PHYTOREMEDIATION FIELD STUDIES 

DATABASE 

for 

CHLORINATED SOLVENTS, PESTICIDES, 

EXPLOSIVES, and METALS 

August 2004 

Prepared by 

Cynthia Green 

Environmental Careers Organization 

and 

Ana Hoffnagle 

University of Arizona 

for 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation 

Washington, DC 

www.clu-in.org
PHYTOREMEDIATION FIELD STUDIES DATABASE for 

CHLORINATED SOLVENTS, PESTICIDES, EXPLOSIVES, and METALS

NOTICE


This document was prepared by two undergraduate students under internships with United States 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Ana Hoffnagle was sponsored by the University of 

Arizona and Cynthia Green was sponsored by the Environmental Careers Organization. 

This report was not subject to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) peer review or 

technical review. EPA makes no warranties, expressed or implied, including without limitation, 

warranty for completeness, accuracy, or usefulness of the information, warranties as to the 

merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose. Moreover, the listing of any technology, 

corporation, company, person, or facility in this report does not constitute endorsement, approval, 

or recommendation by EPA. 

The paper briefly explains the concept of phytoremediation, details phytoremediation site 

considerations, and summarizes the successes and failures of field-scale sites where 

phytotechnologies have been applied or proposed. Project tasks were accomplished by two 

summer interns via literature searches, site visits and personal communications with site managers 

and other officials. No attempts were made to independently confirm the resources used. It has 

been reproduced to help provide federal agencies, states, consulting engineering firms, private 

industries, and technology developers with information for use in determining whether 

phytoremediation technology is a feasible option for a site. The report is available on the Internet 

at www.clu-in.org/studentpapers/.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS


1.	 Objectives........................................................................................................................... .1 

1.1. Scope of Project ........................................................................................................... 1 


1.2. Requirements ............................................................................................................... 1 


1.3. Concept of Operation ................................................................................................... 1 


2.	 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 2 


2.1. Phytoremediation ........................................................................................................ 2 


2.1.1. What is Phytoremediation? ............................................................................... 2 


2.1.2. History............................................................................................................... 2 


2.1.3. Advantages and Disadvantages ......................................................................... 2 


2.1.4. Use in a Treatment Train................................................................................... 3 


2.1.5. Cost.................................................................................................................... 4 


2.2. Contaminant Information ............................................................................................. 5 


2.2.1. Chlorinated Solvents ......................................................................................... 5 


2.2.2. Pesticides........................................................................................................... 7 


2.2.3. Explosives ....................................................................................................... 11 


2.2.4. Metals .............................................................................................................. 12 


3.	 Is Phytoremediation Right for Your Project?.................................................................... 14 


3.1. Site Characteristics..................................................................................................... 14 


3.1.1.	 Site Characterization ....................................................................................... 14 


3.1.1.1.Contaminant .............................................................................................. 14 


3.1.1.2.Site Area and Activities............................................................................. 15 


3.1.1.3.Geological and Hydrological Conditions.................................................. 15 


3.1.1.4.Soil Type ................................................................................................... 15 


3.1.2. Climate ............................................................................................................ 16 


3.1.3. Time Constraints ............................................................................................. 16 


3.2. Plant Considerations ..........................................................................16 

3.2.1. Plant Selection................................................................................................. 16 


3.2.2. Types ............................................................................................................... 16 


3.2.3. Phytotoxicity and Treatability Studies ............................................................ 17 


3.2.4. Root and Rhizosphere ..................................................................................... 17 


3.2.5. Planting Methods............................................................................................. 18 


3.2.6. Native vs. Non-Native Species........................................................................ 18 


3.2.7. Plant Specificity .............................................................................................. 19 


3.2.8. Transgenics...................................................................................................... 19 


3.3. Agronomic Considerations ........................................................................................ 20 


3.3.1. Plant Age and Metabolic Status ...................................................................... 20 


3.3.2. Amendments.................................................................................................... 20 


3.3.3. Other Agronomic Issues.................................................................................. 20 


3.4. Regulatory Considerations ... .................................................................21 

3.5. Ecological and Social Considerations........................................................................ 21 


3.6. Operation and Maintenance ....................................................................................... 22 


3.7. Performance Monitoring ............................................................................................ 23 


4.	 Database ............................................................................................................................ 24 


4.1. General Layout........................................................................................................... 24 


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PHYTOREMEDIATION FIELD STUDIES DATABASE for 

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4.2. Soil and Climate Characterizations............................................................................ 24 


5. Conclusion......................................................................................................................... 25 


5.1. Summary .................................................................................................................... 25 


5.1.1. Chlorinated Solvents ....................................................................................... 25 


5.1.2. Pesticides......................................................................................................... 25 


5.1.3. Explosives ....................................................................................................... 25 


5.1.4. Metals .............................................................................................................. 25 


5.2. Outlook....................................................................................................................... 26 


Appendices .............................................................................................................................. 27 


A. .Chlorinated Solvent Database ........................................................................................... 28 


B. Pesticides Database ........................................................................................................... 83 


C. Explosives Database........................................................................................................ 103 


D. Metals Database .............................................................................................................. 120 


E. USDA Soil Classification System................................................................................... 162 


F. Climate Table ................................................................................................................. 164 


G. Resources ........................................................................................................................ 169 


H. References ....................................................................................................................... 170 


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List of Tables 

Table 1. Phytoremediation Advantages and Disadvantages...................................3 


Table 2. Cost Comparisons: Phytoremediation vs. Traditional Technologies...............5 


Table 3. Common Chlorinated Solvents..........................................................6 


Table 4. Common Pesticides.............................................................................................9 


Table 5. Common Explosives.....................................................................11 


Table 6. Potential Human Health Effects of Metals............................................13 


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1. OBJECTIVES 

1.1 Scope of Project 

The scope of this project is to compile a listing of sites where field-scale phytotechnologies have 

been applied to contain and remediate chlorinated solvents, pesticides, explosives and heavy metals 

in contaminated soil and groundwater. Phytomechanisms included in this project shall include 

phytoaccumulation, phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization, rhizodegradation, 

phytodegradation, phytovolatilization and hydraulic control. Older phytoremediation databases will 

be updated and appended by information extracted from government internet sources, literature 

searches and personal communication with site contacts. 

1.2 Requirements 

The following criteria have been set for the database: 

1. 	 Project scale shall be demonstration, pilot or full-scale. Laboratory, bench or greenhouse 

scale phytoremediation research shall not be included. 

2.	 Phytoremediation installations of constructed wetlands sites, landfill vegetative cover sites, 

and riparian buffers shall be excluded from the database. 

3.	 Media type shall be limited to soil and groundwater. Wastewater, surface water, sediment, 

and sludge applications shall not be included. 

4.	 Vegetative types include all members of the plant kingdom and fungi. 

1.3 Concept of Operation 

The purpose of this compilation is to provide an understanding of the successes and failures of 

phytoremediation installations to-date. This paper will serve as a reference for federal, state, and site 

managers and others to compare their site with others having similar conditions in order to support 

the decision of whether or not to use phytoremediation as a treatment technology. A spreadsheet has 

been selected as the layout for the database in order to accommodate public navigation. Entries in 

the database shall attempt to summarize the relevant logistics, successes and failures of each site by 

defining twenty-one fields for each. These elements include: 

1. Site Name	 12. Project Scale 

2. Site Location 	 13. Project Status 

3. Contaminant 	 14. Cost 

4. Vegetation Type 	 15. Funding Provider 

5. Planting Descriptions 	 16. Initial Concentrations 

6. Media Type 	 17. Final Concentrations 

7. Site Characterizations 	 18. Lessons Learned 

8. Evapotranspiration Rates 19. Comments 

9. Climate	 20. Primary Contacts 

10. Phytomechanisms	 21. Citation 

11. Operation & Maintenance 

Each site profile will allow users to quickly determine the nature of the site and the success of 

the technology while also providing avenues to pursue should they want further site 

information. 

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PHYTOREMEDIATION FIELD STUDIES DATABASE for 

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2. OVERVIEW 

2.1 Phytoremediation 

2.1.1 What Is Phytoremediation? 

Phytoremediation is the use of vegetation and its associated microorganisms, enzymes and 

water consumption to contain, extract or degrade contaminants from soil and groundwater. 

Both organic and inorganic contaminants can be successfully contained or degraded using 

phytoremediation in a variety of media (i.e. soil, sediment, sludge, wastewater, groundwater, 

leachate and air) (Susarla, 2002). The mechanisms of phytoremediation include: 

• Phytoextraction – removal and storage of contaminants from the media into the plant 


tissue; 


• Rhizodegradation – degradation of contaminants by microorganisms in the soil zone that 

surrounds and is influenced by the roots of plants, also known as the rhizosphere; 

• Phytodegradation – degradation of contaminants within the plant tissue; 

• Phytostabilization – isolation and containment of contaminants within soil through the 

prevention of erosion and leaching; 

• Phytovolatilization – uptake and transpiration of contaminants from the media through 

the plant tissue into the atmosphere; and 

• Hydraulic Control – containment of contaminants within a site by limiting the spread of a 

contaminant plume through plant evapotranspiration. 

In depth details on phytoremediation mechanisms have been thoroughly documented in past 

literature and are not the focus of this document (McCutcheon, 2003). 

2.1.2 History 

The concept of using plants to clean and restore soil and wastewater has been employed for 

over 300 years. Numerous bench-scale studies have been performed to determine plant 

toxicities and contaminant uptake abilities. In order for phytoremediation to achieve 

acceptance as a remedial method, field-scale applications need to be performed and 

documented. Constructed wetlands and vegetative covers have been extensively applied in the 

field to demonstrate their ability to remediate contamination and their data has been well 

documented (McCutcheon, 2003). More recently, field-scale studies of groundwater and soil 

plantations have been performed to determine their effectiveness in remediating contamination. 

The purpose of this paper is to document groundwater and soil plantation applications and their 

results, so that the information will be useful in assessing the feasibility of phytoremediation as 

a remedial technology for a site. 

2.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 

Phytoremediation, like other technologies, has both advantages and disadvantages associated 

with it as shown in Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages are not ranked in any order. The 

weight each element carries will vary with each site. 

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Table 1. Phytoremediation Advantages and Disadvantages (ITRC, 2004; EPA, 2001) 

Advantages Disadvantages 

° Cost reduced over traditional methods ° Long remediation time requirement 

° Low secondary waste volume ° Effective depth limited by plant roots 

° Improved aesthetics ° Phytotoxicity limitations 

° Habitat creation - biodiversity ° Fate of contaminants often unclear 

° Green technology ° Climate dependent/variable 

° More publicly accepted ° Seasonal effectiveness 

° Provide erosion control ° Potential transfer of contaminants (i.e. to 

° Prevent runoff animals or air) 

° Reduce dust emission ° Harvesting and disposal of metals in 

° Reduce risk of exposure to soil biomass as hazardous waste may be 

° Less destructive impact (applied in-situ) required, although generally not 

° Larger treatment footprint 

Not all listed advantages and disadvantages are specific to phytoremediation. Footprint size 

limitations may affect all remediation technologies. Advances in technology have been able to 

alleviate some of the disadvantages. Deeper root depths are achievable today than in the past 

due to engineered planting methods (see section 2.2.5). Phytotoxicity has become less of an 

issue as genetically modified plants (see section 2.2.7) have been developed to withstand 

higher concentrations of contaminants. More disadvantages may be overcome as the 

technology progresses. 

2.1.4 Use in a Treatment Train 

Though not always used as a stand alone technology, phytoremediation can still be a benefit to 

many hazardous waste sites. Few hazardous waste sites apply phytoremediation as the sole 

treatment method. The technology is often applied in conjunction with other traditional 

methods or as the final phase of a treatment train after contaminant concentrations have been 

reduced. 

Phytoremediation can be used as part of a treatment train when time constraints require other 

methods to be employed to achieve a remediation goal in a short period of time. This usually 

occurs when high contaminant concentrations in sensitive areas (i.e. near drinking water 

sources) require quick reduction. A series of remediation efforts may be undertaken to reduce 

the concentrations to an acceptable level before applying phytoremediation as the last 

“polishing step” to remediate and contain low level concentrations. 

Phytoremediation can also be applied in conjunction with other technologies to achieve a 

treatment goal. The natural solar-powered pumping of deep rooted trees may need to be 

coupled with traditional pump-and-treat systems to maintain treatment rates during the less 

effective growing months of the winter season. Vegetation may also be planted around site 

perimeters and “hot spots” to maintain hydraulic control and prevent contamination migration, 

while traditional methods are applied to remediate the source. Research on the addition of 

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PHYTOREMEDIATION FIELD STUDIES DATABASE for 

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inorganic, organic and bio-amendments in conjunction with phytoremediation has also shown 

promising results (Kelley, et.al, 2000). 

2.1.5 Cost 

The first costs incurred when approaching any hazardous waste site are those of site 

assessment. Regardless of the technology applied, the nature and extent of contamination, 

hydrological and geological characteristics and site characteristics must all be assessed. Costs 

incurred during this phase are similar for all technologies. Beyond site assessment, 

phytoremediation will have unique costs associated with it. These cost considerations can be 

divided into four primary categories: (1) Design, (2) Installation (3) Operation and 

Maintenance, and (4) Sampling and Analysis. 

Design considerations include feasibility studies, plant selection and the associated engineering 

costs. Land obstructions at the site may have to be incorporated into the design or removed. 

Green house studies or pilot scale testing may be needed to determine which plants to use and 

assess the possibility of phytoremediation as a treatment option for the site. Like all designs, 

the salaries of engineers performing conceptual work for the site will be the dominant cost in 

the design phase. 

Installation costs include site preparation, soil preparation, materials and labor. In order to 

prepare the site, it may need to be cleared, leveled or fenced in. Soil preparation may involve 

pH adjustment, nutrient addition or tilling. Site and soil preparations will require labor and 

materials including heavy equipment, organic matter, irrigation systems, plant stock (including 

10-20% excess for replanting needs (ITRC, 2004)) and vector protection materials for the 

plants. 

Operation and Maintenance (O&M) costs will include monitoring equipment, power sources, 

maintenance for the equipment and labor are included. Specific O&M requirements for 

phytoremediation are detailed in section 2.5 of this document. 

Sampling and Analysis costs may dominate the overall cost of the project due to the length of 

time monitoring is required and the extent of data necessary. Costs include labor or machinery 

to collect samples and lab work fees associated with analyzing samples. Data collected during 

sampling and analysis is crucial for thorough documentation of site progress and the 

performance of phytoremediation as a new technology. The EPA is collaborating with state 

and federal partners on implementing a streamlined approach to sampling, analysis and data 

management methods. This approach, called the Triad Approach, has the potential to reduce 

costs associated with sampling and analysis (EPA, 2004). 

The costs associated with these four categories are relatively small compared to those of 

traditional remediation technologies. This is especially true in the operation and maintenance 

phase where the primary factor in cost reduction is the energy source of the operating systems. 

Traditional systems utilize electric power, at a substantial cost, to pump water, whereas 

phytoremediation systems take advantage of free solar energy. Individual sites will vary in cost 

regardless of the technology being applied. In general, phytoremediation is a low cost 

alternative to traditional methods as can be seen in the cost estimates of Table 2. 

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Table 2. Cost Comparisons: Phytoremediation vs. Traditional Technologies 

Traditional 

Method Scenario 

Estimated Cost 

Reference 

Traditional 

Method Phytoremediation 

Pump and Treat 

1-acre site 

with 20-footdeep Aquifer 

$660,000 $250,000 Gatliff, E. 

(1994) 

Conventional 

Technology 

Army 

Ammunition 

Plant 

$1 trillion $1.8 million Matso, K. 

(1995) 

Traditional 

Curb and Gutter 

SEA Streets 

Runoff Buffer $1 million $850,000 ITRC 

(2004) 

Landfill 

Standard 

Landfill Cap 

Vegetative 

Cap - College $10 million $3-4 million ITRC 

(2004) 

Park 

Activated 

Carbon System 

Army 

Ammunition 

Plant - Milan 

$4.00/ 1000 gal $1.80/ 1000 gal ITRC 

(2004) 

Pump & Treat / 

Iron Barrier 

PCE in 

Groundwater 

8.90/5.30 

$/1000 gal $2.00/1000 gal Schnoor 

(2002) 

Flushing/ 

Vitrification 

Metals in 

Soils 

75-210/300-500 

$/Ton $25-100/Ton Schnoor 

(2002) 

2.2 Contaminant Information 

The database contained in this document focuses on four of the major contaminant groups 

found at hazardous waste sites. 

2.2.1 Chlorinated Solvents 

The term chlorinated solvents refers to a family of colorless, liquid-phase hydrophobic 

organics containing one or more chlorine atoms. Most chlorinated solvents are only slightly 

soluble in water and, with the exception of vinyl chloride, have densities greater than that of 

water as shown in Table 3. This combination leads to their formation of dense non-aqueous 

phase liquid (DNAPL). Chlorinated solvent plumes tend to take a long time to remediate when 

DNAPL is present, because it acts as a slow releasing, continuous source. Common uses of 

chlorinated solvents include drycleaning operations, degreasing operations, polymer 

manufacturing and as a chemical intermediate. Because of their wide use, chlorinated solvents 

dominate the listings of hazardous waste at sites nation wide, with trichloroethylene (TCE) 

present at 40% off all Superfund sites in the United States (McCutcheon, 2003; USGS, 2004a). 

Contamination of soil and groundwater with chlorinated solvents is largely due to accidental 

spills and poor handling and disposal practices prior to regulation of the chemicals. 

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The primary chlorinated solvents at hazardous waste sites are trichloroethylene (TCE), 

perchloroethylene (PCE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with TCE and PCE being the 

most dominant (USGS, 2004a). TCE is primarily used as a metal cleaning agent and in 

specialty adhesives. It is a probable carcinogen and can affect kidneys, liver, lungs, and heart 

rate. PCE is primarily used as a drycleaning and metal cleaning agent. PCE is not classified as 

a carcinogen but has been known to affect the central nervous system and cause irritation of the 

skin, eyes, and upper respiratory system (Evans, 2000). PCBs are synthetic oils that do not 

readily react at room temperature. They are primarily used as coolants and/or insulators and 

were previously used as a spray to control dust on dirt roads (ASTDR, 2004). PCBs are 

classified as probable carcinogens by the EPA and the International Agency for Research on 

Cancer. PCB contamination is an ecological concern, because by-products from burning them 

at low temperatures are carcinogenic and their presence in the food chain has affected eggshell 

formation in birds (ASTDR, 2004). 

Traditional methods for remediating chlorinated solvent contamination include natural 

attenuation, soil vapor extraction, air sparging and pump and treat. Phytoremediation 

mechanisms that have been successful in containing and/or remediating chlorinated solvents 

include rhizodegradation, phytodegradation, phytovolatilization and hydraulic control using 

hybrid poplar and willow trees as can be seen in the Database of Chlorinated Solvent 

Phytoremediation in Appendix A of this document. 

Table 3. Common Chlorinated Solvents 

Compound Name Chemical 

Formula 

MW 

(g/mol) 

Density 

(g/mL20oC) 

Solubility 

(g/100mL20oC) 

Log Kow 

Carbon Tetrachloride CCl4 153.823 1.594 0.08048 2.64 

Chloroform CHCl3 119.3779 1.498 0.795 1.97 

3,3-Dichlorobenzidine C12H10Cl2N2 253.1304 0.00123 3.21, 3.5 

1,1-Dichloroethene C2H2Cl2 96.9438 1.213 0.225 1.32 

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene C2H2Cl2 96.9438 1.284 0.08 1.86 

trans-1,2-

Dichloroethene C2H2Cl2 96.9438 1.257 0.63 2.09 a 

1,1-Dichloroethane C2H4Cl2 98.9596 1.176 0.506 1.79 

1,2-Dichloroethane C2H4Cl2 98.9596 1.253 0.8608 1.48 

Methylene Chloride CH2Cl2 84.9328 1.325 1.32 1.3 

Perchloroethylene C2Cl4 165.834 1.623 0.015 3.4 

Polychlorinated 

Biphenyls * * * * * 

1,1,1-Trichloroethane C2H3Cl3 133.404 1.3376 0.1495 2.49 

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Compound Name Chemical 

Formula 

MW 

(g/mol) 

Density 

(g/mL20oC) 

Solubility 

(g/100mL20oC) 

Log Kow 

1,1,2-

Trichloroethane C2H3Cl3 133.404 0.442 1.4411 2.42 

Trichloroethylene C2HCl3 131.388 1.462 0.11 2.42 

Vinyl Chloride C2H3Cl 62.4987 0.9106 0.11 1.36 

Data for this table extracted from the NIST Chemistry Webbook, Cambridge Chemfinder, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease 

Registry (ATSDR) ToxFaqsTM and Pankow and Cherry (1996) 

* 209 possible PCBs. See the ATSDR internet resources at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html for data. a recommended. 

Tree core sampling is an emerging technology that shows promising use as a tool to detect the 

presence of chlorinated solvents at sites. Researchers have been investigating the concentration 

of chemicals in tree trunks since 1990 (Vroblesky, 1990). Recently, the analysis of tree cores 

has gained interest in the field of phytoremediation as a low-cost and easily employable 

method to assess contamination presence. Core samples are collected from trees using a small 

borer and quickly placed in septum-capped vials to minimize loss of contaminant to 

volatilization. Vials are stored overnight at room temperature to allow diffusion of the volatile 

organic compounds from the core into the vial headspace. Headspace samples are analyzed and 

compared to standards using gas chromatography. Concentrations of the contaminants in the 

core are determined by assuming partitioning of contaminants from the cores is similar to that 

between air and water and taking into account recent findings on partitioning between air/wood 

and wood/water. Studies at the Riverfront Superfund Site show a strong relationship between 

contaminant concentrations in trees and shallow soils but a weak one between trees and 

groundwater (USGS, 2004b). 

2.2.2 Pesticides 

Pesticides are defined by the EPA as any substance or mixture of substances used for 

preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest. The term is used broadly to include 

herbicides, fungicides, and other pest-control substances. In 1998 and 1999, world pesticide 

usage exceeded 5.6 billion pounds. US pesticide usage exceeded 1.2 billion pounds (EPA, 

2002), and pesticides were applied at over 900,000 farms and 70 million households 

(Delaplane, 2000). Heavy usage over the years (mostly via direct land application) of some of 

the more persistent pesticides has resulted in their ubiquitous dispersal, most typically in 

aquatic environments (Chaudhry, 2002). For example, traces of a number of organochlorine 

pesticides have been found in Arctic environments where no previous application has occurred 

(Oehme, 1991). 

EPA regulates pesticides because of risks that vary considerably depending on the toxicity of 

chemical components and dosage. For example, the most widely used class of pesticides, 

organophosphates, is implicated in a number of nervous system ailments and is first among 

pesticides most often implicated in symptomatic illnesses. Organophosphates, however, are 

typically not persistent in the environment (EPA, 1999). On the other hand, organochloride 

insecticides can be extremely recalcitrant. Several have had production curtailed or been 

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banned due to deleterious environmental and health effects. Some especially recalcitrant 

pesticide pollutants, including aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, toxaphene, 

mirex, and hexachlorbenzene, were placed on the 2001 Convention on Persistent Organic 

Pollutants "dirty dozen” list to immediately address regulatory concerns. Some properties of 

more commonly remediated pesticides, including persistence, Kow, and health effects, are 

shown in table 4 on the next two pages. 

Pesticide persistence in the environment depends on various chemical factors specific to 

the contaminant, such as volatility, solubility, chemical reactivity, soil-water (Kd) and 

octanol-water (Kow) partitioning, and absorption and adsorption characteristics. In addition, 

biological degradability factors from microbial and plant activity also have significant 

effects (Chaudhry, 2002). The polar/nonpolar partitioning is particularly crucial in 

determining contaminant uptake and translocation in plants, with optimum log Kow 

conditions around 1.8 (Briggs,1982) and with uptake occurring roughly in the range of 1-

3.5 (Hsu, 1992). Other issues to consider when evaluating the persistence of pesticides 

include the formation of tightly bound pesticide residues (Barraclough, 2004), degradation 

to still-active pesticide products, and decreased bioavailability as they age (Alexander, 

2000). For example, a study by Knuteson et al. (2002) examined the effect of age on 

simazine uptake, finding that concurrent with an increase with age was increasing pesticide 

tolerance, but lower rates of uptake. Other studies have evaluated successful uptake of 

weathered chlordane in food crops (Mattina, 2000) and in pasture species (Singh, 1992), 

but less successful was the phytoremediation of dieldrin (Singh, 1992). More recently, 

White et al. (2003) studied the effect of weathered (aged) p-p'-DDE on uptake and 

translocation into 21 different cultivars (two subspecies) of summer squash. They found 

over an order-of-magnitude difference in p,p'-DDE tissue concentrations among the various 

cultivars' abilities to uptake the weathered contaminant, and attributed differences to 

subspecies variation of root exudate character. 

Traditional methods of pesticide remediation include excavation and/or chemical oxidation 

processes (i.e. photocatalysis, ozonation, iron-catalyzed Fenton’s reaction) or thermal 

processes (i.e. low temperature themal desorption, incineration). Bioremediation and 

phytoremediation are the biotic processes that are sometimes employed. The use of 

phytotechnologies to remediate these more persistent pesticides is only emerging. 

Difficulties remain, including the potential phytotoxicity of some compounds (i.e. 

herbicides) that were originally developed destroy plant material. Typically the 

mechanisms involved in pesticide phytoremediation are phytodegradation, 

rhizodegradation, and phytovolatilization. Recently, Karthikeyan et al (2004) reviewed 

various plant and rhizosphere systems that have shown potential in the laboratory for future 

pesticide phytoremediation. 

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T able 4: Common Pesticides 

P e s tic id e M o le c u la r fo rm u la M o le c u la r w e ig h t D e n s ity (g /m L ) Aq u e o u s S o lu b ility (m g /L ) L o g K o w P e rs is te n c e (H a lf-life ) H e a lt

Alachlor HC 2014 C l N O 2 269.8 1.133 242 2.92 8 days E ffects on liver, spleen, ki

(6 + m o n th ) e xp o s u re s 

Aldrin 12 HC C l68 364.93 1.6 0.017 6.5 20 days to 1 year Nervous system effects. P

doses: convulsions, deathh e a d a ch e s , vo m itin g, u n c

Atrazine 6 HC 14C lN 5 215.7 1.187 70 2.68 60 to 100 days 

A cu te : a b d o m in a l p a in , d im e m b ra n e irrita tio n (lo w le sp a s m s , h yp o th e rm ia , h yp convulsions, death (highed istre ss , lim b p a ra lysis , s t

Chlordane 10 HC C l86 409.78 1.6 0.056 6 4 years 

N e rvo u s syste m , d ig e stive Headaches, irritability, conp ro b le m s , vo m itin g , sto m a jaundice for lower doses. and death. 

Dichlorodiphe nyltrichloroethane (DDT) 

14 HC C l59 354.49 1.55 0.0055 6.19 2 to15 years N e rvo u s syste m e ffe c ts (t

carcinogen 

Dieldrin HC Cl O 12 68 380.92 1.75 0.2 5.48 Up to 7 years 

Nervous system effects. Pdoses: convulsions, deathh e a d a ch e s , vo m itin g, u n c

Endrine HC Cl O 12 68 380.92 1.7 0.26 5.2 Up to 12 years 

Nervous system effects (lcentral nervous system insm a lle r d o s e s c a n c a u se nausea, vom iting, and con

Heptachlor 10 HC C l75 373.32 1.58 0.18 5.47-6.10 0.4 to 2 years Nervous system dam age, 

d a m a g e , tre m o rs 

Hexachlorobe nzene (HCB) C C l66 284.81 2.044 0.005 5.73 2.7 to 7.5 years 

D a m a g e to live r, th yro id , n 

kid n e ys, b lo o d , a n d im m u anticipated to be carcinog

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Pesticide Molecular formula Molecular weight Density (g/mL) Aqueous Solubility (mg/L) Log Kow Persistence (Half-life) He

Metribuzin N H C OS 8 14 4 214.28 1.28 1050 1.7 40 days 

Skin irritation, reduced wechanges, liver and kidney thyroid glands with chron

Mirex C 10Cl12 545.55 1.8 0.085 7.18 Up to 10 years 

Stomach, intestine, liver, system, and reproductive carcinogen 

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) C Cl OH 56 266.34 1.98 80 5.01 45 days 

Respiratory irritation, lund on cardiovascular systemkidneys, lungs, liver. 

Toxaphene HC 1010 Cl8 414 1.66 0.55 5.78-6.79 1 to14 years Damage to lungs, nervou

doses; lower doses effect and immune system; pos

Data for this table extracted from the Cambridge Chemfinder, the Extension Toxicology Network, & the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Regi

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2.2.3 Explosives 

The term explosive refers to prepared chemicals subject to a rapid chemical reaction that 

produce or cause explosions. The three main classes of explosives are nitroaromatics, 

nitramines and nitrate esters. Nitroaromatics are characterized by an aromatic ring and nitro 

groups. The electronegativity of the nitro groups prevents explosives from readily falling 

under electrophilic attack. For this reason they are generally non-hygroscopic, insoluble in 

water and do not readily react with metals. Common uses of explosives include military 

weapons and pyrotechnic shows. Table 5 lists common explosives and some of their 

properties. 

Contamination of soil with explosives is largely due to manufacturing, storage, testing and 

inappropriate waste disposal of explosive chemicals. The primary explosives at hazardous 

waste sites are 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (Royal 

Demolition eXplosive-RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazine (High Melting 

eXplosive-HMX). TNT is a nitroaromatic constituent of many explosives. In a refined 

form, TNT is stable and can be stored over long periods of time. It is relatively insensitive 

to blows or friction. It is readily acted upon by alkalis to form unstable compounds that are 

very sensitive to heat and impact. Health effects due to exposure to TNT include anemia, 

abnormal liver function, skin irritation, and cataracts (ASTDR, 2004). RDX is a nitramine 

widely used as an explosive and as a constituent in plastic explosives. RDX can cause 

seizures when large amounts are inhaled or eaten. Long-term health effects on the nervous 

system due to low-level exposure to RDX are not known. HMX is a nitramine that 

explodes violently at high temperatures. It is used in nuclear devices, plastic explosives and 

rocket fuels. Insufficient studies on the effects of HMX to the health of humans and 

animals have been performed. 

