1

Filed 5/16/16 Wonderworks Pte. V. Hewlett-Packard CA6

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

WONDERWORKS PTE. LTD.,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY, et. al.,

Defendants and Respondents.

 H042330

 (Santa Clara County

 Super. Ct. No. 1-14-CV-273632)

In this action against Hewlett-Packard Company and two related entities, the court 

granted defendants’ motion to stay the action pending its adjudication in Malaysia. 

Plaintiff WonderWorks appeals, contending that the doctrine of forum non conveniens

should not have been applied, as the public and private interests underlying the litigation 

did not warrant depriving WonderWorks of its chosen forum. We agree that on the 

particular facts before us, the stay constituted an abuse of discretion and requires reversal.

Background

The following factual summary is derived from WonderWorks’s first amended 

complaint, supplemented by declarations and accompanying evidence submitted by the 

parties. WonderWorks was “incorporated” in Singapore but was wholly owned and 

managed by Sri Rajan, a California resident. Defendant Hewlett-Packard Company 

(HP Co.) was a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Palo Alto.

Defendant Hewlett-Packard Enterprise Services, LLC (HPES) was a wholly owned 

subsidiary of HP Co. which identified its principal office as being in Texas; according to 
2

WonderWorks, however, Palo Alto was the place where HPES employees conducted 

“significant business . . . with respect to the subject matter of this case.” Like HPES, 

Hewlett-Packard Malaysia (HPM) was a wholly owned subsidiary of HP Co., 

incorporated and operating in Malaysia. According to the 2015 complaint, HPES and 

HPM were agents or, alternatively, alter egos of HP Co., which commingled funds and 

interchanged employees among the three entities. HP Co. “instructed and controlled” 

HPES and HPM, using these subsidiaries “as a mere conduit for the affairs of HP Co., 

including by directing HPES and HPM to carry out the acts alleged in this complaint, for 

the benefit of HP Co.” The complaint referred to the HP entities collectively as “HP.”

In late 2009 or early 2010, HPM sought to procure a contract with Bank Negara 

Malaysia (BNM), the central bank of Malaysia. According to Bee Wah Lim (Lim), the 

“Country General Manager” of HPM, “BNM was looking for a company to develop an 

Integrated Statistical System (‘ISS’) that BNM could use to help manage and monitor the 

reporting activity and filings made by Malaysian financial institutions and other regulated 

Malaysian entities.” In April 2011, BNM awarded the contract to HPM.

In its complaint WonderWorks alleged that defendants had induced it to join them 

on a bid for the BNM contract. WonderWorks’s role, it was told, would be to sell its 

software to thousands of businesses in Malaysia that would be required to use the 

software in filing its financial reports to BNM. According to the complaint, “The 

Defendants told Plaintiff that after the system was in place in Malaysia, it would be 

replicated on the cloud for other customers worldwide. Defendants promised Plaintiff 

extraordinary profits if it would join this venture.” WonderWorks spent “millions of 

dollars” in preparation and then “performed admirably. However, Defendants botched 

the project and in the end did not pay Plaintiff for most of the work they had contracted to 

Plaintiff. Defendants also coerced Plaintiff to perform work outside the contract for 

which they did not pay. Ultimately, Defendants abandoned the project due to their own 

ineptitude and misconduct in order to cut their own losses, which eliminated the promised 
3

sales of Plaintiff’s software. Defendants also told Plaintiff that the worldwide cloud 

replication that had been promised had not actually been a reality.”

WonderWorks elaborated on these allegations by identifying HPM as the entity 

that had represented that WonderWorks would eventually earn “many millions of dollars 

in profit” once the BNM system was installed; meanwhile, WonderWorks would be 

“fully paid for all of its work and [its] software.” HPM had also represented to 

WonderWorks that “HP would partner with WonderWorks on an exclusive basis to 

replicate the BNM System on a revolutionary cloud-based system” which could be used 

by “regulators and reporting entities throughout the world.” HP Co., according to the 

complaint, “was an integral part of the contractual arrangement with WonderWorks.” 

HPM assured plaintiff that HP Co. was “committed to funding this Cloud System, and 

that it was on the agenda of the parent company’s highest executives, including CEO Leo 

Apotheker of HP Co. in Palo Alto, California.” HP Co. and HPES accordingly 

“approved all material aspects of HPM[‘s] putting together this deal with Plaintiff for the 

BNM System, and thereafter monitored and/or managed it closely until . . . HP Co. and 

HPES employees themselves took direct hands-on control of and/or significantly 

influenced, reviewed, and approved commercial, legal, risk, and technical aspects of the 

project.”

The eventual agreement between HP and WonderWorks contemplated that 

WonderWorks would provide its software components and services to the BNM system. 

HP also agreed to pay license fees for WonderWorks software that was later installed on 

servers at HP and BNM. The two components of the integrated agreement were a 

Statement of Work (SOW) and a “Global Supply Chain Services – Standard Terms and 
4

Conditions for Services and Software” (GSCS).1 By July of 2011 HPM began issuing 

purchase orders that carried their own conditions as well as being subject to the GSCS.

WonderWorks then expended more than $8 million in hiring independent 

contractor programmers to fulfill its contractual obligations. After HP obtained 

WonderWorks’s proprietary software specifications and learned how WonderWorks 

components should be integrated, “HP began to engage in serious misconduct.” Among 

WonderWorks’s allegations were HP’s (1) intentionally failing to disclose all of the 

hardware on which WonderWorks’s software had to be installed, resulting in its failure to 

pay “millions of dollars” in license fees to WonderWorks; (2) failing to pay millions of 

dollars on invoices submitted by WonderWorks; (3) inducing WonderWorks to continue 

the work and provide additional licenses while promising to pay the outstanding fees and 

invoices; (4) forcing WonderWorks to make modifications to components HP had 

acquired for the BNM system in order to avoid additional fees payable to BNM, even 

though such modifications were outside the scope of WonderWorks’s contract, by 

threatening to remove WonderWorks from the BNM system and cloud system projects; 

(5) blaming WonderWorks for HP’s own misguided decision to use a faulty, end-of-life 

component, thereby damaging WonderWorks’s reputation and causing its loss of profit; 

(6) unjustly blaming WonderWorks for HPM’s own failure to deliver the BNM system 

on time; and (7) imposing economic duress on WonderWorks by canceling payments on 

already approved invoices. WonderWorks also alleged that HP had led WonderWorks to 

believe that they would be partners in the worldwide cloud system; yet HP never intended 

to partner with WonderWorks on the system and failed to fund it. WonderWorks 

asserted that “HP’s true intent was to obtain [WonderWorks’s] expertise, incorporate 

WonderWorks software into HP’s offering for the BNM System without properly 

 

1

The SOW stated that it was an agreement between HPM and WonderWorks, but 

it also stated that it was “issued by HP in support of HP’s [BNM] project.”
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compensating [WonderWorks], and then to use pretext to expel [WonderWorks] from 

participation and profit in the BNM System and future Cloud System projects.” 

