Reference

iMDdin /8-1555

A System for Fire Safety

Evaluation of Health Care

Facilities

A11104 47^6^7

H. E. Nelson and A. J. Shibe

Center for Fire Research

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, D.C. 20234

November 1978

Final Report

°repared for: The Department of Health, Education and Welfare

Washington, D.C. 20201

100

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NBSIR 78-1556

A SYSTEM FOR FIRE SAFETY

EVALUATION OF HEALTH CARE

FACILITIES

H. E. Nelson and A. J. Shibe

Center lor Fire Research

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, D.C. 20234

November 1978

Final Report

Prepared for: The Department of Health, Education and Welfare

Washington, D.C. 20201

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director
.

.

—
PREFACE

This report is an interim product of a joint effort of the Department

of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) and the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), Center for Fire Research. The program is a five-year activity

initiated in 1975. It consists of projects in the areas of: decision

analysis, fire and smoke detection, smoke movement and control, automatic extinguishment, and behavior in institutional populations in fire

situations

.

This report, prepared by the Design Concepts Section, developed a methodology for generating an equivalency system for a specific fire

safety requirement and a specific example for a system which provides

equivalency to the minimum life safety requirements for the health care facilities as prescribed by Life Safety Code 101-1973.

iii
CONTENTS

Page

PREFACE iii

LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES viii

Abstract 1

1. INTRODUCTION 2

2. SCOPE 3

3. PURPOSE 3

4. EQUIVALENCY CONCEPT 4

5. PROJECT METHODOLOGY 5

6. SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION 6

6.1 Capabilities and Limitations 6

6 . 2 Logic 7 6.3 Risk 8

6.4 Safety Parameters 11

6.5 Safety Parameter Valuation 11

6.6 Relating Safety Parameter Values to Life Safety

Code Requirements 12

6.7 Redundant Safety Subsystems 13

6.8 Overall Safety Evaluation of a Fire/Smoke Zone 14

7. FIRE/ SMOKE ZONE EVALUATION WORK SHEET FOR HEALTH CARE

FACILITIES 15

8. COMPUTER ANALYSIS 15

9. EVALUATION SYSTEM ANALYSIS 15

9.1 NBS Delphi Group 16

9.2 Consultant Group 16

9.3 Inter-Group Relationships 17

10. SUMMARY 17

11. REFERENCES 18

xv
CONTENTS (Cont'd)

Page

APPENDIX A - NBS DELPHI GROUP A-l

APPENDIX B - CONSULTANT GROUP B-l

APPENDIX C - CROSS CORRELATION BETWEEN EVALUATION SYSTEM

AND THE LIFE SAFETY CODE C-l

APPENDIX D - INSTRUCTION MANUAL D-l

APPENDIX E - SAMPLE COMPLETED FORMS E-l

APPENDIX F - COMPUTER PROGRAM F-l

v
LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1. Occupancy risk parameter factors 19

Figure 2. Safety parameters 20

Figure 3. Safety parameters values 21

Figure 4. Life safety code requirements (non-sprinklered) 22

Figure 5. Life safety code requirements - new, nonsprinklered,

one story facility 23

Figure 6. Life safety code requirements - new, non-spinklered,

more than one story facility 24

Figure 7. Life safety code requirements - existing, nonsprinklered, one story facility 25

Figure 8. Life safety code requirements - existing, non- sprinklered, more than one story facility 26

Figure 9. Life safety code requirements (sprinklered) 27

Figure 10. Life safety code requirements - new, sprinklered, one story facility 28

Figure 11. Life safety code requirements - new, sprinklered, more

than three story facility 29

Figure 12. Life safety code requirements - existing, sprinklered,

one story facility 30

Figure 13. Life safety code requirements - existing, sprinklered,

more than three story facility 31

Figure 14. Life safety code requirements - two and three

stories (sprinklered) 32

Figure 15. Life safety code requirements - new, sprinklered, two

story facility.. 33

Figure 16. Life safety code requirements - new, sprinklered, three

story facility 34

Figure 17. Life safety code requirements - existing, sprinklered,

two story facility 35

Figure 18. Life safety code requirements - existing, sprinklered,

three story facility 36

vi
LIST OF FIGURES (Cont'd)

Page

Figure 19. Individual safety evaluations 37

Figure 20. Minimum containment safety (non-sprinklered) 38

Figure 21. Minimum extinguishment safety (non-sprinklered) 39

Figure 22. Minimum people movement safety (non-sprinklered) 40

Figure 23a- Fire/smoke zone evaluation work sheet for health

23d care facilities 41-44

Figure 23e Facility fire safety requirements work sheet 45

Figure 24. Liaison with review groups 46

Figure A-l. Safety parameters - Delphi format A-7

Figure A-2. Safety parameters matrix A-8

Figure A-3. Safety parameters values A-9

Figure A-4. Individual safety evaluations A-10

Figure E-laE-ld Large hospital E-2-E-5

Figure E-2a

E-2d Small hospital E-6-E-9

Figure E-3aE-3d Nursing home E-10-E-13

vii
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table A-l. NBS Delphi group A-6

Table B-l. Consultant group B-l

Table B-2. Dates of meetings and attendance B-3

Table C-l. Cross reference to the Life Safety Code (LSC - 1973)... C-2

Table D-l. Construction types D-16

Table D-2. Flame spread classification for wall and ceiling

finishes D-19

Table D-3. Fire resistive partition details D-20

Table D-4. Hazardous areas D-21

Table F-l. Fire zone evaluation F-4

viii
A SYSTEM FOR FIRE SAFETY

EVALUATION OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

H. E. Nelson and A. J. Shlbe

Abstract

A quantitative evaluation system for grading

health care facilities in terms of fire safety is

described. The system can be used to determine how

combinations of widely accepted fire safety equipment and building construction features may provide

a level of safety equivalent to that required by

the widely accepted Life Safety Code of the National

Fire Protection Association. The system will provide

flexibility to both the designer of new facilities

and to the renovator of existing health care facilities.

Three major concepts form the basis for code

equivalency

:

a. Occupancy Risk - the number of people

affected by a given fire, the level of

fire they are likely to encounter, and

their ability to protect themselves.

b. Building Safety Features - the ability

of the building and its fire protection

systems to provide measures of safety

commensurate with the risk.

c. Safety Redundancy - in-depth protection,

through the simultaneous use of alternative

safety methodologies such as containment,

extinguishment, and people movement

methodologies. The design of the complete

fire safety system is intended to ensure

that the failure of a single protection

device or method will not result in a major failure of the entire system.

In this system, equivalency is judged to exist when

the total impact of the occupancy risk factors and the

compensating building safety features produce a level

of safety equal to or greater than that achieved by

rigid conformance to the explicit requirements of the

NFPA Life Safety Code. In this evaluation, safety

performance is gauged both in terms of overall safety

impact and depth of redundance.

1
Key words: Risk analysis; fire safety; safety

equivalency; health care facilities; Life Safety

Code; smoke detection; automatic sprinklers;

building construction; interior finishes;

building codes; hospitals; nursing homes;

Delphi Method; safety evaluation.

1. INTRODUCTION

The ideal goal of life/fire safety design is to prevent all fire

deaths, injuries and losses under all imaginable circumstances. Practically, however, society can neither forestall all loss of life nor spend

limitlessly to avert loss of life due to fire. Building codes are designed to provide a minimum acceptable level of life safety at a cost

society is able and willing to support. The Life Safety Code of the

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA No. 101) is a voluntary code

widely accepted for setting acceptable fire safety levels. The code

provides fixed solutions for life safety in designated occupancies, but

allows "equivalent" solutions. However, it does not define alternative

solutions nor provide a mechanism for evaluating equivalence.

The Center for Fire Research with support from the Department of

Health, Education and Welfare has developed a system for determining how

combinations of widely accepted fire safety systems and arrangements may

provide a level of safety equivalent to that required in the 1973 Life

Safety Code. The system provides flexibility to the designer of new facilities and to the renovator of existing health care facilities.

The major concepts forming the basis for code-equivalence are:

a. Occupancy Risk - the number of people affected by a given

fire, the level of fire they are likely to encounter, and

their ability to protect themselves.

b. Building Safety Features - the ability of the building and

its fire protection systems to provide measures of safety

commensurate with the occupancy risk.

c. Safety Redundancy - in-depth (redundancy) protection, through

the simultaneous provision of alternative safety methodologies

such as containment, extinguishment, and people movement

methodologies. Each methodology provides at least its own independent minimum code level of protection. The design of

the complete fire safety system is intended to ensure that the

failure of a single protection device or method will not

result in a major failure of the entire system.

An adequate life safety system must include a building safety

system commensurate with the occupancy risk. The Fire Safety Evaluation

System provides a model for evaluating the fire risk in a building, by

incorporating factors such as mobility of people, number of people at

2
risk, height of building, etc. The calculated risk level provides a minimum target for which levels of protection must be provided by the

nature of the building design supplemented by appropriate passive and

active fire protection devices.

The evaluation system is also a technique for obtaining a quantitative measure of the level of safety provided by a protected building.

This level is determined from an evaluation of the various construction

elements and fire protection features. The system measures both the gross

level of safety and a set of safety subsystems related to containment,

extinguishment and people movement. These subsystems are individually

graded to evaluate the depth of redundancy in the building fire safety

system. The evaluation system is a mechanism by which the designer can combine a wide variety of fire safety elements into a health care facility plan that provides the level of fire safety required to balance

the calculated risk levels.

2. SCOPE

This evaluation system applies to institutional buildings used for

health care purposes involving sleeping facilities for the occupants.

In its present form, it was not designed for outpatient clinics or other

facilities where all of the occupants are normally awake. The system as presented in this report was also not designed to evaluate penal institutions and has not been proof tested against that type of occupancy.

The system to be described covers all of the aspects of building

fire safety currently covered by the Life Safety Code. A few of the

items related to built-in utility systems and to operational features

and furnishings (fire evacuation plans, fire drills, draperies, etc.)

have been excluded from the grading systems. However, these are covered

as mandated items in an attachment to the evaluation form. To be con- sidered as having demonstrated equivalent fire safety, it is necessary

that the facility satisfy these requirements in addtion to the basic

fire safety evaluation.

3. PURPOSE

The purpose of the evaluation system is to provide a technically

based mechanism applicable to health care facilities for:

a. Evaluation of an existing health care facility to determine

how the actual level of fire safety in that facility compares

to the level of fire safety that would be provided by explicit

conformance to the requirements of the 1973 Life Safety Code.

b. Evaluation of various alternative approaches available to

upgrade an existing facility to a level of fire safety that

meets or exceeds the level prescribed by the Life Safety Code.

3
c. Evaluation of a proposed new facility design to determine how

its level of fire safety would compare to that required for

such a facility by the Life Safety Code. In this aspect the

system can also be used as a design instrument to determine

various alternatives that can be considered.

d. Evaluation of the cost effectiveness of alternate fire safety

designs and methodologies.

e. Quantitative evaluation of the relative degree of protection

involved in a facility or a design feature, as compared with

that required by the Life Safety Code.

4. EQUIVALENCY CONCEPT

The evaluation system provides a method for determining the design

features needed to provide equivalence to the 1973 Life Safety Code.

Equivalency for the purpose of the system is judged by comparing the

total fire safety level prescribed by the Life Safety Code for health

care facilities to the actual safety level in a particular design or an actual facility.

The Life Safety Code represents a consensus view by knowledgeable

professionals of the minimum standard for fire safety necessary to

safeguard the public interest.

Equivalency determination is based on the concept that, while the

Life Safety Code does not include a specific statement of the level of

safety provided, it is possible by examination of the Code requirements

to establish a base line for comparing the level of safety provided by

strict conformance to its requirements with the level of safety provided

by alternative systems of safeguards. This comparison can be made on

the basis of the total safety performance of the building, including all

of its safeguards, without making direct comparisons between a specific

Code requirement for an element and the corresponding element as it

exists in the building. The concept is suitable for use with any of the

recent editions of the NFPA Life Safety Codes for 1967, 1970, 1973 and

1976. The following reference sections are quoted from NFPA 101-1973:

"1-3118. Nothing in this Code is intended to prevent the use

of new methods or new devices, providing sufficient technical

data is submitted to the authority having jurisdiction to

demonstrate that the new method or device is equivalent in

quality, strength, fire resistance, effectiveness, durability,

and safety to that prescribed by this Code."

"l-4113(c). The specific requirements of this Code for

existing buildings may be modified by the authority having

jurisdiction to allow alternative arrangements that will

secure as nearly equivalent safety to life from fire as practical, but in no case shall the modification be less

4
restrictive or afford less safety to life than compliance with

the corresponding provisions contained in this Code for

existing buildings. (See also 1-3118)."

Similar paragraphs also exist in the 1967, 1970, and 1976 editions

of the Life Safety Code.

Evaluation of equivalency of fire safety is through consideration

of three separate concepts. The first is occupancy risk, judged primarily

on: how many people are susceptible to a single fire exposure (level of

risk), what is their capability to safeguard themselves, and what is the

nature of the exposure to which they are being subjected. The second is

the capacity of the building and its fire protection systems to provide

a safe environment commensurate with the risk. The third is the degree

of redundant capabilities to insure the preservation of safety in case

of the failure of any one safeguard or method.

5. PROJECT METHODOLOGY

Development of the fire safety evaluation system consisted of three

operations: system design, professional judgment review and critique,

and system testing.

a. System Design. This consisted of: (1) analysis of the stated

requirements of the 1973 Life Safety Code versus the fire

safety function(s) of each requirement, (2) organization of

the results of this analysis into a format suitable for obtaining professional judgments of the comparative worth of the

fundamental code requirements relative to the Life Safety Code

objectives for health care facilities, (3) development of a computer program to evaluate alternative designs and fire

protection systems, and (4) iterative incorporation of system

changes resulting from the professional judgment review and

system tests.

b. Professional Judgment Review. The professional judgment

review was made by two different groups: (1) an NBS group,

through the mechanism of a "Delphi" exercise (see appendix A

for description of the NBS Delphi operation), and (2) an outside review group (see appendix B) . The Delphi group (an

ad hoc group of qualified fire protection engineers from the

Center for Fire Research, NBS) refined the format, established

initial values of the safety parameters, and provided judgment

values for selecting individual safety parameters in the

redundancy evaluations. The outside consulting group consisted

of prominent persons in the field of regulation and specification of fire safety requirements in health care facilities.

The group provided broad-based technical and judgmental information for improving both the format and the final values

assigned to the safety parameters and the redundancy factors.

5
c. System Testing. The testing involved a series of exercises to

determine the validity of the fire safety evaluation system.

These exercises included: field tests of actual facilities by

NBS personnel; examinations of many evaluation work sheets

completed by health care facilities owners and engineering

staff, and by code certification and inspection authorities;

and, computer analysis of alternative design systems.

6. SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION

6.1 Capabilities and Limitations

The system that has evolved from this effort provides a means of

mixing recognized and proven fire safety systems and approaches and

evaluating these mixes in terms of the overall fire safety performance

of a facility. It permits comparative evaluations of the fire risks and

fire safety factors actually present in individual facilities or design.

Those features that are in excess of minimum safety requirements are given appropriate credit, reflecting the degree of additional safety

actually provided. The credit however is limited in its application to

the methodological areas where the safeguards provide credible improvements in safety. Conversely, features that increase one or more aspects

of fire risk are appropriately charged for their detrimental impact on safety. The result is intended to be an assessment of total safety

performance as compared to a minimum code safety level, which provides

opportunity for cost reduction, wider choice of design alternatives, and

operational flexibility at greater levels than currently available

through explicit compliance with the Life Safety Code.

The most important limitations of the evaluation system are:

a. As presently developed the evaluation system applies only to

health care facilities of the types covered under Chapter 10

of the 1973 Life Safety Code.

b. The results are expressed in equivalency to the level of

safety achieved by the Life Safety Code, and should not be

construed as a measure of total or absolute fire safety.

c. The system, like all existing methods for regulating or evaluating fire safety, is only partially supported by technical information or statistics. The professional judgment of

experts in a series of balanced peer-consensus groups is used

to bridge the technology gaps.

d. In general the evaluation system is limited to evaluating the

interrelationships of those fire safety methodologies and

approaches that are defined in the Life Safety Code. There is no basis in the system for accommodating completely innovative

approaches (such as automatic venting at the point of fire or

6
the use of halogenated gases as a general protection system)

for which equivalency with the Life Safety Code cannot be

determined.

e. While the parameter measurements of the system cover built-in

structural materials and elements, space arrangement, and fire

protection systems and devices, the system does not permit

alternate approaches to meeting the Life Safety Code requirements for:

(1) Utilities such as heating, air conditioning, electrical,

and incinerator systems.

(2) Furnishings such as draperies, curtains, wastebaskets,

and beds.

(3) Administrative activities such as emergency plans and

fire drills.

When using the evaluation system, the existing requirements in

these three areas are applied in the traditional manner of

explicit conformance with the established standards and requirements as described and/or referenced in the Life Safety Code.

A form to accomplish this in terms of ten specific requirements

is shown in figure 23 e.

6.2 Logic

The logic of the system is that the level of risk imposed upon

persons in a facility must be met by a system of safeguards that provide

sufficient safety to protect against that risk, using several interacting

but separate design approaches.

The evaluation is made on a

" FIRE/SMOKE ZONE" basis. This is in

recognition of both the history of fires in health care facilities and

the traditional arrangements of patient care areas. The evaluation of

fire safety is relevant both to the capability of patients surviving

fire initiated in such a unit, and to the ability of the unit to exclude

the impact of fires external to it. The term "fire/smoke zone" is

defined as a space separated from all other spaces by floors, and by

horizontal exits or smoke barriers. Where a floor is not subdivided by

horizontal exits or smoke barriers, the entire floor is the zone.

The evaluation system applies this logic to each patient use fire/

smoke zone through the following steps.

a. Measure RISK .

b. Measure overall (GENERAL) level of safety.

7
c. Measure depth (redundancy) of safeguards in terms of:

(1) Fire CONTAINMENT capabilities.

(2) EXTINGUISHMENT , suppression, and control capabilities.

(3) PEOPLE MOVEMENT and other occupant protective features.

d. Determine equivalency to the prescribed requirements of the

Life Safety Code. Equivalency occurs when the values as measured by this system are such that:

(1) The GENERAL safety level equals or exceeds the occupancy

RISK level, and

(2) The CONTAINMENT , EXTINGUISHMENT and PEOPLE MOVEMENT

safety levels each independently equals or exceeds the

minimum value corresponding to the level of that category

required by the Life Safety Code.

6.3 Risk

In establishing a system for evaluating risk, it is recognized that

there is a basic level of fire risk inherent in every health care facility. It is also recognized that the amount of furniture, equipment, and

supplies (plus the arrangement of these within the space available)

depends on the occupant and is not quantified in the safety equivalency

measurement. The evaluation system base line for occupancy risk rests

on the assumption that the furniture*, equipment, and supplies will be

combustible, most adversely located from a fire-safety standpoint, and

typical of those normally found in health care facilities.

The factors used to judge the variations in fire risk are given in

figure 1. They are applied to individual fire/ smoke zones and cover the

following risk controlling parameters: the number of patients in the

zone, their degree of mobility, their average age, the ratio of patients

to attendants, and the height of the zone above street level. These

five specific occupancy risk parameters were initially chosen based on

the experience and judgment of selected members of the staff of the Fire

Safety Engineering Division, Center for Fire Research , and because they are considered to represent the occupancy variables that control the

risk in health care facilities. The assessment of the specific parameters

and the determination of their relative importance was also based on judgment plus the exercising of the system on test cases to reveal

inconsistencies or deviations from accepted safety practice.

The Occupancy Risk Factor for any health care building is the

product of five individual risk parameters factors based on the risk

factor values shown in figure 1.

*Facility furniture could be expected to vary ad hoc so they cannot be

considered as known in a system analysis.

8
The minimum risk conditions have been defined as: a zone containing

fewer than five patients, all of whom are of sufficient health to be

considered fully mobile and capable of evacuating themselves, their

average age being less than 65 and over one; a ratio of patients to

attendants of 2:1 or less; and the zone located on the first floor of

the building. This condition is assigned an occupancy risk factor of

1 . 1 .

In contrast, the conditions evaluated as representing the upper

range of risk as contemplated by the Life Safety Code are based on: more than 30 patients in the zone, all of whom are unable to move without

assistance; their average age is over 65 or under one; a ratio of patients

to attendants of 10:1 or more; and the zone located above the sixth

floor or in the basement. This was assigned an occupancy risk factor of

18. Greater risk values are assigned to patients who cannot be moved

and to fire zones which are unstaffed. The maximum possible risk has a factor of 69.

The risk factors were chosen and weighed in descending order of

maximum impact as follows:

a. Patient Mobility. The single most important factor controlling

risk in a health care facility is the degree to which patients

must be assisted in taking actions necessary for their safety.

The level of capability in health care facilities will vary

from patients who, if informed or directed, will be able to

take positive self-protecting actions to those patients who

cannot be moved or cannot take the simplest actions to safeguard themselves. In the measurement of occupancy risk factors

the least mobile category of patient expected in the zone determines the risk factor for that zone. The rationale for

this approach is that if a zone accepts any patient with a reduced mobility status, at any time it may increase the

number of those patients. For patients who cannot be moved

because of extreme danger of death or serious harm, this

condition is considered to be a major risk and a very high

risk factor (4.5) is imposed. With this high risk factor, the

system requires inclusion of fire safeguards which exceed the

normal minimum requirements of the Life Safety Code sufficient

to compensate for total lack of movability. This is one of

two situations where it is possible for a building, which

explicitly complies with the Life Safety Code, to fail to meet

the minimum requirements as determined by the evaluation

system.

b. Patient Density. The risk factor for occupant density (number

of patients within the zone) takes into account both the

inherent increase in the maximum fire death potential that occurs as the number of patients in a zone increases, and the

problems involved in handling larger numbers of patients

during an emergency.

9
c. Fire/Smoke Zone Location. This risk factor relates to fire

department accessibility to the fire. The rating system

recognizes the inherent advantage of a first floor zone. It

also recognizes the problems of evacuation from higher floors

and the virtual impossibility of using external fire fighting

efforts above the sixth floor in any building. The risk

factor value for zones in basements is the same as for zones

at or above the seventh floor.

d. Ratio of Patients to Attendants. This risk factor recognizes

the importance to patient safety of attendants immediately

available to respond in an emergency. The emergency actions

that may be undertaken by the staff include detection, alarm,

fire extinguishment, confinement of the fire, establishing

barriers between the patients and the fire (e.g. closing

patient room doors), rescue, emergency medical aid, and other

related functions. A few of these functions, such as detection

and alarm, may not be critically related to the ratio of

attendants to patients while those functions related to rescue

and the closing of patient room doors have a strong relationship

to the staffing ratio. The staffing ratio considered is based

on the minimum staffing level that would be immediately available

(normally night hours). In establishing the risk charges, the

charge considered equivalent to the most severe case contemplated under the Life Safety Code was assumed at a patient/

attendant ratio of 11 or more, but where there was at least one attendant constantly in or immediately adjacent to and in

full observation of the zone. The Life Safety Code is actually

silent on this matter and could even be interpreted to permit

a situation where there were no attendants in or adjacent to

the zone. Such a condition was considered to be a major fire

risk and a high risk factor (4.0) is imposed in a situation

where patients are left without immediate nursing staff assistance. With this high risk factor, the system requires inclusion

of sufficient fire safeguards to reasonably compensate for the

lack of human supervision. This is a second situation in

which it is possible for a building with fire protection

devices to explicitly comply with the Life Safety Code, but to

fail to meet the minimum requirements as determined by the

evaluation system.

e. Patient Average Age. This risk factor recognizes the increased

susceptibility of the elderly and infants up to one year of

age to physical harm by smoke particles, gaseous combustion

products and heated air. The rating assigns a larger risk

factor (1.2) to fire zones occupied by a population whose mode

is above 65 or below one year. Basically, imposition of this

charge will provide additional safety protection in nursing

homes for the aged and nurseries.

10
6.4 Safety Parameters

The general safety factors are measures of those building and fire

protection features that bear upon the safety of patients (and other

occupants) who may be in the particular fire/smoke zone at the time of a fire.

The safety parameters were selected by examining the specific code

element requirements for health care facilities. Chapters 10 and 17 of

the 1973 Life Safety Code, and by evaluating the impact of various

elements of the Code. The selected safety parameters were modified

first by the NBS Delphi panel and later by the consultant groups. The

selected safety parameters are shown in figure 2. (See appendix C for an accounting of the inclusion of code elements in the evaluation system.)

Each of the safety parameters was analyzed. Where the current Code

requirements recognize several different levels of a parameter (e.g. the

Life Safety Code recognizes eight different types of construction),

the most important alternatives were listed. In addition, conditions

likely to be encountered in situations failing to meet the explicit Code

requirements, and conditions exceeding those required by the Code but

available for increased protection were also listed. Figure 3 shows the

final "matrix" form of the breakdown of the 13 selected safety parameters,

each having three to seven subdivisions.

The safety parameters are designed to constitute a complete assembly

of all of the basic building factors determining the level of safety in

a health care facility for which equivalency could be expressed. In

addition, we collected and attached to the inspection form an additional

series of items required by the Life Safety Code but outside the scope

of the equivalency covered by the listed safety parameters. These relate

primarily to building utilities, operational features and furnishings

and they are listed in part e of figure 23.

6.5 Safety Parameter Valuation

In order to provide a method of bringing the best available con- sensus judgment and experience together to judge the relative impact on general safety of each of the parameters in each of the potential

conditions listed, a Delphi type peer group was established. This peer

group consisted of members of the Fire Safety Engineering Division,

Center for Fire Research, NBS, with the greatest background and experience

in the application of fire protection engineering principles and practices

to buildings. The membership and basis for the Delphi approach are covered in appendix A.

Each member of the group was provided with copies of the initial

matrix similar to the one shown in figure 3, but without numerical

parameter values. Each person then evaluated the relative importance of

each item in the entire matrix of parameters without consultation with

other members of the group. The members of the Delphi group were advised

that the risk being considered covered new and existing health care

11
facilities and that the objective was a system to measure equivalency

with the 1973 Life Safety Code. The value judgments made by this group

are, therefore, considered to be based on the character and needs of

patients in health care facilities and the current approach to these

embodied in the Life Safety Code. In addition, each member of the group

evaluated separately the same matrix in relation to the redundant subsystems which are discussed in section 7.7. In executing the matrix

each peer group member was requested to assign a value of +10 to that

safety parameter element (or level) considered to be the single most

important to safety to life and to compare all other elements in the

matrix to that base. A zero value represented a neutral condition; i.e.

a safety parameter at this level would not increase or decrease the

safety conditions of a fire zone. Negative values represented deficiencies; i.e. safety parameters at this level decreased the safety

conditions of a fire/smoke zone.

After an initial analysis of the results, the peer group was asked

to meet in conference on several occasions. The peer group on those

occasions deviated from the traditional Delphi approach but instead

reviewed differences and concepts, with a view to achieving consensus agreement on categories and on selection of the numerical values.

Several categories were modified and qualified. A significant

adjustment was to shift the numbers so that a base line would be established in which negative charges would not be made against any general

safety parameter that was in explicit conformity with the .requirements

of the 1973 Life Safety Code.

6.6 Relating Safety Parameter Values to Life Safety Code Requirements

The relationship between the safety parameter values and the code

requirements was established by summing the value of all of the credits

and deficits of the safety parameter elements for a health care facility

that exactly met all of the requirements prescribed by the 1973 Life

Safety Code. Attempts to do this disclosed that the Life Safety Code

actually had eleven sets of requirements, seven for sprinklered facilities

and four for non-sprinklered facilities (see figures 4 through 18)

.

Based on the relative value of protection methodologies developed by the

Delphi group and refined by the review processes described later in this

report, the levels of safety prescribed by these requirements are:

12
General Safety Value Required

Non-Sprinklered Sprinklered

Buildings Buildings

1 . New buildings 1-story in height. 13 16

2. New buildings over 1-story

in height. 18 23(a)

3. Existing buildings 1-story

in height. 5 8

4. Existing buildings over 1-story in height. 9 16(b)

(a) 20 for 2- or 3-story buildings.

(b) 14 for 3-story and 10 for 2-story buildings.

These values represent the level of general safety required by the

1973 Life Safety Code to house health care occupants in the class and

height of building indicated. The analysis demonstrates that, in terms

of the values in the evaluation system, the Life Safety Code minimum

requirements are those for non-sprinklered buildings. The highest total

value developed for a non-sprinklered building is 18. The importance of

this value is that it was used as the approximate base line for the

establishment of measurement of risk in a multi-story building and is

the principal balance point for comparing occupancy risk with general

safety. Thirteen is the comparable value for a single story building.

The values for existing buildings demonstrate the reduced level of

general safety accepted by the Life Safety Code for these buildings.

For a one-story building the general safety value is +13 for a new building and +5 for an existing building, indicating that for an existing

one-story building only 38% of the score expected a new one-story building

is required. Similarly, the ratio of existing multi-story buildings to

that for new multi-story buildings is 1/2. The 0.5 factor in table 3B

of the Fire/Smoke Zone Evaluation Work Sheet reflects this ratio.

6.7 Redundant Safety Subsystems

A basic principal of the Life Safety Code is that there will be a redundancy of protection so that the failure of a single protection

device or method will not result in a major failure of the entire safety

system. In addition, the development of a redundant approach, as used

in this safety evaluation system, avoids the pitfall of traditional

approaches to developing grading systems where all of the elements are considered mutually exclusive of each other and a single total score determines acceptability. Under such a system, it is possible to com- pletely disguise the absence of a critical element. The evaluation

system establishes redundancy on the basis of in-depth coverage of the

principal fire safety methodologies. The redundant methodologies used

in the system are those related to fire safety through containment,

through extinguishment and through people movement (including refuge)

.

13
The redundant methodologies were chosen after examination of decision

tree approaches [1,2].-*- These divide fire protection by element. Four

different methodologies of managing fire impact were identified. These

are control of the fuel and arrangement; compartmentation and other

mechanisms of containment of the fire and its impact; extinguishment

suppression and other means of terminating fire development; and the

provision of safe locations of refuge either by evacuation or by establishment of safe areas of refuge. Those elements related to the control of

fuel and its arrangement are incorporated into the risk analysis portion,

in terms of the occupancy risk base line. Therefore, only three redundant

methodologies were used in the analysis.