Incineration, landfilling and pump and treat systems are traditional methods applied to 

remove explosives contamination from soil and groundwater. These approaches are 

expensive and can cause air pollution with ash generation. Phytoremediation mechanisms 

that have been successful in containing and/or remediating explosives contamination 

include phytoextraction, phytodegradation and phytostabilization using tobacco, 

periwinkle, and parrot feather plants in constructed wetlands (Bhadra, 1999; Wayment, 

1999; Hughes, 1997). 

Table 5. Common Explosives 

Compound Name Chemical 

Formula 

MW 

(g/mol) 

Density 

(g/mL-20oC) 

Solubility 

(g/100mL-20oC) 

2,4-Dinitrotoluene 

(2,4DNT) C7H6N2O4 182.1354 1.521 0.027 

2,6-Dinitrotoluene 

(2,6DNT) C7H6N2O4 182.1354 1.2833 0.0182 

2-nitrotoluene C7H7NO2 137.1378 1.163 0.06 

4-nitrotoluene C7H7NO2 137.1378 1.392 <0.1 

Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro1,3,5-triazine (RDX) C3H6N6O6 222.117 1.82 Insoluble 

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Compound Name Chemical 

Formula 

MW 

(g/mol) 

Density 

(g/mL-20oC) 

Solubility 

(g/100mL-20oC) 

Octahydro-1,3,5,7-

tetranitro-1,3,5,7-

tetrazocine (HMX) 

C4H8N8O8 296.156 1.90 Insoluble 

Tetryl C7H5N5O8 287.1452 0.02 

2,4,6-trinitrotoluene 

(TNT) C7H5N3O6 227.133 1.64 0.01 

Data for this table extracted from the NIST Chemistry Webbook, Cambridge Chemfinder and the Agency for Toxic Substances and 

Disease Registry internet resources. 

2.2.4 Metals 

Metals include any of the class of chemical elements of atomic number 20 and greater with 

metallic luster, ductility, and the ability to conduct heat and electricity. Although metals are 

naturally present in the Earth’s crust, concentrated metal pollutants enter the environment 

in several ways, primarily though the burning of fossil fuels, as a result of mining and 

smelting activities, from the application of pesticides and fertilizers, and via sewage and 

municipal wastes. Metals in soils can exist as free ions, soluble complexes, bound to 

organics, precipitated or insoluble compounds (i.e. as oxides, carbonates, and hydroxides), 

or in silicate minerals (Salt, 1995). 

Although small amounts of various metals are necessary for cell maintenance, metals can 

be toxic to both plants and animals in large amounts. Table 6 shows common metal 

pollutants and their health effects. Due to their prevalence, toxicity, and exposure potential, 

several of these metals are found in the top 20 on the 2003 CERCLA Priority List of 

Hazardous Substances, including arsenic (ranked first), lead (ranked second), mercury 

(ranked third), cadmium (ranked seventh), and chromium (ranked seventeenth) (CERCLA, 

2003). 

Traditional methods of mitigating metal contamination in soils include various isolation, 

extraction, immobilization, and toxicity reduction methods, including physical barrier (i.e. 

concrete, steel) isolation; chemical solidification/ stabilization; hydrocyclone, fluidized 

bed, or flotation processes; electrokinetic processes; soil washing; and pump-and-treat 

systems (Mulligan, 2001). Phytoremediation presents itself as a low-cost, solar-powered, 

environmentally-friendly alternative to methods such as extraction and pump and treat 

systems, which can be prohibitively expensive, and soil washing, which can reduce the 

fertility and bioactivity of soils (Datta, 2004). Because metals are generally nonbiodegradable, phytoextraction is the most common mechanism of metals 

phytoremediation, although both phytovolatilization (i.e. for Hg, Se, As) and 

phytostabilization mechanisms occur. In general, metal uptake and phytoextraction 

coefficients decrease in the order Cr6+ > Cd2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+ > Cu2+ > Pb2+ > Cr 3+ 

(EPA, 2000). 

Although the first metal-hyperaccumulating plants were identified in the mid-1970s, this 

information has only recently been explored for purposes of remediation. A 1989 Baker 

review of terrestrial hyperaccumulators and a 2003 Reeves review of over 30 years’ work 

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on tropical hyperaccumulators by Robert Brooks and his colleague, catalogue many of the 

known species able to extract metals (including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, 

cobalt, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, zinc). Yet despite the breadth of morphological/ 

geographical information now available for over 400 identified hyperaccumulator species, 

most plants are restricted to highly metaliferous, ultramafic (igneous, iron and magnesiumrich) soils and tropical environments, of relatively small biomass and slow-growing 

(Pulford, 2003). Additionally, not much is known about exploiting these properties for 

phytoremediation (Reeves, 2003). 

The limits of these hyperaccumulator plants are apparent after a review of the very few 

field-scale metal phytoremediation successes, despite several years of intense efforts to find 

a magic phyto-bullet. Disappointing performance of lead phytoextraction was illustrated at 

the Fort Dix Superfund site, where the amount of lead removed was less than the 

uncertainty in the heterogeneous soil profile and less than the amount of unaccounted 

“missing” lead (Rock, 2003). Similarly, ineffectiveness of lead removal was concluded at 

the Magic Marker Superfund site, where lead concentrations in phytoextracted tissue did 

not account for the reduction in soil lead concentrations (Rock, 2003). These inefficacies 

have led to current research interests in identifying those genes responsible for metal 

resistance and accumulation and in developing enhanced transgenic plants for application 

in the field. Recently, Song (2003) explored the effect of inserting yeast proteins into 

mouse ear cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) and Gisbert (2003) investigated geneticallymodified shrub tobacco (Nicotiana glauca), in two independent efforts to develop a lead 

and cadmium tolerant plant that may lead to better field success in the future. 

One of the most important factors determining metal phytoremediation success is 

contaminant bioavailability. Metal bioavailability is determined by physical factors 

(contaminant coarseness, soil texture, etc.), chemical factors (concentration, speciation, pH, 

Eh, cation exchange capacity, acidity, redox potential), and biological factors (plant, 

mychorrizal, and microogranism activity) (Ernst, 1996). Some of these factors can be 

altered in the development of a phytoremediation site, such as importing more amenable 

soils, adjusting pH and/or alkalinity, etc. For example, decreasing soil pH generally 

increases metal availability, but it is important to make sure plants are able to survive under 

the same pH conditions. Competition between metals can also have a profound effect: in 

general, increasing the metal loading rate in a soil (i.e. containing cadmium, chromium, 

copper, manganese, lead, and zinc) decreases the bioconcentration factor of metals in 

plants. (Wang, et al 2002). 

Table 6. Potential Human Health Effects of Metals 

Metal MW Health Effect 

Arsenic 74.92 

Acute: Lung irritation, nausea, vomiting, blood vessel damage, abnormal hearth rhythm, death. 

Chronic: keratoses and skin effects; peripheral vascular disease; hypertension and cardiovascular 

disease; cancers of the bladder, kidney, liver, and lung; diabetes mellitus; possible neurological 

effects 

Lead 207.20 Affects central nervous and reproductive system, damages kidneys, may cause anemia, decrease 

reaction time, cause weakness in fingers, wrists, ankles, and affect memory. 

Mercury 200.59 Bronchitis, gingivitis, pulmonary edema, nervous system disorders, and permanent damage to brain, 

kidneys, and developing fetus. 

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Metal MW Health Effect 

Cadmium 112.41 Pulmonary edema, emphysema, anemia, lung cancer, anosmia, kidney disease, fragile bones with 

long-term exposure. Acute exposure: lung damage, vomiting, diarrhea, and death 

Chromium 52.00 Nosebleed, ulcers, stomach upsets, convulsions, kidney and liver damage, death. Cr (VI) is a 

carcinogen. 

Zinc 65.39 Corneal ulceration, esophagus damage, pulmonary edema, skin irritation, stomach cramps, nausea, 

vomiting. 

Nickel 58.69 Dermatitis, pneumonia, lung and nasal cancer, chronic bronchitis, effects on blood and kidneys. 

Probable carcinogen. 

Silver 107.87 Blindness, skin lesions, pneumonoconiosis, arygria, lung irritation, stomach pains. 

Copper 63.55 Acute: stomach and intestinal distress, liver and kidney damage, anemia. Chronic: headaches, 

dizziness, nausea, diarrhea. 

Manganese 54.94 Liver cirrhosis, pneumonia, bronchitis, manganism, respiratory problems, sexual dysfunction 

Data for this table extracted from the Cambridge Chemfinder and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry internet 

resources. 

Chlorinated solvents, pesticides, explosives and metals are only four of several major 

contaminants found at hazardous waste sites and only one of many site characteristics that 

define a site. The varying nature of what can be found at a site poses a challenge for 

determining whether phytoremediation is a viable remediation technology for any 

particular site. The next section of this document details considerations for determining 

whether phytoremediation is appropriate for a site. 

3. IS PHYTOREMEDIATION RIGHT FOR YOUR PROJECT? 

3.1 Site Characteristics 

3.1.1 Site Characterization 

A thorough site analysis that includes contaminant, geological, hydrological, and soil 

assessments is essential to determine base line conditions, phytotoxic conditions, the 

potential for contaminant removal, and to meet treatment goals (Tsao, 2003). The ITRC has 

produced Decision Tree documents (1999, 2001) to aid in the evaluation of a potential 

phytoremediation sites, although a brief overview of some important considerations can be 

found below. 

3.1.1.1. Contaminant 

As discussed previously, the nature of the contaminant (recalcitrance, persistence, 

bioavailability, etc.) is crucial when developing effective phytoremediation strategies for a 

given site. High contaminant concentrations may limit phytoremediation as a treatment 

option due to phytotoxicity or the impracticality of using such a slow remediation method. 

Additionally, the physical location of the contaminant will determine the efficacy of 

treatment. Due to plant root limitations, phytoremediation of soils and sediments is 

typically employed for contaminants in the near surface environment within the root zone. 

For groundwater treatment, phytoremediation is limited to unconfined aquifer where the 

water table and the contaminant are both within reach of plant roots (either in direct contact 

or via transpiration). 

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3.1.1.2. Site Area and Activities 

Past, current, and future site activities will affect phytoremediation system design. Past site 

activities will determine contaminant and soil properties (i.e. quantity, age, and quality) at 

the site and existing vegetation may influence the growth and stability of any introduced 

phytoremediating plant species. An area assessment will be required to consider the amount 

of space available for phytoremediation, to identify any physical obstacles, and to 

accommodate any concurrent activities. Chemical, physical, and biological impacts of 

vegetation on the site should also be determined. Because phytoremediation is a long-term 

remediation process, often on the order of several years, any proposed future site activities 

will also need to be considered and integrated into the final system design. 

3.1.1.3. Geological and Hydrological Conditions: 

Topography of the site will affect surface and subsurface flow patterns and drainage. A 

proper evaluation of the hydrologic regime includes measuring recharge, potentiometric 

levels, and discharge, and includes a determination of surface and subsurface runoff, 

infiltration, and water storage. The remediation of groundwater requires creating a cone of 

depression so contaminants can be transported to the plant root zone for treatment. The 

goal of hydraulic control is to have plume movement minimized as much as possible, 

where infiltration is roughly equal to the amount of evapotranspiration. Runoff and 

infiltration controls are necessary to prevent contaminant mobilization. At sites with very 

porous soils, lining may be required to control the amount of infiltration. Calculating the 

overall water balance of the system may be required to estimate whether phytoremediation 

will be effective at controlling contaminant plumes. The use of hydrological models, such 

as the USGS groundwater model MODFLOW, can aid in the assessment and 

characterization of aquifer and contaminant movement. For example, site characterization 

and groundwater flow modeling using MODFLOW at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds 

found phytoremediation processes to be more effective than groundwater circulation wells 

in the control and removal of dissolved-phase volatile organic compound (VOC) plumes 

contaminating the site (Hirsh, 2003). 

3.1.1.4. Soil Type 

Soil characteristics, such as moisture content, available oxygen, organic matter content, 

cation exchange capacity, pH, alkalinity, content, texture (particle size), and temperature 

will have significant effects on contaminant mobility and fate. For example, metal 

bioavailability in high clay and low organic content soils is decreased. Higher soil cation 

exchange capacity indicates greater sorption of metal contaminants. Soil fertility will 

determine whether additional fertilizers will be necessary. Soil pH affects metal 

contaminant solubility as well as plant growth, and a balance should be met to maximize 

both. The importance of soil conditions was made apparent in a recent study by Boyle and 

Shann (1998), who compared the growth response of three different plant species 

(sunflower, Timothy grass, and red clover) under varying soil conditions (coarse silty loam, 

fine clay loam, and fine-silty loam) and found soil type to be one of the most significant 

factor in rhizosphere degradation of a pesticide (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid). 

Characterization studies to assess horizontal and vertical distributions of soil properties 

should be undertaken prior to full-scale implementation. 

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3.1.2 Climate 

At the macro scale, climate is one of the major factors affecting evapotranspiration rates 

and, subsequently, the amount of contaminant that can be contained. Optimal conditions for 

maximum evapotranspiration are high water, high solar radiation, high wind speed, warm 

temperature, low relative humidity (high vapor pressure gradient), and long growingseason environments (Vose, 2003). Evapotranspiration is linearly related to precipitation 

and the amount of water available in the soil. Solar radiation regulates the opening and 

closing of the stomata and wind speed affects convective flow across leaf surface area. 

Relative humidity and vapor pressure gradients on the leaf surface will limit the amount of 

transpiration. Frost dates serve as limits to effective duration of a phytoremediation season 

for most plant species. 

3.1.3 Time Constraints 

Phytoremediation is a long-term remediation strategy, but the time required varies and is 

hard to predict. It requires sufficient time for vegetation to become established and grow to 

levels associated with higher transpiration rates. Phytoremediation is also limited by 

climate variation and seasonal effects particular to a site, which lengthen the overall time 

required. For example, perennial plants require at least a year to establish, and for organic 

compounds, at least three or more years are needed to allow for plant stabilization (Davis, 

2003). A rough estimate of the clean-up time required can be extrapolated from calculating 

the rate of contaminant uptake by a plant. The uptake rate requires knowing the efficiency 

of uptake (i.e. transpiration stream concentration factor, TSCF), the transpiration rate, and 

the concentration of contaminant in soil solutions (Schnoor, 2003). 

3.2 Plant Considerations 

3.2.1 Plant Selection 

Selection of appropriate plants should take into consideration issues of contaminant 

tolerances, evapotranspiration rates, climate and weather (e.g. flood, drought) tolerances, 

growing season, root depth, and disease and pest resistance. Although no plant protocols 

have been established, an integration of this database with others (such as the U.S. 

Department of Agriculture [USDA] plants database) can be used to narrow down the 

possibilities. 

3.2.2 Types 

Plants used in phytoremediation include trees, grasses, flowers, and shrubs, and various 

aquatic plants. Although nearly all the phytoremediation sites to date have used terrestrial 

plants, several hydroponic and aquatic plant studies have been employed for use in 

constructed wetlands and in plant/ phytotoxicity screening to determine the efficacy of 

contaminant uptake from groundwater under idealized conditions. Aquatic plants have 

great potential for in situ remediation, such as with the use of constructed wetland 

biofilters, however they are not considered any further here. Plant selection requires 

demonstrated effectiveness at mitigating the pollutant of concern and a phytotoxicity 

evaluation. A perusal of the phytoremediation database shows that the species most 

commonly used in field-scale phytoremediation applications are (hybrid) poplar, (hybrid) 

willow, cottonwoods, ryegrass, fescue, alfalfa, Indian mustard, and parrot feather. The 

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popularity of hybrid poplars is due to their quick growth, deep roots, and extremely high 

rates of evapotranspiration. Poplars and other plants, however, vary considerably across 

their genus in their phytoremediating abilities (i.e. growth rate, metabolic activity, rooting 

characteristics, disease and drought resistance, etc.), so care should be taken when selecting 

cultivars that have worked at a site with differing characteristics (Compton, 2003; White, 

2003). For heavy metals, accumulator plants typically selected are not only able to tolerate 

and accumulate pollutants, but also have high above-and-below-ground biomass and are 

fast growing; however, Pulford (2003) proposes using non-accumulator plant species for 

heavy metal uptake in arrangement with optimized soil conditions (i.e. chelation) or via 

genetically-modified strains. For organics, vegetation should generally be fast growing, 

have high evapotranspiration rates, and transform contaminants to less toxic or nontoxic 

forms (ITRC, 1999). For remediation of chlorinated solvents, typically used species include 

hybrid poplar and hybrid willow (see database). For munitions, periwinkle (Catharanthus 

roseus) has been successful for munitions, in addition to the parrot feather (Myriophyllum 

aquaticum), although hybrid poplar is beginning to emerge as an alternative (Hughes, 

1997; Bhadra, 1999; Wayment, 1999). Pesticides are most commonly treated using hybrid 

poplars, although various other crop, grass, and colonizing plant species have shown 

tolerance and phytoremediating potential in the laboratory, as summarized by Karthukeyan 

et. al (2004). 

3.2.3. Phytotoxicity and Treatability Evaluation 

Toxicity screening tests are use to determine possible plants for a set of contaminant, 

nutrient levels, pH, and salinity conditions. Using these bench-scale pot, hydroponic, or 

greenhouse studies is a prerequisite to actual implementation at a contaminated site. When 

evaluating plants in phytotoxicity studies, a general rule to follow for organic contaminants 

is that plants able to survive 10+ mg/L of organic contaminant are recommended, with 

plants surviving 1-10 mg/L conditions as additional possibilities; for inorganic 

contaminants, species able to tolerate 100+ mg/L are recommended, with plants surviving 

at 10-100 mg/L as additional possibilities (Gatliff, 2004). Treatability studies are used to 

estimate the rate of contaminant treatment, to determine fate and transport in the system, 

and to develop models and mass balances. In treatability studies under controlled 

conditions, it is imperative to replicate site conditions (site soils, humidity/ water 

availability, pH, etc.) as closely as possible. A review of the genetic and molecular basis of 

plant tolerance and phytotoxicity was recently undertaken, with special attention to 

chlorinated aliphatic compounds and explosives (Medina, 2003). Karthikeyan et al (2004) 

recently reviewed the laboratory-scale tolerances of various tree, grass, and crop species to 

various pesticide compounds. 

3.2.4. Root and Rhizosphere 

Roots have a variety of functions that include structural support for plants, the uptake of 

nutrients and water, and the release of exudates. For phytoremediation, treatment is limited 

to the roots’ zone of influence and therefore the contaminant depth should not exceed root 

depth. For non-woody plants, the effective root depth usually does not extend more than a 

couple feet; however, for phreatophytes (i.e. poplar trees) this depth can be extended 

significantly by methods of deep rooting. Root exudates also play a crucial role in 

rhizosphere phytoremediation processes for both inorganic and organic contaminants. 

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Exudates are compounds released from plant roots that stimulate microbial growth and 

activity in the rhizosphere. Exudates can also alter soil pH, act as chelating agents, aid in 

nutrient recomplex with metals, and degrade organic compounds (Tsao, 2003). Root 

turnover is yet another mechanism of adding organic substrate to soils for the stimulation 

of microorganisms. Although rhizosphere processes are generally poorly understood, 

several plant species (e.g. legumes) are capable of sustaining active microbial populations, 

and may be selective in their capacity to degrade certain compounds, such as pesticides 

(Karthikeyan, 2004). 

Root growth in the contaminant zone is a function of contaminant and water depths, 

climate, nutrient availability, water distribution, soil strength, and available oxygen (Negri, 

2004). A few recent studies illustrate the importance of these factors. For example, 

Nzengung (2004) observed that available oxygen, nutrients (nitrate), root mortality, and 

redox conditions determined whether rhizodegradation of perchlorate in the root-zone was 

the favored phytoremediation mechanism. A 2003 study by Keller that compared the ability 

of various plant species to extract copper, zinc, and cadmium from soils found that a larger 

ratio of root density to above-ground biomass and generally large overall root area were 

positive factors. Modulating root temperature by the use of polyethylene mulches for 

enhancing cadmium and zinc extraction in potato plants was proposed by Baghour (2002). 

3.2.5 Planting Methods 

The method of planting will depend on the type of vegetation used in treatment. For 

example, grasses are usually dispersed as seeds, and trees such as poplar are transplanted 

from pots as whips or from cuttings. Planting dates are dependent on the climate at a given 

site. Seeding methods including depth of sowing, then “pelletizing” of smaller seeds, hand 

vs. machine sowing, density and distance between rows have been discussed in the 

literature (Angle, 2001). Typically, vegetation is planted at the leading edge of the 

contaminant plume, perpendicular to groundwater flow (Ferro, et. al 2003). 

If deep rooting is required, poplars and willows are popular phreatophyte choices due to 

their natural predisposition to develop roots at greater depths, especially in porous soils and 

arid environments. Rooting below 1 meter usually involves installation in boreholes or 

trenches, along with engineered media to direct the root growth. Deep rooting can be 

feasibly engineered to depths of up to 40 feet. Engineered media includes backfill material 

to maintain favorable root growth conditions, and casings to direct root growth and reduce 

the amount of surface water available, as well as short-circuiting, in the system (Negri, 

2003). Deep rooting may not always have desired effects. For example, Sung (2003) found 

that rooting at depth made no difference in TNT or PBB disappearance rates for 

Johnsongrass (Sorghum halapense) and Canadian wild rye (Elymus canadensis). 

Additionally, care should be taken to ensure there is a sufficient lateral root system to 

maintain structural support. 

3.2.6 Native versus Non-native Species 

Recent legislation, such as two recent Executive Orders (1994, 1999) and the 1996 Invasive 

Species Act and the 2000 Plant Protection Act, limit the introduction of invasive or nonnative plant species to areas where they are not indigenous. In addition to regulatory 

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reasons, indigenous species are recommended over non-native species for use in 

phytoremediation projects as they involve the least amount of human and ecological risk. 

Native species are often better adapted to the conditions of the environment (i.e. adapted to 

soil conditions and are tolerant to the hydraulic regime), require less maintenance, 

monitoring, and control, have lower energy requirements, and involve less residual disposal 

(Marmiroli, 2003; Compton, 2003). The hierarchy for selecting plants is native species > 

hybrid species > non-native/ introduced species > engineered species (ITRC, 2004). 

3.2.7 Plant Specificity 

Although most phytoremediation sites are developed assuming a rigid plant-contaminant 

specificity, there have been some interesting developments in studies on plants that are able 

to remediate more than one class of pollutant. For example, a field plot study by Mattina et 

al (2003), determined concurrent uptake of chlordane and heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Zn) by 

Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) and spinach (Spinachia oleracea). The possibility of one plant 

remediating multiple categories of contaminant should be accounted for in project design to 

ensure that remediation objectives are met. 

3.2.8 Transgenics 

Genetic modification of a plant involves insertion of a piece of foreign DNA (e.g. for 

enhanced tolerance or accumulation) into the genome of the species of interest. Wolfe and 

Bjornstad (2002) hypothesize that phytoremediation using genetically-engineered plants 

would create more opposition and controversy than non-genetically engineered plants 

based on past public responses to the biotechnology applications. 

The negative perceptions and widespread resistance to the use of genetically-engineered 

plants can be attributed to "the failure of the biotechnology industry to educate the 

community about the risks and benefits of transgenic technology," which Linacre (2003) 

suggests can be overcome by adopting a combined risk assessment (i.e. defining risks, 

associated probabilities, and dose/consequences), risk management, and risk 

communication strategy. 

Despite the aforementioned social obstacles, research into transgenic plants has accelerated 

and modified, phytoremediating plants have been introduced at field-scale. While most past 

transgenic research has focused on developing hyperaccumulators or plants with enhanced 

biodegradation, some recent research has been undertaken to develop genes for "anticontaminant/antibody fragments" capable of improved pollutant-accumulation (Chaudhry, 

2002). 

Genetically-modified lead accumulators were previously discussed, but a sampling of some 

recent GMO (genetically-modified organism) research follows: Transgenic mouse ear cress 

(Arabidopsis thaliana) has recently shown to hyperaccumulate arsenic in laboratory studies 

(Dhankher et. al, 2002). And in October 2003, the first commercial application of 

genetically modified species for phytoremediation was planted at a Danbury, CT 

brownfields site. In this particular case, bacterial genes that encode enzymes for conversion 

of toxic methyl mercury to volatile elemental mercury were inserted into cottonwood trees 

(APGEN, 2003). 

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3.3 Agronomic Considerations 

3.3.1. Plant Age and Metabolic Status 

While water content, diurnal cycles, temperature, and periods of dormancy are also 

important to determine metabolic status, frost dates for a given site is one of the largest 

determining factors (see database). Plant age determines plant size and overall leaf surface 

area, which in turn is responsible for evapotranspiration rates. For example, poplar 

transpiration rates are around 1.6-10 gallons per day (gpd) during the first two years, but 

transpiration rates increases to between 13-200 gpd after 10 years (ITRC, 2004). Plant age 

also determines contaminant tolerance; for example, in a study by Peralta-Videa (2003), the 

phytotoxicity of metals (i.e. Cd, Cu, Zn) to alfalfa plants decreased with plant age. 

Deciduous trees are dormant for a large part of year, while conifers continue to transpire at 

a reduced rate throughout the winter season and have higher overall rates of 

evapotranspiration due to higher total leaf surface area (Vose, 2003). 

3.3.2. Amendments 

The addition of inorganic, organic, and bio-amendments are often used to enhance 

phytoremediation, and there are a few recent applications of these to pesticides. Microbemediated rhizosphere degradation is a principal phytoremediation mechanism, and often 

the major limiting factor of pesticide biodegradation is a deficient population of 

microorganisms (Olson, 2003). One recent study showed that bacterial (Actinomycete) 

inoculants in soils increased the amount of 1,4-dioxane in soil that was mineralized, 

although their addition had little effect on the total amount of dioxane removed by hybrid 

poplars (Kelley et al, 2000). Laboratory studies have also shown that strains of 

Agrobacterium tumefaciens were capable of increasing root mass and stimulating PCB 

uptake by plants, an amendment method which may be applicable to pesticide remediation 

in the future (Chaudhry, 2002; Gleba, 1999). 

Similarly, metal phytoextraction can be used as part of a treatment train or in combination 

with other remediation technologies. Popular alternatives include the addition of chelating 

agents such as EDTA, or organic acids such as citric acid that mimic natural plant excretion 

of organic ligands (Romkens, 2002). However, care must be taken when adding chelates 

and other amendments, because they may lead to uncontrolled releases and/or require 

costly engineered barriers to be put in place (Rock, 2003). Amendments should be 

evaluated in bench-scale studies prior to field application to ascertain optimum conditions. 

For example, citric acid may be degraded by microorganisms too quickly to be used in 

long-term remediation (Romkens, 2002), or the increased metal bioavailability with 

addition of EDTA and citric acid amendments may correspond to high levels of plant 

phytotoxicity (Chen, 2001; Turget, 2004). Adding biological amendments such as fungi 

and microorganisms, or integrating phytoremediation with another technology (e.g. 

electrokinetic remediation) is another possibility. 

3.3.3. Other Agronomic Issues 

Although monoculture plantations have often been used in phytoremediation in the past, 

there is increasing trend towards incorporating mixed cultures. Monoculture plantations 

have the advantage of reduced competition for nutrients and space, and it may be easier to 

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control undesirable organisms that do emerge. However, the use of a single plant species 

introduces several potential problems. Intensive monoculture cultivation requires high 

levels of irrigation, fertilizer, and amendments to sustain plant productivity. Monocultures 

are far less resistant to disease and invasive species than mixed cultures. Additionally, 

optimization of some phytomechanisms, such as rhizodegradation, requires a diverse and 

complex range of species interactions, which cannot occur under a single plant 

environment (Olson, 2003). If a mixed culture is used, the potential for alleopathy or 

interspecies competition between plants, which may lead to the subsequent inhibition of 

one plant, should be evaluated. 

Plant rotation is commonly used in agronomic practices to recycle important nutrients in 

the soils, reduce the need for fertilizer and other amendments, and to alleviate stresses. 

Natural succession often results as an ecological community response to environmental 

stresses. Site operators may consider mimicking succession by first introducing a "pioneer" 

species to stabilize conditions, then adding a more and more diverse mix of plant species 

with time, improving disease and stress resistance (Olson, 2003). Additional agronomic 

recommendations include avoiding a grid pattern when planting, allowing for sufficient 

space between trees (for maintenance and monitoring activities), and installing monitoring 

equipment, drainage systems, etc. prior to planting (Compton, 2003). 

3.4 Regulatory Considerations 

Phytoremediation as a technology has experienced increased regulatory approval and 

standardization, although there are no federal regulations specific to phytoremediation to 

date. Regulations posed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 

Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), 

Clean Air Act (CAA), Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), Federal Insecticide 

Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 

Invasive Species Act, Plant Protection Act, statutes enforced by the USDA and state 

statutes must all be upheld when installing a phytoremediation system. USDA and state 

statues may govern the plant species used and the extent of vegetation allowed and/or 

required. Common issues faced under these regulations include: 

• Transport of contaminants from the subsurface to the surface. 

• Transport of contaminated media off-site 

• Permits to dig on-site 

• Permits to plant 

• Handling of secondary waste/degradation products 

Site managers must ensure all actions abide by the stipulated regulations and that proper 

permits are obtained. 

