IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2015-CA-01520-COA

IN RE: THE ESTATE OF NORAIR AVAKIAN,

DECEASED: BURNETTE AVAKIAN,

EXECUTRIX

APPELLANT

v.

WILMINGTON TRUST NATIONAL

ASSOCIATION, AS SUCCESSOR TRUSTEE TO

CITIBANK, N.A., AS TRUSTEE FOR BEAR

STEARNS ASSET BACKED SECURITIES

TRUST 2007-2, ASSET-BACKED

CERTIFICATES, SERIES 2007-2 AND JP

MORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A.

APPELLEES

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 09/08/2015

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. KENNETH M. BURNS

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: LOWNDES COUNTY CHANCERY COURT

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: STEVEN CRAIG PANTER 

DAVID L. SANDERS

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES: WILLIAM JACOB LONG IV 

EDDIE TRAVIS RAMEY 

CHRISTOPHER DANIEL MEYER

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - WILLS, TRUSTS, AND ESTATES

TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION: CREDITOR’S STATEMENT OF CLAIM

WAS FOUND NOT TIME-BARRED

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 04/11/2017

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

EN BANC.

CARLTON, J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1. Norair Avakian died July 19, 2010. On July 28, 2010, the Lowndes County Chancery

Court entered an order probating Norair’s last will and testament and issued letters

testamentary to his widow, Burnette Avakian, to serve as executrix of Norair’s estate
(“Estate”). Three separate lawsuits were filed as a result of attempts by creditors to foreclose

on Norair’s property and seek damages based on the default of a promissory note that Norair

executed prior to his death. We will first provide a brief procedural history of the matter in

the probate case before us on appeal. We will then provide a more in-depth discussion of the

relevant matters involving the three separate actions filed against the Estate and the

executrix, Burnette, in the facts section below. 

¶2. On October 15, 2014, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank N.A. (“J.P. Morgan”) filed a statement

of claim against the Estate in the chancery court based upon Norair’s debt arising from a

promissory note of $815,905.06. J.P. Morgan, as the servicer of the loan resulting from the

promissory note, filed the statement of claim on behalf of Citibank N.A. (“Citibank”), the

creditor. In the probate action, on January 30, 2015, Burnette, as executrix, filed her contest

of J.P. Morgan’s statement of claim, asserting that any claim on the promissory note was

time-barred by Mississippi Code Annotated section 15-1-25 (Rev. 2012), and that pursuant

to Mississippi Code Annotated section 15-1-3 (Rev. 2012), the underlying claim was

extinguished. On May 27, 2015, Wilmington Trust National Association (“Wilmington

Trust”), which replaced Citibank as the creditor, filed a response to Burnette’s contest of the

claim in the probate proceeding.

¶3. On June 15, 2015, the chancellor heard oral argument on Burnette’s contest of the

statement of claim in the probate proceeding. The chancellor stated that “the sole issue

before this court is whether or not a creditor’s claim as it related to a promissory note is

2
time[-]barred,” and the chancellor ultimately found that although J.P. Morgan filed its

statement of claim outside of the ninety-day statutory time period in which to probate a claim

against the Estate pursuant to Mississippi Code Annotated section 91-7-151 (Rev. 2013), the

claim was still timely filed in the probate action due to Burnette’s failure as executrix to

provide all reasonably ascertainable creditors with notice of probate of the Estate pursuant

to Mississippi Code Annotated section 91-7-145 (Rev. 2013).

¶4. Burnette now appeals the chancellor’s judgment, asserting the following assignments

of error: (1) the chancellor erred in finding that an order from the United States Court of

Appeals for the Fifth Circuit prohibiting a lender from foreclosing on property owned by

Burnette tolled the running of the statute of limitations on the Creditor’s1statement of claim

regarding the promissory note, and (2) the chancellor erred in finding that Burnette could not

rely upon the statute of limitations because she failed to mail written notice to creditors of

the opening of the Estate and the need to file a claim, pursuant to section 91-7-145(1).

¶5. The only issue before us on appeal is whether the claim filed by the Creditor in the

probate proceeding was timely filed. Finding no error in the chancellor’s judgment that the

Creditor’s statement of claim was timely filed in the probate proceeding, we affirm as to that

issue.