As part of the initial Delphi exercise, each member of the Delphi

group completed a matrix establishing his judgment on the relative

importance of the items in the general safety parameter matrix; he also

made additional judgments on the same matrix elements related to the

separate fire safety methodologies of containment, extinguishment, and

people movement. These were then processed and analyzed and reviewed in

subsequent conference meetings of the Delphi group. By this process,

the parameters that have a significant impact on each of the redundant

methodologies were identified. Many of the parameters impact on more

than one of the methodologies. In the judgment of the group only sprinkler

protection impacts on all three. Figure 19 shows the breakdown in terms

of which parameters apply to which methodologies.

Each of these subsystems was then evaluated to determine the point

value that would result from explicit compliance with the requirements

of the Life Safety Code for that subsystem. Because of the variance

between new and existing buildings and between single story and multistory-type buildings, four values were determined for each of the

redundant safety methodologies. Figures 20, 21, and 22 demonstrate how

these values were established.

In this fire safety evaluation system these values are mandatory

minimum values that must be met regardless of the overall evaluated

level of occupancy risk or the overall evaluated level of general safety.

6.8 Overall Safety Evaluation of a Fire/Smoke Zone

This evaluation system determines the efficacy of any arrangement

of the listed fire safety subsystem elements in a fire/smoke zone by

considering the risk factors and safety parameters relative to the level

of safety that would be achieved by explicit conformance with the specific

requirement of the Life Safety Code ( (NFPA 101-1973). In order to be

determined as equivalent the measurement must demonstrate that:

1. The general safety level produces a value that equals or exceeds

the determined value or charge for risk.

iNumbers in brackets refer to the references at the end of this paper.

14
2. Each of the three individual redundancy groupings (containment

safety; extinguishment safety; and people movement safety) must

have an arrangement of safeguards that meet the prescribed minimum

for that redundant grouping independent of the other condition.

7.

FIRE/SMOKE ZONE EVALUATION WORK SHEET

FOR HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

All of the parameters, variables and formulas for determining the

facility safety equivalency with the Life Safety Code are contained in a self-instructing form. A separate manual (appendix D) has been prepared

to assist in completion of the evaluation form. The manual provides

expanded discussions and definitions of various items in the evaluation

sheet to assist the surveyor or reviewer when questions of definitions,

interpretations, or meanings arise. To evaluate totally a health care

facility, it is necessary to evaluate each of the different fire/smoke

zones. A zone is any space which is separated from all other spaces by

floors, horizontal exits, or smoke barriers. Where a floor is not

subdivided by smoke barriers, the entire floor is the zone. See figure

23 for an example of the form and appendix E for examples of a completed

form.

8.

COMPUTER ANALYSIS

The evaluation system has a theoretical capability of evaluating

about 230 million combinations of the 13 safety parameters and variations.

Practical arrangements in existing buildings and future design are of

the order of a few thousand. For the purpose of verifying the original

proposed system as well as to analyze potential proposed changes, a computer program was developed. The program generates all arrangements

that are valid, based on data given for the safety parameters. Using

the Fire Safety Evaluation Work Sheet an experienced engineer or facility

can manually analyze 10 to 15 differently organized zones, and establish

the most suitable configuration for the facility. By using the computer

program the evaluator is able to review all possible solutions to his

problem, and he can also be assured that answers are not biased by

individual preference. The printouts of the zone arrangements can be

easily analyzed by an experienced individual to establish equivalency of

solutions. Appendix F provides additional detail on this program.

9.

EVALUATION SYSTEM ANALYSIS

An effort has been made to make the system consistent with accepted

and sound fire protection engineering practice and theory. While the

most advanced scientific knowledge has been used in developing the

system, the state-of-the-art requires that the insight and professional

judgment of experts in the field serve as the base for information in

developing the system, and the available technical knowledge (including

results of fire tests, statistical analyses, fire investigations, etc.)

15
serves a supportive role. In the development of the fire safety evaluation system, therefore, both the NBS Delphi group and the professional

consulting panel described in sections 9.1 and 9.2 below were selected

on the basis of expertise and interest.

In the systems proofing effort the capacity of these panels was broadened by using a two-step judgment approach. In the first step the

relative worth of each parameter was individually judged on its relationship to other parameters. This evaluation was made in terms of each

parameter’s contribution to both general safety and to each of the

redundant safety requirements. In the second phase the parameter values,

developed in the preceding phase, were applied to a large number of test

cases, scenarios and reviews of specific facilities. The resulting fire

safety system configurations were then judged on overall equivalency to

configurations prescribed by the 1973 Life Safety Code. This process

provided a balance and cross check between judgments of the value of the

individual parameters and evaluations of the overall product.

9.1 NBS Delphi Group

The initial safety parameter values (figure 3) were established by

the NBS Delphi group. The group was composed of qualified fire protection

engineers in the Fire Safety Engineering Division (see figure 24). The

group was also used at different development stages to clarify technical

problems and to analyze proposed changes suggested by the outside con- sultants, HEW or others.

Delphi is a procedure for obtaining the most reliable consensus of

opinion of a group recognized as experts on a technical question for

which no "true" answer is within the state of current knowledge [3].

The essence of the process is that the question is considered independently by members of the group. The response is tabulated and circulated

to group members who revise their "answers" on the basis of further

thought and consideration of the aggregate response. Additional rounds

of response involving direct contact and discussion among the group

members can ensue. The number of interactions is usually limited to

four. In its classic form Delphi incorporates various statistical

measures of the "convergence" to consensus, which are circulated within

the group along with the responses. The Delphi exercise at NBS was in a form known as Policy Delphi. In this variant the statistical measures

to establish convergence consensus are foregone and the "referee" or manager of the process takes a fairly active role in the discussion

among the group members. In any of its formats, Delphi is widely perceived as furnishing useful information in areas in which questions are difficult to pose precisely, let alone answer definitely. A more detailed

discussion of the Delphi operation is given in appendix A.

9.2 Consultant Group

After the NBS Delphi group agreed on an initial set of parameters

and their values, the system was presented to the consultant group.

16
The group consisted of prominent persons in the regulation or specification of fire safety for health care facilities. It included

regulatory officials, code writing officials, government agency fire

protection chiefs, and accrediting officials representing a cross section of the applied field. The membership and dates of meetings are shown in appendix B. This consultant group contributed to the development of the system and met in four separate sessions. In those meetings

the consultants operated as a committee of the whole, reviewing the

concept and individually discussing and evaluating the parameter values

as developed by the NBS peer group. Important revisions resulted. Many

of these revisions were in the form of restraints placed on the degree

of liberality in the safety parameter values so as to require a more

conservative and supportable approach.

9.3 Inter-Group Relationships

Throughout the project the project staff maintained liaison and a flow through the described review groups and a recently established task

group of the National Fire Protection Association Committee on Safety to

Life. This task group is studying the evaluation system for possible

inclusion in the NFPA Life Safety Code. Figure 24 outlines this flow.

10. SUMMARY

The conclusions resulting from this study are briefly stated as follows

:

a. A methodology has been developed and described for generating

equivalency to a specified set of occupancy safety requirements.

It is based on the understanding of level of occupancy risk,

building safety and redundancy of safeguards. This methodology can provide the necessary flexibility for a designer to achieve minimum

cost solutions for a specified level of safety.

b. The described methodology "System for Fire Safety Evaluation of

Health Care Facilities," is a specific example of an equivalency

approach. The system provides equivalency to the minimum life

requirements for the health care facility as prescribed by Life

Safety Code 101-1973. The system can be updated for later Life

Safety Code editions for health care facilities.

c. Other equivalency systems can be developed for other occupancies

but this will require detailed analysis of the risk level, the

variety of building safety requirements, the necessary redundance

equations, and other aspects of the specific occupancy involved.

17
11. REFERENCES

[1] National Fire Protection Association, "Decision Tree," NFPA,

Boston, 1974.

[2] Watts, J. , "The Goal Oriented Systems Approach," NBS-GCR-77-103,

National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., July 12, 1977.

[3] Dailey, N. and Helmer, D., "An Experimental Application of the

Delphi Method to the Use of Experts," Management Science 9, No. 3,

p. 458 (April 1963).

18
OCCUPANCY RISK PARAMETER FACTORS

RISK PARAMETERS RISK FACTOR VALUES

1. PATIENT

MOBILITY (M)

MOBILITY

STATUS

MOBILE

LIMITED

MOBILITY

NOT

MOBILE

NOT

MOVABLE

RISK FACTOR 1.0 1.6 3.2 4.5

2. PATIENT PATIENT 1-5 6-10 11-30 >30

DENSITY [D] RISK FACTOR 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.0

3. ZONE FLOOR 1ST 2ND OR

3RD

4TH TO

6TH

7TH AND

ABOVE

BASEMENTS

LOCATION (L) RISK FACTOR 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.6

4. RATIO OF

PATIENTS TO

PATIENTS

ATTENDANT

11

1 3J

1

610

1

>V\

1

ONE OR*

MORE

NONE

ATTENDANTS (T) RISK FACTOR 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.5 4.0

5. PATIENT

AVERAGE

AGE UNDER 65 YEARS

AND OVER 1 YEAR

65 YEARS & OVER

1 YEAR & YOUNGER

AGE (A) RISK FACTOR 1.0 1.2

* RISK FACTOR OF 4.0 IS CHARGED TO ANY ZONE THAT HOUSES

PATIENTS WITHOUT ANY STAFF IN IMMEDIATE ATTENDANCE

Figure 1. Occupancy risk parameter factors

19
PARAMETERS

1. CONSTRUCTION

FLOOR OF ZONE

FIRST

SECOND

THIRD

4TH & ABOVE

2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit)

3. INTERIOR FINISH (Rooms)

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

5. DOORS TO

CORRIDOR

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

7. VERTICAL

OPENINGS

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

9. SMOKE CONTROL

10. EMERGENCY

MOVEMENT

ROUTES

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

12. SMOKE DETECTION

& ALARM

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

Figure 2. Safety parameters

20
SAFETY PARAMETERS VALUES

PARAMETERS PARAMETERS VALUES

1. CONSTRUCTION

COMBUSTIBLE

NON-COMBUSTIBLE

WOOD FRAME ORDINARY

FLOOR OF ZONE UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED FIRE RESIST.

FIRST -2 0 -2 0 0 2 2 SECOND -7 -2 -4 -2 -2 2 4

THIRD -9 -7 -9 -7 -7 2 4

4TH & ABOVE -13 -7 -13 -7 -9 -7 4

2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -5 0 3

3. INTERIOR FINISH [Rooms)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -3 1 3

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

NONE OR INCOMPLETE

<1/3 HR >1/3 <1 .0 HR 21.0 HR

-10 (0)* 0 1 [01* 2 [or

5. DOORS TO CORRIDOR

NO DOOR <20 MIN FR >20 MIN FR >20 MIN FR & AUTO CLOS -10 0

i [o r* 2 (Of

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

DEAD END MORE THAN 100' DEAD END 30-1 00

NO DEAD ENDS >30 & ZONE LENGTH IS: >150' 100 -150' <100

-6 [0)** -4 [0) ** -2 0 1

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

OPEN 4 OR MORE

FLOORS OPEN 2 OR 3 FLOORS

ENCLOSED WITH INDICATED FIRE RESIST

<1 HR >1 HR <2 HR >2 HR. -14 -10 0 2 [0)‘ ' 3 (0)-

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOUBLE DEFICIENCY SINGLE DEFICIENCY NO DEFICIENCIES

IN ZONE OUTSIDE ZONE IN ZONE IN ADJACENT ZONE

-11 -5 -6 -2 0

9. SMOKE CONTROL

NO CONTROL SMOKE PARTITION MECH ASSISTED SYSTEMS

-2 (0)***

0

BY ZONE BY CORRIDOR

3 4

10. EMERGENCY

MOVEMENT

ROUTES

<2 ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES

-8

DEFICIENT CAPACITY W/O HORIZONTAL

EXIT(s) HORIZONTAL EXIT(s) DIRECT EXIT|s|

-2 0 3 5

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

NO MANUAL FIRE ALARM MANUAL FIRE ALARM

-4

W/O F D CONN W/F D CONN

1 2

12. SMOKE DETECTION

& ALARM

NONE CORRIDOR ONLY ROOMS ONLY CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

4

TOTAL SPACE

0 2 3 5

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE CORRIDOR CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

8

TOTAL SPACE

0 2

(0)** 10

Figure 3. Safety parameters values

21
SAFETY

PARAMETERS

NEW • 1 STORY

NEW - MORE

THAN 1 STORY

EXISTING -

1 STORY

EXISTING - MORE THAN

1 STORY

1. CONSTRUCTION

PROT. NON COMB. FIRE RESISTIVE PROT. NON COMB. FIRE RESISTIVE 2 4 2 4

2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit)

CLASS A CLASS A CLASS B CLASS B

3 3 0 0

3. INTERIOR FINISH (Rooms)

CLASS B CLASS B CLASS B CLASS B

1 1 1 1

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

21.0 HR 21.0 HR <1/3 HR <1/3 HR

2 2 0 0

5. DOORS TO

CORRIDOR

220 MIN. 220 MIN. 220 MIN. 220 MIN

1 1 1 1

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

100 -150’ 100 -150’ 1 00 -

1 50’ 100 -

1 50’ 0 0 0 0

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

NON APP. 2 HR NON APP. 21 - <2 HR

0 3 0 2

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

NO DEFICIENCIES NO DEFICIENCIES NO DEFICIENCIES NO DEFICIENCIES

0 0 0 0

9. SMOKE CONTROL

SMOKE PART. SMOKE PART SMOKE PART SMOKE PART. 0 0 0 0

10. EMERGENCY

MOVEMENT ROUTES

MULTIPLE ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES

0 0 0 0

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

W/FO CONN. W/FD CONN. W/O/FD CONN. W/O/FD CONN.

2 2 1 1

12. SMOKE DETECTION

& ALARM

CORRIDOR ONLY CORRIDOR ONLY NONE NONE

2 2 0 0

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE NONE NONE NONE

0 0 0 0

TOTAL VALUE 13 18 5 9

Figure 4. Life safety code requirements (non-sprinklered)

22
SAFETY PARAMETERS VALUES

PARAMETERS PARAMETERS VALUES

1. CONSTRUCTION

COMBUSTIBLE

NON-COMBUSTIBLE

WOOD FRAME ORDINARY

FLOOR OF ZONE UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED FIRE RESIST.

FIRST -2 0 -2 0 0 © 2 SECOND -7 -2 -4 -2 -2 2 4

THIRD -9 -7 -9 -7 -7 2 4

4TH & ABOVE -13 -7 -13 -7 -9 -7 4

2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -5 0 “0“

3. INTERIOR FINISH (Rooms)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -3 (0 3

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

NONE OR INCOMPLETE

<1/3 HR >1/3 <10 HR >1.0 HR

-10 (0) *0 1 (0|*

5. DOORS TO CORRIDOR

NO DOOR <20 MIN FR >20 MIN FR >20 MW FR & AUTO CLOS. -10 0 0 ijjh 2 [0 )•**

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

DEAD END MORE THAN 100' DEAD END 30-100 To DEAD ENDS >30’ & ZONE LENGTH IS: >150' 100 -150' <100 -6 (0)** -4 [0]** -2 ~UT 1

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

OPEN 4 OR MORE

FLOORS

OPEN 2 OR 3 FLOORS

ENCLOSED WITH INDICATED FIRE RESIST

<1 HR >1 HR <2 HR a2 HR -14 -10 ~n~ 2 ior 3 (or

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOUBLE DEFICIENCY SINGLE DEFICIENCY NO DEFICIENCIES

IN ZONE OUTSIDE ZONE IN ZONE IN ADJACENT ZONE

-11 -5 -6 -2 O

9. SMOKE CONTROL

NO CONTROL SMOKE PARTITION MECH ASSISTED SYSTEMS

-2 (0)***

BY ZONE BY CORRIDOR

3 4

10. EMERGENCY

MOVEMENT

ROUTES

<2 ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES

-8

DEFICIENT CAPACITY W/O HORIZONTAL

EXIT(s) HORIZONTAL EXIT|s] DIRECT EXIT(s)

-2 3 5

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

NO MANUAL FIRE ALARM MANUAL FIRE ALARM

-4

W/O F 0. CONN W/F D CONN

1 CO

12. SMOKE DETECTION & ALARM

NONE CORRIDOR ONLY ROOMS ONLY CORRlTTOR & HABIT SPACE

4

TOTAL SPACE

0 CO 3 5

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE CORRIDOR CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

8

TOTAL SPACE © 2 (Of 10

Figure 5. Life safety code requirements - new, non-sprinklered

,

one story facility

23
SAFETY PARAMETERS VALUES

PARAMETERS PARAMETERS VALUES

1. CONSTRUCTION

COMBUSTIBLE

NON-COMBUSTIBLE

WOOD FRAME ORDINARY

FLOOR OF ZONE UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED FIRE RESIST.

FIRST -2 0 -2 0 0 2 X

SECOND -7 -2 -4 -2 -2 2 (

4 )

THIRD -9 -7 -9 -7 -7 2 \±)

4TH & ABOVE -13 -7 -13 -7 -9 -7

(

4 )

2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit]

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -5 0 CO

3. INTERIOR FINISH (Rooms)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -3 “FT 3

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

NONE OR INCOMPLETE

<1/3 HR >1/3 <10 HR >1.0 HR

-10 (0)* 0 1 [0]* (2 10)-

5. DOORS TO CORRIDOR

NO DOOR <20 MIN.FR >20 MIN FR >20 SM. FR & AUTO CLOS. -10 0 o i°y** 2 (o r*

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

DEAD END MORE THAN 100' DEAD END 30-1 00

NO DEAD ENDS =-30 & ZONE LENGTH IS: >150' 100 -150' <100'

-6 (0)** -4 10]** -2 ~Q~ 1

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

OPEN 4 OR MORE

FLOORS OPEN 2 OR 3 FLOORS

ENCLOSED WITH INDICATED FIRE RESIST

<1 HR >1 HR <2 HR. a2 HR -14 -10 0 2 (0|* (3 (o)*

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOUBLE DEFICIENCY SINGLE DEFICIENCY NO DEFICIENCIES

IN ZONE OUTSIDE ZONE IN ZONE IN ADJACENT ZONE

-11 -5 -6 -2 O

9. SMOKE CONTROL

NO CONTROL SMOKE PARTITION MECH ASSISTED SYSTEMS

-2 (0)*** Q

BY ZONE BY CORRIDOR

3 4

10. EMERGENCY

MOVEMENT

ROUTES

<2 ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES

-8

DEFICIENT CAPACITY W/O HORIZONTAL

EXIT(s) HORIZONTAL EXIT|s] DIRECT EXITlsI

-2 ~o~ 3 5

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

NO MANUAL FIRE ALARM MANUAL FIRE ALARM

-4

W/O F D CONN. W/F D. CONN.

1 (0

12. SMOKE DETECTION

& ALARM

NONE CORRIDOR ONLY ROOMS ONLY CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

4

TOTAL SPACE

0 Q 3 5

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE CORRIDOR CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

8

TOTAL SPACE o 2 (OP 10

Figure 6. Life safety code requirements - new, non-sprinklered

,

more than one story facility

24
SAFETY PARAMETERS VALUES

PARAMETERS PARAMETERS VALUES

1. CONSTRUCTION

COMBUSTIBLE

NON-COMBUSTIBLE

WOOD FRAME ORDINARY

FLOOR OF ZONE UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED FIRE RESIST.

FIRST -2 0 -2 0 0 (j) 2 SECOND -7 -2 -4 -2 -2 2 4

THIRD -9 -7 -9 -7 -7 2 4

4TH & ABOVE -13 -7 -13 -7 -9 -7 4

2. INTERIOR FINISH

[Corr. & Exit)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -5 CO 3

3. INTERIOR FINISH (Rooms)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -3

(

3

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

NONE OR INCOMPLETE

<1/3 HR >1/3 <1 0 HR >1.0 HR

-10 (0)* ro 1 (0)* 2 (0)*

5. DOORS TO CORRIDOR

NO DOOR <20 MIN FR >20 MIN FR >20 MIN. FR & AUTO CLOS.

2 -10 |0)*** 0 ( i ij)r*

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

DEAD END MORE THAN 100' DEAD END 30-100

NO DEAD ENDS >30’ & ZONE LENGTH IS: >150' 1 00 —1 50’ <100'

-6 (0)** -4 (0) ** -2 1

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

OPEN 4 OR MORE

FLOORS OPEN 2 OR 3 FLOORS

ENCLOSED WITH INDICATED FIRE RESIST.

<1 HR >1 HR. <2 HR >2 HR -14 -10 ~C7~ 2 (0)* 3 (0)-

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOUBLE DEFICIENCY SINGLE DEFICIENCY NO DEFICIENCIES

IN ZONE OUTSIDE ZONE IN ZONE IN ADJACENT ZONE

-11 -5 -6 -2 0

9. SMOKE CONTROL

NO CONTROL SMOKE PARTITION MECH ASSISTED SYSTEMS

-2 (0)*** CO

BY ZONE BY CORRIDOR

3 4

10. EMER MOVE

<2 ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES GENCY

MENT

-8

DEFICIENT CAPACITY W/O HORIZONTAL

EXIT(s) HORIZONTAL EXIT|s) DIRECT EXIT|s| ROUTES -2 nSz 3 5

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

NO MANUAL FIRE ALARM MANUAL FIRE ALARM

-4

W/O F JL CONN. W/F.D. CONN CO 2

12. SMOKE DETECTION & ALARM

NONE CORRIDOR ONLY ROOMS ONLY CORRIDOR & HABIT. SPACE

4

TOTAL SPACE CO 2 3 5

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE CORRIDOR CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

8

TOTAL SPACE CO 2

(0)** 10

Figure 7. Life safety code requirements - existing, non-sprinklered

one story facility

25
SAFETY PARAMETERS VALUES

PARAMETERS PARAMETERS VALUES

1. CONSTRUCTION

COMBUSTIBLE

NON-COMBUSTIBLE

WOOD FRAME ORDINARY

FLOOR OF ZONE UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED FIRE RESIST.

FIRST -2 0 -2 0 0 2 2

SECOND -7 -2 -4 -2 -2 2 (

4 )

THIRD -9 -7 -9 -7 -7 2 of

4TH & ABOVE -13 -7 -13 -7 -9 -7 _S_

9 INTFR KIR FINISH CLASS C c LASS B CLASS A

(Corr. & Exit) -5

(

3

3. INTERIOR FINISH (Rooms)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -3

(3Z 3

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

NONE OR INCOMPLETE

=1/3 HR >1/3 <10 HR 21.0 HR

-10 (0)* © 1 (0|* 2 (0) *

5. DOORS TO CORRIDOR

NO DOOR <20 MIN FR >20 MIN FR >20 MIN FR & AUTO CLOS

2 (0) -10 — 0 (i (o)-

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

DEAD END MORE THAN 100' DEAD END 30-100

NO DEAD ENDS>30' & ZONE LENGTH IS: >150' 100 -150' <100’

-6 (0)** -4 (0)** -2 1

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

OPEN 4 OR MORE

FLOORS

OPEN 2 OR 3 FLOORS

ENCLOSED WITH INDICATED FIRE RESIST.

<1 HR >1 HR. <2 HR 22 HR. -14 -10 0 ~V¥~ 3 mr

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOUBLE DEFICIENCY SINGLE DEFICIENCY NO DEFICIENCIES

IN ZONE OUTSIDE ZONE IN ZONE IN ADIACENT ZONE

-11 -5 -6 -2 ©

9. SMOKE CONTROL

NO CONTROL SMOKE PARTITION MECH ASSISTED SYSTEMS

-2 (0)***

BY ZONE BY CORRIDOR

( 0 3 4

10. EMERGENCY

MOVEMENT

ROUTES

<2 ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES

-8

DEFICIENT CAPACITY W/O HORIZONTAL EMsI

HORIZONTAL EXIT|s] DIRECT EXIT(s)

-2 3 5

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

NO MANUAL FIRE ALARM MANUAL FIRE ALARM

-4

W/O F.D. CONN W/F.D. CONN. CO 2

12. SMOKE DETECTION

& ALARM

NONE CORRIDOR ONLY ROOMS ONLY CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

4

TOTAL SPACE © 2 3 5

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE CORRIDOR CORRIDOR &

HABIT SPACE

8

TOTAL SPACE Co) 2 (Of 10

Figure 8. Life safety code requirements - existing, non-sprinklered

more than one story facility

26
SAFETY

PARAMETERS

NEW - 1 STORY

NEW - MORE

THAN 1 STORY

EXISTING -

1 STORY

EXISTING - MORE THAN

1 STORY

1. CONSTRUCTION

PROTECT. COMB. FIRE RESISTIVE UNPROT. COMB. FIRE RESISTIVE 0 4 -2 4*

2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit)

CLASS A CLASS A CLASS B CLASS B

3 3 0 0

3. INTERIOR FINISH

(Rooms)

CLASS B CLASS B CLASS B CLASS B

1 1 1 1

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

<1/3 HR <1/3 HR <1/3 HR <1/3 HR

0 0 0 0

5. DOORS TO

CORRIDOR

<20 MIN. <20 MIN. <20 MIN. <20 MIN.

0 0 0 0

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

>150’ 150’ >150’ >150’ -2 -2 -2 -2

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

NOT APP. 2 HR NOT APP. >1-<2 HR

0 3 0 2

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

NO DEFICIENCIES NO DEFICIENCIES NO DEFICIENCIES NO DEFICIENCIES

0 0 0 0

9. SMOKE CONTRO-L

SMOKE PART. SMOKE PART. SMOKE PART. SMOKE PART. 0 0 0 0

10. EMERGENCY

MOVEMENT ROUTES

MULTIPLE ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES

0 0 0 0

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

W/FD CONN. W/FO CONN. W/O/FD CONN. W/O/FD CONN.

2 2 1 1

12. SMOKE DETECTION

& ALARM

CORRIDOR ONLY CORRIDOR ONLY NONE NONE

2 2 0 0

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

TOTAL SPACE TOTAL SPACE TOTAL SPACE TOTAL SPACE

10 10 10 10

TOTAL VALUE 16 23 8 16

5jc See figure 14 for 2 and 3 story Ini’! dings.

Figure 9. Life safety code requirements (sprinklered)

27
SAFETY PARAMETERS VALUES

PARAMETERS PARAMETERS VALUES

1. CONSTRUCTION

COMBUSTIBLE

NON-COMBUSTIBLE

WOOD FRAME ORDINARY

FLOOR OF ZONE UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED FIRE RESIST.

FIRST -2 -2 tiT 0 2 2

SECOND -7 -2 -4 -2 -2 2 4

THIRD -9 -7 -9 -7 -7 2 4

4TH & ABOVE -13 -7 -13 -7 -9 -7 4

2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A

3. INTERIOR FINISH

-5 0 ~w

(Rooms)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -3 3Z 3

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

NONE OR INCOMPLETE

=1/3 HR >1/3 <1.0 HR 21.0 HR

-10 [0] * zr: 1 (0)* 2 (0)*

5. DOORS TO CORRIDOR

NO DOOR <20 MIN ER >20 MIN FR >20 MIN. FR & AUTO CLOS.

2 (0|

,M

-10 (3Z 1 (0)*”

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

DEAD END MORE THAN 100' DEAD END

30'— 1 00’ NO DEAD ENDS >30' & ZONE LENGTH IS: >150' 100 -150’ <100'

-6 (0)** -4 (0)** 0 1

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

OPEN 4 OR MORE

FLOORS OPEN 2 OR 3 FLOORS

ENCLOSED WITH INDICATED FIRE RESIST.

<1 HR >1 HR. <2 HR 22 HR -14 -10 2 ior 3 [Oj8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOUBLE DEFICIENCY SINGLE DEFICIENCY NO DEFICIENCIES

IN ZONE OUTSIOE ZONE IN ZONE IN ADJACENT ZONE

-11 -5 -6 -2 0

9. SMOKE CONTROL

NO CONTROL SMOKE PARTITION MECH ASSISTED SYSTEMS

-2 |0)***

BY ZONE BY CORRIDOR

(

3 4

10. EMERGENCY

MOVEMENT

ROUTES

<2 ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES

-8

DEFICIENT CAPACITY W/O HORIZONTAL

EXJUs] HORIZONTAL EXIT(s) DIRECT EXIT(s)

-2 -Q- 3 5

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

NO MANUAL FIRE ALARM MANUAL FIRE ALARM

-4

W/O F D. CONN W/F D__CONN.

1 CO

12. SMOKE DETECTION

& ALARM

NONE CORRIDOR ONLY ROOMS ONLY CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

TOTAL SPACE

0 0 3 4 5

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE CORRIDOR CORRIDOR & HABIT SPACE

8

TOTAL SPACE

0 2 (0)” (Co)

Figure 10. Life safety code requirements - new, sprinklered,

one story facility

28
t

SAFETY PARAMETERS VALUES

PARAMETERS PARAMETERS VALUES

1. CONSTRUCTION

COMBUSTIBLE

NON-COMBUSTIBLE

WOOD FRAME ORDINARY

FLOOR OF ZONE UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED FIRE RESIST.

