticipated data rates (≈ 20TB to 30 TB per clear

night, tens of PB over the duration of the survey) are directly on the Moore’s law scaling from the current CRTS

data rates and volumes, and many technical and methodological issues are very similar.

It is also a good case for real‐time data mining and knowledge discovery in massive data streams, with

distributed data sources and computational resources.

See Figure 5: Catalina CRTS: A Digital, Panoramic, Synoptic Sky Survey 

The figure shows one possible schematic architecture for a cyber-infrastructure for time domain 

astronomy. Transient event data streams are produced by survey pipelines from the telescopes on the 

ground or in space, and the events with their observational descriptions are ingested by one or more 

depositories, from which they can be disseminated electronically to human astronomers or robotic 

telescopes. Each event is assigned an evolving portfolio of information, which would include all of the 

available data on that celestial position, from a wide variety of data archives unified under the Virtual 

Observatory framework, expert annotations, etc. Representations of such federated information can be 

both human-readable and machine-readable. They are fed into one or more automated event 

characterization, classification, and prioritization engines that deploy a variety of machine learning tools 

for these tasks. Their output, which evolves dynamically as new information arrives and is processed, 

informs the follow-up observations of the selected events, and the resulting data are communicated back 

to the event portfolios, for the next iteration. Users (human or robotic) can tap into the system at multiple 

points, both for an information retrieval, and to contribute new information, through a standardized set of 

formats and protocols. This could be done in a (near) real time, or in an archival (not time critical) modes. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Astronomy and Physics> Use Case 37: Cosmological Sky Survey and 

Simulations 

Use Case Title DOE Extreme Data from Cosmological Sky Survey and Simulations

Vertical (area) Scientific Research: Astrophysics

Author/Company/Email PIs: Salman Habib, Argonne National Laboratory; Andrew Connolly, University of

Washington

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Researchers studying dark matter, dark energy, and the structure of the early

universe.

Goals Clarify the nature of dark matter, dark energy, and inflation,some of the most exciting,

perplexing, and challenging questionsfacing modern physics. Emerging, unanticipated

measurements are pointing toward a need for physics beyond the successful Standard

Model of particle physics.

Use Case Description This investigation requires an intimate interplay between Big Data from experiment

and simulation as well as massive computation. The melding of all will

1) Provide the direct means for cosmological discoveries that require a strong

connection between theory and observations (‘precision cosmology’);

2) Create an essential ‘tool of discovery’ in dealing with large datasets generated by

complex instruments; and,

3) Generate and share results from high‐fidelity simulations that are necessary to

understand and control systematics, especially astrophysical systematics.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Hours: 24M (NERSC / Berkeley Lab), 190M (ALCF /

Argonne), 10M (OLCF / Oak Ridge)

Storage 180 TB (NERSC / Berkeley Lab)

Networking ESNet connectivity to the national labs is adequate

today.

Software MPI, OpenMP, C, C++, F90, FFTW, viz packages, python,

FFTW, numpy, Boost, OpenMP, ScaLAPCK, PSQL and

MySQL databases, Eigen, cfitsio, astrometry.net, and

Minuit2

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Observational data will be generated by the Dark Energy

Survey (DES) and the Zwicky Transient Factory in 2015

and by the Large Synoptic Sky Survey starting in 2019.

Simulated data will generated at DOE supercomputing

centers.

Volume (size) DES: 4 PB, ZTF 1 PB/year, LSST 7 PB/year, Simulations >

10 PB in 2017

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

LSST: 20 TB/day

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

1) Raw Data from sky surveys 2) Processed Image data

3) Simulation data

Variability (rate of

change)

Observations are taken nightly; supporting simulations

are run throughout the year, but data can be produced

sporadically depending on access to resources

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Visualization Interpretation of results from detailed simulations

requires advanced analysis and visualization techniques

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Astronomy and Physics> Use Case 37: Cosmological Sky Survey and 

Simulations 

and capabilities. Supercomputer I/O subsystem

limitations are forcing researchers to explore “in‐situ”

analysis to replace post‐processing methods.

Data Quality

Data Types Image data from observations must be reduced and

compared with physical quantities derived from

simulations. Simulated sky maps must be produced to

match observational formats.

Data Analytics

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Storage, sharing, and analysis of 10s of PBs of observational and simulated data.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

LSST will produce 20 TB of data per day. This must be archived and made available to

researchers world‐wide.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

More Information

(URLs)

http://www.lsst.org/lsst/

http://www.nersc.gov/

http://science.energy.gov/hep/research/non‐accelerator‐physics/

http://www.nersc.gov/assets/Uploads/HabibcosmosimV2.pdf

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Astronomy and Physics> Use Case 38: Large Survey Data for Cosmology 

Use Case Title Large Survey Data for Cosmology

Vertical (area) Scientific Research: Cosmic Frontier

Author/Company/Email Peter Nugent / LBNL / penugent@lbl.gov

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Dark Energy Survey, Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, Large Synoptic Survey

Telescope. ANL, BNL, FNAL, LBL and SLAC: Create the instruments/telescopes, run

the survey and perform the cosmological analysis.

Goals Provide a way to reduce photometric data in real time for supernova discovery and

follow‐up and to handle the large volume of observational data (in conjunction with

simulation data) to reduce systematic uncertainties in the measurement of the

cosmological parameters via baryon acoustic oscillations, galaxy cluster counting and

weak lensing measurements.

Use Case Description For DES the data are sent from the mountaintop via a microwave link to La Serena,

Chile. From there, an optical link forwards them to the NCSA as well as NERSC for

storage and "reduction". Subtraction pipelines are run using extant imaging data to

find new optical transients through machine learning algorithms. Then galaxies and

stars in both the individual and stacked images are identified, catalogued, and finally

their properties measured and stored in a database.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Linux cluster, Oracle RDBMS server, large memory

machines, standard Linux interactive hosts. For

simulations, HPC resources.

Storage Oracle RDBMS, Postgres psql, as well as GPFS and Lustre

file systems and tape archives.

Networking Provided by NERSC

Software Standard astrophysics reduction software as well as

Perl/Python wrapper scripts, Linux Cluster scheduling

and comparison to large amounts of simulation data via

techniques like Cholesky decomposition.

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Distributed. Typically between observation and

simulation data.

Volume (size) LSST will generate 60 PB of imaging data and 15 PB of

catalog data and a correspondingly large (or larger)

amount of simulation data. Over 20 TB of data per night.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

20TB of data will have to be subtracted each night in as

near real time as possible in order to maximize the

science for supernovae.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

While the imaging data is similar, the analysis for the 4

different types of cosmological measurements and

comparisons to simulation data is quite different.

Variability (rate of

change)

Weather and sky conditions can radically change both

the quality and quantity of data.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Astrophysical data is a statistician’s nightmare as the

both the uncertainties in a given measurement change

from night‐to‐night in addition to the cadence being

highly unpredictable. Also, most all of the cosmological

measurements are systematically limited, and thus

understanding these as best possible is the highest

priority for a given survey.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Astronomy and Physics> Use Case 38: Large Survey Data for Cosmology 

Visualization Interactive speed of web UI on very large data sets is an

ongoing challenge. Basic querying and browsing of data

to find new transients as well as monitoring the quality

of the survey is a must. Ability to download large

amounts of data for offline analysis is another

requirement of the system. Ability to combine both

simulation and observational data is also necessary.

Data Quality Understanding the systematic uncertainties in the

observational data is a prerequisite to a successful

cosmological measurement. Beating down the

uncertainties in the simulation data to under this level is

a huge challenge for future surveys.

Data Types Cf. above on “Variety”

Data Analytics

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

New statistical techniques for understanding the limitations in simulation data would

be beneficial. Often it is the case where there is not enough computing time to

generate all the simulations one wants and thus there is a reliance on emulators to

bridge the gaps. Techniques for handling Cholesky decomposition for thousands of

simulations with matrices of order 1M on a side.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Performing analysis on both the simulation and observational data simultaneously.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

No special challenges. Data is either public or requires standard login with password.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Parallel databases which could handle imaging data would be an interesting avenue

for future research.

More Information

(URLs)

http://www.lsst.org/lsst, http://desi.lbl.gov, and http://www.darkenergysurvey.org

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Astronomy and Physics> Use Case 39: Analysis of LHC (Large Hadron Collider) 

Data 

Use Case Title Particle Physics: Analysis of LHC (Large Hadron Collider) Data (Discovery of Higgs

particle)

Vertical (area) Scientific Research: Physics

Author/Company/Emai

l

Michael Ernst mernst@bnl.gov, Lothar Bauerdick bauerdick@fnal.gov based on an

initial version written by Geoffrey Fox, Indiana University gcf@indiana.edu, Eli Dart,

LBNL eddart@lbl.gov,

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Physicists(Design and Identify need for Experiment, Analyze Data) Systems Staff

(Design, Build and Support distributed Computing Grid), Accelerator Physicists

(Design, Build and Run Accelerator), Government (funding based on long term

importance of discoveries in field))

Goals Understanding properties of fundamental particles

Use Case Description CERN LHC Detectors and Monte Carlo producing events describing particle‐apparatus

interaction. Processed information defines physics properties of events (lists of

particles with type and momenta). These events are analyzed to find new effects;

both new particles (Higgs) and present evidence that conjectured particles

(Supersymmetry) not seen.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) WLCG and Open Science Grid in the US integrate

computer centers worldwide that provide computing

and storage resources into a single infrastructure

accessible by all LHC physicists.

350,000 cores running “continuously” arranged in 3 tiers

(CERN, “Continents/Countries”. “Universities”). Uses

“Distributed High Throughput Computing (DHTC)”;

200PB storage, >2million jobs/day.

Storage ATLAS:

 Brookhaven National Laboratory Tier1 tape:

10PB ATLAS data on tape managed by HPSS

(incl. RHIC/NP the total data volume is 35PB)

 Brookhaven National Laboratory Tier1 disk:

11PB; using dCache to virtualize a set of ≈60

heterogeneous storage servers with high‐

density disk backend systems

 US Tier2 centers, disk cache: 16PB

CMS:

 Fermilab US Tier1, reconstructed, tape/cache:

20.4PB

 US Tier2 centers, disk cache: 7PB

 US Tier3 sites, disk cache: 1.04PB

Networking  As experiments have global participants (CMS

has 3600 participants from 183 institutions in

38 countries), the data at all levels is

transported and accessed across continents.

 Large scale automated data transfers occur

over science networks across the globe.

LHCOPN and LHCONE network overlay provide

dedicated network allocations and traffic

isolation for LHC data traffic

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Astronomy and Physics> Use Case 39: Analysis of LHC (Large Hadron Collider) 

Data 

 ATLAS Tier1 data center at BNL has 160Gbps

internal paths (often fully loaded). 70Gbps WAN

connectivity provided by ESnet.

 CMS Tier1 data center at FNAL has 90Gbps

WAN connectivity provided by ESnet

 Aggregate wide area network traffic for LHC

experiments is about 25Gbps steady state

worldwide

Software The scalable ATLAS workload/workflow management

system PanDA manages ≈1 million production and user

analysis jobs on globally distributed computing resources

(≈100 sites) per day.

The new ATLAS distributed data management system

Rucio is the core component keeping track of an

inventory of currently ≈130PB of data distributed across

grid resources and to orchestrate data movement

between sites. The data volume is expected to grow to

exascale size in the next few years. Based on the xrootd

system ATLAS has developed FAX, a federated storage

system that allows remote data access.

Similarly, CMS is using the OSG glideinWMS

infrastructure to manage its workflows for production

and data analysis the PhEDEx system to orchestrate data

movements, and the AAA/xrootd system to allow

remote data access.

Experiment‐specific physics software including

simulation packages, data processing, advanced statistic

packages, etc.

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

High speed detectors produce large data volumes:

 ATLAS detector at CERN: Originally 1 PB/sec raw

data rate, reduced to 300MB/sec by multi‐stage

trigger.

 CMS detector at CERN: similar

Data distributed to Tier1 centers globally, which serve as

data sources for Tier2 and Tier3 analysis centers

Volume (size) 15 Petabytes per year from Detectors and Analysis

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

 Real time with some long LHC "shut downs" (to

improve accelerator and detectors) with no

data except Monte Carlo.

 Besides using programmatically and

dynamically replicated datasets, real‐time

remote I/O (using XrootD) is increasingly used

by analysis which requires reliable high‐

performance networking capabilities to reduce

file copy and storage system overhead

Variety Lots of types of events with from 2‐ few hundred final

particle but all data is collection of particles after initial

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Astronomy and Physics> Use Case 39: Analysis of LHC (Large Hadron Collider) 

Data 

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

analysis. Events are grouped into datasets; real detector

data is segmented into ≈20 datasets (with partial

overlap) on the basis of event characteristics determined

through real‐time trigger system, while different

simulated datasets are characterized by the physics

process being simulated.

Variability (rate of

change)

Data accumulates and does not change character. What

you look for may change based on physics insight. As

understanding of detectors increases, large scale data

reprocessing tasks are undertaken.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

One can lose modest amount of data without much pain

as errors proportional to 1/SquareRoot(Events

gathered), but such data loss must be carefully

accounted. Importance that accelerator and

experimental apparatus work both well and in

understood fashion. Otherwise data too "dirty" /

"uncorrectable".

Visualization Modest use of visualization outside histograms and

model fits. Nice event displays but discovery requires

lots of events so this type of visualization of secondary

importance

Data Quality Huge effort to make certain complex apparatus well

understood (proper calibrations) and "corrections"

properly applied to data. Often requires data to be re‐

analyzed

Data Types Raw experimental data in various binary forms with

conceptually a name: value syntax for name spanning

“chamber readout” to “particle momentum”.

Reconstructed data is processed to produce dense data

formats optimized for analysis

Data Analytics Initial analysis is processing of experimental data specific

to each experiment (ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb)

producing summary information. Second step in analysis

uses “exploration” (histograms, scatter‐plots) with

model fits. Substantial Monte‐Carlo computations are

necessary to estimate analysis quality.

A large fraction (≈60%) of the available CPU resources

available to the ATLAS collaboration at the Tier‐1 and

the Tier‐2 centers is used for simulated event

production. The ATLAS simulation requirements are

completely driven by the physics community in terms of

analysis needs and corresponding physics goals. The

current physics analyses are looking at real data samples

of roughly 2 billion (B) events taken in 2011 and 3B

events taken in 2012 (this represents ≈5 PB of

experimental data), and ATLAS has roughly 3.5B MC

events for 2011 data, and 2.5B MC events for 2012 (this

represents ≈6 PB of simulated data). Given the resource

requirements to fully simulate an event using the GEANT

4 package, ATLAS can currently produce about 4 million

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Astronomy and Physics> Use Case 39: Analysis of LHC (Large Hadron Collider) 

Data 

events per day using the entire processing capacity

available to production worldwide.

Due to its high CPU cost, the outputs of full Geant4

simulation (HITS) are stored in one custodial tape copy

on Tier1 tapes to be re‐used in several Monte‐Carlo re‐

processings. The HITS from faster simulation flavors will

be only of transient nature in LHC Run 2.

Big Data Specific The translation of scientific results into new knowledge, solutions, policies and

Challenges (Gaps) decisions is foundational to the science mission associated with LHC data analysis and

HEP in general. However, while advances in experimental and computational

technologies have led to an exponential growth in the volume, velocity, and variety

of data available for scientific discovery, advances in technologies to convert this data

into actionable knowledge have fallen far short of what the HEP community needs to

deliver timely and immediately impacting outcomes. Acceleration of the scientific

knowledge discovery process is essential if DOE scientists are to continue making

major contributions in HEP.

Today’s worldwide analysis engine, serving several thousand scientists, will have

to be commensurately extended in the cleverness of its algorithms, the automation

of the processes, and the reach (discovery) of the computing, to enable scientific

understanding of the detailed nature of the Higgs boson. E.g. the approximately forty

different analysis methods used to investigate the detailed characteristics of the

Higgs boson (many using machine learning techniques) must be combined in a

mathematically rigorous fashion to have an agreed upon publishable result.

Specific challenges: Federated semantic discovery: Interfaces, protocols and

environments that support access to, use of, and interoperation across federated sets

of resources governed and managed by a mix of different policies and controls that

interoperate across streaming and “at rest” data sources. These include: models,

algorithms, libraries, and reference implementations for a distributed non‐

hierarchical discovery service; semantics, methods, interfaces for life‐cycle

management (subscription, capture, provenance, assessment, validation, rejection)

of heterogeneous sets of distributed tools, services and resources; a global

environment that is robust in the face of failures and outages; and flexible high‐

performance data stores (going beyond schema driven) that scale and are friendly to

interactive analytics

Resource description and understanding: Distributed methods and

implementations that allow resources (people, software, computing incl. data) to

publish varying state and function for use by diverse clients. Mechanisms to handle

arbitrary entity types in a uniform and common framework – including complex types

such as heterogeneous data, incomplete and evolving information, and rapidly

changing availability of computing, storage and other computational resources.

Abstract data streaming and file‐based data movement over the WAN/LAN and on

exascale architectures to allow for real‐time, collaborative decision making for

scientific processes.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

The agility to use any appropriate available resources and to ensure that all data

needed is dynamically available at that resource is fundamental to future discoveries

in HEP. In this context “resource” has a broad meaning and includes data and people

as well as computing and other non‐computer based entities: thus, any kind of data—

raw data, information, knowledge, etc., and any type of resource—people,

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Astronomy and Physics> Use Case 39: Analysis of LHC (Large Hadron Collider) 

Data 

computers, storage systems, scientific instruments, software, resource, service, etc.

In order to make effective use of such resources, a wide range of management

capabilities must be provided in an efficient, secure, and reliable manner,

encompassing for example collection, discovery, allocation, movement, access, use,

release, and reassignment. These capabilities must span and control large ensembles

of data and other resources that are constantly changing and evolving, and will often

be in‐deterministic and fuzzy in many aspects.

Specific Challenges: Globally optimized dynamic allocation of resources: These

need to take account of the lack of strong consistency in knowledge across the entire

system.

Minimization of time‐to‐delivery of data and services: Not only to reduce the time

to delivery of the data or service but also allow for a predictive capability, so

physicists working on data analysis can deal with uncertainties in the real‐time

decision making processes.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

While HEP data itself is not proprietary unintended alteration and/or cyber‐

security related facility service compromises could potentially be very disruptive to

the analysis process. Besides the need of having personal credentials and the related

virtual organization credential management systems to maintain access rights to a

certain set of resources, a fair amount of attention needs to be devoted to the

development and operation of the many software components the community needs

to conduct computing in this vastly distributed environment.

The majority of software and systems development for LHC data analysis is

carried out inside the HEP community or by adopting software components from

other parties which involves numerous assumptions and design decisions from the

early design stages throughout its life cycle. Software systems make a number of

assumptions about their environment ‐ how they are deployed, configured, who runs

it, what sort of network is it on, is its input or output sensitive, can it trust its input,

does it preserve privacy, etc.? When multiple software components are

interconnected, for example in the deep software stacks used in DHTC, without clear

understanding of their security assumptions, the security of the resulting system

becomes an unknown.

A trust framework is a possible way of addressing this problem. A DHTC trust

framework, by describing what software, systems and organizations provide and

expect of their environment regarding policy enforcement, security and privacy,

allows for a system to be analyzed for gaps in trust, fragility and fault tolerance.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Large scale example of an event based analysis with core statistics needed. Also

highlights importance of virtual organizations as seen in global collaboration.

The LHC experiments are pioneers of distributed Big Data science infrastructure,

and several aspects of the LHC experiments’ workflow highlight issues that other

disciplines will need to solve. These include automation of data distribution, high

performance data transfer, and large‐scale high‐throughput computing.

More Information

(URLs)

http://grids.ucs.indiana.edu/ptliupages/publications/Where%20does%20all%20the%

20data%20come%20from%20v7.pdf

http://www.es.net/assets/pubs_presos/High‐throughput‐lessons‐from‐the‐LHC‐

experience.Johnston.TNC2013.pdf

Note:

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Use Case Stages Data Sources Data Usage Transformations 

(Data Analytics) Infrastructure Security and Privacy 

Particle Physics: Analysis of LHC Large Hadron Collider Data, Discovery of Higgs particle (Scientific Research: Physics) 

Record Raw Data CERN LHC 

Accelerator 

This data is staged at 

CERN and then 

distributed across the 

globe for next stage in 

processing 

LHC has 109 collisions 

per second; the 

hardware + software 

trigger selects 

“interesting events”. 

Other utilities distribute 

data across the globe 

with fast transport 

Accelerator and 

sophisticated data 

selection (trigger 

process) that uses 

≈7000 cores at CERN 

to record ≈100-500 

events each second 

(≈1 megabyte each) 

N/A 

Process Raw Data to 

Information 

Disk Files of Raw Data Iterative calibration 

and checking of 

analysis which has for 

example “heuristic” 

track finding 

algorithms. 

Produce “large” full 

physics files and 

stripped down Analysis 

Object Data (AOD) 

files that are ≈10% 

original size 

Full analysis code that 

builds in complete 

understanding of 

complex experimental 

detector. 

Also Monte Carlo 

codes to produce 

simulated data to 

evaluate efficiency of 

experimental 

detection. 

≈300,000 cores 

arranged in 3 tiers. 

Tier 0: CERN 

Tier 1: “Major 

Countries” 

Tier 2: Universities and 

laboratories. 

Note processing is 

compute and data 

intensive 

N/A 

Physics Analysis 

Information to 

Knowledge/Discovery 

Disk Files of 

Information including 

accelerator and Monte 

Carlo data. 

Include wisdom from 

lots of physicists 

(papers) in analysis 

choices 

Use simple statistical 

techniques (like 

histogramming, 

multi-variate analysis 

methods and other 

data analysis 

techniques and model 

fits to discover new 

effects (particles) and 

put limits on effects not 

seen 

Data reduction and 

processing steps with 

advanced physics 

algorithms to identify 

event properties, 

particle hypothesis etc. 

For interactive data 

analysis of those 

reduced and selected 

data sets the classic 

program is Root from 

CERN that reads 

multiple event (AOD, 

NTUP) files from 

selected data sets and 

use physicist 

generated C++ code to 

calculate new 

quantities such as 

implied mass of an 

unstable (new) particle 

While the bulk of data 

processing is done at 

Tier 1 and Tier 2 

resources, the end 

stage analysis is 

usually done by users 

at a local Tier 3 facility. 

The scale of 

computing resources 

at Tier 3 sites range 

from workstations to 

small clusters. ROOT 

is the most common 

software stack used to 

analyze compact data 

formats generated on 

distributed computing 

resources. Data 

transfer is done using 

ATLAS and CMS DDM 

tools, which mostly rely 

on gridFTP 

middleware. XROOTD 

based direct data 

access is also gaining 

importance wherever 

high network 

bandwidth is available. 

Physics discoveries 

and results are 

confidential until 

certified by group and 

presented at 

meeting/journal. Data 

preserved so results 

reproducible 

See Figure 6: Particle Physics: Analysis of LHC Data: Discovery of Higgs Particle – CERN LHC 

location. 

See Figure 7: Particle Physics: Analysis of LHC Data: Discovery of Higgs Particle – The multi-tier LHC 

computing infrastructure. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Astronomy and Physics> Use Case 40: Belle II Experiment 

Use Case Title Belle II Experiment

Vertical (area) Scientific Research: High Energy Physics

Author/Company/Email David Asner and Malachi Schram, PNNL, david.asner@pnnl.gov and

malachi.schram@pnnl.gov

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

David Asner is the Chief Scientist for the US Belle II Project

Malachi Schram is Belle II network and data transfer coordinator and the PNNL Belle

II computing center manager

Goals Perform precision measurements to search for new phenomena beyond the

Standard Model of Particle Physics

Use Case Description Study numerous decay modes at the Upsilon(4S) resonance to search for new

phenomena beyond the Standard Model of Particle Physics

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Distributed (Grid computing using DIRAC)

Storage Distributed (various technologies)

Networking Continuous RAW data transfer of ≈20Gbps at designed

luminosity between Japan and US

Additional transfer rates are currently being investigated

Software Open Science Grid, Geant4, DIRAC, FTS, Belle II

framework

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Distributed data centers

Primary data centers are in Japan (KEK) and US (PNNL)

Volume (size) Total integrated RAW data ≈120PB and physics data

≈15PB and ≈100PB MC samples

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Data will be re‐calibrated and analyzed incrementally

Data rates will increase based on the accelerator

luminosity

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Data will be re‐calibrated and distributed incrementally.

Variability (rate of

change)

Collisions will progressively increase until the designed

luminosity is reached (3000 BB pairs per sec).

Expected event size is ≈300kB per events.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Validation will be performed using known reference

physics processes

Visualization N/A

Data Quality Output data will be re‐calibrated and validated

incrementally

Data Types Tuple based output

Data Analytics Data clustering and classification is an integral part of

the computing model. Individual scientists define event

level analytics.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Data movement and bookkeeping (file and event level meta‐data).

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Network infrastructure required for continuous data transfer between Japan (KEK)

and US (PNNL).

Security and Privacy

Requirements

No special challenges. Data is accessed using grid authentication.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Astronomy and Physics> Use Case 40: Belle II Experiment 

More Information

(URLs)

http://belle2.kek.jp

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 41: EISCAT 3D Incoherent 

Scatter Radar System 

Use Case Title EISCAT 3D incoherent scatter radar system

Vertical (area) Environmental Science

Author/Company/Email Yin Chen /Cardiff University/ chenY58@cardiff.ac.uk

Ingemar Häggström, Ingrid Mann, Craig Heinselman/

EISCAT Science Association/{Ingemar.Haggstrom, Ingrid.mann,

Craig.Heinselman}@eiscat.se

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

The EISCAT Scientific Association is an international research organization operating

incoherent scatter radar systems in Northern Europe. It is funded and operated by

research councils of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Japan, China and the United Kingdom

(collectively, the EISCAT Associates). In addition to the incoherent scatter radars,

EISCAT also operates an Ionospheric Heater facility, as well as two Dynasondes.

Goals EISCAT, the European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association, is established to

conduct research on the lower, middle and upper atmosphere and ionosphere using

the incoherent scatter radar technique. This technique is the most powerful ground‐

based tool for these research applications. EISCAT is also being used as a coherent

scatter radar for studying instabilities in the ionosphere, as well as for investigating

the structure and dynamics of the middle atmosphere and as a diagnostic instrument

in ionospheric modification experiments with the Heating facility.

Use Case Description The design of the next generation incoherent scatter radar system, EISCAT_3D,

opens up opportunities for physicists to explore many new research fields. On the

other hand, it also introduces significant challenges in handling large‐scale

experimental data which will be massively generated at great speeds and volumes.

This challenge is typically referred to as a Big Data problem and requires solutions

from beyond the capabilities of conventional database technologies.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) EISCAT 3D data e‐Infrastructure plans to use the high

performance computers for central site data processing

and high throughput computers for mirror sites data

processing

Storage 32TB

Networking The estimated data rates in local networks at the active

site run from 1 GB/s to 10 GB/s. Similar capacity is

needed to connect the sites through dedicated high‐

speed network links. Downloading the full data is not

time critical, but operations require real‐time

information about certain pre‐defined events to be sent

from the sites to the operation centre and a real‐time

link from the operation centre to the sites to set the

mode of radar operation on with immediate action.