FACTS

1 For the purposes of clarity in this appeal due to the multiple lawsuits and filings, we

will refer to EquiFirst Corporation, J.P. Morgan, Citibank, and Wilmington Trust

collectively as “Creditor.”

3
¶6. On September 18, 2002, Norair and his wife, Burnette, purchased a house located in

Columbus, Mississippi. They executed a deed of trust to secure a loan for the purchase from

Southstar Financing LLC. The record reflects that title to the property was vested in both

Norair’s and Burnette’s names as joint tenants.

¶7. On November 2, 2004, Norair executed a deed that conveyed title to the property to

Burnette alone to prevent Burnette from bearing any liability for the debt should Norair die. 

In March 2006, Norair and Burnette then refinanced themortgagewith EquiFirst Corporation

(“EquiFirst”). Norair took out a loan in his name only and executed a promissory note in

favor of EquiFirst. EquiFirst required both Burnette and Norair to execute a deed of trust. 

Norair was out of state at the time of closing, so EquiFirst forwarded one set of loan

documents to him so he could execute and return the documents. EquiFirst had Burnette

execute a second set the following day. This resulted in two deeds of trust on the property

– one executed by Norair on March 7, 2006, and one executed byBurnette on March 8, 2006. 

Each deed of trust was recorded as a separate instrument with the Lowndes CountyChancery

Clerk.

¶8. Norair’s promissory note to EquiFirst was later sold to Citibank in its capacity as

trustee of the Bear Sterns Asset Backed Securities Trust 2007-2, Asset-Backed Certificates,

Series 2007-2 (“Bear Sterns”). J.P. Morgan became the servicing agent for Citibank. On

December 3, 2012, Wilmington Trust replaced Citibank as the trustee for Bear Sterns. We

recognize that J.P. Morgan served as the servicer for the loan, and EquiFirst, Citibank, and

4
Wilmington Trust were the creditors.

¶9. Norair fell in default on the loan and died shortly thereafter on July 19, 2010. On July

28, 2010, Burnette filed a petition for probate of Norair’s last will and testament. That same

day, the chancery court entered an order probating the last will and testament and issued

letters testamentary to Burnette to serve as executrix of the Estate. Burnette failed to identify

any entity as a known creditor of the Estate pursuant to section 91-7-145, and she also failed

to provide the Creditor herein, or any creditor, notice bymail as required by section 91-7-145

regarding the probate of the Estate. The record reflects that Burnette did file a “Notice to

Creditors Affidavit” stating that she had and would notify known creditors, without listing

any specific creditors.

¶10. The Creditor made its first attempt at foreclosure on the home as early as December

2010 but never completed the process. In early 2012, the Creditor again provided Burnette

notice that it intended to foreclose on the house. The Creditor set the foreclosure sale for

May 10, 2012.

¶11. On May 9, 2012, the day before the scheduled foreclosure sale, Burnette filed suit in

the chancery court against the Creditor seeking to enjoin the foreclosure by contending that

the two deeds of trust on the home were both void pursuant to Mississippi Code Annotated

section 89-1-29 (Rev. 2011) because neither deed contained the signatures of both Burnette

and Norair. The lawsuit was removed to the United States District Court for the Northern

District of Mississippi.

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¶12. Following a trial, the district court entered a final judgment on February 10, 2014, in

favor of Burnette and held that the deeds of trust on the house were unenforceable. The

Creditor appealed the decision to the Fifth Circuit. During the appeal, the Fifth Circuit

issued a stay on May 12, 2014, that prohibited foreclosure of the property during the

pendency of the appeal.

¶13. On October 14, 2014, after receiving the ruling from the district court, the Creditor2

filed a statement of claim in the probate proceeding pending in chancery court based upon

Norair’s debt arising from the promissory note of $815,905.06. The statement of claim set

forth that “[t]he claim was presumed secured pursuant to a mortgage loan; however, the

claim has been deemed unsecured via [the district court’s judgment].”

¶14. On December 9, 2014, the Fifth Circuit reversed the district court after finding that

the Mississippi Supreme Court would likely construe the two deeds of trust as together

creating a valid deed of trust and remanded the case for further proceedings. The Creditor

then filed a motion for entry of final judgment in the district court.3

2 The record reflects that J.P. Morgan, as the servicer for Citibank, filed the statement

of claim.