FIRST -2 0 -2 0 0 2 2 SECOND -7 -2 -4 -2 -2 2 4

THIRD -9 -7 -9 -7 -7 2

4TH & ABOVE -13 -7 -13 -7 -9 -7 © 2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -5 0 CO

3. INTERIOR FINISH (Rooms)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -3

(31 3

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

NONE OR INCOMPLETE

<1/3 HR >1/3 <10 HR 31.0 HR

-10 (0)* ~7)

1 (0)* 2 (0)*

5. DOORS TO CORRIDOR

NO DOOR <20 MIN FR >20 MIN FR >20 MIN FR & AUTO CLOS -10 (31 1 (0) — 2 (0)—

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

DEAD END MORE THAN 100' DEAD END

30 -100' NO DEAD ENDS >30' & ZONE LENGTH IS: >150' 100 -150’ <100'

-6 (0)** -4 (0) ** CO 0 1

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

OPEN 4 OR MORE

FLOORS OPEN 2 OR 3 FLOORS

ENCLOSED WITH INDICATED FIRE RESIST,

<1 HR >1 HR. <2 HR 32 HR -14 -10 0 2 (or ( 3)r

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOUBLE DEFICIENCY SINGLE DEFICIENCY NO DEFICIENCIES

IN ZONE OUTSIDE ZONE IN ZONE IN ADJACENT ZONE

-11 -5 -6 -2 O

9. SMOKE CONTROL

NO CONTROL SMOKE PARTITION MECH ASSISTED SYSTEMS

-2 (0)***

BY ZONE BY CORRIDOR

(3_ 3 4

10. EMERGENCY

MOVEMENT

ROUTES

<2 ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES

-8

DEFICIENT CAPACITY W/O HORIZONTAL

EXJIIsl HORIZONTAL EXIT(s) DIRECT EXIT(s)

-2 3 5

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

NO MANUAL FIRE ALARM MANUAL FIRE ALARM

-4

W/O F.D. CONN W/F D_CONN.

1 (0

12. SMOKE DETECTION & ALARM

NONE CORRIDOR ONLY ROOMS ONLY CORRIDOR & HABIT SPACETOTAL SPACE

0 (SP 3 4 5

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE CORRIDOR CORRIDOR &

HABIT, SPACE

8

TOTAL SPACE

0 2 (or C'5

Figure 11. Life safety code requirements - new, sprinklered, more than three story facility

29
SAFETY PARAMETERS VALUES

PARAMETERS PARAMETERS VALUES

1. CONSTRUCTION

COMBUSTIBLE

NON-COMBUSTIBLE

WOOD FRAME ORDINARY

FLOOR OF ZONE UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED FIRE RESIST.

FIRST (-2) 0 (i) 0 0 2 2

SECOND -7 -2 -4 -2 -2 2 4

THIRD -9 -7 -9 -7 -7 2 4

4TH & ABOVE -13 -7 -13 -7 -9 -7 4

2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -5

(CO 3

3. INTERIOR FINISH [Rooms]

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -3

(ZZ 3

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

NONE OR INCOMPLETE <1/3 HR >1/3 <1.0 HR 21 0 HR

-10 [0)* Z^ZLZ i (or 2 (0)*

5. DOORS TO CORRIDOR

NO DOOR <20 MIN FR >20 MIN. FR >20 MIN. FR & AUTO CLOS

2 [0) -10 — (ZZ 1 [0)”'

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

DEAD END MORE THAN 100’ DEAD END

30 -100’ NO DEAD ENDS >30' & ZONE LENGTH IS: >150' 100 -150' <100’

-6 (0)** -4 [0)** ~PT 0 1

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

OPEN 4 OR MORE

FLOORS OPEN 2 OR 3 FLOORS

ENCLOSED WITH INDICATED FIRE RESIST. <JJiit >1 HR. <2 HR. 22 HR. -14 -10 (0 2 [or 3 (0)*

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOUBLE DEFICIENCY SINGLE DEFICIENCY NO DEFICIENCIES

IN ZONE OUTSIDE ZONE IN ZONE IN ADJACENT ZONE

-11 -5 -6 -2 o

9. SMOKE CONTROL

NO CONTROL SMOKE PARTITION MECH. ASSISTED SYSTEMS

-2 [0)***

BY ZONE BY CORRIDOR

(a 3 4

10. EMERGENCY

MOVEMENT

ROUTES

<2 ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES

-8

DEFICIENT CAPACITY W/0 HORIZONTAL

EXJIlsl HORIZONTAL EXIT|sj DIRECT EXIT(s)

-2 3 5

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

NO MANUAL FIRE ALARM MANUAL FIRE ALARM

-4

W/0 FJLCONN W/F.D. CONN. CO 2

12. SMOKE DETECTION

& ALARM

NONE CORRIDOR ONLY ROOMS ONLY CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

4

TOTAL SPACE 0) 2 3 5

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE CORRIDOR CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

8

TOTAL SPACE

0 2 [or* GO

Figure 12. Life safety code requirements - existing, sprinklered

one story facility

30
SAFETY PARAMETERS VALUES

PARAMETERS PARAMETERS VALUES

1. CONSTRUCTION

COMBUSTIBLE

NON-COMBUSTIBLE

WOOD FRAME ORDINARY

FLOOR OF ZONE UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED FIRE RESIST.

FIRST -2 0 -2 0 0 2 2 SECOND -7 -2 -4 -2 -2 2 4

THIRD -9 -7 -9 -7 -7 2 4

4TH & ABOVE -13 -7 -13 -7 -9 -7 0 2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -5

(3Z 3

3. INTERIOR FINISH (Rooms)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -3

(TT 3

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

NONE OR INCOMPLETE

*0/3 HR >1/3 <10 HR 31.0 HR

-10 (0)* TT 1 (0)* 2 (0)*

5. DOORS TO CORRIDOR

NO DOOR <20 MIN FR >20 MIN FR >20 MIN. FR & AUTO CLOS. -10 (TT 1 (OP* 2 (0) —

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

DEAD END MORE THAN 100' DEAD END

30 -100' NO DEAD ENDS >30' & ZONE LENGTH IS: >150' 100 -150’ <100'

-6 (0)** -4 (0)** zsr 0 1

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

OPEN 4 OR MORE

FLOORS

OPEN 2 OR 3 FLOORS

ENCLOSED WITH INDICATED FIRE RESIST.

<1 HR >1 HR. <2 HR 32 HR -14 -10 0 TO)• 3 (Of

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOUBLE DEFICIENCY SINGLE DEFICIENCY NO DEFICIENCIES

IN ZONE OUTSIDE ZONE IN ZONE IN ADJACENT ZONE

-11 -5 -6 -2 0

9. SMOKE CONTROL

NO CONTROL SMOKE PARTITION MECH ASSISTED SYSTEMS

-2 (0) ***

BY ZONE BY CORRIDOR

(0 3 4

10. EMERGENCY

MOVEMENT

ROUTES

<2 ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES

-8

DEFICIENT CAPACITY W/O HORIZONTAL

EXIT|s| HORIZONTAL EXIT(s) DIRECT EXITIs)

-2 ZTiT 3 5

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

NO MANUAL FIRE ALARM MANUAL FIRE ALARM

-4

W/O F 0 CONN W/F D. CONN CO 2

12. SMOKE DETECTION

& ALARM

NONE CORRIDOR ONLY roomTonly CORRIDOR & HABIT. SPACE

4

TOTAL SPACE G) 2 3 5

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE CORRIOOR CORRIDOR &

HABIT SPACE

8

TOTAL SPACE

0 2 (Op 00

Figure 13. Life safety code requirements - existing, sprinklered

more than three story facility

31
SAFETY

PARAMETERS

NEW • 2 STORY NEW - 3 STORY

EXISTING -

2 STORY

EXISTING -

3 STORY

1. CONSTRUCTION

PROT. NON COMB. PROT NON COMB PROT. COMB. PROT. NON COMB.

2 2 -2 2

2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit]

CLASS A CLASS A CLASS B CLASS B

3 3 0 0

3. INTERIOR FINISH (Rooms)

CLASS B CLASS B CLASS B CLASS B

1 1 1 1

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

<1/3 HR <1/3 HR <1/3 HR <1/3 HR

0 0 0 0

5. DOORS TO

CORRIDOR

<20 MIN <20 MIN. <20 MIN. <20 MIN.

0 0 0 0

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

>150' >150’ >150' >150' -2 -2 -2 -2

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

SI- <2 HR 51 - <2 HR 51- <2 HR 51- <2 HR

2 2 2 2

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

NO DEFICIENCIES NO DEFICIENCIES NO DEFICIENCIES NO DEFICIENCIES

0 0 0 0

9. SMOKE CONTROL

SMOKE PART SMOKE PART SMOKE PART SMOKE PART

0 0 0 0

10. EMERGENCY

MOVEMENT ROUTES

MULTIPLE ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES

0 0 0 0

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

W/FD CONN. W/FD CONN. W/O/FD CONN. W7 0 FD CONN.

2 2 1 1

12. SMOKE DETECTION

& ALARM

CORRIDOR ONLY CORRIDOR ONLY NONE NONE

2 2 0 0

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

TOTAL SPACE TOTAL SPACE TOTAL SPACE TOTAL SPACE

10 10 10 10

TOTAL VALUE 20 20 10 14

Figure 14. Life safety code requirements - two and three

stories (sprinklered)

32
SAFETY PARAMETERS VALUES

PARAMETERS PARAMETERS VALUES

1. CONSTRUCTION

COMBUSTIBLE

NON-COMBUSTIBLE

WOOD FRAME ORDINARY

FLOOR OF ZONE UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED FIRE RESIST.

FIRST -2 0 -2 0 0 2

SECOND -7 -2 -4 -2 -2 ll0 4

THIRD -9 -7 -9 -7 -7 2 4

4TH & ABOVE -13 -7 -13 -7 -9 -7 4

2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -5 0 CO

3. INTERIOR FINISH (Rooms)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -3 jT 3

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

NONE OR INCOMPLETE

<=1/3 HR >1/3 <1.0 HR 51.0 HR

-10 (0)*

(

1 (0)* 2 ( 0 )*

5. DOORS TO CORRIDOR

NO DOOR <20 MIN ER >20 MIN FR >20 MIN. FR & AUTO CLOS. -10 (31 1 (0)* M

2 [OP*

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

DEAD END MORE THAN 100' DEAD END

30 -100’ NO DEAD ENDS>30' & ZONE LENGTH IS: >150' 100 -150' <100'

-6 (0)** -4 (0)** (-0 0 1

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

OPEN 4 OR MORE

FLOORS OPEN 2 OR 3 FLOORS

ENCLOSED WITH INDICATED FIRE RESIST.

<1 HR. >1 Hjt<2 HR. >2 HR. -14 -10 0 (

2

i)r 3 (OP

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOUBLE DEFICIENCY SINGLE DEFICIENCY NO DEFICIENCIES

IN ZONE OUTSIDE ZONE IN ZONE IN ADJACENT ZONE

-11 -5 -6 -2 O

9. SMOKE CONTROL

NO CONTROL SMOKE PARTITION MECH ASSISTED SYSTEMS

-2 |0)***

BY ZONE BY CORRIDOR

('0 3 4

10. EMERGENCY

MOVEMENT

ROUTES

<2 ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES

-8

DEFICIENT CAPACITY W/O HORIZONTAL

EXIT(s) HORIZONTAL EXIT|s| DIRECT EXITIsl

-2 “01 3 5

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

NO MANUAL FIRE ALARM MANUAL FIRE ALARM

-4

W/O F.D. CONN. W/F.D^CONN.

1 CO

12. SMOKE DETECTION

& ALARM

NONE CORRIDOR ONLY ROOMS ONLY CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

TOTAL SPACE

0 (31 3 4 5

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE CORRIDOR CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

8

TOTAL SPACE

0 2 [Of (5

Figure 15. Life safety code requirements - new, sprinklered

two story facility

33
SAFETY PARAMETERS VALUES

PARAMETERS PARAMETERS VALUES

1. CONSTRUCTION

COMBUSTIBLE

NON-COMBUSTIBLE

WOOD FRAME ORDINARY

FLOOR OF ZONE UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED FIRE RESIST.

FIRST -2 0 -2 0 0 2 2

SECOND -7 -2 -4 -2 -2 4

THIRD -9 -7 -9 -7 -7 TLr 4

4TH & ABOVE -13 -7 -13 -7 -9 -7 4

2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -5 0 63

3. INTERIOR FINISH (Rooms)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -3 ZL 3

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

NONE OR INCOMPLETE

<1/3 HR

/

\

>1/3 <10 HR 21.0 HR

-10 (0)* CO 1 (0)* 2 (0)*

5. DOORS TO CORRIDOR

NO DOOR <20 MIN FR >20 MIN FR >20 MIN FR & AUTO CLOS. -10 (0 1 (OP* 2 (or*

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

DEAD END MORE THAN 100 DEAD END 30-100

NO DEAD ENDS >30' & ZONE LENGTH IS: >150' 100 -1 50' <100'

-6 (0) ** -4 (0)** 0 1

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

OPEN 4 OR MORE

FLOORS OPEN 2 OR 3 FLOORS

ENCLOSED WITH INDICATED FIRE RESIST

<1 HR. >1 HR <2 HR 22 HR. -14 -10 0 (AI)’ 3 (0)-

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOUBLE DEFICIENCY SINGLE DEFICIENCY NO DEFICIENCIES

IN ZONE OUTSIDE ZONE IN ZONE IN ADJACENT ZONE

-11 -5 -6 -2 0

9. SMOKE CONTROL

NO CONTROL SMOKE PARTITION MECH. ASSISTED SYSTEMS

-2 (0)*** (0

BY ZONE BY CORRIDOR

3 4

10. EMERGENCY

MOVEMENT

ROUTES

<2 ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES

-8

DEFICIENT CAPACITY W/0 HORIZONTAL

EXIT(s) HORIZONTAL EXIT(s) DIRECT EXITls)

-2 ~vr 3 5

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

NO MANUAL FIRE ALARM MANUAL FIRE ALARM

-4

W/O F.D CONN W/F D. CONN

1 ~ZT~

12. SMOKE DETECTION

& ALARM

NONE CORRIDOR ONLY ROOMS ONLY CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

TOTAL SPACE

0 CO 3 4 5

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE CORRIDOR CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

8

TOTAL SPACE

0 2 (or c5

Figure 16. Life safety code requirements - nev?, sprinklered

three story facility

34
SAFETY PARAMETERS VALUES

PARAMETERS PARAMETERS VALUES

1. CONSTRUCTION

COMBUSTIBLE

NON-COMBUSTIBLE

WOOD FRAME ORDINARY

FLOOR OF ZONE UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED FIRE RESIST

FIRST -2 A -2 A 2 2

SECOND -7 (-©) -4 ti) EL 2 4

THIRD -9 -7 -9 -7 -7 2 4

4TH & ABOVE -13 -7 -13 -7 -9 -7 4

2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit]

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -5

(

3

3. INTERIOR FINISH (Rooms)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -3 CO 3

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

NONE OR INCOMPLETE

<1/3 HR >1/3 <1.0 HR 21.0 HR

-10 (0)* Z7Z i (or 2 (or

5. DOORS TO CORRIDOR

NO DOOR <20 MIN FR >20 MIN FR >20 MIN FR & AUTO CLOS

2 (0) -10 — (

i (or*

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

DEAD END MORE THAN 100' DEAD END

30 -100’ NO DEAD ENOS =>30’ & ZONE LENGTH IS: >150' 100 -1 50' <100'

-6 (0)** -4 (0)** (-0 0 1

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

OPEN 4 OR MORE

FLOORS OPEN 2 OR 3 FLOORS

ENCLOSED WITH INDICATED FIRE RESIST

<1 HR 2 1 HR. < 2 HR 22 HR -14 -10 0 C

2 !>• 3 ior

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOUBLE DEFICIENCY SINGLE DEFICIENCY NO DEFICIENCIES

IN ZONE OUTSIDE ZONE IN ZONE IN ADJACENT ZONE

-11 -5 -6 -2 O

9. SMOKE CONTROL

NO CONTROL SMOKE PARTITION MECH. ASSISTED SYSTEMS

-2 (0)***

BY ZONE BY CORRIDOR

(2L_ 3 4

10. EMERGENCY

MOVEMENT

ROUTES

<2 ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES

-8

DEFICIENT CAPACITY W/O HORIZONTAL

EXIT(s) HORIZONTAL EXIT(s) DIRECT EXIT(s)

-2 “7T 3 5

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

NO MANUAL FIRE ALARM MANUAL FIRE ALARM

-4

W/O FJLCONN W/F.D. CONN CO 2

12. SMOKE DETECTION & ALARM

NONE CORRIDOR ONLY ROOMS ONLY CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

4

TOTAL SPACE CO 2 3 5

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE CORRIDOR CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

8

TOTAL SPACE

0 2 (or 00

Figure 17. Life safety code requirements - existing, sprinklered

two story facility

35
SAFETY PARAMETERS VALUES

PARAMETERS PARAMETERS VALUES

1. CONSTRUCTION

COMBUSTIBLE

NON-COMBUSTIBLE

WOOD FRAME ORDINARY

FLOOR OF ZONE UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED FIRE RESIST.

FIRST -2 0 -2 0 0 2 2

SECOND -7 -2 -4 -2 -2 x 4

THIRD -9 -7 -9 -7 -7 Hi 4

4TH & ABOVE -13 -7 -13 -7 -9 -7 4

2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit]

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -5

(3Z 3

3. INTERIOR FINISH (Rooms)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -3 7) 3

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

NONE OR INCOMPLETE

<1/3 HR >1/3 <1.0 HR 21.0 HR

-10 (0)* ~HZ 1 (0)* 2 [Of*

5. DOORS TO CORRIDOR

NO DOOR <20 MIN FR >20 MIN. FR >20 MIN FR & AUTO CLOS. -10 (jl) 1 [0 )•••

2 (0) —

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

DEAD END MORE THAN 100’ DEAD END 30-100

NO DEAD ENDS >30' & ZONE LENGTH IS: >150' 100 -150' <100'

-6 (0)** -4 (0)** ~Q~ 0 1

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

OPEN 4 OR MORE

FLOORS OPEN 2 OR 3 FLOORS

ENCLOSED WITH INDICATED FIRE RESIST.

<1 HR >1 HR. <2 HR 22 HR. -14 -10 0 (0r 3 (0)*

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOUBLE DEFICIENCY SINGLE DEFICIENCY NO DEFICIENCIES

IN ZONE OUTSIDE ZONE IN ZONE IN ADJACENT ZONE

-11 -5 -6 -2 0

9. SMOKE CONTROL

NO CONTROL SMOKE PARTITION MECH. ASSISTED SYSTEMS

-2 (0)***

BY ZONE BY CORRIDOR

(

3 4

10. EMER MOVE

<2 ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES GENCY MENT

-8

DEFICIENT CAPACITY W/O HORIZONTAL

EXIT(s) HORIZONTAL EXIT|s] DIRECT EXIT(s) ROUTES -2 Zn 3 5

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

NO MANUAL FIRE ALARM MANUAL FIRE ALARM

-4

W/O F.D. CONN. W/F D CONN CO 2

12. SMOKE DETECTION

& ALARM

NONE CORRIDOR ONLY ROOMS ONLY CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

TOTAL SPACE CO 2 3 4 5

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE CORRIDOR CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

8

TOTAL SPACE

0 2 (0)” GO

Figure 18. Life safety code requirements - existing, sprinklered

three story facility

36
Figure 19. Individual safety evaluations

37
SAFETY

PARAMETERS

NEW - 1 STORY

NEW - MORE

THAN 1 STORY

EXISTING •

1 STORY

EXISTING • MORE THAN

1 STORY

1. CONSTRUCTION

PROT. NON COMB FIRE RESISTIVE PROT NON COMB. FIRE RESISTIVE 2 4 2 4

2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit)

CLASS A CLASS A CLASS B CLASS B

3 3 0 0

3. INTERIOR FINISH (Rooms)

CLASS B CLASS B CLASS B CLASS B

1 1 1 1

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

51.0 HR 51.0 HR <1/3 HR <1/3 HR

2 2 0 0

5. DOORS TO

CORRIDOR

520 MIN. 520 MIN. 520 MIN 520 MIN

1 1 1 1

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS IHliB

^77777^7777^77^7^ wmmmM

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

NON APP. 2 HR NON APP. 51 - <2 HR

0 3 0 2

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

NO DEFICIENCIES NO DEFICIENCIES NO DEFICIENCIES NO DEFICIENCIES

0 0 0 0

9. SMOKE CONTROL

10. EMERGENCY

MOVEMENT ROUTES

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

12. SMOKE DETECTION

& ALARM

lip

m

'MMMM

Wmm/m BBP w/m

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE NONE NONE NONE

0 0 0 0

TOTAL VALUE 9 14 4 8

Figure 20. Minimum containment safety (non-sprinklered)

38
SAFETY

PARAMETERS

, „„„„ NEW • MORE EXISTING „

E„X ' STML' NEW ,ST0RV

THAN 1 STORY 1 STORY

""

1. CONSTRUCTION

PROT. NON COMB. FIRE RESISTIVE PROT. NON COMB. FIRE RESISTIVE

2 4 2 4

2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit)

3. INTERIOR FINISH (Rooms)

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

5. DOORS TO

CORRIDOR

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

NO DEFICIENCIES NO DEFICIENCIES NO DEFICIENCIES NO DEFICIENCIES

0 0 0 0

9. SMOKE CONTROL

10. EMERGENCY

11.

MOVEMENT

MANUAL

ALARM

FIRE

ROUTES oil

W/FO CONN. W FD CONN. W/O/FD CONN. W/O/FD CONN.

2 2 11 12. SMOKE DETECTION

& ALARM

CORRIDOR ONLY CORRIDOR ONLY NONE NONE

2 2 0 0

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE NONE NONE NONE

0 0 0 0

TOTAL VALUE 6 8 3 5

Figure 21. Minimum extinguishment safety (non-sprinklered)

39
SAFETY

PARAMETERS

NEW • 1 STORY

NEW - MORE

THAN 1 STORY

EXISTING -

1 STORY

EXISTING - MORE THAN

1 STORY

1. CONSTRUCTION mmmwA'mmMM mmmmWMMM MMmM'MMMM mmmM.

2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit)

CLASS A CLASS A CLASS B CLASS B

3 3 0 0

3. INTERIOR FINISH (Rooms)

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

^ml

wmMmik

mmmM

MmMmh WMMM m.

5. DOORS TO

CORRIDOR

520 MIN. 520 MIN. 520 MIN. 520 MIN

1 1 1 1

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

100-150' 1 00-150' 1 00-150' 1 00 -

1 50’ 0 0 0 0

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

NON APP 2 HR NON APP 51 - <2 HR

0 3 0 2

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

yyZoYZwZvZYM

9. SMOKE CONTROL

SMOKE PART SMOKE PART SMOKE PART SMOKE PART

0 0 0 0

10. EMERGENCY

MOVEMENT ROUTES

MULTIPLE ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES

0 0 0 0

11. MANUAL FIRE

12. &

SMOKE

ALARM

ALARM

DETECTION

1CORRIDOR ONLY CORRIDOR ONLY NONE NONE

2 2 0 0

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE NONE NONE NONE

0 0 0 0

TOTAL VALUE 6 9 1 3

Figure 22. Minimum people movement safety (non-sprinklered)

40
FIRE/SMOKE ZONE* EVALUATION WORK SHEET FOR HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

FACILITY BUILDING

ZONE(S) EVALUATED

EVALUATOR DATE

Complete this work sheet for each zone. Where conditions are the same in several zones, one work sheet can be

used for those zones.

Step 1: Determine Occupancy Risk Parameter Factors - Use Table 1. A. For each Risk Parameter in Table I, select and circle the appropriate risk factor value. Choose only one for each of the

five Risk Parameters.

Table 1. OCCUPANCY RISK PARAMETER FACTORS

RISK PARAMETERS RISK FACTOR VALUES

1. PATIENT

MOBILITY (M)

MOBILITY STATUS

MOBILE

LIMITED MOBILITY NOT

MOBILE

NOT MOVABLE

RISK FACTOR 1.0 16 3.2 4.5

2. PATIENT PATIENT 1-5 6-10 11-30 >30 DENSITY |D] RISK FACTOR 10 1.2 15 2.0

3. ZONE FLOOR 1ST 2ND OR 3RD

4TH TO 6TH7TH AND ABOVEBASE MENTS LOCATION (L) RISK FACTOR 1.1 12 14 16 16

4 RATIO OF PATIENTS TO

PATIENTS ATTENDANT

12

1

3Ji

1

6_10

1

>]}

1

ONE OR* MORE

NONE ATTENDANTS [T| RISK FACTOR 10 1.1 12 15 4.0

5. PATIENT AVERAGE

AGE UNDER 65 YEARS AND OVER 1 YEAR

65 YEARS i OVER

1 YEAR & YOUNGER AGE [A] RISK FACTOR 1.0 12

* RISK FACTOR OF 4 0 IS CHARGED TO ANY ZONE THAT HOUSES

PATIENTS WITHOUT ANY STAFF IN IMMEDIATE ATTENDANCE

Step 2: Compute Occupancy Risk Factor (F) - Use Table 2. A. Transfer the circled risk factor values from Table 1 to the corresponding blocks in Table 2.

B. Compute F by multiplying the risk factor values as indicated in Table 2.

Table 2. OCCUPANCY RISK FACTOR CALCULATION

OCCUPANCY RISK

M

*

0 *

A F X =

Step 3: Compute Adjusted Building Status (R) - Use Table 3A or 3B. A. If building is classified as NEW use Table 3A. If building is classified as existing use Table 3B.

B. Transfer the value of F from Table 2 to Table 3A or Table 3B as appropriate. Calculate “R ”

C. Transfer “R” to the block labeled “R” in Table 7 on page 4 of the work sheet.

Table 3A. (NEW BUILDINGS] Table 3B. (EXISTING BUILDINGS)

1.0

X

F R

0.5

X

F =

R

* FIRE /SMOKE ZONE is a space separated from all other spaces by floors, horizontal exits, or smoke barriers.

Figure 23a. Fire/smoke zone evaluation work sheet for health care facilities

41
Step 4: Determine Safety Parameter Values - Use Table 4. A. Select and circle the safety value for each safety parameter in Table 4 that best describes the conditions in the zone. Choose only one value for each of the 13 parameters. If two or more appear to apply choose the one with the lowest

print value.

Table 4. SAFETY PARAMETERS VALUES

PARAMETERS PARAMETERS VALUES

1. CONSTRUCTION

COMBUSTIBLE

WOOD FRAME NONCOMBUSTIBLE

FLOOR OF ZONE UNPROTECTED PROTECTED

FIRST -2

SECOND -7

THIRD -9

4TH i ABOVE -13

UNPROTECTED PROTECTEO -2

-2

-7 -9

-7 -13

UNPROTECTED PROTECTED FIRE RESIST.

-2 -2-7

-7 -9 -7

2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Cori. & Exit)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -5 0 3

3. INTERIOR FINISH (Rooms)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -3 i 3

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

NONE OR INCOMPLETE

<1/3 HR 21/3 <1.0 HR 21.0 HR. -10 ( 0 ) -

0 1

( 0 )* 2 ( 0 ) *

5. DOORS TO CORRIDOR

NO DOOR <20 MIN FR 320 MIN. FR 220 MIN FR & AUTO CLOS. -10 0 1

( 0 )***

2 ( or

*

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

DEAD END MORE THAN 100' DEAD END

30' — 1 00' NO DEAD ENDS>30’ S ZONE LENGTH IS: >150’ 100 -150' <100’

-6 | 0 ]** -4 [ 0 |** -2 0 1

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

OPEN 4 OR MORE

FLOORS

OPEN 2 OR 3 FLOORS

ENCLOSED WITH INDICATED FIRE RESIST.

<1 HR >1 HR. <2 HR 22 HR -14 -10 0 2 | 0

)* 3 | 0

)*

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOUBLE DEFICIENCY SINGLE DEFICIENCY NO DEFICIENCIES

IN ZONE OUTSIDE ZONE IN ZONE IN ADJACENT ZONE

-ii -5 -6 -2 0

9. SMOKE CONTROL

NO CONTROL SMOKE PARTITION MECH ASSISTED SYSTEMS

-2 [ 0 ]***

0

BY ZONE BY CORRIDOR

3 4

10. EMERGENCY MOVEMENT

ROUTES

<2 ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES

-8

DEFICIENT CAPACITY W/O HORIZONTAL

EXITls) HORIZONTAL EXITls] DIRECT EXITls)

-2 0 3 5

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

NO MANUAL FIRE ALARM MANUAL FIRE ALARM

-4

W/O F.D CONN W/F.D CONN

t 2

12. SMOKE DETECTION

& ALARM

NONE CORRIDOR ONLY ROOMS ONLY CORRIDOR & HABIT SPACETOTAL SPACE

0 2 3 4 5

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE CORRIDOR CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

TOTAL SPACE

0 2 (Of 8 10

NOTE: * Use (0) when item 5 is -10 . * Use (0] when item 1 is based on firs floor zone or on an •Use |0J when item 10 is -8

'Use (0| in zone with less than 31 patients

in existing buildings.

unprotected type of construction. 'Use (0) when item 1 is based on an unprotected type ot construction. 'Use [0] when item 4 is -10.

Figure 23b. Fire/smoke zone evaluation work sheet for health care facilities

42
Step 5: Compute Individual Safety Evaluations - Use Table 5. A. Transfer each of the 13 circled Safety Parameter Value from Table 4 to every unshaded blocks in the line with the cor- responding Safety Parameter in Table 5. For Safety Parameter 13 (Sprinklers) the value entered in the (People Movement Safety) is recorded in Table 5 as 1/2 the corresponding value circled in Table 4.

B. Add the four columns, keeping in mind that any negative numbers deduct.

C. Transfer the resulting total values for S i , S2 , S3 , So to the blocks labeled S 1 , S2 , S3 , Sg in Table 7 on page 4 of this sheet.

Table 5. INDIVIDUAL SAFETY EVALUATIONS

SAFETY

PARAMETERS

CONTAINMENT

SAFETY

(Si)

EXTINGUISHMENT

SAFETY

(S2)

PEOPLE

MOVEMENT

SAFETY (S3)

GENERAL

SAFETY

(SG)

1. CONSTRUCTION

2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit)

3. INTERIOR FINISH (Rooms) IBB 4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS ^1111118

5. DOORS TO

CORRIDOR

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

9. SMOKE CONTROL Wmmm/A^plpWm.

10. EMERGENCY

MOVEMENT ROUTES wmmmm.

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM Wmmmn

12. SMOKE DETECTION

& ALARM 11 13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

T 2 =

TOTAL VALUE s

2 = S

3 = S G =

Figure 23c. Fire/smoke zone evaluation work sheet for health care facilities

43
Step 6: Determine Mandatory Safety Requirement Values - Use Table 6. A. Using the classification of the building (i.e.. New or Existing) and the floor where the zone is located, circle the appropirate value in each of the three columns in Table 6.