Software  Mainstream operating systems, e.g., Windows,

Linux, Solaris, HP/UX, or FreeBSD

 Simple, flat file storage with required capabilities

e.g., compression, file striping and file journaling

 Self‐developed software

o Control and monitoring tools including, system

configuration, quick‐look, fault reporting, etc.

o Data dissemination utilities

o User software e.g., for cyclic buffer, data

cleaning, RFI detection and excision, auto‐

correlation, data integration, data analysis,

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 41: EISCAT 3D Incoherent 

Scatter Radar System 

event identification, discovery and retrieval,

calculation of value‐added data products,

ingestion/extraction, plot

o User‐oriented computing

o APIs into standard software environments

o Data processing chains and workflow

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

EISCAT_3D will consist of a core site with a transmitting

and receiving radar arrays and four sites with receiving

antenna arrays at some 100 km from the core.

Volume (size)  The fully operational 5‐site system will generate 40

PB/year in 2022.

 It is expected to operate for 30 years, and data

products to be stored at less 10 years

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

At each of 5‐receiver‐site:

 each antenna generates 30 Msamples/s (120MB/s);

 each antenna group (consists of 100 antennas) to

form beams at speed of 2 Gbit/s/group;

 these data are temporary stored in a ringbuffer: 160

groups ‐>125 TB/h.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

 Measurements: different versions, formats,

replicas, external sources ...

 System information: configuration, monitoring,

logs/provenance ...

 Users’ metadata/data: experiments, analysis,

sharing, communications ...

Variability (rate of

change)

In time, instantly, a few ms.

Along the radar beams, 100ns.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

 Running 24/7, EISCAT_3D have very high demands

on robustness.

 Data and performance assurance is vital for the

ring‐buffer and archive systems. These systems

must be able to guarantee to meet minimum data

rate acceptance at all times or scientific data will be

lost.

 Similarly the systems must guarantee that data held

is not volatile or corrupt. This latter requirement is

particularly vital at the permanent archive where

data is most likely to be accessed by scientific users

and least easy to check; data corruption here has a

significant possibility of being non‐recoverable and

of poisoning the scientific literature.

Visualization  Real‐time visualization of analyzed data, e.g., with a

figure of updating panels showing electron density,

temperatures and ion velocity to those data for

each beam.

 Non‐real‐time (post‐experiment) visualization of the

physical parameters of interest, e.g.,

o by standard plots,

o using three‐dimensional block to show to

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 41: EISCAT 3D Incoherent 

Scatter Radar System 

spatial variation (in the user selected cuts),

o using animations to show the temporal

variation,

o allow the visualization of 5 or higher

dimensional data, e.g., using the 'cut up

and stack' technique to reduce the

dimensionality, that is take one or more

independent coordinates as discrete; or

volume rendering technique to display a

2D projection of a 3D discretely sampled

data set.

 (Interactive) Visualization. E.g., to allow users to

combine the information on several spectral

features, e.g., by using color coding, and to provide

real‐time visualization facility to allow the users to

link or plug in tailor‐made data visualization

functions, and more importantly functions to signal

for special observational conditions.

Data Quality  Monitoring software will be provided which allows

The Operator to see incoming data via the

Visualization system in real‐time and react

appropriately to scientifically interesting events.

 Control software will be developed to time‐

integrate the signals and reduce the noise variance

and the total data throughput of the system that

reached the data archive.

Data Types HDF‐5

Data Analytics Pattern recognition, demanding correlation routines,

high level parameter extraction

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

 High throughput of data for reduction into higher levels.

 Discovery of meaningful insights from low‐value‐density data needs new

approaches to the deep, complex analysis e.g., using machine learning,

statistical modelling, graph algorithms etc. which go beyond traditional

approaches to the space physics.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Is not likely in mobile platforms

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Lower level of data has restrictions for 1 year within the associate countries. All data

open after 3 years.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

EISCAT 3D data e‐Infrastructure shares similar architectural characteristics with other

ISR radars, and many existing Big Data systems, such as LOFAR, LHC, and SKA

More Information

(URLs)

https://www.eiscat3d.se/

See Figure 8: EISCAT 3D Incoherent Scatter Radar System – System architecture. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 42: Common Environmental 

Research Infrastructure 

Use Case Title ENVRI (Common Operations of Environmental Research Infrastructure)

Vertical (area) Environmental Science

Author/Company/Email Yin Chen/ Cardiff University / ChenY58@cardiff.ac.uk

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

The ENVRI project is a collaboration conducted within the European Strategy Forum

on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) Environmental Cluster. The ESFRI Environmental

research infrastructures involved in ENVRI including:

 ICOS is a European distributed infrastructure dedicated to the monitoring of

greenhouse gases (GHG) through its atmospheric, ecosystem and ocean

networks.

 EURO‐Argo is the European contribution to Argo, which is a global ocean

observing system.

 EISCAT‐3D is a European new‐generation incoherent‐scatter research radar for

upper atmospheric science.

 LifeWatch is an e‐science Infrastructure for biodiversity and ecosystem research.

 EPOS is a European Research Infrastructure on earthquakes, volcanoes, surface

dynamics and tectonics.

 EMSO is a European network of seafloor observatories for the long‐term

monitoring of environmental processes related to ecosystems, climate change

and geo‐hazards.

ENVRI also maintains close contact with the other not‐directly involved ESFRI

Environmental research infrastructures by inviting them for joint meetings. These

projects are:

 IAGOS Aircraft for global observing system

 SIOS Svalbard arctic Earth observing system

ENVRI IT community provides common policies and technical solutions for the

research infrastructures, which involves a number of organization partners including,

Cardiff University, CNR‐ISTI, CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique),

CSC, EAA (Umweltbundesamt Gmbh), EGI, ESA‐ESRIN, University of Amsterdam, and

University of Edinburgh.

Goals The ENVRI project gathers 6 EU ESFRI environmental science infra‐structures

(ICOS, EURO‐Argo, EISCAT‐3D, LifeWatch, EPOS, and EMSO) in order to develop

common data and software services. The results will accelerate the construction of

these infrastructures and improve interoperability among them.

The primary goal of ENVRI is to agree on a reference model for joint operations.

The ENVRI RM is a common ontological framework and standard for the description

and characterisation of computational and storage infrastructures in order to

achieve seamless interoperability between the heterogeneous resources of different

infrastructures. The ENVRI RM serves as a common language for community

communication, providing a uniform framework into which the infrastructure’s

components can be classified and compared, also serving to identify common

solutions to common problems. This may enable reuse, share of resources and

experiences, and avoid duplication of efforts.

Use Case Description ENVRI project implements harmonized solutions and draws up guidelines for the

common needs of the environmental ESFRI projects, with a special focus on issues as

architectures, metadata frameworks, data discovery in scattered repositories,

visualization and data curation. This will empower the users of the collaborating

environmental research infrastructures and enable multidisciplinary scientists to

access, study and correlate data from multiple domains for "system level" research.

ENVRI investigates a collection of representative research infrastructures for

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 42: Common Environmental 

Research Infrastructure 

environmental sciences, and provides a projection of Europe‐wide requirements

they have; identifying in particular, requirements they have in common. Based on

the analysis evidence, the ENVRI Reference Model (http://www.envri.eu/rm) is

developed using ISO standard Open Distributed Processing. Fundamentally the

model serves to provide a universal reference framework for discussing many

common technical challenges facing all of the ESFRI‐environmental research

infrastructures. By drawing analogies between the reference components of the

model and the actual elements of the infrastructures (or their proposed designs) as

they exist now, various gaps and points of overlap can be identified.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System)

Storage File systems and relational databases

Networking

Software Own

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Most of the ENVRI Research Infrastructures (ENV RIs)

are distributed, long‐term, remote controlled

observational networks focused on understanding

processes, trends, thresholds, interactions and

feedbacks and increasing the predictive power to

address future environmental challenges. They are

spanning from the Arctic areas to the European

Southernmost areas and from Atlantic on west to the

Black Sea on east. More precisely:

 EMSO, network of fixed‐point, deep‐seafloor and

water column observatories, is geographically

distributed in key sites of European waters,

presently consisting of thirteen sites.

 EPOS aims at integrating the existing European

facilities in solid Earth science into one coherent

multidisciplinary RI, and to increase the accessibility

and usability of multidisciplinary data from seismic

and geodetic monitoring networks, volcano

observatories, laboratory experiments and

computational simulations enhancing worldwide

interoperability in Earth Science.

 ICOS dedicates to the monitoring of greenhouse

gases (GHG) through its atmospheric, ecosystem

and ocean networks. The ICOS network includes

more than 30 atmospheric and more than 30

ecosystem primary long term sites located across

Europe, and additional secondary sites. It also

includes three Thematic Centres to process the data

from all the stations from each network, and

provide access to these data.

 LifeWatch is a “virtual” infrastructure for

biodiversity and ecosystem research with services

mainly provided through the Internet. Its Common

Facilities is coordinated and managed at a central

European level; and the LifeWatch Centres serve as

specialized facilities from member countries

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 42: Common Environmental 

Research Infrastructure 

(regional partner facilities) or research

communities.

 Euro‐Argo provides, deploys and operates an array

of around 800 floats contributing to the global array

(3,000 floats) and thus provide enhanced coverage

in the European regional seas.

 EISCAT‐ 3D, makes continuous measurements of

the geospace environment and its coupling to the

Earth's atmosphere from its location in the auroral

zone at the southern edge of the northern polar

vortex, and is a distributed infrastructure.

Volume (size) Variable data size. e.g.,

 The amount of data within the EMSO is depending

on the instrumentation and configuration of the

observatory between several MBs to several GB per

data set.

 Within EPOS, the EIDA network is currently

providing access to continuous raw data coming

from approximately more than 1000 stations

recording about 40GB per day, so over 15 TB per

year. EMSC stores a Database of 1.85 GB of

earthquake parameters, which is constantly

growing and updated with refined information.

- 222705 – events

- 632327 – origins

- 642555 – magnitudes

 Within EISCAT 3D raw voltage data will reach

40PB/year in 2023.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Real‐time data handling is a common request of the

environmental research infrastructures

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Highly complex and heterogeneous

Variability (rate of

change)

Relative low rate of change

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

Normal

Visualization Most of the projects have not yet developed the

visualization technique to be fully operational.

 EMSO is not yet fully operational, currently only

simple graph plotting tools.

 Visualization techniques are not yet defined for

EPOS.

 Within ICOS Level‐1.b data products such as near

real time GHG measurements are available to users

via ATC web portal. Based on Google Chart Tools, an

interactive time series line chart with optional

annotations allows user to scroll and zoom inside a

time series of CO2 or CH4 measurement at an ICOS

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 42: Common Environmental 

Research Infrastructure 

Atmospheric station. The chart is rendered within

the browser using Flash. Some Level‐2 products are

also available to ensure instrument monitoring to

PIs. It is mainly instrumental and comparison data

plots automatically generated (R language and

Python Matplotlib 2D plotting library) and daily

pushed on ICOS web server. Level‐3 data products

such as gridded GHG fluxes derived from ICOS

observations increase the scientific impact of ICOS.

For this purpose ICOS supports its community of

users. The Carbon portal is expected to act as a

platform that will offer visualization of the flux

products that incorporate ICOS data. Example of

candidate Level‐3 products from future ICOS GHG

concentration data are for instance maps of

European high‐resolution CO2 or CH4 fluxes

obtained by atmospheric inversion modellers in

Europe. Visual tools for comparisons between

products will be developed by the Carbon Portal.

Contributions will be open to any product of high

scientific quality.

 LifeWatch will provide common visualization

techniques, such as the plotting of species on maps.

New techniques will allow visualizing the effect of

changing data and/or parameters in models.

Data Quality (syntax) Highly important

Data Types  Measurements (often in file formats),

 Metadata,

 Ontology,

 Annotations

Data Analytics  Data assimilation,

 (Statistical) analysis,

 Data mining,

 Data extraction,

 Scientific modeling and simulation,

 Scientific workflow

Big Data Specific  Real‐time handling of extreme high volume of data

Challenges (Gaps)  Data staging to mirror archives

 Integrated Data access and discovery

 Data processing and analysis

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

The need for efficient and high performance mobile detectors and instrumentation is

common:

 In ICOS, various mobile instruments are used to collect data from marine

observations, atmospheric observations, and ecosystem monitoring.

 In Euro‐Argo, thousands of submersible robots to obtain observations of all of

the oceans

 In Lifewatch, biologists use mobile instruments for observations and

measurements.

Security and Privacy Most of the projects follow the open data sharing policy. E.g.,

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 42: Common Environmental 

Research Infrastructure 

Requirements  The vision of EMSO is to allow scientists all over the world to access

observatories data following an open access model.

 Within EPOS, EIDA data and Earthquake parameters are generally open and free

to use. Few restrictions are applied on few seismic networks and the access is

regulated depending on email based authentication/authorization.

 The ICOS data will be accessible through a license with full and open access. No

particular restriction in the access and eventual use of the data is anticipated,

expected the inability to redistribute the data. Acknowledgement of ICOS and

traceability of the data will be sought in a specific, way (e.g. DOI of dataset). A

large part of relevant data and resources are generated using public funding

from national and international sources.

 LifeWatch is following the appropriate European policies, such as: the European

Research Council (ERC) requirement; the European Commission’s open access

pilot mandate in 2008. For publications, initiatives such as Dryad instigated by

publishers and the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe

(OpenAIRE). The private sector may deploy their data in the LifeWatch

infrastructure. A special company will be established to manage such

commercial contracts.

 In EISCAT 3D, lower level of data has restrictions for 1 year within the associate

countries. All data open after 3 years.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Different research infrastructures are designed for different purposes and evolve

over time. The designers describe their approaches from different points of view, in

different levels of detail and using different typologies. The documentation provided

is often incomplete and inconsistent. What is needed is a uniform platform for

interpretation and discussion, which helps to unify understanding.

In ENVRI, we choose to use a standard model, Open Distributed Processing (ODP), to

interpret the design of the research infrastructures, and place their requirements

into the ODP framework for further analysis and comparison.

More Information

(URLs)

 ENVRI Project website: http://www.envri.eu

 ENVRI Reference Model http://www.envri.eu/rm

 ENVRI deliverable D3.2: Analysis of common requirements of Environmental

Research Infrastructures

 ICOS: http://www.icos‐infrastructure.eu/

 Euro‐Argo: http://www.euro‐argo.eu/

 EISCAT 3D: http://www.eiscat3d.se/

 LifeWatch: http://www.lifewatch.com/

 EPOS: http://www.epos‐eu.org/

 EMSO http://www.emso‐eu.org/management/

See Figure 9: ENVRI, Common Operations of Environmental Research Infrastructure – ENVRI common 

architecture. 

See Figure 10(a): ICOS architecture 

See Figure 10(b): LifeWatch architecture 

See Figure 10(c): EMSO architecture 

See Figure 10(d): EURO-Argo architecture 

See Figure 10(e): EISCAT 3D architecture 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 43: Radar Data Analysis for 

CReSIS 

Use Case Title Radar Data Analysis for CReSIS

Vertical (area) Scientific Research: Polar Science and Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets

Author/Company/Email Geoffrey Fox, Indiana University gcf@indiana.edu

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Research funded by NSF and NASA with relevance to near and long term climate

change. Engineers designing novel radar with “field expeditions” for 1‐2 months to

remote sites. Results used by scientists building models and theories involving Ice

Sheets

Goals Determine the depths of glaciers and snow layers to be fed into higher level scientific

analyses

Use Case Description Build radar; build UAV or use piloted aircraft; overfly remote sites (Arctic, Antarctic,

Himalayas). Check in field that experiments configured correctly with detailed

analysis later. Transport data by air‐shipping disk as poor Internet connection. Use

image processing to find ice/snow sheet depths. Use depths in scientific discovery of

melting ice caps etc.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Field is a low power cluster of rugged laptops plus

classic 2‐4 CPU servers with ≈40 TB removable disk

array. Off line is about 2500 cores

Storage Removable disk in field. (Disks suffer in field so 2 copies

made) Lustre or equivalent for offline

Networking Terrible Internet linking field sites to continental USA.

Software Radar signal processing in Matlab. Image analysis is

Map/Reduce or MPI plus C/Java. User Interface is a

Geographical Information System

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Aircraft flying over ice sheets in carefully planned paths

with data downloaded to disks.

Volume (size) ≈0.5 Petabytes per year raw data

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

All data gathered in real time but analyzed

incrementally and stored with a GIS interface

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Lots of different datasets – each needing custom signal

processing but all similar in structure. This data needs

to be used with wide variety of other polar data.

Variability (rate of

change)

Data accumulated in ≈100 TB chunks for each

expedition

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Essential to monitor field data and correct instrumental

problems. Implies must analyze fully portion of data in

field

Visualization Rich user interface for layers and glacier simulations

Data Quality Main engineering issue is to ensure instrument gives

quality data

Data Types Radar Images

Data Analytics Sophisticated signal processing; novel new image

processing to find layers (can be 100’s one per year)

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Data volumes increasing. Shipping disks clumsy but no other obvious solution. Image

processing algorithms still very active research

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Smart phone interfaces not essential but LOW power technology essential in field

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Himalaya studies fraught with political issues and require UAV. Data itself open after

initial study

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 43: Radar Data Analysis for 

CReSIS 

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Loosely coupled clusters for signal processing. Must support Matlab.

More Information

(URLs)

http://polargrid.org/polargrid

https://www.cresis.ku.edu/

See movie at http://polargrid.org/polargrid/gallery

Note:

Use Case Stages Data Sources Data Usage Transformations 

(Data Analytics) Infrastructure Security

and Privacy 

Radar Data Analysis for CReSIS (Scientific Research: Polar Science and Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets) 

Raw Data: Field Trip Raw Data from Radar 

instrument on 

Plane/Vehicle 

Capture Data on Disks for 

L1B. 

Check Data to monitor 

instruments. 

Robust Data Copying 

Utilities. 

Version of Full Analysis to 

check data. 

Rugged Laptops with 

small server (≈2 CPU 

with ≈40TB removable 

disk system) 

N/A 

Information: 

Offline Analysis L1B 

Transported Disks 

copied to (LUSTRE) 

File System 

Produce processed data 

as radar images 

Matlab Analysis code 

running in parallel and 

independently on each 

data sample 

≈2500 cores running 

standard cluster tools 

N/A except results 

checked before 

release on CReSIS 

web site 

Information: 

L2/L3 Geolocation 

and Layer Finding 

Radar Images from 

L1B 

Input to Science as 

database with GIS 

frontend 

GIS and Metadata Tools 

Environment to support 

automatic and/or manual 

layer determination 

GIS (Geographical 

Information System). 

Cluster for Image 

Processing. 

As above 

Knowledge, 

Wisdom, Discovery: 

Science 

GIS interface to L2/L3 

data 

Polar Science Research 

integrating multiple data 

sources e.g. for Climate 

change. 

Glacier bed data used in 

simulations of glacier flow 

Exploration on a cloud 

style GIS supporting 

access to data. 

Simulation is 3D partial 

differential equation 

solver on large cluster. 

Varies according to 

science use. 

Typically results 

open after research 

complete. 

See Figure 11: Radar Data Analysis for CReSIS Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets– Typical CReSIS radar 

data after analysis. 

See Figure 12: Radar Data Analysis for CReSIS Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets– Typical flight paths of 

data gathering in survey region. 

See Figure 13: Radar Data Analysis for CReSIS Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets – Typical echogram with 

detected boundaries. The upper (green) boundary is between air and ice layers, while the lower (red) 

boundary is between ice and terrain. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 44: UAVSAR Data Processing 

Use Case Title UAVSAR Data Processing, Data Product Delivery, and Data Services

Vertical (area) Scientific Research: Earth Science

Author/Company/Email Andrea Donnellan, NASA JPL, andrea.donnellan@jpl.nasa.gov; Jay Parker, NASA JPL,

jay.w.parker@jpl.nasa.gov

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

NASA UAVSAR team, NASA QuakeSim team, ASF (NASA SAR DAAC), USGS, CA

Geological Survey

Goals Use of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) to identify landscape changes caused by

seismic activity, landslides, deforestation, vegetation changes, flooding, etc.;

increase its usability and accessibility by scientists.

Use Case Description A scientist who wants to study the after effects of an earthquake examines multiple

standard SAR products made available by NASA. The scientist may find it useful to

interact with services provided by intermediate projects that add value to the official

data product archive.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) Raw data processing at NASA AMES Pleiades,

Endeavour. Commercial clouds for storage and service

front ends have been explored.

Storage File based.

Networking Data require one time transfers between instrument and

JPL, JPL and other NASA computing centers (AMES), and

JPL and ASF.

Individual data files are not too large for individual users

to download, but entire data set is unwieldy to transfer.

This is a problem to downstream groups like QuakeSim

who want to reformat and add value to data sets.

Software ROI_PAC, GeoServer, GDAL, GeoTIFF‐supporting tools.

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Data initially acquired by unmanned aircraft. Initially

processed at NASA JPL. Archive is centralized at ASF

(NASA DAAC). QuakeSim team maintains separate

downstream products (GeoTIFF conversions).

Volume (size) Repeat Pass Interferometry (RPI) Data: ≈ 3 TB. Increasing

about 1‐2 TB/year.

Polarimetric Data: ≈40 TB (processed)

Raw Data: 110 TB

Proposed satellite missions (Earth Radar Mission,

formerly DESDynI) could dramatically increase data

volumes (TBs per day).

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

RPI Data: 1‐2 TB/year. Polarimetric data is faster.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Two main types: Polarimetric and RPI. Each RPI product

is a collection of files (annotation file, unwrapped, etc.).

Polarimetric products also consist of several files each.

Variability (rate of

change)

Data products change slowly. Data occasionally get

reprocessed: new processing methods or parameters.

There may be additional quality assurance and quality

control issues.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

Provenance issues need to be considered. This

provenance has not been transparent to downstream

consumers in the past. Versioning used now; versions

described in the UAVSAR web page in notes.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 44: UAVSAR Data Processing 

Visualization Uses Geospatial Information System tools, services,

standards.

Data Quality (syntax) Many frames and collections are found to be unusable

due to unforeseen flight conditions.

Data Types GeoTIFF and related imagery data

Data Analytics Done by downstream consumers (such as edge

detections): research issues.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Data processing pipeline requires human inspection and intervention. Limited

downstream data pipelines for custom users.

Cloud architectures for distributing entire data product collections to downstream

consumers should be investigated, adopted.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Some users examine data in the field on mobile devices, requiring interactive

reduction of large data sets to understandable images or statistics.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Data is made immediately public after processing (no embargo period).

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Data is geolocated, and may be angularly specified. Categories: GIS; standard

instrument data processing pipeline to produce standard data products.

More Information

(URLs)

http://uavsar.jpl.nasa.gov/, http://www.asf.alaska.edu/program/sdc,

http://quakesim.org

See Figure 14: UAVSAR Data Processing, Data Product Delivery, and Data Services – Combined 

unwrapped coseismic interferograms for flight lines 26501, 26505, and 08508 for the October 2009–April 

2010 time period. End points where slip can be seen on the Imperial, Superstition Hills, and Elmore 

Ranch faults are noted. GPS stations are marked by dots and are labeled. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 45: NASA LARC/GSFC iRODS 

Federation Testbed 

Use Case Title NASA LARC/GSFC iRODS Federation Testbed

Vertical (area) Earth Science Research and Applications

Author/Company/Email Michael Little, Roger Dubois, Brandi Quam, Tiffany Mathews, Andrei Vakhnin, Beth

Huffer, Christian Johnson / NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) /

M.M.Little@NASA.gov, Roger.A.Dubois@nasa.gov, Brandi.M.Quam@NASA.gov,

Tiffany.J.Mathews@NASA.gov, and Andrei.A.Vakhnin@NASA.gov

John Schnase, Daniel Duffy, Glenn Tamkin, Scott Sinno, John Thompson, and Mark

McInerney / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) / John.L.Schnase@NASA.gov,

Daniel.Q.Duffy@NASA.gov, Glenn.S.Tamkin@nasa.gov. Scott.S.Sinno@nasa.gov,

John.H.Thompson@nasa.gov, and Mark.Mcinerney@nasa.gov

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

NASA’s Atmospheric Science Data Center (ASDC) at Langley Research Center (LaRC)

in Hampton, Virginia, and the Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS) at Goddard Space

Flight Center (GSFC) both ingest, archive, and distribute data that is essential to

stakeholders including the climate research community, science applications

community, and a growing community of government and private‐sector customers

who have a need for atmospheric and climatic data.

Goals To implement a data federation ability to improve and automate the discovery of

heterogeneous data, decrease data transfer latency, and meet customizable criteria

based on data content, data quality, metadata, and production.

To support/enable applications and customers that require the integration of

multiple heterogeneous data collections.

Use Case Description ASDC and NCCS have complementary data sets, each containing vast amounts of

data that is not easily shared and queried. Climate researchers, weather forecasters,

instrument teams, and other scientists need to access data from across multiple

datasets in order to compare sensor measurements from various instruments,

compare sensor measurements to model outputs, calibrate instruments, look for

correlations across multiple parameters, etc. To analyze, visualize and otherwise

process data from heterogeneous datasets is currently a time consuming effort that

requires scientists to separately access, search for, and download data from multiple

servers and often the data is duplicated without an understanding of the

authoritative source. Many scientists report spending more time in accessing data

than in conducting research. Data consumers need mechanisms for retrieving

heterogeneous data from a single point‐of‐access. This can be enabled through the

use of iRODS, a Data grid software system that enables parallel downloads of

datasets from selected replica servers that can be geographically dispersed, but still

accessible by users worldwide. Using iRODS in conjunction with semantically

enhanced metadata, managed via a highly precise Earth Science ontology, the

ASDC’s Data Products Online (DPO) will be federated with the data at the NASA

Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS) at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The

heterogeneous data products at these two NASA facilities are being semantically

annotated using common concepts from the NASA Earth Science ontology. The

semantic annotations will enable the iRODS system to identify complementary

datasets and aggregate data from these disparate sources, facilitating data sharing

between climate modelers, forecasters, Earth scientists, and scientists from other

disciplines that need Earth science data. The iRODS data federation system will also

support cloud‐based data processing services in the Amazon Web Services (AWS)

cloud.

Current

Solutions

Compute (System) NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS) and

NASA Atmospheric Science Data Center (ASDC): Two

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 45: NASA LARC/GSFC iRODS 

Federation Testbed 

GPFS systems

Storage The ASDC’s Data Products Online (DPO) GPFS File

system consists of 12 x IBM DC4800 and 6 x IBM

DCS3700 Storage subsystems, 144 Intel 2.4 GHz cores,

1,400 TB usable storage. NCCS data is stored in the

NCCS MERRA cluster, which is a 36 node Dell cluster,

576 Intel 2.6 GHz SandyBridge cores, 1,300 TB raw

storage, 1,250 GB RAM, 11.7 TF theoretical peak

compute capacity.

Networking A combination of Fibre Channel SAN and 10GB LAN.

The NCCS cluster nodes are connected by an FDR

Infiniband network with peak TCP/IP speeds >20 Gbps.