3 During the course ofthe federal action, Wilmington Trust succeeded Citibank as the

lienholder and creditor on the promissory note. In response to the motion for entry of final

judgment, Burnette filed a motion to dismiss the action, arguing that it became moot on

December 3, 2012, when Wilmington Trust succeededCitibank as trustee for the lienholder. 

Citibank responded by filing a motion to substitute. On August 4, 2015, the district court

entered a final judgment in favor of Wilmington Trust and denied Burnette’s motion to

dismiss. The district court found that Burnette waived her homestead-exemption right, and

Wilmington Trust, as trustee for the lienholder, could foreclose on the deed of trust.

6
¶15. In the probate action now before us on appeal, the record shows that on January 30,

2015, Burnette filed her contest ofJ.P. Morgan’s statement of claim, asserting that any claim

on the promissory note was time-barred by section 15-1-25, and that pursuant to section

15-1-3, the underlying claim was extinguished. The Creditor filed a response to Burnette’s

contest of claim on May 27, 2015. On June 12, 2015, Burnette filed her Reply of Executrix.

¶16. In the meantime, on February 23, 2015, the Creditor filed a separate suit in the

chancery court against both Burnette, individually, and the Estate, seeking to foreclose on

the home and to recover damages against the Estate on the promissory note.

¶17. In June 2015, the chancellor heard arguments from the Creditor and Burnette

regarding the Creditor’s statement of claim. On September 8, 2015, the chancellor issued

an opinion and judgment in favor of the Creditor. In his judgment, the chancellor stated that

“the sole issue before this court is whether or not a creditor’s claim as it related to a

promissory note is time[-]barred. The issues of whether or not foreclosure proceedings

and/or deeds of trusts are valid were heard in another cause and ultimately, by the federal

courts.”

¶18. In his judgment, the chancellor examined Burnette’s argument that the Creditor’s

statement of claim is time-barred because the statement was filed outside the ninety-day

requirement for filing probate claims set forth in section 91-7-151. The chancellor found that

Burnette, as executrix, failed to mail the statutorily required notice to the Creditor, who was

unquestionably a reasonably ascertainable creditor at the time the chancery court issued

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letters testamentary to Burnette. The chancellor explained that “a strict and literal

interpretation of . . . [section] 91-7-145(1) mandates that the promissory note holder

[(Citibank)] be given notice by mail before the [ninety] days specified in . . . [section] 91-7-

151 begins to run.” The chancellor determined that since Burnette, as executrix, failed to

provide the Creditor with proper notice of its right to file a claim against the Estate, the

October 14, 2014 statement of claim filed by the Creditor was therefore timely.

¶19. The chancellor further found that since Burnette received letters testamentary on July

28, 2010, the ninety-day moratorium on suits against an executor, provided by Mississippi

Code Annotated section 91-7-239 (Rev. 2013), expired on October 26, 2010. As a result, the

chancellor concluded that the four-year statute-of-limitations period provided by section 15-

1-254for a creditor to bring an action against an executor began to run on October 26, 2010,

and expired on October 26, 2014. The chancellor found that “neither [the Creditor], nor any

other party, filed suit against the Estate to enforce the promissory note prior to October 26,

2014.” Although the Creditor filed a statement of claim on October 14, 2014, the chancellor

explained that “the filing of a claim by a creditor is not sufficient to stop the running of the

statute of limitations, even if timely filed”; rather, in order to enforce its claim, the creditor

must bring a lawsuit before the four-year statute of limitations expires. The chancellor ruled

4

 Section 15-1-25 provides a four-year statute of limitations for any action “against

any executor or administrator upon any judgment or other cause of action against his testator

or intestate.” Section 91-7-239 further conditionsthat “[a]suit or action shall not be brought

against an executor or administrator until after the expiration of ninety (90) days from the

date of letters testamentary or of administration.”

8
that the Creditor’s statement of claim was therefore time-barred unless: (1) the Creditor’s

prior 2010 and 2012 foreclosure attempts constituted a lawsuit for purposes of section 15-1-

25; or (2) the running of section 15-1-25 is tolled based on the Fifth Circuit’s stay on the

proceedings.