“Eventually, due to its own incompetence and intentional misconduct and through no 

fault of [WonderWorks], HP was unable to deliver the BNM System it had contracted to 

build.” HP consequently negotiated an exit agreement with BNM and abandoned the 

project. WonderWorks, however, at BNM’s request, stayed on to support a limited 

version of the BNM system. 

WonderWorks brought this action in November 2014, initially naming only HPES 

and HPM. In its first amended complaint, filed January 23, 2015, it added HP Co. as a 

defendant. Against all defendants WonderWorks claimed fraudulent misrepresentation, 

fraudulent inducement (inducing WonderWorks through misrepresentations to enter into 

contracts with HP), negligent misrepresentation, and fraudulent concealment with the 

intent to induce WonderWorks to enter into the contract with HP and then to provide 

software and services outside the scope of the contract.2

WonderWorks further alleged that even if they were not parties to the contracts 

with HPM (either directly or as HPM’s principals), HP Co. and HPES were liable for 

intentional interference with contractual relations, based on their employees’ control of 

the contractual relationship between HPM and WonderWorks, their interference with 

WonderWorks’s ability to perform, their interference with the payment of WonderWorks 

for its software and services, and their prevention of WonderWorks’s realization of 

 

2

This fourth cause of action alleged concealment of “various material facts, 

including but not limited to (1) that they did not intend to disclose to BNM that the EAS 

and XDA components were unsuitable for the BNM System and would need to be 

replaced, but instead intended to force Plaintiff to design modifications for no additional 

payment; (2) that they intended to obtain Plaintiff’s XBRL software and expertise, and to 

misappropriate Plaintiff’s trade secrets and computer code, and then to exclude Plaintiff 

from the BNM System project; and (3) that HP intended to eventually negotiate a 

favorable exit agreement for themselves with BNM, and leave Plaintiff hanging without 

payment.”
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profits under the contracts with HPM. All defendants were allegedly liable for 

intentional interference with prospective economic advantage by disrupting 

WonderWorks’s relationship with BNM and the reporting entities to whom 

WonderWorks supplied software and maintenance services. That disruption consisted in 

“interference with contract, defamation and commercial disparagement, trade libel, fraud, 

and other acts . . . .” And HP Co. and HPES were similarly liable to WonderWorks, a 

third-party beneficiary, based on their intentional interference with contracts between the 

reporting entities and HPM, which would have benefited WonderWorks through its 

license and maintenance fees.

In three additional causes of action WonderWorks alleged breach of contract 

against all defendants for unpaid invoices, unpaid license fees, and the benefits 

WonderWorks would have obtained as third-party beneficiary of the contracts with the 

reporting entities. WonderWorks further alleged breach of the covenant of good faith and 

fair dealing arising from its contracts with HP, negligence in performing under HP’s 

contract with BNM, and “defamation and commercial disparagement” for blaming 

WonderWorks’s software for HP’s decision to use and continue using XDA3and its 

“unjustified withholding of important and complete input components from Plaintiff.” 

Finally, WonderWorks asserted quantum meruit against defendants for the “fair and 

 

3 XDA, along with EAS, was a component HP had procured for the BNM system. 

As WonderWorks described them, both were “end-of-life” software unsupported by the 

manufacturer, but HP “forced” WonderWorks to modify XDA and EAS so that HP 

would not have to pay for replacement components. Although WonderWorks advised 

HP that the modifications would not be suitable for the system, and although the 

modifications were outside the scope of the parties’ agreement, HP threatened to reduce 

WonderWorks’s share of future cloud system revenue and remove it from the BNM and 

cloud projects. WonderWorks provided the modifications but was not paid for them. 

Eventually, HP did replace EAS with a WonderWorks software component (for which 

WonderWorks was not paid), but its decision “to fraudulently conceal an unsupported, 

end-of-life XDA poses significant known and unknown limitations to the BNM System.”
7

reasonable value of the services” WonderWorks had provided “under coercion” by 

defendants.

In its original complaint naming only HPES and HPM, WonderWorks had 

asserted that venue was proper in Santa Clara County because it was the principal place 

of business in California for HPES “and because certain acts and omissions of HPES that 

are alleged herein occurred in Santa Clara County.” WonderWorks further stated that 

high-level executives of HPES who were involved “with the substance of this case” had 

business addresses in Palo Alto, the “headquarters” of HP Co.

After receiving the original complaint, HPES and HPM filed their forum non 

conveniens motion, claiming that California was a “seriously inconvenient forum” with 

“absolutely no nexus to California.” According to its argument, the dispute had 

“absolutely no connection” to California because it involved “a Singaporean plaintiff 

(WonderWorks) suing a Malaysian defendant (HP Malaysia) and an out-of-state 

defendant (HPES) over a contract for delivery of a software system to a Malaysian 

third-party [sic] (Malaysia’s central bank, BNM).” Malaysia, on the other hand, had 

“significant ties” to both the parties and the dispute.

On January 23, 2015, having obtained a continuance of the hearing on HPES and 

HPM’s motion, WonderWorks filed its first amended complaint adding HP Co. as a 

defendant. WonderWorks asserted that venue was proper in Santa Clara County because 

HP Co. had its principal place of business there, and because HPES employees conducted 

“significant business” in Palo Alto, HP Co.’s headquarters. WonderWorks also pointed 

out that HPES, a wholly owned subsidiary of HP Co., was registered with the California 

Secretary of State as a foreign corporation qualified to do business within the state.

On January 29, 2015 WonderWorks asked the court to take the motion off 

calendar without prejudice to its being refiled so that it could be heard with the inclusion 

of the new defendant, HP Co., which had not yet appeared or declared its willingness to 

submit to jurisdiction in Malaysia. Counsel for WonderWorks pointed out that the 
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existing motion did not address HP Co.’s role in the events underlying the dispute, and 

absent an extended hearing date defendants would either initiate piecemeal litigation with 

its own forum non conveniens motion or address the opposition to the existing motion in 

its reply—a reply that likely would raise new arguments regarding HP Co. without an 

opportunity for WonderWorks to respond.