3.5 Ecological and Social Considerations 

It is obvious that success of a phytoremediation project is dependent on various technical 

aspects such as site, contaminant, and plant characterizations; equally imperative, yet less 

often considered, are numerous social considerations. Some issues that may affect 

community acceptability of phytoremediation include site aesthetics, odor production (i.e. 

with volatile contaminants), dust from tilling and maintenance, pest attraction, and 

production of pollen (i.e. aggravation of allergies). Additional issues may include the 

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degree of perceived risk (i.e. contaminant concentrations and required length of treatment); 

unpredictability (i.e. the dearth of available data and research on this "emerging" 

technology); issues of genetic engineering; ecological impacts; the appropriateness of 

extrapolating demonstration to full-scale; and linking, or including as a part of a treatment 

train, phytoremediation to other, less acceptable technologies or practices. (Wolfe and 

Bjornstad, 2002). 

There are several ecological concerns to be cognizant of when developing a 

phytoremediation site. As discussed previously, introduced species can become invasive if 

not controlled properly. Introduced and genetically-modified species can have possibly 

deleterious effects on nearby crops if interbreeding between species or cross pollination is 

allowed to occur. Monoculture plantations maybe more susceptible to disease, increasing 

the possibility of airborne plant diseases that may infect other ecological communities. 

Additionally, without proper pest and animal controls in place, bioaccumulated 

contaminants in vegetation may be enter the food chain. 

Despite the aforementioned concerns, phytoremediation is generally regarded in a 

favorable manner because it is a solar-driven “green” technology that concurrently treats 

contaminants in situ and improves the aesthetics and habitat of the surrounding area. 

3.6 Operation and Maintenance 

Because phytoremediation uses living organisms, installations of the technology have 

unique O&M requirements when compared to other more traditional remediation systems. 

Maintaining a healthy system is crucial to the continuation and effectiveness of the 

remediation process. Varying plants, climates, and contaminants may cause a site to have 

some of, all of, or additional requirements to those listed here. Some unique operation and 

maintenance requirements for a phytoremediation site include: 

• Visual inspections 

• Fertilization 

• Irrigation 

• Weed control 

• Mowing 

• Harvesting 

• Pest Control 

• Replanting 

Visual inspections, fertilization, irrigation and pest control are steps taken to ensure plant 

growth. Weed control aids in both plant growth and prevention of invasive species 

infiltration. Mowing is primarily implemented to facilitate easier monitoring and 

maintenance of the site. Harvesting plant tissue removes contaminants that have 

accumulated within the plant tissue. This storage of contaminants can be either a liability or 

an asset to a phytoremediation site. If the contaminant is a hazardous waste with no further 

use, the tissue must be disposed of as hazardous waste at an additional cost. Some 

contaminants accumulated in the plant tissue, such as heavy metals, may be reclaimed and 

sold in a practice known as phytomining. In such cases, these “cash crops” can be an asset 

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to the project by defraying some of the total cost. Pest control is important to protect both 

the livelihood of the vegetation and also of the surrounding wildlife. Animals that eat or 

damage the vegetation can destroy plantations, thereby hindering remediation, but they can 

also harm themselves if they ingest contaminated plant tissue or water. Replanting is a 

maintenance issue necessary to ensure continuous contaminant uptake. Vegetation dies for 

several reasons (i.e. damage by animals, insects and weather) and needs to be replanted to 

maintain the root mass necessary for contaminant uptake and release of exudates. Dead 

plant matter, along with other debris, must be removed from the site. Site cleanup is a 

maintenance issue that helps facilitate easy monitoring and implementation of other 

maintenance needs. Vigilance, frequent site visitation, and maintenance during first year of 

a plantation is crucial and play a large factor in whether phytoremediating plants become 

established or not, with moisture availability and weed control being some of the more 

critical requirements (Compton, 2003). 

3.7 Performance Monitoring 

Some monitoring requirements for a phytoremediation system are similar to those of a 

traditional remediation system, such as contaminant concentration and groundwater levels. 

Phytoremediation installations also have unique characteristics that require monitoring. 

They include: 

• Plant health 

• Root depth and density 

• Evapotranspiration 

• Groundwater levels 

• Tissue sampling 

• Precipitation 

• Soil moisture 

• Microbial characterization 

Plant health and root depth and density must be monitored to ensure continuous 

contaminant uptake and remediation in the target zone. Evapotranspiration and 

groundwater level monitoring, along with tissue sampling, can aid in confirming 

contaminant uptake and hydraulic control. Precipitation, soil moisture and microbial 

characterizations are monitored to classify the environment the system is operating in. This 

classification is important for two reasons. Firstly, data collected can be consulted when 

failures occur to aid in the determination of the cause. Notable changes in aspects of the 

environment can be investigated as possible remedies to the failure. Secondly, 

characterization of the climate is important to thoroughly document successful applications 

of phytoremediation. The varying nature of site characteristics suggests there is not one 

installation to be prescribed for all sites. Therefore, each site will have different monitoring 

requirements. 

The site-specific nature of a phytoremediation prescription lends itself towards a need for 

thorough documentation of site installations. Experts in the field have given opinions about 

the kind of data that should be collected from each site in order for a phytoremediation 

database to be useful. The resulting compilation of phytoremediation sites has been 

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organized into a database for easy navigation and implementation into searchable software 

programs if needed. 

4. DATABASE 

4.1 General Layout 

The database is divided into four sections, one for each major contaminant class: 

chlorinated solvents, pesticides, explosives, and metals. Appendix A contains site 

contaminated with chlorinated solvents, Appendix B contains pesticide sites, Appendix C 

contains explosives sites, and Appendix D contains metals sites. Each appendix contains, at 

the beginning, a table of contents for every listed individual contaminant that details what 

sites contain what contaminant. In the pages following the table of contents, the data 

collected for each site have been compiled and are presented in a single page layout. 

4.2 Soil and Climate Characterizations 

In order to maintain uniformity for the entries in the database, a single classification system 

was necessary to define soil and climate characteristics. The need for a single system to be 

used in this database resulted in an extensive search and the eventual selection of one 

classification system. The USDA 1993 Soil Survey Manual was used for soil texture 

classification, because it contained a manageable range of classification terms. Others soil 

classification systems had too many or too few categories to sufficiently characterize soil. 

In addition, soil texture classes used in the USDA Manual were identical to those found in 

a majority of the existing site literature. The soil texture categories, containing a brief 

description, are listed in Appendix E. 

Following a review of the available site data and consultation with experts, the critical 

climate parameters necessary for phytoremediation site determination were defined. These 

parameters include site average temperature ranges, elevation, average annual precipitation, 

and frost dates (growing season). The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association 

(NOAA) Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) Climate 

Diagnostics Center was the resource used to obtain temperature, elevation and precipitation 

data. The primary factor in this decision was the availability of multiple criteria from one 

source. Frost date data was taken from the Victory Seeds.com website because of its ease 

of use and its reliable source of information. Victory Seeds data comes from the 

Climatography of the U.S. No. 20, Supplement No. 1 document released in 1988 by 

the National Climatic Data Center, NOAA, and the U.S. Department of Commerce. 

When information for a particular site location was not available, data was taken from the 

closest city containing all the existing parameters. A representative list of cities across the 

United States, including the four critical climate parameters, can be found in Appendix F. 

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5. CONCLUSION 

5.1 Summary 

A summary of findings for each of the four contaminant classes, including the number of 

field-scale sites, typical contaminants, most commonly planted species, and cost range of 

site implementation and operation, is provided below. 

5.1.1 Chlorinated Solvents 

Appendix A contains 47 sites that have used phytoremediation to treat chlorinated solvents. 

The most common contaminants found at these sites are trichloroethene and 

perchloroethene. Hybrid poplar and phragmites are the typical plant species used in 

treatment. Total costs for installation, operation, and maintenance of these 

phytoremediation sites vary widely, from about $51,000 to $2.1 million per site. The higher 

costs associated with some of these sites generally reflect pilot or demonstration sites 

where extensive research operations and/or monitoring and are included as part of the total 

cost. 

5.1.2 Pesticides 

Appendix B contains 19 sites for the phytoremediation of pesticides and herbicides. The 

most commonly remediated contaminants are atrazine and alachlor. Hybrid poplars are the 

most popular vegetation used in treatment. Costs for pesticide phytoremediation range 

between $6,000 and $5.4 million/acre, where the higher costs reflect pilot or demonstration 

sites. 

5.1.3 Explosives 

Appendix C contains 12 field-scale sites that were used to remediate explosives. The most 

common explosive contaminants found at these sites are HMX 

(octahydrotetranitrotetrazocine), TNT (trinitrotoluene), and RDX 

(hexahydrotrinitrotriazine). Tobacco composting and constructed wetlands are most 

typically applied in treatment. Total costs for installation, operation, and maintenance of 

these sites vary between $60,000 and $1.8 million. 

5.1.4 Metals 

Appendix D contains 44 sites for the remediation of metals and metalloids. The most 

commonly remediated metals are lead (in the past projects), and arsenic and mercury 

(currently). Metal-specific hyperaccumulator plants and poplars are most often planted to 

remediate metals contaminated sites. The cost of phytoremediation for these sites ranges 

between $5000 and $4 million per acre. 

Referring to the compiled data, it can be deduced that no single application of 

phytoremediation is appropriate for all sites. Rather, a prescription must be made based on 

a thorough site assessment. Phytoremediation may be the sole solution to a remediation 

project in instances where time to completion is not a pressing issue. While 

phytoremediation may not be a stand alone solution to all hazardous waste sites, it can 

certainly be used as part of a treatment train for site remediation either during peak growing 

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seasons or as a polishing step to clean up the last remaining “hard to get” low 

concentrations. 

Phytoremediation is still a new technology looking for industry-wide acceptance. The 

number of field sites collected in this project indicates it has received greater acceptance 

for chlorinated solvents and metals while just starting to gain acceptance within the 

explosives and pesticides domains. Continued bench-scale studies are needed to determine 

plant toxicities, degradation pathways and contaminant fates and the resulting field scale 

applications are necessary to provide proof the technology works in order for 

phytoremediation to be fully accepted by the industry. 

5.2 Outlook 

The data compiled in this project may have a future as part of a larger database. EPA 

Region 5 and EnviroCanada are currently working on similar data compilation projects. 

EPA Region 5 is focusing on field sites applying phytoremediation to remediate 

radionuclides and EnviroCanada is focusing on total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) sites. 

Together, the three data sets will address six of the seven major contaminant groups, 

leaving only non-halogenated organics to be addressed. 

Though plans have not been thoroughly investigated or confirmed, there is a possibility that 

the data collected in this project will be incorporated into a searchable software program 

for easier use and navigation in the future. 

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Appendices 

27

Appendix A: Chlorinated Solvents Database 

Table of Contents 

Page PCE TCE DCE TCA DCA PCA DCM VC CT CF PCB'S PCDF's

A2 X X X X X X X A3 X X X A4 X A5 X X X A6 X X X X A7 X X X A8 X X A9 X X 

A10 X X A11 X X A12 X A13 X X X A14 X A15 X X A16 X X A17 X X A18 X X A19 X A20 X X A21 X X A22 X X X X X A23 X A24 X A25 X X X 

 Page PCE TCE DCE TCA DCA PCA DCM VC 

A26 

A27 X 

A28 X 

A29 

A30 X X X 

A31 X 

A32 X X X A33 X X X X X 

A34 X X X X 

A35 X X X X 

A36 X 

A37 X X X 

A38 X X X X 

A39 X X X X 

A40 X A41 X 

A42 X 

A43 X X X 

A44 X 

A45 X X X 

A46 X X X 

A47 A48 X 

PCE = Perchloroethene TCA = Trichloromethane 

TCE = Trichloroethene DCA = Dichloromethane 

DCE = Dichloroethene PCA = Perchloromethane 

DCM = Dichloromethane CF = Chlor

VC = Vinyl Chloride PCB'S = Polyc

CT = Carbon Tetrachloride PCDF = Polyc

A28

Site Name Aberdeen Proving Grounds J-Field 

Site Location Edgewood, MD Contaminant 1,1,2,2-Perchloroethane, 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, Perchloroethylene, Trichloroethylene, Dichlo

Dichloroethane, Vinyl Chloride 

Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplar, Sweet gum, -Silver Maple, Magnolia trees(1996) Planting Descriptions 184-2 yr old hybrid poplars planted 2-6' bgs. Surficial drainage installed to remove precipitat

roots to reach GW 

Media Type Groundwater, Soil: tight soils, silty sand Site Characterizations GW 0.3-2.5m bgs. Laterally continuous layer of clay prevents contamination moving deeper Evapotranspiration Rates Tree uptake is 1,091gpd, expected 1,999gpd after 30 yrs growth. Climate Temp. range: -7 to105; Elev: 148 ft; Mean annual precip: 105"; Growing season: 4/11 to 10/2Mechanism Phytodegradation, Hydraulic Control Operation/Maintenance Requirements Insect Control, animal control, mowing Project Scale Full Scale - 1 acre Project Status Operational/In Progress. Planted April 1996 Cost Tree: $80 each Prep: $5,000 UXO Clearance: $80,000 OM: $30,000 Funding source DoD Lead, Federal Oversight Initial concentrations up to 260ppm Final Concentrations No reduction in concentrations. Continuous source. Lessons Learned 

TCE was detected in leaf tissue during the first year of the project. A transect of monitoring 

Comments to evaluate the program's effect on groundwater and has shown significant hydraulic effects 

sampling indicates contaminants have not moved off site. 

Primary Contact Steven Hirsh, US EPA (215) 566-3352 hirsh.steven@epa.gov Citation Phytotransformation Groundwater Capture on 1 Acre Plot, Phytoremediation: Technology Ev

GWRTAC TE-98-01 (p 8) 

A29

Site Name Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma 

Site Location Altus AFB, OK Contaminant TCE, cis-1,2-DCE, PCE Vegetation Type Populus x Canadensis Nor'easter trees Planting Descriptions 109 10-gallon trees Media Type Site Characterizations GW 5-8' bgs Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp. range: -8 to 110; Elev: 1280; Mean Annual Precip: 33.3"; Growing season: 4/15-10/16 Mechanism Hydraulic control Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale 0.3 acre Demonstration Project Status Planted 3/1999 Cost Funding source AFCEE Initial concentrations TCE (2-1,400 ug/l), cis-1,2-DCE (1-540 ug/l), PCE (2-1,200 ug/l) Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Rafael Vazquez, AFCEE (210) 536-1431 rafael.vazquez@brooks.af.mil Citation Work Plan for the Phytostabilization of Chlorinated Solvents from Groundwater at Site 2, Altus Air Base, Oklahoma, NTIS: ADA381406, 1999 

A30

Site Name Amboer Road 

Site Location Milwauki, OR Contaminant PCE, degradation pdts Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplar Planting Descriptions Media Type Groundwater, Soil Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp. Range: 6 to 107 F; Elev: 33 ft; Mean Annual Precip: 36.3"; Growing season: 4/16-10/18 Mechanism Phytoextraction, phytodegradation Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Field Demonstration (pilot), 5 acres Project Status Operational/In Progress Cost ~ $120K Funding source Initial concentrations PCE, degradation pdts, 1ppm - 50ppb in groundwater, 100ppm in soil Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Lee Newman, U of SC (803)777-4795, Newman2@gwm.sc.edu Citation 

A31

Site Name Anonymous 

Site Location Tacoma, WA Contaminant TCE, CCl4, PCE Vegetation Type Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides Planting Descriptions Whips hand planted. Ammonium nitrate used Media Type Soil: Sandy loam Site Characterizations GW 11+' bgs Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp. range: -8 to 104; Elev: 36 ft; Mean annual precip.: 50.5", Growing season: 5/17 to 9/30 Mechanism Phytoextraction Operation/Maintenance Requirements Fertilization, irrigation Project Scale Field demonstration, 1200 sq yd Project Status Jun-96 Cost $1,000,000 Funding source Initial concentrations TCE, CCl4, PCE Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Most plants thrived. Contaminants added at 15-20 mg/l and removed in surplus water. Primary Contact Milton P. Gordon, U of WA (206) 543-1769, miltong@u.washington.edu Citation L. A. Newman et al. Remediation of trichloroethylene in an artificial aquifer with trees: A controlled field study Environ. Sci. Technol. 33:2257-2285 (1999) 

A32

Site Name Argonne National Laboratory: 317/319 Area 

Site Location Lemont, IL Contaminant Perchloroethene, Trichloroethene, Carbon Tetrachloride, Chloroform, Zinc, Lead, Arsenic, TritiuVegetation Type Eastern gamagrass, Hybrid Poplar, Golden Weeping Willow, Hybrid Prairie Cascade Willow, LaPlanting Descriptions 800 whips planted. 420 poplars installed in deep, lined boreholes (TreeWells®) 389 willows and 

surface. Used patented TreeWells® and TreeMediation® (Applied Natural Sciences Inc) 

Media Type Groundwater, Soil: Top-Bottom: 10' silty clay, 2' shallow aquifer, 8' silty clay, 10' silt/sand/silty clSite Characterizations Groundwater 25-30' bgs, aquifer 5' Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Mechanism Phytostabilization, phytoextraction, phytodegradation, rhizodegradation Operation/Maintenance Requirements Fertilization, replanting, and significant Health/Safety expenditures because of radiological and oProject Scale Full-scale (4 acres) Project Status Ongoing (planted 1999) Cost $1.2M Funding source US DOE Initial concentrations n/a; varies considerably throughout site, from ppb to ppm Final Concentrations n/a; varies considerably throughout site, from ppb to ppm Lessons Learned TreeWells® installed in effort to achieve hydraulic control Comments TCE and PCE and breakdown products (trichloroacetic acid) were detected in branch tissue of t

contaminated soil in less than a year. TCE and PCE present in trees down gradient of plume aft

Primary Contact Cristina Negri, Argonne National Laboratory (630) 252-9662 negri@anl.gov Ed Gatliff, Applied Natural Sciences (513) 895-6061 ans@fuse.net Citation Negri, M.C., et al 2003 Root Development and Rooting at Depths, in S.C. 

McCutcheon and J.L. Schnoor, eds., Phytoremediation: Transformation and Control of ContamiWiley & Sons, Inc. p233-262, 912-913 

Quinn, J.J., et al 200 Predicting the Effect of Deep-Rooted Hybrid Poplars on the Groundwater FPhytoremediation Site: International Journal of Phytoremediation, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 41-60 

A33

Site Name Ashland, Inc. 

Site Location Milwaukee, WI Contaminant Dichloroethene, Perchloroethene, Trichloroethene, Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl benzene, Xylene

organics 

Vegetation Type Hybrid poplar trees, under story grasses Planting Descriptions 485 trees planted Media Type Groundwater, soil: Fill soil, concrete and rock Site Characterizations GW 10' bgs Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp. range: -26 to 103; Elev.: 672 ft; Mean annual precip.: 34"; Growing season: 5/20-9/26 Mechanism Phytoextraction, rhizodegradation, hydraulic control Operation/Maintenance Requirements Mowing, weeding, composting, insecticide Project Scale Full-scale, 0.4 acres Project Status Active. Planted in May 2000 Cost $80,000 Funding source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Tree survival = 88% initially, 99% after replanting phytotoxic areas. Trees have tripled in heig

observed at 10' depth during first growing season. Subsurface aeration has increased soil ox

Primary Contact Jim Vondracek, RMT (614) 790-6146 jevondracek@ashland.com 

McLinn, E., Vondracek, J., and E. Aitchison. 2001. “Monitoring Remediation with Trembling L

Citation Effectiveness of a Full-Scale Phytoremediation System”. In: A. Leeson, E. Foote, M. Banks, a

Phytoremediation, Wetlands, and Sediments, p121-127. Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio. 

A34

Site Name ATK Thiokol 

Site Location Elkton, MD Contaminant Chlorinated VOCs, TCA, TCA Vegetation Type TCA 25-26ppm, TCE 170ppb Planting Descriptions Media Type Willows Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp. Range: -14 to 102; Elev.: 36 ft; Mean annual precip.: 40.8"; Growing season: 4/25-10/Mechanism Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Project Status Cost Funding source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact No recent monitoring of concentrations Citation Dave Gosen, Alliant Tec Systems (952) 351-2664 dave.gosen@atk.com 

A35

Site Name 

Site Location Contaminant Vegetation Type Planting Descriptions Media Type Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Mechanism Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Project Status Cost Funding source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Citation 

Bofors-Nobel Superfund Site
Muskegon, MI 
3,3 Dichlorobenzidine, vinyl chloride, Perchloroethene, Aniline, Azobenzene, Benzidine, 3,3 DToluene 
hybrid poplar
Groundwater, soil 
GW 6' bgs
Temp. Range: -15 to 99; Elev.: 644; Mean annual precip.: 32.6"; Growing season: 5/24-9/24 
Rhizodegradation, phytoextraction, phytodegradation 
cutting down any tree species that does not survive in the contained area 
Pilot scale. Approximately 20 acres of planted tree species, with another (approx.) 20 acres of wetlands. 
On hold. Planted 6/2004 
 Estimated total remedy cost can be from about $ 15 million up to $ 30 million.
PRP, Federal/State overview
Up to 3000-10000 ppm for halogenated and nonh semi vol 
Phytoremediation is not the main goal of the remedy. The main goal is containment using the wall, with phyto as an enhancement. 
John Fagiolo, USEPA (312) 886.0800 fagiolo.john@epa.gov


Ari Ferro, Phytokinetics (435) 750-0985 ariferro@phytokinetics.com


A36

Site Name Carswell Naval Air Station (NAS) Golf Club 

Site Location Fort Worth, TX Contaminant TCE, cis-1,2 DCE Vegetation Type Eastern Cottonwood (Populus Deltoides) Planting Descriptions 660 - whips and 2.5-3.8 caliper trees. Planting long side perpendicular to GW flow. Media Type Groundwater, soil: medium sand Site Characterizations GW 2.5-4m bgs, Aquifer thickness= 0.5-1.5m, K=6m/day, ŋ=.25 Evapotranspiration Rates Whips: 2.4(Jun) - 0.42(Oct) gal/tree-day Calipers: 3.89(Jul) -0.24(Oct) gal/tree-day Climate Subhumid. Temp Range: -1 to 113; Elev.: 574; Mean annual precip.: 33.7"; Growing season: 4Mechanism Phytodegradation Hydraulic control Operation/Maintenance Requirements Irrigation, fertilization, mulching Project Scale 0.5 acre Field Demonstration Project Status 8/1996 - 2001 Cost $8/5-gal tree, 29 wells (surveying, drilling, testing) - $200,000; biomass - $60,000. Funding source USAF, DoD's ESTCP, EPA's SITE Initial concentrations Avgs on 12/1996: TCE = 610 �g/L, cis-1,2-DCE = 130 �g/L, trans-1,2-DCE = 4 �g/L Final Concentrations Avgs on 7/1997: TCE = 550 �g/L, cis-1,2-DCE = 170 �g/L, trans-1,2-DCE = 4 �g/L Lessons Learned No hydraulic control was observed during dormant season from Nov-Mar Comments Although TCE conc. did not decrease, the mass of TCE in the plume down gradient of the stu

reducing the mass of contaminants moving off site. 

Primary Contact Steven Rock, USEPA (513) 569-7149 rock.steven@epa.gov Harvey, Wright-Patterson AFB (937) 255-7716 gregory.harvey@wpafb.af.mil Citation EPA/540/R-03/506 

A37

Site Name Combustion Superfund 

Site Location Denham Springs, LA Contaminant 1, 2-dichloroethane, polychlorinated biphenyls, benzene, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, toluenVegetation Type Eucalyptus, Poplar, Native Willows Planting Descriptions Potted Stock Media Type Groundwater Site Characterizations 5-10' depth of impact Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp. Range: -8 to 102; Elev.: 59 ft; Mean annual precip.: 60.8"; Growing season: 3/18-11/4 Mechanism Hydraulic control, rhizodegradation, phytovolatilization Operation/Maintenance Requirements Mowing Project Scale Full-Scale Project Status Planted 2002 Cost 

Est. Present Worth: Capital Cost = $1,700k, O&M Cost = $561k, Total Cost = $2,261k Est. Present Worth: Site Long-Term Care O&M Cost = $123k Est. Present Worth Pond Area GW Monitoring: Capital Cost = $13k, O&M Cost = $69k, TotaTOTAL: Present Worth Capital Cost = $1,713k, Present Worth O&M Cost = $753k, Present 

Funding source Combustion Superfund Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments In-situ hot spot treatment plus phytoremediation and monitored natural attenuation. 5-10 ft (d

Katrina Coltrain, US EPA (214) 665-8143 

Primary Contact Thibodeaux, LDEQ (225) 219-3225 

David Tsao, BP Remediation Mngmt Function (630) 836-7169 tsaodt@bp.com 

Citation LDEQ, EPA6 

A38

Site Name Contaminated Paint Factory 

Site Location Czech Republic Contaminant Polychlorinated Biphenyls Vegetation Type Ash, Austrian pines, Black locust and Willow trees Planting Descriptions 4-24 year old pre-established trees (no planting) Media Type Soil Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Mechanism Rhizodegradation Operation/Maintenance Requirements None Project Scale Field Demonstration Project Status Cost Funding source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lesson learned Comments Austrian pine and Black locust significantly increased the number of PCB-degrading bacteria Primary Contact Citation Leigh, M.B., J. Fletcher, D.P. Nagle, P. Prouzova, M. Mackova and T. Macek (2003) Rhizore

Mechanistic and Field Investigations 

A39

Site Name Edward Sears Property 

Site Location New Gretna, NJ Contaminant PCE, TCE, DCM Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplars Planting Descriptions 118 trees 9'bgs. Deep rooted 10' bare root cuttings. Holes were drilled and plant installed, a

mix. 100 trees planted shallow 3'bgs. Hole drilled to top of clay 4-5 feet below grade. 

Media Type Groundwater, Soil: Sand 0-5' bgs sand/silt/clay 5-18' bgs. Equal parts sand silt clay. Below 1Site Characterizations GW 7-11' bgs Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp. Range: -2 to 102; Elevation: 52 ft; Mean annual precip: 36.7"; Growing season: 5/15-Mechanism Phytodegradation Hydraulic control Operation/Maintenance Requirements Fertilization, control of deer, insects & unwanted vegetation. NPK and lime added annually. Project Scale Field demonstration/full scale, 1 acre Project Status Operational/In Progress. 12/1996-on-going. Data as of 1999 Cost $105,000 Funding Source USAF, DoD, SITE Initial concentrations PCE(1): 160ppb, PCE(2): 100ppb; TCE(1): 390ppb, TCE(2): 9ppb, TCE(3): 99ppb; DCM (1

12,000ppb, DCM(3): 680ppb, DCM(4): 420ppb 

Final Concentrations As of 1999: PCE(2): 56ppb; TCE(1): 390ppb, TCE(2): 35ppb, TCE(3): 42ppb; DCM(1): 615

ND, DCM(4):1.2 

Lessons Learned Comments Contamination in sand/silt/clay unit, Most plants survived, DCM concentrations substantially 

reductions in TCE after 6 years of treatment 

Primary Contact George R. Prince, USEPA (732) 321-6649 prince.george@epamail.epa.gov Citation NATO/CCMS Pilot Study 1998 Annual Report Number 228 EPA/542/R-98/002 Evaluation 

Emerging Technologies for the Treatment of Contaminated Land and Groundwater (Phase I

A40

Site Name Eka Chemicals Site 

Site Location Gothenburg, Sweden Contaminant Vegetation Type PCDFs, chlor-alkalis Planting Descriptions Media Type Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Mechanism Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Project Status Cost Funding Source MISTRA – COLDREM Programme Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Maria Greger, Stockholm University: maria.greger@botan.su.se Citation 

A41

Site Name Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota 

Site Location SD Contaminant TCE, cis-1,2-DCE Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplars (NM 6, DN 17, and DN 182) Planting Descriptions 1,027 trees Media Type Site Characterizations GW 5-30' bgs Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp. Range: -23 to 109; Elev.: 3427 ft; Mean annual precip.: 18.6"; Growing season: 5/26-Mechanism Hydraulic control Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale 1 acre Demonstration Project Status Planted 6/2001 Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations TCE (240 ug/l), cis-1,2-DCE (100 ug/l) Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Rafael Vazquez, AFCEE (210) 536-1431 rafael.vazquez@brooks.af.mil Citation 

A42

Site Name ERP Site 17, Beale Air Force Base 

Site Location Marysville, CA Contaminant TCE, DCM Vegetation Type Native Cottonwood (P. fremontii), Live Oak (Quercus wislizenii), deer grass (Muhlenbergia r

(Hordeum brachyantherum), clustered field sedge (Carex praegracilis) and narrow-leaved w

Planting Descriptions Media Type Groundwater Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp Range: 18-115; Elevation: 69 ft; Mean annual precip: 17.5"; Growing season: 3/23-11Mechanism Hydraulic control Operation/Maintenance Requirements Irrigation Project Scale 5 acres Project Status Planted in 2000 Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations TCE, DCM Final Concentrations Lessons Learned 

Groundwater levels inside the slurry wall need to be maintained at 12 to 14 feet below land s

Comments Although the primary purpose of the vegetation is to provide "phyto pumping", is anticipated 

also occur as a result of transpiration through the plants. 