¶20. The chancellor determined that the foreclosure actions of 2010 and 2012 failed to

constitute a lawsuit for the purposes ofsection 15-1-25. The chancellor found, however, that

the Fifth Circuit’s May 12, 2014 stay-of-proceedings order that prohibited the Creditor from

foreclosing on Burnette’s house began the tolling of section 15-1-25 as to the promissory

note. The chancellor explained that the tolling period then ended on either one of two dates: 

at its earliest on December 9, 2014, when the Fifth Circuit reversed the district court or, at

the latest, on August 4, 2015, when the district court entered its final judgment. The

chancellor held “in either case, [the Creditor] filed its lawsuit against the Estate and

[Burnette] on February 23, 2015, less than three months after the Fifth Circuit reversed the

trial court, and thereby timely.”5

¶21. On October 6, 2015, Burnette filed a notice of appeal. She renoticed her appeal two

days later.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

5 The Creditor’s separate February 23, 2015 action is pending below and was not

before the chancellor on review. As a result, we recognize the chancellor’s finding that the

federal stay tolled the running of the statute of limitations undersection 15-1-25 until either

December 4, 2014, or August 4, 2015. We will not comment on the chancellor’s statement

that the Creditor’s February 23, 2015 lawsuit was timely filed under section 15-1-25.

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¶22. This Court “will not disturb a chancellor’s findings unless they are manifestly wrong,

clearly erroneous, or the chancellor applied an erroneous legal standard.” Howard v.

Gunnell, 63 So. 3d 589, 593 (¶8) (Miss. Ct. App. 2011).6 We apply an abuse-of-discretion

standard when reviewing a chancellor’s decision. Id. (citing Creely v. Hosemann, 910 So.

2d 512, 516 (¶11) (Miss. 2005)).

¶23. “The issue of whether the applicable statute of limitations has run is a question of

law.” Stringer v. Trapp, 30 So. 3d 339, 341 (¶9) (Miss. 2010) (citing Wayne Gen. Hosp. v.

Hayes, 868 So. 2d 997, 1000 (¶11) (Miss. 2004)). “We utilize a de novo standard of review

when reviewing questions of law.” Howard, 63 So. 3d at 593 (¶8). The Mississippi Supreme

Court has explained that “[t]he burden of proving an affirmative defense lies upon the party

who relies upon that defense[, and] . . . when a [party] pleads the statute of limitations as a

defense and shows that the suit is thereby barred, he has met this burden of proof.” Jenkins

v. Pensacola Health Tr. Inc., 933 So. 2d 923, 927 (¶14) (Miss. 2006).

¶24. This Court has held that “[a] probated claim must substantially comply with the

provisions of . . . [section] 91-7-149.” In re Estate of Lingle, 822 So. 2d 320, 322 (¶12)

(Miss. Ct. App. 2002) (citing Cent. Optical Merch. Co. v. Lowe’s Estate, 249 Miss. 61, 71,

160 So. 2d 673, 678 (1964)). In Estate of Lingle, 822 So. 2d at 322-23 (¶12), we explained

that “[t]he written evidence or statement of claim must on its face show a prima facie right

to recover from the estate or that liability exists on the part of the estate.” This Court further

6

See also In re Estate of High, 19 So. 3d 1282, 1285 (¶7) (Miss. Ct. App. 2009).

10
provided:

An adequate claim must give notice that it existed against the estate, must

distinguish the claim with reasonable certainty from all other similar claims[,]

and must give information concerning the nature and amount of the demand

so that it would enable the representative of the estate to act intelligently either

in providing for its payment or in rejecting it.

Id. at 323 (¶12); see also Thornhill v. Thornhill, 905 So. 2d 747, 752 (¶¶14-15) (Miss. Ct.

App. 2004) (addressing a determination of the timeliness of a probate claim where the

claimant was a minor, this Court explained that the question was whether the claimant “could

prove any set of evidence that would entitle him to relief against [the estate]”).

DISCUSSION

¶25. The sole issue before us on appeal is whether the Creditor timely filed its statement

of claim against the Estate on the promissory note in the probate proceeding.7 We first turn

to examine whether the chancellor erred in finding that the Creditor’s October 15, 2014

statement of claim was not barred. 

¶26. Section 91-7-151 bars all claims against the estate of a deceased person, whether due

or not, that were filed more than ninety days after the first publication of notice to creditors

to present their claim. As previously stated, the record reflects that Burnette, as executrix,

failed in her statutory duty pursuant to section 91-7-145(1) to provide notice to any creditors

7

See In re Estate of Philyaw, 514 So. 2d 1232, 1236 (Miss. 1987) (“[T]he time for

an appeal for an administrator or executor unhappy with a decree allowing a contested claim

runs from the date of such decree [and not] from the date of the decree finally closing the

estate.”).