This time a different judge of the superior court, the Honorable William J. Elfving, 

denied WonderWorks’s request to take the forum non conveniens motion off calendar. 

WonderWorks then filed its opposition to the motion. WonderWorks pointed out that its 

identity as a Singaporean company was in name only, as it belonged solely to Rajan, a 

California resident. WonderWorks maintained that it was more convenient to litigate in 

California because the HP enterprise was based here, Rajan lived here, many of the acts 

occurred here, and the majority of the important witnesses were in California or 

elsewhere in the United States, not in Malaysia. Addressing defendants’ assertion that 

the case was only “a Malaysian dispute” between HPM and WonderWorks, 

WonderWorks responded that HP Co. and HPES were “involved in the BNM project 

from beginning to end, and their personnel were decision-makers on the project.” 

WonderWorks also pointed out that the three documents that composed the parties’ 

contractual relationship were required by their terms to be read as a single, integrated 

agreement, and that the term “HP” in these documents was defined to mean HP Co. as 

well as its subsidiaries (except for the financial terms section).

In their reply defendants insisted that Malaysia, not California, was the appropriate 

forum, because the dispute arose from a subcontract between HPM and WonderWorks, 

which pertained to work to be performed for a Malaysian bank and which was governed 

by Malaysian law. In support of this reply defendants submitted additional declarations 

from two witnesses, Donn Deffebach of HPES and Lim of HPM. WonderWorks 

objected on the ground that new facts had been offered in defendants’ reply without its 

having an opportunity to respond. The court did not expressly rule on the objection.
9

The hearing on the motion took place on February 26, 2015. The court filed its 

decision that day denying the motion to dismiss but granting the alternative request to 

stay the action pending its adjudication in Malaysia. This appeal followed.

Discussion

The doctrine of forum non conveniens is rooted in equity. It allows a court to 

decline to exercise its jurisdiction over a case when it determines that the case “may be 

more appropriately and justly tried elsewhere.” (Stangvik v. Shiley Inc. (1991) 54 Cal.3d 

744, 751 (Stangvik).) The Legislature sanctioned the application of this principle by 

enacting Code of Civil Procedure section 410.30, which states, in subdivision (a), “When 

a court upon motion of a party or its own motion finds that in the interest of substantial 

justice an action should be heard in a forum outside this state, the court shall stay or 

dismiss the action in whole or in part on any conditions that may be just.” As explained 

in the Judicial Council’s comment to this section, the provision “authorizes a court to 

decline to exercise its jurisdiction in appropriate instances on the ground that the plaintiff 

has unfairly or unreasonably invoked the jurisdiction of an inconvenient forum.”

Our Supreme Court in Stangvik set forth a two-step analysis for a court 

considering a forum non conveniens motion. The court “must first determine whether the 

alternate forum is a ‘suitable’ place for trial. If it is, the next step is to consider the 

private interests of the litigants and the interests of the public in retaining the action for 

trial in California. The private interest factors are those that make trial and the 

enforceability of the ensuing judgment expeditious and relatively inexpensive, such as the 

ease of access to sources of proof, the cost of obtaining attendance of witnesses, and the 

availability of compulsory process for attendance of unwilling witnesses. The public 

interest factors include avoidance of overburdening local courts with congested 

calendars, protecting the interests of potential jurors so that they are not called upon to 

decide cases in which the local community has little concern, and weighing the 

competing interests of California and the alternate jurisdiction in the litigation.”
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(Stangvik, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 751, citing Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno (1981) 454 U.S. 

235, 259-261 (Piper) and Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert (1947) 330 U.S. 501, 507-509; see 

also Morris v. AGFA Corp. (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 1452, 1463-1464.) Also of potential 

concern is “the interest in trying the case in a forum familiar with the applicable law, and 

the interest in avoiding unnecessary conflicts of laws.” (Ravelo Monegro v. Rosa (9th 

Cir. 2000) 211 F.3d 509, 512 (Ravelo Monegro).) These public and private interests are 

to be “applied flexibly, without giving undue emphasis to any one element.” (Stangvik,

supra, at p. 753.)

The burden of proof is on the defendant, as the party asserting forum non 

conveniens. (Stangvik, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 751.) On appeal, we review the ultimate 

ruling for abuse of discretion, and the lower court’s ruling is entitled to “substantial 

deference.” (Ibid.) However, the “threshold” determination—the suitability of the 

alternative forum—is not part of the discretionary balancing of public and private 

interests but is examined de novo. (Id. at p. 752, fn. 3; American Cemwood Corp. v.

American Home Assurance Co. (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 431, 436; Investors Equity Life 

Holding Co. v. Schmidt (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 1519, 1528.)

1. Suitability of Malaysia

WonderWorks does not explicitly address this step of the convenience analysis by 

asserting that Malaysia is an unsuitable alternative forum. This suitability determination 

generally turns on whether the foreign tribunal will exercise personal and subject matter 

jurisdiction and whether the cause of action will be barred there by its statute of 

limitations. (Piper, supra, 454 U.S. at p. 255, fn. 22; Stangvik, supra, 54 Cal.3d at 

p. 752.) Lead counsel for all three HP defendants represented to the trial court that 

HP Co. and HPES would consent to jurisdiction in Malaysia and that all defendants 

would agree to waive any statute of limitations applicable there. There was no evidence 

presented that Malaysia would deprive WonderWorks entirely of a remedy. (See Boaz v.

Boyle & Co. (1995) 40 Cal.App.4th 700, 711 [“The ‘no remedy at all’ exception . . . 
11

applies only in rare circumstances, such as where the alternative forum is a foreign 

country in which the courts are not independent, or due process is not applied”]; Shiley 

Inc. v. Superior Court (1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 126, 133-134; Guimei v. General Elec. Co. 

(2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 689, 697 (Guimei).) We will assume, as do defendants, that 

WonderWorks has conceded the suitability of Malaysia as an alternative forum.

2. Balance of Private and Public Interests

We next consider the trial court’s application of the private and public interest 

factors intrinsic to a forum non conveniens analysis. Unfortunately, neither the court’s 

comments at the hearing nor its ruling gives us a clue to its balancing of the applicable 

factors. Its order consisted of nothing more than a statement that it had reviewed the 

parties’ written and oral arguments and that the motion was “hereby GRANTED.”

