U.S. Geological Survey

Water-Resources Investigations Report

U.S. Department of the Interior

Hydrogeology and Leachate Plume

Delineation at a Closed Municipal

Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma

01–4168
U.S. Geological Survey

Water-Resources Investigations Report

U.S. Department of the Interior

Hydrogeology and Leachate Plume

Delineation at a Closed Municipal

Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma

By C.J. Becker

01–4168
WRIR 01–4168

Becker, C.J.—HYDROGEOLOGY AND LEACHATE PLUME DELINEATION AT A CLOSED MUNICIPAL LANDFILL, NORMAN OKLAHOMA—USGS/
U.S. Department of the Interior

GALE A. NORTON, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

CHARLES GROAT, Director

The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does

not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.

For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from:

U.S. Geological Survey

Information Services

Box 25286

Federal Center

Denver, CO 80225

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: :OKLAHOMA CITY 2002

Additional information about water resources in Oklahoma is available on the World Wide Web at

http://ok.water.usgs.gov

District Chief

U.S. Geological Survey

Water-Resources Division

202 NW 66 St., Bldg. 7

Oklahoma City, OK 73116
CONTENTS III

CONTENTS

Abstract...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Purpose and scope ........................................................................................................................................................... 3

Site description ............................................................................................................................................................... 3

Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................................... 3

Hydrogeology ........................................................................................................................................................................... 6

Altitude of the bedrock surface ....................................................................................................................................... 6

Water levels and precipitation ......................................................................................................................................... 6

Ground-water levels .............................................................................................................................................. 6

Precipitation .......................................................................................................................................................... 6

Leachate plume delineation ....................................................................................................................................................... 6

Data collection sites ...................................................................................................................................................... 16

Direction of ground-water flow at shallow and deep depths ........................................................................................ 16

Vertical and horizontal plume distribution based on specific conductance .................................................................. 16

Summary ................................................................................................................................................................................. 23

References cited....................................................................................................................................................................... 23

Appendix.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25

Appendix 1. Site and well information, bedrock altitude, and selected specific conductance and

potentiometric-surface measurements of ground water near a closed municipal landfill,

Norman, Oklahoma.......................................................................................................................................... 27

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figures1—4. Maps showing:

1. Locations of the study area and the Canadian River near Norman, Oklahoma....................................................... 2

2. Locations of west and east cells and selected wells at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma .............. 4

3. Well sites along 35–80 transect (A) and 40–SOUTH transect (B).......................................................................... 5

4. Altitude of bedrock (base of aquifer) near a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma ................................. 7

Figures 5—9. Graphs showing:

5. Changes in precipitation and ground-water levels at wells WLMAPE, WLMEAST, and WLMNPD

near a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma............................................................................................. 9

6. Changes in precipitation and ground-water levels at wells WLMSOUTH, WLMTS5, and WLMPLUME

near a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma........................................................................................... 11

7. Gage height of slough at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma, May 1996

through August 1998............................................................................................................................................. 13

8. Daily precipitation, gage height of slough, and ground-water levels at well WLMEAST at a closed municipal

landfill, March, April, and May 1998 ................................................................................................................... 14

9. Daily precipitation at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma, May 1996

through September 1998 ....................................................................................................................................... 15

Figures 10—15. Maps showing:

10. Potentiometric surface of the Canadian River alluvial aquifer near a closed municipal landfill,

Norman, Oklahoma, measured in multi-level sample wells 0.5 meter below the water table

on January 29, 1998 .............................................................................................................................................. 17

11. Potentiometric surface of the Canadian River alluvial aquifer near a closed municipal landfill,

Norman, Oklahoma, measured in multi-level sample wells at base of the alluvial aquifer

on January 29, 1998 ............................................................................................................................................. 18

12. Vertical distribution of leachate plume along 35–80 transect mapped using specific conductance

downgradient from a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma................................................................... 19

13. Vertical distribution of leachate plume along 40–SOUTH transect mapped using specific

conductance downgradient from a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma............................................. 20
IV CONTENTS

14. Horizontal distribution of leachate plume near land surface (328 to 329 meters above sea level) mapped

using specific conductance downgradient from a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma........................21

15. Horizontal distribution of leachate plume at base of aquifer (319 to 320 meters above sea level) mapped

using specific conductance downgradient from a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma....................... 22

CONVERSION FACTORS, VERTICAL DATUM, AND ABBREVIATIONS

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:

°F=1.8 °C+32

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows:

°C=(°F-32)/1.8

Sea level: In this report “sea level” refers to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988--a geodetic

datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United States and

Canada.

Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above sea level.

Specific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (μS/cm at 25

 ̊C).

Multiply By To obtain

Length

centimeter (cm) 0.3937 inch

millimeter (mm) 0.03937 inch

meter (m) 3.281 foot

meter per second (m/s) 3.281 foot per second

meter per day (m/d) 3.281 foot per day

kilopascal (kPa) 0.1450 pound per square inch
1

Hydrogeology and Leachate Plume Delineation at a

Closed Municipal Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma

By C. J. Becker

ABSTRACT

The City of Norman operated a solid-waste

municipal landfill at two sites on the Canadian

River alluvium in Cleveland County, Oklahoma

from 1970 to 1985. The sites, referred to as the

west and east cells of the landfill, were originally

excavations in the unconsolidated alluvial

deposits and were not lined. Analysis of groundwater samples indicate that leachate from the west

cell is discharging into an adjacent abandoned

river channel, referred to as the slough, and is

migrating downgradient in ground water toward

the Canadian River. The report describes the

hydrogeologic features at the landfill, including

the topography of the bedrock, water-level

changes in the alluvial aquifer, and delineates the

leachate plume using specific conductance data.

The leading edge of the leachate plume

along the 35–80 transect extended over 250

meters downgradient of the west cell. The leading

edge of the leachate plume along the 40–SOUTH

transect had moved about 60 meters from the west

cell in a south-southwesterly direction and had

not moved past the slough as of 1997. Specific

conductance measurements exceeding 7,000

microsiemens per centimeter at site 40 indicate

the most concentrated part of the plume remained

in the upper half of the alluvial aquifer adjacent to

the west cell.

The direction of ground-water flow in the

alluvial aquifer surrounding the landfill was

generally north-northeast to south-southwest

toward the river. However, between the west cell

and the slough along the 40–SOUTH transect,

head measurements indicate a directional change

to the east and southeast toward a channel referred

to as the sewage outfall. Near the 35–80 transect,

at 0.5 meter below the water table and at the base

of the aquifer, the direction of ground-water flow

was south-southeast with a gradient of about 30

centimeters per 100 meters.

Generally, ground-water levels in the alluvial aquifer were higher during the winter months

and lower during summer months, due to a

normal decrease in precipitation and increased

evapotranspiration in the summer. Hydrographs

show temporal water-level changes in ground

water and the slough, indicating a hydrologic

connection between the alluvial aquifer and the

slough.

INTRODUCTION

The City of Norman operated a solid-waste

municipal landfill at two sites on the Canadian River

alluvium in Cleveland County, Oklahoma from 1970

to 1985. The sites, referred to as the west and east cells

of the landfill, were originally excavations in the

unconsolidated alluvial deposits and were not lined.