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regarding the probate of Norair’s estate. We acknowledge that jurisprudence and the plain

language of section 91-7-145 therefore reflect that the chancellor correctly found that the

filing period for probate claims in this case did not expire since Burnette failed to provide

the required statutory notice to trigger the running of the filing period. See Miss. Code Ann.

§ 91-7-145(1); Bankston v. First Nat’l Bank &Tr. Co. of Vicksburg, 177 Miss. 719, 719, 171

So. 18, 19-20 (1936). In our review of the law as applied to this case, we turn now to the

record.

¶27. The record reflects that on July 28, 2010, the chancery court entered an order

probating the last will and testament and issued letters testamentary to Burnette to serve as

executrix of the Estate. As stated, the Creditor filed no statement of claim until October 15,

2014. In his judgment, the chancellor also acknowledged Burnette’s failure to provide the

required statutory notice to the Creditor, stating as follows:

After the U.S. District Court deemed the subject deeds of trust invalid in

February 2014, and finding itself with the possibility of an unsecured

promissory note, [the Creditor] filed a Statement of Claim in the Estate on

October 15, 2014. The Claim was filed outside of the [ninety]-day statutory

time period in which to probate a claim against the Estate. See Miss. Code

Ann. § 91-7-151. Thus, one could argue that the claim was untimely and,

therefore, barred. 

However, Wife, as Executrix, is required by . . . [section] 91-7-145(1) to mail

notice to “reasonably ascertainable” creditors. [In re Estate of Petrick], 635

So. 2d 1389, 1393 (Miss. 1994). A reasonably ascertainable creditor is one

who is discoverable through “reasonably diligent efforts.” Id.

There is no question that the promissory note holder was a reasonably

ascertainable creditor and that Wife did not mail notice pursuant to . . .

[section] 91-7-145(1).

12
A strict and literal interpretation of . . . [section] 91-7-145(1) mandates that the

promissory note holder be given notice by mail before the [ninety] days

specified in . . . [section] 91-7-151 begins to run. See In re Estate of Ladner,

911 So. 2d 673, 676 (Miss. [Ct. App.] 2005).

Having failed to do so in this case, this Court finds that the Statement of Claim

filed by [the Creditor] was timely.

¶28. Section 91-7-145(1) provides:

The executor or administrator shall make reasonablydiligent efforts to identify

persons having claims against the estate. Such executor or administrator shall

mail a notice to persons so identified, at their last known address, informing

them that a failure to have their claim probated and registered by the clerk of

the court granting letters within ninety (90) days after the first publication of

the notice to creditors will bar such claim as provided in [Mississippi Code

Annotated s]ection 91-7-151.

(Emphasis added). In Ladner, 911 So. 2d at 676 (¶14), this Court held that “a strict and

literal interpretation of . . . [s]ection 91-7-145 . . . mandates that [a reasonably ascertainable

creditor of the estate] be given notice by mail by the administrator before the ninety days

specified in . . . section 91-7-151 . . . begins to run.”8 See Miller v. Trs. of Jefferson Coll.,

13 Miss. 651, 662 (Miss. 1846) (mortgage on record provides constructive notice to the

administrator).

¶29. The statutory time for filing a probate claim is not self-executing but is instead

triggered to begin by the executrix’s statutory notice to creditors. Our jurisprudence clearly

recognizes that the time for filing a probate claim against an estate will not run against a

8 We recognize that section 91-7-145(1) “does not specifically allow for notice by

publication as a substitute for actual notice by mail; rather, notice by publication is a

requirement in addition to providing creditors notice by mail.” Petrick, 635 So. 2d at 1393.

13
creditor where the executrix fails to provide the statutory notice to the creditors to present

their claims. See Miss. Code Ann. § 91-7-145(1); Petrick, 635 So. 2d at 1394. Hence, the

time for filing a probate claim against an estate is not self-executing. Estate of Thomas v.

Thomas, 883 So. 2d 1173, 1178 (¶15) (Miss. 2004). Burnette does not contest that, as

executrix, she failed to provide the Creditor with the required statutory notice of the probate

proceeding.