“It is the trial court’s duty to weigh and interpret evidence and draw reasonable 

inferences therefrom.” (National Football League v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. (2013) 216 

Cal.App.4th 902, 918.) Of course, a trial court need not express its reasons for its ruling 

on a forum non conveniens motion. “It is axiomatic [that] we review judicial action and 

not judicial reasoning.” (Cal-State Business Products & Services, Inc. v. Ricoh (1993) 12 

Cal.App.4th 1666, 1676; accord, Campbell v. Parker-Hannifin Corp. (1999) 69 

Cal.App.4th 1534, 1542.) Our role on appeal begins with the presumption that the lower 

court “found every fact and drew every reasonable inference necessary to support its 

determination. [Citation.]” (Guimei, supra, 172 Cal.App.4th at p. 699.) We will 

interfere with a trial court’s exercise of discretion only if no judge could reasonably have 

reached the challenged result. Here, however, in light of all the undisputed material facts, 

we are compelled to conclude that this criterion has been met.

The most vigorously litigated issue between the parties centered on the degree of 

deference due WonderWorks as plaintiff. Defendants argued in their motion that “very 

little deference” should be accorded WonderWorks’s choice of forum because this was a 

dispute strictly between foreign entities with “absolutely no nexus to California.” The 
12

subcontract with WonderWorks, they urged, was “negotiated in Malaysia between 

Malaysian and Singaporean entities” and governed by Malaysian law. WonderWorks 

countered that Rajan, a California resident, was the real party in interest, that the 

“Hewlett-Packard enterprise” is based in California, and that many of the acts giving rise 

to its claims occurred here.

The United States Supreme Court has stated that a plaintiff’s choice of his home 

forum should be respected “except upon a clear showing of facts [that] either (1) establish 

such oppressiveness and vexation to a defendant as to be out of all proportion to 

plaintiff’s convenience, which may be shown to be slight or nonexistent, or (2) make trial 

in the chosen forum inappropriate because of considerations affecting the court’s own 

administrative and legal problems. In any balancing of conveniences, a real showing of 

convenience by a plaintiff who has sued in his home forum will normally outweigh the 

inconvenience the defendant may have shown.” (Koster v. (American) Lumbermens Mut. 

Casualty Co. (1947) 330 U.S. 518, 524.) Ordinarily courts resist disturbing a resident 

plaintiff’s choice of forum, which is presumed to be convenient and “which may be 

overcome only when the private and public interest factors clearly point towards trial in 

the alternative forum.” (Piper, supra, 454 U.S. at p. 255.) “[A] state has a strong interest 

in assuring its own residents an adequate forum for the redress of grievances.” (Stangvik,

supra, 54 Cal.3d at pp. 754-755.)

The “strong presumption” in favor of the plaintiff’s choice of forum is of less 

force, however, and the plaintiff’s choice therefore entitled to less deference, in the case 

of a foreign plaintiff. (Piper, supra, 454 U.S. at p. 255.) “When the home forum has 

been chosen, it is reasonable to assume that this choice is convenient. When the plaintiff 

is foreign, however, this assumption is much less reasonable. Because the central 

purpose of any forum non conveniens inquiry is to ensure that the trial is convenient, a 

foreign plaintiff’s choice deserves less deference.” (Id. at pp. 255-256; Stangvik, supra, 

54 Cal.3d at p. 755.)
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On the other hand, whereas the strong presumption in favor of a resident plaintiff 

may be weakened by countervailing indications of an oppressive and vexatious purpose, 

it would be fallacious to conclude that the attenuated presumption in the case of a foreign 

plaintiff is equivalent to a presumption that the plaintiff chose that forum for those 

inimical purposes. (See Fromherz, A Call for Stricter Appellate Review of Decisions on 

Forum Non Conveniens, (2012) 11 Wash. U. L.Rev. 527, 535 [charging federal courts 

with inappropriate “negative deference” to foreign plaintiffs by assuming the forum was 

chosen for an illegitimate reason].) In other words, “less deference is not the same thing 

as no deference.” (Ravelo Monegro, supra, 211 F.3d at p. 514.) “Because the reason for 

giving a foreign plaintiff’s choice less deference is not xenophobia, but merely a 

reluctance to assume that the choice is a convenient one, that reluctance can readily be 

overcome by a strong showing of convenience.” (Lony v. E.I. Du Pont de Nemours &

Co. (3d Cir. 1989) 886 F.2d 628, 634.) A court should therefore examine all relevant 

factors in determining whether the plaintiff should be permitted to litigate in his or her 

preferred location, not simply accord that preference no weight at all merely because the 

plaintiff is based in a foreign country.

One of those relevant circumstances may be a plaintiff’s corporate identity. As the 

Fourth Appellate District, Division Three commented recently, the rule of deference to a 

corporate plaintiff’s forum choice is not applicable in the same way as to human 

plaintiffs; a corporation may have formed in one state but operates in one or more other 

states, “which might suggest that each of those states could provide a presumptively 

convenient forum for litigation involving the corporate plaintiff, and each might claim 

varying degrees of interest in [en]suring that corporation has an adequate forum for 

redress of its grievances.” (Investors Equity Life Holding Company v. Schmidt (2015) 

233 Cal.App.4th 1363, 1379.) In the case of a foreign corporation, it may be considered 

a “ ‘pseudoforeign’ ” corporation if the majority of its shares are held by California 

residents. (Id. at p. 1380.) In such a case, the corporate plaintiff “might have a good 
14

claim to whatever forum benefits would be afforded to a similarly situated domestic 

corporation.” (Ibid.)

These considerations are equally applicable to plaintiff WonderWorks: While 

nominally a Singaporean business, it is wholly owned and managed by Rajan, a 

California resident. The address used during the negotiations was not a physical office 

but a company that provided registration and other services for companies registered in 

Singapore.4 In his declaration Rajan stated that when the original purpose of the 

registration—to pursue a government grant—fell apart, he abandoned plans to do 

anything with the entity and eventually returned to the United States. That the sole owner 

of the plaintiff company lives in and works from California permits the inference that the 

action is brought here for reasons of convenience, not oppression. 

Aside from divergent portrayals of the location of each party’s operations, a major 

source of disagreement was the location of the witnesses, one of the “private interest” 

factors discussed in the abundant forum non conveniens precedent. WonderWorks 

named witnesses based in the United States—notably, of course, Rajan, WonderWorks’s 

owner.

5

 Defendants relied on witnesses in Malaysia, particularly Lim, who, as 

“Country General Manager” for HPM, had participated in the negotiations and 

discussions with WonderWorks regarding its subcontract for the BNM project.