Primary Contact Michael O'Brien, Beale AFB (530) 634-3856 Michael.O'Brien@beale.af.mil 

Barackman, CH2M HILL (530) 229-3401 mbarackm@CH2M.com  Jordahl, J., R. Tossell, M. Barackman and G. Vogt (2003) Phytoremediation for Hydraulic C

Citation Air Force Base and Koppel Stockton Terminal. Abstracts from US EPA International Applied 

March 3-5, 2003 Chicago, IL 

A43

Site Name Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington 

Site Location WA Contaminant TCE, DCM Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplar (P. trichocarpa x P. deltoides, P. trichocarpa x P. nigra, P. deltoides x maximoPlanting Descriptions 1,134 cuttings Media Type Site Characterizations GW 9-11' bgs Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp Range: -25 to 108; Elevation: 1922 ft; Mean annual precip: 16.5"; Growing season: 5/Mechanism Hydraulic control Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale 1 acre Demonstration Project Status planted 4/2001 Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations TCE, DCM Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Rafael Vazquez, AFCEE (210) 536-1431 rafael.vazquez@brooks.af.mil Citation 

A44

Site Name Fort Lewis Army Base 

Site Location Tacoma, WA Contaminant trichloroethene and dichloroethene; PAH Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplar Planting Descriptions Media Type Groundwater Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp Range: -8 to 104; Elevation: 36 ft; Mean annual precip: 50.5"; Growing season: 4/20-1Mechanism Phytoextraction, phytodegradation Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Field Demonstration (pilot), 10 acres Project Status Proposed Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations TCE - 5 μg/L Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Bob Kievit, US EPA (360) 753-9014 kievit.bob@epa.gov Citation 

A45

Site Name Fringe drain area 

Site Location Argonne, IL Contaminant Trichloroethylene Vegetation Type Hybrid poplar, willow Planting Descriptions 809 trees; deep-rooted and planted as 10-16 ft tall trees Media Type Soil, Groundwater (silty clay) Site Characterizations The edge of the zone of influence for groundwater is 22 ft bgs. The physical aquifer is 30 fEvapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp range: -27 to 104; Elevation: 658 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 35.8"; Growing seasoMechanism Phytodegradation, Hydraulic Control Operation/Maintenance Requirements None Project Scale Full-scale (5 acres) Project Status Ongoing (Planted 1999) Cost $750,000 for initial planting; $15,000-$20,000/year operation and maintenance costs (inclu

costs include both Fringe Area and the 317/319 (see separate listing) Argonne sites. 

Funding Source Department of Energy Initial concentrations TCE: up to 10-15 ppm (average) Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Uptake of tritium and TCE is obseved in plants, but no clear consensus in soil concentratio

across site due to inumerable factors 

Comments 

Early tree growth was severely limited as a result of early summer planting in 1999 and a cand 2002, tree growth has substantially improved with poplar trees achieving 4-6 ft of growby the trees on groundwater were measurable in 2001. Measurable uptake of TCE and Trexpected to be realized until late in 2002 or 2003, because of the slow early growth of the tsurface (depth of impact) 

Primary Contact Ed Gatliff, Applied Natural Sciences (513) 895-6061 ans@fuse.net Citation Quinn, J., Negri, M., Hinchman, R., Moos, L., Wozniak, J., and E. Gatliff. 2001. “Predicting 

Hybrid Poplars on the Groundwater Flow System at a Large-Scale Phytoremediation Site”. Phytoremediation. 3(1): 41-60. 

A46

Site Name Ft Wayne 

Site Location Ft Wayne, IN Contaminant TCE, DCE Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplar Planting Descriptions 800 trees Media Type Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp Range: -22 to 106; Elevation: 856 ft; Mean annual precip: 34.7; Growing season: 5/15Mechanism Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Project Status Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Graham Crockford, RMT (734) 971-7080 graham.crockford@rmtinc.com Citation 

A47

Site Name Grand Forks Air Force Base – AOC-539 

Site Location Grand Forks, ND Contaminant TCE, DCM Vegetation Type Eastern Cottonwood (P. deltoides), Carolina Poplar (P. canadensis), Imperial Carolina Popla

(P. canadensis), Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) All bare root material. Trees planted in 18­inch diameter auger borings 18 to 24 inches deep

Planting Descriptions borings 4 feet deep, but all trees planted at normal depth, i.e., same depth as grown in nurse

rows, and 6’between trees within the row. 

Media Type Groundwater, soil Site Characterizations 

Soil: sandy loam 0-1’bgs, clay at 4-10’bgs. Depth to groundwater was 4.3-9.4’ in 9/2001, and hydraulic gradient prior to site installation was 0.017 ft/ft. In the fall of 2003, gradients ranged estimated hydraulic conductivity is 0.371 ft/day. 

Evapotranspiration Rates Projected ET by 2006 - 28.9 inches (per acre) Climate Long term average precipitation - 19.16 inches Mechanism Hydraulic control, rhizodegradation, phytodegradation, phytovolatilization Operation/Maintenance Requirements Mowing, pruning, irrigation, replanting, animal control, insect control Project Scale 0.7 acre full scale pilot test Project Status Planted 2001 Cost Planning/design/implementation through 1 year monitoring: approximately $320,000 Initial concentrations Sept 2001: TCE in soil - max. 2.4 mg/kg, TCE in groundwater - 4900 μg/L, TPH, in soil - max

groundwater - max. 2400 μg/L 

Final Concentrations Sept 2003: TCE in groundwater - 2700 μg/L, TPH in groundwater - max. 1900 μg/L Funding Source Air Force - - Federal Government Lessons Learned 

Winter injury can be a significant factor in site establishment at northern latitudes, but extent with increasing tree age. Winter injury from jackrabbits can be significant. Some damage to year despite tree guards (plastic protective sleeves around stem). Significant damage to somin the second winter. 

Comments Groundwater flow patterns are complex, but to date no significant groundwater depression a

of the trees has developed. 

Primary Contact Larry Olderbak, Grand Forks AFB Environmental (701) 747-4183 larry.olderbak@grandforks

Al Erickson, CH2M Hill (414) 847-0303 Al.Erickson@CH2M.com 

Citation 

A48

Site Name Hill AFB Operable Unit 4 

Site Location 30 miles north of Salt Lake City, UT Contaminant Dichloroethane, cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene, Perchloroethene, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Trichloro

manganese, and arsenic 

Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplar Planting Descriptions 11 ft whips were implanted at depths of 8-10 ft bgs in order to get roots started nearer water Media Type Groundwater, soil: silty sands to very fine sands Site Characterizations GW 6-10' bgs Evapotranspiration Rates avg evapotranspiration = 914 mm water Climate temp range 3.9-23.8C ; elevation: 4225 ft; avg precipitation=16.2 in; growing season: April - Mechanism Phytovolatilization, Hydraulic control Operation/Maintenance Requirements Irrigation Project Scale Field Demonstration Project Status Ongoing Cost approx $175K Funding Source Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence Initial concentrations trichloroethene, 84 to 560 ug/L Final Concentrations no notable decrease has been noted Lessons Learned Plants may have a greater impact on TCE attenuation at sites with lower rainfall. 

Estimates of TCE phytovolatilization by whole trees range from 2-53 mg/tree-yr. Note that m

Comments to reduce TCE concentration but was to attempt to provide hydraulic control of groundwater 

migration of groundwater contaminants. 

Primary Contact Sandra Bourgeois, US EPA (303) 312-6666 bourgeois.sandra@epa.gov Kyle Gorder, Hill AFB (801) 775-2559 Kyle.Gorder@hill.af.mil Citation 

Final Addendum Report No. 1 to the Interim Technical Report for the Demonstration of PhytContaminated Groundwater using Tree plantings at Hill Air Force Base, UT (July 2003), prepfor Environmental Excellence Science and Engineering Division (AFCEE/ERS), Brooks City-Parsons. 

A49

Site Name I-5 Spill 

Site Location Central Point, OR Contaminant 1,1,1-trichloroethane Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplar Planting Descriptions 800 trees planted in neat ranks Media Type Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp range: -25 to 100; Elevation: 4099 ft; Mean annual precip: 12.6"; Growing season: 6/Mechanism Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Project Status Planted Nay 1997 Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments 

Milton P. Gordon, University of WA (206) 543-1769, miltong@u.washington.edu 

Primary Contact Lee Newman: University of SC, (803)777-4795, Newman2@gwm.sc.edu 

Stuart Strand, University of WA (206) 543-5350 sstrand@u.washington.edu 

Citation Schmiedeskamp, M. (1997) POLLUTION-PURGING POPLARS Scientific American Dec97

A50

Site Name Jones Island CDF 

Site Location Milwaukee, WI Contaminant Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), diesel range orgVegetation Type Established: Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea), Sandbar Willow (Salix interior), Ta

Tested: clover (Trifolium spp.), corn (Zea mays), and willow (Salix spp.) 

Planting Descriptions Cuttings planted in 2001 Media Type Soil Site Characterizations Brown to black silt Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp range: -26 to 103; Elevation: 672 ft; Mean annual precip: 32.9"; Growing season: 5/20Mechanism Rhizodegradation Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Field demonstration Project Status Continuous. Planted 2001 Cost Funding Source US Army Initial concentrations PCB: 0-4 mg/kg , PAH: 0-120 mg/kg , DRO: 5-1300 mg/kg Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Composting also implemented using woodchips, biosolids and dredged material. Primary Contact Steven A. Rock, US EPA (513) 569-7149 Citation McCutcheon and J.L. Schnoor, eds., Phytoremediation: Transformation and Control of Con

Wiley & Sons, Inc. 

A51

Site Name Kauffman & Minteer 

Site Location Jobstown, NJ Contaminant cis 1,2-dichloroethene; Trichloroethene, Perchloroethene, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, 

benzene, 2-methylnapthalene, styrene, toluene, 

Vegetation Type Hybrid poplar and black willow (Salix Nigra) Planting Descriptions (Populus maximowiczii x P. trichocarpa) 265 trees. Initially 8-10' bare root trees were deep 

sonotubes or other root barriers. 1999 plantings were shallow with no root barriers. 

Media Type Groundwater, soil: silty sand Site Characterizations GW 5+' bgs Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp range: -4 to 102; Elevation: 190 ft; Mean annual precip: 42"; Growing season: 4/15 to Mechanism Rhizodegradation Operation/Maintenance Requirements Replanting Project Scale 5 acres Project Status Planted Spring 1998. Bay wash area planted Spring 1999. Cost Funding Source EPA ERT, EPA Region 2 Initial concentrations Groundwater: 15,000�g/L Trichloroethene; 22,000�g/L cis 1, 2 dichloroethene. Soil: 230ppm 

trichloroethene, 1600 ppm 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1100ppm 1,2-dichloroethene 

Final Concentrations lower concentrations Lessons Learned Imported backfill had low pH of 4.5. Liming and watering helped. Comments Heavy rains and aggressive string trimming resulted in death of 45 trees in 1998 Primary Contact George R. Prince: USEPA, 732-321-6649, prince.george@epamail.epa.gov Citation Compton, H.R. et al. 2003. "Phytoremediation of Dissolved Phase Organic Compounds: Op

Relative to Field Case Studies". REMEDIATION, summer 2003. 

A52

Site Name Lake City Army Ammunition Plant 

Site Location Kansas City, KS Contaminant Halogenated Volatiles Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplar Planting Descriptions Media Type Soil: Top 5 feet is sand (fill), clay below sand layer Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp range: -19 to 110; Elevation: 742 ft; Mean annual precip: 36.1"; Growing season: 4/3Mechanism Phytostabilization, phytoextraction Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale 20,000 square feet, 200,000 square feet, 40,000 square feet, 7-10 acres Project Status Proposal Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Carol Dona, TVA/AEC (816)-426-7340 carol.l.dona@mrk01usace.army.mil Citation 

A53

Site Name Metal Plating Facility 

Site Location Findlay, OH Contaminant Chromium, cadmium, nickel, zinc, lead, trichloroethylene Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplar, Ryegrass; Indian mustard Planting Descriptions 30 trees, deep rooted and planted when 10-16 ft tall Media Type Soil (silt loam) Site Characterizations GW 10-15' bgs Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp range: -19 to 104 ; Elevation: 804 ft; Mean annual precip: 34.5"; Growing season: 5/19 Mechanism Phytoextraction, Hydraulic Control Operation/Maintenance Requirements sampling groundwater Project Scale Full-Scale (10,000 sq ft) Project Status Operational/In Progress. Planted 1997 Cost voluntary Funding Source State Initial concentrations TCE: up to 150 mg/L Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Dramatic drop of, on average, 30 ppm to less than 5 ppm. However, the source area continue

contaminants. 

Comments SITE Program. Trees have grown at a rate of 4-8 ft/year. Results of the first 3 years indicated 

concentrations in the aquifer in addition to demonstration of hydraulic effects on groundwater 

Primary Contact Michael Blaylock, Edenspace, (703) 961-8700, blaylock@edenspace.com or Edd Gatliff, App

895-6061 ans@fuse.net 

Citation Phytoremediation of TCE in Groundwater using Populus. http://www.clu-in.org/products/phyto

A54

Site Name Montezuma West 

Site Location Medford, OR Contaminant 1,1,1-trichloroethane Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplar Planting Descriptions Planted 5/1997 Media Type Groundwater, soil Site Characterizations GW 8m bgs Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Very hot dry summers. Temp range: -25 to 100; Elevation: 4099 ft; Mean annu 8/31 al precip: 12Mechanism Phytoextraction, phytodegradation Operation/Maintenance Requirements Irrigation, weeding, thinning. Project Scale Field Demonstration (pilot), 1 acre Project Status 1997 Operational/In Progress Cost ~ $120,000 Funding Source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Tissue analyses indicate that plants are taking up TCA. Fall site preparation is invaluable. Primary Contact Lee Newman, U of SC (803)777-4795, Newman2@gwm.sc.edu Citation 

A55

Site Name Moonachie 

Site Location Moonachie, NJ Contaminant Toluene Vegetation Type DN 34, Hybrid Poplar Planting Descriptions Planted 5/1997. Six trees were replaced in the spring of 1998. Media Type Groundwater; clay soil Site Characterizations GW 2-7' bgs; 2-12' to contamination. -1.77E-3 to 2.71E-6 m/m hydraulic gradient; 1.98E-7 to 

conductivity 

Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp range: -8 to 105; Elevation: 7 ft; Mean annual precip: 43.9"; Growing season: 4/15 to Mechanism Phytovolatilization, rhizodegradation. Operation/Maintenance Requirements Mowing, replanting, monitoring: insect/animal damage, wells Project Scale Field Demonstration (pilot) Project Status Operational/In Progress (1996-1998) Cost $51,005 Funding Source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Approximately 10% mortality due to transplanting and/or phytotoxicity effects were observed

monitored. Trees need to be planted earlier in the spring to reduce transplanting shock. 

Primary Contact Ari M. Ferro, Phytokinetics (435) 750-0985 ariferro@phytokinetics.com Citation No 

A56

Site Name NASA Kennedy Space Center Hydrocarbon Burn Facility 

Site Location Merritt Island, Cape Canaveral, FL Contaminant Dichloroethene, Trichloroethene, Vinyl Chloride, Chromium, TPH Vegetation Type Hybrid poplar trees, under story grasses Planting Descriptions 4400 trees and under story grasses Media Type Groundwater, Soil: Medium-coarse sand Site Characterizations GW 1-12' bgs Evapotranspiration Rates 950L/m2-yr Climate Semi-tropical. Temp range: 25 to 96 ; Elevation: 9 ft; Mean annual precip: 127cm; Growing sMechanism Hydraulic control, phytovolatilization, rhizodegradation, phytoextraction Operation/Maintenance Requirements Mowing, irrigation Project Scale Full-Scale, 3 acres Project Status Active. Planted 4/1998 Cost $70,000 for Ecolotree portion Funding Source Initial concentrations 0.5 ± 0.09-65 ± 26mg/L trichloroethene; <1.1-1200�g/L 1,1-dichloroethene; 65-4800 �g/L cis

110�g/L trans-1,2 dichloroethene; <2-456 �g/L vinyl chloride, Chromium > 50 ppb ; TPH = 1

Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Not able to establish phytoplantation due to competing vegetation (grasses) and drought. Comments Organic chemical spill site, 1-12 ft. (depth of impact) Primary Contact Louis A. Licht: Ecolotree, (319) 665-3547 lou-licht@ecolotree.com 

Ecolotree (319) 665-3547 eric-aitchison@ecolotree.com 

Citation Phytoremediation. Ed. McCutcheon, S.C., Schnoor, J.L. 2003 

A57

Site Name Naval Undersea Warfare Station 

Site Location Keyport, WA Contaminant 1,1,1 Trichloroethane, halogenated volatiles Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplar Planting Descriptions 900 cuttings Media Type Groundwater Site Characterizations GW 15-20' bgs Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp range: 9 to 96; Elevation: 125 ft; Mean annual precip: 37.1"; Growing season: 4/20 to Mechanism Phytoextraction, phytodegradation Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Field Demonstration (pilot), 8 acres Project Status Operational/In Progress Started 4/2001 to 2009 Cost Funding Source Superfund Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Shallow groundwater elevation data shows no significant effect from the phytoremediation p

on VOC concentrations is expected until the trees mature. 

Primary Contact Lee Newman: University of South Carolina, (803)777-4795, Newman2@gwm.sc.edu 

Rohrer, W., Newman, L., and B. Wallis. 2000. “Monitoring Site Constraints at NUWC Keypo

Citation Phytoremediation Plantation”. In: G. Wickramanayake, A. Gavaskar, B. Alleman, and V. Ma

Phytoremediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, p467-476. Battelle Press, Co

A58

Site Name Northern Iowa Chlorinated Solvent Plume 

Site Location Northern IA Contaminant Dichloroethene, perchloroethene, trichloroethene Vegetation Type Hybrid poplar trees, under story grasses Planting Descriptions 700 trees trenched 10’ below ground. 15’ tall trees to bottom of trench. Media Type Groundwater, silty clay loam Site Characterizations GW 9-11' bgs Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp range: -30 to 104; Elevation: 1174 ft; Mean annual precip: 34"; Growing season: 5/2Mechanism Hydraulic control, rhizodegradation, phytoextraction Operation/Maintenance Requirements Mowing, weeding Project Scale Full-Scale, 1 acre Project Status Active. Planted April 2002 Cost $100,000 1st year Funding Source PRP/Site owner Initial concentrations Perchloroethene(up to 15mg/L); trichloroethene(up to 50mg/L) Final Concentrations Greater than 30% reduction of TCE Lessons Learned Comments Tree survival > 95% in year one. Primary Contact Roland Newton, GSI, 505-270-6542 Ecolotree (319) 665-3547 eric-aitchison@ecolotree.com Citation 

A59

Site Name Oregon Poplar 

Site Location Clackamas, OR Contaminant 1,1-dichloroethane; 1,1-dichloroethene; 1,2-dichloroethene; perchloroethene, trichloroethen

toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene 

Vegetation Type Native and hybrid poplars Planting Descriptions Not planted in rows to facilitate future use of site as park. Planted 12-18" dormant hardwood 

than 900 trees planted. 

Media Type Groundwater Site Characterizations GW 2-10' bgs. Silty clay to 10' bgs. Below silty clay is 15-20' poorly sorted gravel-to-cobble. Evapotranspiration Rates Some of the larger trees show uptake as much as 25 gal of groundwater per day during the Climate Temp range: 6 to 107; Elevation:33 ft; Mean annual precip: 36.3"; Growing season: 4/26 to Mechanism Phytodegradation, phytovolatilization Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Project Status Planted 1997 Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Additional wells may need to be installed to further define the plume. 

Contaminants found in tissue and transpiration gases indicating trees are utilizing contamin

Comments Pore water sampling in a nearby stream with passive diffusion bags indicates VOCs are pre

surface waters. 

Primary Contact Alan M. Humphrey, US EPA (732) 321-6748 humphrey.alan@epa.gov Citation Compton, H.R. et al. 2003. "Phytoremediation of Dissolved Phase Organic Compounds: Op

Relative to Field Case Studies". REMEDIATION, summer 2003. 

A60

Site Name Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant – X-740 TCE Plume 

Site Location Piketon, OH Contaminant Trichloroethene (TCE), Perchloroethene (PCE), Dichloroethene (DCE), Vinyl Chloride (VC) Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplars(NE-19, DN-34, NM-6) Planting Descriptions 765 trees planted with “trench and sand-stack” method to a depth of 10’ Media Type Groundwater, Soil Site Characterizations GW 32' bgs, semi contained aquifer Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp range: -19 to 101; Elevation: 833 ft; Mean annual precip: 38.1"; Growing season: 5/9 tMechanism Hydraulic Control, phytoremediation Operation/Maintenance Requirements

 Mowing and tree care mostly 

Project Scale 2.6 acre Full-scale pilot project Project Status 3/1999 Cost $500,000 Funding Source US Dept of Energy Initial concentrations TCE: up to about 4,000 ppb Final Concentrations TCE: 2-2200�g/L Lessons Learned Learned from X-740 Area that we needed to dig the trenches deeper for X-749 Area 

GW levels show direct impact, analytical results less profound. Both phytoremediation areas 

Comments concentrations have not 

changed much yet. 

Primary Contact David E Rieske, Pro2Serve Technical Solutions, (740) 897-2550, riesked@p2s.com Citation 

Brewer, R.D. and D.E. Rieske (2003) TCE Plume Phytoremediation at the Portsmouth GaseAbstracts from US EPA Intn’l Applied Phytotechnologies Workshop March 3-5, 2003 ChicagRieske, D.E., et al (2003) Removal of Chlorinated Solvents by Phytoremediation Using TrenAbstracts from US EPA Intn’l Applied Phytotechnologies Workshop March 3-5, 2003 Chicag

A61

Site Name Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant – X-749/X-120 TCE Plume 

Site Location Piketon, OH Contaminant Trichloroethene (TCE), Perchloroethene (PCE), Dichloroethene (DCE), Vinyl Chloride (VC) Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplars (Populus Nigra x Populus maximowiczi (NM-6)) Planting Descriptions 3,450 trees planted in 12-15’ deep trenches with 8” sand-stacks every 20’. Media Type Groundwater Site Characterizations GW 32' bgs, semi contained aquifer. Soil: Unconsolidated alluvial sand and gravel, lacustriaEvapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp range: -19 to 101; Elevation: 833 ft; Mean annual precip: 38.1"; Growing season: 5/9 tMechanism Hydraulic Control, phytoremediation Operation/Maintenance Requirements

 Mowing and tree care mostly 

Project Scale 41 acre full scale Large-scale remediation project Project Status Planted spring 2003 Cost Funding Source U.S. Department of Energy Initial concentrations TCE: 2-2200�g/L Final Concentrations TCE: up to about 500 ppb Lessons Learned 

This project is due to results of demo at same site in 1999. Both phytoremediation areas are 

Comments concentrations have not 

changed much yet. 

Primary Contact David E Rieske, Pro2Serve Technical Solutions, (740) 897-2550, riesked@p2s.com Roger Brewer, Tetra Tech, Inc. brewer@ttnus.com Citation 

Brewer, R.D. and D.E. Rieske (2003) TCE Plume Phytoremediation at the Portsmouth Gasefrom US EPA Intn’l Applied Phytotechnologies Workshop March 3-5, 2003 Chicago, IL Rieske, D.E., et al (2003) Removal of Chlorinated Solvents by Phytoremediation Using Trenfrom US EPA Intn’l Applied Phytotechnologies Workshop March 3-5, 2003 Chicago, IL 

A62

Site Name Sangamo Electric Dump/ Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge (USD01) 

Site Location Marion, IL Contaminant explosives, polychlorinated biphenyls, trichloroethene and other chlorinated solvents-lead, cVegetation Type Hybrid poplar trees Planting Descriptions Media Type Groundwater Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp range: -12 to 104; Elevation: 314; Mean annual precip: 46.9"; Growing season: 4/6 to Mechanism Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Planned. Planned installation 2004 Project Status Cost Funding Source PRP Lead/ Federal Oversight Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Nanjunda Gowda, US EPA (312) 353.9236 gowda.nanjunda@epa.gov Citation 

A63

Site Name Savannah River, North Carolina 

Site Location Savannah River, NC Contaminant DCE, PCE, VC Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplars, loblolly pines Planting Descriptions Media Type Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp range:-7 to 95; Elevation: 2239 ft; Mean annual precip: 38.8"; Growing season: 4/24 Mechanism Hydraulic Control Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Two one-acre plots Project Status Planted ~ 3/2002 Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations DCE, PCE, VC Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments April 2002 tissue sampling results do not indicate the presence of TCE Primary Contact Cassandra Bayer: Bechtel Savannah River, Inc. Citation 

A64

Site Name Savannah River Site 

Site Location Aiken, SC Contaminant Perchloroethene (PCE), trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethene (TCE), trichloromethane Vegetation Type Grass, legume, herb, Loblolly Pine, hybrid poplar Planting Descriptions Media Type Groundwater, Soil: Mostly Udorthents firm substratum with low permeability (basin resulted 

developed surface soil) 

Site Characterizations Confined to upper 10m of vadose zone. 67.5% sand, 9.0% silt and 23.5% clay. Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Abundant rainfall. Warm, humid conditions prevail. Temp range: -1 to 108; Elevation: 134 ft

Growing season: 4/15 to 10/23 

Mechanism Phytodegradation, rhizodegradation, hydraulic control Operation/Maintenance Requirements Irrigation Project Scale 4 acre-Pilot Scale Project Status Operations began 10/2001, scheduled for 3 years. Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations TCE: 900-1400ppb, PCE: <200ppb Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Groundwater irrigated over plants. Primary Contact Dawn Taylor, US EPA (404) 562-8575 taylor.dawn@epa.gov Citation 

Walton, B.T and Anderson, T.A. 1990. "Microbial Degradation of Trichloroethylene in the RApplication to Biological Remediation of Waste Sites". Applied and Environmental MicrobioKim, RH et. Al. (2003) Remediation of VOC-Contaminated Groundwater at the Savannah RAbstracts from US EPA International Applied Phytotechnologies Workshop March 3-5, 2003 

A65

Site Name SRSNE (Solvent Recovery Service New England) 

Site Location Southington, CT Contaminant Trichloroethane, Dichloroethane, 1,1-Dichloroethylene, Vinyl Chloride, Polychlorinated biphVegetation Type Hybrid Poplar (DN 34), white willow, pin oak, river birch, sweet gum, silver maple, tulip tree

white pine 

Planting Descriptions ~1000 hybrid poplars. 3' trenches backfilled w/sand & peat moss. Media Type Groundwater, Soil Site Characterizations GW 3' bgs; contamination 3' to bedrock 30' bgs. Evapotranspiration Rates Water use rates for 2001 averaged 7.8 gpd per tree for willows and 8.4 gpd per Poplar. Climate Temp range: -26 to 102; Elevation: 174 ft; Mean annual precip: 44.1"; Growing season: 5/1Mechanism Phytovolatilization, rhizodegradation, hydraulic control Operation/Maintenance Requirements Mowing, fertilization, replanting, monitoring insect/animal damage Project Scale 0.8 acre Field Demonstration (pilot) Project Status Operational/In Progress. Planted 5/1998. Completion of project planned 2030. Cost Estimate $500,000/year Funding Source PRP Group-lead, SRSNE Superfund Site-Oversight Initial concentrations Trichloroethane 0.1-35mg/kg, Dichloroethane 0.1-25mg/kg Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Trees need to be planted earlier in the spring to reduce transplanting shock. Comments 10% mortality due to transplanting and/or phytotoxicity effects were observed. Manual laboPrimary Contact Karen Lumino , US EPA (617) 918-1348 lumino.karen@epa.gov 

Ferro, A., Chard, B., Gefell, M., Thompson, B., and R. Kjelgren. 2000. “Phytoremediation o

Citation 

Groundwater: Pilot Study at a Superfund Site”. In: G. Wickramanayake, A. Gavaskar, B. AlBioremediation and Phytoremediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, p461-4Ohio.; Ferro, A., Kennedy, J., Kjelgren, R., Rieder, J., and S. Perrin. 1999. “Toxicity AssessCompounds in Poplar Trees”. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 1(1): 9-17. 

A66

Site Name Tibbetts Road 

Site Location Barrington, NH Contaminant Trichloroethylene, polychlorinated biphenols. Arsenic, benzene, toluene Vegetation Type Hybrid poplar trees (Deltoides x Nigra), under story grasses Planting Descriptions 1,400 one-year-old rooted plants Media Type Groundwater, soil Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp range: -33 to 102; Elevation: 338 ft; Mean annual precip: 36.4"; Growing season: 6/9 tMechanism Hydraulic control, phytoextraction, rhizosphere Operation/Maintenance Requirements Mowing, weeding Project Scale Full-Scale, 2 acres Project Status Operational. Planted 1998. Estimate completion 2015. Cost $40,000 for Ecolotree portion of project. Entire remedy (including source removal, demolition

controls and monitoring) estimated at $8M 

Funding Source Superfund Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Trees have grown well and now stand over 15’ tall. Tree survival in 1998 was 99%. Primary Contact Neil Handler, USEPA (617) 918-1334 handler.neil@epa.gov Citation http://yosemite.epa.gov Waste Site Cleanup & Reuse in New England-TIBBETTS ROAD ITRC (2004) White Paper Case Study. Making the Case for Ecological Enhancements. ECO

A67

Site Name Travis Air Force Base 

Site Location CA Contaminant Trichloroethene Vegetation Type Red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon 'Rosea') Planting Descriptions 480 trees Media Type Groundwater Site Characterizations GW 5-8m bgs Evapotranspiration Rates 2003 Potential ET: Jan-Apr: 45mm, May-Oct, negligible, Nov: 25mm, Dec:125mm Climate Temp range: 18 to 115; Elevation: 69 ft; Mean annual precip: 17.5"; Growing season: 3/23 tMechanism Hydraulic control Operation/Maintenance Requirements Irrigation Project Scale 2.5 acre Demonstration Project Status Planted 11/1998 Cost Funding Source AFCEE/ERS Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments No evidence of hydraulic control thru 5th season. Roots found in well near water table. No i

Site will continue to be monitored. 

