# www.iihs.org 

# The Relative Safety of Large and Small Passenger Vehicles NHTSA Mass- Size Safety Symposium Washington, DC ● February 25, 2011 Adrian Lund, Ph.D.www.iihs.org 

# Overview

• What is the history of motor vehicle crash safety by size and mass? Historical trends • Can down -weighting of vehicles occur without safety consequences if size is held constant? Physics of injury • What does the future hold?www.iihs.org 

# Historical trendswww.iihs.org 

### 0 20 40 60 80

1950 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 11.3 per billion 

# Motor vehicle crash deaths per billion miles traveled 1950-2009www.iihs.org 

# Cumulative percentage of passenger vehicles By model year and curb weight (lbs)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

1,501 - 2,001 - 2,501 - 3,001 - 3,501 - 4,001 - 4,501 - 5,001 - 5,501 - 6,001 - 6,501 - 1983 1988 1998 2008www.iihs.org 

# Cumulative percentage of passenger vehicles By model year and shadow (sq ft)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

1983 1988 1998 2008www.iihs.org 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 cars and minivans pickups SUVs car trend pickup trend SUV trend 

# Driver deaths per million vehicle registrations 1985 -88 models during 1986 -89, trend based on 1/weight

curb weight (lbs)www.iihs.org 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 cars and minivans pickups SUVs car trend pickup trend SUV trend 

# Driver deaths per million vehicle registrations 1995 - 98 models during 1996 - 99, trend based on 1/weight

curb weight (lbs)www.iihs.org 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 cars and minivans pickups SUVs car trend pickup trend SUV trend 

# Driver deaths per million vehicle registrations 2005 -08 models during 2006 -09, trend based on 1/weight

curb weight (lbs)www.iihs.org 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 cars and minivans pickups SUVs car trend pickup trend SUV trend 

# Driver deaths per million vehicle registrations 2005 -08 models during 2006 -09, trend based on 1/shadow

vehicle shadow (sq ft)www.iihs.org 

# Driver deaths per million vehicle registrations per year, by model year and curb weight (lbs)

0 50 100 150 200

2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 2005 -08 model cars during 2006 -09 1995 - 98 model cars during 1996 - 99 1985 -88 model cars during 1986 -89

curb weight (lbs)www.iihs.org 0 50 100 150 200

70 80 90 100 110 120 2005 -08 model cars during 2006 -09 1995 - 98 model cars during 1996 - 99 1985 -88 model cars during 1986 -89 

# Driver deaths per million vehicle registrations per year, by model year and shadow (sq ft)

vehicle shadow (sq ft)www.iihs.org 

# Historical conclusions

• Passenger vehicles of all types and sizes provide their occupants with greater protection today than just a decade ago and much greater protection than two decades ago • Occupants of the smallest and/or lightest vehicles still have death rates about twice as high as occupants of the largest and/or heaviest vehicleswww.iihs.org 

# Mass and Size – Physics predicts independent effects on occupant injury riskwww.iihs.org 

# What is the source of injury in motor vehicle crashes? “...in the highway safety area the problem is almost exclusively one of mechanical energy reaching people at rates that involve forces in excess of their injury thresholds.”

– William Haddon, Jr., MD, American Journal of Public Health, 1968 First head of what is now NHTSA (1967-68) President of IIHS from 1969 - 1985www.iihs.org 

# What affects forces experienced by occupants in crashes?
• In a simple model of frontal crashes, forces act on the occupant to bring his or her pre- crash velocity to its post- crash velocity • The longer the distance over which the occupant’s velocity change occurs, the lower the average force experienced by the occupant

– Change in occupant energy state ≈ Force * Distance preV to postV 

## • The occupant’s stopping distance is a combination of

– The space between the occupants and stiff parts of the compartment in front of them Given that drivers generally seat themselves similarly in different cars to optimize vehicle control, restraint system design and usage is the primary determinant of this factor’s relevance



### – The effective crush distance of the car in front of the occupant compartment Occupants of longer vehicles typically will have greater effective crush distance



### – The distance which the car’s momentum carries forward or is reversed by the momentum of the crash partner (car, tree, pole, wall) during the crash Occupants of heavier vehicles typically will benefit from greater effective momentumwww.iihs.org 