Software SGE Univa Grid Engine Version 8.1, iRODS version 3.2

and/or 3.3, IBM General Parallel File System (GPFS)

version 3.4, Cloudera version 4.5.2‐1.

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

iRODS will be leveraged to share data collected from

CERES Level 3B data products including: CERES EBAF‐

TOA and CERES‐Surface products.

Surface fluxes in EBAF‐Surface are derived from two

CERES data products: 1) CERES SYN1deg‐Month Ed3 ‐

which provides computed surface fluxes to be adjusted

and 2) CERES EBAFTOA Ed2.7 – which uses observations

to provide CERES‐derived TOA flux constraints. Access

to these products will enable the NCCS at GSFC to run

data from the products in a simulation model in order

to produce an assimilated flux.

The NCCS will introduce Modern‐Era Retrospective

Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) data to

the iRODS federation. MERRA integrates observational

data with numerical models to produce a global

temporally and spatially consistent synthesis of 26 key

climate variables. MERRA data files are created from

the Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 (GEOS‐

5) model and are stored in HDF‐EOS and (Network

Common Data Form) NetCDF formats.

Spatial resolution is 1/2 ̊latitude × 2/3 ̊longitude ×

72 vertical levels extending through the stratosphere.

Temporal resolution is 6‐hours for three‐dimensional,

full spatial resolution, extending from 1979‐present,

nearly the entire satellite era.

Each file contains a single grid with multiple 2D and

3D variables. All data are stored on a longitude‐latitude

grid with a vertical dimension applicable for all 3D

variables. The GEOS‐5 MERRA products are divided into

25 collections: 18 standard products, chemistry

products. The collections comprise monthly means files

and daily files at six‐hour intervals running from 1979 –

2012. MERRA data are typically packaged as multi‐

dimensional binary data within a self‐describing NetCDF

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 45: NASA LARC/GSFC iRODS 

Federation Testbed 

file format. Hierarchical metadata in the NetCDF

header contain the representation information that

allows NetCDF‐ aware software to work with the data.

It also contains arbitrary preservation description and

policy information that can be used to bring the data

into use‐specific compliance.

Volume (size) Currently, Data from the EBAF‐TOA Product is about

420MB and Data from the EBAF‐Surface Product is

about 690MB. Data grows with each version update

(about every six months). The MERRA collection

represents about 160 TB of total data (uncompressed);

compressed is ≈80 TB.

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Periodic since updates are performed with each new

version update.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

There is a need in many types of applications to

combine MERRA reanalysis data with other reanalyses

and observational data such as CERES. The NCCS is

using the Climate Model Intercomparison Project

(CMIP5) Reference standard for ontological alignment

across multiple, disparate data sets.

Variability (rate of

change)

The MERRA reanalysis grows by approximately one TB

per month.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Validation and testing of semantic metadata, and of

federated data products will be provided by data

producers at NASA Langley Research Center and at

Goddard through regular testing. Regression testing

will be implemented to ensure that updates and

changes to the iRODS system, newly added data

sources, or newly added metadata do not introduce

errors to federated data products. MERRA validation is

provided by the data producers, NASA Goddard's

Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO).

Visualization There is a growing need in the scientific community for

data management and visualization services that can

aggregate data from multiple sources and display it in a

single graphical display. Currently, such capabilities are

hindered by the challenge of finding and downloading

comparable data from multiple servers, and then

transforming each heterogeneous dataset to make it

usable by the visualization software. Federation of

NASA datasets using iRODS will enable scientists to

quickly find and aggregate comparable datasets for use

with visualization software.

Data Quality For MERRA, quality controls are applied by the data

producers, GMAO.

Data Types See above.

Data Analytics Pursuant to the first goal of increasing accessibility and

discoverability through innovative technologies, the

ASDC and NCCS are exploring a capability to improve

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 45: NASA LARC/GSFC iRODS 

Federation Testbed 

data access capabilities. Using iRODS, the ASDC’s Data

Products Online (DPO) can be federated with data at

GSFC’s NCCS creating a data access system that can

serve a much broader customer base than is currently

being served. Federating and sharing information will

enable the ASDC and NCCS to fully utilize multi‐year

and multi‐instrument data and will improve and

automate the discovery of heterogeneous data,

increase data transfer latency, and meet customizable

criteria based on data content, data quality, metadata,

and production.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

A major challenge includes defining an enterprise architecture that can deliver real‐

time analytics via communication with multiple APIs and cloud computing systems.

By keeping the computation resources on cloud systems, the challenge with mobility

resides in not overpowering mobile devices with displaying CPU intensive

visualizations that may hinder the performance or usability of the data being

presented to the user.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

This federation builds on several years of iRODS research and development

performed at the NCCS. During this time, the NCCS vetted the iRODS features while

extending its core functions with domain‐specific extensions. For example, the NCCS

created and installed Python‐based scientific kits within iRODS that automatically

harvest metadata when the associated data collection is registered. One of these

scientific kits was developed for the MERRA collection. This kit in conjunction with

iRODS bolsters the strength of the LaRC/GSFC federation by providing advanced

search capabilities. LaRC is working through the establishment of an advanced

architecture that leverages multiple technology pilots and tools (access, discovery,

and analysis) designed to integrate capabilities across the earth science community –

the research and development completed by both data centers is complementary

and only further enhances this use case.

Other scientific kits that have been developed include: NetCDF, Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and Ocean Modeling and Data Assimilation (ODAS).

The combination of iRODS and these scientific kits has culminated in a configurable

technology stack called the virtual Climate Data Server (vCDS), meaning that this

runtime environment can be deployed to multiple destinations (e.g., bare metal,

virtual servers, cloud) to support various scientific needs. The vCDS, which can be

viewed as a reference architecture for easing the federation of disparate data

repositories, is leveraged by but not limited to LaRC and GSFC.

More Information

(URLs)

Please contact the authors for additional information.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 46: MERRA Analytic Services 

Use Case Title MERRA Analytic Services (MERRA/AS)

Vertical (area) Scientific Research: Earth Science

Author/Company/Email John L. Schnase and Daniel Q. Duffy / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

John.L.Schnase@NASA.gov, Daniel.Q.Duffy@NASA.gov

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

NASA's Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA)

integrates observational data with numerical models to produce a global temporally

and spatially consistent synthesis of 26 key climate variables. Actors and

stakeholders who have an interest in MERRA include the climate research

community, science applications community, and a growing number of government

and private‐sector customers who have a need for the MERRA data in their decision

support systems.

Goals Increase the usability and use of large‐scale scientific data collections, such as

MERRA.

Use Case Description MERRA Analytic Services enables Map/Reduce analytics over the MERRA collection.

MERRA/AS is an example of cloud‐enabled climate analytics as a service (CAaaS),

which is an approach to meeting the Big Data challenges of climate science through

the combined use of 1) high performance, data proximal analytics, (2) scalable data

management, (3) software appliance virtualization, (4) adaptive analytics, and (5) a

domain‐harmonized API. The effectiveness of MERRA/AS is being demonstrated in

several applications, including data publication to the Earth System Grid Federation

(ESGF) in support of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) research, the

NASA/Department of Interior RECOVER wild land fire decision support system, and

data interoperability testbed evaluations between NASA Goddard Space Flight

Center and the NASA Langley Atmospheric Data Center.

Current Compute(System) NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS)

Solutions Storage The MERRA Analytic Services Hadoop Filesystem (HDFS)

is a 36 node Dell cluster, 576 Intel 2.6 GHz SandyBridge

cores, 1300 TB raw storage, 1250 GB RAM, 11.7 TF

theoretical peak compute capacity.

Networking Cluster nodes are connected by an FDR Infiniband

network with peak TCP/IP speeds >20 Gbps.

Software Cloudera, iRODS, Amazon AWS

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

MERRA data files are created from the Goddard Earth

Observing System version 5 (GEOS‐5) model and are

stored in HDF‐EOS and NetCDF formats. Spatial

resolution is 1/2 °latitude ×2/3 °longitude × 72 vertical

levels extending through the stratosphere. Temporal

resolution is 6‐hours for three‐dimensional, full spatial

resolution, extending from 1979‐present, nearly the

entire satellite era. Each file contains a single grid with

multiple 2D and 3D variables. All data are stored on a

longitude latitude grid with a vertical dimension

applicable for all 3D variables. The GEOS‐5 MERRA

products are divided into 25 collections: 18 standard

products, 7 chemistry products. The collections

comprise monthly means files and daily files at six‐hour

intervals running from 1979–2012. MERRA data are

typically packaged as multi‐dimensional binary data

within a self‐describing NetCDF file format. Hierarchical

metadata in the NetCDF header contain the

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 46: MERRA Analytic Services 

representation information that allows NetCDF aware

software to work with the data. It also contains arbitrary

preservation description and policy information that can

be used to bring the data into use‐specific compliance.

Volume (size) 480TB

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Real‐time or batch, depending on the analysis. We're

developing a set of "canonical ops" ‐early stage, near‐

data operations common to many analytic workflows.

The goal is for the canonical ops to run in near real‐time.

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

There is a need in many types of applications to

combine MERRA reanalysis data with other re‐analyses

and observational data. We are using the Climate Model

Inter‐comparison Project (CMIP5) Reference standard

for ontological alignment across multiple, disparate data

sets.

Variability (rate of

change)

The MERRA reanalysis grows by approximately one TB

per month.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

Validation provided by data producers, NASA Goddard's

Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO).

analysis,

action)

Visualization There is a growing need for distributed visualization of

analytic outputs.

Data Quality (syntax) Quality controls applied by data producers, GMAO.

Data Types See above.

Data Analytics In our efforts to address the Big Data challenges of

climate science, we are moving toward a notion of

climate analytics‐as‐a‐service. We focus on analytics,

because it is the knowledge gained from our

interactions with Big Data that ultimately produce

societal benefits. We focus on CAaaS because we

believe it provides a useful way of thinking about the

problem: a specialization of the concept of business

process‐as‐a‐service, which is an evolving extension of

IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS enabled by Cloud Computing.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

A big question is how to use cloud computing to enable better use of climate

science's earthbound compute and data resources. Cloud Computing is providing for

us a new tier in the data services stack —a cloud‐based layer where agile

customization occurs and enterprise‐level products are transformed to meet the

specialized requirements of applications and consumers. It helps us close the gap

between the world of traditional, high‐performance computing, which, at least for

now, resides in a finely‐tuned climate modeling environment at the enterprise level

and our new customers, whose expectations and manner of work are increasingly

influenced by the smart mobility megatrend.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Most modern smartphones, tablets, etc. actually consist of just the display and user

interface components of sophisticated applications that run in cloud data centers.

This is a mode of work that CAaaS is intended to accommodate.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

No critical issues identified at this time.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

Map/Reduce and iRODS fundamentally make analytics and data aggregation easier;

our approach to software appliance virtualization in makes it easier to transfer

capabilities to new users and simplifies their ability to build new applications; the

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 46: MERRA Analytic Services 

architecture) social construction of extended capabilities facilitated by the notion of canonical

operations enable adaptability; and the Climate Data Services API that we're

developing enables ease of mastery. Taken together, we believe that these core

technologies behind CAaaS creates a generative context where inputs from diverse

people and groups, who may or may not be working in concert, can contribute

capabilities that help address the Big Data challenges of climate science.

More Information

(URLs)

Please contact the authors for additional information.

See Figure 15: MERRA Analytic Services MERRA/AS – Typical MERRA/AS output. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 47: Atmospheric

Turbulence—Event Discovery 

Use Case Title Atmospheric Turbulence ‐ Event Discovery and Predictive Analytics

Vertical (area) Scientific Research: Earth Science

Author/Company/Email Michael Seablom, NASA Headquarters, michael.s.seablom@nasa.gov

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Researchers with NASA or NSF grants, weather forecasters, aviation interests (for the

generalized case, any researcher who has a role in studying phenomena‐based

events).

Goals Enable the discovery of high‐impact phenomena contained within voluminous Earth

Science data stores and which are difficult to characterize using traditional numerical

methods (e.g., turbulence). Correlate such phenomena with global atmospheric re‐

analysis products to enhance predictive capabilities.

Use Case Description Correlate aircraft reports of turbulence (either from pilot reports or from automated

aircraft measurements of eddy dissipation rates) with recently completed

atmospheric re‐analyses of the entire satellite‐observing era. Reanalysis products

include the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and the Modern‐Era

Retrospective‐Analysis for Research (MERRA) from NASA.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) NASA Earth Exchange (NEX) ‐ Pleiades supercomputer.

Storage Re‐analysis products are on the order of 100TB each;

turbulence data are negligible in size.

Networking Re‐analysis datasets are likely to be too large to

relocate to the supercomputer of choice (in this case

NEX), therefore the fastest networking possible would

be needed.

Software Map/Reduce or the like; SciDB or other scientific

database.

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Distributed

Volume (size) 200TB (current), 500TB within 5 years

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Data analyzed incrementally

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Re‐analysis datasets are inconsistent in format,

resolution, semantics, and metadata. Likely each of

these input streams will have to be

interpreted/analyzed into a common product.

Variability (rate of

change)

Turbulence observations would be updated

continuously; re‐analysis products are released about

once every five years.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues)

Validation would be necessary for the output product

(correlations).

Visualization Useful for interpretation of results.

Data Quality Input streams would have already been subject to

quality control.

Data Types Gridded output from atmospheric data assimilation

systems and textual data from turbulence

observations.

Data Analytics Event‐specification language needed to perform data

mining / event searches.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Semantics (interpretation of multiple reanalysis products); data movement;

database(s) with optimal structuring for 4‐dimensional data mining.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 47: Atmospheric

Turbulence—Event Discovery 

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Development for mobile platforms not essential at this time.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

No critical issues identified.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Atmospheric turbulence is only one of many phenomena‐based events that could be

useful for understanding anomalies in the atmosphere or the ocean that are

connected over long distances in space and time. However the process has limits to

extensibility, i.e., each phenomena may require very different processes for data

mining and predictive analysis.

More Information

(URLs)

http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/oceanography‐book/teleconnections.htm

http://www.forbes.com/sites/toddwoody/2012/03/21/meet‐the‐scientists‐mining‐

big‐data‐to‐predict‐the‐weather/

See Figure 16: Atmospheric Turbulence – Event Discovery and Predictive Analytics (Section 2.9.7) – 

Typical NASA image of turbulent waves 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 48: Climate Studies using the 

Community Earth System Model 

Use Case Title Climate Studies using the Community Earth System Model at DOE’s NERSC center

Vertical (area) Research: Climate

Author/Company/Email PI: Warren Washington, NCAR

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Climate scientists, U.S. policy makers

Goals The goals of the Climate Change Prediction (CCP) group at NCAR are to understand

and quantify contributions of natural and anthropogenic‐induced patterns of climate

variability and change in the 20th and 21st centuries by means of simulations with

the Community Earth System Model (CESM).

Use Case Description With these model simulations, researchers are able to investigate mechanisms of

climate variability and change, as well as to detect and attribute past climate

changes, and to project and predict future changes. The simulations are motivated

by broad community interest and are widely used by the national and international

research communities.

Current Compute(System) NERSC (24M Hours), DOE LCF (41M), NCAR CSL (17M)

Solutions Storage 1.5 PB at NERSC

Networking ESNet

Software NCAR PIO library and utilities NCL and NCO, parallel

NetCDF

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Data is produced at computing centers. The Earth

Systems Grid is an open source effort providing a robust,

distributed data and computation platform, enabling

world wide access to Peta/Exa‐scale scientific data. ESGF

manages the first‐ever decentralized database for

handling climate science data, with multiple petabytes

of data at dozens of federated sites worldwide. It is

recognized as the leading infrastructure for the

management and access of large distributed data

volumes for climate change research. It supports the

Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), whose

protocols enable the periodic assessments carried out

by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC).

Volume (size) 30 PB at NERSC (assuming 15 end‐to‐end climate change

experiments) in 2017; many times more worldwide

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

42 GB/s are produced by the simulations

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Data must be compared among those from

observations, historical reanalysis, and a number of

independently produced simulations. The Program for

Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison develops

methods and tools for the diagnosis and

intercomparison of general circulation models (GCMs)

that simulate the global climate. The need for innovative

analysis of GCM climate simulations is apparent, as

increasingly more complex models are developed, while

the disagreements among these simulations and relative

to climate observations remain significant and poorly

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 48: Climate Studies using the 

Community Earth System Model 

understood. The nature and causes of these

disagreements must be accounted for in a systematic

fashion in order to confidently use GCMs for simulation

of putative global climate change.

Variability (rate of

change)

Data is produced by codes running at supercomputer

centers. During runtime, intense periods of data i/O

occur regularly, but typically consume only a few

percent of the total run time. Runs are carried out

routinely, but spike as deadlines for reports approach.

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues) and Quality

Data produced by climate simulations is plays a large

role in informing discussion of climate change

simulations. Therefore it must be robust, both from the

standpoint of providing a scientifically valid

representation of processes that influence climate, but

also as that data is stored long term and transferred

world‐wide to collaborators and other scientists.

Visualization Visualization is crucial to understanding a system as

complex as the Earth ecosystem.

Data Types Earth system scientists are being inundated by an

explosion of data generated by ever‐increasing

resolution in both global models and remote sensors.

Data Analytics There is a need to provide data reduction and analysis

web services through the Earth System Grid (ESG). A

pressing need is emerging for data analysis capabilities

closely linked to data archives.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

The rapidly growing size of datasets makes scientific analysis a challenge. The need

to write data from simulations is outpacing supercomputers’ ability to accommodate

this need.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Data from simulations and observations must be shared among a large widely

distributed community.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

ESGF is in the early stages of being adapted for use in two additional domains:

biology (to accelerate drug design and development) and energy (infrastructure for

California Energy Systems for the 21st Century (CES21)).

More Information

(URLs)

http://esgf.org/

http://www‐pcmdi.llnl.gov/

http://www.nersc.gov/

http://science.energy.gov/ber/research/cesd/

http://www2.cisl.ucar.edu/

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 49: Subsurface 

Biogeochemistry 

Use Case Title DOE‐BER Subsurface Biogeochemistry Scientific Focus Area

Vertical (area) Research: Earth Science

Author/Company/Email Deb Agarwal, Lawrence Berkeley Lab. daagarwal@lbl.gov

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

LBNL Sustainable Systems SFA 2.0, Subsurface Scientists, Hydrologists, Geophysicists,

Genomics Experts, JGI, Climate scientists, and DOE SBR.

Goals The Sustainable Systems Scientific Focus Area 2.0 Science Plan (“SFA 2.0”) has been

developed to advance predictive understanding of complex and multiscale terrestrial

environments relevant to the DOE mission through specifically considering the

scientific gaps defined above.

Use Case Description Development of a Genome‐Enabled Watershed Simulation Capability (GEWaSC) that

will provide a predictive framework for understanding how genomic information

stored in a subsurface microbiome affects biogeochemical watershed functioning,

how watershed‐scale processes affect microbial functioning, and how these

interactions co‐evolve. While modeling capabilities developed by our team and

others in the community have represented processes occurring over an impressive

range of scales (ranging from a single bacterial cell to that of a contaminant plume),

to date little effort has been devoted to developing a framework for systematically

connecting scales, as is needed to identify key controls and to simulate important

feedbacks. A simulation framework that formally scales from genomes to watersheds

is the primary focus of this GEWaSC deliverable.

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) NERSC

Storage NERSC

Networking ESNet

Software PFLOWTran, postgres, HDF5, Akuna, NEWT, etc.

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Terabase‐scale sequencing data from JGI, subsurface

and surface hydrological and biogeochemical data from

a variety of sensors (including dense geophysical

datasets) experimental data from field and lab analysis

Volume (size)

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Data crosses all scales from genomics of the microbes in

the soil to watershed hydro‐biogeochemistry. The SFA

requires the synthesis of diverse and disparate field,

laboratory, and simulation datasets across different

semantic, spatial, and temporal scales through GEWaSC.

Such datasets will be generated by the different

research areas and include simulation data, field data

(hydrological, geochemical, geophysical), ‘omics data,

and data from laboratory experiments.

Variability (rate of

change)

Simulations and experiments

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues) and Quality

Each of the sources samples different properties with

different footprints – extremely heterogeneous. Each of

the sources has different levels of uncertainty and

precision associated with it. In addition, the translation

across scales and domains introduces uncertainty as

does the data mining. Data quality is critical.

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 49: Subsurface 

Biogeochemistry 

Visualization Visualization is crucial to understanding the data.

Data Types Described in “Variety” above.

Data Analytics Data mining, data quality assessment, cross‐correlation

across datasets, reduced model development, statistics,

quality assessment, data fusion, etc.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Translation across diverse and large datasets that cross domains and scales.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Field experiment data taking would be improved by access to existing data and

automated entry of new data via mobile devices.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

A wide array of programs in the earth sciences are working on challenges that cross

the same domains as this project.

More Information

(URLs)

Under development

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 50: AmeriFlux and FLUXNET 

Use Case Title DOE‐BER AmeriFlux and FLUXNET Networks

Vertical (area) Research: Earth Science

Author/Company/Email Deb Agarwal, Lawrence Berkeley Lab. daagarwal@lbl.gov

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

AmeriFlux scientists, Data Management Team, ICOS, DOE TES, USDA, NSF, and

Climate modelers.

Goals AmeriFlux Network and FLUXNET measurements provide the crucial linkage between

organisms, ecosystems, and process‐scale studies at climate‐relevant scales of

landscapes, regions, and continents, which can be incorporated into biogeochemical

and climate models. Results from individual flux sites provide the foundation for a

growing body of synthesis and modeling analyses.

Use Case Description AmeriFlux network observations enable scaling of trace gas fluxes (CO2, water vapor)

across a broad spectrum of times (hours, days, seasons, years, and decades) and

space. Moreover, AmeriFlux and FLUXNET datasets provide the crucial linkages

among organisms, ecosystems, and process‐scale studies—at climate‐relevant scales

of landscapes, regions, and continents—for incorporation into biogeochemical and

climate models

Current

Solutions

Compute(System) NERSC

Storage NERSC

Networking ESNet

Software EddyPro, Custom analysis software, R, python, neural

networks, Matlab.

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

≈150 towers in AmeriFlux and over 500 towers

distributed globally collecting flux measurements.

Volume (size)

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

The flux data is relatively uniform, however, the

biological, disturbance, and other ancillary data needed

to process and to interpret the data is extensive and

varies widely. Merging this data with the flux data is

challenging in today’s systems.

Variability (rate of

change)

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues) and Quality

Each site has unique measurement and data processing

techniques. The network brings this data together and

performs a common processing, gap‐filling, and quality

assessment. Thousands of users

Visualization Graphs and 3D surfaces are used to visualize the data.

Data Types Described in “Variety” above.

Data Analytics Data mining, data quality assessment, cross‐correlation

across datasets, data assimilation, data interpolation,

statistics, quality assessment, data fusion, etc.

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Translation across diverse datasets that cross domains and scales.

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Field experiment data taking would be improved by access to existing data and

automated entry of new data via mobile devices.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Earth, Environmental and Polar Science> Use Case 50: AmeriFlux and FLUXNET 

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

More Information

(URLs)

http://Ameriflux.lbl.gov

http://www.fluxdata.org

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Energy> Use Case 51: Consumption Forecasting in Smart Grids 

Use Case Title Consumption forecasting in Smart Grids

Vertical (area) Energy Informatics

Author/Company/Email Yogesh Simmhan, University of Southern California, simmhan@usc.edu

Actors/Stakeholders

and their roles and

responsibilities

Electric Utilities, Campus MicroGrids, Building Managers, Power Consumers, Energy

Markets

Goals Develop scalable and accurate forecasting models to predict the energy consumption

(kWh) within the utility service area under different spatial and temporal

granularities to help improve grid reliability and efficiency.

Use Case Description Deployment of smart meters are making available near‐realtime energy usage

data (kWh) every 15‐mins at the granularity individual consumers within the service

area of smart power utilities. This unprecedented and growing access to fine‐grained

energy consumption information allows novel analytics capabilities to be developed

for predicting energy consumption for customers, transformers, sub‐stations and the

utility service area. Near‐term forecast can be used by utilities and microgrid

managers to take preventive action before consumption spikes cause

brown/blackouts through demand‐response optimization by engaging consumers,

bringing peaker units online, or purchasing power from the energy markets. These

form an OODA feedback loop. Customers can also use them for energy use planning

and budgeting. Medium‐ to long‐term predictions can help utilities and building

managers plan generation capacity, renewable portfolio, energy purchasing

contracts and sustainable building improvements.

Steps involved include 1) Data Collection and Storage: time‐series data from

(potentially) millions of smart meters in near‐realtime, features on consumers,

facilities and regions, weather forecasts, archival of data for training, testing and

validating models; 2) Data Cleaning and Normalization: Spatio‐temporal

normalization, gap filling/Interpolation, outlier detection, semantic annotation; 3)

Training Forecast Models: Using univariate timeseries models like ARIMA, and data‐

driven machine learning models like regression tree, ANN, for different spatial

(consumer, transformer) and temporal (15‐min, 24‐hour) granularities; 4) Prediction:

Predict consumption for different spatio‐temporal granularities and prediction

horizons using near‐realtime and historic data fed to the forecast model with

thresholds on prediction latencies.

Current Compute(System) Many‐core servers, Commodity Cluster, Workstations

Solutions Storage SQL Databases, CSV Files, HDFS, Meter Data

Management

Networking Gigabit Ethernet

Software R/Matlab, Weka, Hadoop

Big Data

Characteristics

Data Source

(distributed/centralized)

Head‐end of smart meters (distributed), Utility

databases (Customer Information, Network topology;

centralized), US Census data (distributed), NOAA

weather data (distributed), Microgrid building

information system (centralized), Microgrid sensor

network (distributed)

Volume (size) 10 GB/day; 4 TB/year (City scale)

Velocity

(e.g. real time)

Los Angeles: Once every 15‐mins (≈100k streams);

Once every 8‐hours (≈1.4M streams) with finer grain

data aggregated to 8‐hour interval

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Energy> Use Case 51: Consumption Forecasting in Smart Grids 

Variety

(multiple datasets,

mashup)

Tuple‐based: Timeseries, database rows; Graph‐based:

Network topology, customer connectivity; Some

semantic data for normalization.

Variability (rate of

change)

Meter and weather data change, and are

collected/used, on hourly basis. Customer/building/grid

topology information is slow changing on a weekly

basis

Big Data Science

(collection, curation,

analysis,

action)

Veracity (Robustness

Issues, semantics)

Versioning and reproducibility is necessary to

validate/compare past and current models. Resilience

of storage and analytics is important for operational

needs. Semantic normalization can help with inter‐

disciplinary analysis (e.g. utility operators, building

managers, power engineers, behavioral scientists)

Visualization Map‐based visualization of grid service topology, stress;

Energy heat‐maps; Plots of demand forecasts vs.

capacity, what‐if analysis; Realtime information display;

Apps with push notification of alerts

Data Quality (syntax) Gaps in smart meters and weather data; Quality issues

in sensor data; Rigorous checks done for “billing

quality” meter data;

Data Types Timeseries (CSV, SQL tuples), Static information (RDF,

XML), topology (shape files)

Data Analytics Forecasting models, machine learning models, time

series analysis, clustering, motif detection, complex

event processing, visual network analysis,

Big Data Specific

Challenges (Gaps)

Scalable realtime analytics over large data streams

Low‐latency analytics for operational needs

Federated analytics at utility and microgrid levels

Robust time series analytics over millions of customer consumption data

Customer behavior modeling, targeted curtailment requests

Big Data Specific

Challenges in Mobility

Apps for engaging with customers: Data collection from customers/premises for

behavior modeling, feature extraction; Notification of curtailment requests by

utility/building managers; Suggestions on energy efficiency; Geo‐localized display of

energy footprint.