B. Transfer the three circled values from Table 6 to the blocks marked Sa, St>, and Sc in Table 7.

Table 6 MANDATORY SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

CONTAINMENT

Sa

EXTINGUISHMENT Sb

PEOPLE MOVEMENT

Sc

ZONE LOCATION New Exist. New Exist. New Exist.

FIRST FLOOR 9.0 4.0 6.0 3.0 6.0 1.0

ABOVE FIRST FLOOR 14.0 8.0 8.0 5.0 9.0 3.0

Step 7: Evaluation Fire Safety Equivalency - Use Table 7. A. Perform the indicated subtractions in Table 7. Enter the differences in the appropriate answer blocks.

B. For each row check “Yes” if the value in the answer block is zero or greater. Check “No” if the value in the answer block

is a,negative number.

Table 7. ZONE SAFETY EQUIVALENGY EVALUATION YES NO

CONTAINMENT MANDATORY

SAFETY [S]}

less CONTAINMENT (S a ) "°

Si Sa C - =

EXTINGUISHMENT

, MANDATORY >Q

SAFETY (S2) EXTINGUISHMENT (Sb)

S 2 Sb E

PEOPLE MANDATORY

MOVEMENT fc . less PEOPLE >0

SAFETY l s 3J MOVEMENT (S c )

S 3 Sc P

GENERAL

, OCCUPANCY

SAFETY (S G ) RISK (R)

So R G

CONCLUSIONS:

1

. [ ] All of the checks in Table 7 are in the “Yes” column. The level of fire safety is at least equivalent to that prescribed by

the Life Safety Code*

2. [ ] One or more of the checks in Table 7 are in the “N o” column. The level of fire safety is not shown by this system to be

equivalent to that prescribed by the Life Safety Code.* *The equivalency covered by this worksheet includes the majority of considerations covered by the Life Safety Code. There

are a few considerations that are not evaluated by this method. These must be separately considered. These additional considerations are covered in the “Facility Fire Safety Requirements Worksheet.” One copy of this separate worksheet is to be completed for each facility.

Figure 23d. Fire/smoke zone evaluation work sheet for health care facilities

44
FACILITY

FIRE

SAFETY

REQUIREMENTS

WORKSHEET

COMPLETE

ONE

COPY

OF

THIS

WORKSHEET

FOR

EACH

FACILITY

FOR

EACH

CONSIDERATION

SELECT

AND

MARK

THE

APPROPRIATE

COLUMN

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Figure 23e. Facility fire safety requirements work sheet

45
NFPA GROUP

- Review for

NFPA

- Proposes

Adjustments

Project Staff

Harold E. Nelson, Fire Protection Engineer

Program Chief

A. Jeffrey Shibe, Operations Research Analyst Engineer* Michael J. Slifka, Fire Protection *

NBS Delphi Group

Irwin A. Benjamin, Structural Engineer

Division Chief

Daniel Gross, Physicist, Deputy Division Chief

Harold E. Nelson

Richard L.P. Custer, Fire Protection Engineer

Program Chief

Harry Shoub, Fire Protection Engineer**

Bertram Vogel, Structural Engineer**

Michael J. Slifka*

Richard G. Bright, Fire Protection Engineer

Consultant Advisers

C. S. Mullen, Virginia State Fire Marshal

James Dowling, AIA Staff

J. Armand Burgun, Chairman, NFPA Committee

on Safety to Life

David Long, American Health Care Association

W. J. Werner, Research Director, DHUD (deceased)

Harry T. Anderson, Chief, Fire Protection, Navy

Michael J. Slifka, Chief, Safety and Protection, VA*

Richard E. Stevens, Assistant Vice President, NFPA

Joseph Sprague, American Hospital Association

Jonas Morehart, Fire Protection Engineer, DREW

Robert M. Suckling, Architect, AIA Committee on Architecture for Health

Thomas Imbs, Architect, AIA Committee on

Codes and Standards

William A. Schmidt, Research Engineer, VA

David Boor, JCAH> Fire Prot. Engineering Consultant

Jack Sanders, Oklahoma State Fire Marshal NFPA Working Group (NFPA Committee on Safety to Life)

Allen Savadkin, DREW

David Boor (Thomas Hanrahan) , JCAH

Joseph Sprague, AHA

Thomas Jaeger, Fire Protection Consultant

Harold E. Nelson, NBS

A. Jeffrey Shibe, NBS Arthur Bergantz, Fire Protection Consultant

David Elwing , Fire Protection Consultant

Donald Belles, Fire Protection Consultant

* Mr. Slifka was a member of the Program for Design Concepts (i.e. the Project

Staff) until 2/77. He then became Chief, Safety and Fire Protection for the

Veterans Administration. Since then he has continued to participate in the

Delphi Group and joined the Consultants Advisors.

**Mr. Vogel succeed Mr. Shoub upon Mr. Shoub's retirement. Both are experts

in code administration and content.

Figure 24. Liaison with review groups

46
APPENDIX A

NBS DELPHI GROUP

Delphi Method

The Delphi technique was developed in the 1950’s for the purpose of

estimating the probable effects of atomic bombing attacks on the United

States. Since then it has been applied to technological forecasting as well as in areas where judgmental information is required. The Delphi

technique is basically concerned with the utilization of the combined

knowledge of experts to arrive at a consensus opinion where factual

information is incomplete.

The NBS exercise followed a process called Policy Delphi. The

basic premise of the Policy Delphi is that it acts as a precursor to a committee activity. The Policy Delphi is not a substitute for research

studies, analyses, or staff work. It is, however, an organized method

for correlating views and information pertaining to a specific problem

area and for allowing the respondents representing such views and information the opportunity to react to and assess differing viewpoints.

Because the respondents are anonymous, fear of potential repercussions

or embarrassment is removed and no simple individual need commit himself

publicly to a particular view until after the alternatives have been put on the table.

Turoff in "The Policy Delphi"* analyzed committee and Delphi processes.

The study points out that a Delphi followed by a committee provides good

results in formulating policies.

The study identifies- two major areas of problems with large size

committees (i.e. communication and psychological). The communication

difficulties are attributed to the diverse membership. The major lack

of understanding tends to be between the following groups: individuals

who are not familiar with many of the new decision aids coming out of

operation research and system analyses but who have an intuitive feel

for the complexities of the organization, and individuals who have been

trained in many of modern management techniques and who are sometimes a little too confident that these approaches can be applied to every

problem. The problems associated with operation of committees that tend

to reflect psychological characteristics are:

- The domineering personality, or outspoken individual that takes over committee process.

- The unwillingness of individuals to take a position on an issue

before all facts are in or before it is known which way the majority

is headed.

- The difficulty of publicly contradicting individuals in higher

positions

.

*Murray Turoff, "The Design of a Policy Delphi," Technological Forcasting

and Social Changes 2, No. 2 (1970).

A-l
- The unwillingness to abandon a position once it is publicly taken.

- The fear of bringing up uncertain ideas that may turn out to be

idiotic and results in loss of face.

The above limitation may also apply to small size committees, except

when the members of the small committee are given sufficient time to

consider and explore the issue, and have assurance that the privacy of

their respective remarks will be respected outside the committees.

Under those conditions a small committee will not have any of the

difficulties which have been identified for the large size committee.

Usually Delphi, whether it is to be conventional or computerized,

undergoes four distinct phases. The first phase is characterized by

exploration of the subject under discussion, wherein each individual

contributes additional information he feels is pertinent to the issue.

The second phase involves the process of reaching an understanding of

how the group views the issue. If there is significant disagreement

among members, the disagreement is explored in the third phase to bring

out the underlying reasons for differences and possibly to evaluate

them. The last phase, a final evaluation, occurs when all previously

gathered information has been initially analyzed and the evaluations

have been fed back for consideration.

There are two methods of gaining consensus: conventional and

computerized. In the conventional form, a monitor team designs a questionnaire which is sent to a respondent group. After the questionnaire is returned, the monitor team summarizes the results, and based

upon the results develops a revised questionnaire for the respondent

group to answer. The respondent group is usually given at least one opportunity to revise its original answers after examining the group

response

.

The computerized method replaces the monitor group to a large

degree with a computer which has been programmed to carry out the com- pilation of the respondent group results. This process has the advantage

of eliminating delays in summarizing each round of Delphi, thereby

turning the process into a real-time communication system. However, it

does require that the information received from the respondents is in a form that can be fed into a computer and that an algorithm can be provided

to analyze the data. The NBS Delphi Group used the conventional fourphase approach in its evaluation process.

Approach Used in Developing Fire Safety Parameters and Their Values

CFR Delphi Group

Seven individuals from the Engineering Division of the Center for

Fire Research were chosen to act as a "Delphi" group. The experience of

the group members in areas of fire/life safety ranged from six to

thirty-five years. (Table A-l identifies the group members.) Each

individual was briefed about the general nature of the life safety risk

A2
analysis system and was given a detailed description of the safety

model. The individuals were encouraged to seek more information about

the system or any individual parameter, if the information given to them was insufficient. No guidance was provided as to the importance of any

sub-model or individual parameter.

Instructions for Completing of Forms

Each member of the group was given four separate but identical

forms, one for each of four fire safety functions: 1) containment

safety; 2) extinguishment safety; 3) people movement safety; 4) general

safety, (see figure A-l) . He was told that the safety requirements

should be considered only as they apply to health care facilities. He was also instructed that the safety impact of each requirement should be

established on a fire/smoke zone basis. Specific instructions for

filling out the questionnaire were:

1. Evaluate the relative worth of the safety requirement, (i.e.

parameter) on each of the four fire safety functions, one function at a time, and record conclusions on the appropriate questionnaires.

2. Use numerical values to express the level of safety for each

subdivision of each parameter.

3. The numerical values should range from (+10) for the highest

level of safety to (-10) for the condition creating the most severely

hazardous condition. Where the parameter status neither provides safety

nor creates a hazardous condition, a "zero" value should be assigned.

4. Add additional safety parameters to any of the questionnaires,

if required to provide a more complete safety evaluation.

5. Increase the number of parameter subdivisions, if the number

shown on the forms is insufficient.

6. Remarks may be made on each of the four forms.

Analysis of the Questionnaires

1. Forms . The completed forms were checked for completeness,

illegible numbers and remarks. Where required, individuals were asked

to provide additional information to complete the questionnaire. Figure

A-2 shows the format agreed to by the Delphi group.

2. Preparation of Parameter Values . Some individuals did not use

the entire range of suggested numbers (+10 to -10). Therefore, the set

of numbers from their forms was normalized to be compatible with the

other forms. Each individual was requested to submit 216 values, which

made the process of adjustments quite laborious. The values for each

safety level were clustered to identify where major deviations occurred.

An individual who supplied values significantly different from the

cluster was asked for the reasoning behind his choice. Mostly the

A3
differences were generated by misinterpretations of the safety parameter

functions. The values were then adjusted by the individuals and the

process of preparing a consensus safety parameter table began.

3. Safety Parameter Table . After adjustment of the parameter

values as described above a single table of safety parameters was prepared

using the arithmetic means (see figure A-3) . All the values were expressed

as whole numbers rounded off toward the "conservative" side.

4, Safety Parameter Selection for the Three Sub-models . It was recognized that all of the selected parameters were not important in

providing safety in a particular fire safety function. Based on the

response of the group, a process was developed to assign only those

parameters which provide significant values in evaluating a prescribed

life safety function. The three functions are: containment, extinguishment, and people movement safety. (There is also the general safety

function) . For each of the three functions a set of three tables was

prepared. The first table had all the values of each parameter as assigned by the individual respondent. The second table was similar to

the first except numerical values were clustered in six ranks as follows:

High (10-8); Medium (7-4); Low (3-0); Negative Low (-1 to -3); Negative

Medium (-4 to -7); Negative High (-8 to -10). The third table ranked

the parameters, according to whether they provided maximum or minimum

safety. Based on the information from the third table, safety parameters

were chosen for each of the sub-models. Seven parameters were assigned

to the containment safety sub-model; five parameters were assigned to

the extinguishment safety; and seven parameters were assigned to the

people movement safety. (See figure A-4)

.

Results . The analysis of the questionnaire filled out by the

Delphi respondents provided the basis for assigning numbers to each

subdivision of each parameter as described above, assigning parameters

to the safety function; and dropping or changing parameters. The group

did not assign sufficient positive or negative values to two proposed

safety parameters (ratio of patients to attendants in the zone, and

emergency brigades in health care facility). Therefore, the parameter

on the brigades was dropped from future group evaluation; and, the

parameter on the ratio of patients to attendants in the zone was transferred to the risk model (see figure 23-A) . The group suggested that

the construction safety parameter be broken into more categories, to be

more meaningful as well as to reflect better conformance with the Life

Safety Code. The results were summarized in new tables which were

presented to group meetings. The group discussed the proposed forms and

suggested additional changes. The construction safety parameter was reorganized and presented to individual members for evaluation as well

as for the assignment of values for each level of safety. The values

were analyzed and a single set of values was generated and included in

the safety parameters table.

6. Adjustments . The Delphi group was instructed to make evaluations on the merit of the safeguards being judged without reference to

A-4
specific requirements of the Life Safety Code. The initial safety

parameter table contained negative values for several parameter levels

that met requirements of the Life Safety Code (fire resistive partitions, smoke detection, corridor flame spread). The group made a decision that these parameter levels should have at least a "zero"

safety value. These negative parameter values (for the specific code

requirements) were then adjusted to the "zero" value. Each parameter

which had a level upgraded was then adjusted so that all of the levels

of that parameter reflected the necessary changes.

7. Delphi Group Status . The Delphi group finished its prime

assignment to provide the basic system to be analyzed by the outside

consultant group. The Delphi group also met several times after finishing this initial assignment, to consider adjustments or changes to the

system suggested by the outside consultants or identified through NBS

research. At each meeting the group analyzed the problem and suggested

possible improvements to the system.
Table A-l

NBS Delphi Group

Benjamin, Irwin Division Chief, Structural Engineer

Gross, Daniel Deputy Division Chief, Mechanical Engineer

Custer, Richard Program Chief, Fire Protection Engineer

Nelson, Harold Program Chief, Fire Protection Engineer

Bright, Richard Fire Protection Engineer

Slifka, Michael Fire Protection Engineer

Shoub, Harry* Fire Protection Engineer

Vogel, Bertram* Codes Specialist

*Mr. Vogel succeeded Mr. Shoub on the latter's retirement.

A-6
COMBUSTIBLE

WOOD RAME ORDINARY NON COMBUSTIBLE

1. CONSTRUCTION

UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED FIRE RESISTIVE

2. FLAME SPREAD

(Corr.& Exit)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A

3. FLAME SPREAD

(Rooms)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A

4. FIRE RESISTIVE

(Partition)

<1/3 HR 1/3-10 HR >1.0 HR

5. FIRE RESISTIVE

(Vertical Exits)

<1.0 HR 1. 0-2.0 HR >2.0 HR

6. SMOKE CONTROL

NO CONTROL STAIRS & TOWER STAIRS & CORRIDOR TOTAL SPACE

7. HORIZONTAL EXITS

NO YES W/0

SMOKE CONT

YES & CORR SMOKE CONT

8. ALARM SYSTEM

MANUAL

N0>6 OCCUP. N0<6 OCCUP YES W/0 F D CONNECTION

YES W/F.D. CONNECTION •

9. DETECTION SYSTEM

NO CORRIDOR CORR.& HABIT. SPACE TOTAL SPACES

'

10. DOOR OCCUP.

TO CORRIDOR

NO DOOR <20 MIN. FR >20 MIN. FR >20 MIN. FR. &

SFI F PI fK

11. SPRINKLERS

NONE CORRIDOR CORR & HABIT SPACE

TOTAL SPACES

12. CORRIDOR LENGTH

>100’ 75 -100’ 50 -75’ 50’

RATIO OF OCCUP.

13. TO ATTENDANTS

PRESENT IN F. Z.

>10 TO 1 5-10 TO 1 <5 TO 1

14. FIRE FIGHTERS

PUBLIC

>10 MIN. <10 MIN.

15. EMERGENCY BRIGADE HEALTH FACILITY

>20 OCC. PER F.F. <20 OCC. PER F.F.

Figure A-l. Safety parameters - Delphi format
COMBUSTIBLE

CONSTRUCTION

WOOD FRAME

UNPROTECTED PROTECTED

ORDINARY

UNPROTECTED PROTECTED

NON-COMBUSTIBLE

UNPROTECTED PROTECTED FIRE RESISTIVE

1 FI.

2 & 3 FI.

4 & Up

2. FLAME SPREAD

(Corr. & Exit)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A

3. FLAME SPREAD

(Rooms)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A

4. FIRE RESISTIVE

(Partitions]

<1/3 HR. 1/3-10 HR. >1.0 HR.

5. FIRE RESISTIVE

(Vertical Openings)

OPEN <1.0 HR 1. 0-2.0 HR. >2.0 HR.

6. SMOKE CONTROL

NO CONTROL SMOKE PARTITION ME. AST. FIRE ZONE TOTAL SPACE

7. HORIZONTAL EXIT

NO YES

8. ALARM SYSTEM

MANUAL

NO 6 OCCUP. NO 6 OCCUP. YES w/F.D. CONN. YES w/o F.D. CONN.

9. DETECTION SYSTEM

NONE CORRIDOR CORR.& HABIT. SPACE TOTAL SPACES

10. OCCUP. DOOR TO CORRIDOR

NO DOOR <20 MIN. FR. >20 MIN. FR. >20 MIN. FR &

SELF -CLOSING

11. SPRINKLERS

NONE -UNPROTECTED HAZARDOUS AREAS NONE- OTHER

AREAS CORRIDOR CORR.&HABIT.SPACE TOTAL SPACE

12. CORRIDOR LENGTH

DEAD END [3 DOORS] >150’ 150 -100’ 100 -50’ < 50’

13. FIRE FIGHTERS

PUBLIC

>20 MIN.

ARRIV. TIME 20-10 MIN. ARRIV. TIME

<10 MIN.

ARRIV. TIME

r

Figure A-2 . Safety parameters matrix

A8
COMBUSTIBLE DinU.PnMDIICTIDI z CONSTRUCTION

WOOD FRAME ORDINARY

UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED FIRE RESISTIVE

1 FI. -2 0 -2 0 0 2 2

2 & 3 FI. -8 -2 -8 -2 -2 2 4

4 & Up -10 -6 -10 -6 -4 2 4

2. FLAME SPREAD

(Corr. & Exit]

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -5 0 3

3. FLAME SPREAD

(Roams)

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A -3 1 3

4. FIRE RESISTIVE

(Partitions)

<1/3 HR. 1/3-1. 0 HR. >1.0 HR.

0 2 3

5. FIRE RESISTIVE

(Vertical Openings)

OPEN <1.0 HR 1. 0-2.0 HR. >2.0 HR. -5 0 3 4

6. SMOKE CONTROL

NO CONTROL SMOKE PARTITION ME. AST. FIRE ZONE TOTAL SPACE -2* 0 3 4

7. HORIZONTAL EXIT

NO YES

0 3

8. ALARM SYSTEM

MANUAL

NO 6 OCCUP. NO 6 OCCUP. YES w/F.D. CONN. YES w/o F.D. CONN. -4 0 1 2

9. DETECTION SYSTEM

NONE CORRIDOR CORR.& HABIT. SPACE M.E. AST. BY ROOM

0 2 4 5

10. OCCUP. DOOR TO CORRIDOR

NO DOOR <20 MIN. FR. >20 MIN. FR. >20 MIN. FR & SELF -CLOSING -5 0 1 4

11. SPRINKLERS

NONE -UNPROTECTED HAZARDOUS AREAS NONE- OTHER

AREAS CORRIDOR CORR &HABIT. SPACE TOTAL SPACE

-3 5 8 10 0

12. CORRIDOR LENGTH

DEAD END [3 DOORS] >150' 150 -100' 100 -50’ < 50

'

-4 -2 0 1 2

13. FIRE FIGHTERS

PUBLIC

>20 MIN. ARRIV. TIME 20-10 MIN. ARRIV. TIME

<10 MIN.

ARRIV. TIME -5 0 2

NOTE :*Fire zones with less than 30 people substitute (-2) with (0.0)

Figure A-3. Safety parameters values
Figure A-4. Individual safety evaluations

A- 10
APPENDIX B CONSULTANT GROUP

The Consultant Group consisted of prominent persons in the regulation

or specification of fire safety for health care facilities. This included

regulatory officials, code writing officials, hospital surveyors, government agency fire protection chiefs, and accrediting officials representing

a cross section of the applied field. The group membership is shown in

Table B-l . The dates of meetings and attendance are shown in Table B-2.

Table B-l Consultant Group

Name Affiliation Representative

Anderson, H. T. Naval Facility Engineering Risk Management

Command

Chief, Fire Protection

Navy

Morehart, J. Department of H.E.W. Risk Management

Fire Safety Engineer

Office of the Secretary

Schmidt. W. A. Veterans Administration Research

Research Engineer

Scott , H. Veterans Administration Risk Management

Fire Safety Engineer

Slifka, M. J. Veterans Administration Risk Management

Chief, Safety & Protection

Werner , V . J

.

Department of H.U.D. Regulatory

(deceased) Research Director

Folicy Development & Research

Guest, J. Deputy Fire Marshal Code Enforcing

State of Oklahoma

Mullen, C. S. Fire Marshal Code Enforcing

State of Virginia

Sanders, J. Fire Marshal Code Enforcing

State of Oklahoma

B-l
Walsh, M.

Boor, D.

Cincinnati Ohio

Director, Buildings & Inspections Department

Loss Control Services

Fire Safety Engineer

Elwing, D.

Hanrahan , T

.

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals

(J.C.A.H.)

J.C.A.H.

Fire Safety Engineer

Hoover, A. J.C.A.H.

Director

Dowling, J. American Institute of

Architects

Imbs, T. J.

Suckling, R. M.

Stevens, R. E.

Burgun, J.A.

Sprague, J.

Long, D.

Thomas Justin Imbs

Rea, Hayes, Lange & Suckling

National Fire Protection

Assn

.

Assistant Vice President

Rogers, Butler & Burgun

American Hospital Assn.

American Health Care Assn.

Director of Life Safety

Programs

Code Enforcing

Accreditation

Accreditation

Accreditation

Accreditation

Codes, American

Institute of

Architects (A. I. A.)

Codes, A. I. A.

Health Design, A. I. A.

NFPA Life Safety Code

NFPA Life Safety Code

Hospital Operators

Health Care Operators

B-2
Table B-2 . Dates of Meetings and Attendance

Meeting

September 8-9, 1976

Washington, D.C.

Attendance

Anderson, H

Burgun , A

.

Dowling, J. Elwing, D.

Burgun A.

•Dowling, J. Elwing, D.

Hanrahan, T. Imbs, T.

Burgun, A.

Hoover, A.

Imbs, T.

Anderson, H. Boor, D.

Burgun, A.

Dowling, J.

Imbs, T. Morehart, J. Mullen, S.

Meeting

November 18, 1976

Cincinnati, Ohio

Morehart , J

.

Mullen, S. Sanders, J. Schmidt, W.

Meetin g

June 13-14, 1977

Washington, D.C.

Attendanc e

Morehart, J. Mullen, S. Slifka, M.

Meeting

March 1, 1978

Washington, D.C.

Attend ance

Elwing, D. Imbs, T. Morehart, J.

Sanders, J.

Schmidt, W.

Scott, H.

Slifka, M.

Sprague, J. Stevens, R. Suckling, R

Sprague, J. Suckling, R Werner, W.

Mullen, S. Sprague, J.

Suckling, R

B-3
-

.
APPENDIX C

CROSS CORRELATION BETWEEN EVALUATION SYSTEM AND THE LIFE SAFETY CODE

Definitions for hazards and safety used in the Fire/Smoke Zone Evaluation

Work Sheet for Health Care Facilities (FSEW) were directly correlated to

similar definitions used in the Life Safety Code.* This appendix provides

a general cross reference between the FSEW and the Life Safety Code.

Table C-l shows the cross correlation for the definitions used in the

FSEW and the Life Safety Code NFPA 101-1973.

The following code is being used to refer to the definitions used in

the FSEW:

N. A.

Numbers 1 to 13

Letters A thru J

Not Applicable

FSEW, Table 4, Column 1 Parameters as listed in

figure 23-b.

FSEW, Table 8, Column 1 (figure 23-e of this report)

*Chapters 17 and 10 reproduced by permission from NFPA No. 101-1973

(Life Safety Code), copyright 1973, National Fire Protection Association,

Boston, Massachusetts.

C-l
TABLE C-l

CROSS REFERENCE TO THE LIFE SAFETY CODE (LSC) - 1973

Evaluation*

Worksheet LSC-1973

N.A.

10-0001. Institutional buildings are those used for purposes such

as medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from

physical or mentarillness, disease oTTn'fifmity; for the care of in- fants, convalescents or aged persons; and for penal or corrective purposes. Institutional buildings provide sleeping facilities for the occupants and are occupied by persons who are mostly incapable

of self-preservation because of age, physical or mental disability, or because of security measures not under the occupants’ control. Buildings or sections of buildings which house, or in which care is rendered to mental patients who are capable of average judgment

in taking action for self-preservation under emergency conditions,

in the opinion of competent medical authority approved by the

state agency having jurisdiction, may come under other sections of this Code instead of Section 10-1.

Sections of institutional buildings may come under other occu- pancy classifications regarding exit requirements if these area3 are not used to house institutional occupants, or are not areas in which

these persons are treated or to which they have normal access, or which serve as a means of egress for them.

Institutional buildings comprise three groups: groups (a) and (b) are treated together in Chapter 10, and group (c) is considered

separately:

(a) Health Care Facilities (Hospitals and nursing homes)

(b) Residential-Custodial Care (Nurseries, homes for the aged,

mentally retarded care institutions, etc.)

(c) Residential-Restrained Care (Penal institutions, reformatories, jails, etc.) See Section 10-3.

N.A. 10-0002. Institutional occupancies shall include all buildings- or parts thereof with occupancy as described in 10-0001.

02
Evaluation*

Worksheet LSC-1973

N.A. 10—0003. All institutional buildings shall be so designed, constructed, maintained, and operated as to minimize the possibility of

a fire emergency requiring the evacuation of occupants. Because the

safety of occupants of institutional buildings cannot be assured

adequately by dependence on evacuation of the building, their protection from fire shall be provided by appropriate arrangement of

facilities, adequate staffing, and careful development of operating

and maintenance procedures composed of the following

:

(a) Proper design, construction, and compartmentation;

(b) Provisions for detection, alarm, and extinguishment; and

(c) Fire prevention and the planning, training, and drilling in programs for the isolation of fire and transfer of occupants to areas of refuge or evacuation of the building.

N.A. 10-0004. It is recognized that in buildings housing various types

of psychiatric patients, or used as penal institutions, it may be necessary to lock doors and bar windows that are equipped to confine

and protect building inhabitants. Other sections of this Code re- quiring the keeping of exits unlocked may be waived by the authority having jurisdiction. It is also recognized that some psychiatric

patients are not capable of seeking safety without guidance. In

buildings in which doors are locked or windows are barred, provisions shall be made for the rapid removal of occupants by such re- liable means as the remote control of locks or by keying all locks to keys carried by attendants.

N.A. 10-0005. Definitions

(a) Hospital — a building or part thereof used for the medical,

psychiatric, obstetrical or surgical care, on a 24-hour basis, of 4 or more inpatients. Hospital, wherever used in this Code, shall include

general hospitals, mental hospitals, tuberculosis hospitals, children’s

hospitals, and any such facilities providing inpatient care.

(b) Nursing Home — a building or part thereof used for the lodging,

boarding and nursing care, on a 24-hour basis, of 4 or more per- sons who, because of mental or physical incapacity, may be unable

to provide for their own needs and safety without the assistance of another person. Nursing home, wherever used in this Code, shall include nursing and convalescent homes, skilled nursing facilities, intermediate care facilities, and infirmaries of homes for the aged.

(c) Residential-Custodial Care Facility — a building, or part thereof,

used for the lodging or boarding of 4 or more persons who are in- capable of self-preservation because of age, or physical or mental

limitation. This includes facilities such as homes for the aged,

nurseries (custodial care for children under 6 years of age), and

mentally retarded care institutions. Day care facilities that do

not provide lodging or boarding for institutional occupants are not covered in this section of the Code.

C-3
Evaluation*

Worksheet

N.A.

1 .

1 .

1 .

1 .

LSC-1973

SECTION 10-1. NEW HOSPITALS, NURSING HOMES AND

RESIDENTIAL-CUSTODIAL CARE OCCUPANCIES

10-111. Application

10-1111. This Section establishes life safety requirements for hos.

pitals, nursing homes, and residential-custodial care institutions- Where requirements varv. the specific occupancy, such as hospital,

nursing home, nursery, residential-custodial care institution, home

for the aged, or mentally retarded care institution, is named in the paragraph pertaining thereto. See Chaplet 17Jot operating features.

10-112. New Construction, Additions, Conversions

10-1121. Any addition shall be separated from any existing non- conforming structure by a noncombustible fire partition having at

least a 2-hour fire resistance rating. Communicating openings in such dividing fire partition shall occur only in corridors and shall be protected by an approved self-closing fire door. Except where

provisions meeting the requirements of 5-2134 and 10-1245 are made for such doors, they are intended normally to be kept closed. Unless these doors are required exits, they are not required to swing

with exit travel as specified in 5-2121.

10-1122. Any building converted to these occupancies shall comply

with all requirements for new facilities.

10-1123. See Section 2-2 for life safety provisions during construction.

10-113. Occupancy and Occupant Load

10-1131. Institutional occupancies in buildings housing other oc- cupancies shall be completely separated from them by noncombustible construction having at least a 2-hour fire-resistance rating. All means of egress from institutional occupancies that traverse noninstitutional spaces shall conform to requirements of this stan - ard for institutional occupancies. Any occupancy with a hazard ot contents classified higher than that of the institution and located

in the same building as institutional occupancies shall be protected

as required in Section 10-1371. Industrial, office, mercantile and

storage occupancies classified as high-hazard shall not be permitted

in buildings housing institutional occupancies.

10-1132. Sections of institutional buildings may be classified as other occupancies if they meet all of the following conditions:

(a) They are not intended to serve institutional occupants for purposes of housing, treatment, customary access, or means ot

egress.