Operations stopped in 1985 and the west and east cells

were closed and covered with a clay cap (Dixon and

Popoola, 1992, p. 8). Analysis of ground-water

samples indicate that leachate from the west cell is

discharging into an adjacent abandoned river channel,

referred to as the slough, and is migrating downgradient in ground water toward the Canadian River (fig.

1) (Schlottmann, 2001). See Schlottmann (2001) for a

description of waste disposal practices before 1970 on
2 Hydrogeology and Leachate Plume Delineation at a Closed Municipal Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma

sewage

outfall

Canadian River

slough

west

cell

east

cell

wastewater

discharge

Roads from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1992 TIGER/line files, scale 1:100,000 and 1:24,000

Canadian River and slough from Global Positioning System digital data, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 14, North American Datum of 1983

Figure 1. Locations of the study area and the Canadian River near Norman, Oklahoma (modified

from Schlottmann, 2001).
3

the Canadian River alluvium near the west and east

cells.

This landfill is similar to thousands of abandoned landfills situated on sandy river bank deposits in

Oklahoma and nationwide. Such sites are common

locations for landfills because they are easy to excavate; however, they also typically contain alluvial

aquifers that can be important sources of drinking

water. This landfill was selected for study in 1994 as

part of the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program of

the U.S. Geological Survey and provides scientists the

opportunity to study ground-water contamination

resulting from a typical older municipal landfill. One

objective of the study is to describe the site hydrogeology and the leachate plume distribution in the

shallow alluvial aquifer at the landfill.

Purpose and Scope

The purpose of this report is to describe hydrogeologic features at the landfill, including the topography of the bedrock, and water-level changes in the

alluvial aquifer, and to delineate the leachate plume

using specific conductance data.

Data used in this report include drilling information, shallow seismic data, continuous ground-water

level measurements in six wells, continuous surfacewater measurements in the slough, daily precipitation,

potentiometric head measurements near the water

table and at the base of the alluvial aquifer in 15 wells,

and specific conductance of ground water from

October 1995 to November 1997 (figs. 2 and 3).

Site Description

The closed landfill is located on the northeast

side of the Canadian River on Quaternary alluvium in

Cleveland County, Oklahoma. The west and east cells

are about 186,000 square meters in area and rise 12 to

15 meters above the alluvium. A buried wastewater

discharge pipe separates the cells and discharges

effluent from the Norman Wastewater Treatment Plant

into a stream referred to as the sewage outfall (fig. 1).

The sewage outfall is a channel that has been eroded

into the alluvial aquifer by the wastewater effluent and

discharge from the slough. The slough does not have

an obvious source of water and is presumed to be fed

by ground-water discharge and precipitation (Schlottmann, 2001). The combined waters in the sewage

outfall flow south to the Canadian River (fig. 1). The

Canadian River flows in a southeasterly direction and

is about 600 meters southwest of the cells. In the mid1980s, the river flowed in the slough along the southwest edge of the landfill. The river moved to its present

channel after a flood in 1986.

The Canadian River alluvial aquifer supplies

ground water for many purposes in Cleveland County;

however, there are no wells near the landfill that

produce water for human consumption (Scott Christenson, U.S. Geological Survey, oral commun., 2001).

The alluvial aquifer generally consists of unconsolidated lenticular beds of clay, silt, sand, and gravel

overlain by dune sand and is highly permeable.

Hydraulic conductivity of the alluvium, excluding

clayey layers, ranges from 8.4 × 10-7 to 2.8 × 10-4

meter per second (7.3 × 10-2 to 24.2 meters per day),

with a median value of 6.6 × 10-5 meter per second

(5.7 meters per day) (Scholl and Christenson, 1998, p.

18). Underlying the alluvium is the Permian

Hennessey Group, which consists of red-brown blocky

shale containing layers of orange-brown siltstone and

fine-grained sandstone (Bingham and Moore, 1975).

The thickness of the Hennessey Group is about 61

meters at Norman (Wood and Burton, 1968, p. 22).

The Hennessey Group is considered a confining unit

because the primarily shale and siltstone beds have

relatively low hydraulic conductivity.

The alluvial plain between the landfill and the

river is relatively flat, with small sand dunes covered

with willow and cottonwood trees, shrubs, and grasses

(Schlottmann, 2001). An asphalt plant operates at the

western edge of the west cell. The eastern edge of the

landfill is undeveloped and heavily wooded.

Acknowledgments

The author thanks Gary and Chris Lohne with

the Norman Asphalt Company for allowing access to

the landfill and John Potts for allowing access to his

property and wells. The author thanks Jim Berry,

Director of Public Works for the City of Norman,

David St. John with the Norman Police Department,

and Ralph Arnet, Debra Smith, and Lyle Milby with

the Norman Wastewater Treatment Plant for their

ongoing assistance with the Norman Landfill investigation.
4 Hydrogeology and Leachate Plume Delineation at a Closed Municipal Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma

WLMNPD

PS18

89SL1

MLS81

VC-G

35 09' 45" O

(see figure 3, map A)

(see figure 3, map B)

slough

35 10' 15" O

west cell

east

cell

Canadian River

MLS32

MLSNPD

MLS85-2

WLMAPE

WLMEAST

WLMTS5

PS17

VC-F

18-1

40-SOUTH transect

35-80 transect

NL940608-1

0 50 100 METERS

0 100 FEET

MLS51

WLMPLUME

DPNPD

WLMSOUTH

Slug-test site

Temporary well site

89SL1

MLS81

WLMNPD

PS18

VC-G

Multi-level sample wells

Core site

Water-level monitoring wells

Surface-water gage

MLS81

97 27' O 97 26' 30"

EXPLANATION

Site and identifier

Global positioning system digital data, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 14, North American Datum of 1983

O













Figure 2. Locations of west and east cells and selected wells at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma.
5

0 25 50

0 25 50 FEET

METERS

97 26' 47"

35 09'58"

North

slough

VC-A

80SL1

MLS80

A

35 10' 02"

PS35

PS36

PS37

PS38

PS39

35 09' 58"

35 09' 54"

North

40SL2 40SL1

MLS40

MLS42

41SL1

MLS41

MLS88

WLMSOUTH

slough

west cell B

97 26' 45"

MLS43

PS40 DP40-F

SSEASTDEEP

MLS35

MLS36

MLS37

MLS38

MLS54

MLS55

WLMPLUME

35SL1

37SL1

38SL2

38SL4

54SL1

DP38

PS54

SSWESTDEEP DP35-G

Global positioning system digital data, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 14, North American Datum of 1983

Multi-level sample wells

Core site

Slug-test site

Water-level monitoring wells

MLS55

VC-A

WLMSOUTH

40SL1

PS54 Temporary well site

Surface-water gage

EXPLANATION

Site and identifier













































Figure 3. Well sites along 35–80 transect (A) and 40–SOUTH transect (B).
6 Hydrogeology and Leachate Plume Delineation at a Closed Municipal Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma

HYDROGEOLOGY

The hydrogeology of the alluvial aquifer at the

landfill was characterized by a map showing the altitude of the underlying bedrock surface and by hydrographs showing changes in ground-water levels.