Security and Privacy

Requirements

Personally identifiable customer data requires careful handling. Customer energy

usage data can reveal behavior patterns. Anonymization of information. Data

aggregation to avoid customer identification. Data sharing restrictions by federal and

state energy regulators. Surveys by behavioral scientists may have IRB restrictions.

Highlight issues for

generalizing this use

case (e.g. for ref.

architecture)

Realtime data‐driven analytics for cyber physical systems

More Information

(URLs)

http://smartgrid.usc.edu

http://ganges.usc.edu/wiki/Smart_Grid

https://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/faces/ladwp/aboutus/a‐power/a‐p‐smartgridla

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6475927

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

M0148 Hundreds of Data loaded in Unstructured and structured Custom software,NARA: Search, terabytes, and batches, so bursty data: textual documents, commercial search

Retrieve, growing emails, photos, scanned products, commercial

Preservation documents, multimedia, databases

social networks, web sites,databases, etc.

M0219Statistical SurveyResponseImprovement

Approximately 1 PB Variable, field data

streamedcontinuously,Census was ≈150million recordstransmitted

Strings and numerical data Hadoop, Spark, Hive, R,

SAS, Mahout,Allegrograph, MySQL,Oracle, Storm,BigMemory, Cassandra,Pig

M0222Non‐TraditionalData in StatisticalSurvey ResponseImprovement

— — Survey data, other

government administrativedata, web‐scraped data,wireless data, e‐transactiondata, (potentially) socialmedia data and positioningdata from various sources

Hadoop, Spark, Hive, R,SAS, Mahout,Allegrograph, MySQL,Oracle, Storm,BigMemory, Cassandra,Pig

Nrenso

M0175Cloud Eco‐Systemfor Finance

— Real time — Hadoop RDBMS XBRL Fr

Appendix B: Summary of Key Properties Information related to five key properties was extracted from each use case. The five key properties were three Big Data ch

velocity, and variety), software related information, and associated analytics. The extracted information is presented in Tab

Table B-1: Use Case Specific Information by Key Properties 

Use Case Volume Velocity Variety Software 

1 M0147 380 TB Static for 75 years Scanned documents Robust archival storage N

Census 2000 and

2010

2345

Crad(setid(PflRsym

B-1 
NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Use Case Volume Velocity Variety Software 

M0161 15 TB presently, Currently Hadoop PDF documents and log files Hadoop, Scribe, Hive,

Mendeley growing about 1 TB batch jobs of social network and client Mahout, Python

per month scheduled daily, activities

real‐timerecommended infuture

6 St

m

ab

aga

d

7 M0164

Netflix MovieService

Summer 2012 – 25million subscribers,4 million ratings perday, 3 millionsearches per day, 1billion hoursstreamed in June2012; Cloud storage– 2 petabytes inJune 2013

Media (video andproperties) andrankingscontinuallyupdated

Data vary from digital mediato user rankings, userprofiles, and mediaproperties for content‐basedrecommendations

Hadoop and Pig;Cassandra; Teradata

Preuremclasgtrst

8 M0165

Web Search

45 billion web pages

total, 500 million

photos uploadedeach day, 100 hours

of video uploaded to

YouTube eachminute

Real‐time

updating and real‐

time responses toqueries

Multiple media Map/Reduce + Bigtable;

Dryad + Cosmos;

PageRank; final stepessentially arecommender engine

C

insere

9 M0137

BusinessContinuity andDisaster RecoveryWithin a CloudEco‐System

Terabytes up topetabytes

Can be real timefor recent changes

Must work for all data Hadoop, Map/Reduce,

open source, and/orvendor proprietary suchas AWS, Google CloudServices, and Microsoft

R

10 M0103

Cargo Shipping

— Needs to become

real time,currently updatedat events

Event‐based — D

id

11 M0162

Materials Data

500,000 materialtypes in 1980s,

Ongoing increasein new materials

Many datasets with nostandards

National programs(Japan, Korea, and

Na

B-2 
NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Use Case Volume Velocity Variety Software 

forManufacturing

much growth sincethen

China), applicationareas (EU nuclearprogram), proprietarysystems (Granta, etc.)

12 M0176

Simulation‐DrivenMaterialsGenomics

100 TB (current),500 TB within fiveyears, scalable key‐value and objectstore databasesneeded

Regular dataadded fromsimulations

Varied data and simulationresults

MongoDB, GPFS,PyMatGen, FireWorks,VASP, ABINIT,NWChem, BerkeleyGW,varied communitycodes

Mthex

13 M0213

Large‐ScaleGeospatialAnalysis andVisualization

Imagery – hundredsof terabytes; vectordata – tens of GBsbut billions of points

Vectorstransmitted innear real time

Imagery, vector (variousformats such as shape files,KML, text streams) andmany object structures

Geospatially enabledRDBMS, Esri ArcServer,Geoserver

CdpP

14 M0214

ObjectIdentification andTracking

FMV – 30 to 60frames per secondat full‐color 1080Presolution; WALF – 1to 10 frames persecond at 10,000 x10,000 full‐colorresolution

Real time A few standard imagery or

video formats

Custom software andtools includingtraditional RDBMS anddisplay tools

Vodinsoawfu

15 M0215

Intelligence DataProcessing andAnalysis

Tens of terabytes tohundreds ofpetabytes, individualwarfighters (firstresponders) wouldhave at most one tohundreds of GBs

Much real‐time,imageryintelligencedevices thatgather a petabyteof data in a fewhours

Text files, raw media,imagery, video, audio,electronic data, human‐generated data

Hadoop, Accumulo(BigTable), Solr, NLP,Puppet (for deploymentand security) andStorm; GIS

Nbbaa(sex

16 M0177

EMR Data

12 million patients,more than 4 billiondiscrete clinicalobservations, > 20TB raw data

0.5 to 1.5 millionnew real‐timeclinicaltransactionsadded per day

Broad variety of data fromdoctors, nurses, laboratoriesand instruments

Teradata, PostgreSQL,MongoDB, Hadoop,Hive, R

Inmmesn

B-3 
NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Use Case Volume Velocity Variety Software 

171819 M0078

GenomicMeasurements

>100 TB in 1 to 2years at NIST, manyPBs in healthcarecommunity

≈300 GB ofcompresseddata/daygenerated by DNAsequencers

File formats not well‐standardized, though somestandards exist; generallystructured data

Open‐sourcesequencingbioinformatics softwarefrom academic groups

Ppclva

20 M0188

ComparativeAnalysis forMetagenomesand Genomes

50 TB New sequencers

stream in data atgrowing rate

Biological data that areinherently heterogeneous,complex, structural, andhierarchical; besides coregenomic data, new types of

omics data such as

transcriptomics,methylomics, and

proteomics

Standard bioinformaticstools (BLAST, HMMER,

multiple alignment andphylogenetic tools,gene callers, sequence

feature predictors),Perl/Python wrapperscripts

Dst

h

clcl

21 M0140

IndividualizedDiabetesManagement

5 million patients Not real time but

updatedperiodically

100 controlled vocabularyvalues and 1,000 continuousvalues per patient, mostlytime‐stamped values

HDFS supplementingMayo internal datawarehouse (EDT)

InsegSQsea

M0089 1 GB raw image data Once generated, Images MPI for image analysis,

Pathology + 1.5 GB analytical data will not be Map/Reduce + Hive

Imaging results per 2D changed with spatial extension

image, 1 TB rawimage data + 1 TBanalytical results per3D image, 1 PB data

per moderatedhospital per year

M0191 Medical diagnostic Volume of data Multi‐modal imaging with Scalable key‐value and

Computational imaging around 70 acquisition disparate channels of data object store databases;

Bioimaging PB annually, 32 TB requires HPC back ImageJ, OMERO,

on emerging end VolRover, advanced

machines for a segmentation andsingle scan feature detection

methods

Im

q

fe

clM

veraclre

B-4 
NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Use Case Volume Velocity Variety Software 

ggincopst

22 M0174

StatisticalRelationalArtificialIntelligence forHealth Care

Hundreds of GBs fora single cohort of afew hundred people;possibly on theorder of 1 PB whendealing with millionsof patients

Constant updatesto EHRs; in othercontrolled studies,data often inbatches at regularintervals

Critical feature – datatypically in multiple tables,need to be merged toperform analysis

Mainly Java‐based, in‐house tools to processthe data

RmRfr

23 M0172

WorldPopulation‐ScaleEpidemiologicalStudy

100 TB Low number of

data feeding intothe simulation,massive amountsof real‐time datagenerated bysimulation

Can be rich with variouspopulation activities,geographical, socio‐economic, cultural variations

Charm++, MPI Si

p

24 M0173

Social ContagionModeling forPlanning

Tens of terabytesper year

During socialunrest events,humaninteractions andmobility leads torapid changes indata; e.g., whofollows whom inTwitter

Big issues – data fusion,combining data fromdifferent sources, dealingwith missing or incompletedata

Specialized simulators,open source software,proprietary modelingenvironments;databases

Mhinthvi

25 M0141

Biodiversity andLifeWatch

N/A Real‐time

processing andanalysis in case ofnatural orindustrial disaster

Rich variety and number ofinvolved databases andobservation data

RDBMS R

ri

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26 Neural net very

heterogeneous as it learnsmany different features

In‐house GPU kernelsand MPI‐based

communicationdeveloped by Stanford,

C++/Python source

Smst

ap

a

27 M0171

Organizing Large‐ScaleUnstructuredCollections ofConsumer Photos

500+ billion photoson Facebook, 5+billion photos onFlickr

Over 500 millionimages uploadedto Facebook eachday

Images and metadataincluding EXIF (ExchangeableImage File) tags (focaldistance, camera type, etc.)

Hadoop Map/Reduce,simple hand‐writtenmulti‐threaded tools(Secure Shell [SSH] andsockets forcommunication)

Rsqp

28 M0160

Truthy TwitterData

30 TB/yearcompressed data

Near real‐timedata storage,querying andanalysis

Schema provided by social

media data source; currentlyusing Twitter only; plans toexpand, incorporatingGoogle+ and Facebook

Hadoop IndexedHBaseand HDFS; Hadoop,Hive, Redis for data

management; Python:SciPy NumPy and MPIfor data analysis

Astclleddvi

29 M0211

Crowd Sourcing inHumanities

GBs (text, surveys,experiment values)to hundreds ofterabytes(multimedia)

Data continuouslyupdated andanalyzedincrementally

So far mostly homogeneoussmall data sets; expectedlarge distributedheterogeneous datasets

XML technology,traditional relationaldatabases

Pspaapstlin

30 Many types of networks Graph libraries (Galib,

NetworkX); distributedworkflow management(Simfrastructure,databases, semanticweb tools)

N

M0136Large‐Scale Deep

LearningM0158CINET forNetwork Science

Current datasetstypically 1 TB to 10

TB, possibly 100million images totrain a self‐driving

carCan be hundreds ofGBs for a single

network, 1,000 to

5,000 networks and

methods

Much faster thanreal‐timeprocessing; forautonomousdriving, need toprocess thousandsof high‐resolution

(six megapixels ormore) images persecondDynamicnetworks,network collectiongrowing

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313233 M0163

The DiscinnetProcess

Small as metadatato Big Data

Real time Can tackle arbitrary Big Data Symfony‐PHP, Linux,

MySQL

‐‐

34 M0131

Semantic Graph‐Search

A few terabytes Evolving in time Rich Database D

35 M0189

Light SourceBeamlines

50 to 400 GB perday, total ≈400 TB

Continuousstream of data,but analysis neednot be real time

Images Octopus for

TomographicReconstruction, Avizo(http://vsg3d.com) andFIJI (a distribution ofImageJ)

Vfe

36

M0190NIST InformationAccess DivisionM0130DataNet (iRODS)M0170Catalina Real‐Time TransientSurvey

>900 million webpages occupying 30TB of storage, 100million tweets, 100million ground‐truthed biometricimages, hundreds ofthousands ofpartially ground‐truthed video clips,terabytes of smallerfully ground‐truthed

test collectionsPetabytes, hundredsof millions of files≈100 TB totalincreasing by 0.1 TBa night accessing PBs

of base astronomydata, 30 TB a night

from successor LSST

in 2020s

Legacy evaluationsmostly focused onretrospectiveanalytics, newerevaluationsfocused onsimulations ofreal‐time analyticchallenges frommultiple datastreamsReal time andbatchNightly updateruns processes inreal time

Wide variety of data typesincluding textualsearch/extraction, machinetranslation, speechrecognition, image and voice

biometrics, object and

person recognition and

tracking, document analysis,

human‐computer dialogue,

multimediasearch/extraction

PERL, Python, C/C++,Matlab, R development

tools; create ground‐up

test and measurement

applications

Rich iRODSImages, spectra, time series, Custom data processing

catalogs pipeline and data

analysis software

Infi

su

vo

reutrpa

dimmdseaSu

wDad

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

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37 M0185

DOE ExtremeData fromCosmological SkySurvey

Several petabytesfrom Dark Energy

Survey and Zwicky

Transient Factory,simulations > 10 PB

Analysis done in

batch mode withdata fromobservations andsimulationsupdated daily

Image and simulation data MPI, FFTW, viz

packages, numpy,Boost, OpenMP,ScaLAPCK, PSQL and

MySQL databases,Eigen, cfitsio,astrometry.net, andMinuit2

Na

38 M0209

Large Survey Datafor Cosmology

Petabytes of datafrom Dark Energy

Survey

400 images of 1GB in size per

night

Images Linux cluster, Oracle

RDBMS server, Postgres

PSQL, large memory

machines, standardLinux interactive hosts,GPFS; for simulations,HPC resources;standard astrophysicsreduction software as

well as Perl/Pythonwrapper scripts

MoCfosiosi

st

39 M0166

Particle Physics atLHC

15 PB of data(experiment andMonte Carlocombined) per year

Data updatedcontinuously withsophisticated real‐time selection andtest analysis butall analyzed"properly" offline

Different format for eachstage in analysis but datauniform within each stage

Grid‐basedenvironment with over350,000 cores runningsimultaneously

Sodfoex(hdco

40 M0210

Belle II HighEnergy PhysicsExperiment

Eventually 120 PB of

Monte Carlo andobservational data

Data updatedcontinuously withsophisticated real‐time selection andtest analysis but

all analyzed"properly" offline

Different format for each

stage in analysis but datauniform within each stage

DIRAC Grid software So

dfoex(h

dco

41 M0155

EISCAT 3Dincoherent

Terabytes/year(current), 40

Data updatedcontinuously withreal‐time test

Big data uniform Custom analysis based

on flat file data storage

Pd

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Use Case Volume Velocity Variety Software 

scatter radarsystem

PB/year starting≈2022

analysis and batchfull analysis

rop

42 M0157

ENVRIEnvironmentalResearchInfrastructure

Low volume (apartfrom EISCAT 3Dgiven above), onesystem EPOS ≈15TB/year

Mainly real‐timedata streams

Six separate projects withcommon architecture forinfrastructure, data verydiverse across projects

R and Python(Matplotlib) forvisualization, customsoftware for processing

D(smscsiw

43 M0167

CReSIS RemoteSensing

Around 1 PB(current) increasingby 50 to 100 TB permission, futureexpedition ≈1 PBeach

Data taken in≈two‐monthmissions includingtest analysis andthen later batchprocessing

Raw data, images with finallayer data used for science

Matlab for custom rawdata processing, customimage processingsoftware, GIS as userinterface

Cto thimla

44 M0127

UAVSAR DataProcessing

110 TB raw data and40 TB processed,plus smaller samples

Data come fromaircraft and soincrementallyadded, dataoccasionally getreprocessed: newprocessingmethods orparameters

Image and annotation files ROI_PAC, GeoServer,

GDAL, GeoTIFF‐supporting tools;moving to clouds

PimthtoG

45 M0182

NASA LARC/GSFCiRODS

MERRA collection(below) representsmost of total data,other smallercollections

Periodic updatesevery six months

Many applications tocombine MERRA reanalysisdata with other reanalysesand observational data suchas CERES

SGE Univa Grid EngineVersion 8.1, iRODSVersion 3.2 and/or 3.3,IBM GPFS Version 3.4,Cloudera Version 4.5.2‐1

Fe

46 M0129

MERRA AnalyticServices

480 TB from MERRA Increases at ≈1

TB/month

Applications to combineMERRA reanalysis data withother re‐analyses andobservational data

Cloudera, iRODS,Amazon AWS

C

47 M0090

AtmosphericTurbulence

200 TB (current),500 TB within 5years

Data analyzedincrementally

Re‐analysis datasets areinconsistent in format,resolution, semantics, and

Map/Reduce or the like,SciDB or other scientificdatabase

Dfo

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metadata;interpretation/analysis ofeach of these input streamsinto a common product

48 M0186

Climate Studies

Up to 30 PB/yearfrom 15 end‐to‐endsimulations atNERSC, more atother HPC centers

42 GB/secondfrom simulations

Variety across simulationgroups and betweenobservation and simulation

National Center forAtmospheric Research(NCAR) PIO library andutilities NCL and NCO,parallel NetCDF

Nd

49 M0183

DOE‐BERSubsurfaceBiogeochemistry

— — From omics of the microbes

in the soil to watershedhydro‐biogeochemistry,from observation tosimulation

PFLOWTran, postgres,HDF5, Akuna, NEWT,etc.

Dascoddqfu

50 M0184

DOE‐BERAmeriFlux andFLUXNETNetworks

— Streaming data

from ≈150 towersin AmeriFlux andover 500 towersdistributedglobally collectingfluxmeasurements

Flux data merged withbiological, disturbance, andother ancillary data

EddyPro, customanalysis software, R,Python, neuralnetworks, Matlab

Dascodasinqfu

51 M0223

Consumptionforecasting inSmart Grids

4 TB/year for a citywith 1.4 millionsensors, such as LosAngeles

Streaming datafrom millions ofsensors

Tuple‐based: timeseries,database rows; graph‐based:network topology, customerconnectivity; some semanticdata for normalization

R/Matlab, Weka,Hadoop; GIS‐basedvisualization

Fomticldpa

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Appendix C: Use Case Requirements Summary Requirements were extracted from each use case within seven characteristic categories introduced in Section 3.1. The numb

within each category varied for each use case. Table C-1 contains the use case specific requirements. 

Table C-1: Use Case Specific Requirements 

Use Case Data

Sources

Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

1 M0147

Census 2010and 2000

1. Largedocument formatfrom centralizedstorage

‐‐ 1. Large

centralizedstorage (storage)

‐‐ 1. Title 13 data 1. Long‐te

preservatas‐is for 7

2. Long‐tepreservatbit level3. Curatioincluding transform4. Access analytics after 75 y

5. No data 

2 M0148

NARA:Search,Retrieve,Preservation

1. Distributeddata sources2. Large datastorage3. Bursty dataranging from GBsto hundreds ofterabytes4. Wide variety of

data formatsincludingunstructured and

structured data5. Distributed

1. Crawl and indexfrom distributeddata sources2. Various analytics

processingincluding ranking,datacategorization,

detection of PIIdata3. Data pre‐processing4. Long‐term

preservationmanagement of

1. Large datastorage2. Various storage

systems such asNetApps, Hitachi,magnetic tapes

1. Highrelevancy andhigh recallfrom search2. Highaccuracy from

categorizationof records3. Variousstoragesystems suchas NetApps,

Hitachi,magnetictapes

1. Securitypolicy

1. Pre‐provirus scan2. File foridentificat3. Indexin4. Recordcategoriza

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Sources

Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

data sources indifferent clouds

large varieddatasets5. Huge numbersof data with highrelevancy andrecall

3 M0219

StatisticalSurveyResponseImprovement

1. Data size ofapproximatelyone petabyte

1. Analytics forrecommendationsystems, continuedmonitoring, andgeneral surveyimprovement

1. Hadoop, Spark,Hive, R, SAS,Mahout,Allegrograph,MySQL, Oracle,Storm,BigMemory,Cassandra, Pig

1. Datavisualizationfor datareview,operationalactivity, andgeneralanalysis;continualevolution

1. Improvedrecommendation systems that

reduce costsand improvequality whileprovidingconfidentialitysafeguards thatare reliable andpubliclyauditable2. Confidentialand securedata; processesthat areauditable forsecurity andconfidentialityas required by

various legalstatutes

1. High vedata and systems (semantic conceptumetadataconcerninexactly is and the re

limits of in

4 M0222

Non‐TraditionalData inStatisticalSurveyResponse

‐‐ 1. Analytics to

create reliableestimates usingdata fromtraditional surveysources,government

1. Hadoop, Spark,Hive, R, SAS,Mahout,Allegrograph,MySQL, Oracle,Storm,

1. Datavisualizationfor datareview,operationalactivity, andgeneral

1. Confidentialand securedata; processesthat areauditable for

security andconfidentiality

1. High vedata and systems (semantic conceptumetadataconcernin

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Use Case Data

Sources

Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

Improvement

administrative datasources, and non‐

traditional sourcesfrom the digital

economy

BigMemory,Cassandra, Pig

analysis;continualevolution

as required by

various legalstatutes

exactly is and the relimits of in

5 M0175

Cloud Eco‐System forFinance

1. Real‐time

ingestion of data

1. Real‐time

analytics

‐‐ ‐‐ 1. Strong

security andprivacyconstraints

‐‐ 

6 M0161

Mendeley

1. File‐based

documents withconstant newuploads2. Variety of filetypes such asPDFs, socialnetwork log files,client activitiesimages,spreadsheet,presentation files

1. Standardmachine learning

and analyticslibraries2. Efficient scalableand parallelizedway to matchbetweendocuments3. Third‐party

annotation tools or

publisher

watermarks and

cover pages

1. Amazon ElasticCompute Cloud(EC2) with HDFS(infrastructure)2. S3 (storage)

3. Hadoop(platform)4. Scribe, Hive,Mahout, Python(language)5. Moderatestorage (15 TB

with 1 TB/ month)

6. Batch and real‐time processing

1. Custom‐built reportingtools2.Visualizationtools such asnetworkinggraph,scatterplots,etc.

1. Accesscontrols forwho reads whatcontent

1. MetadamanagemPDF extra2. Identifidocumenduplicatio3. Persisteidentifier4. Metadacorrelatiodata reposuch as CrPubMed, 

7 M0164

NetflixMovieService

1. User profiles

and rankinginformation

1. Streaming video

contents tomultiple clients2. Analyticprocessing formatching clientinterest in movieselection3. Various analyticprocessingtechniques for

1. Hadoop(platform)2. Pig (language)

3. Cassandra andHive4. Huge numbersof subscribers,ratings, andsearches per day(DB)5. Huge amounts

1. Streamingand renderingmedia

1. Preservationof users,privacy anddigital rights for

media

1. Continuand upda

on user p

analytic re

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Use Case Data

Sources

Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

consumerpersonalization4. Robust learningalgorithms5. Continuedanalytic processingbased onmonitoring andperformanceresults

of storage (2 PB)6. I/O intensive

processing

8 M0165

Web Search

1. Distributeddata sources2. Streaming data3. Multimediacontent

1. Dynamicfetching contentover the network2. Linking of userprofiles and social

network data

1. Petabytes oftext and rich

media (storage)

1. Search timeof ≈0.1

seconds2. Top 10

ranked results3. Page layout

(visual)

1. Accesscontrol2. Protection ofsensitivecontent

1. Data pu

certain tim(a few mo

2. Data cle

9 M0137

BusinessContinuityand DisasterRecoveryWithin aCloud Eco‐

System

‐‐ 1. Robust backup

algorithm2. Replication ofrecent changes

1. Hadoop2. Commercialcloud services

‐‐ 1. Strong

security formanyapplications

‐‐ 

10 M0103

CargoShipping

1. Centralized andreal‐timedistributedsites/sensors

1. Tracking itemsbased on theuniqueidentification withits sensorinformation, GPScoordinates2. Real‐time

updates ontracking items

1. Internetconnectivity

‐‐ 1. Security

policy

‐‐ 

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Sources

Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

11 M0162

MaterialsData forManufacturing

1. Distributeddata repositoriesfor more than500,000commercialmaterials2. Many varietiesof datasets3. Text, graphics,and images

1. Hundreds ofindependentvariables need tobe collected to

create robustdatasets

‐‐ 1.