Also a central point of dispute was the difference in the parties’ accounts of where 

the material events took place. According to defendants, the evidence and material 

witnesses were “practically all in Malaysia,” and the “operative time period for resolving 

this dispute” was “neither the prologue nor the post script [sic]. Rather, this dispute turns 

 

4 Counsel compared the registration address as “essentially a local equivalent of a 

Mailbox[es] Et Cetera.”

5 Rajan also represented that “the few WonderWorks employees who worked on 

the BNM project are relocating soon and I expect that they will live in California for the 

next couple of years.”
15

on the fundamental question of whether WonderWorks performed its contractual 

obligations in the Statement of Work (‘SOW’), and the extent to which it should receive 

compensation over and above the originally agreed upon amounts as Plaintiff demands.” 

Thus, defendants argued, any involvement of non-HPM employees was peripheral and 

“occurred either before [HPM] secured the BNM Project and engaged WonderWorks to 

assist, or after the parties’ relationship had already deteriorated.”

Defendants adhere to this position on appeal. WonderWorks, however, maintains 

that the scope of the case does indeed encompass the periods before and after the 

commencement of the work. The first four causes of action, it points out, allege that 

defendants fraudulently induced WonderWorks to become involved in the BNM project; 

then, after the contracts were signed, HP made decisions that both impeded 

WonderWorks’s performance and impaired its reputation and economic prospects. HP 

employees in the United States, WonderWorks alleged, “were intimately involved with 

both periods,” making “critical decisions before, during, and after the work on the BNM 

project.”

In addressing this point of dispute, we consider the location of the acts pertaining 

to HP’s negotiation of the contract with BNM, the recruitment of Rajan for 

WonderWorks’s participation in the BNM project, and the extensive negotiations 

between Rajan and various HP employees thereafter. In his declaration Rajan stated that 

Steve Illingworth, an HP employee responsible for selecting contractors for the BNM 

project, invited him to work on the project through WonderWorks, which Rajan had “no 

intention of doing anything with” once his government proposal was declined.

WonderWorks also offered a declaration from Illingworth. Until December 31, 

2010 Illingworth was employed by HP in Singapore, with responsibility for sales, 

management, and related business functions for large and strategic accounts in southeast 

Asia regions such as Malaysia. In his declaration Illingworth stated that he was closely 

involved in the competitive bidding process for BNM project on behalf of HP. He did 
16

not report to employees of HPM but instead to his manager in the United States, 

Uday Kumaraswami. As a “[l]arge and strategic” deal, the BNM project required 

“detailed involvement of HP and HPES employees in the United States, including special 

authorization and approval from senior US executives in HPES, HP Software, and HP 

from all business units, including finance, legal, risk, delivery, and technology.” Many of 

these United States executives were based in California. Those employees who were part 

of HPM, such as Lim, interacted “routinely and regularly” by e-mail and telephone 

regarding the status of the project “and to secure the necessary approvals from several 

HPES, HP Software, and HP leaders in California.” Illingworth’s involvement in setting 

up a competitive bidding position for the BNM project “required extraordinary 

interactions, direction, authorization, approval, and control by several HPES, 

HP Software, and HP leaders in California and other US office locations since BNM 

demanded unlimited liability to be assumed by the awarded vendor.” HP’s “high level 

executives” beyond HPM were required to engage in a “high level of involvement and 

supervision,” because project delays or failures were required by BNM to be borne by 

HP, and “[t]hus, decisions could be approved only by HP headquarters.” These

executives were the ones who approved the selection of WonderWorks for the BNM 

project. Illingworth’s experience with deals of this size and nature convinced him that 

executives from those HP entities in California would have continued to be intimately 

involved with the project, even after Illingworth resigned at the end of 2010.

6

In addition to Illingworth’s declaration, WonderWorks submitted copies of e-mails 

between Rajan and various HP employees before and during Rajan’s work on the project. 

 

6

In her reply declaration, however, Lim stated that the “substantive” work on 

developing the BNM system was performed by a team of HPM employees overseen and 

managed by her; once the proposal was submitted to BNM, “no US executives were 

necessary for authorization or approval nor oversaw or managed the work.” 

WonderWorks’s objection to defendants’ new evidence encompassed Lim’s reply 

declaration.
17

The terms of the SOW were negotiated in May 2011 with HP’s Jose Ignacio Rosales, 

with other HP employees included in the e-mail correspondence.

7

 Eventually Rosales 

advised Rajan that HP needed to “work internally” and that as soon as he obtained “all 

the approval,” he would e-mail Rajan with the next steps.

In August 2011 Gregory Yurkoski, a Global Software Portfolio Manager for HP in 

California, was asked to get involved through a “Needs Request” from 

“SharePointOperations.” He had a number of questions about the project and the supplier

(i.e., WonderWorks), and his e-mail to Tai at HPM advised her that “management will 

not approve this to move forward without this information.”

By November 2011 delays were compromising the early relationship between the 

parties. Markus Schneider (located in Germany) had already signed the SOW in June on 

behalf of HPM, but Rajan had not yet signed. Incorporated into the pending agreement 

was the “Malaysian Version” of the GSCS. Although a purchase order had already been 

issued to WonderWorks, the GSCS was delayed in “Global HP Legal.” The negotiations 

over the issues concerning the parties in November 2011 were handled from HP’s side by 

Rajashree Jayaraman, a project director for HPES in Malaysia.

At this point Lim was not directly involved in the negotiations. On November 19, 

2011, however, she complained to three employees (Tai, Eric Lim, and Jane Lian) that 

the completion of HP’s agreements with WonderWorks was “very very slow.” She 

suggested that if they did not close within one week, she “would like to escalate this to 

VP of Global Procurement in the US,” and she accordingly urged completion “asap.”

One of Rajan’s concerns was that the SOW did not protect WonderWorks’s source 

code and that its object code might be reverse-engineered. In December 2011 he 

 

7

These e-mail negotiations involved Puie Yein Chow and Lee Yong Wong in 

addition to Rosales, with copies of the correspondence sent to Mariah Tai and Betty Lau. 

Lim was not included as an addressee at this stage.
18

expressed these concerns to Luann Manning in Global Procurement, who eventually 

responded that “there is no reverse engineering.”8

On December 7, 2011, Rajan signed the SOW on behalf of WonderWorks.