Graphs show changes in surface-water levels in the

slough and daily precipitation at the landfill.

Altitude of the Bedrock Surface

A map of the altitude of the bedrock surface

(Hennessey Group) surrounding the closed landfill

was constructed using drilling information at 42 sites

(fig. 4 and Appendix 1) and shallow seismic data

collected along 19 survey lines (L1-L9, L33-L42) (fig.

4). Forty sites were drilled by the U.S. Geological

Survey as multi-level sample wells, slug test sites,

temporary wells, and core sites. Information from two

wells at the City of Norman Composting Facility was

used (fig. 1). Seismic data were collected by a shallow

seismic shear-wave refraction method using a modified delay-time interpretation program (Jeffrey Lucius

and Wilfred Hasbrouck, U.S. Geological Survey,

written commun., 1998).

Water Levels and Precipitation

Six ground-water level monitoring wells

(WLMAPE, WLMEAST, WLMNPD, WLMPLUME,

WLMSOUTH, and WLMTS5), installed during 1997,

continuously measured ground-water levels around the

east and west cells. Each well had a well screen 1.39

meters in length and was positioned to intersect the

water table throughout the year. The ground-water

levels in the wells were measured by a vibrating-wire

vented transducer, which recorded ground-water levels

at 30-minute intervals with an accuracy of 3.5 centimeters. The measuring point elevations of the wells

were measured to an accuracy of about 1 centimeter.

Hydrographs in figures 5 and 6 show changes in

ground-water levels for part of 1997 and all of 1998.

Surface-water levels at the slough were recorded

at 30-minute intervals by use of a gas-purge transducer

with an accuracy of 0.061 centimeter. Graphs in figure

7 show surface-water levels measured in the slough

from May 1996 to December 1998. Graphs in figure 8

show daily precipitation measured at the landfill near

the slough from May 1996 to September 1998.

Ground-water levels

Generally, ground-water levels in the alluvium

were higher during the winter months and lower

during summer months, due to a normal decrease in

precipitation and increased evapotranspiration in the

summer (figs. 5 and 6). Change of ground-water levels

from evapotranspiration were recorded as small, less

than 5 centimeters, daily fluctuations during the

growing season (fig. 6). Well WLMEAST and well

WLMNPD had the largest change in ground-water

levels recorded in 1998, varying more than 2 meters.

Well WLMTS5 had the smallest change, 1.68 meters.

Hydrographs show ground-water levels generally rise

within 24 hours of a precipitation event, which indicates the alluvium has high infiltration rates,

confirming the high permeabilities measured.

Water levels in the slough were similar to

ground-water levels; water in the slough generally was

0.5 to more than 1.0 meter higher during winter

months and decreased during summer months (fig. 7).

The slough was dry during part of the summer of

1998. Hydrographs show temporal water-level

changes in ground water and the slough, indicating a

hydrologic connection between the alluvial aquifer

and the slough (fig. 8). Beaver dams at the southeast

end of the slough may have affected water levels.

During March 1997, an instantaneous drop in the

water level of about 0.25 meter may have been the

result of a beaver dam breaking.

Precipitation

Daily precipitation was measured near the

surface-water gage at the slough by a tipping-bucket

rain gage (fig. 9). The total precipitation from January

1 to December 31, 1997, was 107 centimeters, about

18 percent above the 30 year (1961-90) average annual

precipitation of 91 centimeters (Johnson and Duchon,

1994).

LEACHATE PLUME DELINEATION

Maps showing the direction of leachate plume

movement were constructed using potentiometric head

measurements near the water table and at the base of

the aquifer. Specific conductance was used to differentiate leachate-contaminated water from uncontaminated ground water in background wells upgradient

from the west cell. Two transects and two areal maps
7

0 500 1000 FEET

0 500 1000 METERS

Bedrock contour--shows altitude of bedrock

surface in meters above sea level. Dashed

where approximate. Contour interval is 1 meter

Line of seismic refraction survey and

identifier

318

L2

City of Norman Composting Facility well

Core site

Multi-level sample wells

Slug-test site

Temporary well site

COMPOST1

VC-A

MLS55

40SL1

PS54

EXPLANATION

Site and Identifier

Global positioning system digital data, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 14, North American Datum of 1983































Figure 4. Altitude of bedrock (base of aquifer) near a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma.
0

70

102030405060

DAILY PRECIPITATION,

IN MILLIMETERS

1.04.51.52.02.53.03.54.0

DEPTH BELOW LAND SURFACE,

IN METERS

0

3.5

0.51.01.52.02.53.0

DEPTH BELOW LAND SURFACE,

IN METERS

June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Ju

1997 

0.54.0

1.01.52.02.53.03.5

DEPTH BELOW LAND SURFACE,

IN METERS

no data

Figure 5. Changes in precipitation and ground-water levels at wells WLMAPE, WLMEAST, and WLMNPD near a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma.
0

70102030405060

DAILY PRECIPITATION,

IN MILLIMETERS

May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

1997 

0.54.01.01.52.02.53.03.5

DEPTH BELOW LAND SURFACE,

IN METERS

0

3.5

0.51.01.52.02.53.0

DEPTH BELOW LAND SURFACE,

IN METERS

0.54.01.01.52.02.53.03.5

DEPTH BELOW LAND SURFACE,

IN METERS no data

Daily pr

1 2 3 4 5 6

July 1997

2.22.42.3

DEPTH

Inset showing

daily fluctuation

Figure 6. Changes in precipitation and ground-water levels at wells WLMSOUTH, WLMTS5, and WLMPLUME near a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma.
13

May June July Aug Sept Oct No

1996

0

1.5

0.51.0

GAGE HEIGHT OF SLOUGH,

 IN METERS

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct No

1997

0

1.5

0.51.0

GAGE HEIGHT OF SLOUGH,

 IN METERS

0.0 meter gage height = 329.68 meters above sea level

0.0 meter gage height = 329.68 meters above sea level

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct No

1998

0

1.5

0.51.0

GAGE HEIGHT OF SLOUGH,

 IN METERS

0.0 meter gage height = 329.68 meters above sea level dry

Figure 7. Gage height of slough at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma, May 1996 through August 1998.
14 Hydrogeology and Leachate Plume Delineation at a Closed Municipal Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma

0

70

10

20

30

40

50

60

DAILY PRECIPITATION,

IN MILLIMETERS

5 10 15 20 25 31 5 10 15 20 25 30 5 10 15 20 25 31

March April May

1998

0

2.5

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

DEPTH BELOW LAND

SURFACE, IN METERS

0.5

2.0

1.0

1.5

GAGE HEIGHT OF

SLOUGH, IN METERS

Daily precipitation

Slough gage height

Well WLMEAST

Figure 8. Daily precipitation, gage height of slough, and ground-water levels at well WLMEAST at a closed

municipal landfill, March, April, and May 1998. Hydrographs show temporal water-level changes in ground

water and the slough, indicating a hydrologic connection. Ground-water levels generally rise within 24

hours of precipitation event.
15

May June July Aug Sept Oct 

1996

0

70

102030405060

DAILY PRECIPITATION, IN

MILLIMETERS

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct 

1997

0

70

102030405060

DAILY PRECIPITATION, IN

MILLIMETERS

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept

1998

0

70

102030405060

DAILY PRECIPITATION, IN

MILLIMETERS 83.06 millimeters

Figure 9. Daily precipitation at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma, May 1996 through September 1998.
16 Hydrogeology and Leachate Plume Delineation at a Closed Municipal Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma

of specific conductance were constructed to delineate

the vertical and horizontal distribution of the leachate

plume.