Visualizationfor materialsdiscovery frommanyindependentvariables2.Visualizationtools for multi‐

variablematerials

1. Protection ofproprietarysensitive data2. Tools tomaskproprietaryinformation

1. Handle quality (cupoor or n

12 M0176

Simulation‐DrivenMaterialsGenomics

1. Data streamsfrompeta/exascalecentralizedsimulationsystems2. Distributedweb dataflowsfrom central

gateway to users

1. High‐throughput

computing real‐time data analysisfor web‐like

responsiveness2. Mashup ofsimulation outputsacross codes3. Search andcrowd‐driven withcomputationbackend, flexibilityfor new targets

4. Map/Reduceand search to joinsimulation andexperimental data

1. Massive(150,000 cores)legacyinfrastructure(infrastructure)2. GPFS (storage)

3. MonogDBsystems(platform)4. 10 GB

networking5. Various analytictools such asPyMatGen,FireWorks, VASP,ABINIT, NWChem,

BerkeleyGW,varied community

codes6. Large storage

(storage)7. Scalable key‐

value and object

1. Browser‐based searchfor growingmaterials data

1. Sandbox asindependentworking areasbetweendifferent data

stakeholders2. Policy‐driven

federation ofdatasets

1. Validatuncertainquantificaof simulatexperime2. UQ in r

multiple d

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Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

store (platform)8. Data streamsfrompeta/exascalecentralizedsimulationsystems

13 M0213

Large‐ScaleGeospatialAnalysis andVisualization

1. Uniqueapproaches toindexing anddistributedanalysis requiredfor geospatialdata

1. Analytics: closestpoint of approach,deviation fromroute, pointdensity over time,

PCA and ICA

2. Uniqueapproaches toindexing anddistributed analysisrequired forgeospatial data

1. Geospatiallyenabled RDBMS,geospatialserver/analysissoftware, e.g.,ESRI ArcServer,Geoserver

1.Visualizationwith GIS athigh and lownetworkbandwidthsand ondedicatedfacilities andhandhelds

1. Completesecurity ofsensitive datain transit and at

rest(particularly onhandhelds)

‐‐ 

14 M0214

ObjectIdentification andTracking

1. Real‐time data

FMV (30 to 60

frames/ second atfull‐color 1080P

resolution) andWALF (1 to 10frames/ second at10,000 x 10,000full‐color

resolution)

1. Rich analyticswith objectidentification,patternrecognition, crowdbehavior,economic activity,and data fusion

1. Wide range of

custom softwareand toolsincludingtraditionalRDBMSs anddisplay tools2. Severalnetworkrequirements3. GPU usageimportant

1.Visualizationof extractedoutputs asoverlays on ageospatialdisplay; linksback to theoriginatingimage/videosegment asoverlayobjects2. Output theform of OpenGeospatial

1. Significantsecurity and

privacy issues;sources andmethods nevercompromised

1. Veracitextracted 

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Sources

Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

Consortium(OGC)‐compliant webfeatures orstandardgeospatial files(shape files,KML)

15 M0215

IntelligenceDataProcessingand Analysis

1. Much real‐timedata withprocessing atnear‐real time (at

worst)2. Data indisparate silos,must beaccessiblethrough asemanticallyintegrated dataspace3. Diverse data:

text files, rawmedia, imagery,video, audio,electronic data,human‐generated

data

1. Analytics: NearReal Time (NRT)alerts based onpatterns andbaseline changes

1. Tolerance ofunreliablenetworks towarfighter andremote sensors2. Up to hundredsof petabytes ofdata supported bymodest to largeclusters andclouds3. Hadoop,Accumulo (BigTable), Solr, NLP(several variants),Puppet (fordeployment andsecurity), Storm,customapplications,visualization tools

1. Geospatialoverlays (GIS)and networkdiagrams(primaryvisualizations)

1. Protection of

data against

unauthorizedaccess ordisclosure andtampering

1. Data pr(e.g. tracktransfers transformover the ldata

16 M0177

EMR Data

1.Heterogeneous,high‐volume,diverse datasources2. Volume: > 12

1. Acomprehensiveand consistentview of data acrosssources and over

time

1. Hadoop, Hive,R. Unix‐based2. Craysupercomputer3. Teradata,PostgreSQL,

1. Results ofanalyticsprovided foruse by dataconsumers/stakeholders,

1. Data

consumerdirect access todata as well asto the results ofanalytics

1. Standaaggregatenormalize 

disparate 2. Reduce bias

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Sources

Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

million entities(patients), > 4billion records or

data points(discrete clinicalobservations),aggregate of > 20TB raw data

3. Velocity:500,000 to 1.5million newtransactions per

day4. Variety:formats includenumeric,structurednumeric, free‐text, structuredtext, discretenominal, discreteordinal, discretestructured, binarylarge blobs(images and

video)5. Data evolveover time in a

highly variablefashion

2. Analytictechniques:informationretrieval, NLP,machine learningdecision models,maximumlikelihoodestimators,Bayesian networks

MongoDB4. Various, withsignificant I/Ointensiveprocessing

i.e., those who

did notactuallyperform theanalysis;specificvisualizationtechniques

performed byinformatics

researchscientists andhealth serviceresearchers2. Protection ofall health data

in compliancewithgovernmentalregulations3. Protection ofdata inaccordancewith dataproviders,policies.4. Security andprivacy policiesunique to adata subset5. Robustsecurity toprevent databreaches

3. Commonomenclaclassificatcontent adisparate particularchallenginhealth IT 

the taxoncontinue SNOMED,InternatioClassificatDiseases (

future ICD 

17 M0089

PathologyImaging

1. High‐resolution

spatial digitizedpathology images2. Various imagequality analyses

1. High‐performanceimage analysis toextract spatialinformation

1. Legacy systemand cloud(computingcluster)2. Huge legacy

1.Visualizationfor validationand training

1. Security andprivacyprotection forprotected

1. Humanannotatiovalidation

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Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

algorithms3. Various imagedata formats,especially BigTIFFwith structureddata for analyticalresults4. Image analysis,spatial queriesand analytics,feature clustering,and classification

2. Spatial queriesand analytics,feature clusteringand classification3. Analyticprocessing on huge

multi‐dimensionallarge dataset;correlation withother data typessuch as clinicaldata, omic data

and new storage

such as storagearea network(SAN) or HDFS

(storage)3. High‐throughputnetwork link(networking)4. MPI imageanalysis,Map/Reduce,Hive with spatialextension(softwarepackages)

healthinformation

18 M0191

ComputationalBioimaging

1. Distributedmulti‐modal high‐

resolutionexperimentalsources ofbioimages(instruments)2. 50 TB of data in

formats thatinclude images

1. High‐throughput

computing withresponsive analysis2. Segmentation ofregions of interest;

crowd‐basedselection andextraction offeatures; objectclassification, andorganization; andsearch3. Advanced

biosciencesdiscovery throughBig Datatechniques /extreme‐scale

computing; in‐

1. ImageJ,OMERO,VolRover,advancedsegmentation andfeature detection

methods fromapplied mathresearchers;scalable key‐value

and object store

databases needed2. NERSC’sHopperinfrastructure3. database andimage collections4. 10 GB and

future 100 GB and

1. 3Dstructuralmodeling

1. Significantbut optionalsecurity andprivacyincludingsecure serversandanonymization

1. Workflocomponeincluding acquisitioenhancemminimizin

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Sources

Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

databaseprocessing andanalytics; machinelearning (SVM andRF) forclassification andrecommendationservices; advancedalgorithms formassive imageanalysis; high‐performancecomputationalsolutions4. Massive dataanalysis towardmassive imagingdatasets.

advancednetworking(software definednetworking[SDN])

19 M0078

GenomicMeasurements

1. High‐throughputcompressed data(300 GB/day)from various DNA

sequencers2. Distributeddata source(sequencers)3. Various fileformats with bothstructured andunstructured data

1. Processing rawdata in variant calls2. Challenge:characterizingmachine learningfor complexanalysis onsystematic errorsfrom sequencingtechnologies

1. Legacycomputing clusterand other PaaSand IaaS(computingcluster)2. Huge datastorage in PBrange (storage)3. Unix‐basedlegacy sequencingbioinformaticssoftware(softwarepackage)

1. Data formatfor genomebrowsers

1. Security andprivacyprotection ofhealth recordsand clinicalresearchdatabases

‐‐ 

20 M0188

Comparative

1. Multiplecentralized data

2. Scalable RDBMSfor heterogeneous

1. Huge datastorage

1. Real‐time

interactive

1. Loginsecurity:

1. Methodimprove d

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Use Case Data Data Capabilities Data Security and Life 

Sources Transformation Consumer Privacy Mana

Analysis forMetagenomes andGenomes

sources2. Proteins andtheir structural

features, coregenomic data,new types ofomics data suchastranscriptomics,methylomics, and

proteomicsdescribing geneexpression3. Front real‐time

biological data2. Real‐time rapid

and parallel bulk

loading3. Oracle RDBMS,SQLite files, flat

text files, Lucy (a

version of Lucene)

for keywordsearches, BLASTdatabases,USEARCH

databases4. Linux cluster,

parallel bulkloadingcapability2. InteractiveWeb UI,backend pre‐computations,batch jobcomputationsubmissionfrom the UI.

3. Downloadof assembledand annotated

username andpassword2. Creation ofuser account to

submit andaccess datasetto system via

web interface3. Single sign‐

on capability(SSO)

2. Data clclassificatreduction3. Integranew data/into the s

data store 

annotatio

web UI Oracle RDBMS datasets forinteractive;backend dataloadingprocessing thatkeeps up withexponentialgrowth ofsequence data

due to the rapid

drop in cost ofsequencingtechnology4.

server, largememory machines,

standard Linuxinteractive hosts5. Sequencing andcomparativeanalysis techniquesfor highly complex

data6. Descriptivestatistics

offline analysis4. Ability toquery andbrowse datavia interactiveweb UI5. Visualizedata structureat differentlevels ofresolution;ability to view

abstract

Heterogeneous,complex,structural, and

representations of highlysimilar data

hierarchicalbiological data5. Metagenomicsamples that can

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Sources

Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

vary by several

orders ofmagnitude, suchas severalhundredthousand genesto a billion genes

21 M0140

Individualized DiabetesManagement

1. Distributed EHRdata2. Over 5 million

patients withthousands ofproperties eachand many morederived fromprimary values3. Each record: a

range of 100 to100,000 dataproperty values,average of 100controlledvocabularyvalues, andaverage of 1,000continuous values4. No real‐time,but data updatedperiodically; datatimestamped withthe time ofobservation (timethe value isrecorded)5. Two main

1. Data integrationusing ontologicalannotation andtaxonomies2. Parallel retrieval

algorithms for bothindexed andcustom searches;identification ofdata of interest;patient cohorts,patients’ meetingcertain criteria,patients sharingsimilarcharacteristics3. Distributedgraph miningalgorithms, patternanalysis and graph

indexing, patternsearching on RDFtriple graphs4. Robust statisticalanalysis tools to

manage falsediscovery rates,determine true

1. datawarehouse, opensource indexedHbase2.supercomputers,cloud and parallelcomputing3. I/O intensiveprocessing4. HDFS storage

5. custom code to

develop newproperties fromstored data.

1. Efficientdata graph‐basedvisualizationneeded

1. Protection ofhealth data inaccordancewith privacypolicies andlegalrequirements,e.g., HIPAA.2. Securitypolicies fordifferent userroles

1. Data anbased on 

ontologietaxonomi2. Traceabdata from 

(initial pocollectionuse3. Data cofrom exist

warehous

triples

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Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

categories ofstructured dataabout a patient:

data withcontrolledvocabulary (CV)property valuesand data withcontinuousproperty values(recorded/captured morefrequently)6. Data consist of

text andcontinuousnumerical values

sub‐graphsignificance,validate results,eliminate falsepositive/falsenegative results5. Semantic graphmining algorithmsto identify graphpatterns, index andsearch graph6. Semantic graphtraversal

22 M0174

StatisticalRelationalArtificialIntelligencefor HealthCare

1. Centralizeddata, with somedata retrievedfrom Internetsources2. Range fromhundreds of GBsfor a sample sizeto 1 PB for very

large studies3. Both constantupdates/additions(to data subsets)and scheduledbatch inputs4. Large, multi‐modal,longitudinal data

1. Relationalprobabilisticmodels/probability theory;software thatlearns models from

multiple data typesand can possiblyintegrate theinformation andreason aboutcomplex queries2. Robust andaccurate learningmethods toaccount for dataimbalance (wherelarge numbers of

1. Java, some inhouse tools,[relational]database andNoSQL stores

2. Cloud andparallelcomputing3. High‐performancecomputer, 48 GBRAM (to performanalysis for a

moderate samplesize)4. Dlusters for

large datasets5. 200 GB–1 TB

1.Visualizationof very largedata subsets

1. Securehandling andprocessing ofdata

1. Mergintables befanalysis2. Methodvalidate dminimize 

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Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

5. Rich relationaldata comprisingmultiple tables,different data

types such asimaging, EHR,demographic,genetic, andnatural languagedata requiringrichrepresentation6. Unpredictablearrival rates,often real time

data are availablefor a small number

of subjects)3. Learningalgorithms toidentify skews indata, so as to notto (incorrectly)model noise4. Generalized andrefined learnedmodels forapplication todiverse sets of data5. Challenge:acceptance of datain differentmodalities (andfrom disparatesources)

hard drive for test

data

23 M0172

WorldPopulationScaleEpidemiological Study

1. File‐based

syntheticpopulation, eithercentralized ordistributed sites2. Large volumeof real‐timeoutput data3. Variety ofoutput datasetsdepending on the

model’scomplexity

1. Compute‐

intensive and data‐

intensivecomputation, likesupercomputerperformance2. Unstructuredand irregularnature of graphprocessing3. Summary of

various runs of

simulation

1. Movement ofvery large volume

of data forvisualization(networking)2. DistributedMPI‐basedsimulation system(platform)3. Charm++ on

multi‐nodes(software)4. Network file

system (storage)5. Infiniband

1.Visualization

1. Protection ofPII onindividuals usedin modeling2. Dataprotection andsecure platformforcomputation

1. Data quability to 

traceabilitquality frocomputat

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Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

network(networking)

24 M0173

SocialContagionModelingfor Planning

1. Traditional andnew architecturefor dynamicdistributedprocessing oncommodityclusters2. Fine‐resolution

models anddatasets tosupport Twitternetwork traffic3. Huge data

storagesupporting annualdata growth

1. Large‐scalemodeling forvarious events(disease, emotions,behaviors, etc.)2. Scalable fusionbetween combined

datasets3. Multi‐levelanalysis whilegeneratingsufficient resultsquickly

1. Computinginfrastructurethat can capturehuman‐to‐human

interactions onvarious socialevents via theInternet(infrastructure)2. File servers and

databases(platform)3. Ethernet andInfinibandnetworking(networking)4. Specializedsimulators, opensource software,and proprietarymodeling(application)5. Huge useraccounts acrosscountryboundaries(networking)

1. Multi‐leveldetailednetworkrepresentations2.Visualizationwithinteractions

1. Protection ofPII ofindividuals usedin modeling2. Data

protection andsecure platformforcomputation

1. Data fu

variety of sources (i

data files)2. Data coand no co

3. Preproc

raw data

25 M0141

BiodiversityandLifeWatch

1. Specialdedicated oroverlay sensornetwork2. Storage:distributed,

1. Web‐based

services, grid‐

based services,relationaldatabases, NoSQL2. Personalized

1. Expandable on‐demand‐basedstorage resourcefor global users2. Cloud

1. Access bymobile users2. Advanced/rich/high‐definitionvisualization

1. Federatedidentitymanagementfor mobileresearchers andmobile sensors

1. Data st

archiving, exchange integratio2. Data lifmanagem

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Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

historical, andtrends dataarchiving3. Distributeddata sources,includingobservation andmonitoringfacilities, sensornetwork, andsatellites4. Wide variety ofdata: satelliteimages/information,climate andweather data,photos, video,sound recordings,etc.5. Multi‐type datacombination andlinkage,potentiallyunlimited datavariety6. Data streaming

virtual labs3. Grid‐ and cloud‐

based resources4. Data analyzedincrementallyand/or in real timeat varying rates

owing to variations

in source processes5. A variety of dataand analytical andmodeling tools to

support analyticsfor diversescientificcommunities6. Parallel data

streams and

streaming analytics7. Access andintegration ofmultipledistributeddatabases

communityresource required

3. 4Dvisualizationcomputationalmodels

2. Accesscontrol andaccounting

provenanintegrity aidentificattraceabilitinitial obsdata3. Process(secondarstorage (ito originadata) for f4. Provenpersistentidentificatcontrol of 

algorithmworkflow5. Curated(authorizereference species na

algorithmcode, wor

26 M0136

Large‐ScaleDeepLearning

‐‐ ‐‐ 1. GPU

2. High‐performance MPIand HPCInfiniband cluster3. Libraries forsingle‐machine or

single‐GPU

‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 

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Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

computation –available (e.g.,BLAS, CuBLAS,MAGMA, etc.);distributedcomputation ofdense BLAS‐likeor LAPACK‐likeoperations onGPUs – poorlydeveloped;existing solutions(e.g., ScaLapackfor CPUs) – not

well‐integratedwith higher‐levellanguages andrequire low‐levelprogramming,lengtheningexperiment anddevelopmenttime

27 M0171

OrganizingLarge‐ScaleUnstructured Collectionsof ConsumerPhotos

1. Over 500million imagesuploaded to socialmedia sites eachday

1. Classifier (e.g. anSVM), a process

that is often hard

to parallelize2. Features seen inmany large‐scaleimage processingproblems

1. Hadoop orenhancedMap/Reduce

1. Visualizelarge‐scale 3Dreconstructions; navigatelarge‐scalecollections ofimages thathave beenaligned tomaps

1. Preserveprivacy forusers anddigital rights for

media

‐‐ 

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Sources

Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

28 M0160

TruthyTwitter Data

1. Distributeddata sources2. Large volumeof real‐timestreaming data3. Raw data incompressedformats4. Fully structureddata in JSON, usermetadata, geo‐location data5. Multiple dataschemas

1. Various real‐

time data analysisfor anomalydetection, streamclustering, signalclassification onmulti‐dimensionaltime series, onlinelearning

1. Hadoop andHDFS (platform)2. IndexedHBase,Hive, SciPy,

NumPy (software)3. In‐memory

database, MPI(platform)4. High‐speed

Infinibandnetwork(networking)

1. Dataretrieval anddynamicvisualization2. Data‐driven

interactiveweb interfaces3. API for dataquery

1. Security andprivacy policy

1. Standastructureswith extredata qual

29 M0211

CrowdSourcing inHumanities

‐‐ 1. Digitize existing

audio‐video,

photo, anddocumentsarchives2. Analytics:pattern recognition

of all kinds (e.g.,speechrecognition,automatic A&Vanalysis, culturalpatterns),identification ofstructures (lexicalunits, linguisticrules, etc.)

‐‐ ‐‐ 1. Privacy issues

in preservinganonymity ofresponses inspite ofcomputerrecording ofaccess ID andreverseengineering ofunusual userresponses

‐‐ 

30 M0158

CINET forNetworkScience

1. A set of

networktopologies files tostudy graph

1. Environments to

run variousnetwork and graph

analysis tools

1. Large filesystem (storage)2. Variousnetwork

1. Client‐sidevisualization

‐‐ ‐‐ 

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Data

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Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

theoreticproperties andbehaviors ofvariousalgorithms2. Asynchronousand real‐time

synchronousdistributedcomputing

2. Dynamic growthof the networks3. Asynchronousand real‐time

synchronousdistributedcomputing4. Different parallelalgorithms fordifferentpartitioningschemes forefficient operation

connectivity(networking)3. Existingcomputing cluster4. EC2 computing

cluster5. Various graph

libraries,managementtools, databases,semantic webtools

31 M0190

NISTInformationAccessDivision

1. Large amountsof semi‐annotated webpages, tweets,images, video2. Scaling ground‐truthing to largerdata, intrinsic andannotationuncertaintymeasurement,performancemeasurement forincompletelyannotated data,measuringanalyticperformance forheterogeneousdata and analyticflows involvingusers

1. Test analyticalgorithms workingwith writtenlanguage, speech,human imagery,etc. against real or

realistic data;challenge:engineeringartificial data thatsufficientlycaptures thevariability of real

data involvinghumans

1. PERL, Python,

C/C++, Matlab, R

developmenttools; creation ofground‐up test

and measurementapplications

1. Analyticflows involvingusers

1. Securityrequirementsfor protectingsensitive datawhile enablingmeaningfuldevelopmentalperformanceevaluation;sharedevaluationtestbeds thatprotect theintellectualproperty ofanalyticalgorithmdevelopers

‐‐ 

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Sources

Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

32 M0130

DataNet(iRODS)

1. Process keyformat typesNetCDF, HDF5,Dicom2. Real‐time and

batch data

1. Provision ofgeneral analytics

workflows needed

1. iRODS datamanagementsoftware2. interoperabilityacross storageand networkprotocol types

1. Generalvisualizationworkflows

1. Federateacross existingauthenticationenvironmentsthroughGenericSecurity ServiceAPI andpluggableauthenticationmodules (GSI,

Kerberos,InCommon,Shibboleth)2. Accesscontrols on files

independent ofthe storagelocation

‐‐ 

33 M0163

TheDiscinnetProcess

1. Integration ofmetadataapproachesacross disciplines

‐‐ 1. Software:

Symfony‐PHP,Linux, MySQL

‐‐ 1. Significant

but optionalsecurity andprivacyincludingsecure serversandanonymization

1. Integrametadataapproachdiscipline

34 M0131

SemanticGraph‐

Search

1. All data types,

image to text,

structures toprotein sequence

1. Data graphprocessing2. RDBMS

1. Cloudcommunityresource required

1. Efficientdata‐graph‐basedvisualizationneeded

‐‐ ‐‐ 

35 M0189

Light sourcebeamlines

1. Multiplestreams of real‐time data to be

1. Standardbioinformaticstools (BLAST,

1. High‐volume

data transfer toremote batch

‐‐ 1. Multiple

security andprivacy

‐‐ 

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Data

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Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

stored andanalyzed later2. Sample data tobe analyzed inreal time

HMMER, multiplealignment andphylogenetic tools,

gene callers,sequence featurepredictors, etc.),Perl/Pythonwrapper scripts,Linux Clusterscheduling

processingresource

requirementsto be satisfied

36 M0170

CatalinaReal‐Time

TransientSurvey

1. ≈0.1 TB per day

at present, will

increase by factor

of 100

1. A wide variety ofthe existingastronomical dataanalysis tools, plusa large number ofcustom developedtools and software

programs, someresearch projectsin and of

themselves2. Automatedclassification withmachine learningtools given the

very sparse andheterogeneousdata, dynamicallyevolving in time as

more data come in,with follow‐updecision makingreflecting limitedfollow‐upresources

‐‐ 1.

Visualizationmechanismsfor highlydimensionaldataparameterspaces

‐‐ ‐‐ 

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Sources

Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

37 M0185

DOEExtremeData fromCosmological Sky Survey

1. ≈1 PB/year

becoming 7PB/year ofobservationaldata

1. Advancedanalysis andvisualizationtechniques andcapabilities tosupportinterpretation ofresults fromdetailedsimulations

1. MPI, OpenMP,

C, C++, F90,FFTW, vizpackages, Python,FFTW, numpy,Boost, OpenMP,ScaLAPCK, PSQLand MySQLdatabases, Eigen,cfitsio,astrometry.net,and Minuit22. Methods/ tools

to addresssupercomputerI/O subsystemlimitations

1.Interpretationof resultsusingadvancedvisualizationtechniquesandcapabilities

‐‐ ‐‐ 

38 M0209

Large Survey

Data forCosmology

1. 20 TB ofdata/day

1. Analysis on both

the simulation andobservational data

simultaneously2. Techniques forhandling Choleskydecomposition forthousands ofsimulations withmatrices of order 1

million on a side

1. Standardastrophysicsreductionsoftware as wellas Perl/Pythonwrapper scripts2. Oracle RDBMS,

Postgres psql,GPFS and Lustre

file systems andtape archives3. Parallel image

storage

‐‐ ‐‐ 1. Links be

remote teand centrsites

39 M0166

ParticlePhysics at

LHC

1. Real‐time data

from accelerator

and analysisinstruments2.

1. Experimentaldata from ALICE,

ATLAS, CMS, LHB2. Histograms,scatter‐plots with

1. Legacycomputinginfrastructure(computingnodes)

1. Histogramsand model fits

(visual)

1. Dataprotection

1. Data qucomplex a

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Consumer

Security and

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Life 

Mana

Asynchronizationdata collection3. Calibration ofinstruments

model fits3. Monte‐Carlo

computations

2. Distributedcached files(storage)3. Objectdatabases(softwarepackage)

40 M0210

Belle II High‐

EnergyPhysicsExperiment

1. 120 PB of raw

data

‐‐ 1. 120 PB raw

data2. Internationaldistributedcomputing modelto augment thatat accelerator(Japan)3. Data transfer of

≈20 GB/ second at

designedluminositybetween Japanand United States

4. Software fromOpen ScienceGrid, Geant4,DIRAC, FTS, BelleII framework

‐‐ 1. Standard grid

authentication

‐‐ 

41 M0155

EISCAT 3DIncoherentScatterRadarSystem

1. Remote sitesgenerating 40 PB

data/year by 2022

2. HierarchicalData Format(HDF5)3. Visualization ofhigh‐dimensional(≥5) data

1. Queen Beaarchitecture withmix of distributed

on‐sensor andcentral processingfor 5 distributedsites2. Real‐time

monitoring of

1. Architecturecompatible withENVRI

1. Supportneeded forvisualization ofhigh‐dimensional(≥5) data

‐‐ 1. Preserv

data and of lost dat

instrumenmalfuncti

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Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

equipment bypartial streaminganalysis3. Hosting neededfor rich set of radarimage processingservices usingmachine learning,statisticalmodelling, andgraph algorithms

42 M0157

ENVRIEnvironmental Research

Infrastructure

1. Huge volume of

data from real‐

time distributeddata sources2. Variety ofinstrumentationdatasets andmetadata

1. Diversifiedanalytics tools

1. Variety ofcomputinginfrastructuresand architectures(infrastructure)2. Scatteredrepositories(storage)

1. Graphplotting tools2. Time series

interactivetools3. Brower‐based flashplayback4. Earth high‐

resolutionmap display5. Visual tools

for qualitycomparisons

1. Open datapolicy withminorrestrictions

1. High da

2. Mirror 3. Various framewor4. Scatterrepositoridata cura

43 M0167

CReSISRemoteSensing

1. Provision ofreliable datatransmission fromaircraft sensors/instruments orremovable disksfrom remote sites

2. Data gatheringin real time

1. Legacy software(Matlab) andlanguage (C/Java)binding forprocessing2. Signalprocessing andadvanced imageprocessing to findlayers needed

1. ≈0.5 PB/year ofraw data2. Transfercontent fromremovable disk tocomputing clusterfor parallelprocessing3. Map/Reduce or

1. GIS userinterface2. Rich userinterface forsimulations

1. Security andprivacy onsensitivepolitical issues2. Dynamicsecurity andprivacy policymechanisms

1. Data quassurance

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Sources

Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

3. Varieties ofdatasets

MPI plus language

binding for C/Java

44 M0127

UAVSARDataProcessing

1. Angular andspatial data2. Compatibilitywith other NASAradar systems andrepositories(Alaska SatelliteFacility)

1. Geolocated datathat require GISintegration of dataas custom overlays2. Significanthumanintervention indata processingpipeline3. Hosting of richset of radar imageprocessing services4. ROI_PAC,GeoServer, GDAL,

GeoTIFF‐supporting tools

1. Support for

interoperableCloud‐HPC

architecture2. Hosting of rich

set of radar imageprocessingservices3. ROI_PAC,GeoServer, GDAL,

GeoTIFF‐supporting tools4. Compatibilitywith other NASAradar systems andrepositories(Alaska SatelliteFacility)

1. Support for

fieldexpeditionusers withphone/tablet

interface andlow‐resolutiondownloads

‐‐ 1. Signific

interventiprocessin2. Rich roprovenancomplexmachine/processin

45 M0182

NASA LARC/GSFC iRODS

1. Federatedistributedheterogeneousdatasets

1. CAaaS on clouds 1. Support virtual

climate dataserver (vCDS)2. GPFS parallelfile systemintegrated withHadoop3. iRODS

1. Supportneeded tovisualizedistributedheterogeneous data

‐‐ ‐‐ 

46 M0129

MERRAAnalyticServices

1. Integratesimulation outputand observationaldata, NetCDF files

2. Real‐time and

batch modeneeded

1. CAaaS on clouds 1. NetCDF aware

software2. Map/Reduce3. Interoperableuse of AWS and

local clusters

1. High‐end

distributedvisualization

‐‐ ‐‐ 

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Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

3. Interoperableuse of AWS and

local clusters4. iRODS data

management

47 M0090

AtmosphericTurbulence

1. Real‐time

distributeddatasets2. Variousformats,resolution,semantics, andmetadata

1. Map/Reduce,SciDB, and otherscientific databases2. Continuouscomputing forupdates3. Eventspecificationlanguage for datamining and eventsearching4. Semanticsinterpretation andoptimal structuringfor 4D data miningand predictiveanalysis

1. Other legacy

computingsystems (e.g.supercomputer)2. highthroughput datatransmission overthe network

1.Visualizationto interpretresults

‐‐ 1. Validat

output pr(correlatio

48 M0186

ClimateStudies

1. ≈100 PB data in2017 streaming at

high data ratesfrom largesupercomputersacross the world2. Integration oflarge‐scaledistributed datafrom simulations

with diverseobservations3. Linking of

1. Data analyticsclose to datastorage

1. Extension ofarchitecture toseveral otherfields

1. Worldwideclimate datasharing2. High‐end

distributedvisualization

‐‐ ‐‐ 

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Sources

Data

Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

diverse data tonovel HPCsimulation

49 M0183

DOE‐BER

SubsurfaceBiogeochemistry

1. Heterogeneousdiverse data with

different domainsand scales,translation acrossdiverse datasetsthat crossdomains andscales2. Synthesis ofdiverse anddisparate field,laboratory, omic,and simulationdatasets acrossdifferentsemantic, spatial,and temporalscales3. Linking ofdiverse data tonovel HPCsimulation

‐‐ 1. Postgres, HDF5

datatechnologies, andmany customsoftware systems

1. Phone‐based inputand access

‐‐ ‐‐ 

50 M0184

DOE‐BER

AmeriFluxandFLUXNETNetworks

1. Heterogeneousdiverse data withdifferent domainsand scales,translation acrossdiverse datasetsthat crossdomains andscales

1. Customsoftware such asEddyPro, andcustom analysissoftware, such asR, Python, neuralnetworks, Matlab

1. Customsoftware, such asEddyPro, and

custom analysissoftware, such asR, Python, neuralnetworks, Matlab2. Analyticsincluding data

1. Phone‐based inputand access

‐‐ ‐‐ 

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Transformation

Capabilities Data

Consumer

Security and

Privacy

Life 

Mana

2. Link to manyotherenvironment andbiology datasets3. Link to HPCclimate and othersimulations4. Link toEuropean datasources andprojects5. Access to datafrom 500distributedsources

mining, dataqualityassessment,cross‐correlationacross datasets,data assimilation,datainterpolation,statistics, qualityassessment, datafusion, etc.