The accompanying GSCS specified that the agreement “shall be interpreted and governed 

by the laws of Malaysia.” The purchase orders issued to WonderWorks, however, 

specified that they would be interpreted under and governed by California law. The 

SOW, the GSCS, and the ensuing purchase orders were all in English.

By mid-2012 increasing tension had developed between Rajan and HP personnel, 

primarily regarding protection of WonderWorks source code and payment of its invoices. 

E-mail correspondence attached to Rajan’s declaration reflected considerable friction 

between Rajan and HP executives over these issues. On June 13, 2012, Richard Bahnsen 

at HP Hong Kong directed Lena Chan at HPM to freeze all WonderWorks invoices 

because it was “refusing to comply with their obligations under their contract to hand 

over their relevant source code,” which HP had been asking for “for several weeks now.” 

Rajan insisted that “this is just not done” in the industry and that it was not part of the 

SOW.9 He expressed additional concern about “illegal licenses now in use by HP” for 

which HP had not paid, “HP blackmail to WonderWorks, and HP attempted theft of 

WonderWorks IP.”

Rajan complained to Rajesh Narasimhan (at HP in Singapore) of “bullying tactics” 

about the release of the source code. Narasimhan urged Rajan to talk to Steve 

McGuinness (HPES in Singapore), who assured Rajan that his team had been reviewing 

 

8

Lim, responding to WonderWorks’s list of various HP employees, stated that 

Manning’s “[n]ame is familiar but not sure who she is.” Manning’s e-mail signature 

listed a telephone number with a 303 area code.

9

The phrasing of the request for “source code” was eventually deemed 

“unfortunate”; the parties’ agreement, McGuinness pointed out, was for WonderWorks to 

provide “Developed Program Source Code.”
19

Rajan’s allegations and had consulted HP’s “Ethics Counsel.” When Rajan requested a 

meeting to discuss outstanding issues, McGuinness asked Deffebach to become involved; 

McGuinness would “not engage unless instructed” by Deffebach and “the team.”

Additional complaints about nonpayment of invoices for software and services 

provided reached Narasimhan in early August 2012. Narasimhan urged Rajan to work 

with McGuinness and Deffebach to resolve these issues. It would have been “improper” 

for Narasimhan himself to “intervene and over rule [sic] [Deffebach’s] decisions.”

By September of 2012, Bahnsen, now at HPM, urged Rajan to meet with him and 

Deffebach to “sort out” the issues between WonderWorks and HP. Deffebach likewise 

appealed to Rajan “to engage with HP and specifically with me as the individual 

responsible, and empowered, to effect a change in the status quo.”

Andrew Norton was a “Project” or “Program” director based in Singapore; 

defendants agreed that he had been involved in the project. In Rajan’s declaration, he 

stated, “[Norton] told me that he interacted with employees of [HP Co.] in the United 

States who had decision-making authority on WonderWorks contract issues as well as 

with Donn Deffebach. As problems got worse, Mr. Norton told me that reporting within 

HP had moved up the management chain and included Kathy Garcia, who he said had 

ultimate decision-making authority on the BNM project, including authority over project 

expenses. He also told me that in 2012, Kathy Garcia, a Senior Vice President of 

[HP Co.], became involved in the project to such an extent that she participated in regular 

conference calls with team members.”

Lim asserted that Garcia had no “substantive involvement” in the BNM Project; 

she “was not involved in the details nor exerted any authority over the management of the 

project. Kathy Garcia’s role [was] to monitor costs and risk on a global scale for the 

Enterprise Services business unit.” Lim did not believe that Garcia was involved in the 

review or approval of purchase orders. In e-mail correspondence in May 2012, however, 

Bahnsen had advised Rajan that purchase order authorization requests were “with Kathy 
20

Garcia (she does her approvals on a weekly basis so should see those [purchase orders] 

come through this week.”

Deffebach submitted two declarations describing his own participation in the 

discussions around the conflict with WonderWorks. He stated that he worked directly 

with HPM’s directors and officers and coordinated his efforts with Lim. He “did not 

report or otherwise obtain the approval or consent” from anyone in the United States for 

his work on the BNM project. He also stated that he never interacted with Kathy Garcia 

of HPES in Texas, as she was not involved in the BNM project. Moreover, he said, no 

one from any HP entity in the United States participated in communications about the 

timing of payments to WonderWorks. It was his function to review contracts, costs, 

revenue, and losses related to the project. Payment decisions were made locally by HPM 

or, for larger payments, “perhaps sub-regionally.”

In Deffebach’s second declaration, submitted in February 2015, he explained the 

disintegration of the BNM project. It was designated a “red account” when it began 

encountering difficulties. At that point “worldwide senior management in HP 

Company’s Applications & Business Services (‘ABS’) division of Enterprise Services 

would be more aware of the account for financial reporting and forecasting purposes.” 

Once an account receives a “red account” designation, the local Country Manager (Lim) 

would be given assistance from the region. McGuinness and Ruma Balasubramanian 

became involved after the BNM project had become a red account, but Deffebach led the 

remediation plan, working under HPM’s supervision to “negotiate new terms” between 

BNM and HPM. In this effort Deffebach reported to “senior level directors and officers 

of [HPM], including Bee Wah Lim, and senior level management in the Asia Pacific and 

Japan region, including Mr. McGuinness, Ms. Balasubramanian and Rajesh 

Narasimhan.” Together with Deffebach, they were “the final decision-makers and had 

full delegated authority with respect to the BNM Project, including payment to all of its 

sub-contractors.”
21

Lim had been with HPM for more than 26 years by the time she wrote her first 

declaration in December 2014. In that document she stated that her team “led the 

negotiations and discussions with WonderWorks regarding their engagement as a 

sub-contractor for [HPM] on the BNM Project.” Lim said that she “oversaw and 

supervised all facets of the BNM Project, including our work with sub-contractors, such 

as WonderWorks.” The focus of her declaration was the management, remediation 

efforts, and eventual “winding down” of the BNM project.

Lim asserted that the HPM employees who had “information about the work and 

interactions with WonderWorks” were “primarily located” in Malaysia. She also

suggested that BNM employees, who she believed were located in Malaysia, would be 

witnesses in the case. In her second declaration, executed in February 2015, Lim noted 

that BNM had served HPM with a notice to arbitrate, there being a conflict between them 

over the transfer of software rights to the bank.

It is apparent from these declarations and the correspondence between the various 

actors involved in the conflict with WonderWorks that this was not simply an 

“intrinsically Malaysian dispute” between two foreign parties with “absolutely no nexus 

to California.” Unquestionably, Lim was based in Malaysia at all times during the events 

of which WonderWorks complained. But other witnesses were located in the United 

States. WonderWorks’s primary witness, of course, Rajan, lives in California. 