Primary Contact Rafael Vazquez, AFCEE (210) 536-1431 rafael.vazquez@brooks.af.mil John Lucey, US EPA (415) 972-3243 lucey.john@epa.gov Citation "Phytostabilization Demonstration at Travis Air Force Base, California" poster 

A68

Site Name Union Carbide Corporation 

Site Location Texas City, TX Contaminant 1,2 DCA, BCEE Vegetation Type Poplar and Mulberry Planting Descriptions 40 trees planted Media Type Groundwater, soil: sands, silty sands Site Characterizations GW 30-35' bgs, K=5E-6cm/s Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp range: 7 to 107; Elevation: 102 ft; Mean annual precip: 47"; Growing season: 3/17 to Mechanism Hydraulic Control Operation/Maintenance Requirements Fertilization, irrigation, replanting, pruning, mulching Project Scale Full Scale Project Status Operational/In Progress Cost $20,000 Funding Source PRP Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Supplement to traditional pump/treat Primary Contact Richard J. Chapin, Union Carbide Corp (DOW Chemical) chapinrj@dow.com Citation Basel Al-Yousfi A. et al. (2000). "Phytoremediation-The Natural Pump-and-Treat and Hydra

Periodicals of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management, April 2000, p 73-77. 

A69

Site Name Unspecified 

Site Location SC Contaminant DCE, PCE, VC Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplar and willow Planting Descriptions Media Type Groundwater Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Mechanism Hydraulic Control, phytoremediation Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Project Status Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact David McMillan, Natresco (717) 583-2100 dmcmillan@natresco.com Citation 

A70

Site Name Unspecified chemical manufacturing facility 

Site Location Aurora, IL Contaminant TCE (up to 25 mg/L) Vegetation Type Hybrid poplar, willow Planting Descriptions 200 poplars, 50 willows Media Type Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp range: -27 to 104; Elevation: 658 ft; Mean annual precip: 35.8"; Growing season: 4/2Mechanism Phytodegradation, Hydraulic Control Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Project Status planted 2000 Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations TCE (up to 25 mg/L) Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments 

Trees have grown consistently (up to 8 ft/year for the Poplar). Comparison of groundwater installation of the TreeMediation system and 2 growing seasons later indicate significant reconcentrations in the aquifer both at the source area and on the property boundary. Hydraflow have also been demonstrated. 10-15 ft below surface (depth of impact) 

Primary Contact Ed Gatliff, Applied Natural Sciences (513) 942-6061 ans@fuse.net Citation 

A71

Site Name Vandenberg Air Force Base, California 

Site Location CA Contaminant DCE, PCE, VC Vegetation Type Hybrid poplar (P. trichocarpa x P. deltoides, P. trichocarpa x P. nigra, P. deltoides x maximoPlanting Descriptions 1,260 cuttings Media Type Site Characterizations G' 5-10' bgs Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp range: 20 to 109; Elevation: 16 ft; Mean annual precip: 16.2"; Growing season: 2/26 tMechanism Hydraulic control Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale 1 acre Project Status Planted 8/2001 Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Rafael Vazquez, AFCEE (210) 536-1431 rafael.vazquez@brooks.af.mil Citation 

A72

Site Name Wayne County 

Site Location Wayne County, MI Contaminant DCE, PCE, VC Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplar Planting Descriptions 60 trees deep rooted and planted when 10-16 ft tall. Media Type Groundwater, Soil Site Characterizations Groundwater 8-10 ft bgs Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temperature Range: -13 to 103 F; Mean Annual precipitation: 26.6"; Elevation: 619 ft; AveraMechanism Phytodegradation Operation/Maintenance Requirements Pruning, monitoring Project Scale Full-Scale Project Status Inactive (1997-2002) Cost 30,000 Funding Source Private Initial Concentrations TCE: 600 ppb Final Concentrations TCE: 30 ppb Lessons Learned Although the site had early successes, by 2002 street salt leaching into groundwater was kill

to support vegetation and there are no trees, and no phytoremediation taking place at site no

Comments TCE substantially reduced, 8 ft below ground surface (depth of impact) Primary Contact Ed Gatliff, Applied Natural Sciences (513) 895-6061 ans@fuse.net Citation http://www.treemediation.com 

A73

Site Name Weyerhaeuser - Timber Processing Site 

Site Location Klamath Falls, OR Contaminant Polychlorinated biphenols, Pentachlorophenol, chromate Vegetation Type Hybrid poplar trees, under story grasses Planting Descriptions Media Type Soil: Sandy-loess soil Site Characterizations GW 2' bgs Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp range: -25 to 100; Elevation: 4099 ft; Mean annual precip: 12.6"; Growing season: 6Mechanism Phytoextraction, Rhizodegradation, Phytovolatilization Operation/Maintenance Requirements Mowing Project Scale Full-Scale, 7 acres Project Status Inactive. Planted 1994,1995 Cost Funding source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned 

Industrial wastewater containing PCP and PCB is irrigated onto 10 acres of hybrid poplars

Comments discharge to receiving streams. Approximately 5% tree loss in year 1 attributed to shallow 

root development. 

Primary Contact Jeannine Brown, US EPA (206) 553-1058 brown.jeannine@epa.gov, Eric Aitchison, Ecolo

aitchison@ecolotree.com 

Citation 

A74

Site Name Wisconsin 

Site Location central WI Contaminant TCE Vegetation Type Hybrid Polar Planting Descriptions 300 trees Media Type Groundwater, Soil: Loamy sand Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp range: -36 to 99; Elevation: 1191 ft; Mean annual precip: 33"; Growing season: 5/22 tMechanism Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Project Status Planted Spring 2004 Cost $40,000 1st year Funding source Federal Facility Initial concentrations less than 1mg/L Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Louis A. Licht: Ecolotree, (319) 665-3547 lou-licht@ecolotree.com aitchison@ecolotree.com Eric Aitchison, EcolotreCitation 

A75

Appendix B: Pesticides Database 

Table of Contents 

Pesticide Pages 

Alachlor B3, B5, B14 Aldrin B8 Aniline B4 Atrazine B3, B5, B6, B10, B14 Arsenic B15 Azobenzene B4 Chlordane B7 Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) B8 p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloethylene (p-p'-DDE) B7, B11 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) B8 Dieldrin B2, B8 Hexachlorobenzene B2 Hexachlorohexane B2 Metoachlor B10, B14 Metribuzin B14 Pendimethalin B10 Pentachlorophenol B12, B16, B17 Silvex B18 Trifluran B10 

A76 
Site Name Aberdeen Pesticide Dumps 

Site Location Aberdeen, NC Contaminants Dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorahexane Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplar trees and groundcover grasses Planting Descriptions Depth of planting: 1.5-12 ft. Media Type Groundwater (soil: sand and silty clay) Site Characterizations Groundwater: Avg. gradient = 0.008 ft/ft; Hydraulic conductivity: 3.82e-4 to 2.03e-3 cm/s

343 ft/yr 

ET Rates 4 million gallons in 1999 growing season Climate Elevation: 339 ft; Mean annual precip: 50.3"; Growing season: 4/23 to 10/13 Mechanism Hydraulic control, Rhizodegradation OM Requirements Mowing, fertilizing, amendments(?), contact Mann Project Scale Full scale (7.5 acres, 3500 trees) Project Status Ongoing (began 1999) Cost $450,000 Funding Source PRP Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments 87,000 tons of soil removed for thermal treatment prior to plant installation Primary Contact Luis. E Flores, USEPA, (404) 562-8807, flores.luis@epa.gov or Tom Mann, 864-609-911Citation EPA Superfund: Record of Decision, 1999 and Annual Repot, March 2004 

A77

Site Name Amana #1 & #2 

Site Location Amana, IA Contaminants Atrazine, alachlor Vegetation Type Corn, Fescue, Hybrid Poplar, Sunflowers (Heianthus annus) Planting Descriptions Media Type Groundwater, Soil Site Characterizations ET Rates Climate Temp range: -28 to 104 F; Elevation: 902 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 33.4"; Growing seMechanism Phytoextraction, phytotransformation OM Requirements Project Scale Demonstration/Pilot (1 mile x 25 feet) Project Status Completed Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Designed as a riparian buffer zone with Ecolotree buffer. Reduction of 10-20% of applied aPrimary Contact Jerry Schnoor, University of Iowa, (319) 335-5585, jschnoor@engineering.uiowa.edu Citation Schnoor, J. L., L.A. Licht, S.C. McCutcheon, N.L. Wolf, and L.H. Carreira. 1995. Phytorem

and nutrient contaminants. Environmental Science & Technology, 29(7): 318A-323A. 

A78

Site Name 

Site Location Contaminant Vegetation Type Planting Descriptions Media Type Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Mechanism Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Project Status Cost Funding source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Citation 

Bofors-Nobel Superfund Site
Muskegon, MI 
3,3 Dichlorobenzidine, vinyl chloride, Perchloroethene, Aniline, Azobenzene, Benzidine, Dichlorobenzidine, Toluene 
hybrid poplar
Groundwater, soil 
GW 6' bgs
Temp. Range: -15 to 99 F; Elev.: 644; Mean annual precip.: 32.6"; Growing season: 5/24Rhizodegradation, phytoextraction, phytodegradation 
cutting down any tree species that does not survive in the contained area 
Pilot scale. Approximately 20 acres of planted tree species, with another (approx.) 20 acrtreatment wetlands. 
On hold. Planted 6/2004 
Estimated total remedy cost can be from about $ 15 million up to $ 30 million.
PRP, Federal/State overview
Up to 3000-10000 ppm for halogenated and nonhalogenated semi-volatiles
Phytoremediation is not the main goal of the remedy. The main goal is containment usinbarrier (slurry) wall, with phyto as an enhancement. 
John Fagiolo, USEPA (312) 886.0800 fagiolo.john@epa.gov
Ari Ferro, Phytokinetics (435) 750-0985 ariferro@phytokinetics.com


A79

Site Name Cantrall 

Site Location Cantrall, IL Contaminant Nitrate nitrogen, herbicides/insecticides, atrazine, alachlor Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplar Planting Descriptions 200 poplar trees Media Type Groundwater, Soil (Glacial soils; silt; clay) Site Characterizations Groundwater varies 4-17 feet bgs seasonally. ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -22 to 106 F; Mean Annual Precipitation: 35.3"; Elevation: 617 ft; Gro

to 10/6 

Mechanism Phytodegradation, rhizodegradation, phytostabilization OM Requirements Pruning; mowing; drip irrigation of contaminated water. Project Scale Full-Scale (2 acres) Project Status Operational (planted 1992) Cost Planting & irrigation: $300,000; O&M: $0/yr (currently) Funding Source Private Initial concentrations Nitrate: 150 ppm Final Concentrations Nitrate: 50 ppm Lessons Learned Comments Primarily for the reduction of nitrates and herbicides in groundwater. Soils have not been r

Groundwater collection/ irrigation system installed with trees to serve as recirculating in-sisystem. 

Primary Contact Paul Thomas, Thomas Consultants, (513) 271-0092, pt@thomasconsultants.com or Todd 

EPA, (217) 524-4862, 

Citation Thomas Consultants, Inc. Project Descriptions document 

A80

Site Name Clarence Coop Martelle Plant 

Site Location Martelle, IA Contaminant Atrazine, herbicides, nitrate, ammonia/ammonium Vegetation Type Hybrid poplar trees and understory grasses Planting Descriptions 1100 trees planted Media Type Groundwater, Soil (Silty soil underlain by glacial till) Site Characterizations ET Rates Climate Temp Range: -28 to 104 F; Mean Annual Precipitation: 33.4"; Elevation: 902 ft; Growing s

9/25 

Mechanism Phytostabilization, rhizodegradation, phytoextraction OM Requirements Observe insect predation; Mowing, weeding, replanting in areas where ammonia was toxic Project Scale Full-Scale (0.3 acre) Project Status Inactive (1993) Cost $15,000 Funding Source Clarence Coop Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned 

Agrochemical spill site (Ecolotree Buffer, EBuffer). Ammonia proved to be toxic to hybrid p

Comments areas. Replanting successfully completed in 1994 by amending soil with compost and add

soi pH and convert ammonium to ammonia gas. Many trees over 20' tall after three growi

Primary Contact Louis A. Licht, Ecolotree, (319) 358-9753, lou-licht@ecolotree.com Citation 

A81

Site Name Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station 

Site Location New Haven, CT Contaminant p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloethylene (p-p'-DDE), chlordane Vegetation Type Cucurbita species Planting Descriptions Media Type Site Characterizations ET Rates 

Temperature Range: -26 to 102 F; Mean Annual Precipitation: 44.1"; Elevation: 174 ft; Gr

Climate to 9/23 Mechanism OM Requirements Project Scale Project Status Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Jason White, (203)-974-8523, Jason.White@po.state.ct.us Citation 2003 Phytotechnologies Conference Abstract 

A82 
Site Name Fort Winwright 

Site Location Fairbanks, AK Contaminants Aldrin, DDD, DDT, dieldrin, petroleum hydrocarbons Vegetation Type Felt leaf willow dominant Planting Descriptions Invasive species (felt leaf willow) took over site\ Media Type Soil Site Characterizations Groundwater varies between 5-15 feet bgs ET Rates Climate Temperature Range:-62 to 96 F; Mean Annual Precipitation:10.9"; Elevation: 499 ft; Grow

8/25 

Mechanism Rhizodegradation, Phytoextraction OM Requirements Corn syrup, alcohol amendments, saturated, fertilized, irrigated, fenced Project Scale Full scale (850 cubic yards) Project Status Completed (1997-2002) Cost Funding Source US Army Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Aldrin concentrations decreased; dieldrin concentrations did not. After treatment, soils from 

deposited in Fort Wainwright landfill rather than an offsite hazardous waste landfill. 

Comments Soil excavated and relocated into lined treatment cells for phytoremediation. Primary Contact Diane Soderland, EPA, (907)271-3425, soderlund.dianne@epa.gov Citation First Five Year Review Report for Fort Wainwright, Alaska; Sept. 2001 

A83

Site Name Illinois Fertilizer/Herbicide Spill Site 

Site Location IL Contaminants Nitrogen, herbicides Vegetation Type Hybrid poplar trees and understory grasses Planting Descriptions 440 trees planted Media Type Soil and groundwater Site Characterizations Groundwater at 4-6' bgs ET Rates Climate Mechanism Hydraulic control, phytoextraction, rhizodegradation OM Requirements Mowing, weeding, fertilization Project Scale Full-scale Project Status Active (began 4/1999) Cost Funding Source Facility owner Initial concentrations Nitrate/nitrite = 20-200 mg/L; alachlor = 0.1-3 mg/L Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments 

Agrochemical spill site. The trees grew 15 feet in the 17 months following planting, and apup a significant volume of groundwater. Only 6,000 gallons of groundwater were obtained recovery well in 2000, compared to 16-23,000 gallons per year for 

Primary Contact Louis A. Licht, Ecolotree, (319) 358-9753, lou-licht@ecolotree.com Citation 

A84

Site Name Iowa State University microplot 

Site Location Ames, IA Contaminant Atrazine, metolachlor, pendimethalin, trifluran Vegetation Type big blue stern, indian yellow grass, switchgrass, and mixtures of grasses Planting Descriptions from pots, inoculated with pesticides prior to transplantation into soil Media Type Soil (loamy soil, 1.6% organic matter) Site Characterizations Microplots were 24x30x18 cm deep ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: F; Mean Annual Precipitation: "; Elevation: ft; Growing season: Mechanism OM Requirements Fortified soil (pesticides added) Project Scale Field microplot Project Status 4 year study Cost Funding Source Partial funding from Center for Health Efects of Environmental Contaminants at University Initial concentrations Atrazine: 25 mg/kg; metolachlor: 35 mg/kg; trifluran: 25 mg/g; pendimethalin: 110 mg/g Final Concentrations Atrazine: 10 mg/kg Lessons Learned Comments 

No significant difference between vegetated and non-vegetated microplots for atrazine and despite increased dissipation into prarie grasses. Pendimethalin and trifluran were more pvegetation differences for pendimenthalin but for trifluran concentrations were significantly plots 

Primary Contact Joel Coats, IA State Univ, (515) 294-4776, jcoats@iastate.edu or Todd A. Anderson, Texa

(806) 885-4567, todd.anderson@ttu.edu 

Final Report: EPA Grant Number r825549c045. Available at http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/52

Citation Belden, JB; Clark, BW; Phillips, TZ; Hendersen, KL; Arthur, EL; Coats, JR. 2003. Detoxific

Residues in Soil Using Phytoremediation. ACS Symposium Series 863: Pesticide DecontaDetoxification, Chapter 12. Ed: JJ Gan, PC Zhu, SD Aust, AT Lemley. American Chemica

A85

Site Name Lockwood Farm 

Site Location Hamden, CT Contaminants p-p'-DDE (p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloehtylene) Vegetation Type 21 cultivar varieties of Cucurbita pepo Planting Descriptions Planted from seedlings Media Type Soil (fine sandy loam) Site Characterizations ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -26 to 102 F; Mean Annual Precipitation: 44.1"; Elevation: 174 ft; Gro

to 9/23 

Mechanism OM Requirements Weeding, irrigation, harvesting Project Scale Demonstration/ Pilot Project Status Completed (destroyed Aug 2002) Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations p-p-DDE: 200-1200 ng/g (dry weight) Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Certain cultivars of C. pepo are better able to phytoextract highy weathered POP's than ot

variations in exudate quantity and composition across cultivars. 

Primary Contact Jason White, (203)-974-8523, Jason.White@po.state.ct.us 

White, JC; Wang, X; Gent, MPN; Iannucci-Berger, W; Eitzer, BD; Schultes, NP; Arienzo, M

Citation 2003. Subspecies Level Variation in the Phytoextraction of Weathered p,p'-DDE by Cucur

Environmental Science and Technology. 37(2003): 4368-4373. 

A86

Site Name McCormick and Baxter Superfund Site 

Site Location Portland, OR Contaminant Pentachlorophenol (PCP); fluoroanthene; pyrene; chrysene; Benzo(k)fluoroanthene, polya

hydrocarbons 

Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplar, ryegrass Planting Descriptions Media Type Soil (surface soil is sand) Site Characterizations ET Rates Climate 

Temperature Range: 6 to 107 F; Mean Annual Precipitation: 36.3"; Elevation: 33 ft; Growin10/18. Additional details: 65C average summer temperature; 40C average winter temperaaverage relative humidity in mid-afternoon; 60 percent possible sunshine in summer; 14 kmaximum windspeed. 

Mechanism Rhizdegradation; Phytodegradation OM Requirements Irrigation; Fertilization Project Scale Full scale (225 sq meters) Project Status Completed (3/97-?) Cost U.S. EPA SITE Emerging Technology Program Award ($300,000). Budget includes both 

field-scale studies for years 1996 and 1997. 

Funding Source Initial concentrations PCP = 80.4 +/- 23.4 mg/kg; fluoroanthene = 21.8 +/- 6.1 mg/kg; pyrene = 33.5 +/-10.7 mg/

11.3 +/-2.6 mg/kg; Benzo(k)fluoroanthene = 4.2 +/- 1.0 mg/kg 

Final Concentrations 

Variability in soil contaminant concentrations may obscure treatment effects. Variability ca

Lessons Learned normalizing data for soil moisture and correcting soil contaminant concentrations by comp

recalcitrant soil contaminant. Pre-mixing 

Comments Primary Contact Ari M. Ferro, Phytokinetics, (801) 750-0950, ariferro@phytokinetics.com Citation 

A87

Site Name Mid-Lakes Farm Service Cooperative 

Site Location Bonduel, WI Contaminant Pesticides, herbicides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Vegetation Type Grass, Hybrid Poplar Planting Descriptions Media Type Soil, groundwater (sandy soil) Site Characterizations 10' of sandy soil underlain by peat and sandstone bedrock. Groundwater is 4-7 below grouET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -29 to 99 F; Mean Annual Precipitation: 28.8"; Elevation: 699 ft; Gro

to 9/18 

Mechanism Hydraulic control, phytoextraction, rhizodegradation, soil stabilization, rhizofiltration OM Requirements Mowing, weeding, insect control Project Scale Full-Scale (0.3 acres) Project Status Operational (began May 1996) Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Hybrid poplars planted as an Ecolotree-cap on 1 acre. Results are pending. Primary Contact Louis A. Licht, Ecolotree, (319) 358-9753, lou-licht@ecolotree.com Citation 

A88

Site Name Oconee, IL 

Site Location Oconee, IL Contaminant alachlor, atrazine, metoachlor, metribuzin Vegetation Type Hybrid poplar Planting Descriptions Planted from cuttings Media Type Groundwater, soil (silt loam) Site Characterizations Groundwater located between 4-10 ft bgs ET Rates Climate Temperature range: -22 to 106 F; Mean annual precipitation: 39.4"; Elevation: 535 ft; Av

season: 5/1 to 10/6 

Mechanism Rhizosphere degradation OM Requirements irrigation to use groundwater, treatment Project Scale Full-scale (1.5 acres) Project Status Ongoing (began 1988) Cost $30000 (Including $10,000/acre planting) Funding Source Private Initial concentrations Alachlor: 750 ppb groundwater, 150 ppm soil; Atrazine: 1200 ppb groundwater, 850 ppm 

1000 ppb groundwater, 50 ppm soil; Metribuzin: 300 ppb groundwater 

Alachlor: 100 ppb groundwater (1996), <10 ppm soil (1990); atrazine: 60 ppb groundwat

Final Concentrations soil (1990); Metoachlor: 1000 ppb groundwater (1996), <10 ppm soil (1990); Metribuzin: 

groundwater (1996) 

Lessons Learned Periods of continuous data logging and monitoring Comments Concentration data is approximate, estimated from graphic Primary Contact Edd Gatliff, Applied Natural Sciences, Inc., (513) 942-6061, ans@fuse.net or Paul Thom

Consultants, (513) 271-0092, pt@thomasconsultants.com 

Citation http://www.treemediation.com/ 

A89

Site Name Former Orchard Site 

Site Location Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey Contaminant Arsenic (from arsenical pesticides) Vegetation Type Brake Fern Planting Descriptions Transplanted from pots Media Type Soil (loam soil) Site Characterizations Groundwater >20 feet below ground surface ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -4 to 102 F; Elevation: 171 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 45.9"; Gro

10/26 

Mechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements Irrigation, lime amendments, and fertilizer Project Scale Demonstration plots (10,000 sq ft) Project Status Ongoing (2001) Cost Funding Source US Army Initial concentrations As: 10 ppm to 60-70 ppm Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Original turf grass was removed. A greenhouse was constructed on site for overwinterinPrimary Contact Michael Blaylock, Edenspace, (703) 961-8700, blaylock@edenspace.com Citation 

A90

Site Name Union Pacific Railroad 

Site Location Laramie, WY Contaminant pentachlorophenol, polyaromatic hydrocarbons Vegetation Type Cottonwood, willow, hackberry bushes, alfala, dryland grass mixture Planting Descriptions Media Type Soil Site Characterizations ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -50 to 94 F; Mean Annual Precipitation: 10.6"; Elevation: 7186 ft; G

6/26 to 8/26 

Mechanism OM Requirements Nutrient amendments added Project Scale Full-scale (140 acres) Project Status Ongoing Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments 

Other treatments used at site: 2 mile slurry wall, dual-drain liner system, nutrient amend

Primary Contact Felix Flechas, EPA, 303-312-6014, flechas.felix@epa.gov Citation US EPA REACHIT: http://www.epareachit.org/ 

A91

Site Name Weyerhauser - Timber Processing Site 

Site Location Klamath Falls, OR Contaminant Halogenated semi-volatiles (PCP, PCB) and metals (chromate) Vegetation Type Hybrid poplar trees and understory grasses Planting Descriptions Media Type Soil (Sandy-loess soil) Site Characterizations GW 2' bgs ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -25 to 100 F; Mean Annual Precipitation: 12.6 "; Elevation: 4099 ft

6/28 to 8/31 

Mechanism Phytoextraction, Rhizodegradation, Phytovolatilization OM Requirements Mowing Project Scale Full-Scale (7 acres, 10 acres) Project Status Operational Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned 

Industrial wastewater containing PCP and PCB is irrigated onto 10 acres of hybrid popla

Comments point-source discharge to receiving streams. Approximately 5% tree loss in year 1 attrib

concrete foundations inhibiting root development. 

Primary Contact Louis A. Licht, Ecolotree, (319) 358-9753, lou-licht@ecolotree.com Citation 

A92

Site Name Whitewater 

Site Location Whitewater, WI Contaminant Nitrate Nitrogen, herbicides/insecticides, silvex Vegetation Type Grass, Hybrid Poplar, Legumes Planting Descriptions Trees were deep rooted and planted when 10-16 ft tall. Media Type Groundwater, Soil Site Characterizations 

Site is situated on a porous aquifer medium of fractured bedrock. Groundwater is 5 to 1

ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -30 to 104 F; Mean Annual precipitation: 30.9"; Elevation: 872 ft; A

season: 5/13-9/25 

Mechanism Hydraulic control OM Requirements None, aside from brief monitoring in early stages of project Project Scale Full-Scale (10 acres) Project Status Operational (began 1990) Cost $30,000 Funding Source private Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned 

Industrial wastewater containing PCP and PCB is irrigated onto 10 acres of hybrid popla

Comments point-source discharge to receiving streams. Approximately 5% tree loss in year 1 attrib

concrete foundations inhibiting root development. Overall reductions in concentrations o

Primary Contact Ed Gatliff, Applied Natural Sciences, Inc., (513) 942-6061, ans@fuse.net Citation 

A93

Site Name Former farm market 

Site Location WI Contaminant Pesticides, nitrates, ammonium Vegetation Type Hybrid poplars Planting Descriptions Media Type Soil, groundwater Site Characterizations ET Rates Climate Mechanism OM Requirements Project Scale Project Status Ongoing (began Spring 1992) Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Louis A. Licht, Ecolotree, (319) 358-9753, lou-licht@ecolotree.com Citation 

A94

Site Name Wilmington 

Site Location Wilmington, NC Contaminant Nitrate nitrogen, pesticides, ammonium Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplar Planting Descriptions 

Trees were deep rooted and planted when 10-16 ft tall. Nutrients added prior to planting 

Media Type Groundwater, Soil (sandy, coastal soil) Site Characterizations Groundwater is 10-15 ft bgs ET Rates Climate Temperature range: 0 to 102 F; Mean annual precipitation: 54.2"; Elevation: 52 ft; Avera

4/11 to 11/3 

Mechanism Hydraulic control OM Requirements None Project Scale Full-Scale (6 acres) Project Status Operational (1992- 2002) Cost $30,000 Funding Source Private Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Reduction of contaminants was observed at first, but then a site on the property bounda

continuous source of contamination 

Comments Nitrogen levels in downgradient wells have steadily fallen. Primary Contact Edd Gatliff, Applied Natural Sciences, Inc., (513) 942-6061, ans@fuse.net Citation 

A95

Appendix C: Explosives Database 

Table of Contents Page C2 

TNT RDX DNT AN PC HMX 2NT 4NT 

X X 

C3 X X C4 X X C5 X C6 X X X C7 X X X C8 C9 X X X C10 X X X X C11 X C12 X X C13 X 

TNT = trinitrotoluene 

RDX = 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine 

HMX = 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazocyclooctane 

DNT = dinitrotoluene 

PC = perchlorate AN = Ammonium Nitrate 

2NT = 2-nitrotoluene 

4NT = 4-nitrotoluene 

A96

Site Name ICI Explosives Americas Engineering 

Site Location Joplin, MO Contaminant Ammonium nitrate; Dinitrotoluene Vegetation Type Bald Cypress, Hybrid Poplar, Ninebark, Willow Planting Descriptions 18,000 trees in various arrangements, rooted and bare-root cuttings Media Type Groundwater, Soil (in situ), Surface Water Site Characterizations Surface water and small drainages; wetlands systems; shallow groundwater; soils and sedim

silts. 

Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp. Range: -15 to 108 F; Elev: 987 ft; Mean annual precip.: 43.2"; Growing season: 4/25-1Mechanism Rhizodegradation, phytoextraction Operation/Maintenance Requirements Irrigation, weeding Project Scale Field Demonstration. 3.2 acres Project Status Active remedial. Planted 2/1996 Cost $40, 000-installation, $20,000-oversight and planning. Funding Source The cost of management was born by the client. Initial concentrations Ammonium nitrate = 20-1,000 mg/kg soil; Dinitrotoluene = 0.8-200 ug/L water. Final Concentrations Lessons Learned 

Management (weeding, watering of upland plants) is essential for a good rate of plant establi

design and installation is futile unless there is a solid management program later in the growiduring subsequent years. 

Comments Many trees died, especially trees planted on upland areas, because of extremely poor manag

planting. 

Primary Contact Ari M. Ferro, Phytokinetics (435) 750-0950 ariferro@phytokinetics.com Citation 

A97

Site Name Iowa AAP 

Site Location Middletown, IA Contaminant RDX (hexahydro 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5triazine) and TNT (2,4,6-trinitro-toluene) Vegetation Type hybrid poplar tree Populus Deltoides X Nigra DN34 Planting Descriptions 700 Hybrid Poplar Trees per acre, planted as 8 ft "whips". Media Type Soil Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp Range: -23 to 101 F; Elevation:533 ft ; Mean annual precip:34.5"; Growing season: 5/3 Mechanism Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Full Scale Constructed Wetlands Project Status Cost Funding Source CERCLA Initial concentrations RDX: 800ppb Final Concentrations RDX: <0.25ppb 

RDX disappearance in gw slower than TNT. Wetlands estimated to remove approx 0.016-0.0

Lessons Learned 0.133-0.291 mg/L-day RDX at 25oC @steady state. Plant growth reduced, but still considerab

of TNT and RDX were estimated to be 5 to 7 mg/L (in hydroponic culture). 

Comments acute toxicity assays (<14 d) showed poplar had a significant tolerance to explosives concentPrimary Contact Jerry Schnoor, University of Iowa (319) 335-5649 jschnoor@engineering.uiowa.edu Kevin Howa, Omaha Corps of Engineers kevin.m.howe@usace.army.mil Citation Kiker, J.H., S. Larson, D.D. Moses, and R. Sellers. Use of Engineered Wetlands to Phytorem

Contaminated Surface Water at the Iowa Army Ammunition Plant, Middletown, Iowa. 