51 M0223

ConsumptionForecastingin SmartGrids

1. Diverse data

from smart grid

sensors, cityplanning,weather, utilities2. Data updated

every 15 minutes

1. New machinelearning analyticsto predictconsumption

1. SQL databases,

CVS files, HDFS(platform)2. R/Matlab,Weka, Hadoop(platform)

‐‐ 1. Privacy and

anonymizationby aggregation

‐‐ 

C-28 
 

 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Appendix D: Use Case Detail Requirements 

This appendix contains the use case specific requirements and the aggregated general requirements within 

each of the following seven characteristic categories: 

 Data sources 

 Data transformation 

 Capabilities 

 Data consumer 

 Security and privacy 

 Life cycle management 

 Other 

Within each characteristic category, the general requirements are listed with the use cases to which that 

requirement applies. The use case IDs, in the form of MNNNN, contain links to the use case documents 

in the NIST document library (http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/usecases.php). 

After the general requirements, the use case specific requirements for the characterization category are 

listed by use case. If requirements were not extracted from a use case for a particular characterization 

category, the use case will not be in this section of the table. 

TABLE D-1: DATA SOURCES REQUIREMENTS 

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Needs to support reliable real time, Applies to 28 use cases: M0078, M0090, M0103, 

asynchronous, streaming, and batch processing M0127, M0129, M0140, M0141, M0147, M0148, 

to collect data from centralized, distributed, and M0157, M0160, M0160, M0162, M0165, M0166, 

cloud data sources, sensors, or instruments. M0166, M0167, M0172, M0173, M0174, M0176, 

M0177, M0183, M0184, M0186, M0188, M0191, M0215 

Needs to support slow, bursty, and high- Applies to 22 use cases: M0078, M0148, M0155, 

throughput data transmission between data M0157, M0162, M0165, M0167, M0170, M0171, 

sources and computing clusters. M0172, M0174, M0176, M0177, M0184, M0185, 

M0186, M0188, M0191, M0209, M0210, M0219, M0223 

Needs to support diversified data content: Applies to 28 use cases: M0089, M0090, M0140, 

structured and unstructured text, document, M0141, M0147, M0148, M0155, M0158, M0160, 

graph, web, geospatial, compressed, timed, M0161, M0162, M0165, M0166, M0167, M0171, 

spatial, multimedia, simulation, instrumental M0172, M0173, M0177, M0183, M0184, M0186, 

data. M0188, M0190, M0191, M0213, M0214, M0215, M0223 

USE CASE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR DATA SOURCES 

1 M0147 Census 2010 and 2000 

 Needs to support large document format from a centralized storage. 

2 M0148 NARA: Search, Retrieve, Preservation 

 Needs to support distributed data sources. 

 Needs to support large data storage. 

 Needs to support bursty data ranging from a GB to hundreds of terabytes. 

 Needs to support a wide variety of data formats including unstructured and structured data. 

 Needs to support distributed data sources in different clouds. 

3 M0219 Statistical Survey Response Improvement 

 Needs to support data size of approximately one petabyte. 

D-1 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-1: DATA SOURCES REQUIREMENTS 

5 M0175 Cloud Eco-System for Finance 

 Needs to support real-time ingestion of data. 

6 M0161 Mendeley 

 Needs to support file-based documents with constant new uploads. 

 Needs to support a variety of file types such as PDFs, social network log files, client activities images, 

spreadsheets, presentation files. 

7 M0164 Netflix Movie Service 

 Needs to support user profiles and ranking information. 

8 M0165 Web Search 

 Needs to support distributed data sources 

 Needs to support streaming data. 

 Needs to support multimedia content. 

10 M0103 Cargo Shipping 

 Needs to support centralized and real-time distributed sites/sensors. 

11 M0162 Materials Data for Manufacturing 

 Needs to support distributed data repositories for more than 500,000 commercial materials. 

 Needs to support many varieties of datasets. 

 Needs to support text, graphics, and images. 

12 M0176 Simulation-Driven Materials Genomics 

 Needs to support data streams from peta/exascale centralized simulation systems. 

 Needs to support distributed web dataflows from central gateway to users. 

13 M0213 Large-Scale Geospatial Analysis and Visualization 

 Needs to support geospatial data that require unique approaches to indexing and distributed analysis. 

14 M0214 Object identification and tracking 

 Needs to support real-time data FMV (30 to 60 frames per second at full-color 1080P resolution) and 

WALF (1 to 10 frames per second at 10,000 x 10,000 full-color resolution). 

15 M0215 Intelligence Data Processing and Analysis 

 Needs to support real-time data with processing at (at worst) near-real time. 

 Needs to support data that currently exist in disparate silos that must be accessible through a 

semantically integrated data space. 

 Needs to support diverse data: text files, raw media, imagery, video, audio, electronic data, humangenerated data. 

16 M0177 EMR Data 

 Needs to support heterogeneous, high-volume, diverse data sources. 

 Needs to support volume of > 12 million entities (patients), > 4 billion records or data points (discrete 

clinical observations), aggregate of > 20 TB of raw data. 

 Needs to support velocity: 500,000 to 1.5 million new transactions per day. 

 Needs to support variety: formats include numeric, structured numeric, free-text, structured text, 

discrete nominal, discrete ordinal, discrete structured, binary large blobs (images and video). 

 Needs to support data that evolve in a highly variable fashion. 

 Needs to support a comprehensive and consistent view of data across sources and over time. 

17 M0089 Pathology Imaging 

 Needs to support high-resolution spatial digitized pathology images. 

 Needs to support various image quality analysis algorithms. 

 Needs to support various image data formats, especially BigTIFF, with structured data for analytical 

results. 

 Needs to support image analysis, spatial queries and analytics, feature clustering, and classification. 

D-2 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-1: DATA SOURCES REQUIREMENTS 

18 M0191 Computational Bioimaging 

 Needs to support distributed multi-modal high-resolution experimental sources of bioimages 

(instruments). 

 Needs to support 50 TB of data in formats that include images. 

19 M0078 Genomic Measurements 

 Needs to support high-throughput compressed data (300 GB per day) from various DNA sequencers. 

 Needs to support distributed data source (sequencers). 

 Needs to support various file formats for both structured and unstructured data. 

20 M0188 Comparative Analysis for Metagenomes and Genomes 

 Needs to support multiple centralized data sources. 

 Needs to support proteins and their structural features, core genomic data, and new types of omics data 

such as transcriptomics, methylomics, and proteomics describing gene expression. 

 Needs to support front real-time web UI interactive. Backend data loading processing must keep up 

with the exponential growth of sequence data due to the rapid drop in cost of sequencing technology. 

 Needs to support heterogeneous, complex, structural, and hierarchical biological data. 

 Needs to support metagenomic samples that can vary by several orders of magnitude, such as several 

hundred thousand genes to a billion genes. 

21 M0140 Individualized Diabetes Management 

 Needs to support distributed EHR data. 

 Needs to support over 5 million patients with thousands of properties each and many more that are 

derived from primary values. 

 Needs to support each record, a range of 100 to 100,000 data property values, an average of 100 

controlled vocabulary values, and an average of 1,000 continuous values. 

 Needs to support data that are updated periodically (not real time). Data are timestamped with the time 

of observation (the time that the value is recorded). 

 Needs to support structured data about patients. The data fall into two main categories: data with 

controlled vocabulary (CV) property values and data with continuous property values (which are 

recorded/captured more frequently). 

 Needs to support data that consist of text and continuous numerical values. 

22 M0174 Statistical Relational Artificial Intelligence for Health Care 

 Needs to support centralized data, with some data retrieved from Internet sources. 

 Needs to support data ranging from hundreds of GBs for a sample size to one petabyte for very large 

studies. 

 Needs to support both constant updates/additions (to data subsets) and scheduled batch inputs. 

 Needs to support large, multi-modal, longitudinal data. 

 Needs to support rich relational data comprising multiple tables, as well as different data types such as 

imaging, EHR, demographic, genetic and natural language data requiring rich representation. 

 Needs to support unpredictable arrival rates; in many cases, data arrive in real-time. 

23 M0172 World Population-Scale Epidemiological Study 

 Needs to support file-based synthetic populations on either centralized or distributed sites. 

 Needs to support a large volume of real-time output data. 

 Needs to support a variety of output datasets, depending on the complexity of the model. 

24 M0173 Social Contagion Modeling for Planning 

 Needs to support traditional and new architecture for dynamic distributed processing on commodity 

clusters. 

 Needs to support fine-resolution models and datasets to support Twitter network traffic. 

 Needs to support huge data storage per year. 

D-3 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-1: DATA SOURCES REQUIREMENTS 

25 M0141 Biodiversity and LifeWatch 

 Needs to support special dedicated or overlay sensor network. 

 Needs to support storage for distributed, historical, and trends data archiving. 

 Needs to support distributed data sources and include observation and monitoring facilities, sensor 

network, and satellites. 

 Needs to support a wide variety of data, including satellite images/information, climate and weather 

data, photos, video, sound recordings, etc. 

 Needs to support multi-type data combinations and linkages with potentially unlimited data variety. 

 Needs to support data streaming. 

27 M0171 Organizing Large-Scale Unstructured Collections of Consumer Photos 

 Needs to support over 500 million images uploaded to social media sites each day. 

28 M0160 Truthy Twitter Data 

 Needs to support distributed data sources. 

 Needs to support large data volumes and real-time streaming. 

 Needs to support raw data in compressed formats. 

 Needs to support fully structured data in JSON, user metadata, and geo-location data. 

 Needs to support multiple data schemas. 

30 M0158 CINET for Network Science 

 Needs to support a set of network topologies files to study graph theoretic properties and behaviors of 

various algorithms. 

 Needs to support asynchronous and real-time synchronous distributed computing. 

31 M0190 NIST Information Access Division 

 Needs to support large amounts of semi-annotated web pages, tweets, images, and video. 

 Needs to support scaling of ground-truthing to larger data, intrinsic and annotation uncertainty 

measurement, performance measurement for incompletely annotated data, measurement of analytic 

performance for heterogeneous data, and analytic flows involving users. 

32 M0130 DataNet (iRODS) 

 Needs to support process key format types: NetCDF, HDF5, Dicom. 

 Needs to support real-time and batch data. 

33 M0163 The Discinnet Process 

 Needs to support integration of metadata approaches across disciplines. 

34 M0131 Semantic Graph-Search 

 Needs to support all data types, image to text, structures to protein sequence. 

35 M0189 Light Source Beamlines 

 Needs to support multiple streams of real-time data to be stored and analyzed later. 

 Needs to support sample data to be analyzed in real time. 

36 M0170 Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey 

 Needs to support ≈0.1 TB per day at present; the volume will increase by a factor of 100. 

37 M0185 DOE Extreme Data from Cosmological Sky Survey 

 Needs to support ≈1 PB per year, becoming 7 PB per year, of observational data. 

38 M0209 Large Survey Data for Cosmology 

 Needs to support 20 TB of data per day. 

39 M0166 Particle Physics at LHC 

 Needs to support real-time data from accelerator and analysis instruments. 

 Needs to support asynchronization data collection. 

 Needs to support calibration of instruments. 

40 M0210 Belle II High Energy Physics Experiment 

 Needs to support 120 PB of raw data. 

D-4 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-1: DATA SOURCES REQUIREMENTS 

41 M0155 EISCAT 3D Incoherent Scatter Radar System 

 Needs to support remote sites generating 40 PB of data per year by 2022. 

 Needs to support HDF5 data format. 

 Needs to support visualization of high-dimensional (≥5) data. 

42 M0157 ENVRI Environmental Research Infrastructure 

 Needs to support a huge volume of data from real-time distributed data sources. 

 Needs to support a variety of instrumentation datasets and metadata. 

43 M0167 CReSIS Remote Sensing 

 Needs to provide reliable data transmission from aircraft sensors/instruments or removable disks from 

remote sites. 

 Needs to support data gathering in real time. 

 Needs to support varieties of datasets. 

44 M0127 UAVSAR Data Processing 

 Needs to support angular and spatial data. 

 Needs to support compatibility with other NASA radar systems and repositories (Alaska Satellite 

Facility). 

45 M0182 NASA LARC/GSFC iRODS 

 Needs to support federated distributed heterogeneous datasets. 

46 M0129 MERRA Analytic Services 

 Needs to support integration of simulation output and observational data, NetCDF files. 

 Needs to support real-time and batch mode. 

 Needs to support interoperable use of AWS and local clusters. 

 Needs to support iRODS data management. 

47 M0090 Atmospheric Turbulence 

 Needs to support real-time distributed datasets. 

 Needs to support various formats, resolution, semantics, and metadata. 

48 M0186 Climate Studies 

 Needs to support ≈100 PB of data (in 2017) streaming at high data rates from large supercomputers 

across the world. 

 Needs to support integration of large-scale distributed data from simulations with diverse observations. 

 Needs to link diverse data to novel HPC simulation. 

49 M0183 DOE-BER Subsurface Biogeochemistry 

 Needs to support heterogeneous diverse data with different domains and scales, and translation across 

diverse datasets that cross domains and scales. 

 Needs to support synthesis of diverse and disparate field, laboratory, omic, and simulation datasets 

across different semantic, spatial, and temporal scales. 

 Needs to link diverse data to novel HPC simulation. 

50 M0184 DOE-BER AmeriFlux and FLUXNET Networks 

 Needs to support heterogeneous diverse data with different domains and scales, and translation across 

diverse datasets that cross domains and scales. 

 Needs to support links to many other environment and biology datasets. 

 Needs to support links to HPC for climate and other simulations. 

 Needs to support links to European data sources and projects. 

 Needs to support access to data from 500 distributed sources. 

51 M0223 Consumption Forecasting in Smart Grids 

 Needs to support diverse data from smart grid sensors, city planning, weather, and utilities. 

 Needs to support data from updates every 15 minutes. 

D-5 
 

       

             

         

       

   

       

             

     

       

 

 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-2: DATA TRANSFORMATION 

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

1. Needs to support diversified compute- Applies to 38 use cases: M0078, M0089, M0103, M0127,

intensive, analytic processing, and machine M0129, M0140, M0141, M0148, M0155, M0157, M0158,

learning techniques. M0160, M0161, M0164, M0164, M0166, M0166, M0167,

M0170, M0171, M0172, M0173, M0174, M0176, M0177,

M0182, M0185, M0186, M0190, M0191, M0209, M0211,

M0213, M0214, M0215, M0219, M0222, M0223 

2. Needs to support batch and real-time analytic Applies to 7 use cases: M0090, M0103, M0141, M0155,

processing. M0164, M0165, M0188 

3. Needs to support processing of large Applies to 15 use cases: M0078, M0089, M0127, M0140,

diversified data content and modeling. M0158, M0162, M0165, M0166, M0166, M0167, M0171,

M0172, M0173, M0176, M0213 

4, Needs to support processing of data in motion Applies to 6 use cases: M0078, M0090, M0103, M0164,

(streaming, fetching new content, tracking, etc.) M0165, M0166 

USE CASE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR DATA TRANSFORMATION 

1. M0148 NARA: Search, Retrieve, Preservation Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support crawl and index from distributed data sources. 

 Needs to support various analytics processing including ranking, data categorization, and PII data 

detection. 

 Needs to support pre-processing of data. 

 Needs to support long-term preservation management of large varied datasets. 

Needs to support a huge amount of data with high relevancy and recall. 

2. M0219 Statistical Survey Response Improvement Transformation Requirements: 

	 Needs to support analytics that are required for recommendation systems, continued monitoring, and 

general survey improvement. 

3. M0222 Non-Traditional Data in Statistical Survey Response Improvement Transformation 

Requirements: 

	 Needs to support analytics to create reliable estimates using data from traditional survey sources, 

government administrative data sources, and non-traditional sources from the digital economy. 

4. M0175 Cloud Eco-System for Finance Transformation Requirements: 

	 Needs to support real-time analytics. 

5. M0161 Mendeley Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support standard machine learning and analytics libraries. 

 Needs to support efficient scalable and parallelized ways of matching between documents. 

 Needs to support third-party annotation tools or publisher watermarks and cover pages. 

6. M0164 Netflix Movie Service Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support streaming video contents to multiple clients. 

 Needs to support analytic processing for matching client interest in movie selection.
 

 Needs to support various analytic processing techniques for consumer personalization.
 

 Needs to support robust learning algorithms. 

 Needs to support continued analytic processing based on the monitoring and performance results. 

7. M0165 Web Search Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support dynamic fetching content over the network. 

 Needs to link user profiles and social network data.
 

8. M0137 Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery within a Cloud Eco-System Transformation 

Requirements: 

D-6 
 

 

 

 

 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-2: DATA TRANSFORMATION 

 Needs to support a robust backup algorithm. 

 Needs to replicate recent changes. 

9. M0103 Cargo Shipping Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support item tracking based on unique identification using an item’s sensor information and 

GPS coordinates. 

 Needs to support real-time updates on tracking items. 

10. M0162 Materials Data for Manufacturing Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support hundreds of independent variables by collecting these variables to create robust 

datasets. 

11. M0176 Simulation-Driven Materials Genomics Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support high-throughput computing real-time data analysis for web-like responsiveness. 

 Needs to support mashup of simulation outputs across codes. 

 Needs to support search and crowd-driven functions with computation backend flexibility for new 

targets. 

 Needs to support Map/Reduce and search functions to join simulation and experimental data. 

12. M0213 Large-Scale Geospatial Analysis and Visualization Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support analytics including closest point of approach, deviation from route, point density over 

time, PCA, and ICA. 

 Needs to support geospatial data that require unique approaches to indexing and distributed analysis. 

13. M0214 Object Identification and Tracking Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support rich analytics with object identification, pattern recognition, crowd behavior, 

economic activity, and data fusion. 

14. M0215 Intelligence Data Processing and Analysis Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support analytics including NRT alerts based on patterns and baseline changes. 

15. M0177 EMR Data Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support a comprehensive and consistent view of data across sources and over time. 

 Needs to support analytic techniques: information retrieval, natural language processing, machine 

learning decision models, maximum likelihood estimators, and Bayesian networks. 

16. M0089 Pathology Imaging Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support high-performance image analysis to extract spatial information. 

 Needs to support spatial queries and analytics, and feature clustering and classification. 

 Needs to support analytic processing on a huge multi-dimensional dataset and be able to correlate with 

other data types such as clinical data and omic data. 

17. M0191 Computational Bioimaging Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support high-throughput computing with responsive analysis. 

 Needs to support segmentation of regions of interest; crowd-based selection and extraction of features; 

and object classification, organization, and search. 

 Needs to support advanced biosciences discovery through Big Data techniques/extreme-scale 

computing, in-database processing and analytics, machine learning (SVM and RF) for classification and 

recommendation services, advanced algorithms for massive image analysis, and high-performance 

computational solutions. 

 Needs to support massive data analysis toward massive imaging data sets. 

18. M0078 Genomic Measurements Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support processing of raw data in variant calls. 

 Needs to support machine learning for complex analysis on systematic errors from sequencing 

technologies, which are hard to characterize. 

19. M0188 Comparative Analysis for Metagenomes and Genomes Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support sequencing and comparative analysis techniques for highly complex data. 

D-7 
 

 

 

 

 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-2: DATA TRANSFORMATION 

 Needs to support descriptive statistics. 

20. M0140 Individualized Diabetes Management Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support data integration using ontological annotation and taxonomies. 

 Needs to support parallel retrieval algorithms for both indexed and custom searches and the ability to 

identify data of interest. Potential results include patient cohorts, patients meeting certain criteria, and 

patients sharing similar characteristics. 

 Needs to support distributed graph mining algorithms, pattern analysis and graph indexing, and pattern 

searching on RDF triple graphs. 

 Needs to support robust statistical analysis tools to manage false discovery rates, determine true subgraph significance, validate results, and eliminate false positive/false negative results. 

 Needs to support semantic graph mining algorithms to identify graph patterns, index, and search graphs. 

 Needs to support semantic graph traversal. 

21. M0174 Statistical Relational Artificial Intelligence for Health Care Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support relational probabilistic models/probability theory. The software learns models from 

multiple data types and can possibly integrate the information and reason about complex queries. 

 Needs to support robust and accurate learning methods to account for data imbalance, i.e., situations in 

which large amounts of data are available for a small number of subjects. 

 Needs to support learning algorithms to identify skews in data, so as to not—incorrectly—model noise. 

 Needs to support learned models that can be generalized and refined to be applied to diverse sets of 

data. 

 Needs to support acceptance of data in different modalities and from disparate sources. 

22. M0172 World Population-Scale Epidemiological Study Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support compute-intensive and data-intensive computation, like a supercomputer’s 

performance. 

 Needs to support the unstructured and irregular nature of graph processing. 

 Needs to support summaries of various runs of simulation. 

23. M0173 Social Contagion Modeling for Planning Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support large-scale modeling for various events (disease, emotions, behaviors, etc.). 

 Needs to support scalable fusion between combined datasets. 

 Needs to support multi-levels analysis while generating sufficient results quickly. 

24. M0141 Biodiversity and LifeWatch Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support incremental and/or real-time data analysis; rates vary because of variations in source 

processes. 

 Needs to support a variety of data, analytical, and modeling tools to support analytics for diverse 

scientific communities. 

 Needs to support parallel data streams and streaming analytics. 

 Needs to support access and integration of multiple distributed databases. 

25. M0171 Large-Scale Deep Learning Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support classifier (e.g., an SVM), a process that is often hard to parallelize. 

 Needs to support features seen in many large-scale image processing problems. 

26. M0160 Truthy Twitter Data Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support various real-time data analyses for anomaly detection, stream clustering, signal 

classification on multi-dimensional time series, and online learning. 

27. M0211 Crowd Sourcing in Humanities Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support digitization of existing audio-video, photo, and document archives. 

 Needs to support analytics including pattern recognition of all kinds (e.g., speech recognition, automatic 

A&V analysis, cultural patterns) and identification of structures (lexical units, linguistics rules, etc.). 

28. M0158 CINET for Network Science Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support environments to run various network and graph analysis tools. 

D-8 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-2: DATA TRANSFORMATION 

 Needs to support dynamic growth of the networks. 

 Needs to support asynchronous and real-time synchronous distributed computing. 

 Needs to support different parallel algorithms for different partitioning schemes for efficient operation. 

29. M0190 NIST Information Access Division Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support analytic algorithms working with written language, speech, human imagery, etc. The 

algorithms generally need to be tested against real or realistic data. It is extremely challenging to 

engineer artificial data that sufficiently capture the variability of real data involving humans. 

30. M0130 DataNet (iRODS) Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to provide general analytics workflows. 

31. M0131 Semantic Graph-Search Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support data graph processing. 

 Needs to support RDBMS. 

32. M0189 Light Source Beamlines Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support standard bioinformatics tools (BLAST, HMMER, multiple alignment and 

phylogenetic tools, gene callers, sequence feature predictors, etc.), Perl/Python wrapper scripts, and 

Linux Cluster scheduling. 

33. M0170 Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support a wide variety of the existing astronomical data analysis tools, plus a large number of 

custom-developed tools and software programs, some of which are research projects in and of 

themselves. 

 Needs to support automated classification with machine learning tools given very sparse and 

heterogeneous data, dynamically evolving as more data are generated, with follow-up decision making 

reflecting limited follow up resources. 

34. M0185 DOE Extreme Data from Cosmological Sky Survey Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support interpretation of results from detailed simulations. Interpretation requires advanced 

analysis and visualization techniques and capabilities. 

35. M0209 Large Survey Data for Cosmology Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support analysis on both the simulation and observational data simultaneously. 

 Needs to support techniques for handling Cholesky decomposition for thousands of simulations with 

matrices of order 1 million on a side. 

36. M0166 Particle Physics at LHC Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support experimental data from ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHb. 

 Needs to support histograms and scatter-plots with model fits. 

 Needs to support Monte Carlo computations. 

37. M0155 EISCAT 3D Incoherent Scatter Radar System Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support Queen Bea architecture with mix of distributed on-sensor and central processing for 5 

distributed sites. 

 Needs to support real-time monitoring of equipment by partial streaming analysis. 

 Needs to host rich set of radar image processing services using machine learning, statistical modelling, 

and graph algorithms. 

38. M0157 ENVRI Environmental Research Infrastructure Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support diversified analytics tools. 

39. M0167 CReSIS Remote Sensing Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support legacy software (Matlab) and language (C/Java) binding for processing. 

 Needs signal processing and advanced image processing to find layers. 

40. M0127 UAVSAR Data Processing Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support geolocated data that require GIS integration of data as custom overlays. 

 Needs to support significant human intervention in data-processing pipeline. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-2: DATA TRANSFORMATION 

 Needs to host rich sets of radar image processing services. 

 Needs to support ROI_PAC, GeoServer, GDAL, and GeoTIFF-supporting tools. 

41. M0182 NASA LARC/GSFC iRODS Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support CAaaS on clouds. 

42. M0129 MERRA Analytic Services Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support CAaaS on clouds. 

43. M0090 Atmospheric Turbulence Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support Map/Reduce, SciDB, and other scientific databases. 

 Needs to support continuous computing for updates. 

 Needs to support event specification language for data mining and event searching. 

 Needs to support semantics interpretation and optimal structuring for 4D data mining and predictive 

analysis. 

44. M0186 Climate Studies Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support data analytics close to data storage. 

45. M0184 DOE-BER AmeriFlux and FLUXNET Networks Transformation Requirements: 

 Needs to support custom software, such as EddyPro, and custom analysis software, such as R, python, 

neural networks, Matlab. 

46. M0223 Consumption Forecasting in Smart Grids Transformation Requirements:

 Needs to support new machine learning analytics to predict consumption. 