(b) They are adequately separated from areas of institutional oc- cupancies by construction having a 2-hour fire resistance rating.

C-4
Evaluation*

Worksheet LSC-1973

1. 10-1133.* Auditoriums, crtapels, start residential areas, garages

or similar occupancies provided in connection with institutions

shall have exits provided in accordance with other applicable sec- tions of this Code.

1. 10-1134. The occupant load for which means of egress shall be

provided for any floor shall be the maximum number of persons in- tended to occupy that floor but not less than 1 person for each 120

square feet gross floor area in institutional sleeping departments and

not less than 1 person for each 240 square feet of gross floor area of

inpatient institutional treatment departments. Gross floor areas

shall be measured within the exterior building walls with no deductions. (See Chapter 3.)

10. 10-12. Exit Details

10-121. Number and Types

10-1211.* Exits shall be restricted to the following permissible

types

:

(a) Doors leading directly outside the building (see 10-124)

(b) Interior stairs and smokeproof towers (see 10-125)

(c) Ramps (see 10-127)

(d) Horizontal exits (see 10-126)

(e) Outside stairs (see Section 5-4)

(f) Exit Passageways (see Section 5-7)

10. 10-1212. At least 2 exits of the above types, remote from each

other, shall be provided for each floor or fire section of the building.

At least 1 exit in each floor or fire section shall be as indicated in 10-1211 (a), (b), (c), or (f).

10. 10-1213. Revolving doors shall not be counted as required exits, and shall not be installed except as specifically stated in Section 5-2.

10. 10-1214. Elevators constitute a supplemetary facility, but shall not be counted as required exits.

1 C-5
Evaluation*

Worksheet LSC-1973

10. 10-122. Capacity of Exits

10-1221.* The capacity of any required exit shall be based on its width in units of 22 inches as defined in 5-115. The capacity of

exits providing travel by means of stairs shall be 22 persons per exit unit; and exits providing travel without stairs, such as doors or

horizontal exits, shall be 30 persons per exit unit.

Exception: The capacity oj exits in Institutional Occupancies equipped

throughout with an approved automatic fire extinguishing system may be increased to 35 persons per exit unit for travel by means of stairs, and

to 45 persons per exit unitfor travel without stairs.

10. 10-123. Access to Exit

10-1231. Every aisle, passageway, corridor, exit discharge, exit location and access shall be in accordance with Section 5-1, except

as modified in the following paragraphs.

10. 10-1232. Travel distance (a) between any room door intended as

exit access and an exit shall not exceed 100 feet; (b) between any

point in a room and an exit shall not exceed 150 feet; (c) between

any point in an institutional sleeping room or suite and an exit access door of that room or suite shall not exceed 50 feet. Travel

distance shall be measured in accordance with 5-119.

Exception: The travel distances in (a) or (b) above may be increased by

50 feet in buildings completely equipped with an automatic fire ex- tinguishing system.

10. 10-1233. Every institutional sleeping room, unless it has a door

opening at ground level, shall have an exit access door leading di- reedy to a corridor which leads to an exit. One adjacent room such

as a sitting or anteroom may intervene if all doors along the path

of exit travel are equipped with nonlockable hardware, except as provided in 10-1242, and this intervening room is not intended to serve more than 8 institutional sleeping beds.

Exception: Special nursing suites permitted in 10-1237 shall not be limited to 8 beds or bassinets.

10.

i

10-1234. Aisles, corridors and ramps required for exit access or

exit in a hospital or nursing home shall be at least 8 feet in clear and

unobstructed width. Aisles, corridors and ramps required for exit access or exit in a residential-custodial care institution shall be at

least 6 feet in clear and unobstructed width.

Exception: Corridors and ramps in adjunct areas not intended for the housing, treatment, or use of inpatients, may be a minimum of 6 feet

in clear and unobstructed width.

C-6
Evaluation*

Worksheet LSC-1973

10-1235. Any room and any suite of rooms, as permitted in 10-1233, of more than 1,000 square feet shall have at least 2 exit access doors remote from each other.

g # 10-1236. Every exit or exit access shall be so arranged that no cor- ridor or aisle has a pocket or dead end exceeding 30 feet.

4. 10-1237. Any institutional sleeping room which complies with the requirements previously set forth ii this section may be subdivided

with nonfire-rated, noncombustible partitions, provided, that the arrangement allows for direct and constant visual supervision by

nursing personnel. Rooms which are so subdivided shall not exceed

5,000 square feet.

10 . 10-124. Doors

10-1241. Doors shall be in accordance with Section 5-2, except as modified below. For door 'requirements in horizontal exits and smoke

partitions see 5-514, 6-6, 10-126, 10-131 and 10-231.

10-1242. Locks installed on institutional sleeping room doors

shall be so arranged that they can be locked only from the corridor

side. All such locks shall be arranged to permit exit from the room

by a simple operation without the use of a key.

Exception No. 1: Doors leading directly to the outside of the building

may be subject to locking from the room side.

Exception No. 2: Doors in homes for the aged may be lockable by the occupant if they can be unlocked from the opposite side, and keys are carried by attendants at all times.

Exception No. 3: Locks permitted by 10-0004.

10-1243. Exit access doors from hospital and nursing home sleeping rooms, diagnostic and treatment rooms or areas such as X-ray,

surgery and physical therapy, all doors between these spaces and

the required exits, and all exit doors serving these spaces shall be at

least 44 inches wide. Doors to residential-custodial sleeping rooms and doors to nursery sleeping rooms and all exit doors serving these spaces shall be at least 36 inches wide.

Exception No. 1: Exit doors which are so located as not to be subject to use by any institutional occupant may be not less than 28 inches wide.

Exception No. 2: Doors in exit stair enclosures shall be not less than 36 inches wide.

C-7
Evaluation*

Worksheet LSC-1973

9.-10. 10-1244.* Any door in a fire separation, horizontal exit or a Ihfrtlf°

n 0pen only by an electrical device which complies with 5-2134.

?

f following systems shall be so arranged as to initiate the self-closing action, by zone or throughout the entire institutional occupancy

:

(a) The required manual alarm system (10-1361), and

(10-1362)

r zmd

fe<^ ^

approved automatic fire detection system

i ^ An aPProved automatic fire extinguishing system, if provided.

00

• O

10-1245. Doors in stair enclosures and in walls surrounding hazardous areas shall not be equipped with hold-open devices.

10. 10-125. Stairs, Smokeproof Towers

10-1251. Every stair and smokeproof tower shall be in accordance

with Section 5—3, shall be Class A, and shall be constructed as described in 10-1323.

Exception: Stairs that do not connect to a corridor, do not connect more

than two levels and do not serve as a means of egress, need not comply

with these regulations.

10. 10-126. Horizontal Exits

10-1261.* A horizontal exit shall be in conformance with Section

5-5 modified as below.

(a) At least 30 net square feet per occupant in a hospital or nursing

home or 15 net square feet per occupant in a residential-custodial care institution shall be provided on each side of the horizontal exit for the total number of occupants in adjoining compartments.

(b) A single door may be used as a horizontal exit if it serves one

direction only and is at least 44 inches wide for a hospital or nursing

home or at least 36 inches wide for residential-custodial care institutions. The swing shall be in the direction of exit travel.

(c) A horizontal exit in a hospital or nursing home in a corridor 8

feet or more in width serving as a means of egress from both sides of

the doorway shall have the opening protected by a pair of swinging

doors, each door to be a minimum of 44 inches wide and swinging

in the opposite direction from the other.

(d) A horizontal exit in a residential-custodial care institution in a

corridor 6 feet or more in width serving as a means of egress from

both sides of the doorway shall have the opening protected by a pair

of swinging doors, each door to be a minimum of 32 inches wide and

swinging in the opposite direction from the other.

(e) An approved vision panel is required in each horizontal exit door. Center mullions are prohibited.

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10. 10-127. Ramps

10-1271. Ramps shall be in accordance with Section 5-6, and

shall be Class A and shall not exceed 6 feet in vertical dimension

between top and bottom floor elevations; a Class B ramp may be

used where the height of the ramp is 1 foot or less. Ramp width

shall be as specified in 10-1234.

B. 10-128. Emergency Lighting, Exit Markings, Alarms and Communication Systems

10-1281.* Each hospital shall be provided with emergency lighting

as described in Section 5-10 and exit markings as described in Section 5-11. Such emergency lighting and the illumination of

required exits and directional signs shall be supplied by the Life Safety Branch of the hospital electrical system as described in Chapter 3, NFPA 76A, (1973), Standard for Essential Electrical Systems Jot Hospitals. The Life Safety Branch shall also serve alarms, emergency communication systems and the illumination of generator set locations as described in paragraphs (c), (d) and (e), Section 312

of the same reference.

B. 10-1282. Each nursing home and residential-custodial care facility shall have emergency lighting in accordance with Section 5-10.

Exception: Emergency lighting with at least one hour duration shall

be provided.

J. 10-1283. Exit signs shall be provided in each hospital, nursing

home, and residential-custodial facility in accordance with Section

5-11.

B. 10-1284. Any alarm system(s) and any detection system(s) re- quired in any institutional occupancy shall be provided with an

alternative power supply in accordance with Section 220, NFPA

72A, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and Use oj Local

Protective Signaling Systems (1972).

9. 10-13. Protection

10-131.* Subdivision of Building Spaces

10-1311. Smoke Partitions Required. Smoke partitions shall be

provided, regardless of building construction type, as follows:

(a) To divide into at least two compartments every story used by

inpatients for sleeping or treatment and any story having an occu- pant load of 50 or more persons (see 10-1134), and

(b) To limit on any story the maximum area of each smoke compartment to no more than 22,500 square feet, of which both length

or width shall be no more than 1 50 ft.

Exception: Protection may be accomplished in conjunction with the provisions oj horizontal exits. 09
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9. 10-1312. Smoke partitions shall be provided on stories which are usable but unoccupied.

9. 10-1313. Any smoke partition shall be constructed in accordance

with Section 6-6 and shall have a fire resistance rating of at least

1 hour.

9. 10-1314. At least 30 net square feet per occupant for the total o/

bed or litter patients shall be provided on each side of the smoke

partition. On other stories not housing bed or litter patients at

least six net square feet per occupant shall be provided on each side of the smoke partition for the total number of occupants in adjoining

compartments.

9. 10-1315. Corridor openings in smoke partitions shall be protected

by a pair of swinging doors, each door to swing in a direction opposite from the other. The minimum width of each door shall be

as follows

:

(a) Hospitals and nursing homes: 44 inches.

(b) Residential-custodial care institutions: 32 inches.

9.

10-1316. Doors in smoke partitions shall comply with 6-613 and

shall be self-closing and held open only if they meet the requirements

of 10-1244.

10-1317. Vision panels of approved transparent wired glass not exceeding 720 square inches in steel frames shall be provided in

all doors in smoke partitions.

9. 10-1318. Rabbets, bevels, or astragals are required at the meeting

edges, and stops are required on the head and sides of door frames

in smoke partitions. Positive latching hardware is not required.

Center mullions are prohibited.

1 . 10-132. * Minimum Construction Standards

10-1321. Institutional buildings of 1 story in height only may be

constructed of protected noncombustible construction, fire-resistive construction, protected ordinary construction, protected wood frame

construction, heavy timber construction, or unprotected noncombustible construction. (See 10-136 /or automatic sprinkler require- ments.) For the purpose of 10-1321 and 10-1322, stories shall be

counted starting at the lowest floor of exit discharge. All levels below the floor of exit discharge shall be separated from the floor of exit discharge by at least protected noncombustible construction.

1 . 10-1322. Institutional buildings 2 stories or more in height shall be

of at least fire-resistive construction.

Exception: Institutional buildings up to and including three stories in height may be constructed oj protected noncombustible construction ij equipped throughout with an approved automatic extinguishing system.

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7*

1 .

N. A.

LSC-1973

10-1323. Institutional occupancies two or more stories in height

shall have enclosure walls of noncombustible materials having a fire resistance rating of at least two hours around stairways, elevators,

chutes, and other vertical openings between floors. For other exceptions, see 10-1251.

Exception: The fire resistance rating of enclosures in institutional oc- cupancies equipped throughout with an approved automatic extinguishing system may be reduced to one hour in buildings up to, and including

three stories.

10-1324. All interior walls and partitions in buildings of fire- resistive and noncombustible construction shall be composed of noncombustible materials.

10-1325.* Every institutional sleeping room shall have an outside

window or outside door arranged and located so that it can be

opened from the inside without the use of tools or keys to permit the venting of products of combustion and to permit any occupant to have direct access to fresh air in case of emergency. (See 10-0004

for detention screen requirements.) The maximum allowable sill height

shall not exceed 36 inches above the floor.

Exception No. 1: The window sill in special nursing care areas may be 60 inches above the floor.

Exception No. 2: Rooms intended for occupancy of less than 24 hours, such as those housing obstetrical labor beds, recovery beds, observation beds in the emergency department and newborn nurseries, need not comply

with this section.

10-133. Construction of Corridor Walls.

10-1331*. Corridors shall be separated from use areas by partitions

having a fire-resistive rating of at least one hour. These walls shall be continuous from the floor slab to the underside of the floor or roof

slab above, through any concealed spaces such as those above the suspended ceilings and through interstitial structural and mechanical

spaces. Doors with a 20-minute fire protection rating shall be

used on openings other than those serving exits or hazardous

areas. Doors shall be provided with latches of a type suitable for keeping the door tightly closed and acceptable to the authority

having jurisdiction. Transfer grills, whether protected by fusible link-operated dampers or not, shall not be used in these walls or

doors. Fixed wired glass vision panels may be placed in corridor

walls, provided they do not exceed 1,296 square inches in size and

are installed in approved steel frames. Fixed wired glass vision panels may be installed in wood doors, provided they do not exceed

720 square inches in size and are installed in approved steel frames.

Exception No. 1 : In institutional occupancies equipped throughout with

an approved automatic extinguishing system, corridors may be separated

from use areas by partitions. Doors in such partitions may be solid bonded wood core V/i inches thick, or the equivalent. Doors shall be equipped with latches for keeping the doors tightly closed and may be provided with glass vision panels without restriction. C-ll
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7.

Exception No. 2: Waiting areas oj 250 square feet or less on an in- stitutional sleeping floor may be open to the corridor, provided that they are located to permit direct supervision by the institutional staff. Such

areas shall be equipped with an electrically supervised automatic smoke

detection system installed in accordance with 10-1362. Not more than

one such waiting area is permitted in each smoke compartment.

Exception No. 3: Waiting areas of 600 square feet or less on floors other than institutional sleeping floors may be open to the corridor, provided

that they are located to permit direct supervision by the institutional staff and so arranged as not to obstruct any access to required exits. Such

areas shall be protected by an electrically supervised automatic smoke

detection system installed in accordance with 10-1362.

Exception No. 4: Space for doctors' and nurses' charting, communications, and clerical areas may be open to the corridor.

10-134. Protection of Vertical Openings and Firestopping

10-1341. Any stairway, ramp, elevator shaft, light and ventilation

shaft, chute and other openings between stories shall be enclosed

with noncombustible materials and in accordance with 6-1111,

6-1113, 6-1114, and 10-1323. A door in a stairway enclosure

shall be self-closing, shall normally be kept in closed position and

shall be marked in accordance with 5-2133.

7. 10-1342. Firestopping shall be provided in accordance with 6-1311.

2.-3. 10-135. Interior Finish

10-1351. Interior finish of walls and ceilings in means of egress and

of any room shall be Class A in accordance with Section 6-2.

Exception No. 1 : Walls and ceilings may be of Class B materials in individual rooms of not over four persons in capacity.

Exception No. 2: The provisions of Section 6-2, permitting a class of

interior finish with a higher fiamespread in buildings with automatic

sprinklers, shall not apply for institutional occupancies.

2.-3. 10-1352. Floor finish material shall be Class A or B throughout all

hospitals, nursing homes and residential-custodial care facilities.

Exception No. 1 : The provisions of Section 6-2, permitting a class of

interior finish with a higher fiamespread in buildings with automatic

sprinklers, shall not apply to floor finish material m institutional occupancies.

Exception No. 2: Tongue and groove wood flooring, one-half inch thick

or greater, shall be permitted in institutional buildings equipped throughout with an approved automatic extinguishing system.

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11. 10-136. Alarm, Detection, and Extinguishment Systems

10-1361*. Every building shall have an electrically supervised,

manually operated fire alarm system, in accordance with Section

6-3. The fire alarm system shall be installed to transmit an alarm

automatically to the fire department that is legally committed to serve the area in which the institution is located, by the most direct and reliable method approved by local regulations. Internal audible alarm devices shall be provided in accordance with Section 6-3.

Exception: Pre-signal systems shall not be permitted in institutional oc- cupancies.

12. 10-1362. An approved automatic smoke detection system shall be

installed in all corridors of hospitals, nursing homes, and residential- custodial care facilities. Such systems shall be installed in accordance

with the applicable standards listed in Appendix B, but in no case

shall smoke detectors be spaced further apart than 30 feet on

centers or more than 15 feet from any wall. All automatic smoke

detection systems required by this section shall be electrically inter- connected to the fire alarm system.

Exception: Where each patient sleeping room is protected by such an approved detection system and a local detector is provided at the smoke

partition, such corridor systems will not be required on the patient sleeping room floors.

12. 10-1363. Required fire detection devices or systems shall be in accordance with Section 6-3 and shall be electrically interconnected

to the manually operated fire alarm system.

13. 10-1364*. Automatic fire extinguishing protection shall be provided

throughout all hospitals, nursing homes, and residential-custodial care facilities. ( See 10—132 for construction types permitted.)

Exception: Buildings of fire-resistive or one-story protected noncombustible construction.

13. 10-1365. Where exceptions are stated in the provisions of this Code

for institutional occupancies equipped throughout with an approve

automatic extinguishing system, such systems shall be in comp t accordance with the requirements of 10-1366.

13. 10-1366. Required automatic sprinkler systems shall be in accord- ance with Section 6-4 for systems in light hazard occupancies and

shall be electrically interconnected with the fire alarm system. The

main sprinkler control valve shall be electrically supervised so that

at least a local alarm will sound when the valve is closed.

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8. 10-1367. The sprinkler piping, serving no more than 6 sprinklers

for any isolated hazardous area, may be connected directly to a domestic water supply system having a capacity sufficient to provide

0.15 gallons per minute per square foot of floor area throughout the

T entire enclosed area. An outside-screw-and-yoke shutoff valve shall ' be installed in an accessible location between the sprinklers and

the connection to the domestic water supply.

7.-8. 10-1368. Sprinkler requirements for hazardous areas are stated in 10-1371 and sprinkler requirements for chutes are given in 7-1131.

I. 10-1369. Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in all insti- tutional occupancies in accordance with Section 6-4.

8.

10-137. Hazardous Areas

10-1371.* Any hazardous area shall be safeguarded in accordance

with Section 6-5. Hazardous areas include, but are not restricted

to the following. Those areas accompanied by a dagger (f) in the

list shall have both separation and a complete extinguishment

system.

Boiler and heater rooms f Rooms or spaces, including repair

Laundries shops, used for the storage of Kitchens combustible supplies and equipRepair shops ment in quantities deemed

Handicraft shops hazardous by the authority havEmployce locker rooms ing jurisdiction.

tSoiled linen rooms fTrash collection rooms

j Paint shops Gift shops

8. 10-1372. Laboratories shall be protected in accordance with the applicable standard listed in Appendix B.

C. 10-14. Building Service Equipment

10-141. Air-Conditioning, Ventilating, Heating, Cooking, and

Other Service Equipment

10-1411. Air-conditioning, ventilating, heating, cooking, and other

service equipment shall be in accordance with Chapter 7, and shall

' be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications.

Exception: As modified in 10-1412 and 10-1413 below. C-14

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D. 10-1412.* Portable comfort heating devices are prohibited. Any

heating device other than a central heating plant shall be so designed

and installed that combustible material will not be ignited by it or

its appurtenances. If fuel fired, such heating devices shall be

chimney or vent connected, shall take air for combustion directly

from outside, and shall be so designed and installed to provide for complete separation of the combustion system from the atmosphere

of the occupied area. The heating system shall have safety devices

to immediately stop the flow of fuel and shut down the equipment

in case of either excessive temperatures or ignition failure. Exception No. 1: Approved suspended unit heaters may be used, except

in means of egress and patient sleeping areas, provided such heaters are

located high enough to be out of the reach of persons using the area and

provided they are equipped with the safety devices calledfor above. Exception No. 2: Fireplaces may be installed and used only in areas

other than patient sleeping areas, provided that these areas are separated

from patient sleeping spaces by construction having a 1-hourfire resistance rating and they comply with the appropriate standard listed in Appendix B. In addition thereto , the fireplace shall be equipped with a hearth that shall be raised at least 4 inches, and a heat tempered glass fireplace en- closure guaranteed against breakage up to a temperature of 650° Fahrenheit. If, in the opinion of the authority having jurisdiction, special hazards are present, a lock on the enclosure and other safely precautions

may be required.

C. 10-1413. Combustion and ventilation air for boiler, incinerator or heater rooms shall be taken directly from and discharged directly

to the outside air.

7. 10-1414. Any rubbish chute and linen chute including pneumatic

systems shall be safeguarded in accordance with 7-113. An inciner- ator shall not be directly flue-fed nor shall any floor charging chute

directly connect with the combustion chamber. Any trash chute

shall discharge into a trash collecting room used for no other purpose

and protected in accordance with Section 6-5.

N.A. 10-15. Windowless Buildings

10-1511. See Section 16-4for requirements for windowless buildings.

N.A. 10-2. EXISTING HOSPITALS, NURSING HOMES, AND

RESIDENTIAL-CUSTODIAL CARE OCCUPANCIES

10-211. Application

10-2111. This section establishes life safety requirements for all existing hospitals, nursing homes, and residential-custodial care in- stitutions. Where requirements vary, the specific occupancy, such

as hospital, nursing home, nursery, residential-custodial care insti- tution, home for the aged, or mentally retarded care institution is named in the paragraph pertaining thereto. See Chapter 17 for

operating features. C- 1

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N.A. 10-212. Modification of Retroactive Provisions

fTO-2121. The requirements of this section may be modified if the.r application would be clearly impractical in the judgment of the authority having jurisdiction and if the resulting arrangement could

be considered as presenting minimum hazard to the life safety of the occupants. The requirements may be modified by the authority

having jurisdiction to allow alternative arrangements that will secure as nearly equivalent safety to life from fire as practical; but

in no case shall the modification afford less safety than compliance

with the corresponding provisions contained in the following part of

this Code.

N.A. 10-2122.* A limited but reasonable time shall be allowed for compliance with any part of this section, commensurate with the magnitude of expenditure and the disruption of services.

N.A. 10-2123. When alternate protection is installed and accepted, the

institution shall be considered as conforming for purposes of this Code.

1 . 10-213. Conversions, Additions, and Modernization

10-2131. No existing building shall be converted to a hospital,

nursing home, or residential-custodial care institution unless it complies with all requirements for new institutional buildings.

1 . 10-2132. A new addition to an existing institution shall be in conformance with Section 10-1 of this Code. The new addition

shall be separated from the existing institution by noncombustible

construction having a fire resistance rating of at least 2 hours,

unless the existing institution conforms to the requirements of Section 10-1 of this Code.

1 . 10-2133. No construction in either modernization or renovation

projects shall diminish the fire safety features of the institution currently in efTect. Alterations or installations of new building

services equipment shall be accomplished as nearly as possible in conformance with the requirements for new construction.

1 . 10-214. Occupancy and Occupant Load

10-2141. Institutional occupancies in buildings housing other occu- pancies shall be completely separated from them by noncombustible

construction having a fire resistance rating of at least two hours.

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1 . 10-2142.* Sections of institutional buildings may come under

other occupancy classifications if they meet all of the following

conditions:

(a) They are not intended to serve institutional occupants for purposes of housing, treatment, customary access, or means of egress. (b) Thev arc adequately separated from areas of institutional oc- cupancies by construction having a fire resistance rating of at least two hours.

10. 10-2143. Auditoriums, chapels, residential areas, garages, or other

occupancies in connection with hospitals or nursing homes shall have exits provided in accordance with the other applicable sec- tions ol this Code.

10. 10-2144. The occupant load for which means of egress shall be

provided for any floor shall be the maximum number of persons intended to occupy that floor, but not less than 1 person for each

120 square feet gross floor area in institutional sleeping departments

and not less than 1 person for each 240 square feet of gross floor area

ot inpatient institutional treatment departments. Gross floor areas

shall be measured within the exterior building walls with no de- ductions.

10. 10-22. Exit Details

10-221. Number and Types

10-2211. Exits shall be restricted to the following permissible types:

(a) Doors leading directly outside the building (see Section 5-2)

(b) Interior stairs and smokeproof towers (see 10-225)

(c) Horizontal exits (see 10-226)

(d) Ramps (see 10-2252)

(e) Outside stairs (see Section 5-4)

({) Exit passageways (see Section 5-7)

10. 10-2212. At least 2 exits of the above types, remote from each other,

shall be provided for each floor or fire section of the building. At

least 1 exit in each floor or fire section shall be as indicated in 10-2211 (a), (b), (c), or (f).

10. 10-2213. Revolving doors shall not be counted as required exits, and shall not be installed except as specifically stated in Section 5-2.

10. 10-2214. Elevators constitute a supplementary facility, but are

counted as required exits.

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O 10- 222. Capacity of Exits

10-2221. The capacity of any required exit shall be based on its width in units of 22 inches as defined in 5-115. The capacity of (a) exits providing travel by means of stairs shall be 22 persons per

exit unit, and (b) exits providing travel without stairs, such as doors

or horizontal exits, shall be 30 persons per exit unit.

Exception: The capacity oj exits in Institutional Occupancies equipped

throughout with an approved automatic fire extinguishing system may be increased to 35 persons per exit unit for travel by means of stairs, and

to 45 persons per exit unit for travel without stairs.

10.

10-223. Access to Exits

10-2231. Every aisle, passageway, corridor, exit discharge, exit ideation and access shall be in accordance with Section 5 1, except

as modified below.

6.-10.

10—2232. Travel distance (a) between any room door intended as

exit access and an exit shall not exceed 100 feet; (b) between any

point in a room and an exit shall not exceed 150 feet; (c) between

any point in an institutional sleeping room or suite and an exit access door of that room or suite shall not exceed 50 feet. Travel

distance shall be measured in accordance with 5-119.

Exception. The travel distance in (a) or (4) above may be increased by 50feet m buildings completely equipped with an automaticfire extinguishing system.

10. 10-2233. Every institutional sleeping room, unless it has a door

opening at ground level, shall have an exit door access leading di- rectly to a corridor which leads to an exit. One adjacent room

such as a sitting or anteroom may intervene if all doors along the path of exit travel are equipped with nonlockable hardware, except

as provided in 10-2242, and this intervening room is not intended

to serve more than 8 institutional sleeping beds.

o

tH 10-2234. Any required aisle, corridor, or ramp shall be not less than 48 inches in clear width when serving as means of egress from

institutional sleeping rooms. It shall be of such width and so ar- ranged as to avoid any obstructions to the convenient removal of nonambulatory persons carried on stretchers or on mattresses serv- ing as stretchers.

10. ^

ny r00

tm’ and any suite of rooms, as permitted in 10 -233, of more than 1,000 square feet shall have at least 2 exit access doors remote from each other.

6.-10.

10-2236. Every corridor shall provide access to at least two ap- proved means of egress from the building in accordance with 5—120,

without passing through any intervening rooms or spaces other

than corridors or lobbies. Existing dead-end corridors are undesirable and shall be altered wherever possible so that exits will be

accessible in at least 2 different directions from all points in aisles, passageways, and corridors. C“lo
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10. 10-224. Doors

10-2241. Every door shall be in accordance with Section 5-2

except as modified below. For doors in horizontal exits and smoke

partitions see 10—2261 and 10-231

.

5.-10. 10—2242. Locks installed on institutional sleeping room doorsshall

be so arranged that they can be locked only from the corridor side. All such locks shall be arranged to permit^exit from the room by

a simple operation without the use of a key.

Exception No. 1: Doors leading directly to the outside of the building

may be subject to locking from the room side. Exception No. 2: Doors in homes for the aged may be lockable by the occupant, if they can be unlocked from the opposite side and keys are

carried by attendants at all times. Exception No. 3: Locks permitted by 10-0004.

10. 10-2243. Exit access doors to hospital and nursing home sleeping rooms, diagnostic and treatment areas such as, X-ray, surgery, and

physical therapy, all doors between these spaces and the required

exits, and all exit doors serving these spaces shall be at least 42

inches wide. Doors to residential-custodial sleeping rooms and all exit doors serving these spaces shall be at least 32 inches wide.

Exception No. 1: Doors which are so located as not to be subject to use by an institutional occupant shall be not less than 28 inches in width as defined in 5-2141

.

Exception No. 2: Doors in exit stairway enclosures shall be not less than 36 inches wide.

9.-10. 10-2244. Any door in a fire separation, horizontal exit or a smoke

partition may be held open only by an electrical device which

complies with 5-2134. The device shall be so arranged that the operation of the following will initiate the self-closing action

:

(a) The manual alarm system required in 10-235 and either b or c below.

(b) A local smoke detector designed to detect smoke passing

through the opening. '

(c) A complete and approved automatic fire extinguishing system

or automatic fire detection system.

7. -8. -10.

10-2245. Doors in stair enclosures or in walls separating hazardous

areas shall not be equipped with hold-open devices.

10. 10-225. Stairs, Smokeproof Towers, Ramps

10-2251. Every stair and smokeproof tower shall be in accordance

with Section 5-3 and shall be Class A or B. Exception: Any existing interior stair not complying with Section 5-3

may be continued in use subject to the approval of the authority having

jurisdiction.

10.

10-2252. Every ramp shall be in accordance with Section 5-6,

and shall be Class A or Class B. Ramp width shall be as specified

in 10-2234. C_ 1Q
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10. 10-226. Horizontal Exits

10-2261.* A door in a horizontal exit shall be at least 42 inches

wide and shall be in accordance with Section 5-5, except as modified herein. At least 30 net square feet per institutional occupant

shall be provided for the total number of institutional occupants in adjoining compartments. A door in a horizontal exit is not re- quired to swing with exit travel as specified in 5-5143.