Deffebach was located in Singapore and Malaysia between December 2010 and

December 2012, but in December 2013 he moved to Portland, where he was located at 

the time of his first declaration in December 2014.10 According to Deffebach, 

McGuinness also was based in Singapore during the project, but he relocated to HPES in 

 

10 Deffebach also told Rajan in their June 2012 exchange that he was from 

Portland but was “currently ‘on loan’ to the [Asia Pacific and Japan] region, based in 

Singapore . . . for a year or [two].
22

the United States in May 2013. Rajan believed McGuinness to be located in San 

Francisco.

Other witnesses’ current locations were not part of the evidence supplied in the 

parties’ moving and opposition papers; both Rajan and Lim suggested where they 

believed numerous named witnesses and other individuals were located, but each 

disputed the relevance of the names listed by the other. Rajan’s list, for example, 

included Rosales in Mexico, Yurkoski in Palo Alto, Manning in Denver, and Norton in 

Australia. Rajan believed Bahnsen to be in Hong Kong, while Narasimhan, he thought, 

was in Singapore. Garcia was acknowledged to be based in the United States—according 

to HP Co., in Plano, Texas.

11

In her reply declaration Lim emphasized that it was HPM employees who 

performed the “substantive work” on the BNM project, including working with 

WonderWorks “to develop and implement the BNM information system in Malaysia.” 

Only after the project began to encounter “problems,” she noted, did executives 

Deffebach, Bahnsen, McGuinness, Norton, and Narasimhan become involved. But it was 

those “problems” that formed the basis of several allegations in WonderWorks’s 

complaint; they were not immaterial facts. Less material were the details of the various 

employees’ performance of the contract between HPM and BNM, including those 

employees who composed Lim’s “team.” As HP Co. or HPES executives actively 

participated in the attempted resolution of the conflict with WonderWorks, the timing of 

their involvement cannot be discounted as “peripheral,” as defendants contended. 

Finally, to the extent that WonderWorks will rely on its software partner on the project, 

 

11 Rajan listed three United States cities in which Garcia might be located: 

Cupertino, California; Naples, Florida; and Plano, Texas.
23

UBmatrix, Inc.,12 it will require testimony from material witnesses from that Redwood 

City company. 

The location of the witnesses during the BNM project does not alone compel 

litigation in Malaysia. Much of the communication concerning the parties’ difficulties in 

implementing the project was conducted by e-mail from various locations. (See Note,

One-Way Ticket Home: The Federal Doctrine Of Forum Non Conveniens And The 

International Plaintiff (1991-1992) 77 Cornell L.Rev 650, 677 [noting that advances in 

technology facilitate litigation in any given forum, thus vitiating assertions of 

inconvenience].) With the exception of Lim (who, WonderWorks points out, was not 

shown to be unavailable or unwilling to appear in California), important witnesses 

material to WonderWorks’s claims appear to be located in the United States. (See 

Carijano v. Occidental Petroleum Corp. (2011) 643 F.3d 1216, 1231 (Carijano) [court 

should have focused on materiality and importance of witnesses, not the number located 

in the alternative forum].)13

The events from which this action arose also do not compel the conclusion that it 

concerns only foreign entities with no connection to California. Defendants 

overemphasize the fact that the project was to be implemented initially for a customer in 

Malaysia (i.e., BNM), but WonderWorks’s claims address issues outside the scope of the 

HPM-BNM contract. WonderWorks’s first four causes of action accused HPM 

specifically of misrepresenting the benefits WonderWorks could accrue from the BNM 

project; but upon information and belief it further alleged that senior management of 

 

12 Illingworth, the HP manager who recruited Rajan for the BNM project, 

explained in his declaration that UBmatrix was the company that had created the XBRL 

financial reporting standard. When recruited, Rajan had already worked with UBmatrix 

on the development of XBRL applications.

13 Defendants make the point that BNM was “the customer” on the project; but 

they do not show how that fact is material to a determination of the fraud- and 

contract-related issues.
24

HP Co. and HPES approved “all material aspects” of the deal between HPM and 

WonderWorks. (Cf. Carijano, supra, 643 F.3d at p. 1230 [court erred in focusing on site 

of contamination injury rather than mental state of defendants whose decisions resulted in 

the injury].) WonderWorks also pointed out that the GSCS referred to “HP” in most 

paragraphs as “Hewlett-Packard Company and its Affiliates.” The remaining nine causes 

of action against the three defendants were directed at the conduct that deprived 

WonderWorks of the expected benefit of its work on the BNM project. The fifth and 

seventh causes of action (intentional interference with WonderWorks’s contractual 

relations with HPM and with four reporting entities) were directed solely against HP Co. 

and HPES.

Defendants’ emphasis on the location of the evidence likewise does not convince 

us that the case belongs in Malaysia. If Rajan’s and Illingworth’s declarations accurately 

portray the roles of the executives involved in the decisions to recruit WonderWorks—

and, later, to stop paying its invoices—then those decisions would have involved 

individuals from the United States, not just Lim and the HPM team. Lim’s description of 

the personnel involved and their Malaysian locations overemphasizes the nature of the 

work on the BNM project, while overlooking the essence of the claims pertaining to 

defendants’ conduct toward WonderWorks before and after the project was undertaken. 

As noted, much of that evidence appears to be in electronic form, further weakening 

defendants’ claim that the necessary documents are located in Malaysia. Defendants’ 

assertion that WonderWorks performed the work from Malaysia and that it continues to 

do so was supported by no evidence.

Manu International, S.A., v. Avon Products, Inc. (2d Circ. 1981) 641 F.2d 62

(Manu) illustrates the necessity of focusing on the causes of action in evaluating the 

private and public interests at issue. There the plaintiff, a Belgian corporation, sued a 

New York corporation for fraud, tortious interference with contract, and related wrongs 

concerning a business operated by Manu’s representative in Taiwan. The district court 
25

dismissed the action, ruling that Taiwan was the appropriate forum, as Taiwanese law 

was applicable and there was insufficient local interest in having the case decided in 

New York. The appellate court reversed. The court first noted that in today’s enhanced 

methods of travel and communication the location of witnesses is less significant in 

evaluating convenience. (Id. at p. 65; see also Calavo Growers of California v. Belgium

(2d Cir. 1980) 632 F.2d 963, 969 (conc. opn. of Newman, J.) [recognizing “the realities 

of modern transportation and communications” which may be more efficient and 

cost-effective than transferring a lawsuit].) The court recognized that the causes of action 

did not, as the district court had found, complain of acts occurring in Taiwan, but alleged 

fraudulent inducement in New York and misrepresentations in London; and some of the 

significant witnesses resided in New York, Hong Kong, London, and Belgium. Even if 

some witnesses were flown to New York for trial, it would be more cost effective than 

flying “an equal or greater number of individuals to Taiwan, of hiring Taiwanese counsel 

to defend and of keeping [Avon employees involved in the alleged conduct] away from 

their positions in New York and London.” (Manu, supra, at p. 66.) “Thus, the location 

of the witnesses is at least as conducive to trial in New York as to trial in Taiwan.”