TABLE D-3: CAPABILITIES 

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

1. Needs to support legacy and advanced 

software packages (subcomponent: SaaS). 

Applies to 30 use cases: M0078, M0089, M0127, M0136,

M0140, M0141, M0158, M0160, M0161, M0164, M0164,

M0166, M0167, M0172, M0173, M0174, M0176, M0177,

M0183, M0188, M0191, M0209, M0210, M0212, M0213,

M0214, M0215, M0219, M0219, M0223 

2. Needs to support legacy and advanced 

computing platforms (subcomponent: PaaS). 

Applies to 17 use cases: M0078, M0089, M0127, M0158,

M0160, M0161, M0164, M0164, M0171, M0172, M0173,

M0177, M0182, M0188, M0191, M0209, M0223 

3. Needs to support legacy and advanced 

distributed computing clusters, co-processors, 

and I/O processing (subcomponent: IaaS). 

Applies to 24 use cases: M0015, M0078, M0089, M0090,

M0129, M0136, M0140, M0141, M0155, M0158, M0161,

M0164, M0164, M0166, M0167, M0173, M0174, M0176,

M0177, M0185, M0186, M0191, M0214, M0215 

4. Needs to support elastic data transmission 

(subcomponent: networking). 

Applies to 4 use cases: M0089, M0090, M0103, M0136,

M0141, M0158, M0160, M0172, M0173, M0176, M0191,

M0210, M0214, M0215 

5. Needs to support legacy, large, and advanced 

distributed data storage (subcomponent: 

storage). 

Applies to 35 use cases: M0078, M0089, M0127, M0140,

M0147, M0147, M0148, M0148, M0155, M0157, M0157,

M0158, M0160, M0161, M0164, M0164, M0165, M0166,

M0167, M0c170, M0171, M0172, M0173, M0174, M0176,

M0176, M0182, M0185, M0188, M0209, M0209, M0210,

M0210, M0215, M0219 

6. Needs to support legacy and advanced 

executable programming: applications, tools, 

utilities, and libraries. 

Applies to 13 use cases: M0078, M0089, M0140, M0164,

M0c166, M0167, M0174, M0176, M0184, M0185, M0190,

M0214, M0215 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-3: CAPABILITIES 

USE CASE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR CAPABILITIES 

1. M0147 Census 2010 and 2000 Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support large centralized storage. 

2. M0148 NARA: Search, Retrieve, Preservation Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support large data storage. 

 Needs to support various storages such as NetApps, Hitachi, and magnetic tapes. 

3. M0219 Statistical Survey Response Improvement Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support the following software: Hadoop, Spark, Hive, R, SAS, Mahout, Allegrograph, 

MySQL, Oracle, Storm, BigMemory, Cassandra, and Pig. 

4. M0222 Non-Traditional Data in Statistical Survey Response Improvement Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support the following software: Hadoop, Spark, Hive, R, SAS, Mahout, Allegrograph, 

MySQL, Oracle, Storm, BigMemory, Cassandra, and Pig. 

5. M0161 Mendeley Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support EC2 with HDFS (infrastructure). 

 Needs to support S3 (storage). 

 Needs to support Hadoop (platform). 

 Needs to support Scribe, Hive, Mahout, and Python (language). 

 Needs to support moderate storage (15 TB with 1 TB/month). 

 Needs to support batch and real-time processing. 

6. M0164 Netflix Movie Service Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support Hadoop (platform). 

 Needs to support Pig (language). 

 Needs to support Cassandra and Hive. 

 Needs to support a huge volume of subscribers, ratings, and searches per day (DB). 

 Needs to support huge storage (2 PB). 

 Needs to support I/O-intensive processing. 

7. M0165 Web Search Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support petabytes of text and rich media (storage). 

8. M0137 Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery within a Cloud Eco-System Capability 

Requirements: 

 Needs to support Hadoop. 

 Needs to support commercial cloud services. 

9. M0103 Cargo Shipping Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support Internet connectivity. 

10. M0176 Simulation-Driven Materials Genomics Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support massive (150,000 cores) of legacy infrastructure (infrastructure). 

 Needs to support GPFS (storage). 

 Needs to support MonogDB systems (platform). 

 Needs to support 10 GB of networking data. 

 Needs to support various analytic tools such as PyMatGen, FireWorks, VASP, ABINIT, NWChem, 

BerkeleyGW, and varied community codes. 

 Needs to support large storage (storage). 

 Needs to support scalable key-value and object store (platform). 

 Needs to support data streams from peta/exascale centralized simulation systems. 

11. M0213 Large-Scale Geospatial Analysis and Visualization Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support geospatially enabled RDBMS and geospatial server/analysis software (ESRI 

ArcServer, Geoserver). 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-3: CAPABILITIES 

12. M0214 Object Identification and Tracking Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support a wide range of custom software and tools including traditional RDBMS and display 

tools. 

 Needs to support several network capability requirements. 

 Needs to support GPU usage. 

13. M0215 Intelligence Data Processing and Analysis Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support tolerance of unreliable networks to warfighter and remote sensors. 

 Needs to support up to hundreds of petabytes of data supported by modest to large clusters and clouds. 

 Needs to support the following software: Hadoop, Accumulo (Big Table), Solr, NLP (several variants), 

Puppet (for deployment and security), Storm, and custom applications and visualization tools. 

14. M0177 EMR Data Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support Hadoop, Hive, and R Unix-based. 

 Needs to support a Cray supercomputer. 

 Needs to support teradata, PostgreSQL, MongoDB. 

 Needs to support various capabilities with significant I/O-intensive processing. 

15. M0089 Pathology Imaging Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support legacy systems and clouds (computing cluster). 

 Needs to support huge legacy and new storage such as SAN or HDFS (storage). 

 Needs to support high-throughput network links (networking). 

 Needs to support MPI image analysis, Map/Reduce, and Hive with spatial extension (software 

packages). 

16. M0191 Computational Bioimaging Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support ImageJ, OMERO, VolRover, advanced segmentation, and feature detection methods 

from applied math researchers. Scalable key-value and object store databases are needed. 

 Needs to support NERSC’s Hopper infrastructure 

 Needs to support database and image collections. 

 Needs to support 10 GB and future 100 GB and advanced networking (SDN). 

17. M0078 Genomic Measurements Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support legacy computing cluster and other PaaS and IaaS (computing cluster). 

 Needs to support huge data storage in the petabyte range (storage). 

 Needs to support Unix-based legacy sequencing bioinformatics software (software package). 

18. M0188 Comparative Analysis for Metagenomes and Genomes Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support huge data storage. 

 Needs to support scalable RDBMS for heterogeneous biological data. 

 Needs to support real-time rapid and parallel bulk loading. 

 Needs to support Oracle RDBMS, SQLite files, flat text files, Lucy (a version of Lucene) for keyword 

searches, BLAST databases, and USEARCH databases. 

 Needs to support Linux cluster, Oracle RDBMS server, large memory machines, and standard Linux 

interactive hosts. 

19. M0140 Individualized Diabetes Management Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support a data warehouse, specifically open source indexed Hbase. 

 Needs to support supercomputers with cloud and parallel computing. 

 Needs to support I/O-intensive processing. 

 Needs to support HDFS storage. 

 Needs to support custom code to develop new properties from stored data. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-3: CAPABILITIES 

20. M0174 Statistical Relational Artificial Intelligence for Health Care Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support Java, some in-house tools, a relational database, and NoSQL stores. 

 Needs to support cloud and parallel computing. 

 Needs to support a high-performance computer with 48 GB RAM (to perform analysis for a moderate 

sample size). 

 Needs to support clusters for large datasets. 

 Needs to support 200 GB to 1 TB hard drive for test data. 

21. M0172 World Population-Scale Epidemiological Study Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support movement of very large numbers of data for visualization (networking). 

 Needs to support distributed an MPI-based simulation system (platform). 

 Needs to support Charm++ on multi-nodes (software). 

 Needs to support a network file system (storage). 

 Needs to support an Infiniband network (networking). 

22. M0173 Social Contagion Modeling for Planning Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support a computing infrastructure that can capture human-to-human interactions on various 

social events via the Internet (infrastructure). 

 Needs to support file servers and databases (platform). 

 Needs to support Ethernet and Infiniband networking (networking). 

 Needs to support specialized simulators, open source software, and proprietary modeling (application). 

 Needs to support huge user accounts across country boundaries (networking). 

23. M0141 Biodiversity and LifeWatch Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support expandable on-demand-based storage resources for global users. 

 Needs to support cloud community resources. 

24. M0136 Large-scale Deep Learning Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support GPU usage. 

 Needs to support a high-performance MPI and HPC Infiniband cluster. 

 Needs to support libraries for single-machine or single-GPU computation (e.g., BLAS, CuBLAS, 

MAGMA, etc.). 

 Needs to support distributed computation of dense BLAS-like or LAPACK-like operations on GPUs, 

which remains poorly developed. Existing solutions (e.g., ScaLapack for CPUs) are not well integrated 

with higher-level languages and require low-level programming, which lengthens experiment and 

development time. 

25. M0171 Organizing Large-Scale Unstructured Collections of Consumer Photos Capability 

Requirements: 

 Needs to support Hadoop or enhanced Map/Reduce. 

26. M0160 Truthy Twitter Data Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support Hadoop and HDFS (platform). 

 Needs to support IndexedHBase, Hive, SciPy, and NumPy (software). 

 Needs to support in-memory database and MPI (platform). 

 Needs to support high-speed Infiniband network (networking). 

27. M0158 CINET for Network Science Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support a large file system (storage). 

 Needs to support various network connectivity (networking). 

 Needs to support an existing computing cluster. 

 Needs to support an EC2 computing cluster. 

 Needs to support various graph libraries, management tools, databases, and semantic web tools. 

28. M0190 NIST Information Access Division Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support PERL, Python, C/C++, Matlab, and R development tools. 

 Needs to support creation of a ground-up test and measurement applications. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-3: CAPABILITIES 

29. M0130 DataNet (iRODS) Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support iRODS data management software. 

 Needs to support interoperability across storage and network protocol types. 

30. M0163 The Discinnet Process Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support the following software: Symfony-PHP, Linux, and MySQL. 

31. M0131 Semantic Graph-Search Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support a cloud community resource. 

32. M0189 Light Source Beamlines Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support high-volume data transfer to a remote batch processing resource. 

33. M0185 DOE Extreme Data from Cosmological Sky Survey Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support MPI, OpenMP, C, C++, F90, FFTW, viz packages, Python, FFTW, numpy, Boost, 

OpenMP, ScaLAPCK, PSQL and MySQL databases, Eigen, cfitsio, astrometry.net, and Minuit2. 

 Needs to address limitations of supercomputer I/O subsystem. 

34. M0209 Large Survey Data for Cosmology Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support standard astrophysics reduction software as well as Perl/Python wrapper scripts. 

 Needs to support Oracle RDBMS and Postgres psql, as well as GPFS and Lustre file systems and tape 

archives. 

 Needs to support parallel image storage. 

35. M0166 Particle Physics at LHC Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support legacy computing infrastructure (computing nodes). 

 Needs to support distributed cached files (storage). 

 Needs to support object databases (software package). 

36. M0210 Belle II High Energy Physics Experiment Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support 120 PB of raw data. 

 Needs to support an international distributed computing model to augment that at the accelerator in 

Japan. 

 Needs to support data transfer of ≈20 BG per second at designed luminosity between Japan and the 

United States. 

 Needs to support software from Open Science Grid, Geant4, DIRAC, FTS, and the Belle II framework. 

37. M0155 EISCAT 3D Incoherent Scatter Radar System Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support architecture compatible with the ENVRI collaboration. 

38. M0157 ENVRI Environmental Research Infrastructure Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support a variety of computing infrastructures and architectures (infrastructure). 

 Needs to support scattered repositories (storage). 

39. M0167 CReSIS Remote Sensing Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support ≈0.5 PB per year of raw data. 

 Needs to support transfer of content from removable disk to computing cluster for parallel processing. 

 Needs to support Map/Reduce or MPI plus language binding for C/Java. 

40. M0127 UAVSAR Data Processing Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support an interoperable cloud–HPC architecture. 

 Needs to host rich sets of radar image processing services. 

 Needs to support ROI_PAC, GeoServer, GDAL, and GeoTIFF-supporting tools. 

 Needs to support compatibility with other NASA radar systems and repositories (Alaska Satellite 

Facility). 

41. M0182 NASA LARC/GSFC iRODS Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support vCDS. 

 Needs to support a GPFS integrated with Hadoop. 

 Needs to support iRODS. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-3: CAPABILITIES 

42. M0129 MERRA Analytic Services Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support NetCDF aware software. 

 Needs to support Map/Reduce. 

 Needs to support interoperable use of AWS and local clusters. 

43. M0090 Atmospheric Turbulence Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support other legacy computing systems (e.g., a supercomputer). 

 Needs to support high-throughput data transmission over the network. 

44. M0186 Climate Studies Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support extension of architecture to several other fields. 

45. M0183 DOE-BER Subsurface Biogeochemistry Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support Postgres, HDF5 data technologies, and many custom software systems. 

46. M0184 DOE-BER AmeriFlux and FLUXNET Networks Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support custom software, such as EddyPro, and analysis software, such as R, Python, neural 

networks, and Matlab. 

 Needs to support analytics: data mining, data quality assessment, cross-correlation across datasets, data 

assimilation, data interpolation, statistics, quality assessment, data fusion, etc. 

47. M0223 Consumption Forecasting in Smart Grids Capability Requirements: 

 Needs to support SQL databases, CVS files, and HDFS (platform). 

 Needs to support R/Matlab, Weka, and Hadoop (platform). 

TABLE D-4: DATA CONSUMER 

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

1. Needs to support fast searches from processed 

data with high relevancy, accuracy, and high recall. 

Applies to 4 use cases: M0148, M0160, M0165,

M0176 

2. Needs to support diversified output file formats 

for visualization, rendering, and reporting. 

Applies to 16 use cases: M0078, M0089, M0090,

M0157, M0c161, M0164, M0164, M0165, M0166,

M0166, M0167, M0167, M0174, M0177, M0213,

M0214

3. Needs to support visual layouts for results 

presentation. 

Applies to 2 use cases: M0165, M0167

4. Needs to support rich user interfaces for access 

using browsers, visualization tools. 

Applies to 1 use cases: M0089, M0127, M0157,

M0160, M0162, M0167, M0167, M0183, M0184,

M0188, M0190

5. Needs to support a high-resolution multidimension layer of data visualization. 

Applies to 21 use cases: M0129, M0155, M0155,

M0158, M0161, M0162, M0171, M0172, M0173,

M0177, M0179, M0182, M0185, M018c6, M0188,

M0191, M0213, M0214, M02c15, M0219, M0222

6. Needs to support streaming results to clients. Applies to 1 use case: M0164

USE CASE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR DATA CONSUMERS 

1. M0148 NARA: Search, Retrieve, Preservation Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support high relevancy and high recall from search. 

 Needs to support high accuracy from categorization of records. 

 Needs to support various storages such as NetApps, Hitachi, and magnetic tapes. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-4: DATA CONSUMER 

2. M0219 Statistical Survey Response Improvement Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support evolving data visualization for data review, operational activity, and general analysis. 

3. M0222 Non-Traditional Data in Statistical Survey Response Improvement Data Consumer 

Requirements: 

 Needs to support evolving data visualization for data review, operational activity, and general analysis. 

4. M0161 Mendeley Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support custom-built reporting tools. 

 Needs to support visualization tools such as networking graphs, scatterplots, etc. 

5. M0164 Netflix Movie Service Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support streaming and rendering media 

6. M0165 Web Search Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support search times of ≈0.1 seconds. 

 Needs to support top 10 ranked results. 

 Needs to support appropriate page layout (visual). 

7. M0162 Materials Data for Manufacturing Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support visualization for materials discovery from many independent variables. 

 Needs to support visualization tools for multi-variable materials. 

8. M0176 Simulation-Driven Materials Genomics Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support browser-based searches for growing material data. 

9. M0213 Large-Scale Geospatial Analysis and Visualization Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support visualization with GIS at high and low network bandwidths and on dedicated 

facilities and handhelds. 

10. M0214 Object Identification and Tracking Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support visualization of extracted outputs. These will typically be overlays on a geospatial 

display. Overlay objects should be links back to the originating image/video segment. 

 Needs to output the form of OGC-compliant web features or standard geospatial files (shape files, 

KML). 

11. M0215 Intelligence Data Processing and Analysis Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support primary visualizations, i.e., geospatial overlays (GIS) and network diagrams. 

12. M0177 EMR Data Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to provide results of analytics for use by data consumers/stakeholders, i.e., those who did not 

actually perform the analysis. 

 Needs to support specific visualization techniques. 

13. M0089 Pathology Imaging Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support visualization for validation and training. 

14. M0191 Computational Bioimaging Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support 3D structural modeling. 

15. M0078 Genomic Measurements Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support data format for genome browsers. 

16. M0188 Comparative Analysis for Metagenomes and Genomes Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support real-time interactive parallel bulk loading capability. 

 Needs to support interactive web UI, backend pre-computations, and batch job computation 

submission from the UI. 

 Needs to support download assembled and annotated datasets for offline analysis. 

 Needs to support ability to query and browse data via interactive web UI. 

 Needs to support visualized data structure at different levels of resolution, as well as the ability to view 

abstract representations of highly similar data. 

D-16 
 

 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-4: DATA CONSUMER 

17. M0174 Statistical Relational Artificial Intelligence for Health Care Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support visualization of subsets of very large data. 

18. M0172 World Population-Scale Epidemiological Study Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support visualization. 

19. M0173 Social Contagion Modeling for Planning Data Consumer Requirements: 

 1. Needs to support multi-level detail network representations. 

 Needs to support visualization with interactions. 

20. M0141 Biodiversity and LifeWatch Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support advanced/rich/high-definition visualization. 

 Needs to support 4D visualization. 

21. M0171 Organizing Large-Scale Unstructured Collections of Consumer Photos Data Consumer 

Requirements: 

 Needs to support visualization of large-scale 3D reconstructions and navigation of large-scale 

collections of images that have been aligned to maps. 

22. M0160 Truthy Twitter Data Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support data retrieval and dynamic visualization. 

 Needs to support data-driven interactive web interfaces. 

 Needs to support API for data query. 

23. M0158 CINET for Network Science Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support client-side visualization. 

24. M0190 NIST Information Access Division Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support analytic flows involving users. 

25. M0130 DataNet (iRODS) Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support general visualization workflows. 

26. M0131 Semantic Graph-Search Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support efficient data-graph-based visualization. 

27. M0170 Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support visualization mechanisms for highly dimensional data parameter spaces. 

28. M0185 DOE Extreme Data from Cosmological Sky Survey Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support interpretation of results using advanced visualization techniques and capabilities. 

29. M0166 Particle Physics at LHC Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support histograms and model fits (visual). 

30. M0155 EISCAT 3D Incoherent Scatter Radar System Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support visualization of high-dimensional (≥5) data. 

31. M0157 ENVRI Environmental Research Infrastructure Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support graph-plotting tools. 

 Needs to support time series interactive tools. 

 Needs to support browser-based flash playback. 

 Needs to support earth high-resolution map displays. 

 Needs to support visual tools for quality comparisons. 

32. M0167 CReSIS Remote Sensing Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support GIS user interface. 

 Needs to support rich user interface for simulations. 

33. M0127 UAVSAR Data Processing Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support field expedition users with phone/tablet interface and low-resolution downloads. 

34. M0182 NASA LARC/GSFC iRODS Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support visualization of distributed heterogeneous data. 

D-17 
 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-4: DATA CONSUMER 

35. M0129 MERRA Analytic Services Data Consumer Requirements: 

	 Needs to support high-end distributed visualization. 

36. M0090 Atmospheric Turbulence Data Consumer Requirements: 

	 Needs to support visualization to interpret results. 

37. M0186 Climate Studies Data Consumer Requirements: 

 Needs to support worldwide climate data sharing. 

 Needs to support high-end distributed visualization. 

38. M0183 DOE-BER Subsurface Biogeochemistry Data Consumer Requirements: 

	 Needs to support phone-based input and access. 

39. M0184 DOE-BER AmeriFlux and FLUXNET Networks Data Consumer Requirements: 

	 Needs to support phone-based input and access. 

TABLE D-5: SECURITY AND PRIVACY 

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

1. Needs to protect and preserve security and Applies to 32 use cases: M0078, M0089, M0103, 

privacy for sensitive data. M0140, M0141, M0147, M0148, M0157, M0160, 

M0162, M0164, M0165, M0166, M0166, M0167, 

M0167, M0171, M0172, M0173, M0174, M0176, 

M0177, M0190, M0191, M0210, M0211, M0213, 

M0214, M0215, M0219, M0222, M0223 

2. Needs to support sandbox, access control, and Applies to 13 use cases: M0006, M0078, M0089, 

multi-level policy-driven authentication on protected M0103, M0140, M0161, M0165, M0167, M0176, 

data. M0177, M0188, M0210, M0211 

USE CASE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR SECURITY AND PRIVACY 

1. M0147 Census 2010 and 2000 Security and Privacy Requirements: 

	 Needs to support Title 13 data. 

2. M0148 NARA: Search, Retrieve, Preservation Security and Privacy Requirements: 

	 Needs to support security policy. 

3. M0219 Statistical Survey Response Improvement Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support improved recommendation systems that reduce costs and improve quality while 

providing confidentiality safeguards that are reliable and publicly auditable. 

 Needs to support confidential and secure data. All processes must be auditable for security and 

confidentiality as required by various legal statutes. 

4. M0222 Non-Traditional Data in Statistical Survey Response Improvement Security and Privacy 

Requirements: 

	 Needs to support confidential and secure data. All processes must be auditable for security and 

confidentiality as required by various legal statutes. 

5. M0175 Cloud Eco-System for Finance Security and Privacy Requirements: 

	 Needs to support strong security and privacy constraints. 

6. M0161 Mendeley Security and Privacy Requirements: 

	 Needs to support access controls for who is reading what content. 

7. M0164 Netflix Movie Service Security and Privacy Requirements: 

	 Needs to support preservation of users’ privacy and digital rights for media. 

8. M0165 Web Search Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support access control. 

 Needs to protect sensitive content. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-5: SECURITY AND PRIVACY 

9. M0137 Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery within a Cloud Eco-System Security and Privacy 

Requirements: 

 Needs to support strong security for many applications. 

10. M0103 Cargo Shipping Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support security policy. 

11. M0162 Materials Data for Manufacturing Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support protection of proprietary sensitive data. 

 Needs to support tools to mask proprietary information. 

12. M0176 Simulation-Driven Materials Genomics Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support sandbox as independent working areas between different data stakeholders. 

2. Needs to support policy-driven federation of datasets. 

13. M0213 Large-Scale Geospatial Analysis and Visualization Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support complete security of sensitive data in transit and at rest (particularly on handhelds). 

14. M0214 Object Identification and Tracking Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support significant security and privacy; sources and methods cannot be compromised. The 

enemy should not be able to know what the user sees. 

15. M0215 Intelligence Data Processing and Analysis Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support protection of data against unauthorized access or disclosure and tampering. 

16. M0177 EMR Data Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support direct consumer access to data, as well as referral to results of analytics performed by 

informatics research scientists and health service researchers. 

 Needs to support protection of all health data in compliance with government regulations. 

 Needs to support protection of data in accordance with data providers’ policies. 

 Needs to support security and privacy policies, which may be unique to a subset of the data. 

 Needs to support robust security to prevent data breaches. 

17. M0089 Pathology Imaging Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support security and privacy protection for protected health information. 

18. M0191 Computational Bioimaging Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support significant but optional security and privacy, including secure servers and 

anonymization. 

19. M0078 Genomic Measurements Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support security and privacy protection of health records and clinical research databases. 

20. M0188 Comparative Analysis for Metagenomes and Genomes Security and Privacy 

Requirements: 

 Needs to support login security, i.e., usernames and passwords. 

 Needs to support creation of user accounts to access datasets, and submit datasets to systems, via a 

web interface. 

 Needs to support single sign-on (SSO) capability. 

21. M0140 Individualized Diabetes Management Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support protection of health data in accordance with privacy policies and legal security and 

privacy requirements, e.g., HIPAA. 

 Needs to support security policies for different user roles. 

22. M0174 Statistical Relational Artificial Intelligence for Health Care Security and Privacy 

Requirements: 

 Needs to support secure handling and processing of data. 

23. M0172 World Population-Scale Epidemiological Study Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support protection of PII on individuals used in modeling. 

 Needs to support data protection and a secure platform for computation. 

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NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-5: SECURITY AND PRIVACY 

24. M0173 Social Contagion Modeling for Planning Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support protection of PII on individuals used in modeling. 

 Needs to support data protection and a secure platform for computation. 

25. M0141 Biodiversity and LifeWatch Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support federated identity management for mobile researchers and mobile sensors. 

 Needs to support access control and accounting. 

26. M0171 Organizing Large-Scale Unstructured Collections of Consumer Photos Security and Privacy 

Requirements: 

 Needs to preserve privacy for users and digital rights for media. 

27. M0160 Truthy Twitter Data Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support security and privacy policy. 

28. M0211 Crowd Sourcing in Humanities Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support privacy issues in preserving anonymity of responses in spite of computer recording 

of access ID and reverse engineering of unusual user responses. 

29. M0190 NIST Information Access Division Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support security and privacy requirements for protecting sensitive data while enabling 

meaningful developmental performance evaluation. Shared evaluation testbeds must protect the 

intellectual property of analytic algorithm developers. 

30. M0130 DataNet (iRODS) Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support federation across existing authentication environments through Generic Security 

Service API and pluggable authentication modules (GSI, Kerberos, InCommon, Shibboleth). 

 Needs to support access controls on files independent of the storage location. 

31. M0163 The Discinnet Process Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support significant but optional security and privacy, including secure servers and 

anonymization. 

32. M0189 Light Source Beamlines Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support multiple security and privacy requirements. 

33. M0166 Particle Physics at LHC Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support data protection. 

34. M0210 Belle II High Energy Physics Experiment Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support standard grid authentication. 

35. M0157 ENVRI Environmental Research Infrastructure Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support an open data policy with minor restrictions. 

36. M0167 CReSIS Remote Sensing Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support security and privacy on sensitive political issues. 

 Needs to support dynamic security and privacy policy mechanisms. 

37. M0223 Consumption Forecasting in Smart Grids Security and Privacy Requirements: 

 Needs to support privacy and anonymization by aggregation. 

TABLE D-6: LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT 

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

1. Needs to support data quality curation 

including pre-processing, data clustering, 

classification, reduction, and format 

transformation. 

Applies to 20 use cases: M0141, M0147, M0148, M0157, 

M0160, M0161, M0162, M0165, M0166, M0167, M0172, 

M0173, M0174, M0177, M0188, M0191, M0214, M0215, 

M0219, M0222) 

2. Needs to support dynamic updates on data, 

user profiles, and links. 

Applies to 2 use cases: M0164, M0209) 

D-20 
 

 

 

 

 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-6: LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT 

3. Needs to support data life cycle and longterm preservation policy, including data 

provenance. 

Applies to 6 use cases: M0141, M0c147, M0155, M0163, 

M0164, M0165 

4. Needs to support data validation. Applies to 4 use cases: M0090, M0161, M0174, M0175 

5. Needs to support human annotation for data 

validation. 

Applies to 4 use cases: M0089, M01c27, M0140, M0188 

6. Needs to support prevention of data loss or 

corruption. 