Data Collection Sites

Data were collected from wells installed using

several construction methods. The ground-water level

monitoring well network was used for continuous

ground-water level measurements and the multi-level

sampler network permitted sampling and measurements from seven discrete intervals at each well location. The 17 multi-level-sampler well sites, 15 south, 1

west, and 1 north of the west cell, were composed of

seven nested well casings staggered in length each

with a screen 0.11 or 0.12 meter in length. Slug tests

were used to measure hydraulic conductivity at 10

sites in temporary drive-point wells (Scholl and Christenson, 1998) (Appendix 1). The specific conductance

of the ground water and leachate were measured

during slug tests and in other temporary drive-point

wells.

Direction of Ground-Water Flow at

Shallow and Deep Depths

Potentiometric head was measured in 15 multilevel sampler wells on January 29, 1998. Figures 10

and 11 show the potentiometric surface, from which

the direction of ground-water flow can be inferred.

The direction of ground-water flow in the alluvial

aquifer surrounding the landfill was generally northnortheast to south-southwest toward the river (Scholl

and Christenson, 1998, fig. 2). However, between the

west cell and the slough along the 40–SOUTH

transect, head measurements indicate a directional

change to the east and southeast toward the sewage

outfall (figs. 10 and 11). Near the 35–80 transect, at

0.5 meter below the water table and at the base of the

aquifer, the direction of ground-water flow was southsouthwest with a gradient of about 30 centimeters per

100 meters (figs. 10 and 11).

Vertical and Horizontal Plume Distribution

Based on Specific Conductance

Maps were constructed from specific conductance data collected in the field from October 1995 to

November 1997. The greatest specific conductance

was used in the report when multiple measurements

were available for a well or sampling point. The 2,000-

microsiemens-per-centimeter contour was considered

to be the estimated edge of the leachate plume, based

on the range of specific conductance measurements in

background wells and monitoring wells downgradient

of the west cell. The vertical distribution of the

leachate plume along the 35–80 and 40–SOUTH

transects is shown on figures 12 and 13. The horizontal

distribution of the leachate plume is shown at 328 to

329 meters above sea level, near land surface, and at

319 to 320 meters above sea level at the base of the

alluvial aquifer (figs. 14 and 15). The selection of

intervals for showing the horizontal distribution of

leachate was based on the distribution and availability

of data.

Along the 35–80 transect, the leachate appears

to have flowed into and around a low permeability

layer of silt and clay at a depth of about 4 meters (fig.

12). The top of the leachate plume varied from 1.5 to

4.0 meters below land surface and extended under the

slough to site 80. Below the clay layer, the plume

extended downward to the base of the aquifer and

downgradient of site 80. The leading edge of the

plume extended more than 250 meters downgradient

of the west cell. The plume at the base of the aquifer

may be moving in the high permeability gravel layer at

the base of the alluvial aquifer (Schlottmann, 2001).

The leading edge of the leachate plume along

the 40–SOUTH transect had moved about 60 meters

from the west cell in a south-southwesterly direction

and had not moved past the slough as of 1997 (fig. 13).

Specific conductance measurements exceeding 7,000

microsiemens per centimeter at site 40 indicate the

most concentrated part of the plume remained in the

upper half of the alluvial aquifer adjacent to the west

cell. This may be due to discharge of the plume to the

adjacent slough (Schlottmann, 2001). A low permeability layer also appears along this transect at about

5.5 meters below land surface at sites 41 and 42.

At shallow depths, 328 to 329 meters above sea

level, the southern edge of the leachate plume was

located about 60 meters from the south end of the west

cell along transect 40–SOUTH and does not appear to

have moved past the slough (fig. 14). However, from

the west and southwest sides of the west cell, the

leading edge of the plume had moved about 200

meters downgradient from the west cell. The western

edge of the plume at shallow depths was located
17

Figure 10. Potentiometric surface of the Canadian River alluvial aquifer near a closed municipal landfill, Norman,

Oklahoma, measured in multi-level sample wells 0.5 meter below the water table on January 29, 1998.

Multi-level sample well--Number is altitude of potentiometric surface

measured 0.5 meter below the water table in meters above sea level 330.22

330.0

Potentiometric contour--Shows altitude above sea level of potentiometric

surface of the Canadian River alluvial aquifer, measured 0.5 meter below

the water table on January 29, 1998. Contour interval is 0.1 meter. Dashed

where estimated

west cell

330.11

330.64

330.50

330.36

330.22

330.04

330.07

330.00

330.23

329.66

330.07

330.07

330.01

329.84

329.97

35 10' 05"

35 09' 55"

slough

sewage outfall

Global Positioning System digital data, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995 0 50 100 METERS

0 50 100 FEET

east

cell

330.0

330.5

o

o

97 26' 38" o

97 26' 48" o

d

Transect 35-80

Transect 40-SOUTH

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 14, North American Datum of 1983

EXPLANATION

Site and identifier

329.6























 






18 Hydrogeology and Leachate Plume Delineation at a Closed Municipal Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma

Multi-level sample well--Number is altitude of potentiometric surface

measured at the base of the alluvial aquifer in meters above sea level

Potentiometric contour--Shows altitude above sea level of potentiometric

surface of the Canadian River alluvial aquifer, measured at base of the

alluvial aquifer on January 29, 1998. Contour interval is 0.1 meter. Dashed

where estimated

330.0

331.14

97 26' 48"

35 09' 55"

0 50 100 METERS

west cell

east

cell

330.12

330.63

330.48

330.34

330.19

330.14

330.04

330.09

330.23

329.97

330.09

330.06

330.01

330.01

329.94

0 50 100 FEET

35 10' 05"

slough

sewage outfall

330.0

330.5

O

O

O 97 26' 38" O

Transect 35-80

Transect 40-SOUTH

Global Positioning System digital data, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 14, North American Datum of 1983

EXPLANATION

Site and identifier























 







Figure 11. Potentiometric surface of the Canadian River alluvial aquifer near a closed municipal landfill, Norman,

Oklahoma, measured in multi-level sample wells at base of the alluvial aquifer on January 29, 1998.
19

sites 35 36 37 38 39 54 55 80

slough

6000

5500

5000

4500

5500

5000

4000

4500

4500

2000

2000

2500

3500

0 50 METERS

0 50 100 FEET

water table land surface

ALTITUDE ABOVE SEA LEVEL, IN METERS

LlaS

E

328

329

330

327

326

325

324

323

322

321

320

331

328

329

330

327

326

325

324

323

322

321

320

319

3500

2500

bedrock surface

319

4000

Figure 12. Vertical distribution of leachate plume along 35–80 transect mapped using specific conductance downgradient from a closeNorman, Oklahoma. Map was constructed using specific conductance measurements collected from October 1995 to November 1997table was measured January 29, 1998.
20 Hydrogeology and Leachate Plume Delineation at a Closed Municipal Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma Sites 40 42 41 88 WLMSOUTH