B. 10-227. Exit Lighting and Signs

10-2271. Each hospital, nursing home and residential-custodial care

facility shall be provided with emergency lighting in accordance

with 5-10.

Exception: Emergency lighting of at least one hour duration shall be provided.

J. 10-2272. Exit signs shall be provided in each nursing home and

residential-custodial care facility in accordance with Section 5-11.

Exception: Signs may be omitted in one-story buildings with an occu- pancy of less than 30 persons.

9. 10-23. Protection

10-231. Subdivision of Building Spaces

10-2311. Smoke partitions shall be provided, regardless of building

construction, as follows:

(a) To divide every story used for sleeping rooms for more than

30 institutional occupants into at least two compartments, and

(b) To limit on any story the maximum area of each smoke compartment to no more than 22,500 square feet of which both length

and width are limited to 150 ft. Exception: Protection may be accomplished in conjunction with the provision of horizontal exits.

9. 10-2312. Smoke partitions shall be constructed in accordance with

Section 6-6 and shall have a fire resistance rating of at least one-half

hour.

9. 10-2313. Smoke partitions shall be provided on stories which are usable but unoccupied.

9. 10-2314. Space shall be provided on both sides of the smoke partition (s) or in each area of refuge for the total number of institu- tional occupants served.

9.

10-2315. Openings in smoke partitions shall be protected by wired

glass panels in steel frames or by inch solid bonded wood core doors as a minimum.

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9.

10-2316. Doors in smoke partitions shall be self-closing or kept in the open position provided they meet the requirement of 10-2244.

Such doors shall not be required to swing with exit travel.

1 . 10-232.* Minimum Construction Standards for Existing Institutions. 10-2321. For the purpose of this section, stories shall be counted

starting at the lowest floor of exit discharge.

1 . 10-2322. Institutional buildings of one story in height only may

be of any type of construction (see 10-2352Jor extinguishment requirements) .

1 . 10-2323. Institutional buildings up to and including two stories in height may be constructed of fire resistive construction protected

noncombustiblc construction, protected ordinary construction, protected wood frame construction, heavy timber construction, or unprotected noncombustible construction. (See 10-2352 Jor auto- matic extinguishment requirements.)

1 . 10-2324. Institutional buildings three stories, or more, in height

shall be of fire resistive construction.

Exception: Institutional buildings up to and including three stories in height may be of protected noncombustible construction ij equipped

throughout with an automatic extinguishing system.

10-2325. Every interior wall and partition in buildings of fire- resistive and noncombustible construction shall be of non-com

bustible materials.

1 . 10-2326. Every institutional sleeping room shall have an outside

window or outside door arranged and located to permit the venting

of products of combustion and to permit any occupant to have

access to fresh air in case of emergency. ( See 10-0004 for detention

screen requirements.)

Exception: Rooms housing obstetrical labor beds, recovery, emergency

observation beds, and newborn bassinets.

4. 10-2327. Corridors in existing institutional occupancies shall be

separated from use areas by walls constructed to resist the passage

of smoke. Doors in such corridor partitions, other than those serv- ing exits or hazardous areas, shall be at least 1% inch solid bonded

wood core or equivalent. Doors shall be provided with latches of a

type suitable for keeping the door tightly closed and acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.

4. 10-2328. Transoms, louvers, or transfer grills, whether protected

by fusible link-operated dampers or not, shall be closed and made

smoke tight by permanent noncombustible construction.

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4. 10-2329. Glass vision panels in such corridor walls or doors shall be fixed wired glass in approved steel frames, limited to 1296 sq. in. per panel.

Exception: Institutional occupancies equipped throughout with an ap- proved automatic extinguishing system , may be provided with glass

vision panels without restriction.

7.

10-233. Protection of Vertical Openings and Firestopping.

10-2331. Each stairway between stories shall be enclosed in accord- ance with 6-1113 and 6-1114 with partitions having a 1-hour

fire resistance rating.

Exception No. 1 : Where a full enclosure is impracticable and the stair

is not a required exit, the required enclosure may be limited to that necessary to prevent a fire originating in any story from spreading

to any other story. Exception No. 2: Stairs that do not conned to a corridor, do not connect more than two levels, and do not serve as a means of egress need not comply with these regulations.

7. 10-2332. Any elevator.shaft, light and ventilation shaft, chute, and

other vertical opening between stories shall be protected as required

above for stairways.

7. 10-2333. Each exterior wall of frame construction and interior

stud partitions shall be firestopped so as to cut off all concealed

, draft openings, both horizontal and vertical, between any cellar

> or basement and the first floor. Such firestopping shall consist of

I' suitable noncombustible material or of wood at least 2 inches

(nominal) thick.

7. 10-2334. Any existing linen and trash chute which opens directly on to any corridor shall be sealed by fire-resistive construction to

prevent further use or shall be provided wij a fire d°°^SSC.^

bly

f suitable for a Class B location and having a fire protection rating of \y2 hours. All new chutes shall comply with 7-1 li.

2.-3.

10-234. Interior Finish

10-2341.* Interior finish shall be Class A or Class B in accordance

with Section 6-2. In buildings equipped with a complete automatic

fire extinguishing system, Class C interior finish may be continued

in use, except in means of egress.

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n.

J 10-235. Alarm and Extinguishing Systems

10-2351. Every building shall have a manually operated fire- aiarm system, m accordance with Section 6-3. Audible alarm

devices shall be used.

Exception No. 1 : Presignal systems shall not be permitted in insti- tutional occupancies.

Exception No. 2: Where visual alarm devices have been installed in patient sleeping areas, they may be accepted by the authority having

jurisdiction.

13.

10-2352 * An automatic fire extinguishing system shall be pro- vided throughout all hospitals, nursing homes, and residential- custodial care facilities. Exception: Buildings oj fire-resistive construction oj any height or protected noncombustible construction not over 1 story in height.

13.

10-2353. Any required automatic sprinkler system shall be in ac- cordance with Section 6-4, for systems in light hazard occupancies,

and shall be electrically interconnected with the fire alarm system.

The main sprinkler control valve shall be electrically supervised so that at least a local alarm will sound when the valve is closed.

8.

10-2354. The sprinkler piping, serving no more than six sprinklers

1 for any isolated hazardous area, may be connected directly to a domestic water supply system having a capacity sufficient to provide 0.15 gallons per minute per square foot of floor area throughout the entire enclosed area. An outside screw-and-yoke

shutoff valve shall be installed in an accessible location between the

sprinklers and the connection to the domestic water supply.

I. 10-2355. Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in all institutional occupancies in accordance with 6-422.

iu-236 Hazardous Areas

8. 10-2361. Any hazardous area shall be safeguarded in accordance

with Section 6-5. Hazardous areas include, but are not restricted

i to the following:

Boiler and heater rooms Rooms or spaces used for storage of Laundries combustible supplies and equipment

Kitchens in quantities deemed hazardous by

Repair shops the authority having jurisdiction

Handicraft shops Trash collection rooms Employee locker rooms Gift shops

Soiled linen rooms

8. 10-2362. Laboratories shall be in accordance with the applicable standard listed in Appendix B. C-23
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Worksheet LSC-1973

10-24. Building Service Equipment

10-241. Air-Conditioning, Ventilating, Heating, Cooking, and

Other Service Equipment

10-2411. Air-conditioning, ventilating, heating, cooking, and other

service equipment shall be in accordance with Chapter 7. They shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications.

| 10-2412.* Portable comfort heating devices are prohibited. Any

i heating device, other than a central heating plant, shall be so designed and installed that combustible material will not be

ignited by it or its appurtenances. If fuel fired, such heating devices shall be chimney or vent connected, shall take air for combustion directly from the outside, and shall be so designed and

installed to provide for complete separation of the combustion

system from the atmosphere of the occupied area. The heating

system shall have safety devices to immediately stop the flow of

fuel and shut down the equipment in case of either excessive temperatures or ignition failure. Exception No. 1 : Approved suspended unit heaters may be used, except in means oj egress and patient sleeping areas, provided such heaters are located high enough to be out of the reach of persons using the area and

provided they are equipped with the safety devices called for above. Exception No. 2; Fireplaces may be installed and used only in areas

other than patient areas, provided that these areas are separated from

patient sleeping spaces by construction having a 1-hour fire resistance rating and they comply with the appropriate standard listed in Appendix

B. In addition thereto, the fireplace shall be equipped with a heat tem- pered glass fireplace enclosure guaranteed against breakage up to a temperature of 650° Fahrenheit. If, in the opinion of the authority having

jurisdiction, special hazards are present, a lock on the enclosure and other safety precautions may be required.

C.

10-2413. Combustion and ventilation air for boiler, incinerator, or heater rooms shall be taken directly from and discharged directly to the outside air.

7.

10-2414. Any rubbish chute and linen chute including pneumatic

systems shall be safeguarded in accordance with 7-113. Existing

flue-fed incinerators shall be sealed by fire-resistive construction to prevent further use. Any trash chute shall discharge into a trash

collecting room used for no other purpose and protected in ac- cordance with Section 6-5.

10 25. Windowless Buildings

10-2511. See section 16-4 for requirements for windowless buildings.

C-24
17-11. Fire Exit Drills

17-1111.* Fire exit drills conforming to the provisions of this Chapter of the Code shall be regularly conducted in schools through

grade 12 and in other occupancies where specified by the provisions of Chapters 8 through 16, or by appropriate action of the enforcing

authority having jurisdiction, but with any necessary modifications

in detail of procedures to make the drills most effective for their intended purpose in any individual building.

17-1112. Fire exit drills, where required, shall be held with suf* ficient frequency to familiarize all occupants with the drill procedure

and to have the conduct of the drill a matter of established routine.

17-1113.* Drills shall be held at unexpected times and under

varying conditions to simulate the unusual conditions obtaining in case of fire.

17-1114. Responsibility for the planning and conduct of drills shall be assigned only to competent persons qualified to exercise leadership.

con<^ uct drills emphasis shall be placed upon

orderly evacuation under proper discipline rather than upon speed

as such ; no running or horseplay shall be permitted.

17-1116. Drills shall include suitable procedures to make sure that

all persons in the building, or all persons subject to the drill, actually participate.

17-1117. Fire alarm facilities, where available, shall be regularly

used in the conduct of fire exit drills.

17-12. Furnishings and Decorations

17-1211. No furnishings, decorations, or other objects shall be so placed as to obstruct exits, access thereto, egress therefrom, or

visibility thereof.
Evaluation*

Worksheet LSC-1973

H. 17-1212.* Flammable furnishings or decorations shall be flame

retardant where required by the applicable provisions of this Chapter.

H. 17-1213.* No furnishings or decorations of an explosive or highly

flammable character shall be used in any place of assembly or other occupancy.

Exception: Private dwellings.

13. 17-13. Automatic Sprinkler Systems

17-1311.* All automatic sprinkler systems required by this Code

shall be continuously maintained in reliable operating condition

at all times, and such periodic inspections and tests shall be made

as arc necessary to assure proper maintenance.

11. 17-14. Alarm and Fire Detection Systems

17-1411. Systems shall be under the supervision Of a responsible person who shall cause proper tests to be made at specified inter- vals and have general charge of all alterations and additions.

11.-12. 17-1412. Systems shall be tested at intervals recommended by the appropriate standards listed in Appendix B.

11.-12. 17—1413. Fire alarm signaling equipment shall be restored to service as promptly as possible after each test or alarm and shall be

kept in normal condition for operation. Equipment requiring re- winding or replenishing shall be rewound or replenished as promptly

as possible after each test or alarm.

N.A.

17-15. Fire Retardant Paints

17-1511. Fire retardant paints or solutions shall be renewed at such intervals as necessary to maintain the necessary flame re- tardant properties.

F.

17-16. Recognition of Means of Egress

17-1611. Hangings or draperies shall not be placed over exit doors

or otherwise located as to conceal or obscure any exit. Mirrors

shall not be placed on exit doors. Mirrors shall not be placed in or adjacent to any exit in such a manner as to confuse the direction

of exit.

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Worksheet

F.

N.A.

F.

F.

LSC-1973

*17-411. Attendants, Evacuation Plan, Fire Exit Drills

%

' 117-4111. The administration of every hospital, nursing home and

residential-custodial care institution shall have in effect and available

to all supervisory personnel written copies of a plan for the protection of all persons in the event of fire and for their evacuation to

•areas of refuge and from the building when necessary. All employees shall be instructed and kept informed respecting their duties

under the plan. A copy of the plan shall be readily available at all

? times in the telephone operator’s position or at the security center. The provisions of 17-4113 to 17-4127 inclusive shall apply.

‘17-4112. Every bed intended for use by institutional occupants

shall be easily movable under conditions of evacuation and shall be equipped with the type and size casters to allow easy mobility,

especially over elements of the structure such as expansion plates

and elevator thresholds. The authority having jurisdiction may

make exceptions in the equipping of beds intended for use in areas

limited to patients such as convalescent, self-care, or psychiatric

patients.

17-4113.* Fire exit drills in hospitals shall include the transmission

of a fire alarm signal and simulation of emergency fire conditions

except that the movement of infirm or bed-ridden patients to safe areas or to the exterior of the building is not required. Drills shall be conducted quarterly on each shift to familiarize hospital per- sonnel (nurses, interns, maintenance engineers, and administrative

staff) with signals and emergency action required under varied

conditions. At least 12 drills shall be held every year. When drills are conducted between 9:00 P.M. and 6:00 A.M. a coded announce- ment may be used instead of audible alarms.

17—412. Procedure in Case of Fire

7-4121 . Upon discovery of fire, personnel shall immediately take

the following action:

(a) If any person is involved in the fire, the discoverer shall go to the aid of that person calling aloud an established code phrase. The

use of a code provides for both the immediate aid of any endangered

person and the transmission of an alarm. Any person in the area, upon hearing the code called aloud, shall transmit the interior

•n„r-m using the nearest manual alarm station. (b) If a person is not involved in the fire, the discoverer shall transmit the interior alarm using the nearest manual alarm station.

(c) Personnel, upon hearing the alarm signal, shall immediately

execute their duties as outlined in the institutional fire safety plan.

17-4122. The institutional telephone operator shall determine the

location of the fire as indicated by the audible signal. In a building

equipped with an uncoded alarm system, a person on the floor of

fire origin shall be responsible for the prompt notification of the fire location to the institutional telephone operator.

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Worksheet LSC-1973

F. i 17-4123. If the telephone operator receives a telephone alarm re- porting a fire from a floor, the operator shall regard that alarm in the same fashion as an alarm over the fire alarm system. The operator shall immediately notify the fire department and alert all institutional personnel of the place of fire and its origin.

F. 17-4124. If the interior alarm system is out of service, any person

discovering a fire shall immediately notify the telephone operator

by telephone. The operator shall then transmit this to the fire de- partment and alert the building.

F. 17-4125. A written institutional fire safety plan shall provide for:

(a) Use of alarms

(b) Transmission of alarm to fire department

(c) Response to alarms

(d) Isolation of fire

(e) Evacuation of area

(f) Preparing building for evacuation

(g) Fire extinguishment.

17-4126. All institutional personnel shall be instructed in the use

of, and response to, fire alarms; and, in addition, they should be in- structed in the use of the code phrase to insure transmission of an alarm under the following conditions:

(a) When the discoverer of a fire must immediately go to the aid

of an endangered person.

(b) During a malfunction of the interior alarm system.

Personnel hearing the code announced shall first transmit the

interior alarm using the nearest manual alarm station and shall then immediately execute their duties as outlined in the institu- tional fire safety plan.

10 . 17-413. Maintenance of Exits

17-4131. Daily inspection and proper maintenance shall be pro- vided to insure the dependability of the method of evacuation se- lected. Institutions which find it necessary to lock exits shall at all times maintain an adequate staff qualified to release and conduct

occupants from the immediate danger area to a place of safety in case of fire or other emergency. Where patient room doors are locked, attendants shall carry keys to these doors.

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Worksheet LSC-1973

G. 17-414. Smoking

17-4141.* Smoking regulations shall be adopted and shall include

the following minimal provisions:

H.

H.

H.

H.

(a) Smoking shall be prohibited in any room, ward, or compartment where flammable liquids, combustible gases, or oxygen are used or stored and in any other hazardous location. Such areas

shall be posted with “NO SMOKING” signs.

(b) Smoking by patients classified as not responsible shall be prohibited.

Exception: When the patient is under direct supervision.

(c) Ashtrays of noncombustible material and safe design shall be

provided in all areas where smoking is permitted.

(d) Metal containers with self-closing cover devices shall be readily

available to all areas where smoking is permitted.

17-415. Draperies

17-4151.* Window draperies and curtains for decorative and

acoustical purposes shall be flame retardant.

17-4152.* Cubicle curtains shall be noncombustible or rendered

and maintained flame retardant.

17-416. Furnishing and Decorations

17-4161. Furnishings and decorations in institutional occupancies

shall be in accordance with the provisions of 17 12.

17-4162.* Combustible decorations are prohibited in any instit

tional occupancy unless flame retardant.

C-29

APPENDIX D

INSTRUCTION MANUAL

This manual is provided to assist in completion of the Fire/Smoke Zone Evaluation Work Sheet for Health Care Facilities. The step by step instructions for the mechanics of completing the work sheet are included m the work sheet itself. They are not repeated in this manual. This manual provides expanded discussion and definitions of the various items in the work sheet to assist the surveyor or reviewer when questions of definitions or interpretation arise. The manual is organized to pro- gressively follow the format of the work sheet.

CONTENTS

Fire/Smoke Zone

Selection of Zones to be Evaluated

Maintenance

Occupancy Risk (General Discussion)

Patient Mobility (Mobility Status)

Patient Density (Patient Factor)

Zone Location (Floor Factor)

Ratio of Patients to Attendants (Patients-Attendants Factor)

Patient Average Age (Age Factor)

Safety Parameters (General Discussion)

Construction

Interior Finish (Corridor and Exit)

Interior Finish (Rooms)

Corridor Partitions/Walls

Doors to Corridor

Zone Dimensions

Vertical Openings

Hazardous Areas

Smoke Control

Emergency Movement Routes

Manual Fire Alarm

Smoke Detection and Alarm

Automatic Sprinklers

Table D-l Construction Types

Table D-2 Flame Spread Classification for Wall and Ceiling

Finishes

Table D-3 Fire Resistive Partition Details

Table D-4 Hazardous Areas

Page

D-2

D-2

D-3

D-3

D-3

D-4

D-4

D-5

D-5

D-6

D-6

D-6

D-7

D-7

D-8

D-9

D-9

D-10

D-ll

D-12

D-13

D-13

D-14

D-16

D-19

D-20

D-21

NOTE: The paragraph references within this manual are to the 1973

Edition of the NFPA No. 101 Life Safety Code. The corresponding

paragraphs for the 1976 Code are shown in parenthesis.

D-l
Fire/Smoke Zone - A fire/smoke zone (zone) is a space which is separated

from all other spaces by floors, horizontal exits, or smoke barriers.

Where a floor is not subdivided by horizontal exits or smoke barriers

the entire floor is the zone.

NOTE: Individual rooms exceeding 1,000 square feet of floor area shall

be evaluated as follows:

a. If the room has a single exit, it shall be evaluated as a single dead-end zone.

b. If the room has 2 or more exits, it shall be evaluated as either a room in a zone or as a separate zone, whichever gives

the better (higher) rating.

Selection of Zones to be Evaluated - For a complete evaluation, every

zone in the health care facility should be evaluated individually. From

a practical standpoint most health care facilities have repetitive

arrangements so that a complete picture can be developed by evaluating

typical zones until all combinations are evaluated. The zones selected

should include:

A. Each type of patient zone having a different type of mobility,

density, or attendant ratio as classified in Table 1 of the work

sheet

,

B. Each zone that represents a significantly different type of construction finish, or protection system.

C. Zones containing special medical treatment or support activities

(operating suites, intensive care units, laboratories).

D. Zones not involving housing, treatment, or customary access for

patients as follows:

1, Any zone, whether used for patient egress or not, may be

evaluated on the same basis as a patient use zone. In such case

the value of factor F in Table 2 shall be assigned the value of

factor L (Fire Zone Location) from Table 1. In such cases Item 10,

Emergency Movement Routes shall be graded "Deficient Capacity" if

the exit capacity is less than that prescribed for the actual

occupancy of the space and as "<2 routes" if less than 75% of the

prescribed exit capacity is present.

2. If the zone is separated from all patient use zones by two hour

fire resistive construction (including any members that bear the

load of a patient zone and with Class B fire doors on any commu- nicating openings) , it may be excluded from evaluation. In such case that space shall conform with the portion of the Life Safety

Code appropriate to its use. In addition appropriate charges under

Item 8, Hazardous Areas, in table 4 shall be charged against other

zones in the facility.

D-2
Maintenance - Any protection system, requirements, or arrangement which

is not maintained in a dependable operating condition or is used in such

a manner that the intended fire safety function or hazard constraint is

impaired should be considered as defective and receive no credit in the

evaluation.

Oc cup ancy Risk (General Discussion) - In establishing a system for

evaluating occupancy risk, it is recognized that: (1) there is a basic

level of risk inherent in every health care facility; (2) that the fuel

characteristics of furniture, equipment, and supplies vary with time;

and (3) that the arrangement of these items within the space available

also may vary with time.

Consequently, these three factors are not included as parameters in a safety equivalency measurement. To account for these factors, the

occupancy risk base line is set at the inherent risk level with the

presumption that the furniture, equipment and supplies will be the most

combustible and adversely located (from a fire safety standpoint) of

those normally found in health care facilities.

1. Patient Mobility

The single most important factor controlling risk in a health care facility is the degree to which patients must be assisted in taking

actions necessary for their safety. The level of capability in health

care facilities will vary from patients who, if informed or directed,

will be able to take positive self-protecting actions to those patients

who have no ability to move or even to take the simplest actions to

safeguard themselves. In some cases patients may be directly connected

to a fixed life support system and so intimately depended upon it that

regardless of their physical condition or the availability of assistance

they cannot be moved without jeopardy of death or serious harm. In the

measurement of occupancy risk factors the least mobile category of

patient expected in the zone determines the risk factor for that zone. The rationale for this approach is that if a zone accepts any patient

with a reduced mobility status it may at any time increase the number of

those patients. The impact of this approach will be that most health

care facilities will be rated in the "not mobile" risk category.

Mo b i lity St a t u

s

- Patient mobility status is based on the capability of

each patient to take actions necessary to protect himself. The four

classes are defined as follows:

A. Mobile - Capable of readily rising from bed and taking self-protecting actions at approximately the same rate as a healthy adult.

In order to be classified as mobile the patient must not require

assistance in getting out of bed and must be able to open a closed

or locked door. Mobile persons when sleeping shall be considered

as mobile if they are not restrained or in any other way reduced in

response capabilities so that the type of arousal mechanism that

would normally awaken an adult would not be affected.

D-3
B. Limited Mobility - Those patients who have all of the capabilities

of a mobile person except that their rate of travel will be significantly less.

C. Not Mobile - Incapable of removing themselves from danger exclusively by their own efforts. Examples would include persons who

are totally bedridden, who require assistance to get out of bed or

to move, or who are restrained, locked in their rooms, or otherwise

prevented from taking complete emergency self protection evacuation

actions without assistance. Mobility status should be based on the

minimum level of mobility in an average 24 hour period.

D. Not Moveable - Not capable of being moved from the room in which

they are housed through the course of a fire. Examples would

include patients attached to life support systems or involved in

medical or surgical procedures that prohibit their immediate

relocation without extreme danger of death or serious harm.

2. Patient Density

The occupancy risk evaluation for occupancy density (number of patients

within the zone) measures both the inherent increase in the maximum fire

death potential that occurs as the number of patients in a zone increases,

and the problems involved by a limited staff in handling larger numbers

of patients during an emergency.

Patient Factor - The density of patients is the number of patients that

could potentially be housed in the zone. The patient count should be

based on the number of assignable beds in the zone on the assumption

that they may all be occupied at the time of the fire emergency.

3. Zone Location

This risk factor relates to fire department accessibility to a fire.

The rating system recognizes the inherent advantages of a first floor

zone. It also recognizes the problems of evacuation from higher floors

and the virtual impossibility of using external fire fighting efforts

above the 6th floor in any building.

Floor Factor - The measured zone’s location shall be considered to be on floor 1 if the floor has direct access to the exterior at or within less

than 1/2 floor height above or below grade. If a building is on a sloping grade, each floor that has such exterior access shall be con- sidered as a first floor situation for measurement of fire zones on those floors. The measured zone shall be considered on the second to

third floor range, the fourth to sixth floor range, based on the height

of the zone above the nearest grade floor. The zone shall be considered

to be above the sixth floor if it is more than six floors above the

nearest grade floor. The risk factor value for zones in basements is

the same as for zones at or above the 7th floor. The problems involved

in emergency internal access, fire fighting and rescue, and the inability
to make external attack in basements is approximately equivalent to that

in upper stories of buildings.

4. Ratio of Patients to Attendants

This risk factor recognizes the importance of patient safety of a staff

immediately available to respond in an emergency. The emergency actions

that may be undertaken by the staff include detection, alarm, fire

extinguishment, confinement of the fire, establishing barriers between

the patients and the fire (closing patient room doors), rescue, emergency

medical aid, and other related functions. A few of these functions,

such as detection and alarming, may not be critically related to the

ratio of nursing staff to patients while those ralated to rescue and the

closing of patient room doors have a strong relationship to the staffing

ratio. The staff ratio considered is based on the minimum staffing

level immediately available (normally night hours).

Patients-Attendants Factor - The ratio of patients to attendants is

based on those patients in the fire/smoke zone and the immediately

available attendant staff. In calculating the ratio it shall be based

on the minimum staffing level (usually occurring in the night shift).

Where nursing stations or other positions of attendants are located at

the junction of two or more zones and the location of the station is

such that each of the zones has immediate access and view of the nursing

station, then the total staffing assigned to the nursing station can be

credited to each of the zones. An exception is where staff members are bound by duty assignments (cardiac care units, infant nurseries, operating suites, etc.) that prevent them from responding to other than

their assigned zone.

The evaluation system assesses a charge of 4.0 to this risk factor in

any case where there are periods when there are no attendants immediately

available to a zone that houses patients.

5. Patient Average Age

This risk factor recognizes the increased susceptibility of the elderly

and of infants up to one year of age to physical harm by smoke particles,

gaseous combustion products and heated air. This rating assigns a larger risk factor to zones occupied by a population whose average age

is above 65 or below one year. Basically, imposition of this charge

demands additional safety protection in nursing homes for the aged and

nurseries

.

Age Factor - The mode value is used to arrive at the age factor for the

patients in the zone. The calculation should be based on the past

record of occupants assigned to the zone. Patients under one year old are classified at the same risk level as those over 65. This is in

recognition of the fire susceptibility of infants.

D-5
Safety Parameters (General Discussion) - The safety parameters are a measure of those building factors that bear upon or contribute to the

safety of those persons (patients, staff, visitors, others) who may be

in the particular zone at the time of a fire.

Each of the safety parameters was analyzed. Where the current Code

requirements recognize several different approaches to the parameter,

the most important alternatives were listed. In addition, conditions

likely to be encountered in situations failing to meet the explicit Code

requirements, and conditions exceeding those required by the Code but

available for increased protection were also listed.

1. Construction

Construction types are classified in accordance with the definitions of

NFPA Standard No. 220 (1961 edition). Table D-l is an abstract of the

specific framing and material requirements for each of the classes of

construction noted.

The requirements of NFPA Standard No. 220 for "interior partitions

enclosing stairways or other openings through floors" are not to be

considered in the construction classification. These floor openings and

their protection are separately evaluated under safety parameter 7,

Vertical Openings.

Where the facility includes additions or connected structures of different construction the rating and classification of the structure shall

be based on (a) separate buildings if a two hour or greater fire resistive

separation exists between the portions of the building and on (b) the

lower safety parameter point score involved if such a separation does

not exist.

The floor level used to determine the parameter value is the floor of

the fire zone being evaluated. The "Floor of Zone" is the story height

above the floor of lowest exit discharge.

When the zone is on a floor below the floor of lowest discharge, the

construction value shall be based on the distance of that floor from the

closest level of discharge, i.e.: one floor below discharge = "Second";

two floors below discharge = "Third"; three or more floors below discharge

= "Fourth and above."

2. Interior Finish (Corridor and Exit)

The classification of flame spread for corridor and exits is in accordance with the categories specified in the Life Safety Code and defined

in Table D-2. The flame spread classification shall be based on the

most combustible surface after deleting trim. No allowance is made in

the Safety Parameter Values for Class D or E interior finishes. It is

not anticipated that such material will be used in health care facilities.

In the rare case such high flame spread interior finish material is

D-6
involved an individual appraisal outside the capability of this evaluation

system will be required.

3. Interior Finish (Rooms)

The same classification of interior finish applies to rooms as to corridors and exits. The specific definitions are in Table D-2. The flame

spread classification shall be based on the most combustible surface

after deleting trim. No consideration is included in the Safety Parameter

Values for Class D or E interior finishes. It is not anticipated that

such material will be used in health care facilities. In the rare case such high flame spread interior finish material is involved an individual

appraisal outside of the capability of this evaluation system will be

required.

4. Corridor Partitions/Walls

For the purpose of this evaluation, the fire resistive partitions con- sidered are solely those between patient use areas and the corridors.

All elements of the partition, except the door (considered as a separate

element in this evaluation) , must be included in the determination of

its time-rated fire resistance classification, according to NFPA 251

(see Table D-3) . An exception to the general rule of evaluating doors

separate from walls occurs when one or more rooms has no door (see

Safety Parameter 5) . In this instance it is considered that the worth

of the fire resistance capabilities of the corridor partition wall is so reduced that the wall should be graded as having no fire resistance.

The mechanism for doing this is incorporated into the Fire Safety

Evaluation Work Sheet.

Walls shall be considered as incomplete if they have unprotected openings

(louvers, gaps, transfer grills) between the floor and the ceiling, or have ordinary glass lights.* If openings exist above the ceiling level

(or even if the partitions stop at the ceiling level) the walls shall be

considered as complete if the corridor ceiling is complete from wall to

wall for the full extent of the fire zone. In such cases the ceiling

and the corridor walls jointly perform the fire and smoke barrier

functions normally expected of a corridor wall which extends from the

floor slab to the underside of the floor or roof slabs above. In these

instances any protection credited as corridor protection under Safety

Parameter items 9, Smoke Control; 12, Smoke Detection and Alarm; or 13,

Automatic Sprinklers must extend to all of the area covered by the

ceiling involved.