Applies to 3 use cases: M0147, M0155, M0173) 

7. Needs to support multi-sites archival. Applies to 1 use case: M0157 

8. Needs to support persistent identifier and 

data traceability. 

Applies to 2 use cases: M0140, M0161) 

9. Needs to standardize, aggregate, and 

normalize data from disparate sources. 

Applies to 1 use case: M0177) 

USE CASE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT 

1. M0147 Census 2010 and 2000 Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support long-term preservation of data as-is for 75 years. 

 Needs to support long-term preservation at the bit level. 

 Needs to support the curation process, including format transformation. 

 Needs to support access and analytics processing after 75 years. 

 Needs to ensure there is no data loss. 

2. M0148 NARA: Search, Retrieve, Preservation Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support pre-process for virus scans. 

 Needs to support file format identification. 

 Needs to support indexing. 

 Needs to support record categorization. 

3. M0219 Statistical Survey Response Improvement Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support high veracity of data, and systems must be very robust. The semantic integrity of 

conceptual metadata concerning what exactly is measured and the resulting limits of inference 

remain a challenge. 

4. M0222 Non-Traditional Data in Statistical Survey Response Improvement Life Cycle 

Requirements: 

 Needs to support high veracity of data, and systems must be very robust. The semantic integrity of 

conceptual metadata concerning what exactly is measured and the resulting limits of inference 

remain a challenge. 

5. M0161 Mendeley Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support metadata management from PDF extraction. 

 Needs to support identify of document duplication. 

 Needs to support persistent identifiers. 

 Needs to support metadata correlation between data repositories such as CrossRef, PubMed and 

Arxiv. 

6. M0164 Netflix Movie Service Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support continued ranking and updating based on user profiles and analytic results. 

7. M0165 Web Search Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support purge data after a certain time interval (a few months). 

 Needs to support data cleaning. 

8. M0162 Materials Data for Manufacturing Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support data quality handling; current process is poor or unknown. 

D-21 
 

 

 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-6: LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT 

9. M0176 Simulation-Driven Materials Genomics Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support validation and UQ of simulation with experimental data. 

 Needs to support UQ in results from multiple datasets. 

10. M0214 Object Identification and Tracking Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support veracity of extracted objects. 

11. M0215 Intelligence Data Processing and Analysis Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support data provenance (e.g., tracking of all transfers and transformations) over the life of 

the data. 

12. M0177 EMR Data Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to standardize, aggregate, and normalize data from disparate sources. 

 Needs to reduce errors and bias. 

 Needs to support common nomenclature and classification of content across disparate sources. 

13. M0089 Pathology Imaging Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support human annotations for validation. 

14. M0191 Computational Bioimaging Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support workflow components include data acquisition, storage, enhancement, and noise 

minimization. 

15. M0188 Comparative Analysis for Metagenomes and Genomes Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support methods to improve data quality. 

 Needs to support data clustering, classification, and reduction. 

 Needs to support integration of new data/content into the system’s data store and annotate data. 

16. M0140 Individualized Diabetes Management Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support data annotation based on domain ontologies or taxonomies. 

 Needs to ensure traceability of data from origin (initial point of collection) through use. 

 Needs to support data conversion from existing data warehouse into RDF triples. 

17. M0174 Statistical Relational Artificial Intelligence for Health Care Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support merging multiple tables before analysis. 

 Needs to support methods to validate data to minimize errors. 

18. M0172 World Population-Scale Epidemiological Study Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support data quality and capture traceability of quality from computation. 

19. M0173 Social Contagion Modeling for Planning Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support data fusion from variety of data sources. 

 Needs to support data consistency and prevent corruption. 

 Needs to support preprocessing of raw data. 

20. M0141 Biodiversity and LifeWatch Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support data storage and archiving, data exchange, and integration. 

 Needs to support data life cycle management: data provenance, referral integrity, and identification 

traceability back to initial observational data. 

 Needs to support processed (secondary) data (in addition to original source data) that may be stored 

for future uses. 

 Needs to support provenance (and PID) control of data, algorithms, and workflows. 

 Needs to support curated (authorized) reference data (i.e., species name lists), algorithms, software 

code, and workflows. 

21. M0160 Truthy Twitter Data Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support standardized data structures/formats with extremely high data quality. 

22. M0163 The Discinnet Process Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support integration of metadata approaches across disciplines. 

D-22 
 

 

 

 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-6: LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT 

23. M0209 Large Survey Data for Cosmology Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support links between remote telescopes and central analysis sites. 

24. M0166 Particle Physics at LHC Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support data quality on complex apparatus. 

25. M0155 EISCAT 3D Incoherent Scatter Radar System Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support preservation of data and avoid data loss due to instrument malfunction. 

26. M0157 ENVRI Environmental Research Infrastructure Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support high data quality. 

 Needs to support mirror archives. 

 Needs to support various metadata frameworks. 

 Needs to support scattered repositories and data curation. 

27. M0167 CReSIS Remote Sensing Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support data quality assurance. 

28. M0127 UAVSAR Data Processing Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support significant human intervention in data processing pipeline. 

 Needs to support rich robust provenance defining complex machine/human processing. 

29. M0090 Atmospheric Turbulence Life Cycle Requirements: 

 Needs to support validation for output products (correlations). 

TABLE D-7: OTHERS 

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

1. Needs to support rich user interfaces from 

mobile platforms to access processed results. 

Applies to 6 use cases: M0078, M0127, M0129, M0148, 

M0160, M0164 

2. Needs to support performance monitoring on 

analytic processing from mobile platforms. 

Applies to 2 use cases: M0155, M0167 

3. Needs to support rich visual content search 

and rendering from mobile platforms. 

Applies to 13 use cases: M0078, M0089, M0161, 

M0164, M0165, M0166, M0176, M0177, M0183, M0184, 

M0186, M0219, M0223 

4. Needs to support mobile device data 

acquisition. 

Applies to 1 use case: M0157 

5. Needs to support security across mobile 

devices. 

Applies to 1 use case: M0177 

USE CASE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR OTHERS 

1. M0148 NARA: Search, Retrieve, Preservation Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support mobile search with similar interfaces/results from a desktop. 

2. M0219 Statistical Survey Response Improvement Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support mobile access. 

3. M0175 Cloud Eco-System for Finance Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support mobile access. 

4. M0161 Mendeley Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support Windows Android and iOS mobile devices for content deliverables from Windows 

desktops. 

5. M0164 Netflix Movie Service Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support smart interfaces for accessing movie content on mobile platforms. 

D-23 
 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

TABLE D-7: OTHERS 

6. M0165 Web Search Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support mobile search and rendering. 

7. M0176 Simulation-Driven Materials Genomics Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support mobile apps to access materials genomics information. 

8. M0177 EMR Data Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support security across mobile devices. 

9. M0089 Pathology Imaging Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support 3D visualization and rendering on mobile platforms. 

10. M0078 Genomic Measurements Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support mobile platforms for physicians accessing genomic data (mobile device). 

11. M0140 Individualized Diabetes Management Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support mobile access. 

12. M0173 Social Contagion Modeling for Planning Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support an efficient method of moving data. 

13. M0141 Biodiversity and LifeWatch Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support access by mobile users. 

14. M0160 Truthy Twitter Data Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support a low-level data storage infrastructure for efficient mobile access to data. 

15. M0155 EISCAT 3D Incoherent Scatter Radar System Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support real-time monitoring of equipment by partial streaming analysis. 

16. M0157 ENVRI Environmental Research Infrastructure Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support various kinds of mobile sensor devices for data acquisition. 

17. M0167 CReSIS Remote Sensing Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support monitoring of data collection instruments/sensors. 

18. M0127 UAVSAR Data Processing Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support field expedition users with phone/tablet interface and low-resolution downloads. 

19. M0129 MERRA Analytic Services Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support smart phone and tablet access. 

 Needs to support iRODS data management. 

20. M0186 Climate Studies Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support phone-based input and access. 

21. M0183 DOE-BER Subsurface Biogeochemistry Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support phone-based input and access. 

22. M0184 DOE-BER AmeriFlux and FLUXNET Networks Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support phone-based input and access. 

23. M0223 Consumption Forecasting in Smart Grids Other Requirements: 

 Needs to support mobile access for clients. 

D-24 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Appendix E: Acronyms 

2D and 3D two- and three-dimensional 

6D six-dimensional 

AOD Analysis Object Data 

API application programming interface 

ASDC Atmospheric Science Data Center 

AWS Amazon Web Services 

BC/DR business continuity and disaster recovery 

BD Big Data 

BER Biological and Environmental Research 

BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory 

CAaaS climate analytics as a service 

CBSP Cloud Brokerage Service Provider 

CCP Climate Change Prediction 

CERES Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System 

CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research 

CES21 California Energy Systems for the 21st Century 

CESM Community Earth System Model 

CFTC U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission 

CIA confidentiality, integrity, and availability 

CMIP Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 

CMIP5 Climate Model Intercomparison Project 

CMS Compact Muon Solenoid 

CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 

COSO Committee of Sponsoring Organizations 

CP charge parity 

CPR Capability Provider Requirements 

CPU central processing unit 

CReSIS Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets 

CRTS Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey 

CSP cloud service provider 

CSS Catalina Sky Survey proper 

CV controlled vocabulary 

DCR Data Consumer Requirements 

DES Dark Energy Survey 

DFC DataNet Federation Consortium 

DHTC Distributed High Throughput Computing 

DOE U.S. Department of Energy 

DOJ U.S. Department of Justice 

DPO Data Products Online 

DSR Data Source Requirements 

EBAF–TOA Energy Balanced and Filled–Top of Atmosphere 

EC2 Elastic Compute Cloud 

EDT Enterprise Data Trust 

EHR electronic health record 

EMR electronic medical record 

EMSO European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and Water Column Observatory 

ENVRI Common Operations of Environmental Research Infrastructures 

ENVRI RM ENVRI Reference Model 

E-1 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

EPOS European Plate Observing System 

ERC European Research Council 

ESFRI European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures 

ESG Earth System Grid 

ESGF Earth System Grid Federation 

FDIC U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 

FI Financial Industries 

FLUXNET AmeriFlux and Flux Tower Network 

FMV full motion video 

FNAL Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 

GAAP U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Practices 

GB gigabyte 

GCM general circulation model 

GEOS-5 Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 

GEWaSC Genome-Enabled Watershed Simulation Capability 

GHG greenhouse gas 

GISs geographic information systems 

GMAO. Global Modeling and Assimilation Office 

GPFS General Parallel File System 

GPS global positioning system 

GPU graphics processing unit 

GRC governance, risk management, and compliance 

GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center 

HDF5 Hierarchical Data Format 

HDFS Hadoop Distributed File System 

HPC high-performance computing 

HTC high-throughput computing 

HVS hosted virtual server 

I/O input output 

IaaS Infrastructure as a Service 

IAGOS In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System 

ICA independent component analysis 

ICD International Classification of Diseases 

ICOS Integrated Carbon Observation System 

IMG Integrated Microbial Genomes 

INPC Indiana Network for Patient Care 

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 

iRODS Integrated Rule-Oriented Data System 

ISACA International Society of Auditors and Computer Analysts 

isc2 International Security Computer and Systems Auditors 

ISO International Organization for Standardization 

ITIL Information Technology Infrastructure Library 

ITL Information Technology Laboratory 

JGI Joint Genome Institute 

KML Keyhole Markup Language 

kWh kilowatt-hour 

LaRC Langley Research Center 

LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 

LDA latent Dirichlet allocation 

LHC Large Hadron Collider 

LMR Life cycle Management Requirements 

E-2 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

LOB lines of business 

LPL Lunar and Planetary Laboratory 

LSST Large Synoptic Survey Telescope 

MERRA Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications 

MERRA/AS MERRA Analytic Services 

MPI Message Passing Interface 

MRI magnetic resonance imaging 

NARA National Archives and Records Administration 

NARR North American Regional Reanalysis 

NaaS Network as a Service 

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

NBD-PWG NIST Big Data Public Working Group 

NBDRA. NIST Big Data Reference Architecture 

NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research 

NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information 

NCCS NASA Center for Climate Simulation 

NEO near-Earth 

NERSC National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center 

NetCDF Network Common Data Form 

NEX NASA Earth Exchange 

NFS network file system 

NIKE NIST Integrated Knowledge Editorial Net 

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology 

NLP natural language processing 

NRT Near Real Time 

NSF National Science Foundation 

ODAS Ocean Modeling and Data Assimilation 

ODP Open Distributed Processing 

OGC Open Geospatial Consortium 

OLAP online analytical processing 

OpenAIRE Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe 

OR Other Requirements 

PB petabyte 

PCA principal component analysis 

PCAOB Public Company Accounting and Oversight Board 

PHO planetary hazard 

PID persistent identification 

PII Personally Identifiable Information 

PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 

PR Public Relations 

RDBMS relational database management system 

RDF Resource Description Framework 

ROI return on investment 

RPI Repeat Pass Interferometry 

RPO Recovery Point Objective 

RTO Response Time Objective 

SAN storage area network 

SAR Synthetic aperture radar 

SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar 

SDLC/HDLC Software Development Life Cycle/Hardware Development Life Cycle 

SDN software-defined networking 

E-3 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

SEC U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission 

SFA 2.0 Scientific Focus Area 2.0 Science Plan 

SIEM Security Incident/Event Management 

SIOS Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System 

SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol 

SOX Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 

SPADE Support for Provenance Auditing in Distributed Environments 

SPR Security and Privacy Requirements 

SSH Secure Shell 

SSO Single sign-on capability 

tf-idf term frequency–inverse document frequency 

TPR Transformation Provider Requirements 

UA University of Arizona 

UAVSAR Unmanned Air Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar 

UI user interface 

UPS United Parcel Service 

UQ uncertainty quantification 

vCDS virtual Climate Data Server 

VO Virtual Observatory 

VOIP Voice over IP 

WALF Wide Area Large Format Imagery 

WLCG Worldwide LHC Computing Grid 

XBRL extensible Business Related Markup Language 

XML Extensible Markup Language 

ZTF Zwicky Transient Factory 

E-4 
 

 

NIST BIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

Appendix F: References 

GENERAL RESOURCES 

After logging in with any gmail account https://bigdatacoursespring2014.appspot.com/unit?unit=12 

Use Case 6: Mendeley—an International Network of Research 

	 Mendeley. http://mendeley.com. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

	 Mendeley. http://dev.mendeley.com. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 7: Netflix Movie Service 

	 Building Large-scale Real-world Recommender Systems - Recsys2012 tutorial. 

http://www.slideshare.net/xamat/building-largescale-realworld-recommender-systemsrecsys2012-tutorial. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 RAD – Outlier Detection on Big Data. http://techblog.netflix.com/. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 8: Web Search 

	 Internet Trends D11 Conference. http://www.slideshare.net/kleinerperkins/kpcb-internet-trends2013. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

	 Introduction to Search Engine Technology. 

http://webcourse.cs.technion.ac.il/236621/Winter2011-2012/en/ho_Lectures.html. Accessed 

March 3, 2015. 

	 Lecture “Information Retrieval and Web Search Engines” (SS 2011). http://www.ifis.cs.tubs.de/teaching/ss-11/irws. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

	 Recommender Systems Tutorial (Part 1) –Introduction. 

http://www.slideshare.net/beechung/recommender-systems-tutorialpart1intro. Accessed March 3, 

2015. 

	 The size of the World Wide Web (The Internet). http://www.worldwidewebsize.com/. Accessed 

March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 9: Cloud-Based Continuity and Disaster Recovery 

	 Disaster Recovery. http://www.disasterrecovery.org/. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Cases 11 and 12: Materials Data & Simulation Driven Materials Genomics 

	 The Materials Project. http://www.materialsproject.org. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 13: Large Scale Geospatial Analysis and Visualization 

	 OGC® Standards and Supporting Documents. http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards. 

Accessed March 3, 2015.
 

 GeoJSON. http://geojson.org/. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 Compressed ARC Digitized Raster Graphics (CADRG). http://earthinfo.nga.mil/publications/specs/printed/CADRG/cadrg.html. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 14: Object Identification and Tracking - Persistent Surveillance 

	 Persistent surveillance relies on extracting relevant data points and connecting the dots. 

http://www.militaryaerospace.com/topics/m/video/79088650/persistent-surveillance-relies-onextracting-relevant-data-points-and-connecting-the-dots.htm. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

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 NISTBIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

	 Wide Area Persistent Surveillance Revolutionizes Tactical ISR. 

http://www.defencetalk.com/wide-area-persistent-surveillance-revolutionizes-tactical-isr-45745/. 

Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 15: Intelligence Data Processing and Analysis 

	 Program Overview: AFCEA Aberdeen Chapter Luncheon March 14th, 2012. http://www.afceaaberdeen.org/files/presentations/AFCEAAberdeen_DCGSA_COLWells_PS.pdf. Accessed March 

3, 2015. 

	 Horizontal Integration of Warfighter Intelligence Data: A Shared Semantic Resource for the 

Intelligence Community. 

http://stids.c4i.gmu.edu/papers/STIDSPapers/STIDS2012_T14_SmithEtAl_HorizontalIntegration 

OfWarfighterIntel.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

	 Integration of Intelligence Data through Semantic Enhancement. 

http://stids.c4i.gmu.edu/STIDS2011/papers/STIDS2011_CR_T1_SalmenEtAl.pdf. Accessed 

March 3, 2015. 

 DCGSA Standard Cloud. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l4Qii7T8zeg. Accessed March 3, 

2015. 

 Distributed Common Ground System – Army. http://dcgsa.apg.army.mil/. Accessed March 3, 

2015. 

Use Case 16: EMR Data 

	 A universal code system for tests, measurements, and observations. http://loinc.org/. Accessed 

March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 17: Pathology Imaging/Digital Pathology 

 Pathology Analytical Imaging Standards. http://openpais.org. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 Hadoop-GIS: Spatial Big Data Solutions. http://hadoopgis.org/. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 19: Genomic Measurements 

 Genome in a Bottle Consortium. http://www.genomeinabottle.org. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 20: Comparative Analysis for (Meta) Genomes 

	 IMG Data Management. http://img.jgi.doe.gov. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 26: Large-Scale Deep Learning 

	 Scientists See Promise in Deep-Learning Programs. 

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/24/science/scientists-see-advances-in-deep-learning-a-part-ofartificial-intelligence.html. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 How Many Computers to Identify a Cat? 16,000. 

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/26/technology/in-a-big-network-of-computers-evidence-ofmachine-learning.html. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 Now You Can Build Google’s $1M Artificial Brain on the Cheap. 

http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/06/andrew_ng/. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

	 Coates, A., Huval, B., Wang, T., Wu, D. J., Ng, A., Catanzaro, B. “Deep learning with COTS 

HPC systems.” Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Machine Learning, Atlanta, 

Georgia, USA, 2013. JMLR: W&CP Volume 28. 

http://www.cs.stanford.edu/~acoates/papers/CoatesHuvalWangWuNgCatanzaro_icml2013.pdf . 

Accessed March 3, 2015. 

	 Unsupervised Feature Learning and Deep Learning. 

http://ufldl.stanford.edu/wiki/index.php/Main_Page. Accessed March 3, 2015.
 

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 NISTBIG DATA INTEROPERABILITY FRAMEWORK: VOLUME 3, USE CASES AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

	 Welcome to Deep Learning. http://deeplearning.net/. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 27: Large Scale Consumer Photos Organization 

	 Discrete-continuous optimization for large-scale structure from motion. 

http://vision.soic.indiana.edu/disco. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 28: Truthy Twitter Data Analysis 

 Truthy: Information diffusion research at Indiana University. http://truthy.indiana.edu/. Accessed 

March 3, 2015. 

 Truthy: Information Diffusion in Online Social Networks. 

http://cnets.indiana.edu/groups/nan/truthy. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 Detecting Early Signature of Persuasion in Information Cascades (DESPIC). 

http://cnets.indiana.edu/groups/nan/despic. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 30: CINET Network Science Cyberinfrastructure 

	 Computational Network Sciences (CINET) GRANITE system. http://cinet.vbi.vt.edu/ . Accessed 

March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 31: NIST Analytic Technology Measurement and Evaluations 

	 Information Access Division. http://www.nist.gov/itl/iad/. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 32: DataNet Federation Consortium (DFC) 

	 DataNet Federation Consortium. http://renci.org/research/datanet-federation-consortium/. 

Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 33: The 'Discinnet Process' 

 DiscInNet: Interdisciplinary Networking. http://www.discinnet.org. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 34: Graph Search on Scientific Data 

 Facebook for molecules. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-07/aiop-ffm071813.php. 

Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 Chem-BLAST. http://xpdb.nist.gov/chemblast/pdb.pl. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 35: Light Source Beamlines 

 Advanced Light Source. http://www-als.lbl.gov/. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 Advanced Photon Source. http://www.aps.anl.gov/. Accessed March 3, 2015.
 

Use Case 36: Catalina Digital Sky Survey for Transients 

	 Flashes in a Star Stream: Automated Classification of Astronomical Transient Events. 

http://arxiv.org/abs/1209.1681. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 37: Cosmological Sky Survey and Simulations 

 The New Sky. http://www.lsst.org/lsst/. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center. http://www.nersc.gov/. Accessed March 

3, 2015. 

 Basic Research: Non-Accelerator Physics. http://science.energy.gov/hep/research/basicresearch/non-accelerator-physics/. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 Present and Future Computing Requirements for Computational Cosmology. 

http://www.nersc.gov/assets/Uploads/HabibcosmosimV2.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 38: Large Survey Data for Cosmology 

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 Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). http://desi.lbl.gov. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 Why is the universe speeding up? http://www.darkenergysurvey.org. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 39: Analysis of LHC (Large Hadron Collider) Data 

	 Where does all the data come from? 

http://grids.ucs.indiana.edu/ptliupages/publications/Where%20does%20all%20the%20data%20co 

me%20from%20v7.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

	 Enabling high throughput in widely distributed data management and analysis systems: Lessons 

from the LHC. http://www.es.net/assets/pubs_presos/High-throughput-lessons-from-the-LHCexperience.Johnston.TNC2013.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 40: Belle II Experiment 

	 Belle II Collaboration. http://belle2.kek.jp. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 41: EISCAT 3D Incoherent Scatter Radar System 

	 EISCAT 3D. https://www.eiscat3d.se/. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 42: ENVRI, Common Environmental Research Infrastructure 

	 Analysis of Common Requirements for Environmental Science Research Infrastructures. 

http://pos.sissa.it/archive/conferences/179/032/ISGC%202013_032.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 Euro-Argo RI. http://www.euro-argo.eu/. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 EISCAT 3D. https://www.eiscat3d.se/. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 LifeWatch. http://www.lifewatch.com/. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 European Multidisciplinary Seafloor & Water Column Observatory (EMSO). http://www.emsoeu.org/. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 43: Radar Data Analysis for CReSIS 

 CReSIS. https://www.cresis.ku.edu. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 Polar Grid Multimedia Gallery, Indiana University. http://polargrid.org/gallery.html . Accessed 

March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 44: UAVSAR Data Processing 

	 Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar. http://uavsar.jpl.nasa.gov/. Accessed 

March 3, 2015. 

 Alaska Satellite Facility. http://www.asf.alaska.edu/program/sdc. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 QuakeSim: Understanding Earthquake Processes. http://quakesim.org. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 47: Atmospheric Turbulence - Event Discovery 

 El Niño Teleconnections. http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/oceanographybook/teleconnections.htm. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 Meet The Scientists Mining Big Data To Predict The Weather. 

http://www.forbes.com/sites/toddwoody/2012/03/21/meet-the-scientists-mining-big-data-topredict-the-weather/. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 48: Climate Studies Using the Community Earth System Model 

	 Earth System Grid (ESG) Gateway at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. 

http://www.earthsystemgrid.org. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 Welcome to PCMDI! http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center. http://www.nersc.gov/. Accessed March 

3, 2015. 

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 Research: Climate and Environmental Sciences Division (CESD). 

http://science.energy.gov/ber/research/cesd/. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 Computational & Information Systems Lab (CISL). http://www2.cisl.ucar.edu/. Accessed March 

3, 2015. 

Use Case 50: AmeriFlux and FLUXNET 

 AmeriFlux. http://Ameriflux.lbl.gov. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 Welcome to the Fluxdata.org web site. http://www.fluxdata.org. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

Use Case 51: Consumption Forecasting in Smart Grids 

 USC Smart Grid. http://smartgrid.usc.edu. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 Smart Grid. http://ganges.usc.edu/wiki/Smart_Grid. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 Smart Grid L.A. https://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/faces/ladwp/aboutus/a-power/a-p-smartgridla. 

Accessed March 3, 2015. 

 Cloud-Based Software Platform for Big Data Analytics in Smart Grids. 

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6475927. Accessed March 3, 2015. 

DOCUMENT REFERENCES 

1

 The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, “Big Data is a Big Deal,” OSTP Blog, accessed 

February 21, 2014, http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2012/03/29/big-data-big-deal. 

2

 Shantenu Jha, Judy Qiu, Andre Luckow, Pradeep Mantha, and Geoffrey C. Fox, “A Tale of Two Data-Intensive 

Approaches: Applications, Architectures and Infrastructure, in 3rd International IEEE Congress on Big Data 

Application and Experience Track,” Cornell University Library, June 27- July 2, 2014, 

http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.1528. 

3

 Judy Qiu, Shantenu Jha, Andre Luckow, and Geoffrey C. Fox, “Towards HPC-ABDS: An Initial HighPerformance Big Data Stack,” Indiana University, August 8, 2014. 

http://grids.ucs.indiana.edu/ptliupages/publications/nist-hpc-abds.pdf. 

4

 Geoffrey Fox, Judy Qiu, and Shantenu Jha, “High Performance High Functionality Big Data Software Stack, in 

Big Data and Extreme-scale Computing (BDEC),” Indiana and Rutgers Universities, 2014. 

http://www.exascale.org/bdec/sites/www.exascale.org.bdec/files/whitepapers/fox.pdf. 

5

 Geoffrey C. Fox, Shantenu Jha, Judy Qiu, and Andre Luckow, “Towards an Understanding of Facets and 

Exemplars of Big Data Applications,” Indiana University, July 20, 2014. 

http://grids.ucs.indiana.edu/ptliupages/publications/OgrePaperv9.pdf. 

6

 Geoffrey Fox and Wo Chang, “Big Data Use Cases and Requirements,” Indiana University, August 10, 2014. 

http://grids.ucs.indiana.edu/ptliupages/publications/NISTUseCase.pdf. 

7

 Geoffrey Fox. “INFO 590 Indiana University Online Class: Big Data Open Source Software and Projects,” Indiana 

University, 2014 [accessed December 11, 2014], http://bigdataopensourceprojects.soic.indiana.edu/. 

8

 Multiple Federal Agencies, “Materials Genome Initiative,” The White House, December 2014, 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/mgi. 

9

 Multiple Federal Agencies, “Open Government Initiative,” The White House, January 2015, 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/open. 

10 National Institute for Standards and Technology, “NIST Integrated Knowledge EditorialNet (NIKE),” U.S. 

Department of Commerce, http://xpdb.nist.gov/nike/term.pl. 

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11 Jane Greenberg, Keith Jeffery, Rebecca Koskela, and Alex Ball, “Metadata Standards Directory Working Group,” 

Research Data Alliance, September 28, 2014, https://rd-alliance.org/group/metadata-standards-directory-workinggroup.html. 

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