3500

2000

4000

3500

4000

3000

4500

3000

5000

7000

6000

slough

Lincoof gCaaqmiccen

Miintwhcogrome

land surface

water table

ALTITUDE ABOVE SEA LEVEL, IN METERS

edge of plume

320

321

323

324325327

328

330

329

322

326

0 

0 FEET

50

LolaSi

E

320

321

323

324325327

328

330

329

322

326

319 319

bedrock surface

Figure 13. Vertical distribution of leachate plume along 40–SOUTH transect mapped using specific conductance downgradient from a cloNorman, Oklahoma. Map was constructed using specific conductance measurements collected from October 1995 to November 1997. Awas measured January 29, 1998.
21

Multi-level sample well -- Number is specific conductance of

ground water in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 Celsius.

Two numbers indicate two measurements from interval

5970

1673 west cell

953

3150

1700

1486

4320

1970

1894

2890

3260

4580

5520

3820

5720

5970

4620

3870

2020

1825

7660

5300

5950

7710

35 10' 05" o

35 09' 55" o

97 26' 48" o

5000

4000

3000

2000

97 27' O

slough

sewage

outfall

7000

6000

4000

4000

Water-level monitoring well -- Number is specific conductance of

ground water in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 Celsius

Line of equal specific conductance of ground water in the

Canadian River alluvial aquifer measured near land surface

(328 to 329 meters above sea level). Dashed where estimated.

Contour Interval is 500 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 Celsius

Slug test site -- Number is specific conductance of

ground water in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 Celsius

5300

Temporary well -- Number is specific conductance of

ground water in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 Celsius

7710

3150

0 50 100

0 50 100 METERS

FEET

4000

3000

MLS85-2

approximate edge of plume

4120

5950

5590

EXPLANATION

Site and identifier

Global Positioning System digital data, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 14, North American Datum of 1983

































 

















MLS32

Figure 14. Horizontal distribution of leachate plume near land surface (328 to 329 meters above sea level) mapped

using specific conductance downgradient from a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma. Map was constructed

using specific conductance measurements collected from October 1995 to November 1997.
22 Hydrogeology and Leachate Plume Delineation at a Closed Municipal Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma

west cell

5530

6080

1800

5300

5090

5920

1220

3360

3040

4270

5450

3850

3770

4210

5390 4900

5980

3223

3310

4250

3920

2000

3000

4000

5000

slough

4000

5000

35 10' O

35 09' 50"

97 26' 48" O

97 27' O

0 50 100 METERS

0 50 100 FEET

MLS32

MLS80

1000

Site 54

MLS85-2

sewage outfall

2090

.

Multi-level sample well -- Number is specific conductance of

ground water in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 Celcius 1700

3000 Line of equal specific conductance of ground water in the

Canadian River alluvial aquifer measured at base of the aquifer

(319 to 320 meters above sea level). Dashed where estimated.

Contour interval is 500 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 Celcius

7710 Temporary well -- Number is specific conductance of

ground water in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 Celcius

Slug-test site -- Number is specific conductance of

ground water in microsiemens per cemtimeter

Two numbers indicate two measurements from interval

at 25 Celcius 4900 5390

EXPLANATION

Site and identifier

89SL1

4000

Global Positioning System digital data, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 14, North American Datum of 1983



















































Site 38

Figure 15. Horizontal distribution of leachate plume at base of aquifer (319 to 320 meters above sea level) mapped using

specific conductance downgradient from a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma. Map was constructed using

specific conductance measurements collected from October 1995 to November 1997.
23

between wells MLS32 and MLS85-2 (fig. 14). The

eastern and southeastern limits of the leachate plume

could not be determined because of insufficient data.

The most concentrated part of the plume near

the base of the aquifer (319-320 meters above sea

level), was measured at site 38, not near the base of the

west cell (fig. 15). The leading southern edge of the

plume was probably moving downgradient in the high

permeability layer at the base of the aquifer and may

have been near well 89SL1 (figs. 2 and 15). Insufficient data west of well MLS32 and southwest of the

35-80 transect precluded delineation of the west and

southwest edges of the plume. There were no data

available for this interval at well MLS85-2.

SUMMARY

The City of Norman operated a solid-waste

municipal landfill at two sites on the Canadian River

alluvium in Cleveland County, Oklahoma from 1970

to 1985. The sites, referred to as the west and east cells

of the landfill, were originally excavations in the

unconsolidated alluvial deposits and were not lined.

Operations stopped in 1985, and the west and east

cells were closed and covered with a clay cap. Analysis of ground-water samples indicate that leachate

from the west cell is discharging into an adjacent

abandoned river channel, referred to as the slough, and

is migrating downgradient in ground water toward the

Canadian River.

The alluvial aquifer generally consists of unconsolidated lenticular beds of clay, silt, sand, and gravel

overlain by dune sand and is highly permeable. Generally, ground-water levels in the alluvial aquifer were

higher during the winter months and lower during

summer months, due to a normal decrease in precipitation and increased evapotranspiration in the summer.

Water levels in the slough were similar to groundwater levels; water in the slough generally was 0.5 to

more than 1.0 meter higher during winter months and

decreased during summer months. Hydrographs show

temporal water-level changes in ground water and the

slough, indicating a hydrologic connection between

the alluvial aquifer and the slough.

The potentiometric head, measured at about 0.5

meter below the water table and at the base of the

aquifer, shows that ground-water flows toward the

sewage outfall at shallow and deep depths.

Along the 35-80 transect, the plume appears to

have flowed into and around a low permeability layer

of silt and clay at a depth of about 4 meters. Below the

clay layer, the plume extended downward to the base

of the aquifer and downgradient of the west cell. The

leading edge of the plume extended over 250 meters

downgradient of the west cell.

The edge of the leachate plume along the 40-

SOUTH transect had moved about 60 meters from the

west cell in a south-southwesterly direction and had

not moved past the slough as of 1997. Specific

conductance measurements exceeding 7,000 microsiemens per centimeter at site 40 indicate the most

concentrated part of the plume remained in the upper

half of the alluvial aquifer adjacent to the west cell.

REFERENCES CITED

Dixon, K.K, and Popoola, Larry, 1992, Preliminary Assessment of the Old Norman Landfill: Submitted to EPA

Region VI February 27, 1992: Oklahoma State Department of Health Solid Waste Management Service

Technical Programs Branch Superfund Section PA/SSI

Staff, 23 p., plus attached photographs, and 45 referenced attachments.

Bingham, R.H. and Moore, R.L., 1975, Reconnaissance of

the water resources of Oklahoma City Quadrangle,

Central Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geological Survey

Hydrologic Atlas 4, Scale 1:250,000, 4 sheets.