*Ordinary glass lights shall not be considered as making a partition

incomplete in locations where both sides of the glass light are fully

protected by automatic sprinkler systems.

D-7
Walls shall be considered to have less than a 1/3 hour fire resistance

rating if they are not equivalent to 1/2 inch gypsum wall board on both

sides of studs (even if they extend at least from floor to ceiling) or

if they are not continuous above the ceiling to the underside of the

floor or roof (or floor or roof assembly) above, through any concealed

space such as above a suspended ceiling and through interstitial structure

and mechanical spaces. Partitions shall also be rated as less than 1/3

hour if they are not incomplete but other defects are involved or the

criteria in Table D-3 are not met.

Fire resistive partitions shall be considered as between 1/3 and one hour

if they meet all the criteria for continuity of construction and the

criteria of Table D-3 and have a fire resistance of between 20 minutes

and one hour

.

5. Doors to Corridor

The classification of doors to the corridor shall be based on the minimum

quality of any door in the zone and the classification shall be determined

in accordance with NFPA 252. Doors for protection of hazardous areas

and stairwells are not included in this evaluation. They are covered

separately in safety parameter items 7 and 8.

A. No Door - A room shall be considered as not having a door if there

is no door in the opening or if there is some other mechanism which

prevents closing of the door or otherwise leaves a significant

opening between the patient room and the corridor. Doors with

louvers or ordinary glass lights* shall be classified as "no door".

Doors which have been blocked open by door stops, chocks, tie backs

or other devices which require manual unlatching or releasing

action to close the door shall be classified as "no door". Also

doors that are not provided with a latch suitable for keeping the

door tightly closed shall be classified as "no door".

B. Door Less than 20 Minutes of Fire Resistance - Doors which are not

deficient as described in A, but which do not meet the requirements

for C below, will be classified as less than 20 minutes of fire

resistance.

C. Door 20 Minutes or More Fire Resistance - Doors shall be considered

as having 20 minutes or greater fire resistance if they are of 1 3/4"

thick solid core wood construction or any other arrangement of

equal or greater stability and fire integrity. The thermal insulation capability of the door is not considered. Hollow or sheet

steel doors therefore meet the 20-minute requirement.

*0rdinary glass lights shall not be considered as making a partition

incomplete in locations where both sides of the glass light are fully

protected by automatic sprinkler systems.

D-8
D. 20 Minutes or More Fire Resistance and Automatic Closing - Automatic closing devices shall be considered present if the door has an arrangement which holds them open in a manner such that they

will be released by a smoke detector operated device (e.g. magnetic

or pneumatic hold open device) prior to the passage of significant

smoke from a room of fire origin into the corridor or from the

corridor into a room not involved in the fire. The requirement for

20 minutes of fire resistance is the same as in C above.

Self-Closing Patient Room Doors - Traditional self-closing doors

on individual patient rooms shall be evaluated in the following

manner:

1. If it can be established that the doors are constantly kept in

the normally closed position except when persons are actually

passing through the openings, the self-closing device shall be

considered as equal to an automatic closing device and credited

accordingly.

2. If the self-closing doors are blocked open they shall be

classified as "no door" and a charge of (-10) invoked.

6. Zone Dimensions

Zone length is measured as the length of the corridor in the smoke zone.

The length of a corridor "dead end" shall be measured from the point at

which a person egressing from the dead end would have an option of

egressing in two separate directions.

In assessing the values for this parameter, a single value will be

chosen based on the poorest safety level in the zone. For example, if one or more dead ends in excess of 30 feet exist, the charge for dead

ends (-4) shall be applied regardless of the actual corridor lengths.

Since dead end corridors and single emergency movement routes (covered

in item 10, Emergency Movement Routes) will each confine the occupants

of a fire zone to a single means of egress, the charges for these two

items are not cumulative. As indicated by the footnote on the safety

parameter values page in the Fire Safety Evaluation Work Sheet, the

charge for dead end corridors is to be a value of 0 instead of either

(-4) or (-6) in the special case where a charge of (-8) is assessed

under item 10 for single emergency movement routes.

7. Vertical Openings

These values apply to vertical openings and penetrations including exit

stairways, ramps and other vertical exits of the type recognized by the

Life Safety Code, pipe shafts, ventilation shafts, duct penetrations,

and laundry and incinerator chutes. Enclosures shall be of construction

having fire resistance not less than that prescribed for vertical openings

(see safety parameter item 7). In addition, they shall be equipped with

D-9
fire doors or acceptable protection of openings into the shafts also

designed and installed as to provide a complete barrier to the vertical

spread of fire or smoke. A stairway shall be considered open if it is:

(a) unenclosed; (b) is enclosed but does not have doors; (c) is enclosed

but has openings other than doorways; and (d) is enclosed and has doors

but the doors do not have self-closers.

Where vertical openings are located outside the fire/smoke zone and the

separation between the zone and vertical opening is of one-hour or greater fire resistance and is of higher fire resistance than the protection of the vertical opening itself, (for example: an open shaft

separated from the zone by a two-hour fire resistive partition with

Class B self-closing fire doors) the rating of this factor for the zone being measured shall be based on the higher of the two fire resistant

categories. In the above example, a safety parameter value of 3 would

be given for the two-hour fire resistance. When this occurs however the

space with the vertical opening cannot be considered as an exit route or refuge area for that zone when considering safety parameter 10, Emergency

Movement Routes.

A vertical opening shall be considered as open for greater than three

floors if there is unprotected penetration of four or more floors on the same shaft without an intervening slab or other cutoff. (Also see same area as an unprotected penetration covered in the discussion of item 13,

Automatic Sprinklers.)

8, Hazardous Areas

Hazardous area protection is determined in accordance with Section 6-5

of the 1973 Life Safety Code. In assessing the charge for hazardous

areas only one charge shall be made. It shall be the most severe charge

corresponding to the deficiencies present. A double deficiency can exist only where the hazard is severe and the space is not sprinkler

protected, Double protection consists of both a fire resistive enclosure

and automatic sprinkler protection of the hazardous area. If both of

these are lacking for a severe hazardous location, the double deficiency

charge shall be made. If double deficiencies exist both in the zone and

outside the zone, the higher charge (-11) for the condition inside the zone shall be made. The charges are not cumulative regardless of how

many hazardous areas are present.

Where the hazard is not severe, the maximum deficiency that can occur is

a single deficiency which may be countered by either a fire resistive

enclosure or automatic extinguishing equipment.

A single deficiency situation will also be considered to exist when a severe hazard is either protected by automatic extinguishing systems or by fire resistive enclosure but not by both.

The term " Adjust Zone" as used in the evaluation form means any zone,

either on the same floor or on the floor immediately below, that physically

D-10
abuts the zone being evaluated and is not separated by one-hour fire

resistive rated construction.

Table D-4 is abstracted from paragraph 10-1371 (10-2.3.5.1) of the 1973

(1976) Life Safety Code and provides guidance in identifying hazardous

and severely hazardous areas.

9. Smoke Control

Smoke Control - The smoke control definitions are as follows:

A. No control . There are no smoke barriers (or horizontal exits) on the floor and there is no mechanical smoke control system.

B. Smoke partition . A smoke partition consists of a partition extending

across the entire width of the zone equipped with doors that are either self closing or are closed upon detection by smoke detectors

located at the door arches or other release mechanism as described

in paragraph 5-2134 (5-2. 1.2. 3). To be credited as a smoke partition an existing partition must also conform with the requirements

of paragraphs 10-2312 through 10-2315 (10-3.3.6.2 - 10-3.3.6.5) of

the 1973 (1976) Life Safety Code. New smoke partitions in either

new or existing buildings must meet the more stringent requirements

of paragraphs 10-1313 through 10-1318 (10-3.3.6.6.3 - 10-3.3.6.6.8)

of the Life Safety Code. A horizontal exit will act as a smoke

partition and is credited as both a smoke partition (item 9) and an emergency movement route (item 10).

C. Mechanically assisted systems* - by zone . Mechanically assisted

smoke control on a zone basis must include a smoke partition as in

B above supported by a mechanism of automatic controlled fans,

smoke vent shafts, or a combination thereof to provide a pressure

differential that will assist in confining the smoke to the zone of

origin. The fans involved may be special smoke control fans or special adjustment of the normal building air movement fans.

D. Mechanically assisted systems* - by corridor . Mechanically assisted

smoke control on a corridor basis is a system initiated by a method

of smoke detection that will assure operation of the smoke control

system before significant smoke has entered into the corridor of

the zone. The mechanism must be capable of pressurizing the

corridor in the zone sufficiently to prevent smoke from the room of

origin entering the corridor through the entire course of the fire.

For such a system to be effective it must be able to hold back the

smoke through the expected maximum severity of the fire. This type

of smoke control system must also have the capability of evacuating

smoke from the corridor on the presumption that the emergency

*Paragraphs 10-2326 (10-3.3.7.1) and 10-1325 (10-2.3.7.1) require that

sleeping rooms have operable outside windows. This requirement does

not apply where mechanically assisted systems are provided.

D-ll
evacuation procedures and other activities involving the opening

and closing of doors will cause occasional brief periods of over- powering of the smoke control system and movement of smoke from the

fire area into the corridor. This would normally necessitate early

warning smoke detectors, automatic door closers, and/or sprinklered

protection. Where such is the case the individual credits for each

of the involved protection devices are additive to the credits for

the smoke control system.

10. Emergency Movement Routes

A movement route is any means of egress meeting the requirements for

such means in Sections 5-3 (5-2.11) through 5-10 (5-2.7) of Chapter 5 of

the 1973 (1976) Life Safety Code excluding only fire escapes, fire

escape ladders Section 5-92 (5-2.10) and slide escapes 5-93 (5-2.11).

Horizontal exits shall also meet the requirements stated below. Doors

exiting directly to the exterior shall also constitute a movement route

for the room containing such a door.

A. < 2 Routes - The emergency movement means from a zone is classified

as less than two routes if there are not two or more movement

routes serving it. Movement routes may be outside the physical

limits of the zone.

B. Multiple Routes - The emergency movement route is multiple if the zone occupants have the choice of two or more distinctly separated

movement routes from the zone.

C. Deficient Capacity - The egress route shall be considered as deficient in capacity if the door to a patient room or passage

through a smoke barrier is less than 34 inches in the clear or if

the corridor in the zone between patient rooms and smoke barriers

and exits is less than 48 inches in clear width. These figures are based on the minimum width for a wheelchair to egress a room and the

minimum width for the passage of a wheelchair in one direction and an ambulatory person in the opposite direction. Exit routes shall

also be considered deficient if any of the dimensional details are less than that required by the Life Safety Code for the egress

route involved. However any route where the doors from rooms or through partitions or walls are less than 32 inches in the clear,

where the corridor (s) involved are less than 34 inches wide or where stair or stair access is less than 28 inches in the clear

shall not be credited as an egress route. Exit routes shall also

be considered deficient in capacity if they are not provided with

emergency lighting in accordance with Section 10-2271 (10-3.2.10.1).

D. Horizontal Exit - The presence of a single horizontal exit from the zone being evaluated shall be considered meeting this requirement

provided the space on the opposite side of the horizontal exit is

capable of handling all of the patients from affected zones. To be

credited as a horizontal exit the existing arrangement must also

conform with the requirements of 10-2261 (10-3.2.2.5) of the 1973

D-12
(1976) Life Safety Code. New horizontal exits in new or existing

buildings must meet the more stringent requirements of paragraph

10-1261 (10-2.2.2,5) of the Life Safety Code.

E. Direct Exits - To be credited with direct exits, each patient use space (except bath rooms, restrooms, and corridors) in the zone shall have a door operable by the room occupant (s) that opens

directly to the exterior at grade or onto an exterior balcony with

direct access to an exterior exit or a smoke proof tower. To be

credited, the direct exit must be ramped or otherwise without steps

or changes in elevation that would prevent or obstruct the movement

of wheelchairs or wheel littered patients through the direct exits

to a place of safety and refuge.

11. Manual Fire Alarm

The manual alarm systems for new construction shall be in accordance

with the requirements of paragraphs 10-1361 and 10-1284 (10-2.3.3.2

through 10-2.3.3.5) (10-2.3.3.8). Existing construction shall be in

accordance with paragraph 10-2351 (10-3.3.3.2 and 10-3.3.3.5). Connection to the fire department shall be considered as being met if the

fire alarm system is connected directly to the fire department, through

an approved central station, or through other means acceptable to the

authority having jurisdiction.

12. Smoke Detection and Alarm

A detection system as used here is one based on use of smoke detectors.

No recognition is given for thermal detectors. The detection system

categories are as follows:

A. None - There are no smoke detectors in the zone.

B. Corridor Only - Smoke detectors located in the corridor shall be

considered as meeting the requirement if the detectors are within

15 feet of each end of the corridor and not more than 30 feet apart

throughout the corridor. All such detectors shall be electrically

interconnected with the fire alarm system. If the facility does

not have a fire alarm system, no credit shall be given to the

detectors unless they include an alarming system that meets the

requirements for alarming that would be involved with a manual fire

alarm system. This includes audible alarm devices throughout the

building.

C. Rooms Only - Smoke detectors shall be considered as meeting this

requirement when there is at least one smoke detector in each room occupied or used by patients. In rooms having a dimension in excess of 30 feet additional detectors shall be provided so that

detector spacing does not exceed approximately 30 feet. Detectors

are not required in restrooms or closets. Detectors intended for

operation of door closing mechanisms that are located on the patients’

D-13
side of the door or in the door opening are considered as meeting

this requirement for rooms of 500 square feet or less.

D. Corridor and Habitable Spaces - Detection systems installed throughout the corridors of the zone involved and in the habitable spaces

(patient rooms, nurses' stations, and other areas basically used

for human occupancy) shall be considered as meeting the requirements

for a corridor and habitable spaces detection system. Closets,

toilet rooms, and other auxiliary spaces as well as ceiling voids,

interstitials and other building space not used by humans as a normal part of their regular occupancy are not required to have

detectors

.

E. Total Spaces - Total space provision of detectors includes detector

coverage of all spaces except noncombustible building voids which

contain no combustible materials. The total space credit is to be

given if the zone measured meets this criteria regardless of the

presence or lack of detectors in other portions of the building.

13. Automatic Sprinklers

In evaluating sprinkler protection within the zone, the protection or lack of protection of hazardous areas is considered separately and

covered under safety parameter 8. For all other areas in the zone,

sprinklers shall be graded on the following basis:

A. None - No charge is applied if there are no sprinklers or if

sprinklers, though present, are not sufficient to qualify for one

of the other categories listed herein.

B. Corridor* - The safety parameter value of 2 for corridor sprinklers

is to be awarded only where the corridor is protected by a specially

designed corridor system in which the sprinkler heads are placed

according to their individual spray patterns and in consideration

of the flow hydraulics of the sprinkler system. This special

design must assure that there is an automatic sprinkler head outside each patient room so positioned that the spray pattern from

that head will completely cover the entrance to the protected

doorway. This degree of sprinkler protection is based on the

amount of sprinkler protection in the measured zone whether or not areas outside the fire zone are similarly protected.

C. Corridor and Habitable Space** - This credit is conditional on the

classification of construction type as covered in Safety Parameter

Item 1, Construction, as follows:

*Corridor sprinkler protection is credited only in buildings classified

as "protected" or "fire resistive" in Safety Parameter Item 1,

Construction

.

**Habitable space includes patient rooms, nurses' stations, and other areas basically used for human occupancy. Habitable space does not

include closets, bathrooms and toilets, elevators, and similar spaces.

D-14
1. Item 1, Construction, is based on a "Protected" or "Fire

Resistive" type of construction . This credit is based on a system

that effectively provides coverage for all corridor and habitable

space in the zone plus the establishment of spray patterns that

will protect the doors or other openings to areas not so protected

in a manner that will prevent advance of any fire into the sprinklered zone. In buildings of protected or fire resistive construction, the credit is to be applied to any zone where the above

conditions are met whether or not areas outside the zone are similarly protected.

2 . Item 1, Construction, is based on an "Unprotected" type of

construction . In any unprotected type of construction the credit

for corridor and habitable space protection is to be given only if,

in addition to the conditions described in ( 1 ) above, sprinkler

protection is also provided in all spaces in the building (including

attic or loft spaces) with construction elements that are not

sheathed, enclosed or otherwise protected with fire resisting

materials such as gypsum board, plaster, or masonry block.

D. Total Space - Total space automatic sprinkler protection is to be

credited only if the entire structure is protected by automatic

sprinklers in accordance with Section 6-41 (6-4.1) of the 1973

(1976) Life Safety Code.

Wherever sprinkler protection is involved in an area having an unprotected vertical opening, the sprinkler protection around that vertical

opening must conform with one of the approved methods outlined either in

Chapter 6 of the Life Safety Code or in NFPA Standard No. 13. This

protection is required to allow the credit for sprinkler protection but

shall in no way reduce any change under safety parameter 7 resulting

from an unprotected vertical opening.

In Table 5 of the Fire Safety Evaluation Form, (Individual Safety Evaluations) the value for sprinkler protection credited to the people

movement safety (S 3

) category is divided by 2. This produces a safety

value only 1/2 the value credited in other categories. This is in

recognition of the ability of sprinkler protection to control, confine,

and frequently extinguish fire while recognizing its limitation in

preventing or controlling the spread of smoke.

Each sprinkler system shall be provided with supervision. Each sprinkler

system shall be electrically interconnected with the fire alarm system

and the main sprinkler control valve shall be electrically supervised so that at least a local alarm shall sound in a constantly attended location

when the valve is closed.

D-15
Table D-l Construction Types

The construction types are defined per NFPA 101 reference to NFPA 220-

1961 edition. They consist of:

a. Wood Frame Construction (Unprotected)

Definition - That type of construction in which exterior walls,

bearing walls and partitions, floor and roof constructions and

their supports are of wood or other combustible material, when the

construction does not qualify as Heavy Timber Construction, Ordinary

Construction, or Protected Wood Frame Construction.

b. Protected Wood Frame Construction

Definition - Wood Frame Construction may be designated Protected

Wood Frame Construction when roof and floor construction and their

supports have one-hour fire resistance, and stairways and other

openings through floors are enclosed with partitions having one-hour

fire resistance.

c. Ordinary Construction (Unprotected)

Definition - That type of construction in which exterior bearing

walls or bearing portions of exterior walls are of noncombustible

construction having a minimum fire resistance of two hours and

stability under fire conditions; non-bearing exterior walls are of

noncombustible construction; and in which the roofs, floors and

interior framing are wholly or partly of wood (or other combustible

material) of smaller dimensions than required for Heavy Timber

Construction. Fire resistance may be required for non-bearing

exterior walls, and fire resistance additional to that specified

may be required for bearing walls or bearing portions of walls, by

conditions such as occupancy, location with respect to lot lines,

fire exposure and other pertinent conditions.

d. Protected Ordinary Construction

Definition - Ordinary Construction may be designated Protected

Ordinary Construction when roof and floor construction and their

supports have one-hour fire resistance, and stairways and other

openings through floors are enclosed with partitions having one-hour

fire resistance.

e. Noncombustible Construction (Unprotected)

Definition - That type of construction in which the walls partitions

and structural members are of noncombustible construction not

qualifying as Fire Resistive Construction or Protected Noncombustible

Construction.

D-16
Table D-l Construction Types (Continued)

f. Protected Noncombustible Construction

Definition - Noncombustible Construction may be designated Protected

Noncombustible Construction when bearing walls or bearing portions

of walls, exterior or interior, are of noncombustible construction

having a minimum fire resistance rating of two hours and are stable

under fire conditions; roof and floor construction and their supports have one-hour fire resistance; and stairways and other openings through floors are enclosed with partitions having one-hour

fire resistance.

g. Fire - Resistive Construction

Definition - That type of construction in which the structural

members including walls, partitions, columns, floor and roof

constructions are of noncombustible materials with fire resistance

ratings not less than those specified in the following table.

The two classifications are identified by the required fire

resistance of floors as a matter of convenience.

D-17
Table D-l Construction Types (Continued)

Fire Resistance Rating of

Structural Members in Hours

Classification

3-hour 2-hour

Bearing walls or bearing portions of walls,

exterior or interior

Bearing walls and bearing partitions

must have adequate stability under

fire conditions in addition to the

specified fire resistance rating.

4 3

Nonbearing walls or portions of walls, exterior

or interior

NC-Noncombustible. Fire resistance may be

required in such walls by conditions such

as fire exposure, location with respect to

lot lines, occupancy or other pertinent

conditions

.

NC NC

Principal supporting members including columns,

trusses, girders and beams for one floor or roof only 3 2

Principal supporting members including columns,

trusses, girders and beams for more than one floor or roof 4 3

Secondary floor construction members, such as beams, purlins and slabs, not affecting the

stability of the building 3 2

Secondary roof construction members, such as beams, purlins and slabs, not affecting the

stability of the building 2 1 1/2

D-18
Table D-2 Flame Spread Classification for Wall and Ceiling Finishes

Flame Spread - The surface flame spread rating of ceilings and walls as measured by ASTM E-84. The categories of flame spread are:

Class A Interior Finish. Flame Spread 0-25. Includes any material

classified at 25 or less on the test described above. Any element

thereof when so tested shall not continue to propagate fire.

Class B Interior Finish. Flame Spread 26-75. Includes any material

classified at more than 25 but not more than 75 on the test described

above

.

Class C Interior Finish. Flame Spread 76-200. Includes any material

classified at more than 75 but not more than 200 on the test scale

described above.

Existing floor covering materials in existing buildings are not to be

considered in classification of interior finish. Floor covering material

in new buildings shall be considered as Class A in rating interior finish

in Table 4, Items 2 and 3, if they are of either Class A or Class B rating

If not the rating shall be based on the actual class of the floor covering

material.

No change or adjustment in the above classifications is to be made even

if the space is sprinkler protected. The impact of sprinkler protection

is separately accounted for in Item 13 of figure 4.

D-19
Table D-3 Fire Resistive Partition Details

Transfer grills, whether protected by fusible link-operated dampers or not, shall not be used in these walls or doors. Fixed wired glass

vision panels may be placed in corridor walls, provided they do not

exceed 1,296 square inches in size and are installed in approved steel

frames. Fixed wire glass vision panels may be installed in wood doors,

provided they do not exceed 720 square inches in size and are installed

in approved steel frames.

Waiting areas of 250 square feet or less on an institutional sleeping

floor may be open to the corridor, provided that they are located to

permit direct supervision by the institutional staff. Such areas shall

be equipped with an electrically supervised automatic smoke detection

system installed in accordance with paragraph 10-1362 of the Life Safety

Code. Not more than one such waiting area is permitted in each smoke

compartment

.

Waiting areas of 600 square feet or less on floors other than institutional sleeping floors may be open to the corridor, provided that they are located to permit direct supervision by the institutional staff and

so arranged as not to obstruct any access to required exits. Such areas shall be protected by an electrically supervised automatic smoke detection

system installed in accordance with paragraph 10-1362 (10-2.3.3.6) of

the Life Safety Code.

Space for doctors’ and nurses’ charting, communications, and clerical

areas may be open to the corridor.

All new interior walls and partitions in buildings of fire-resistive and

noncombustible construction shall be composed of noncombustible materials.

D-20
Table D-4 Hazardous Areas

Hazardous Areas - Hazardous areas include, but are not restricted to,

the following. Those areas accompanied by a dagger (t) in the list

shall have both separation and a complete extinguishment system. Others

shall be protected by either separation or a complete extinguishment

system.

Hazardous Areas

Boiler and heater rooms fRooms or spaces used for storage

Laundries of combustible supplies and

Kitchens equipment in quantities deemed

Repair shops hazardous by the authority having

Handicraft shops jurisdiction

Employee locker rooms tTrash collection rooms

t Soiled linen rooms Gift shops

t Paint shops

NOTE: The fire hazard potential of pharmacies, laboratories, and other

Medicaid support activities can vary widely from nonhazardous to extra

hazardous. The individual cases must be evaluated on the basis of the

guidance in section 6-5 of the Life Safety Code and any applicable

standards for the specific operation or hazard involved.

D-21

APPENDIX E

SAMPLE COMPLETED FORMS

E-l
FIGURE E - 1A

FIRE/SMOKE ZONE* EVALUATION WORK SHEET FOR HEALTH C ARE FACILITIES

FACILITY LARGE HOSPITAL BUILDING WHI TE

ZONE(S) F.VAI HATED 3RD FLOOR - C WING

EVALUATOR A.J.S. DATE G- 15-78

Complete this work sheet for each zone. Where conditions are the same in several zones, one work sheet can be used for those zones.

Step I: Determine Occupancy Risk Parameter Factors - Use 'Fable I A. For each Risk Parameter in Fable I. select and circle the appropriate risk factor value. Choose only one for each of the

five Risk Parameters.

Table 1. OCCUPANCY RISK PARAMETER FACTORS

RISK PARAMETERS

1. PATIENT

MOBILITY { M

]

RISK FACTOR VALUES

MOBILITY STATUS

MOBILE

LIMITED MOBILITY NOT MpjLE

NOT MOVABLE

RISK FACTOR TO 1.6 E 4.5

2. PATIENT PATIENT 1-5 6 10 1130

'

DENSITY (0! RISK FACTOR TO 1.2 1.5 ill!

3. ZONE

LOCATION [L)

FLOOR 1ST 2N0 OR 4TH TO 6TH

7IH AND ABOVEBASE MENTS

RISK FACTOR 1 1 ml 1.4 1.6 1.6

4 RATIO OF PATIENTS 10

PATIENTS ATTENDANT

1_2

1

3_5

1

6-10

1 di

ONE OR* MORE

NONE ATTENDANTS (T) RISK FACTOR TO 1.1 1.2 mi 4.0

5. PATIENT AVERAGE

AGE [A]

AGE UNDER 65YEARS

ANO O/trNfEAR

65 YEARS & OVER

1 YEAR & YOUNGER

RISK EACTOR iiy 1.2

* RISK EACTOR OF 4 0 IS CHARGED TO ANY ZONE THAT HOUSES

PATIENTS WITHOUT ANY STAFF IN IMMEDIATE ATTENDANCE

Step 2: Compute Occupancy Risk Factor (F) - Use Table 2. A. Transfer the circled risk factor values from Table I to the corresponding blocks in Table 2.

B. Compute F by multiplying the risk factor values as indicated in Table 2.

Table 2. OCCUPANCY RISK FACTOR CALCULATION MOLT

OCCUPANCY RISK 3,2 x 2, x 1.2 x

1,5 x

A

Step 3: Compute Adjusted Building Status (R) - Use Table 3A or 3B. A. If building is classified as NEW use Table 3A. If building is classified as existing use Table 3B.

B. Transfer the value of F from Table 2 to Table 3A or Table 3B as appropriate. Calculate “R."

C. Transfer "R" to the block labeled “R" in Table 7 on page 4 of the work sheet.

Table 3A. (NEW BUILDINGS) Table 3B. (EXISTING BUILDINGS)

F R

1.0 X 0.5

X

F

11,5 1 =

R

G

FIRE/SMOKE ZONE is a space separated from all other spaces hv floors, horizontal exits, or smoke barriers. E-2
FIGURE E- IB

Step 4: Determine Safety Parameter Values - Use Table 4. A. Select and circle the safety value for each safety parameter in Table 4 that best describes the conditions in the zone. Choose only one value for each of the 13 parameters. If two or more appear to apply choose the one with the lowest

print value.

Table 4. SAFETY PARAMETERS VALUES

PARAMETERS PARAMETERS VALUES

1. CONSTRUCTION

COMBUSTIBLE

ORDINARY NON COMBUSTIBLE

FLOOR OF ZONE UNPROTECTED PROTECTED

FIRST -2

SECOND -7

THIRD -9

4TH & ABOVE

UNPROTECTED PROTECTED -2

-4

-7 -9

-7 -13

UNPROTECTED PROTECTED EIRE RESIST.

0 -2 -7 -7

-7

2 £ 2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit]

CLASS C CLASS B CLASS A

3. INTERIOR FINISH

-5 0 TT (Rooms)

CLASS C Cl^SS B cuPTTa -3 () 3

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

NONE OR INCOMPLETE

21/3 <10 HR HR

-io (or 0 i (or Or

5. DOORS TO CORRIDOR

NO DOOR <20 MIN FR a^iLMIN. FR ^TTtfTN. FR & AUTO CLOS. -10 0 2 |0|-

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

DEAD END MORE THAN 100' DEAD END 30-100 Uo OEAO ENOS >30 & ZONE LENGTH IS: >150 10(Lil50' <100'

-6 10)-* -4 (0( — -2 iffii 1

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

OPEN 4 OR MORE

FLOORS OPEN 2 OR 3 FLOORS

ENCLOSED WITHtSUffATED FIRE RESIST,

<1 HR. >1 HR. <2 HR H « -14 -10 0 2 |0C ( 3>r

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

OCUBLE DEFICIENCY SINGLE DEFICIENCY NO DEFICIENCIES

IN ZONE OUTSIDE ZONE IN ZONE IN ADJACENT ZONE

-ii -5 -2 0

9. SMOKE CONTROL

NO CONTROL SMOKE PARTITION MECH. ASSISTED SYSTEMS

-2 |0)*“ (2u

BY ZONE BY CORRIDOR

3 4

10. EMERGENCY MOVEMENT

ROUTES

<2 ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES

-8

DEFICIENT CAPACITY W/O HORIZONTAL

EXIT(s) HORIZONTAL EXITls) DIRECT EXITls]

-2 0 ~c±r 5

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

NO MANUAL FIRE ALARM MANUAL FIRE ALAir»r

-4

w/o £JMLOnn W/F.D CONN (') 2

12. SMOKE DETECTION

& ALARM

NONE ROOJ&nTNLY CORRIDOR A

HABIT. SPACE

TOTAL SPACE

0 3 4 5

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE cgrSTcor CORRIDOR S HABIT SPACE

TOTAL SPACE tt: 2 (or* 8 10

NOTE: * Use (0j when item 5 is -10. * Use (0) when item 1 is based on firs door zone or on an ‘•Use |0) when item 10 is -8 ‘“Use (0] in zone with less than 31 patients

in existing buildings.