¶30. Here, the record reflects that Burnette did not identify the Creditor or provide notice 

by mail. Burnette did file a “Notice to Creditors Affidavit” stating that she had and would

notify known creditors, but Burnette failed to identify any specific creditors in the affidavit. 

In Thomas, 883 So. 2d at 1178 (¶15), the supreme court addressed the tolling of the statute

of limitations due to the failure of an administratrix to provide notice to a known illegitimate

heir. The Thomas court explained that the ninety-dayprovision ofsection 91-1-15 is not selfexecuting and “held that the requirement to timely file within [ninety] days of first

publication is not always so strictly required.” Id. The supreme court held that “[f]ailure on

the part of the administratrix to notify a child of whom the administratrix had actual

knowledge can prevent the [ninety]-day statutory bar from being raised against that child”

concerning the need for the child to raise paternity claims within ninety days of the first

publication of notice to creditors in order to inherit from the decedent. Id. at 1177 (¶12).

¶31. The supreme court has also explained:

[O]ur [state] courts are essential to the probate proceedings in that the

administratrix may only validly publish notice in some newspaper, which

14
triggers the [ninety-]day limit to file a claimpursuant to [section] 91-7-145 and

[section] 91-7-151, after filing an affidavit with the clerk of court stating that

she has made reasonably diligent efforts to identify persons having claims

against the estate and has given notice by mail as required in . . . [section]

91-7-145[(1)].

Petrick, 635 So. 2d at 1394.

¶32. Like the chancellor below, we find that an application of the law to the facts of this

case reflects that the October 15, 2014 statement of claim filed in the probate proceeding

below was not time-barred by the Creditor’s failure to file the claim within the ninety-day

requirement in section 91-7-151. See Price v. Clark, 21 So. 3d 509, 521 (¶27) (Miss. 2009)

(recognizing tolling effect of a failure to give statutory notice); Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-57

(Rev. 2012). We also find no abuse of discretion in the chancellor’s finding that since

Burnette failed to provide notice pursuant to section 91-7-145(1), she is estopped from

arguing that the statement of claim is barred because the Creditor failed to file it within the

ninety-day time limit for probated claims set forth in section 91-7-151. We now turn to

review the chancellor’s determination that the statute of limitations in the underlying claim

had not expired.

¶33. The statute of limitations applicable to a creditor’s independent right to bring a civil

action based on its claim on the promissory note is not tolled by an untimely filed probate

claim. However, as determined by the chancellor herein, the statute of limitations in such

actions can be tolled by equitable estoppel as a result of a defendant’s action that prevents

15
or delays the filing of a claim.

9

See Ezell v. Williams, 724 So. 2d 396, 398 (¶6) (Miss. 1998)

(citing Izard v. Mikell, 173 Miss. 770, 775, 163 So. 498, 499 (1935)); Douglas Parker Elec.

Inc. v. Miss. Design & Dev. Corp., 949 So. 2d 874, 878-79 (¶¶18-19) (Miss. Ct. App. 2007).

¶34. In his judgment, the chancellor found:

[L]etters testamentary were issued to [Burnette] on July 28, 2010. The

[ninety]-day moratorium [under section 91-7-239] expired on October 26,

2010. On that date, the four-year statute of limitation[s] established by

[section] 15-1-25 began to run. On October 26, 2014, the four-year statute of

limitation[s] expired. 

It is undisputed that neither Wilmington [Trust], nor any other party, filed suit

against the Estate to enforce the promissory note prior to October 26, 2014.

¶35. The record shows that the Creditor filed the statement of claim on October 15, 2014.10

The chancellor acknowledged that if the Creditor is not paid on a claim based on the

promissory note during the probate proceeding, the Creditor must then bring a separate civil

suit against the Estate to enforce that claim on the promissory note before the four-year

9 Clearly, a secured creditor with a lien on a decedent’s property is not required to

present a probate claim in order to enforce its lien. See Gandy v. Citicorp, 985 So. 2d 371,

374 (¶12) (Miss. Ct. App. 2008) (probating the claim protects the mortgagee’s right to claim

a deficiency). However, a secured creditor who wishes to recover from the estate’s assets

or enforce a probate claim for a deficiency must timely file a statement of claim in probate. 

Id.

10 We acknowledge that the Creditor possesses the right to judicial foreclosure or

nonjudicial foreclosure on the deed of trust as a separate avenue of relief from an action on

the promissory note against the Estate. See Mossler Acceptance Co. v. Moore, 218 Miss.