Johnson, H.L. and Duchon, C.E., 1994, Atlas of Oklahoma

climate: Norman, Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma

Press, 32 p.

Schlottmann, Jamie, L., 2001, Water chemistry near the

closed Norman Landfill, Cleveland County, Oklahoma,

1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4238, 44 p.

Scholl, M. A., and Christenson, Scott, 1998, Spatial variation in hydraulic conductivity determined by slug tests

in the Canadian River alluvium near the Norman Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey

Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4292, 28 p.

Stacy, B.L., 1961, Ground-water resources of the alluvial

deposits of the Canadian River Valley near Norman,

Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report

61-177, 65 p.

Wood, P.R., and Burton, L.C., 1968, Ground water

resources, Cleveland and Oklahoma Counties: Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 71, 75 p., 2 plates.
APPENDIX
27

Appendix 1. Site and well information, bedrock altitude, and selected specific conductance and potentiometric-surface measuremea closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma

 Well name1 Site number

Altitude of

land

surface

(meter)

Altitude

of

midscreen

(meter)

Length

of

screen

(meter)

Altitude

of

bedrock

(meter)

Date of

specific

conductance

measurement

(year-monthday)

Specific

conductance

(μS/cm)

Multi-level sample wells

MLS32-1 351002097265303 330.55 328.86 0.12 -- 1997-03-31 3,870 MLS32-2 351002097265304 330.55 328.35 0.12 -- 1997-10-06 4,620 MLS32-3 351002097265305 330.55 327.36 0.12 -- 1997-10-06 4,920 MLS32-4 351002097265306 330.55 326.34 0.12 -- 1997-03-31 4,310 MLS32-5 351002097265307 330.55 325.14 0.12 -- 1997-03-27 4,260 MLS32-6 351002097265308 330.55 322.34 0.12 -- 1997-03-27 4,310 MLS32-7 351002097265309 330.55 319.72 0.12 319.7 1997-03-27 4,210 MLS35-1 351004097264701 331.29 330.10 0.12 -- -- -- MLS35-2 351004097264702 331.29 329.58 0.13 -- -- -- MLS35-3 351004097264703 331.29 328.67 0.11 -- 1997-10-07 5,970 MLS35-4 351004097264704 331.29 327.71 0.12 -- 1997-10-07 5,640 MLS35-5 351004097264705 331.29 325.71 0.12 -- 1997-02-25 5,490 MLS35-6 351004097264706 331.29 323.67 0.12 -- 1997-02-25 4,400 MLS35-7 351004097264707 331.29 320.40 0.12 320.3 1997-02-25 4,120 MLS36-1 351003097264801 330.93 329.47 0.11 -- 1997-03-18 2,440 MLS36-2 351003097264802 330.93 328.99 0.11 -- 1997-10-08 5,720 MLS36-3 351003097264803 330.93 327.99 0.12 -- 1997-10-08 4,820 MLS36-4 351003097264804 330.93 327.00 0.12 -- 1997-03-18 4,470 MLS36-5 351003097264805 330.93 324.98 0.11 -- 1997-03-18 3,920 MLS36-6 351003097264806 330.93 323.16 0.11 -- 1997-03-18 3,550 MLS36-7 351003097264807 330.93 319.75 0.11 319.7 1997-03-18 3,770 MLS37-1 351002097264802 331.18 329.42 0.12 -- 1997-03-31 2,680 MLS37-2 351002097264803 331.18 328.92 0.12 -- 1997-03-31 3,820 

Appendix 1. Site and well information, bedrock altitude, and selected specific conductance and potentiometric-surface measuremnear a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma[--, no data; datum is sea level; altitude in meters refers to distance above sea level; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25o Celsius]
28 Hydrogeology and leachate plume delineation at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma MLS37-3 351002097264804 331.18 327.86 0.12 -- 1997-10-08 5,360 

MLS37-4 351002097264805 331.18 327.02 0.12 -- 1997-03-31 4,140 MLS37-5 351002097264806 331.18 325.07 0.12 -- 1997-03-31 5,000 MLS37-6 351002097264807 331.18 323.11 0.12 -- 1997-03-31 5,450 MLS37-7 351002097264808 331.18 319.73 0.12 319.6 1997-03-31 3,850 MLS38-1 351001097264906 331.38 329.60 0.12 -- -- -- MLS38-2 351001097264907 331.38 329.09 0.12 -- 1997-05-01 2,750 MLS38-3 351001097264908 331.38 328.08 0.12 -- 1997-10-08 5,520 MLS38-4 351001097264909 331.38 327.69 0.12 -- 1997-05-02 5,080 MLS38-5 351001097264910 331.38 325.18 0.11 -- 1997-05-02 5,200 MLS38-6 351001097264911 331.38 324.37 0.12 -- 1997-05-02 5,460 MLS38-7 351001097264912 331.38 319.31 0.12 319.2 1997-05-02 5,450 MLS40-1 350959097264404 330.61 328.45 0.12 -- 1997-05-06 6,840 MLS40-2 350959097264405 330.61 327.96 0.12 -- 1997-10-15 7,590 MLS40-3 350959097264406 330.61 326.96 0.12 -- 1997-02-25 6,330 MLS40-4 350959097264407 330.61 325.97 0.12 -- 1997-02-25 4,060 MLS40-5 350959097264408 330.61 324.00 0.12 -- 1997-02-25 4,860 MLS40-6 350959097264409 330.61 322.02 0.12 -- 1997-02-25 4,190 MLS40-7 350959097264410 330.61 319.22 0.12 319.1 1997-02-25 4,270 MLS41-1 350958097264501 330.35 329.27 0.12 -- -- -- MLS41-2 350958097264502 330.35 328.76 0.12 -- -- -- MLS41-3 350958097264503 330.35 327.78 0.12 -- 1997-10-16 3,100 MLS41-4 350958097264504 330.35 326.78 0.12 -- 1997-10-16 4,990 MLS41-5 350958097264505 330.35 324.79 0.12 -- 1997-03-24 2,450 MLS41-6 350958097264506 330.35 322.79 0.12 -- 1997-03-24 3,850 MLS41-7 350958097264507 330.35 321.12 0.12 319.5 1997-03-24 3,690 

Appendix 1. Site and well information, bedrock altitude, and selected specific conductance and potentiometric-surface measuremea closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma — Continued

 Well name1 Site number

Altitude of

land

surface

(meter)

Altitude

of

midscreen

(meter)

Length

of

screen

(meter)

Altitude

of

bedrock

(meter)

Date of

specific

conductance

measurement

(year-monthday)