’Use ( 0 ! when item 1 is based on an unprotected type ol construction. ‘Use (OJ when item 4 is -10.

E-3
FIGURE E 1C

Step 5: Compute Individual Safety Evaluations - Use Table 5. A. Transfer each of the 1 3 circled Salety Parameter Value from Table 4 to every unshaded blocks in the line with the cor- responding Safely Parameter in Table 5. F or Safe!) Parameter 1 3 (Sprinklers) the value entered in the (People Movement Safety) is recorded in Table 5 as 12 the corresponding value circled in Table 4.

B. Add the four columns, keeping in mind that any negative numbers deduct. C Transfer the resulting total values for Si, S’, Si, Sc, to the blocks labeled Si. S’, Si, So in Table 7 on page 4 of this sheet.

E-4
FIGURE E ID

Step 6: Determine Mandatory Safety Requirement Values - Use Table 6. A. Using the classification of the building (i.e.. New or Existing) and the floor where the zone is located, circle the appropirate value in each of the three columns in Table 6.

B. Transfer the three circled values from Table 6 to the blocks marked Sa , Sb, and Sc in Table 7.

Table 6. MANDATORY SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

CONTAINMENT

Sa

EXTINGUISHMENT

Sb

PEOPLE MOVEMENT

Sc ZONE LOCATION New Exist. New Exist. New Exist.

FIRST FLOOR 9.0 4.0 6.0 3.0 6.0 \J

ABOVE FIRST FLOOR 14.0 8.0 (so) 9.0 ISL

Step 7: Evaluation Fire Safety Equivalency - Use Table 7. A. Perform the indicated subtractions in Table 7. Enter the differences in the appropriate answer blocks.

B. For each row check “Yes" if the value in the answer block is zero or greater. Check “No" if the value in the answer block

is a.negative number.

Table 7. ZONE SAFETY EQUIVALENCY EVALUATE N YES no)

CONTAINMENT

less MANDATORY

>0

Si Sa c

SAFETY (Si) CONTAINMENT (S a ) 6 y

— 8 — -2

EXTINGUISHMENT . SAFETY (S 2 )

MANDATORY

EXTINGUISHMENT (Sb)

>0

S 2 -1 —

Sb

5 =

E -6 y

PEOPLE MANDATORY S3 Sc P MOVEMENT (c

SAFETY l b3

less PEOPLE

MOVEMENT (S c ) >0

12 —

3 =

9 y

GENERAL

less

OCCUPANCY

^0

Sg R G SAFETY (S G ) RISK |R] 12 6 6 y

CONCLUSIONS: '

1. [ ] All of the checks in Table 7 are in the "Yes" column. The level offire safety is at least equivalent to that prescribed by

the Life Safety Code*

2. [ x ] One or more of the checks in Table 7 are in the “No" column. The level of fire safety is not shown by this system to be

equivalent to that prescribed by the Life Safety Code.* The equivalency covered by this worksheet includes the majority of considerations covered by the Life Safety Code There

are a few considerations that are not evaluated by this method. These must be separately considered. These additional considerations are covered in the “Facility Fire Safety Requirements Worksheet.” One copy of this separate worksheet is to be completed for each facility.

This form has been prepared by the Fire Safety Engineering Division, Center for Fire Research, NBS, as part of

the HEW/NBS Life Safety/ Fire Safety project.E-5 June 27, 1977 Revised March 15, 1978
FIGURE E - 2A

FIRK/SMOKE ZONK* EVALUATION WORK SHEET FOR HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

FACILITY BUILDING

ZONE(S) EVALUATED SECOND FLOOR

EVALUATOR A . DATE 6 - 1 5_- Z_8 Complete this work sheet for each zone. Where conditions are the same in several zones, one work sheet can be used for those zones.

Step I: Determine Occupancy Risk Parameter Factors - Use fable I. A. For each Risk Parameter in 1 able I, select and circle the appropriate risk factor value. Choose only one foreach of the

five Risk Parameters.

Table 1 . OCCUPANCY RISK PARAMETER FACTORS

RISK PARAMETERS

1. PATIENT

M08ILITY [M]

RISK FACTOR VALUES

MOBILITY STATUS

MOBILE

LIMITED MOBILITY NOT MjmUENOT MOVABLE

RISK FACTOR 1 0 1.6 (7Q 4.5

2. PATIENT PATIENT 15 6-10 1130

DENSITY |D| RISK FACTOR 1.0 1.2 1.5 (VO

3. ZONE

LOCATION [L]

FLOOR 1ST 2ND OR 4TH TO 6TH

7TH AND ABOVEBASE- MENTS

RISK FACTOR 1.1 LlO 1.4 1.6 1.6

4 RATIO OF PATIENTS 12 3Jj 6-10 n

ONE OR* MORE

PATIENTS TO ATTENDANT 1 1 i NONE ATTENDANTS (T) RISK FACTOR 1.0 1.1 Lh.

1

1.5 4.0

5. PATIENT AVERAGE

AGE [A]

AGE UNDER 65 YEARS AND OyfTTSJEAR

65 HEARS & OVER

1 YEAR & YOUNGER

RISK FACTOR UJJ 1.2

RISK FACTOR OF 4.0 IS CHARGED TO ANY ZONE THAT HOUSES

PATIENTS WITHOUT ANY STAFF IN IMMEDIATE ATTENDANCE

Step 2: Compute Occupancy Risk Factor (F) - Use Table 2. A. Transfer the circled risk factor values from Table I to the corresponding blocks in Table 2. B. Compute F by multiplying the risk factor values as indicated in Table 2.

Table 2 . OCCUPANCY RISK FACTOR CALCULATION

M

OCCUPANCY RISK 3^

D x 2 xL T

1.2 x 1.2 *

A

1 =

F q.2

Step 3: Compute Adjusted Building Status (R) - Use Table 3A or 3B. A. If building is classified as NEW use Table 3A If building is classified as existing use Table 3B. B Transfer the value of F from Table 2 to Table 3A or Table 3B as appropriate. Calculate “R."

C. Transfer “R” to the block labeled “R” in Table 7 on page 4 of the work sheet.

Table 3 A. (NEW BUILDINGS) Table 3 B. (EXISTING BUILDINGS]

F u*R

0 . 5

X 0 =

R 0

*FIRE/$M0KE ZONE is a space separated from all other spaces by floors, horizontal exits, or smoke barriers. E-6
FIGURE E-2B

Step 4: Determine Safety Parameter Values - Use Table 4. A. Select and circle the safety value for each safety parameter in Table 4 that best describes the conditions in the zone. Choose only one value for each of the 13 parameters. If two or more appear to apply choose the one with the lowest

print value.

Table 4 . SAFETY PARAMETERS VALUES

PARAMETERS PARAMETERS VALUES

1 . CONSTRUCTION

COMBUSTIBLE NONCOMBUSTIBLE

WOOD FRAME ORDINARY

FLOOR OF ZONE UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED UNPROTECTED PROTECTED FIRE RESIST.

FIRST -2 0 -2 0 0 2

SECOND -7 -2 -4 -2 -2 o 4

THIRD -9 -7 -9 -7 -7 2 4

4TH & ABOVE -13 -7 -13 -7 -9 -7 4

2. INTERIOR FINISH

(Corr. & Exit)

CLASS C CLASS e CLASS A -5 (•) 3

3. INTERIOR FINISH (Rooms)

CLASS C C^A^B CLASS A -3 (J 3

4. CORRIDOR

PARTITIONS/WALLS

NONE OR INCOMPLETE

<1/3 HR 21/3 <1.0 HR >1.0 HR

-10 |0)* 0 1 (0)* (211ir

5. DG0RS TO CORRIDOR

NO DOOR <20 MIN FR

;u70M!N FR 22>t*ffr FR & AUTO CLOS. -10 0 (

2 (0)***

6. ZONE DIMENSIONS

DEAO END MORE THAN 100' DEAD END 30-100

v—'NO DEAD ENDS>30' & ZONE LENGTH IS; >1St 100 -150' <100'

-6 10]** -4 10 ]**

0 1

7. VERTICAL OPENINGS

OPEN 4 OR MORE

FLOORS OPEN 2 OR 3 FLOORS

""TnCLOSED WITH INDICATED FIRE RESIST. <1 HR /^fWL<2 HR 52 HR.

-14 -10 0 l 2>r 3 ior

8. HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOUBLE DEFICIENCY SINGLE DEFICIENCY NO DEFICIENCIES

IN ZONE OUTSIDE ZONE IN ZONE IN ADJACENT ZONE

-ii -5 -6 -2 0

9. SMOKE CONTROL

NO CONTROL SMOKE PARTITION MECH ASSISTED SYSTEMS

-2 (0)*** L1l)

BY ZONE BY CORRIDOR

3 4

10. EMERGENCY MOVEMENT

ROUTES

<2 ROUTES MULTIPLE ROUTES

-8

DEFICIENT CAPACITY W/O HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL EXIT(s) DIRECT EXITls]

-2 =£r 3 5

11. MANUAL FIRE ALARM

NO MANUAL FIRE ALARM MANUAL FIRE ALARM

-4

W/O f a. CONN. W/F.O. CONN. (0 2

12. SMOKE DETECTION

& ALARM

NONE CORRIDOR ONLY ROfr*&-fftLY CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

4

TOTAL SPACE

0 “TO 3 5

13. AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLERS

NONE CG>ffl?5R CORRIDOR &

HABIT. SPACE

8

TOTAL SPACE TO 2 10!" 10

MOTE: *Use (0) when item 5 is -10 ‘•Use |0] when item 10 is -8

***Use (0) in zone with less then 3! patients

in existing buildings.

* Use [0] when item 1 is based on first floor zone or on an unprotected type of construction. "Use (O’ when item I is based on an unprotected type of construction. "’Use (0) when item 4 is -10.

' E-7
FIGURE E-2C

Step 5: Compute Individual Safety Evaluations - Use Table 5 A. Transfer each of the 1 3 circled Safety Parameter Value from Table 4 to every unshaded blocks in the line with the cor- responding Safety Parameter in Table 5. For Safety Parameter 13 (Sprinklers) the value entered in thefPcople Movement Safety) is recorded in Table 5 as I / 2 the corresponding value circled in Table 4.

B. Add the four columns, keeping in mind that any negative numbers deduct.

C. Transfer the resulting total values for Si. S’, Su St; to the blocks labeled Si. Sj. Sj. Sc, in Table 7 on page 4 of this sheet.

E-8
FIGURE E-2D

Step 6: Determine Mandatory Safety Requirement Values - Use Table 6. A. Using the classification of the building (i.e.. New or Existing) and the floor where the zone is located, circlethe appropirate value in each of the three columns in Table 6.

B. Transfer the three circled values from Table 6 to the blocks marked Sa, Sb, and Sc in Table 7.

Table 6. MANDATORY SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

CONTAINMENT

Sa

EXTINGUISHMENT Sb

PEOPLE MOVEMENT

Sc

ZONE LOCATION New Exist. New Exist. New Exist.

FIRST FLOOR 9.0 4.0 6.0 3.0 6.0 1.0

ABOVE FIRST FLOOR 14.0 (so) 8.0 9.0 jtr

Step 7: Evaluation Fire Safety Equivalency - Use Table 7. A. Perform the indicated subtractions in Table 7. Enter the differences in the appropriate answer blocks.

B. For each row check “Yes” if the value in the answer block is zero or greater. Check “No” if the value in the answer block

is a.negative number.

Table 7. ZONE SAFETY EQUIVALENCY EVALUATION YES —

1

NO

CONTAINMENT MANDATORY

SAFETY (Si)

less CONTAINMENT (S a )

Si

8 “

Sa

8

-

c

0 J

EXTINGUISHMENT

, MANDATORY >Q

SAFETY ($2) EXTINGUISHMENT (Sb)

S 2

5 “

Sb

5 =

E

0 j

PEOPLE MANDATORY

MOVEMENT (c . less PEOPLE >0

SAFETY ) MOVEMENT (S c )

S3 Sc P

3 “ 3 “

0 x/

GENERAL . OCCUPANCY

SAFETY 1$ G ! RISK |R|

Sg R G HIi J

CONCLUSIONS:

1. [ ] All of the checks in Table 7 are in the “Yes” column. The level of fire safety is at least equivalent to that prescribed by

the Life Safety Code’

2. [X] One or more of the checks in Table 7 are in the “No” column. The level of fire safety is not shown by this system to be

equivalent to that prescribed by the Life Safety Code.* The equivalency covered by this worksheet includes the majority of considerations covered by the Life Safety Code. There! area few considerations that are not evaluated by this method. These must be separately considered. These additional considerations are covered in the “Facility Fire Safety Requirements Worksheet.” One copy of this separate worksheet is to be completed for each facility.

This form has been prepared by the Fire Safety Engineering Division, Center for Fire Research, NBS, as part of

the HEW/NBS Life Safety Fire Safety project. June 27, 1977 Revised March 15, 1978
FIGURE E-3A

FIRE/SMOKE ZONE* EVALUATION WORK SHEET FOR HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

FACILITY NURSING HOME BUILDING FA ST

ZONE(S) EVALUATED

EVALUATOR A • J • s • FIRST FLOOR

DATE 6 ~ 1 ^~ 78

Complete this work sheet for each rone. Where conditions are the same in several zones, one work sheet can be

used for those zones.

Step I: Determine Occupancy Risk Parameter Factors - Use Table I. A. For each Risk Parameter in Fable I. select and circle the appropriate risk factor value. Choose only one for each of the

five Risk Parameters.

Table 1. OCCUPANCY RISK PARAMETER FACTORS

RISK PARAMETERS

1 PATIENT

MOBILITY (M)

2 PATIENT

DENSITY [0]

3 ZONE

LOCATION |L)

RISK FACTOR VALUES

MOBILITY STATUS

MOBILE

LIMITED MOBILITY NOT

Aymi^E NOT MOVABLE

RISK FACTOR 1.0 1.6 LllL 4.5

PATIENT 15 610 >30

RISK FACTOR 1.0 1.2 Ov 2.0

FLOOR 2ND OR 3RD

4TH TO 6TH

7TH AND ABOVEBASE- MENTS

RISK FACTOR Lux 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.6

4. RATIO OF PATIENTS 1_2 3_5 6-10

>JJ ONE OR* MORE

PATIENTS TO ATTENDANT 1 1 1 /"X NONE ATTENDANTS (T) RISK FACTOR 1.0 1.1 1.2 ill) 4.0

5. PATIENT AVERAGE

AGE (A)

AGE UNDER 65 YEARS

AND OVER 1 YEAR

65 YEARS & OVER

1 YEAR /£-rSL)NGER RISK FACTOR 1.0 mj

RISK FACTOR 0E 4.0 IS CHARGED TO ANY ZONE THAT HOUSES

PATIENTS WITHOUT ANY STAFF IN IMMEDIATE ATTENDANCE

Step 2: Compute Occupancy Risk Factor (F) - Use Table 2. A. Transfer the circled risk factor values from Table 1 to the corresponding blocks in Table 2. B. Compute F by multiplying the risk factor values as indicated in Table 2.

Table 2. OCCUPANCY RISK FACTOR CALCULATION

OCCUPANCY RISK

M

3.2 X

D

1.5 X

L

1.1 X

T

1.5 X

A

1.2 =

F

9.5

Step 3: Compute Adjusted Building Status (R) - Use Table 3A or 3B. A. If building is classified as NEW use Table 3A. If building is classified as existing use Table 3B.

B. Transfer the value of F from Table 2 to Table 3A or Table 3B as appropriate. Calculate “R.”

C. Transfer "R" to the block labeled “R" in Table 7 on page 4 of the work sheet.

Table 3A. (NEW BUILDINGS) Table 3B. (EXISTING BUILDINGS)

F

1.0

X

R

0.5

X

F 9.5 =R

5.

v

FIRE/SM0KE ZONE is a space separated from all other spaces by floors, horizontal exits, or smoke barriers. E-10
FIGURE E-3B

Step 4: Determine Safety Parameter Values - Use Table 4. A. Select and circle the safety value for each safety parameter in Table 4 that best describes the conditions in the zone. Choose only one value for each of the 13 parameters. If two or more appear to apply choose the one with the lowest

print value.

Table 4. SAFETY PARAMETERS VALUES

NOTE: “Use (0) when item 5 is -10. **Use (0) when item 10 is -8

***Use (0) in zone with iess than 31 patients

in existing buildings.

"Use |0} when item 1 is based on first floor zone or on an unprotected type of construction. ""Use [0] when item 1 is based on an unprotected type of construction ""'Use (Oj when item 4 is -10.

E-ll
FIGURE E-3C

Step 5: Compute Individual Safety Evaluations - Use Table 5. A Transfer each of the 13 circled Safety Parameter Value from Table 4 to every unshaded blocks in the line with the cor- ; responding Safety Parameter in Table 5. For Safety Parameter 1 3 (Sprinklers) the value entered in the (People Movement Safety) is recorded in Table 5 as I 2 the corresponding value circled in Table 4.

B. Add the four columns, keeping in mind that any negative numbers deduct.

C. Transfer the resulting total values for Si, S 2 , Si, So to the blocks labeled Si. Sj. Sr. So in Table 7 on page 4 of this sheet, i

E-12
FIGURE E- 3D

Step 6: Determine Mandatory Safety Requirement Values - Use Table 6. A. Using the classification of the building (i.e.. New or Existing) and the floor where the zone is located, circle the appropirate value in each of the three columns in Table 6. B. Transfer the three circled values from Table 6 to the blocks marked Sa , Sb, and Sc in Table 7.

Table 6. MANDATORY SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

CONTAINMENT

Sa

EXTINGUISHMENT

Sb

PEOPLE MOVEMENT

Sc

ZONE LOCATION New Exist. New Exist. New Exist.

FIRST FLOOR 9.0 6.0 © 6.0 ~0"

ABOVE FIRST FLOOR 14.0 8.0 8.0 5.0 9.0 3.0

Step 7: Evaluation Fire Safety Equivalency - Use Table 7. A. Perform the indicated subtractions in Table 7. Enter the differences in the appropriate answer blocks.

B. For each row check “Yes” if the value in the answer block is zero or greater. Check “No” if the value in the answer block

is a,negative number.

Table 7. ZONE SAFETY EQUIVALENCY EVALUATION YES NO

j CONTAINMENT MANDATORY

SAFETY |$i]

|ESS CONTAINMENT (S a )

Si Sa

m-rr=

C

0 /

EXTINGUISHMENT , MANDATORY >0

SAFETY [S2l EXTINGUISHMENT (St,]

S 2 Sb E E“[l] =

8 /

PEOPLE MANDATORY

MOVEMENT (c . less PEOPLE >0

SAFETY MOVEMENT (S c )

S3 Sc P 1-3 = 8 /

GENERAL . e OCCUPANCY

SAFETY (S G ! l6SS

RISX |R|

i0 ii

°=

LO 1 £

^

G y

CONTUSIONS:

1. [ ] Ail of the checks in Table 7 are in the “Yes” column. The level offire safety is at least equivalent to that prescribed by

the Life Safety Code*

2. [ x3 One or more of the checks in Table 7 are in the “No" polumn. The level of fire safety is not shown by this system to be

equivalent to that prescribed by the Life Safety Code.* •The equivalency covered by this worksheet includes the majority of considerations covered by the Life Safety Code. Therej

are a few considerations that are not evaluated by this method These must be separately considered. These additional considerations are covered in the “Facility Fire Safety Requirements Worksheet." One copy of this separate worksheet is to be completed for each facility.

This form has been prepared by the Fire Safety Engineering Division, Center for Fire Research, NBS, as part of

the HEW/NBS Life Safety/ Fire Safety project.

E-13

June 27, 1977 Revised March 15, 1978

APPENDIX F

COMPUTER PROGRAM

F-l Program Description

The computer program* was developed to support the proof testing

efforts of the evaluation system. The program is basically a research

tool and not a production tool. It is designed to be used in determining

how best to upgrade a health care facility to an acceptable level of

safety. The user inputs one or more values for each of the 13 safety

parameters. The program examines all possible combinations of these

numbers, one value per parameter, and finds those combinations which

would upgrade the safety of the facility if implemented. The solutions,

or successful combinations, may be sorted by a particular parameter if

the user wishes, in which case up to 1000 solutions may be printed for

each value of the sorting parameter.

As presently written, the program searches for up to 50 000 solutions

for each specified value of the sorting routine, limiting the output for

each value to at most the first 1000 solutions. A special input card

overrides the sorting feature, allowing a change in the total printed

output to any number less than 1000 solutions. A limit on the available

combinations, or zone configurations, may be accomplished by limiting

the number of potential combinations when inputing the parameters, or by

choosing "close" upper and lower limits for the total safety values. In

the latter method a difference of two points gives a reasonable number

of possible solution^. In addition, the special sorting routine provides

the capability of analyzing zone configurations which are limited to

certain characteristics.

F-2 Input Requirements

To operate this program a series of input information is required.

The information must be key punched on computer cards. The total number

of input cards is 18. The following is a description of the input

cards

:

Card Number Description Title Records

1 (Any description as long as it In Column 1-72

is less than 72 spaces)

2 Maximum zone configuration

printed (any number between

1 and 1000)

Begin in Column 1 use

digits, do not leave

space between the digits.

Limited to the number

1000.

*The computer program listing and card deck as well as user instructional

information are available upon request from the Center for Fire Research,

National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234.

F-l
3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Special Sorting Routine, also

called Extended Analysis. (In

the same computer run, sorts

the zone configuration as a function of level of safety

for the parameter which is

specified on the input card).

No Special Sorting

Zero in column 1.

Sorting Required

In column 1 the number

of the safety parameter,

from table 4, Safety

Parameters, Values, of

the Fire Zone Safety

Evaluation Worksheet.

Construction

(see table 4, parameter 1)

Beginning in any column,

the value of each level

to be evaluated, separated by 1 or more

blanks. Values must be

numeric, may be in any

order, and may use (-)

for negative values.

Do not use (+) for

positive values or use decimal points.

Interior Finish

(Corridors & Exits)

(see table 4, parameter 2)

Follow the same instruction as in card #4.

Interior Finish (Rooms)

(see table 4, parameter 3)

Follow the same instructions as in card #4.

Corridor Partition (see

table 4, parameter 4)

Follow the same instructions as in card if 4.

Doors to Corridor (see

table 4, parameter 5)

Follow the same instructions as in card if 4.

Zone Lengths (see

table 4, parameter 6)

Follow the same instructions as in card if 4.

Vertical Openings (see

table 4, parameter 7)

Follow the same instructions as in card if 4.

Hazardous Areas (see

table 4, parameter 8)

Follow the same instructions as in card if 4.

Smoke Control (see

table 4, parameter 9)

Follow the same instructions as in card if 4.

Emergency Movement (see

table 4, parameter 10)

Follow the same instructions as in card if 4.

F-2
14

15

16

17

18

Manual Fire Alarm (see

table 4, parameter 11)

Smoke Detection & Alarm (see

table 4, parameter 12)

Automatic Sprinklers (see

table 4, parameter 13)

Minimum Mandatory Values (use

values for table 7 - Fire

Zone Safety Equivalency

Evaluation)

Maximum Mandatory Values

The maximum mandatory values

must be equal or larger than

the minimum mandatory values

Follow the same instructions as in card #4.

Follow the same instructions as in card #4.

Follow the same instructions as in card #4.

Put the value from box

R, starting in any

column, then have 1 or more spaces. Next put

in the value from box

5a, and then 1 or more

spaces . Next put in

the value from box 5b,

followed by 1 or more

spaces. Finally, put in

the value from box 5c.

Follow the format as defined for card #17.

F- 3 Example

A typical example of the program output is shown in table F-l. For

more information see figures E-1A - E-ID. An analysis was performed to

evaluate zone configurations for a new facility. It was assumed that

the zone had a dead end which was longer than 100 feet; all hazardous

areas were secure and had sprinklers in the corridors and habitable

spaces. The zone was on the 4th floor of the building. The general

safety level was estimated to be 15. The minimum containment, extinguishment and people movement safety values were taken from table 6, for a zone located above the first floor in a new building. The maximum

safety values were estimated to have a differential value of two points

(this provides enough differential for analysis). All zone configurations

shown in table F-l have safety levels which are greater than or equal to

the four corresponding specified minimum safety values but which are not

all greater than the four corresponding specified maximum safety values.

The extended analysis was performed primarily to examine the range of

permissible solutions corresponding to five levels of the smoke detection

and alarm parameter.

F-3
parameters

which

are

held

constant

and

the

values

of

each

F-4

PEOPLE

MOVEMENT

SAFETY

9

PEOPLE

MOVEMENT

SAFETY

11
TEST

CASE

PEOPLE SAFETY

a O'a o- O' O' O' O' O' O' O' O'

>- Kis-nd-n 3 in 3 m

a

m 3 Z 8-

»-» Ul

8- Ll X «. Ul 4/1

V-*< <*H «H1 tr”t 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 > H rt (VI CM fO 80 80 80 Jj- 4f) in

8— (V Cu <M CVJ Oj CVJ CM OJ CM CVJ OJ CVJ 8- UJ Z UL o <

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«a Z 3

«£ «t Z 5| C

*-• tn c c. o o c C 0 0 0 0 o 0

8- Uj o a. 8- UJ UJ 3

8— 1:

C

UJ UJ cc Q

u; 3 80 80 io io ro 80 80 80 80 IO IO 80

O ic cr

J-H

O 8-

8- ? o < 4/1 5O

8— 8- Z 80 80 ID IO fO 80 80 80 80 80 (O 80 D (£ Uj

•a. UJ a, > O

QCO

Ll

4/1 qe <\i CM (V CM C\J <\J 04 OJ CM OJ 0J CVJ o EE CL o o o o D

LlO

if)

OO 3 3 OJ 2 0 0 1 1 2 2

LU CL 3 3 CL 3

_S

O <

<r 4J JT > X £

4/1O 3 3 3 3. 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3

<J> 3 O Z z oc

*-« 3

in ILL 3 X CL IO 80 CO 80 IO SO 80 80 fO 80 80 80

l/) in cc Z 3 o o z o

t-s 3

8- Ll <Z 8-

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F-14
FEDERAL INFORMATION PROCESSING STANDARD SOFTWARE SUMMARY

01. Summary date

Yr. Mo. Day 7l8 1 1 0

1— OO

1

04. Software date

Yr. Mo. Day

oo O

i1— 1 1 8

02. Summary prepared by (Name and Phone) A. J. Shibe

05. Software title

Fire Safety Evaluation System

06. Short title NEWFIRE

08. Software type 09. Processing mode 10 . General

03. Summary action New Replacement Deletion m

Previous Internal Software ID

07. Internal Software ID

Application area

Specific Automated Data

f~l System

pt] Computer Program

| | Subroutine/Module

| | Interactive

(X] Batch

| | Combination

11. Submitting organization and address 0

Program for Design Concepts

Fire Safety Engineering Division

Center for Fire Research

Computer Systems

Support/Utility

Scientific/Engineering Bibliographic/Textual

Management/ Q] Business

| | Process Control Q Other

Fire Safety

Equivalency

12. Technical contact(s) and phone

Evaluation

A. J. Shibe

(301) 921-3174

National Bureau of Standards

Washington. D.C. 20234

13. Narrative NEWFIRE aids in the selection of practical fire safety arrangements in existing and new health care facilities. The program examines all possible combinations of safety

parameters input values and selects those that would upgrade the safety of the

facility to or above the mandatory safety requirements.

14.

Keywords

15.

Computer manuf'r and model UNIVAC 1108

16.

Computer operating system EXEC 817. Programing language(s) FORTRAN V18. Number of source program state- ments1075

19. Computer memory requirements 10.52 K

36-bit words

20. Tape drives 21. Disk/Drum units 22. Terminals

23. Other operational requirements

24. Software availability

Available Limited

26. FOR SUBMITTING ORGANIZATION USE

25. Documentation availability

In-house only Available a

Inadequate In-house only £]

Standard Form 185

1974 July

U.S. Dept, of Commerce—NBS

(FIPS. Pub. 30)

185-101
, . - ~ ' • V
NBS-1 14A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 78-1555

2. Gov’t Accession

No.

3. Recipient’s Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

A System for Fire Safety Evaluation of Health Care Facilities

5. Publication Date November 1978

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

H. E. Nelson and A. J. Shibe

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 752 0375

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City. State, ZIP) Prepared for:

Department of Health, Education and Welfare

Washington, D.C. 20201

13. Type of Report & Period Covered Final

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) A quantitative evaluation system for grading health care facilities in terms of

fire safety is described. The system can be used to determine how combinations of

widely accepted fire safety equipment and building construction features

may provide a level of safety equivalent to that required by the widely accepted

Life Safety Code of the National Fire Protection Association. The system will provide

flexibility to both the designer of new facilities and to the renovator of existing

health care facilities.

Three major concepts form the basis for code equivalency: a. Occupancy Risk - the number of people affected by a given fire, the level of fire they are likely to encounter, and their ability to protect themselves; b. Building Safety Features - the

ability of the building and its fire protection systems to provide measures of safety

commensurate with the risk; c. Safety Redundancy - in-depth protection, through the

simultaneous use of alternative safety methodologies such as containment, extinguishment, and people movement methodologies. The design of the complete fire safety

system is intended to ensure that the failure of a single protection device or method

will not result in a major failure of the entire system.

In this system, equivalency is judged to exist when the total impact of the

occupancy risk factors and the compensating building safety features produce a level

of safety equal to or greater than that achieved by rigid conformance to the explicit

requirements of the NFPA Life Safety Code. In this evaluation, safety performance is

gauged both in terms of overall safety impact and depth of redundance.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons) Risk analysis; fire safety; safety equivalency; health care facilities; Life Safety

Code; smoke detection; automatic sprinklers; building construction; interior finishes;

building codes; hospitals; nursing homes; Delphi Method; safety evaluation.

18. AVAILABILITY [TT Unlimited C For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

I'

1 Order From Sup. of Doc., U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402, SD Cat. No. Cl 3

| yj Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

150

22. Price

$7.50

USCOMM-DC 29042- P 74

^U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979-284-067/12
'