757, 769-70, 67 So. 2d 868, 873-74 (1953) (even though a payee who failed to timely

probate its claim on the note of the deceased was barred as an unsecured creditor, the payee

was entitled to recover the salvage value of the destroyed automobile, which had been

mortgaged to secure the debt.).

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statute of limitations in such actions expires.11 The chancellor also applied the law to the

facts of this case in determining that the statute of limitations was tolled as to a separate civil

suit against the Estate on the promissory note, and in finding that the Creditor timely filed

its probate claim. As previously stated, “[t]he issue of whether the applicable statute of

limitations has run is a question of law.” Stringer, 30 So. 3d at 341 (¶9).

¶36. In addressing the tolling of the statute of limitations for civil actions against the Estate

on the promissory note, the chancellor ultimately held that the foreclosure actions of 2010

and 2012 failed to constitute “lawsuits” for the purposes of section 15-1-25. However, the

chancellor determined that the Fifth Circuit’s stay (entered May 12, 2014) prohibiting the

Creditor from foreclosing on the property began and triggered the tolling of the statute of

limitations under section 15-1-25 as to the promissory note. The chancellor cited to

Mississippi Code Annotated section 15-1-57 (Rev. 2012), which provides as follows:

When any person shall be prohibited by law, or restrained or enjoined by the

order, decree, or process of any court in this state from commencing or

prosecuting any action or remedy, the time during which such person shall be

so prohibited, enjoined[,] or restrained, shall not be computed as any part of

the period of time limited by this chapter for the commencement of such

action.

¶37. The chancellor acknowledged that the supreme court discussed section 15-1-57 in

Grant v. State, 686 So. 2d 1078, 1084 (Miss. 1996). The Grant court explained that “[t]here

can be no tolling of the statute of limitations unless the person is personally prohibited from

11 See Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-25.

17
bringing suit.” Id. The Grant court further stated that there is “no savings or tolling of the

statute of limitations unless an individual is personally prohibited or restrained from

commencing or prosecuting his claim; the fact that he cannot recover because of an

applicable defense or immunity does not toll the running of the statute of limitations.” Id.;

see also Chimento v. Fuller, 965 So. 2d 668, 676 (¶33) (Miss. 2007); but cf. White v.

McMillin, No. 3:09CV120-DPJ-FKB, 2011 WL 3555766, at *7 (S.D. Miss. Aug. 11, 2011)

(finding that since the stay imposed had no impact on the plaintiffs’ ability to file any motion

necessary to facilitate the filing of a timely complaint, the plaintiffs were not prohibited from

bringing suit to the extent necessary to trigger section 15-1-57).

¶38. The Creditor submits that our jurisprudence has recognized in multiple contexts that

the special relationship between a deed of trust and a promissory note entwines the rights and

remedies each instrument creates.12 The Creditor cites to Kirby v. Bank of America N.A., No.

2:09-CV-182-DCB-JMR, 2012 WL 1067944, at *4 (S.D. Miss. Mar. 29, 2012), in which the

federal district court explained that “[t]he Mississippi Supreme Court has articulated [that]

. . . when the mortgage and the note are sufficiently connected[,] the assignment of the note

operates [as] an assignment of the mortgage also.” The Kirby court further stated that

“[u]nder Mississippi caselaw, which is consistent with general principles of mortgage law,

12 Wilmington Trust further submits that because the maturity date of the promissory

note is after Norair’s death, the four-year statute of limitations in section 15-1-25 that

governs claims against an executrix is inapplicable. Wilmington Trust claims the note itself

states the maturity date is April 1, 2036, well after Norair’s death on July 19, 2010.

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the mortgage follows the note.” Id.

¶39. Jurisprudence supports the chancellor’s application of the law to the facts of this case

wherein the chancellor held that the federal court stay prohibited foreclosure of the property

at issue and thereby tolled the statute of limitations. In Temples v. First National Bank of

Laurel, 239 Miss. 446, 455, 123 So. 2d 852, 855 (1960), the supreme court held that an event

that tolled the running of the statute of limitations for a note secured by a mortgage also

tolled the running of the statute of limitations on the mortgage itself. See also Chimento, 965

So. 2d at 669 (¶3) (supreme court acknowledged the trial court’s order finding that the order

that enjoined foreclosure tolled the statute of limitations on a promissory note).

