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Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis (ICD-9 Code 500)Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) (ICD-9 code 500) is an occupational lung disease resulting from the inhalamine dust. In some individuals, this lung disease advances to progressive massive fibrosis (PMF), a severe fm of twith excess mortality [Atuhaire et al. 1985]. It is now known that exposure to coal mine dust can result in significobstruction [Attfield et al. 1998], and evidence of airways obstruction appears to increase mortality for individuals dust [Ortmeyer et al. 1974]. Other factors that appear to increase mortality include increased exposure to respirab[Miller and Jacobsen 1985]. Coal rank is an important predictor of CWP development: the prevalence and incidencoal miners increase significantly with coal rank in the United States and elsewhere [Attfield et al. 1998].Of all the pneumoconioses, CWP is the most frequently listed on death certificates in the United States. Deaths wnearly 60 percent of pneumoconiosis deaths over the last 25 years [NIOSH 1996]. CWP mortality has declined in less than 2000 deaths per year since 1990.ReferencesAttfield MD, Petsonk EL, Wagner GR [1998]. Coal workers’ lung diseases. In: Stellman JM, ed. Encyclopaedia of occupational healtInternational Labor Office, Geneva, pp. 10.46-10.50.Atuhaire LK, Campbell MJ, Cochrane AL, Jones M, Moore F [1985]. Mortality of men in the Rhondda Fach 1950-80. Br J Ind Med 4Miller BG, Jacobsen M [1985]. Dust exposure, pneumoconiosis and mortality of coal miners. Br J Ind Med 42:723-733.NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) [1996]. Work-related lung disease surveillance report, 1996. DHHS (N96-134.Ortmeyer CE, Costello J, Morgan WKC, Swecker S, Peterson M [1974]. The mortality of Appalachian coal miners, 1963-1971. Arch 
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Asbestosis (ICD-9 Code 501)Asbestosis (ICD-9 code 501) refers to the pulmonary fibrosis caused by inhaled asbestos [Rom 1992]. This diseaexposure over an extended period of time, with appearance of the fibrosis occurring after a latent period measured Asbestos is a fibrous mineral occurring in two major commercially-useful types—amphibole and serpentine—whicstructure, resulting in variant physical and biologic properties. In the United States, 95 percent of commercial asbthe serpentine asbestos known as chrysotile [Rom 1992]. Amphibole forms—crocidolite and amosite—account fofraction of the asbestos used. The greatest risk of asbestosis has been associated with insulation work, but other irelate to shipyard exposure, brake lining repair, and work in any facilities where asbestos or asbestos-containing m[Rom 1992]. The construction industry has been the major consumer of asbestos in the United States; more than mineral have been used in construction and manufacturing since the turn of the century [Craighead and Mossman populations of asbestos-exposed workers, risk of asbestosis varies with intensity and duration of exposure, as welexposure. However, even among heavily exposed workers, usually no more than 50 percent have been found to hevidence of asbestosis [Rosenstock 1994].Based on death certificates, the annual number of asbestosis deaths in the United States has increased from fewer 1000 during the 1968 to 1992 period (NIOSH 1996). ReferencesCraighead JE, Mossman BT [1982]. The pathogenesis of asbestos-associated disease. N Engl J Med 306:1446-1455.NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) [1996]. Work-related lung disease surveillance report, 1996. DHHS(N134.Rom WN [1992]. Asbestos-related diseases. In: Rom WN, ed. Environmental and occupational medicine. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Littlepp. 269-291.Rosenstock L [1994]. Asbestosis and asbestos-related pleural disease. In: Rosenstock L, Cullen MR, eds. Textbook of clinical occupat

medicine. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company, pp. 254-263.
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