(Ibid.) The court also noted that any problems with translation were likely to be less 

serious in New York than in Taiwan, as most witnesses spoke English.

Of equal concern to the appellate court in Manu was its anticipation of an 

inadequate opportunity for the plaintiff to have its day in court, given the hardship of 

traveling to Taiwan, securing counsel there, and obtaining the attendance of witnesses 

from New York, London, and Belgium. (Manu, supra, 641 F.2d 62 at p. 67.) It would be 

“almost a perversion of the forum non conveniens doctrine to remit a plaintiff, in the 

name of expediency, to a forum in which, realistically, it will be unable to bring suit 

when the defendant would not be genuinely prejudiced by having to defend at home in 

the plaintiff’s chosen forum.” (Ibid.)
26

Finally, turning to the public interest factors, the Manu court found that neither 

Taiwan nor New York had any “particular affirmative public interest” in the case, and 

either one would be burdened by having the case on its docket. Addressing the district 

court’s heavy reliance on the need to apply Taiwanese law to some of the issues, the 

circuit court acknowledged that this was a relevant fact, but while proof of foreign law 

may be a burden, “it is not alone enough to push the balance of convenience strongly in 

favor of the defendant.” (Manu, supra, 641 F.2d 62 at p. 68.) The United States 

Supreme Court has also reminded courts that the need to apply foreign law “is not 

sufficient to warrant dismissal when a balancing of all relevant factors shows that the 

plaintiff’s chosen forum is appropriate.” (Piper, supra, 454 U.S. at p. 260, fn. 29; see 

also Olympic Corp. v. Societe Generale (2d Cir. 1972) 462 F.2d 376, 379 [“the need to 

apply foreign law is not in itself a reason to apply the doctrine of forum non 

conveniens”].)

As for the public interests at stake in the case before us, we cannot find a 

reasonable justification for the court’s ruling by either court congestion or lack of 

community concern for cases of this nature. As discussed above, the allegations of the 

complaint are directed not solely at HPM and its personnel but against HP entities in the 

United States, including HP Co.’s headquarters in California. Nor does the record 

disclose that Malaysia’s interests necessarily outweigh those of California, since the 

principal allegations have to do less with the Malaysian bank than with the conduct of 

United States-based executives toward a United States citizen and California resident. 

Defendants suggest that “it strains credulity for WonderWorks to argue that a San Jose 

jury would have any interest at all in resolving a foreign dispute regarding a financial 

reporting system provided to a foreign bank.” But this position rests on the questionable 

premises that this is purely a foreign dispute and that the issues are confined to the 

reporting system the parties were to provide to the bank. We cannot say that California 

jurors would be uninterested in deciding whether acts of fraud and contract interference 
27

took place in this state to the detriment of a California resident, even if his company, the 

nominal plaintiff, was registered in a foreign country.

Defendants’ reliance on the statement in the GSCS that it “shall be interpreted and 

governed by the laws of Malaysia,” overstates the relevance of that document. 

WonderWorks’s claims are not all based on the GSCS and SOW; most, as noted, in fact 

pertain to events outside the terms of these documents.

14

 Accordingly, we cannot accept 

defendants’ assumption that a California court would necessarily require “Malaysian 

commercial law experts” to help resolve the controversy. Even to the extent that the 

SOW and GSCS are at issue, defendants made no showing that these documents (which 

are written in English) are subject to substantive law that is too abstruse for a California 

jury to understand.

Thus, without reweighing the evidence in the record, we can only conclude that 

defendants failed to show that the private and public interests at stake necessitated 

denying WonderWorks its choice of forum. Seeing no evidence of an oppressive or 

vexatious purpose in bringing the suit here, according “some deference” to the plaintiff, 

and recognizing that the sole owner of this “pseudoforeign” entity is a California resident, 

we cannot agree with the superior court’s implied determination that WonderWorks has 

“unfairly or unreasonably invoked the jurisdiction of an inconvenient forum.” (Judicial 

Council of Cal., com., reprinted at 14A West’s Ann. Code Civ. Proc. (2004 ed.) foll. 

§ 410.30, p. 486; see Carijano, supra, 643 F.3d at p. 1229 [concerns about forum 

shopping are “muted” where plaintiffs’ chosen forum is the defendant’s home jurisdiction 

and has “a strong connection to the subject matter of the case”].) The gravamen of the 

allegations, the nature of the events giving rise to the action, and the location of the 

material witnesses indicate that the action can be conveniently litigated here. (Cf. Ravelo

 

14 To the extent that the terms of the purchase orders are material and applicable, 

those documents stated that they would be “interpreted and governed” by California law.
28

Monegro, supra, 211 F.3d at p. 514 [forum non conveniens does not require plaintiff to 

choose the “optimal forum” but is “an exceptional tool to be employed sparingly”].)

Accordingly, we find an abuse of discretion in the order staying the action in favor 

of its adjudication in Malaysia. We express no opinion whatsoever regarding the likely

success or failure of this lawsuit. We hold only that defendants failed to meet their 

burden to overcome the presumption that California is an appropriate forum in which to 

litigate WonderWorks’s claims. In light of this conclusion, it is unnecessary to address 

WonderWorks’s contentions that the trial court erred by denying WonderWorks’s request 

to conduct additional discovery, abused its discretion by failing to allow WonderWorks 

an opportunity to respond to evidence submitted by defendants in their reply, and abused 

its discretion by failing to impose conditions on the stay that would have facilitated 

litigation in Malaysia.

Disposition

The order staying the action is reversed.
_________________________________

ELIA, ACTING P.J.

WE CONCUR:

_______________________________

BAMATTRE-MANOUKIAN, J.

_______________________________

MIHARA, J.