Specific

conductance

(μS/cm)
29

MLS42-1 350959097264501 330.25 329.01 0.12 -- 1997-03-26 3,410 MLS42-2 350959097264502 330.25 328.50 0.12 -- 1997-10-15 4,120 MLS42-3 350959097264503 330.25 327.49 0.12 -- 1997-10-15 3,660 MLS42-4 350959097264504 330.25 326.52 0.11 -- 1997-03-26 2,850 MLS42-5 350959097264505 330.25 324.55 0.12 -- 1997-03-26 3,030 MLS42-6 350959097264506 330.25 322.55 0.12 -- 1997-03-26 3,230 MLS42-7 350959097264507 330.25 319.61 0.12 319.5 1997-03-26 3,040 MLS43-1 351000097264601 330.44 329.01 0.12 -- 1997-03-26 4,300 MLS43-2 351000097264602 330.44 328.50 0.12 -- 1997-03-26 4,580 MLS43-3 351000097264603 330.44 327.50 0.12 -- 1997-10-16 5,280 MLS43-4 351000097264604 330.44 326.52 0.12 -- 1997-03-26 4,240 MLS43-5 351000097264605 330.44 324.54 0.12 -- 1997-03-26 3, 890 MLS43-6 351000097264606 330.44 322.67 0.12 -- 1997-04-16 4,300 MLS43-7 351000097264607 330.44 319.58 0.12 319.5 1997-04-16 3,360 MLS51-1 350959097264101 330.31 328.89 0.12 -- -- -- MLS51-2 350959097264102 330.31 328.41 0.12 -- 1997-03-20 3,260 MLS51-3 350959097264103 330.31 327.39 0.12 -- 1997-10-19 4,270 MLS51-4 350959097264104 330.31 326.46 0.12 -- 1997-10-09 3,760 MLS51-5 350959097264105 330.31 324.45 0.12 -- 1997-03-20 2,600 MLS51-6 350959097264106 330.31 322.48 0.12 -- 1997-03-20 1,660 MLS51-7 350959097264107 330.31 319.38 0.12 319.3 1997-03-20 1,220 MLS54-1 351000097265003 330.51 329.14 0.12 -- 1997-05-05 3,340 MLS54-2 351000097265004 330.51 328.67 0.12 -- 1997-05-05 2,890 MLS54-3 351000097265005 330.51 327.90 0.12 -- 1997-10-06 3,680 MLS54-4 351000097265006 330.51 327.35 0.12 -- 1997-05-05 3,720 MLS54-5 351000097265007 330.51 324.69 0.11 -- 1997-05-06 4,400 

Appendix 1. Site and well information, bedrock altitude, and selected specific conductance and potentiometric-surface measuremea closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma — Continued

 Well name1 Site number

Altitude of

land

surface

(meter)

Altitude

of

midscreen

(meter)

Length

of

screen

(meter)

Altitude

of

bedrock

(meter)

Date of

specific

conductance

measurement

(year-monthday)

Specific

conductance

(μS/cm)
30 Hydrogeology and leachate plume delineation at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma MLS54-6 351000097265008 330.51 322.69 0.11 -- 1997-05-06 5,190 

MLS54-7 351000097265009 330.51 319.37 0.11 319.3 1997-05-06 5,920 MLS55-1 350959097265002 330.53 329.24 0.12 -- 1997-03-10 1,870 MLS55-2 350959097265003 330.53 328.74 0.12 -- 1997-10-02 1,894 MLS55-3 350959097265004 330.53 327.71 0.12 -- 1997-10-02 2,300 MLS55-4 350959097265005 330.53 326.76 0.12 -- 1997-03-10 2,060 MLS55-5 350959097265006 330.53 324.77 0.11 -- 1997-03-10 1,810 MLS55-6 350959097265007 330.53 322.83 0.12 -- 1997-03-10 4,080 MLS55-7 350959097265008 330.53 319.32 0.12 319.2 1997-03-10 5,090 MLS80-1 350957097265002 330.21 328.88 0.12 -- 1997-03-10 1,970 MLS80-2 350957097265003 330.21 328.45 0.12 -- -- -- MLS80-3 350957097265004 330.21 327.52 0.12 -- 1997-10-02 2,110 MLS80-4 350957097265005 330.21 326.53 0.11 -- 1997-10-02 2,100 MLS80-5 350957097265006 330.21 324.59 0.11 -- 1997-03-10 1,601 MLS80-6 350957097265007 330.21 322.69 0.12 -- 1997-03-10 1,805 MLS80-7 350957097265008 330.21 319.86 0.12 319.8 1997-03-10 5,300 MLS81-1 350959097264201 330.73 328.88 0.12 -- -- -- MLS81-2 350959097264202 330.73 328.34 0.12 -- 1997-10-09 4,320 MLS81-3 350959097264203 330.73 327.40 0.12 -- 1997-10-09 4,950 MLS81-4 350959097264204 330.73 326.29 0.12 -- 1997-02-27 3,490 MLS81-5 350959097264205 330.73 324.69 0.11 -- 1997-02-27 2,940 MLS81-6 350959097264206 330.73 322.76 0.11 -- 1997-02-27 2,320 MLS81-7 350959097264207 330.73 320.19 0.12 320.1 1997-02-27 2,260 MLS85-2 351004097270016 330.48 328.28 0.11 -- 1997-09-30 1,486 MLS88-1 350955097264601 330.40 329.04 0.11 -- 1997-03-27 1,825 MLS88-2 350955097264602 330.40 328.59 0.12 -- 1997-03-27 1,700 

Appendix 1. Site and well information, bedrock altitude, and selected specific conductance and potentiometric-surface measuremea closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma — Continued

 Well name1 Site number

Altitude of

land

surface

(meter)

Altitude

of

midscreen

(meter)

Length

of

screen

(meter)

Altitude

of

bedrock

(meter)

Date of

specific

conductance

measurement

(year-monthday)

Specific

conductance

(μS/cm)
31

MLS88-3 350955097264603 330.40 327.55 0.12 -- 1997-03-27 1,730 MLS88-4 350955097264604 330.40 326.61 0.11 -- 1997-03-27 1,556 MLS88-5 350955097264605 330.40 324.65 0.11 -- 1997-03-27 1,788 MLS88-6 350955097264606 330.40 322.64 0.12 -- 1997-03-27 1,810 MLS88-7 350955097264607 330.40 319.26 0.12 319.2 1997-03-27 1,800 MLSNPD-1 351019097263601 332.66 330.19 0.12 -- 1997-02-28 1,088 MLSNPD-2 351019097263602 332.66 329.70 0.12 -- 1997-09-29 1,316 MLSNPD-3 351019097263603 332.66 328.66 0.12 -- 1997-09-29 1,591 MLSNPD-4 351019097263604 332.66 327.69 0.12 -- 1997-04-30 1,630 MLSNPD-5 351019097263605 332.66 326.53 0.12 -- 1997-04-30 1,590 MLSNPD-6 351019097263606 332.66 323.70 0.12 -- 1997-05-01 1,570 MLSNPD-7 351019097263607 332.66 319.67 0.12 319.6 1997-05-01 1,040 