A98

Site Name Joliet Army Ammunition Plant 

Site Location Joliet, IL Contaminant trinitrotoluene (TNT), Tetryl, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) Vegetation Type Hybrid poplars (Populus spp.) or willows (Salix spp.) or native prairie grasses Planting Descriptions slurry reactor Media Type Groundwater Site Characterizations Shallow aquifer Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp. Range: -27 to 104 F; Elev: 658 ft; Mean annual precip.: 35.8"; Growing season: 4/25 to Mechanism Hydraulic Control, phytodegradation Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Project Status 1998, proposal Cost $191,000 research grant Funding Source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments The site did not use phytoremediation for remediation. Costs estimated at $15M from investig

remediation including excavation and off-site disposal) 

Primary Contact Jerry Schnoor, University of Iowa (319) 335-5586. GRACE Bioremediation Technologies, Inc. [DARAMEND®] Missauga, Ontario, Canada 

Bill Rainey, Plexus Scientific brainey@plexsci.com 301-622-9696 

Citation Multiple Biotechnology Demonstrations of Explosives-Contaminated Soils, http://aec.army.mil/prod/usaec/et/restor/ecsoils.htm, 2000. 

A99

Site Name Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant, Burning Ground #3 

Site Location Marshall, Texas Contaminant Perchlorate Vegetation Type hybrid poplar trees (Populus Deltoides Nigra, DN34) Planting Descriptions 425 poplar trees were planted Media Type Groundwater Site Characterizations GW 168-171' bgs. Clayey soils Evapotranspiration Rates 1,000,000 gal/acre/yr (groundwater is pumped up and drip irrigated onto trees) Climate Temp Range: 3 to 107 F; Elevation: 417 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 50"; Growing season: 4Mechanism Phytodegradation, Rhizodegradation Operation/Maintenance Requirements Complete Environmental Service: Trees inspected & irrigated regularly, amendments, sample Project Scale 0.7 acre Demonstration Project Status Planted March 17, 2003, continuing through 2005 Cost installation and maintenance costs $42,000; research, analysis and monitoring $200,000 Funding Source Department of the Army, Operations Support Command Initial concentrations Perchlorate: ~100 mg/L Final Concentrations Perchlorate: 10 mg/L 

The mass of perchlorate taken up by poplar trees and/or degraded within in the rhizosphere w

Lessons Learned 

zero (-0.261 ± 0.016 kg/d). Therefore, between April 2003 and March 2004, no perchlorate w

the groundwater by the hybrid poplar trees and/or the microbes that grow in the root zone. H

complicated hydrogeological setting and trenching, it is difficult to obtain a tight water balance balance on perchlorate to prove efficacy of treatment in the field. 

Comments 

Trees are growing well; phytoremediation system is functioning well. Only 5% of trees have dgrowing season. Test plot was irrigated with perchlorate contaminated water since the water deep for the roots of the poplar trees to reach. Approximately 116,320 gallons of water was abetween April and November 2003. Irrigation was discontinued for the remainder of the non-on November 17. 

Primary Contact Jerry Schnoor, University of Iowa (319) 335-5649 jschnoor@engineering.uiowa.edu Citation Schnoor, J.L., et al. (2004) Demonstration Project of Phytoremediation and Rhizodegradation 

Groundwater at the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant, The University of Iowa, Dept of Civil a

A100

Site Name Milan AAP 

Site Location Milan, Tennessee Contaminant trinitrotoluene (TNT), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), and cyclotetramethylenetetranitraVegetation Type Aquatic and wetlands plants. Parrot feather, Planting Descriptions Constructed wetland Media Type Groundwater, soil Site Characterizations Field-scale wetland demonstration Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp. Range: -13 to 105 F; Elevation: 420 ft; Mean annual precip: 55.2"; Growing season: Mechanism Phytodegradation Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale 1/8 acre field demonstration Project Status June 1996-Sept 1997 Cost $1.8M Funding Source DoD Initial concentrations TNT (1.8mg/l), RDX (2.2mg/l), HMX (0.13 mg/l) Final Concentrations Lagoon and gravel-bed wetlands are reducing TNT below 0.002 mg L-l. Lagoon wetland is n

removal efficiencies of only 47 and 20%, respectively. 

Lessons Learned Comments Growth of most plants except parrot-feather, was reduced in groundwater containing 1.5 to 3Primary Contact Darlene Bader-Lohn, US AEC (410) 436-6861 darlene.bader-lohn@aec.apgea.army.mil 

Army Environment Center, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, report SFIM-AEC-ET-CR-97059 Sikora, F.L. et al (1997), "Phytoremediation of explosives in groundwater at the Milan Army 

innovative wetlands-based treatment technologies". Presentation 15. In 12th Annual Confer

Citation Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas City, MO. 

Best, E.P.H. et al (1997), Fate and mass balances of [14C]-TNT and [14C]-RDX in aquatic agroundwater from the Milan Army Ammunition Plant Presentation 14. In 12th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts BooKansas City, MO. 

A101

Site Name New Mexico State University 

Site Location Las Cruces, NM Contaminant 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraaz

(HMX) 

Vegetation Type Datura innoxia Planting Descriptions Cell suspension cultures Media Type Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp. Range: -8 to 112 F; Elev: 3908 ft; Mean annual precip: 8.8"; Growing season: 4/14 to Mechanism Phytodegradation Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Bench scale Project Status Completed 1999 Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations TNT (750-1000 ppm) Final Concentrations Within 12 h, less than 1% of the initial TNT remained in the growth medium Lessons Learned 

Aminodinitrotoluenes (ADNTs), metabolites of TNT, accumulated transiently in cell lysates, an

Comments extent in cell media. ADNT concentrations started to decrease after 3 h. After 12 h, less than 

TNT could be detected as ADNT. Total ADNTs never exceeded 26% of initial TNT, suggestinbiotransformation steps also occurred 

Primary Contact 

M. E. LUCERO, W. MUELLER, J. HUBSTENBERGER, G. C. PHILLIPS, and M. A. O'CONNE

Citation Nitrogenous Explosives and Metabolism of TNT by Cell Suspensions of Datura Innoxia. Socie

Biology (1998) 

A102

Site Name NIKE Missile Site 

Site Location Kent County, MD Contaminant Trichloroethene Vegetation Type poplar trees Planting Descriptions several hundred trees planned Media Type Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Estimate will pump 50gal/day Climate Temp. Range: -7 to 105 F; Elev: 148 ft; Mean annual precip: 40.7 "; Growing season: 4/11 to Mechanism Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Project Status Proposal Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations >5ppb limit Final Concentrations Kent County Forestry Board - seek private funding Lessons Learned Comments Expects positive results in 4-5 years Primary Contact Citation DoD (2001) County Considers Phytoremediation Of TCE at Former Nike Missile Site. Defens

9, 2001, v12 i9, p 45 

A103

Site Name University of Iowa 

Site Location Iowa City, IA Contaminant Trinitrotoluene (TNT), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazoc

(HMX) 

Vegetation Type Populus Deltoides x Nigra Planting Descriptions greenhouse study Media Type Hydroponic Solution Site Characterizations Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp. Range: -28 to 104 F; Elev: 902 ft; Mean annual precip.: 33.4"; Growing season: 5/13 to Mechanism Phytodegradation Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale 12 day greenhouse study Project Status Completed as of 2003 Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned TNT, RDX, and HMX show different fates in poplars. Leachability and toxicity of unknown me

be considered. 

Comments HMX removed more slowly than RDX, and TNT removed faster than nitramine explosives in 1Primary Contact Citation Yoon, J.M, B. Van Aken, B. Flokstra and J.L. Schnoor (2003) Uptake and Fate of Explosives: 

HMX in Popular Tissues (Populus Deltoides x Nigra) 

A104

Site Name Volunteer AAP 

Site Location Chattanooga, TN 

Trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4-Dinitrotoluene (2,4DNT), 2,6-Dinitrotoluene (2,6DNT), 2-nitrotolue

Contaminant nitrotoluene (4NT)


Elodea Canadensis Rich. in Michx. (Elodea) and the emergent Typha angustifolia L. (narrow

Vegetation Type Ceratophyllum demersum L. (coontail) and Potamogeton nodosus Poir (American pondweePlanting Descriptions Constructed wetland Media Type Surface Water Site Characterizations Top foot contaminant. Sandy soil Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp. Range: -10 to 105 F; Elev: 689 ft; Mean annual precip: 53.5"; Growing season: 4/18 tMechanism Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Green house scale Project Status Completed. 115-day Field demonstration May-September 1996 Cost Estimated $50,000 

U. S. Army Engineer District, Omaha (Missouri River Organization), the U. S. Department of 

Funding Source Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), and the Department of 

Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP). 

Initial concentrations 2.7 mg/L TNT, 16.7 mg/L 24DNT, 5.2 mg/L 26DNT, 42.6 mg/L 2NT, and 30.5 mg/L 4NT 

planted sediment reactors in full sunlight removed 22 g TNT, 104 g 24DNT and 38 9 26DNT the 115-day operational period; the unplanted sediment reactors in full sunlight removed 34 

Final Concentrations 62 9 26DNT(1071-L system); and the unplanted sediment reactors in LV-filtered sunlight rem

24DNT and 26 9 26DNT (1071-L system) 

Lessons Learned Elodea failed to grow in VAAP water, coontail and American pondweed both failed to survive Comments The hydraulic retention time was 7 days. Primary Contact Darlene Bader-Lohn, US AEC (410) 436-6861 darlene.bader-lohn@aec.apgea.army.mil 

Miller, J.L., E.P.H. Best, and S.L. Larson (1997), "Degradation of explosives in groundwater 

Citation Ammunition Plant in flow-through systems planted with aquatic and wetland plants" Present

Conference on Hazardous Waste Research - Abstracts Book, May 19-22, 1997, Kansas Cit

A105

Site Name Wainwright Firing range 

Site Location Alberta, Canada Contaminant Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), copper, lead, zinc, barium Vegetation Type Alfalfa(Medicago sativa), bush bean(Phaseolus vulgaris), canola(Brassica rapa), wheat(Tri

perennial rye grass(Lolium perenne) 

Planting Descriptions Media Type Site Characterizations Sandy Loam: 60% sand, 20% silt by weight Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Dry prairie climate Mechanism Phytoextraction Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Greenhouse study with site soil. Analysis of vegetation existing at site. Project Status Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations HMX: 32ppm, copper: 790-1000ppm, lead: 85-96ppm, zinc: 100-120ppm, barium: 100-120Final Concentrations Lessons Learned 

Sampling of indigenous plants at site revealed prairie grass, brome grass, wild bergamot, l

Comments anemone, common thistle, western sage and Drummond’s milk vetch to contain extractabl

RDX. 

Primary Contact 

Groom, C.A, A. Halasz, L. Paquet, N. Morris, L. Olivier, C. Dubois and J. Hawari (2002) Ac

Citation (Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) in Indigenous and Agricultural Plants Gro

Contaminated Anti-Tank Firing-Range Soil. Environ. Sci. & Technol. 2002, Vol 36, Issue 1 

A106

Site Name Weldon Spring Former Army Ordnance Works 

Site Location MO Contaminant trinitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene, lead Vegetation Type Treatment slurry Planting Descriptions Media Type Surface water, Soil, Sludge, and Sediment Site Characterizations Clayey gravel with sand Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp. Range: F; Elev: ft; Mean annual precip.: "; Growing season: Mechanism Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale Demonstration/Bench scale Project Status 1993 Cost Estimated $147/m^3 with possible additional $131/m^3 for additional source and other process enhancers. technical assistance, nuFunding Source USEPA/SITE Initial concentrations TNT: 1500 mg/kg dry weight Final Concentrations TNT: 8.7 mg/kg dry weight. TNT reduced by 99.4% over 9 months Lessons Learned Treatment time found to be approximately 9 months. Comments Treatment slurry Primary Contact Tom Lorenz, US EPA (913) 551-7292 lorenz.thomas@epa.gov Citation Ex-Situ Anaerobic Bioremediation System: TNT, J. R. Simplot Company EPA 540-R-95-529 

A107

Site Name Werk Tanne 

Site Location Harz, Germany Contaminant trinitrotoluene Vegetation Type white rot fungi, mycorrhiza; spruce; poplar; elder Planting Descriptions Heavy duty soil grader loosened, aerated and homogenized top 30cmof soil. Straw with white 

followed by layer of bark mulch. 

Media Type Soil Site Characterizations Brown soil from loessy loam Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Cool, humid mountain climate. Altitude: 560m, Precipitation: 1,300mm/a, Avg Annual TemperMechanism Rhizodegradation Operation/Maintenance Requirements Project Scale 25m X 20m Project Status May-99 Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations 1000mg TNT / mg dm soil Final Concentrations Lower TNT concentrations brought to near detection limits within 6 months after grading. High

concentrations lowered, but not down to detection limit. 

Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Dr. Hartmut Koehler, University of Bremen 49-421-218-4179 a13r@uni-bremen.de Citation Koehler, H., J. Warrelmann, T. Frische, P. Behrend, and U. Walter. (2002) In-Situ Phytoreme

Contaminated Soil. Acta Biotechnologia 22:1-2, 67-80. 

A108

Appendix D: Metals Database 

Table of Contents 

Page As Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Hg Ag Zn Other 

D2 X X X D3 X X X X D4 X X D5 Cs-137 D6 X D7 X D8 X X D9 X X X X X 

D10 X D11 X D12 X X X D13 X X D14 X X X D15 X X X D16 X X D17 X X X D18 X X D19 X D20 X X X X D21 X D22 X D23 X X X 

Page As Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Hg Ag 

D24 X 

D25 X X 

D26 X 

D27 X X 

D28 X D29 X 

D30 X X 

D31 X X 

D32 

D33 X X 

D34 X X X 

D35 X 

D36 X X X X 

D37 X 

D38 X 

D39 X 

D40 X X X 

D41 X X 

D42 X 

D43 X X X 

D44 X 

D45 X X X

 An = Antimony Be = Beryllium 

As = Arsenic Cd = Cadmium 

Ba = Barium Cr = Chromium 

Co = Cobalt Pb = Lead Tl 

Cs = Cesium Ni = Nickel V 

Cu = Copper Ag = Silver Zn 

A109

Site Name 317/319 Area - Argonne National Laboratory 

Site Location Lemont, IL Contaminant Perchloroethene, Trichloroethene, Carbon Tetrachloride, Chloroform, Zinc, Lead, Arsenic, TritiuVegetation Type Eastern gamagrass, Hybrid Poplar, Golden Weeping Willow, Hybrid Prairie Cascade Willow, LaPlanting Descriptions 800 whips planted. 420 poplars installed in deep, lined boreholes (TreeWells®) 389 willows and 

near surface. Used patented TreeWells® and TreeMediation® (Applied Natural Sciences Inc) 

Media Type Groundwater, Soil: Top-Bottom: 10' silty clay, 2' shallow aquifer, 8' silty clay, 10' silt/sand/silty cSite Characterizations Groundwater 25-30' bgs, aquifer 5' Evapotranspiration Rates Climate Temp. Range: -27 to 104 F; Elev: 658 ft; Mean annual precip.: 35.8"; Growing season: 4/25-10Mechanism Phytostabilization, phytoextraction, phytodegradation, rhizodegradation Operation/Maintenance Requirements 

Fertilization, replanting, and significant Health/Safety expenditures because of radiological and 

Project Scale Full-scale (4 acres) Project Status Ongoing (planted 1999) Cost $1.2 million Funding Source US DOE Initial Concentrations n/a; varies considerably throughout site, from ppb to ppm Final Concentrations n/a; varies considerably throughout site, from ppb to ppm Lessons Learned TreeWells® installed in effort to achieve hydraulic control Comments TCE and PCE and breakdown products (trichloroacetic acid) were detected in branch tissue of 

contaminated soil in less than a year. TCE and PCE present in trees down gradient of plume af

Primary Contact Cristina Negri, Argonne National Laboratory (630) 252-9662 negri@anl.gov Ed Gatliff, Applied Natural Sciences (513) 895-6061 ans@fuse.net 

Negri, M.C., et al 2003 Root Development and Rooting at Depths, in S.C. 

Citation 

McCutcheon and J.L. Schnoor, eds., Phytoremediation: Transformation and Control of ContamJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc. p233-262, 912-913 

Quinn, J.J., et al 200 Predicting the Effect of Deep-Rooted Hybrid Poplars on the Groundwater Phytoremediation Site: International Journal of Phytoremediation, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 41-60 

A110

Site Name Anaconda Smelter Site, MT 

Site Location Anaconda, MT Contaminant Arsenic, cadmium, copper, and zinc Vegetation Type Various; over 36 grass, forb, and sub-shrub species and excessions Planting Descriptions Planted from seeds, native species was focus although cultivated species were grown to evalu

performance 

Media Type Soil (loam) Site Characterizations 3-5% grade, sloping north; groundwater depth > 100 ft ET Rates Climate Temperature range: -52 to 99 F; Elevation: 4467 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 14.7"; Growing 

8/31 

Mechanism Phytostabilization; no evidence of phytoextraction OM Requirements Fertilization (NPK 12-16-30, applied at rate of 500 lb/acre, 6" depth), amendments (lime kiln du

tons/acre to 12" depth) 

Project Scale Full-scale (1.5 acres) Project Status Ongoing (began mid 1990's, EPA work began 2001) Cost $350,000 (10 years, total); $200,000 (EPA, since 2001) Funding Source EPA, State of Montana Natural Resources Damage Program Initial concentrations Cu: range 1020-2180 mg/kg (pre-tillage), pH: 4.00-4.9 (0-6" rooting zone) Final Concentrations Cu: average 832 mg/kg, range 525-1080 mg/kg (post-planting) Lessons Learned Soil amendments (lime) and fertilizer greatly help to establish vegetation. Native species perfo

commercially available cultivated species. 

Comments Pre-tilling pH was phytotoxic to plants, amendments and fertilization added prior to establishm

vegetation. 

Primary Contact Jay Cornish, MSE Technology, (406) 494-7329, jay.cornish@mse-ta.com 

Development of Acid/ Heavy Metal Tolerant Cultivars (DATC) Project Bi-Annual Report. 2003. 

Citation the EPA Mine Waste Technology Program (Activity III Project 30) and the State of Montana Na

Damage Program (Contract#600121) by Leslie Marty, DATC 

A111

Site Name Anderson 

Site Location Anderson, SC Contaminant Lead, cadmium, sulfate, nitrate Vegetation Type Grass, Hybrid Poplar Planting Descriptions live cuttings, deep-rooted Media Type Groundwater, Soil (sandy clay and weathered rock 0-100 feet consisting of mica and saprolitSite Characterizations Groundwater varies 0-18 feet (topographical) ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -6 to 103 F; Mean Annual Precip: 50.6"; Elevation: 956 ft; Growing seasMechanism Phytostabilization OM Requirements Mowing; pruning, replanting Project Scale Full-scale (17 acres) Project Status Operational (began 1993) Cost Maintenance and monitoring costs: $20,000/ yr. Planting costs: $40,000 Funding Source Private Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Concentration of metals in surface water has decreased significantly. Comments Phytoremediation is combined with passive anoxic limestone drain system to treat groundwaPrimary Contact Paul Thomas, Thomas Consultants, (513) 271-0092, pt@thomasconsultants.com Citation Personal communication 

A112

Site Name Argonne NL West 1 

Site Location Idaho Falls, ID Contaminant Cesium-137 Vegetation Type Koshia scoparia Planting Descriptions hydro-seeded Media Type Soil; 40% bondfarm loamy sand, 30% rock outcrop, 20% grassy butte loamy sand Site Characterizations Effective rooting depth is 10-20 inches. Available water capacity is low ET Rates 

Northern high desert, very low humidity, short growing season, less than 5 days above 100 

Climate nighttime temperature. Temperature range: -38 to 102 F; Elevation: 4728 ft; Mean annual pr

mm; Growing season: 6/14 to 9/4 

Mechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements Irrigation (system with automated sensors based on soil moisture content), Manure addition

potasssium fertilizer, pest control (Roundup), harvesting (manual) 

Project Scale Demonstration/ Pilot (1500 cubic yards) Project Status Inactive Cost 2.5 million Funding Source Government agency, PRP Initial concentrations Cs-137: 30.53 pCi/g Final Concentrations Data available Fall '04 Lessons Learned Comments Initial costs could be reduced significantly from this project because of readily available infor

currently exists 

Primary Contact Scott Lee, Argonne West, 208-533-7829, scott.lee@anlw.anl.gov 

Various CERCLA documents, including EPA Superfund Record of Decision: Idaho National 

Citation Laboratory, OU 21. 9/29/98. EPA/ROD/R10-98/061 1998. 

(http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/rods/fulltext/r1098061.pdf) 

A113

Site Name Argonne NL West 2 

Site Location Idaho Falls, ID Contaminant Silver Vegetation Type Hybrid willow Planting Descriptions hand-planted, spaced 18 inches apart Media Type Soil; 40% bondfarm loamy sand, 30% rock outcrop, 20% grassy butte loamy sand Site Characterizations Effective rooting depth is 10-20 inches. Available water capacity is low ET Rates n/a 

Northern high desert, very low humidity, short growing season, less than 5 days above 100 C, 

Climate nighttime temperature. Temperature range: -38 to 102 F; Elevation: 4728 ft; Mean annual preci

Growing season: 6/14 to 9/4 

Mechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements Irrigation (system with automated sensors based on soil moisture content), Manure addition, no

fertilizer, pest control (Roundup), harvesting (manual) 

Project Scale Demonstration/ Pilot (500 cubic yards) Project Status Inactive Cost 2.5 million Funding Source Government agency, PRP Initial concentrations Silver: 352 mg/kg Final Concentrations Data available Fall '04 Lessons Learned Comments Initial costs could be reduced significantly from this project because of readily available informa

currently exists 

Primary Contact Scott Lee, Argonne West, 208-533-7829, scott.lee@anlw.anl.gov 

Various CERCLA documents, including EPA Superfund Record of Decision: Idaho National En

Citation Laboratory, OU 21. 9/29/98. EPA/ROD/R10-98/061 1998. 

(http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/rods/fulltext/r1098061.pdf) 

A114

Site Name Argonne NL West 3 

Site Location Idaho Falls, ID Contaminant Mercury Vegetation Type Hybrid willow Planting Descriptions hand-planted, spaced 18 inches apart Media Type Soil; 40% bondfarm loamy sand, 30% rock outcrop, 20% grassy butte loamy sand Site Characterizations Effective rooting depth is 10-20 inches. Available water capacity is low ET Rates n/a 

Northern high desert, very low humidity, short growing season, less than 5 days above 100 C

Climate nighttime temperature. Temperature range: -38 to 102 F; Elevation: 4728 ft; Mean annual pre

mm; Growing season: 6/14 to 9/4 

Mechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements Irrigation (system with automated sensors based on soil moisture content), Manure addition, 

fertilizer, pest control (Roundup), harvesting (manual) 

Project Scale Demonstration/ Pilot (500 cubic yards) Project Status Inactive Cost 2.5 million Funding Source Government agency, PRP Initial concentrations Mercury: 3.94 mg/kg Final Concentrations Data available Fall '04 Lessons Learned Comments Initial costs could be reduced significantly from this project because of readily available inform

currently exists 

Primary Contact Scott Lee, Argonne West, 208-533-7829, scott.lee@anlw.anl.gov 

Various CERCLA documents, including EPA Superfund Record of Decision: Idaho National E

Citation Laboratory, OU 21. 9/29/98. EPA/ROD/R10-98/061 1998. 

(http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/rods/fulltext/r1098061.pdf) 

A115

Site Name Argonne NL West 4 

Site Location Idaho Falls, ID Contaminant Chromium and mercury Vegetation Type Hybrid willow Planting Descriptions hand-planted, spaced 18 inches apart Media Type Soil; 40% bondfarm loamy sand, 30% rock outcrop, 20% grassy butte loamy sand Site Characterizations Effective rooting depth is 10-20 inches. Available water capacity is low ET Rates n/a 

Northern high desert, very low humidity, short growing season, less than 5 days above 100 C

Climate nighttime temperature. Temperature range: -38 to 102 F; Elevation: 4728 ft; Mean annual pre

mm; Growing season: 6/14 to 9/4 

Mechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements Irrigation (system with automated sensors based on soil moisture content), Manure addition, 

fertilizer, pest control (Roundup), harvesting (manual) 

Project Scale Demonstration/ Pilot (500 cubic yards) Project Status Inactive Cost 2.5 million Funding Source Government agency, PRP Initial concentrations Mercury: 3.94 mg/kg; Chromium: 709 mg/kg Final Concentrations Data available Fall '04 Lessons Learned Comments Initial costs could be reduced significantly from this project because of readily available inform

currently exists 

Primary Contact Scott Lee, Argonne West, 208-533-7829, scott.lee@anlw.anl.gov 

Various CERCLA documents, including EPA Superfund Record of Decision: Idaho National E

Citation Laboratory, OU 21. 9/29/98. EPA/ROD/R10-98/061 1998. 

(http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/rods/fulltext/r1098061.pdf) 

A116

Site Name Atlas Tack Corporation Superfund Site 

Site Location Fairhaven, MA Contaminant Benzene, Copper, Chromium, cyanide, Mercury, Nickel, Zinc Vegetation Type To be determined Planting Descriptions Media Type Groundwater Site Characterizations ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -12 to 95 F; Elevation: 15 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 47.9"; Growing 

10/22 

Mechanism OM Requirements Project Scale Full-scale Project Status Pre-design Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Phytoremediation will follow Phase I (demolition) and Phase II (dredging) activities. Primary Contact Elaine Stanley, EPA, 617-918-1332, stanley.elainet@epa.gov Citation Not available: pre-design 

A117

Site Name Austin, TX Residential Site 

Site Location Austin, TX Contaminant Arsenic (from CCA) Vegetation Type Hyperaccumulating fern (Pteris) Planting Descriptions Ferns transplanted from pots Media Type Soil (silt loam) Site Characterizations ET Rates Groundwater > 15 feet bgs Climate Temperature Range: 4 to 106 F; Elevation: 617 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 31.9"; Growing 

11/5 

Mechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements Owner prepared soil, fertilization, 50 kg/hectare N , no P,50 kg/hectare K, irrigatation (hose), Project Scale Demonstration/Pilot (500 sq ft) Project Status Completed (May 2003-Sept 2003) Cost $3000-$4000 Funding Source EPA Initial concentrations As: 30-40 ppb Final Concentrations As: 20 ppb Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Backyard residential site after deck removal; homeowner took intiative. This is completed ph

phase II would include an industrial site in FL and 120 residential/ garden/ playground sites. 

Citation Michael Blaylock, Edenspace, (703) 961-8700, blaylock@edenspace.com Site Name Phytoextraction of CCA-derived As: EPA SBIR Phase 2 Application 

A118

Site Name Bayonne, NJ 

Site Location Bayonne, NJ Contaminant Heavy metals Vegetation Type Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) Planting Descriptions Planted from seeds Media Type Soil (sandy loam) Site Characterizations Soil contaminated to 15 cm below ground surface ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -8 to 105 F; Elevation: 7 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 43.9"; Growing s

10/19 

Mechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements Fertilization, harvesting, EDTA and acetic acid amendments Project Scale Demonstration/ Pilot (1000 sq ft) Project Status Completed (1996) Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Pb: 1000-6500 (avg. 2,055) mg/kg surface soil; 780-2100 (avg. 1,280) mg/kg subsurface soi

depth); 280-8800 mg/kg (30-45 cm depth) 

Final Concentrations Pb: 420-2300 (avg. 960) mg/kg surface soil; 992 mg/kg (15-30 cm); no change (30-45 cm) Lessons Learned Lead concentrations in shoots attained 0.4%. Decrease of total site area with concentration e

mg/kg, from 73% to 32%. No leaching of lead nor EDTA observed as a result of EDTA additi

Comments Primary Contact Michael Blaylock, Phytotech (now Edenspace), (703) 961-8700, blaylock@edenspace.com Citation http://www.edenspace.com 

A119

Site Name Big River Mine Tailings 

Site Location Desloge, MO Contaminant Cadmium, lead, zinc Vegetation Type tall fescue (Festuca aerundinacea Schreb., cv.Kentucky 31) Planting Descriptions 40 plots (4 rows, each row with one of three amendments or control, with 10 plots per row); seMedia Type Soil (fine-grained tailings from froth/chemical flotation process for concentrating metals in milleSite Characterizations Initial bulk density of tailings material ranged between 1.52 to 1.66 grams per cubic centimeter 

g/cm3) 

ET Rates Climate Temperature range: -18 to 107 F; Mean low temperature: 43 F; Mean high temperature: 65 F; 

Mean annual precipitation: 3.6'; Growing season: 4/30 to 1/8 

Mechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements Fertilization, weeding, irrigation, harvesting, addition of three organic soil amendments (milorga

ormiorganics compost, St. Peters compost) 

Project Scale Demonstration/ pilot (7704 square feet) Project Status Completed (2000-2002), but monitoring may be extended Cost Demonstration cost: $17,200 per acre; full scale estimate: $5000-$15,000 per acre (variation d

compost) 

Funding Source US EPA Mine Waste Technology Program Initial concentrations Final Concentrations 

The overall evidence indicates that the Ormiorganics high application rate and St. Peters Com

Lessons Learned 

application rate treatments are most promising for reclaiming the BRMTS. However, a more vcomparison of the respective treatments should be performed before committing to use either full-scale reclamation of the BRMTS. Therefore, larger scale testing of these two treatments sperformed. 