# Car size and weight are separate physical factors influencing the stopping distance of an occupant How well can their effects be quantified in vehicle crash experience?
• Vehicle size and weight tend to vary together in actual cars • Car size and weight can influence crash likelihood, including the likelihood of different types of crashes

– Rollover risk decreases with size and weight but injury risk given a rollover increases with size and weight

– Smaller vehicles are involved in more crashes (not fewer, as some have hypothesized) 

## • Many other vehicle characteristics that can affect crash likelihood and severity are confounded with size and weight

– Heavier cars for a given size often have larger engines, 4-wheel drive, or are convertibleswww.iihs.org 1,400 2,400 3,400 4,400 5,400 6,400 7,400 8,400

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 curb weight ( lbs)

shadow (sq ft) 

# Curb weight vs. shadow, by make and series Model year 2008 cars and minivans (r2= 0.70)

Toyota Camry 4drwww.iihs.org 

# Relative collision claim frequencies By body style and size class, 2008 - 10 models

0 50 100 150 100 = all - passenger-vehicle result of 7.0

four-door cars luxury cars pickups luxury SUVs SUVs sports

cars two-door cars minivans station wagons micro mini small midsize large very largewww.iihs.org 1,400 2,400 3,400 4,400 5,400 6,400 7,400 8,400

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 curb weight ( lbs)

shadow (sq ft) 

# Curb weight vs. shadow, by make and series Model year 2008 cars and minivans (r2= 0.70)

Toyota Camry 4drwww.iihs.org 

# Variation in weight among 2008 model year cars of similar size (93 - 95 sq. ft) to Toyota Camry make series Shadow in sq. ft. Weight in lb. Nissan Altima 4D 93.2 3,112

Ford Fusion 4D 2WD 95.4 3,181 Toyota Camry Solara 2D 95.6 3,185 Toyota Camry 4D 2WD 94.2 3,263 Volkswagen Passat 4D 2WD 93.7 3,305 Chrysler Sebring 4D 94.2 3,310 Ford Fusion 4D 4WD 95.4 3,325 Dodge Avenger 4D 2WD 95.2 3,355 Chevrolet Malibu 4D (new) 93.6 3,415

Lincoln Zephyr/MKZ 4D 95.5 3,469 Volkswagen Passat SW 2WD 93.6 3,512

Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid 4D 93.6 3,537

Toyota Camry Solara Conv 95.6 3,615 Lincoln MKZ 4D 4WD 95.5 3,672 Toyota Camry Hybrid 4D 94.2 3,680 Chrysler Sebring 4D 4WD 94.2 3,699

Dodge Avenger 4D 4WD 95.2 3,738 Volkswagen Passat SW 4WD 93.7 3,819 Volkswagen Passat 4D 4WD 93.7 3,829www.iihs.org 

# Conclusions about size, mass, and safety

• Mass and size have separate, inverse relationships with occupant injury risk in crashes predicted by physics • Quantifying those separate effects in the real world of a car fleet, however, is complicated by

– The high correlation between size and mass in real world vehicles, and

– the fact that, even after controlling for things like driver age and gender, there are important other confounding variables that covary with size and weight and have their own separate effects on injury risk 

# • Failure to find the separate effects indicates a failure to adequately account for the confounds, not that physical laws have been repealedwww.iihs.org 

# Size, mass, and safety of future vehicleswww.iihs.org 

# Predictions • Vehicles will get lighter **and** smaller as fuel prices increase One benefit of size- indexed CAFE is to keep larger, safer cars affordable longer for all income brackets 

# • The sky will not fall as the fleet downsizes We will not see an increase in absolute injury risk because smaller cars will become increasingly protective of their occupants 

# • However, some people will die in motor vehicle crashes that would have survived without the downsizing

– Large cars still will have fatality rates half as large as smaller cars and the smaller (on average) fleet that results will not be as safe as it could be 

# • Those of us whose mission is highway safety will have to adapt our strategies to the reality created by consumer choices We will be ok if we let data on what works – not wishful thinking – guide our strategieswww.iihs.org 

# Smart Fortwo frontal offset testwww.iihs.org 

# Smart Fortwo into Mercedes C classwww.iihs.org 

# Minitruck into Ford Ranger

# www.iihs.org Dedicated to reducing deaths, injuries, and property damage on the highway