¶40. We find no error in the chancellor’s finding that the statement of claim in this probate

proceeding was timely filed, and we find no error in the chancellor’s determination that “the

Fifth Circuit’s stay entered May 12, 2014, prohibiting [the Creditor] from foreclosing on the

property pending the appeal began the tolling of [section] 15-1-25 as to the promissory note

in accordance with [section] 15-1-57.” See Howard, 63 So. 3d at 593 (¶8) (prohibiting an

appellate court from disturbing a chancellor’s findings under the circumstances). The

chancellor also subsequently found that “the tolling period ceased at its earliest on December

9, 2014, approximately seven months later, when the Fifth Circuit reversed the U.S. District

Court, or at the latest on August 4, 2015, when the U.S. District Court rendered a final

judgment.”

¶41. In addressing the issue before us on review as to the timeliness of this probate claim,

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this Court has held that the question is “whether [the claimant] could prove any set of

evidence that would entitle him to relief against [the estate].” Thornhill, 905 So. 2d at 752

(¶15); see also Thomas, 883 So. 2d at 1178 (¶15). The broad language of section 91-7-151

requires the filing of all claims against an estate, whether due or not. To protect its recovery

of its secured lien from the assets of an estate, a creditor must file a statement of claim in the

probate proceeding. In addition to protecting a creditor’s recovery from the assets of an

estate on its claim under the promissory note, probating the claim also protects the creditor’s

right to claim a deficiency.

13

¶42. Where a claimant presents a claim against an estate in good faith and in substantial

compliance with the statute, the courts have held such compliance sufficient. See Cent.

Optical Merch. Co. v. Lowe’s Estate, 249 Miss. 61, 71, 160 So. 2d 673, 677 (1964). This

Court will affirm the factual findings of the chancellor “unless they are manifestly wrong,

clearly erroneous, or the chancellor applied an erroneous legal standard.” Howard, 63 So.

3d at 593 (¶8); see also Izard, 173 Miss. at 775, 163 So. at 499-500; Douglas Parker Elec.,

13 See Miss. Code Ann. § 11-5-93 (Rev. 2014) (judicial foreclosure); Miss. Code

Ann. § 89-1-55 (Rev. 2011) (nonjudicial foreclosure); Miss. Code Ann. § 89-1-59 (Rev.

2011) (reinstatement of accelerated debt). If a deficiency remains after a judicial foreclosure

and sale, a creditor can then pursue a decree for the balance due. See Miss. Code Ann. § 11-

5-111 (Rev. 2014). We note that after the sale of the real property in a judicial foreclosure,

the creditor has one year to obtain a deficiency judgment for any balance or deficiency

remaining after such sale. See Wansley v. First Nat’l Bank of Vicksburg, 566 So. 2d 1218,

1224 (Miss. 1990). Upon issuance of a judicial decree for a deficiency judgment, then a

new statute of limitations arises and runs from the date of the deficiency judgment. See

Roebke v. Love, 186 Miss. 609, 609, 191 So. 122, 125 (1939); Edgewater Park Co. v.

Standard Bond, etc., Co., 162 Miss. 684, 684, 138 So. 811, 812 (1932).

20
949 So. 2d at 878-79 (¶¶18-19) (discussion of factual questions involved in determining

equitable estoppel).14 Based upon the foregoing and the record, we find no error in the

chancellor’s application of the law to the facts of this case. We also find that the record

reflects substantial credible evidence supporting the chancellor’s findings and judgment that

the Creditor timely filed its claim in the probate proceeding. We therefore affirm on that sole

issue that is before this Court on appeal.

¶43. THE JUDGMENT OF THE LOWNDES COUNTY CHANCERY COURT IS

AFFIRMED. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO THE

APPELLANT.

LEE, C.J., IRVING AND GRIFFIS, P.JJ., ISHEE, FAIR, GREENLEE AND

WESTBROOKS, JJ., CONCUR. WILSON, J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY

WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. BARNES, J., NOT

PARTICIPATING.

14 Cf. Allen v. Mayer, 587 So. 2d 255, 260 (Miss. 1991) (question of fact existed as

to whether failure to file pleadings barred relief; held that “[w]hether laches bars an action

in a given case depends upon the circumstances of that case and is a ‘question primarily

addressed to the discretion of the trial court’”).

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