Comments Primary Contact Darcy Byrne-Kelly, MSE Technology, (406) 494-7419, dbyrne@mse-ta.com 

MSE Technology Applications, Inc., Interim Report for the Revegetation of Mining Waste Using 

Citation Amendments and the Potential for Creating Attractive Nuisances for Wildlife Demonstration Pr

189, July 2001 and Final Report MWTP-239, March 2004 

A120

Site Name Bunker Hill 

Site Location Couer d' Alene, ID Contaminant Lead, Zinc Vegetation Type Mix of herbaceous species: Western wheat grass Planting Descriptions Media Type Soil Site Characterizations Steep slopes, some greater than 100% ET Rates Climate Temperature Range:-25 to 108 F; Elevation: 1922 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 16.5"; Growin

9/19 

Mechanism Phytostabilization OM Requirements Project Scale Full-scale (1,050 acres) Project Status Completed (1998-2001) Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Zn: 6000-14700 mg/kg; Pb: 2100-27,000 mg/kg; Cd: 9-28 mg/kg Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Biosolids (56 and 112 Mg/ha) combined with wood ash (157 Mg/ha) and log yard waste Primary Contact Rufus Chaney, USDA, (301) 504-8324, chaneyr@ba.ars.usda.gov 

Brown, S.L. and R.L. Chaney. 2000. Combining residuals to achieve specific soil amendment o

Citation 343-360. In J. Bartels (ed.) Land Application of Agricultural, Industrial and Municipal By-Produc

Society of America, Madison, WI. 

A121

Site Name Cooperative Farm 

Site Location Bytom, Poland Contaminant Cadmium, lead, zinc Vegetation Type Brassica sp, Sinapis alba, Helianthus sp, Ricinus communis, Zea mays Planting Descriptions Herbicide applied, weeds removed, plowing, and fertilization prior to planting. Seeding follow

Inc. recommendations on depth, density, seeds/hole. 

Media Type Soil (Sandy clay) Site Characterizations Depth to groundwater > 11 ft. Site topography ranges from moderately flat to significant slopET Rates Climate Mechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements Fertilization (N, S, P, K), irrigation, chelation (EDTA amendment), harvesting, weed control Project Scale Full-scale (0.5 ha) Project Status Ongoing (planted Spring `97) Cost US $11 per square meter Funding Source Initial concentrations Pb: 391.4-11.96 mg/kg soil; Cd: 637.5-11.96 mg/kg Final Concentrations Lessons Learned 

The most efficient plant species in phytoextraction of lead in field experiments was indian mujuncea) provided by Phytotech. Brachinia (Brassica ol-eracea var. capitata x Brassica napus)IETU, was less effective in com-parison with indian mustard. However Brachinia is less suscenvironmental conditions compared to indian mustard and can grow well on variety of soil typconcentrations of lead and cadmium in plants shoots was observed 2 weeks after treatment application. This treatment was especially effective for mature form of indian mustard. 

Comments Harvested materials were deposited in hazardous waste dumps.Weather (temperature, rainf

direction, humidity, light, deposition), soil chemistry, and plant monitoring occurred at site. 

Primary Contact Rafal Kucharski, Institute from Ecology of Industrial Areas, +48 32 254 00 29, sas@ietu.katoCitation Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice. 1998. Final Report for Bytom, Poland labo

phytoremediation project. 

A122

Site Name Caslano 

Site Location Caslano, Switzerland Contaminant Cadmium, copper, zinc Vegetation Type Basket willow (Salix viminalis) Planting Descriptions From cuttings, 4 cuttings per subplot (~1 sq m area subplots) Media Type Soil (acidic soil, pH 5.2) Site Characterizations ET Rates Climate Mechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements Fertilization (120 kg P/ha, 200 kg K/ha, 40 kg N/ha), chelator amendments (Fe-rich Sequest

Fe/ha), harvesting 

Project Scale Demonstration/ Pilot (four 1.0 x 1.0 m plots) Project Status Completed (1997-2001) Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Cd: 2.8 mg/kg; Cu: 264 mg/kg; Zn: 1158 mg/kg (concentrations extractable with 2M nitric acFinal Concentrations Total plant uptake: Cd: 47 g/ha; Zn: 14.5 kg/ha Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Catherine Keller, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, catherine.keller@eplf.ch Citation Hammer, D; Kayser, A; Keller, C. 2003. Phytoextraction of Cd and Zn with Salix viminalis in 

Use and Management. 19(2003): 187-192. 

A123

Site Name Central Louisiana Wood Treatment Facility 

Site Location Louisiana Contaminant arsenic, chromium, PAH's, CCA, creosote Vegetation Type Loblolly pines Planting Descriptions all native vegetation removed and non-natives planted, hand planted, density of 500 per acMedia Type soil, groundwater Site Characterizations groundwater contaminated with As, Cr, and PAHs up to 40 feet bgs; CCA and cresote mos

below ground surface 

ET Rates Climate Mechanism OM Requirements Project Scale Field demonstration (30 acres) Project Status Began Nov 1999 Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations As: 1900 mg/kg, Cr: 2300 mg/kg, PAHs: 930 mg/kg Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Timothy Goist, Premier Environmental Services, Inc.; togoist@premiercorp-usa.com Citation 2003 Phytotechnologies Conference Abstract 

A124

Site Name C-H Plant Area: Texas City Chemicals 

Site Location Texas City, TX Contaminant Cadmium, Copper, Lead, other metals; high salinity (calcium, sodium, and magnesium chVegetation Type Eucalyptus (Red River Gun, E. camadulensis), Salt Cedar Planting Descriptions From potted stock, whips Media Type Groundwater (red clay) Site Characterizations ET Rates 35 gpd per tree Climate Temp range: 7 to 107 F; Elevation: 102 ft; Mean annual precip: 47"; Growing season: 3/17 Mechanism Hydraulic Control OM Requirements Project Scale Demonstration/Pilot (27 acres) Project Status Ongoing Cost Funding Source BP; Texas Voluntary Cleanup Program Initial concentrations Salinity: approx 110 mmhos/cm Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Quarterly monitoring of groundwater required for site. Sap flow measurements, tissue sam

excavations also done. 

Primary Contact David Tsao, BP/Amoco, (630)836-7169, tsaodt@bp.com Citation ITRC Technologies Workshop 2004 and personal communication 

A125

Site Name Firing Range, Chilliwack 

Site Location Chilliwack, BC Contaminant Lead, Copper Vegetation Type Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) and Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) Planting Descriptions P. sativum was grown from seed, initially planted at a density of 200 seeds/ m^2 and were thinned 

plants/m^2 shortly after germination. B. juncea was transplanted as a four week old seedling at a 

Media Type Soil (sandy clay) Site Characterizations ET Rates Climate Temp Range: 0 to 24 C; Elevation: 11 m; Mean annual precipitation: 1680 mm; Growing season: 4Mechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements Fertilization, amendments (EDTA), Project Scale Demonstration/Pilot Project Status Completed (Summer 1999- Fall 2001) Cost Funding Source National Defence Canada, Environment Canada Initial concentrations Pb: Mean concentration 1018 mg/kg Final Concentrations Pb: Less than 500 ppm Lessons Learned 

Overall results suggest that P. sativum is a more effective phytoremediation tool than B. juncea fo

acidification has the potential to be as effective as low dose applications of EDTA in enhancing lea

EDTA was still most effective in enhancing lead concentrations in shoot tissues. In most treatmenstudy, metal concentrations ranging from <100 to 600 mg/kg were observed in shoot tissues. Howapplications of 1.7 mmol/kg EDTA resulted in shoot tissue concentrations exceeding 1000 mg/kg f

P. sativum. (EDTA applications ranged from 0.3 to 1.7 mmol/kg). 

Comments Phytoremediation compound was was equipped with a double-layer geomembrane liner, overflow 

fence. Peat moss added as a bulking agent, at a rate providing a 10% volume increase to the top eight in

Primary Contact experimental soil. Granular fertilizer (28-10-10) was distributed at a rate of 25 kg per hectare. So

EDTA at a rate of 0.03 mmol/kg soil 50 days after planting. 

Citation Phytoremediation of Lead Contaminated Rifle Range Soils, CFB Chilliwack, BC. RMC-CCE-ES-00

Canada, 2000. 

A126

Site Name Cobalt 

Site Location Cobalt, ON Contaminant Arsenic Vegetation Type Ryegrass Planting Descriptions Media Type Site Characterizations Depth to groundwater varies, approximately 3 to 20 feet on average. ET Rates Climate Temp Range: -40 to 35.4 C; Elevation: 252 m; Mean annual precipitation: 855.6 mm; Growin

9/25 

Mechanism Phytoaccumulation OM Requirements None Project Scale Demonstration/Pilot (0.5 acres) Project Status Completed Cost $12,000 CAN, approximately $9,120 US Funding Source Initial concentrations As: 10-100 mg/Kg in tailings Final Concentrations Lessons Learned 

Mine tailings would rapidly dry out and maintain high salt concentrations that did not promote growth. However, a successful pilot-scale operation may have resulted had the hydrological controlled and/or another species of grass wa 

Comments Primary Contact Robert Tossell, CH2M Hill, Bob.Tossell@ch2m.com Citation 

A127

Site Name Combustion Superfund 

Site Location Denham Springs, LA Contaminant 1,2-dichloroethane, polychlorinated biphenyls, benzene, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, toluene

toluene diamine 

Vegetation Type Eucalyptus, Poplar, Native Willows Planting Descriptions Potted Stock Media Type Groundwater Site Characterizations 5-10' depth of impact ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -8 to 102 F; Elevation: 59 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 60.8"; Growing 

11/4 

Mechanism Hydraulic control, rhizodegradation, phytovolatilization OM Requirements Project Scale Full-Scale Project Status planted 2002 Cost Funding Source Superfund Initial concentrations Combustion Superfund Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments 5-10 ft (depth of impact) Primary Contact Katrina Coltrain, US EPA (214) 665-8143 Todd Thibodeaux, LDEQ (225) 219-3225 Citation LDEQ, EPA6 

A128

Site Name Craney Island Fuel Terminal 

Site Location Portsmouth, VA Contaminant Diesel fuel, lead, other petroleum compounds (TPH) Vegetation Type Bermuda grass, rye grass, white clover, tall fescue Planting Descriptions Seeding Media Type Soil (21% silt, 19% clay, 2.5 meq/L sand) Site Characterizations Phytoremediation on biological treatment cell containing 12 - 18 inch (30.5 - 45.7 cm) layer of 

soil followed by a sand layer, followed by a polyethylene liner, another sand layer, a geogrid lin

compacted clay base. 

ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -3 to 104 F; Elevation: 26 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 44.6"; Growing s

10/31 

Mechanism Rhizodegradation OM Requirements Monthly basis: Wedding, mowing, fertilization (50 lbs N/acre, 25 lbs P/acre). TPH and nutrient 

monthly or bimonthly. Tilling and irrigation when necessary. Reseeding of fescue and clover in 

Project Scale Demonstration/Pilot (120 ft x 180 ft) Project Status Completed (1995-1997) Cost Funding Source AATDF(Advanced Applied Technology Demonstration Facility) and DOD (Department of DefeInitial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Total TPH degradation in soils varied by vegetative treatment. November 1996 data: Bermuda

reduction in soils; fescue=35%; clover=37%; unvegetated=25% 

Comments Primary Contact M. K. Banks, Purdue University (765) 496-3424, kbanks@ecn.purdue.edu Citation Banks, M. Katherine, A. Paul Schwab, and R.S. Govindaraju. Phytoremediation of Soil Contam

Hazardous Organic Chemicals (1997): 5 pg. Online. Internet. 1 July 1998. Available: http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~aatdf/pages/phyto.htm. 

A129

Site Name Danbury, CT brownfields site (Abandoned Hat Factory) 

Site Location Danbury, CT Contaminant Hg Vegetation Type Eastern Cottonwood Planting Descriptions Genetically modified cottonwoods Media Type Soil (primarily fill) Site Characterizations Groundwater 7 ft. bgs ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -26 to 102 F; Elevation: 378 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 51.9"; Growing s

9/22 

Mechanism Phytovolatilization OM Requirements Irrigation, weeding, visual inspections and monitoring Project Scale Demonstration/Pilot (1/3 acre) Project Status Ongoing (7/2003-fall 2004) Cost Funding Source USEPA Grant, City of Danbury Initial concentrations Hg: up to 1500 ppm Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Pilot through 2004. If results are positive, then phytoremediation may be applied to whole site Primary Contact David Glass, Applied Phytogenetics, 617-653-9945, dglass@appliedphytogenetics.com; Jack Ko

Danbury Health Dept, 203-797-4625, J.Kozuchowski@ci.danbury.ct.us 

Citation Documents not yet available. Referenced in memo to US EPA. 

A130

Site Name Dearing, KS Phytostabilization Demonstration 

Site Location Dearing, KS Contaminant Pb, Zn, Cd Vegetation Type Hybrid poplars (4 Ecolotree varieties including D01, PC1, OP367, and Imperial Carolina ) Planting Descriptions 

First planted June 1994 (93% did not survive), replanted March 1995 (after removing all previously planted tr

whips, deep-trenched (15 cm wide x 1 m deep). Trenches amended with N (11 g/m trench), P (23 g/m), K (11 

kg/m). Half of plots were amended with cattle manure. Each plot consisted of 24 trees planted in three adjaceTrees planted one meter apart within rows and rows were 1.5 mapart. Three replications used for a total of 24 

Media Type Soil (smelter slag residue, finer than soils at Galena) Site Characterizations Contaminant concentrations highly stratified ET Rates D01: 26.69 mmol/(m2-s); PC1: 25.85 mmol/(m2-s); OP367: 20.93 mmol/(m2-s); Imperial Carolina: 23.51 mmClimate Temperature Range: -13 to 111 F; Elevation: 770 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 43.7"; Growing season: 4/26 Mechanism Phytostabilization, phytoextraction OM Requirements Manure amendments. After tree establishment, no management needed. Project Scale Demonstration/Pilot (1 acre) Project Status Completed (1994-1998) Cost Funding Source Great Plains/ Rocky Mtn Hazardous Substance Research Center Initial concentrations Zn: 47,223 mg/kg (top 15 cm of soil), decreasing down to 2828 mg/kg (75-90 cm); Pb: Ranged between 40 a

with depth); Cd: 4.6-108 mg/kg (declining with depth) 

Final Concentrations 

Overall poplar survival rate ranged between 18-53%, possibly attributed to Zn phytotoxicity. There were highe

Lessons Learned 

contaminants than in Galena study and contaminants highly stratified. Manure amendments generally increasTranspiration rates were higher for manure-treated trees. Imperial Carolina hybrids have twice rate of photosand highest water use efficiency and are recommended species for site remediation. Metal concentrations in of leaves>bark>twigs>wood for Zn and Cd, and bark>wood>twig=leaves for Pb (see Pierzynski, 2002 for det

Comments Primary Contact G. Pierzynski, Kansas State University, 785-532-7209, gmp@ksu.edu 

Pierzynski, GM; Schnoor, JL; Youngman, A; Licht, L; Erickson, LE. 2002. Poplar Trees for Phytostabilization 

Citation Smelter. Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management. 6(3):177-183 

Phytostabilization Demonstration, One Acre Test Plot Abandoned Smelter, Barren Land, Phytoremediation: TReport. GWRTAC TE-98-01 (p 8) 

A131

Site Name Dorchester, MA 

Site Location Dorchester, MA Contaminant Lead Vegetation Type Indian mustard, sunflower Planting Descriptions Planted from seeds Media Type Soil (sandy loam) Site Characterizations ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -7 to 102 F; Elevation: 30 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 41.5"; Growing 

10/5 

Mechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements Irrigation, fertilization, liming, harvesting, pesticides, EDTA amendment Project Scale Demonstration/ Pilot (1200 sq ft) Project Status Completed (1996-1998) Cost Funding Source Phytotech Initial concentrations Pb: varied less than 400 to greater than 1000 ppb Final Concentrations Pb: less than 800 ppb Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Michael Blaylock, Edenspace, (703) 961-8700, blaylock@edenspace.com Citation Blaylock, MJ. 2000. Field Demo of Phytoextraction of Lead Contaminated Soils. Phytoremed

Contaminated Soil and Water. Ed: Terry, Norman and Banuelos, GS. CRC Press. 

A132

Site Name Dornach 

Site Location Dornach, Switzerland Contaminant Cadmium, copper, zinc Vegetation Type Basket willow (Salix viminalis) Planting Descriptions From cuttings, 2-4 cuttings per subplot (~1 sq meter area subplots) Media Type Soil (calcerous, pH 7.3) Site Characterizations ET Rates Climate Mechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements Fertilization (120 kg P/ha, 200 kg K/ha, 40 kg N/ha), chelator amendments (Fe-rich Sequestre

Fe/ha), sulfur (36 mol/m2), harvesting 

Project Scale Demonstration/ Pilot (four 1.1 x 1.1 m plots) Project Status Completed (1997-2001) Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Cd: 2.3 mg/kg; Cu: 550 mg/kg; Zn: 650 mg/kg (concentrations extractable with 2M nitric acid) Final Concentrations Total plant uptake: Cd: 170-194 g/ha; Zn: 13.4-17 kg/ha Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Catherine Keller, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, catherine.keller@eplf.ch Citation Hammer, D; Kayser, A; Keller, C. 2003. Phytoextraction of Cd and Zn with Salix viminalis in fie

and Management. 19(2003): 187-192. 

A133

Site Name East Palo Alto 

Site Location East Palo Alto, CA Contaminant Arsenic, sodium Vegetation Type Eucalyptus, Tamarisk Planting Descriptions Planted as 5 gal trees with 4-5 foot centers, some shoots and cuttings. Tight planting density. Media Type Soil (clayey soil on top, over more porous sand layer) Site Characterizations Groundwater containment inside slurry wall. Groundwater 4-5 ft bgs. ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: 27 to 105 F; Elevation: 39 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 13.8"; Growing s

12/28 

Mechanism Phytoextraction 

Soil treatment prior to planting, fertilization (N and K), irrigation (during 1st 6 months, then cea

OM Requirements (wood chips), Pest control (ladybugs released to control psyllids), replanting after 1st year but 

unnecessary 

Project Scale Full-Scale (1 acre) Project Status Operational (began 1981) Cost $4000/ yr; < 50,000 plant installation Funding Source Private Initial concentrations Arsenic: 0.05-200 mg/l; sodium: 5000mg/l Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Mike Rafferty, SS Papadopulous and Associates, 415-896-9000 ext. 202, mrafferty@sspa.com Citation Five Year Status Report: 1990 Bay Road Site, East Palo Alto, CA. March 31, 2004. Prepared 

Consultants, Inc. in association with S.S. Papadopulos & Associates, Inc. 

A134

Site Name Ecological Experimental Station of Red Soil, China 

Site Location Yingtan, Jangxi Province, China Contaminant Cadmium, lead, zinc Vegetation Type Vetiver grass Planting Descriptions Media Type Soil (red soil-oxisoil) Site Characterizations ET Rates Climate Mechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements Fertilization Project Scale Demonstraton/ Pilot Project Status Completed Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact HM Chen, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 821, Nanjing, 210008, China Citation Site Name Chen, HM; et al. 2000. Chemical methods and phytoremediation of soil contaminated with he

Chemosphere. 41(2000): 229-234 

A135

Site Name Ensign-Bickford Company 

Site Location Simsbury, CT Contaminant Lead Vegetation Type Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) and sunflower (Helianthus annus) Planting Descriptions Seeded with three treatment crops Media Type Soil (silty loam) Site Characterizations Water table 2-4 ft bgs. Poor site drainage. Soil saturated throughout growing seasons (April-OET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -26 to 102 F; Elevation: 174 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 44.1"; Growin

9/23 

Mechanism Phytoextraction, phytostablilization OM Requirements Irrigation; fertilization with N, P, K (tilled to 15-20 cm depth) and foliar fertilizers via irrigation s

lime added to adjust pH (tilled to 15-20 cm depth); stabilizing amendments added to Area 5. 

Project Scale Full scale (2.35 acres) Project Status Completed (April-Oct 1998) Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Pb concentrations for Area 1: 500-5000 mg/kg; Area 2: 125-1250 mg/kg; Area 3: 500-2000 m

750-1000 mg/kg; Area 5: 6.5-7.5 mg/kg. Average Pb concentration: 635 mg/kg. 

Final Concentrations Average Pb concentration: 478 mg/kg (Area 1-4). Lessons Learned Lead uptake ranged from 342 mg/kg in Indian mustard in treatment crop 1 to 3252 mg/kg in I

treatment crop 3. Average lead uptake in sunflower similar, approximately 1000 mg/kg. 

Comments Plant growth for treatment crops generally good, although some areas remained saturated an

poor plant growth and reduced biomass yields. 

Primary Contact Michael Blaylock, Edenspace Systems Corp, (703) 390-1100, SoilRx@aol.com Citation FRTR. 2000. Phytoremediation at the Open Burn and Open Detonating Area, Ensign-Bickfor

Simsbury, CT. Abstracts of Remediation Case Studies, Volume 4. EPA 542-R-00-006. June 2

A136

Site Name Fort Dix, NJ 

Site Location Fort Dix, NJ Contaminant Lead Vegetation Type Indian mustard, sunflower, mixed grasses Planting Descriptions Seeding Media Type Soil (predominantly sand) Site Characterizations ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -4 to 102 F; Elevation: 130 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 44"; Growing s

10/23 

Mechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements Irrigation (with leachate containing EDTA, lead) Project Scale Demonstration/ Pilot (1.25 acres) Project Status Completed 1997- 10/2002 Cost Funding Source Superfund Initial concentrations Pb: 515 mg/kg (range: 160-10,000 mg/kg) Final Concentrations Pb: 290 mg/kg Lessons Learned Project goals (reduction of Pb below 400 mg/kg) were met. However, the amount of phytoext

not account for the difference in initial and final lead concentrations Excavated lead fragments prior to planting. 3500 tons of soil placed in 12 inch deep phytocel

Comments gallons of recicrulated drainage water remained at end of demonstration with soil lead concen

mg/kg 

Primary Contact Steve Rock, USEPA, 513-569-7149, rock.steven@epa.gov Citation Rock, Steve. 2003. Field Evaluations of Phytotechnologies. Phytoremediation: Transformatio

Contaminants. Ed: Steven C. McCutcheon and Jerald. L. Schnoor. 2003 John Wiley and Son

A137

Site Name Galena, KS field study 

Site Location Galena, KS Contaminant Cadmium, Lead, Zinc from "chat" waste Vegetation Type tall fescue Planting Descriptions Planted via seeding Media Type Soil (coarse, sandy loam) Site Characterizations 5% graded slope; chat primarily chert, and on average composed of 81% sand-sized, 13% silt-sized, a

particles by weight. 

ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -13 to 111 F; Elevation: 941 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 44.5"; Growing seasonMechanism Phytostabilization, phytoextraction OM Requirements Amendments (inoculation with mycorrhiza, treatment with Benomyl fungicide, manure amendment), reProject Scale Demonstration/Pilot Project Status Completed (seeded in Fall 1995, 5 years) Cost Funding Source Great Plains/ Rocky Mtn Hazardous Substance Research Center Initial concentrations Cd: 53 mg/kg; Pb: 2050 mg/kg; Zn: 22690 mg/kg Final Concentrations Cd: 81 mg/kg (higher due to anaytical error?); Pb: 2079 mg/kg; Zn: 20680 mg/kg 

Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn in fescue uninfluenced by treatments. No indication that inoculation of my

Lessons Learned 

successful. Vegetative cover decreased over time, despite intial promotion of growth by manure, perhaphytotoxicity. Manure applications generally decreased exchangeable forms of metals and increased oExchangeable forms of Pb and Zn generally increased while residual forms decreased during 1st and 3probably due to soil acidification over the same period. Fescue selected after result of greenhouse studies. Three different seeded treatments: manure-amend

Comments manure amended, seeded, and mycorrhizal-inoculated treatment; and manure-amended, seeded treat

fungicide. 

Primary Contact G. Pierzynski, Kansas State University, 785-532-7209, gmp@ksu.edu 

Pierzynski, GM; Lambert, M; Hetrick, BAD; Sweeney, DW; Erickson, LE. 2002. Phytostabilization of Me

Citation Tall Fescue. Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management. 6(4): 212-

STAR Grant R825549C047. 

A138

Site Name Unnamed Gary, IN site 

Site Location Gary, IN Contaminant Arsenic, lead Vegetation Type bulrush, sedges, cattails, arrowhead Planting Descriptions Native species used Media Type Soil (sandy loam, submerged) Site Characterizations ET Rates Climate Lake Michigan/ Harbor area climate. Temperature Range: ; Elevation: ft; Mean annual precipit

season: 

Mechanism Phytostabilization (As, Pb), Phytoextraction (As) OM Requirements Irrigation, fertilization Project Scale Demonstration/ pilot (3 acres) Project Status Ongoing (began 5/2002) Cost unfunded Funding Source not applicable Initial concentrations As: approx. 2000 mg/kg; Pb: approx. 2000 mg/kg Final Concentrations 

Results are still somewhat premature because this is in progress. However, it was immediately 

Lessons Learned high phosphate applications released As from the sediments and into the 

water. It increases As bioavailability but also increased mobility. 

Comments Primary Contact Paul Schwab, Purdue University, (765)-496-3602, pschwab@purdue.edu Citation 

A139

Site Name Jones Island Confined Disposal Facility 

Site Location Milwaukee, WI Contaminant Anthracene, PCBs, heavy metals 

Populus deltoides (tree) Tripsacum dactyloides (grass) Sesbania exultata (vetch) Carex mic

Vegetation Type Andropogon gerardii (grass) Juncusus effusus (rush) or Helianthus grosserratus (sunflower) 

rubra or Morus alba (trees) 

Planting Descriptions From seeds, hand planted Media Type Sediment, silty loam Site Characterizations ET Rates Climate Mostly sunny during the day. Temp range: -26 to 103 F; Elevation: 672 ft; Mean annual precip

season: 5/20-9/26 

Mechanism Rhizodegradation OM Requirements Fertilization, Harvesting Project Scale Demonstration/Pilot (2744 cu ft) Project Status Ongoing Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Concentration results available Fall '04 Final Concentrations Concentration results available Fall '04 Lessons Learned 

The project has just started so the total cost can not be estimated as their are probably more e

Comments We are not yet sure what fraction of the plants will have to be replanted but are quite sure that 

seed again. 

Primary Contact Katy Euliss, Purdue University, 765-496-2211, keuliss@purdue.edu Citation 

A140

Site Name Leadwood Chat Tailings 

Site Location Desloge, MO Contaminant Cadmium, lead, zinc Vegetation Type Tall fescue Planting Descriptions 40 plots (4 rows, each row with one of three amendments or control, with 10 plots per row); seeded Media Type Soil (coarse tailings from coarse milling and gravity separation of metals from ore) Site Characterizations Bulk density of tailings intially 1.77 to 1.90 grams per cubic centimeter (average 1.82 g/cm3) ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -18 to 107 F; Elevation: 805 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 37.5"; Growing seasonMechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements Fertilization, weeding, irrigation, harvesting, addition of organic soil amendements (milorganite, ormiorg

Peters compose) 

Project Scale Demonstration/Pilot (7704 square feet) Project Status Completed (2000-2002) but monitoring may be extended Cost Demonstration cost: $17,200 per acre; full scale estimate: $5000-$15,000 per acre (variation due to coFunding Source US EPA Mine Waste Technology Program Initial concentrations Final Concentrations Lessons Learned None of the soil amendments evaluated exhibited long-term compliance with the three plant performan

However, the St. Peters Compost high application rate treatment came closest as it. MSE recommends the following: that the amendment rates used were insufficient for meeting the study extractable metals levels in rooting zone soils were generally 1.5- to 2-fold greater than those observed 

Comments 

may translate to higher plant available metal concentrations as well (up to their respective solubility limhypothesized that at application rates of greater than 2-fold, the St. Peters Compost high application rabe necessary to meet the present objectives for successful site reclamation. Furthermore, the Ormiorgrate treatment results at BRMTS were sufficiently encouraging to justify elevated rates of applying this as well 

Primary Contact Darcy Byrne-Kelly, MSE Technology, (406) 494-7419, dbyrne@mse-ta.com Citation Revegetation of Mining Waste Using Organic Soil Amendments and Evaluation of the Potential for Cre

Nusiances for Wildlife. Abstract. 2001. Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Environmental Researc

A141

Site Name Lechang Pb/Zn mine tailings 

Site Location Lechang City, Guangdong Province, China Contaminant Cadmiu, copper, lead, zinc Vegetation Type Vetiver grass (V. zizanioides), Sesbiana species (S. sesban, S. rostrata) Planting Descriptions Planted as seedlings Media Type Soil Site Characterizations tailings pond (dry surface) ET Rates Climate Subtropical climate. Mean annual precipitation: 1500 mm Mechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements Fertilization, harvesting, irrigation Project Scale Field trial Project Status Completed Cost Funding Source Initial concentrations Zn: 4388 mg/kg, Pb: 4164 mg/kg; Cu: 35 mg/kg; Cd: 32 mg/kg Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact MH Wong, Hong Kong Baptist University, +852-3411-7743, mhwong@hkbu.edu.hk Citation Yang, B, et. al. 2003. Growth and metal accumulation in vertiver and two Sesbania species 

tailings. Chemosphere. 52(2003): 1593-1600 

A142

Site Name Magic Marker 

Site Location Trenton, NJ Contaminant Lead Vegetation Type Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) and sunflower Planting Descriptions Planted from seeds Media Type Soil (shallow, loamy sand) Site Characterizations ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -4 to 102 F; Elevation: 190 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 42"; Growing s

10/23 

Mechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements amended with EDTA, harvested, replanted Project Scale Full-Scale (0.25 acres, 1 acre, 4500 sq ft) Project Status Operational (planted 1996) Cost $200,000 (EPA); $109,408 (NJ preliminary investigation) Funding Source EPA brownfield grant; NJ State Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Fund Initial concentrations Pb: 500 to 1000 ppm, 200 to 1800 mg/kg Final Concentrations Pb: 51 grams removed from treatment plot Lessons Learned Indian mustard uptake was 830 mg/kg (1st crop) and 2300 mg/kg (2nd crop); sunflower uptak

mg/kg. However, uptake did not account for total soil reduction, which estimated to be around 

Comments Primary Contact Michael Blaylock, Edenspace, (703) 961-8700, blaylock@edenspace.com Citation US EPA. 2001. Phytoextraction of lead in soils at Magic Marker and Ft. Dix. Innovative Techn

Report, US EPA. National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinatti, OH 

A143

Site Name Metal Plating Facility 

Site Location Findlay, OH Contaminant Chromium, cadmium, nickel, zinc, lead, trichloroethylene Vegetation Type Hybrid Poplar, Ryegrass; Indian mustard Planting Descriptions 30 trees, deep rooted and planted when 10-16 ft tall Media Type Soil (silt loam) Site Characterizations GW 10-15' bgs ET Rates Climate Temp range: -19 to 104 F; Elevation: 804 ft; Mean annual precip: 34.5"; Growing season: 5/1Mechanism Phytoextraction, Hydraulic Control OM Requirements sampling groundwater Project Scale Full-Scale (10,000 sq ft) Project Status Operational/In Progress. Planted 1997 Cost Funding Source State, voluntary Initial concentrations TCE: up to 150 mg/L Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Dramatic drop, on average, of 30 ppm to less than 5 ppm. However, the source area continu

with contaminants SITE Program. Trees have grown at a rate of 4-8 ft/year. Results of the first 3 years indicated 

Comments reduction of TCE concentrations in the aquifer in addition to demonstration of hydraulic effect

flow 

Primary Contact Michael Blaylock, Edenspace, (703) 961-8700, blaylock@edenspace.com or Edd Gatliff, App

Sciences, (513) 895-6061 ans@fuse.net 

Citation Phytoremediation of TCE in Groundwater using Populus. http://www.clu-in.org/products/phyto

A144

Site Name Former Orchard Site 

Site Location Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey Contaminant Arsenic (from arsenical pesticides) Vegetation Type Brake Fern (Pteris: mayil, parkeril, vittata) Planting Descriptions Transplanted from pots, 12 and 6 inch planting density Media Type Soil (loam soil) Site Characterizations Groundwater >20 feet below ground surface ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -4 to 102 F; Elevation: 171 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 45.9"; Growing s

10/26 

Mechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements Irrigation, lime amendments, harvesting, and fertilizer Project Scale Demonstration plots (10,000 sq ft) Project Status Ongoing (2001) Cost Funding Source US Army Initial concentrations As: 10 ppm to 60-70 ppm Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Original turf grass was removed. A greenhouse was constructed on site for overwintering ferns Primary Contact Michael Blaylock, Edenspace, (703) 961-8700, blaylock@edenspace.com Citation Report available Fall '04 from Edenspace 

A145

Site Name Palmerton Zinc Pile Demo (Blue Mountain) 

Site Location Palmerton (Carbon County), PA Contaminant Zinc, cadmium Vegetation Type Alpine Pennycress, Bladder Campion Planting Descriptions Hydroseeding Media Type Soil; manufactured soil (blend of treated municipal solids, power plant fly ash, and agricultuSite Characterizations Very steep slopes, mountainous topography. Zinc pile is cinder bank, 2.5 miles long, 200 fe

1000 ft wide. Drains to Aquashicola Creek and eventually Lehigh River. 

ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -12 to 105 F; Elevation: 1500 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 43.5"; Gro

to 10/2 

Mechanism Phytostabilization, Phytoextraction OM Requirements Amendment application using spreader trucks Project Scale Demonstration/Pilot (25 sq meters) Project Status Completed (1986) Cost Estimated as $100,000 feasibility study Funding Source PRP Initial concentrations Zinc: 35000-80000 mg/kg Final Concentrations N/A Lessons Learned 

Determined manufactured soil performed best when not overly blended. Site could withstangreat as 2.9"/hr in 2 hours, or 8.5" rain/hr in 20 hrs. Manufactured soil would be surface-aplimestone and seed, and unmulched. Best ratio for woody plants 3:1 (biosolids: flyash). Besgrass/legumes is 1:1 (biosolids: flyash). Ratio selected for full scale is 2:1 (biosolids:flyash)species for mixed seed is 'Oahu' intermediate wheatgrass. 

Comments Primary Contact S. L. Brown; Rufus Chaney USDA, (301) 504-6511, chaneyr@ba.ars.usda.gov Citation Oyler, J. Blue Mountain Superfund Remediation Project, Palmerton, PA. Powerpoint prese

2004. ITRC Phytotechnologies conference. 

A146

Site Name Palmerton Zinc Pile (Blue Mountain) 

Site Location Palmerton (Carbon County), PA Contaminant Zinc, cadmium Vegetation Type Oahe intermediate wheatgrass, Pennfine perennial ryegrass, empire birdsfoot trefoil, rueb

bluegrass, and Streeker redtop 

Planting Descriptions Manufactured soils contained seeds already in it and was spread uniformly using trucks oMedia Type Soil; manufactured soil (blend of treated municipal solids, power plant fly ash, and agricultSite Characterizations Very steep slopes, mountainous topography. Zinc pile is cinder bank, 2.5 miles long, 200 f

1000 ft wide. Drains to Aquashicola Creek and eventually Lehigh River. 

ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -12 to 105 F; Elevation: 1500 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 43.5"; Gr

5/5 to 10/2 

Mechanism Phytostabilzation, phytoextraction OM Requirements 2:1 biosolids:flyash amendments Project Scale Full Scale (1000 acres; 1000 more acres proposed) Project Status Completed (1991-1995) Cost $1,249,262 (EPA, OU1) Funding Source PRP Initial concentrations Zinc: 35000-80000 mg/kg Final Concentrations Lessons Learned All water leaving treated areas of mountain is in compliance with NPDES Limits for pH, zin

lead, TDS, TSS and no further treatment is required to discharge 

Comments This is a reclamation site using biosolids and vegetative cover. Not really phytoremediatio

phytoremediation processes are taking place. 

Primary Contact John Oyler, oylers@ptd.net Citation Oyler, J. Blue Mountain Superfund Remediation Project, Palmerton, PA. Powerpoint prese

2004. ITRC Phytotechnologies conference. 

A147

Site Name Port Colborne 

Site Location Port Colborne, ON Contaminant Arsenic, cobalt, copper, and nickel are contaminants of concern (Site of former Ni refinerVegetation Type Corn, soybeans, radish, oats, alyssum Planting Descriptions From seeds, hand planted Media Type Soil (4 types used in demonstration: sandy, high & low clay, high organic peaty) Site Characterizations 7 to 11 feet (depth to groundwater) ET Rates Climate Temperature Range: -26 to 33.5 C; Elevation: 175 m; Mean annual precipitation: 854.1 m

season: 5/20-9/23 

Mechanism Phytostabilization OM Requirements Amendment of dolimitic limestone (80-100 tons per hectare) Project Scale Demonstration/Pilot (4 field sites, 30x50 m) Project Status Ongoing (2001-2003) Cost Several million $ Funding Source Initial concentrations n/a Final Concentrations n/a Lessons Learned 

Purpose of the phytostabilization part of the project is determine levels of the liming agen

Comments any adverse effects of the CoCs. 20 metals are being evaluated in very great detail. Four 

(corn, soybeans, radish and oats) are involved in the phytostabilization testing though thesome nickel phytoextraction testing carried out with alyssum in conjunction with it. 

Primary Contact James Higgins, Jacques Whitford Environment, 905-469-2475, jhiggins@jacqueswhitfordCitation 

A148

Site Name Savannah River, SC 

Site Location Aiken, SC Contaminant Cadmium, Chromium, Vanadium Vegetation Type Bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris ) Planting Descriptions Planted in three consecutive years (1, 15, and 27 months after metals treatment to soils)

76 cm between rows and 10 cm between plants 

Media Type Soil (fine loamy and loamy siliceous sands) Site Characterizations ET Rates Climate Abundant rainfall. Warm, humid conditions prevail. Temp range: -1 to 108; Elevation: 13

precip: 44.6"; Growing season: 4/15 to 10/23 

Mechanism Phytoextraction OM Requirements Mowing, fertilization, irrigation, weeding, lime amendments (pH adjustment), tilling Project Scale Demonstration/ Pilot Project Status 1987-1992 Cost Funding Source US DOE Initial concentrations Final Concentrations 

There was little vertical movement of Cd and V after 30 months, and somewhat greater m

Lessons Learned During the first 18 months, there were large reductions in extractable amounts of metals

change detected in the subsuquent 12 months. Adter 18 months, the Cd, Tl, and V applitransformed to forms less available for uptake. 

Comments Metals added to site five years prior to planting: 11.2 kg/ha Cd, 5.6 kg/ha Tl, and 5.6 kg/Primary Contact HW Martin, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, hawmartin@aol.

Martin, H.W. and D.I. Kaplan. 1998. Temporal changes in cadmium, thallium, and vanad

Citation soil and phytoavailability under field conditions. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 101:399-41

Plant and Soil article 

A149

Site Name Spring Valley (former Army ammunition site) 

Site Location Washington, DC Contaminant Arsenic Vegetation Type hyperaccumulating fern (Pteris) Planting Descriptions Ferns transplanted from pots Media Type Soil Site Characterizations Mixed clay loam and sandy loam ET Rates Climate Mechanism Temperature Range: -5 to 104 F; Elevation:16 ft; Mean annual precipitation: 38.6"; Growing seasOM Requirements Phytoextraction Project Scale Irrigation, shade cloths installed, fertilization, lawn removed prior to installation Project Status Demonstration/Pilot (3 sites with total area = 2500 sq ft.) Cost Ongoing (began May 2004) Funding Source Army Corps of Engineers Initial concentrations As: 20-150 ppm Final Concentrations Lessons Learned Comments Primary Contact Citation Michael Blaylock, Edenspace, (703) 961-8700, blaylock@edenspace.com Site Name 

A150

Appendix E: USDA Soil Classification System 

(adopted from the 1993 USDA Soil Survey Manual) 

For most sites, soil particles in the contaminated medium were less than 2 mm, and the 

following soil texture classification system was used. Sites containing a contaminated soil 

medium of larger particle sizes (i.e. rock fragments) or manufactured soils were described 

using language found in the site literature or documentation, or in reference to USDA 

manual. 

Figure 1. Sand, clay, and silt percentages for soil texture classification 

Prior to classifying soils, it is important to discuss the three mineral components of soils 

that are categorized based on particle size: sands, silts, and clays. Particles that range 

from about 0.05 mm to 2 mm in size are sands. Particles between 0.002 mm and 0.05 mm 

are classified as silts. Particles less than 0.002 mm are clays. Further breakdown based on 

soil textures is as follows: 

Sands: Contain more than 85% sand, and the percentage of silt plus 1.5 times the 

percentage of clay is less than 15. 

1.	 Coarse sand: Greater than or equal to 25% or more very coarse and coarse sand; 

less than 50% ay other single grade of sand. 

2.	 Sand: Greater than or equal to 25% or more very coarse, coarse, and medium 

sand; less than 25% very coarse and coarse sand; less than 50% fine sand and/or 

very fine sand. 

3.	 Fine sand: 50% or more fine sand; less than 25% very coarse, coarse, and 


medium sand; less than 50% very fine sand 


4.	 Very fine sand: 50% or more very fine sand 

A151 
Loamy sands: Between 70 and 91% sand and the percentage of silt plus 1.5 times the 

percentage of clay is 15 or greater; the percentage of silt plus twice the percentage of clay 

is less than 30. 

1.	 Loamy coarse sand: Greater than or equal to 25% or more very coarse and coarse 

sand; less tha 50% any other single grade of sand 

2.	 Loamy sand: Greater than or equal to 25% or more very coarse, coarse, and 

medium sand; less than 25% very coarse and coarse sand; less than 50% fine 

and/or very fine sand 

3.	 Loamy fine sand: Greater than or equal to 50% fine sand; less than 50% very fine 

sand; less than 25% very coarse, coarse, and medium sand 

4.	 Loamy very fine sand: 50% or more very fine sand. 

Sandy loams: Between 7% and 20% clay, greater than 52% sand, and the percentage of 

silt plus twice the percentage of clay is 30 or more; or, less than 7% clay, less than 50% 

silt, and more than 43% sand. 

1.	 Coarse sandy loam: Greater than or equal to 25% or more very coarse and coarse 

sand; less than 50% any other single grade of sand 

2.	 Sandy loam: Greater than or equal to 30% very coarse, coarse, and medium sand; 

less than 25% very coarse and coarse sand; less than 30% fine and/or very fine 

sand. Or, less than or equal to 15% very coarse, coarse, and medium sand, less 

than 30% fine and/or very fine sand, and less than or equal to 40% fine or very 

fine sand. 

3.	 Fine sandy loam: Greater than or equal to 30% fine sand, and less than 30% very 

fine sand. Or, between 15%-30% very coarse, coarse, and medium sand. Or, 

greater than or equal to 40% fine and very fine sand, one half of which is fine 

sand, and less than or equal to 15% very coarse, coarse, and medium sand. 

4.	 Very fine sandy loam: Greater than or equal to 30% or more very fine sand and 

less than 15% very coarse, coarse, and medium sand. Or, greater than 40% fine 

and very fine sand, more than half of which is very fine sand, and less than 15% 

very coarse, coarse, and medium sand. 

Loam: Between 7% and 27% clay, 28% and 50% silt, and 52% or less sand. 

1.	 Silt loam: Greater than or equal to 50% or more silt and between 12% and 27% 

clay. Or, between 50% and 80% silt and less than 12% clay 

2.	 Silt: greater than or equal to 80% or more silt, and less than 12% clay. 

3.	 Sandy clay loam: Between 20% and 35% clay, less than 28% silt, and more than 

45% sand. 

4.	 Clay loam: Between 27% and 40% clay and more than 20%-46% sand. 

5.	 Silty clay loam: Between 27% and 40% clay and less than or equal to 20% sand. 

6.	 Sandy clay: Greater than or equal to 35% clay and greater of equal to than 45% 

sand 

7.	 Silty clay: Greater than or equal to 40% clay and greater than or equal to 40% silt. 

4Clay: Greater than or equal to 40% or more clay, less than 45% sand, and less than 

40% silt. 

A152

Appendix F: Climate Table 


State City Spring 

Frost Date 

Fall Frost 

Date 

Elevation 

(ft) 

Low 

Temperature 

(F) 

High 

Temperature 

(F) 

Precipitation 

(in) 

AK Barrow 8/4 7/24 26 -54 76 4.5 

AK Bethel 6/21 9/5 39 -48 84 15 

AK Fairbanks 5/25 8/25 499 -62 96 10.9 

AK Gulkana 6/23 8/9 1578 -58 90 10.8 

AK Juneau 5/30 9/5 23 -22 90 53.6 

AK King Salmon 6/8 8/27 49 -48 85 19.8 

AK Nome 7/8 8/17 10 -54 86 14.9 

AK Sitka Airport 5/7 10/11 66 0 88 85.9 

AL Birmingham 4/14 10/24 630 -6 106 54.6 

AL Mobile 3/19 11/5 30 3 103 64 

AL Montgomery 3/28 10/29 200 0 104 53.4 

AL Tuscaloosa 4/8 10/20 187 -1 105 55 

AR Fayetteville (Airport) 5/3 10/4 1250 -15 106 43.8 

AR Fort Smith 4/14 10/18 446 -10 110 40.9 

AR Little Rock 4/8 10/27 259 -4 112 50.8 

AR Pine Bluff 4/4 10/26 207 -2 107 47.7 

AR Texarkana 3/29 10/29 361 5 107 44.2 

AZ Flagstaff 6/26 9/9 7004 -23 97 22.9 

AZ Phoenix 3/16 11/18 1112 19 122 7.7 

AZ Tuscon 3/27 11/7 2558 16 117 12 

AZ Yuma 2/19 12/14 207 24 122 3.2 

CA Bakersfield 3/3 11/20 492 19 114 5.7 

CA Barstow 4/15 10/29 1929 7 117 3.7 

CA Berkeley 1/19 12/26 6 26 104 18.2 

CA Bishop 5/25 9/26 4146 -8 109 5.4 

CA Blythe 3/1 11/28 262 20 122 3.3 

CA Eureka 3/14 11/15 59 21 86 37.5 

CA Fresno 4/1 11/7 338 18 111 10.6 

CA Los Angeles 2/11 12/8 148 30 110 12.1 

CA Sacramento 3/23 11/14 69 18 115 17.5 

CA San Diego 3/30 11/12 42 32 108 9.1 

CA San Francisco 1/24 12/8 7 24 106 19.7 

CA Santa Barbara 2/26 12/4 16 20 109 16.2 

CO Denver 5/20 9/20 5333 -25 103 15.4 

CO Grand Junction 6/1 9/16 4848 -23 105 8.7 

CT Hartford 5/12 9/23 174 -26 102 44.1 

DE Dover 4/19 10/15 36 0 101 36 

DE Wilmington 4/25 10/15 36 -14 102 40.8 

FL Gainesville 3/29 11/5 157 10 102 51.4 

FL Jacksonville 3/14 11/16 30 7 103 51.3 

FL Miami none none 13 30 98 55.9 

FL Orlando (Sanford) 3/4 12/3 98 19 100 47.7 

A153

State City Spring 

Frost Date 

Fall Frost 

Date 

Elevation 

(ft) 

Low 

Temperature 

(F) 

High 

Temperature 

(F) 

Precipitation 

(in) 

FL Pensacola 3/20 11/8 76 6 105 58.9 

FL Tallahassee 4/5 10/28 69 6 103 65.8 

FL Tampa 2/25 12/3 7 18 99 43.9 

GA Albany 3/31 10/26 208 7 101 48.3 

GA Atlanta 4/10 10/25 977 -8 105 50.8 

GA Augusta 4/15 10/23 134 -1 108 44.6 

GA Brunswick 3/18 11/15 10 13 99 53 

GA Columbus 4/8 10/27 387 -2 104 51 

GA Macon 4/4 10/25 354 -6 108 44.6 

GA Savannah 3/30 10/31 46 3 105 49.2 

HI Hilo none none 30 53 94 129.7 

HI Honolulu none none 39 52 94 22.1 

HI Lihue none none 103 50 90 43.1 

IA Cedar Rapids 5/13 9/25 902 -28 104 33.4 

IA Des Moines 5/9 9/21 968 -24 108 33.1 

IA Mason City 5/20 9/16 1174 -30 104 32.7 

IA Ottumwa 5/2 10/5 840 -23 105 33.8 

ID Boise 5/26 9/22 2706 -25 110 12.1 

ID Idaho Falls 6/14 9/4 4728 -38 102 10.9 

ID Pocatello 6/12 9/6 4477 -33 104 12.1 

IL Chicago 4/25 10/22 658 -27 104 35.8 

IL Peoria 5/8 10/6 653 -25 105 36.2 

IL Rockford 5/13 9/25 725 -27 104 37.1 

IL Springfield 5/1 10/6 617 -22 106 35.3 

IN Evansville 4/23 10/12 430 -21 104 43.1 

IN Ft. Wayne 5/15 9/25 856 -22 106 34.7 

IN Indianapolis 5/9 10/7 807 -23 103 39.9 

KS Dodge City 5/7 10/11 2593 -21 109 21.5 

KS Goodland 5/16 9/23 3680 -27 108 18.2 

KS Salina 5/4 10/9 1275 -24 109 30.1 

KS Topeka 5/4 10/1 879 -26 110 35.2 

KS Wichita 5/1 10/10 1321 -21 112 29.3 

KY Bowling Green 4/28 10/7 538 -21 107 51 

KY Lexington 5/3 10/10 1063 -21 103 44.5 

KY Padicah 4/18 10/15 397 -15 105 48.9 

LA Alexandria 3/26 10/31 77 5 104 53.1 

LA Baton Rouge 3/18 11/4 59 -8 102 60.8 

LA Lafayette 3/17 11/6 36 9 102 58.6 

LA Lake Charles 3/18 11/5 9 11 103 55.3 

LA New Orleans 3/21 11/15 7 11 102 62.2 

LA Shreveport 4/2 10/27 174 3 107 46.1 

MA Boston 5/3 10/5 30 -7 102 41.5 

MD Baltimore 4/11 10/29 148 -7 105 40.7 

ME Augusta 5/12 9/22 354 -19 97 42 

MI Detroit 5/12 10/9 619 -13 103 26.6 

A154

State City Spring 

Frost Date 

Fall Frost 

Date 

Elevation 

(ft) 

Low 

Temperature 

(F) 

High 

Temperature 

(F) 

Precipitation 

(in) 

MI Lansing 5/31 9/18 859 -29 100 30.6 

MI Marquette 5/25 10/4 1414 -34 99 36 

MI Muskegon 5/24 9/24 644 -15 99 32.6 

MI Traverse City 6/9 9/17 625 -37 101 29.8 

MN Duluth 6/4 9/10 1424 -39 97 30 

MN International Falls 6/9 9/4 1118 -46 98 24.3 

MN Minneapolis 5/21 9/15 833 -34 105 28.4 

MO Joplin 4/26 10/13 987 -15 108 43.2 

MO Kansas City 4/30 10/9 742 -19 110 36.1 

MO Springfield 5/2 10/8 1364 -17 108 43.2 

MO St. Louis 4/30 10/8 564 -18 107 37.5 

MS Columbus 4/11 10/15 200 -2 104 55 

MS Jackson 4/7 10/14 291 2 106 55.4 

MS Meridian 4/12 10/19 295 0 107 56.7 

MT Billings 5/29 9/6 3569 -32 105 15.1 

MT Bozeman 6/19 8/31 4467 -46 103 14.7 

MT Butte 7/1 8/23 5530 -52 99 12.2 

MT Helena 6/2 9/2 3827 -38 105 11.6 

NC Asheville 4/24 10/11 2239 -7 95 38.8 

NC Charlotte 4/25 10/14 787 -5 103 43.1 

NC Greensboro 4/22 10/14 902 -8 103 42.6 

NC Raleigh 4/29 10/16 443 -9 105 41.4 

ND Bismark 5/26 9/7 1673 -43 109 15.5 

ND Dickinson 6/9 8/28 2542 -35 109 16.1 

ND Fargo 5/25 9/12 895 -35 106 19.5 

ND Minot 5/31 9/2 1722 -36 106 18.7 

NE Grand Island 5/16 9/26 1853 -28 110 24.9 

NE Lincoln 5/9 9/30 1181 -33 108 28.8 

NE North Platte 5/25 9/10 2788 -34 108 19.3 

NE Omaha 5/12 9/23 1027 -23 110 29.9 

NE Scottsbluff 5/25 9/14 3854 -42 109 15.3 

NH Concord 6/9 9/8 338 -33 102 36.4 

NH Mt. Washington 7/29 8/2 6268 -46 72 98.9 

NJ Atlantic City 5/15 9/28 52 -2 102 36.7 

NJ Millville 4/29 10/10 72 -10 102 42.1 

NJ Newark 4/15 10/26 7 -8 105 43.9 

NJ Trenton 4/15 10/23 190 -4 102 42 

NM Albuquerque 5/25 9/26 5104 -17 105 8.9 

NM Gallup 6/14 9/15 6465 -34 99 11.3 

NM Las Vegas 5/29 9/22 6501 -26 99 16.1 

NV Ely 6/30 8/21 6262 -30 100 10.1 

NV Las Vagas 4/3 11/7 2030 12 117 3.4 

NV Reno 6/19 8/23 4526 -16 105 7.5 

NV Winnemucca 6/26 8/26 4300 -37 108 8.2 

A155

State City Spring 

Frost Date 

Fall Frost 

Date 

Elevation 

(ft) 

Low 

Temperature 

(F) 

High 

Temperature 

(F) 

Precipitation 

(in) 

NY Albany 5/24 9/19 292 -28 99 36.1 

NY Buffalo 5/20 9/23 705 -20 97 38.6 

NY New York City 4/13 10/27 98 -2 104 47.2 

NY Rochester 5/18 9/29 544 -19 98 31.9 

NY Syracuse 5/14 10/3 426 -26 97 38.9 

OH Akron 5/21 10/2 1214 -24 101 36.6 

OH Cincinnati 4/29 10/13 760 -15 101 39.7 

OH Cleveland 5/18 10/5 804 -19 104 36.6 

OH Columbus 5/9 10/3 833 -19 101 38.1 

OH Dayton 4/27 10/16 1004 -24 102 36.6 

OH Toledo 5/16 9/29 669 -20 104 32.9 

OH Youngstown 5/24 9/29 1178 -20 100 37.4 

OK Okalahoma City 4/15 10/16 1280 -8 110 33.3 

OK Tulsa 4/13 10/21 676 -8 110 40.6 

OR Baker City Airport 6/29 8/26 3372 -39 106 10.6 

OR Eugene 5/22 10/1 430 -7 108 49.4 

OR Klamath 6/28 8/31 4099 -25 100 12.6 

OR Pendleton 5/3 10/5 1200 -19 113 12 

OR Portland 4/26 10/18 33 6 107 36.3 

OR Redmond 7/17 8/20 3050 -28 108 8.6 

OR Salem 5/22 9/28 180 -5 108 39.2 

PA Allentown 5/5 10/2 380 -12 105 43.5 

PA Harrisburg 5/4 10/4 340 -9 107 40.5 

PA Philadelphia 4/14 10/28 27 -7 104 41.5 

PA Pittsburg 5/26 9/20 1223 -18 103 36.8 

PA Williamsport 5/16 9/30 522 -17 103 40.7 

SC Beaufort 3/28 11/1 21 10 104 51.2 

SC Charleston 4/6 10/30 49 6 104 51.5 

SC Columbia 4/17 10/16 226 -1 107 49.9 

SC Greenville 5/5 10/8 956 -6 103 50.6 

SD Huron 5/27 9/15 1282 -39 112 20.1 

SD Pierre 6/2 9/8 1469 -33 114 18.7 

SD Rapid City 5/26 9/14 3247 -23 109 18.6 

SD Sioux Falls 5/24 9/17 1440 -36 110 23.8 

TN Chattanooga 4/18 10/19 689 -10 105 53.5 

TN Knoxville 4/9 10/23 981 -24 102 47.1 

TN Memphis 4/8 10/27 510 -14 106 50.9 

TN Nashville 4/16 10/14 600 -17 105 47.3 

TX Amarillo 4/30 10/14 3615 -12 108 19.5 

TX Austin 3/21 11/5 617 4 106 31.9 

TX Brownsville 2/15 12/17 20 16 106 26.6 

TX Dalhart 5/9 10/11 3995 -18 107 17.5 

TX Dallas/ Ft Worth 4/8 10/24 574 -1 113 33.7 

TX El Paso 4/14 10/28 3913 -8 112 8.8 

A156

State City Spring 

Frost Date 

Fall Frost 

Date 

Elevation 

(ft) 

Low 

Temperature 

(F) 

High 

Temperature 

(F) 

Precipitation 

(in) 

TX Houston 3/17 11/14 102 7 107 47 

TX Midland 4/11 10/21 2857 -11 112 15 

TX San Antonio 3/23 11/6 581 6 108 31 

TX Wichita Falls 4/13 10/24 1027 -8 117 28.9 

UT Cedar City 6/8 9/14 5852 -24 105 11.5 

UT Logan 5/22 9/27 4300 -13 104 18.9 

UT Salt Lake City 5/18 9/29 4225 -18 104 16.2 

UT Wendover 5/8 10/10 4241 -10 102 5.4 

VA Norfolk 4/6 10/31 26 -3 104 44.6 

VA Richmond 4/27 10/13 164 -8 105 43.1 

VA Roanoake 4/29 10/5 1174 -11 105 41.1 

VT Burlington 5/25 9/19 335 -30 99 34.4 

VT Montpelier 6/3 9/8 1099 -34 97 34.6 

WA Bellingham 5/6 10/1 59 -1 94 13.7 

WA Olympia 5/17 9/30 36 -8 104 50.5 

WA Seattle 4/20 10/27 125 9 96 37.1 

WA Spokane 5/20 9/19 1922 -25 108 16.5 

WA Walla Walla 4/19 10/20 1166 -24 114 19.5 

WA Yakima 5/20 9/21 1135 -17 110 8 

WI Eau Claire 5/26 9/15 892 -39 104 31.6 

WI Green Bay 5/26 9/18 699 -29 99 28.8 

WI Lacrosse 5/15 9/29 672 -36 105 30.6 

WI Madison 5/13 9/25 872 -30 104 30.9 

WI Milwaukee 5/20 9/26 672 -26 103 32.9 

WI Wausau 5/22 9/6 1191 -36 99 33 

WV Charleston 5/9 10/5 951 -15 104 42.5 

WV Parkersburg 5/9 10/2 840 -20 102 41.4 

WY Casper 6/8 9/7 5320 -41 102 12.5 

WY Cheyenne 6/8 9/9 6143 -29 98 14.4 

WY Laramie 6/26 8/26 7186 -50 94 10.6 

WY Rock Springs 6/11 9/1 6370 -37 96 9.5 

WY Sheridan 6/6 9/7 3952 -37 106 14.5 

A157

Appendix G 

Resources 

Internet Resources: 

1. 	RTDF Phytoremediation Profiles website 

http://rtdf.org/public/phyto/siteprof/index.cfm 

2. 	 EPA REACH IT website

 http://www.epareachit.org/ 

3. 	 CLU-IN Innovative Remediation Technologies: Field Scale Demonstration 

Project Database and Report 

http://clu-in.org/products/nairt/ 

4. 	 EPA Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Project Status 

Information 

 http://www.epa.gov/ORD/SITE/projectstatus.htm 

5. 	 Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable (FRTR) 

 http://www.frtr.gov/ 

6. 	 NIST Chemistry Webbook 

 http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/ 

Database resources: 

• Science Direct 

• LexisNexis 

• EBSCOhost 

• MEDLINE 

• BIOSIS 

• National Technical Information Service (NTIS) 

• Energy Science and Technology 

• General Science Abstracts 

• Waternet 

• Agricola 

• CAB Abstracts 

• Science.gov 

• USDA PLANTS database 

A158 
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