Temporary slug-test sites

35SL1B 351003097264703 331.17 329.90 0.31 -- 1996-06-13 5,250 35SL1D 351003097264706 331.17 329.13 0.30 -- 1996-06-14 5,420 35SL1E 351003097264707 331.17 327.63 0.31 -- 1996-06-14 5,240 35SL1F 351003097264708 331.17 325.62 0.30 -- 1996-06-15 5,350 35SL1G 351003097264710 331.17 319.91 0.31 319.7 1996-06-18 3,920 35SL1X 351003097264709 331.17 322.79 0.30 -- 1996-06-18 4,310 37SL1A 351002097264801 331.52 329.54 0.31 -- 1996-11-04 2,740 37SL1B 351002097264810 331.52 328.55 0.30 -- 1996-11-04 5,590 37SL1C 351002097264811 331.52 327.55 0.30 -- 1996-11-05 3,890 37SL1E 351002097264812 331.52 325.56 0.30 -- 1996-11-19 5,420 37SL1F 351002097264813 331.52 324.48 0.30 -- 1996-11-19 5,780 37SL1G 351002097264814 331.52 323.49 0.30 -- 1996-11-20 5,860 37SL1H 351002097264815 331.52 322.48 0.31 -- 1996-11-20 5,130 

Appendix 1. Site and well information, bedrock altitude, and selected specific conductance and potentiometric-surface measuremea closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma — Continued

 Well name1 Site number

Altitude of

land

surface

(meter)

Altitude

of

midscreen

(meter)

Length

of

screen

(meter)

Altitude

of

bedrock

(meter)

Date of

specific

conductance

measurement

(year-monthday)

Specific

conductance

(μS/cm)
32 Hydrogeology and leachate plume delineation at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma 37SL1I 351002097264816 331.52 321.49 0.30 -- 1996-12-02 4,680 

37SL1J 351002097264817 331.52 320.48 0.30 -- 1996-12-02 4,510 37SL1K 351002097264818 331.52 319.49 0.30 319.3 1996-12-03 4,250 38SL2A 351001097264904 331.41 327.45 0.77 -- 1996-06-12 4,150 38SL2C 351001097264924 331.41 325.42 0.76 -- 1996-06-12 5,630 38SL4A 351001097264913 331.17 328.79 0.29 -- 1997-10-29 5,300 38SL4B 351001097264914 331.17 327.85 0.29 -- 1997-10-30 4,270 38SL4C 351001097264915 331.17 326.86 0.30 -- 1997-10-30 4,550 38SL4D 351001097264916 331.17 325.90 0.29 -- 1997-10-31 4,990 38SL4E 351001097264917 331.17 324.92 0.30 -- 1997-10-31 5,110 38SL4F 351001097264918 331.17 323.94 0.29 -- 1997-11-01 5,690 38SL4G 351001097264919 331.17 322.96 0.29 -- 1997-11-03 5,700 38SL4H 351001097264920 331.17 321.97 0.29 -- 1997-11-04 6,010 38SL4I 351001097264921 331.17 321.03 0.29 -- 1997-11-04 5,740 38SL4J 351001097264922 331.17 320.04 0.29 319.8 1997-11-05 4,620 40SL1WT 350959097264403 330.70 329.79 0.31 -- 1996-06-13 6,700 40SL1A 350959097264420 330.70 329.03 0.30 -- 1996-06-17 7,400 40SL1C 350959097264421 330.70 327.66 0.30 -- 1996-06-18 6,670 40SL1E 350959097264423 330.70 324.15 0.30 -- 1996-06-19 4,860 40SL2A 350959097264411 330.69 328.74 0.29 -- 1997-10-29 7,660 40SL2B 350959097264412 330.69 327.75 0.28 -- 1997-10-30 7,660 40SL2C 350959097264413 330.69 326.73 0.29 -- 1997-10-30 6,520 40SL2F 350959097264415 330.69 323.72 0.28 -- 1997-10-31 4,480 40SL2G 350959097264416 330.69 322.72 0.29 -- 1997-10-31 4,130 40SL2H 350959097264417 330.69 321.72 0.29 -- 1997-11-01 3,890 40SL2I 350959097264418 330.69 320.72 0.29 -- 1997-11-03 3,711 

Appendix 1. Site and well information, bedrock altitude, and selected specific conductance and potentiometric-surface measuremea closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma — Continued

 Well name1 Site number

Altitude of

land

surface

(meter)

Altitude

of

midscreen

(meter)

Length

of

screen

(meter)

Altitude

of

bedrock

(meter)

Date of

specific

conductance

measurement

(year-monthday)

Specific

conductance

(μS/cm)
33

40SL2J 350959097264419 330.69 319.73 0.29 319.5 1997-11-03 3,310 41SL1A 350958097264508 330.27 328.73 0.30 -- 1997-11-05 1,825 41SL1B 350958097264509 330.27 327.71 0.29 -- 1997-11-05 2,148 41SL1C 350958097264510 330.27 326.71 0.30 -- 1997-11-06 4,685 41SL1D 350958097264511 330.27 325.71 0.30 -- 1997-11-06 4,910 41SL1F 350958097264513 330.27 323.71 0.29 -- 1997-11-17 4,640 41SL1G 350958097264514 330.27 322.71 0.30 -- 1997-11-18 3,650 41SL1H 350958097264515 330.27 321.71 0.30 -- 1997-11-18 3,740 41SL1I 350958097264516 330.27 320.71 0.29 -- 1997-11-18 3,240 41SL1J 350958097264517 330.27 319.73 0.30 319.5 1997-11-19 3,223 54SL1A 351000097265002 330.54 329.15 0.30 -- 1996-10-29 1,336 54SL1B 351000097265024 330.54 328.15 0.30 -- 1996-10-29 1,660 54SL1C 351000097265025 330.54 327.13 0.31 -- 1996-10-30 3,040 54SL1E 351000097265026 330.54 325.14 0.31 -- 1996-10-31 3,700 54SL1F 351000097265027 330.54 324.13 0.30 -- 1996-11-01 4,520 54SL1G 351000097265028 330.54 323.23 0.30 -- 1996-11-01 4,740 54SL1H 351000097265029 330.54 322.22 0.30 -- 1996-11-03 4,790 54SL1I 351000097265030 330.54 321.21 0.30 -- 1996-11-04 5,580 54SL1J 351000097265031 330.54 320.21 0.31 -- 1996-11-04 5,960 54SL1K 351000097265032 330.54 319.22 0.31 319.0 1996-11-18 5,980 80SL1A 350957097265001 330.22 329.10 0.31 -- 1996-10-28 1,599 80SL1B 350957097265010 330.22 328.06 0.31 -- 1996-10-28 2,020 80SL1C 350957097265011 330.22 327.05 0.31 -- 1996-10-29 1,369 80SL1D 350957097265012 330.22 326.04 0.31 -- 1996-10-30 1,488 80SL1E 350957097265013 330.22 325.05 0.31 -- 1996-10-30 1,177 80SL1F 350957097265014 330.22 324.05 0.30 -- 1996-11-01 1,516 

Appendix 1. Site and well information, bedrock altitude, and selected specific conductance and potentiometric-surface measuremea closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma — Continued

 Well name1 Site number

Altitude of

land

surface

(meter)

Altitude

of

midscreen

(meter)

Length

of

screen

(meter)

Altitude

of

bedrock

(meter)

Date of

specific

conductance

measurement

(year-monthday)

Specific

conductance

(μS/cm)
34 Hydrogeology and leachate plume delineation at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma 80SL1G 350957097265015 330.22 323.04 0.30 -- 1996-11-01 1,630 

80SL1H 350957097265016 330.22 322.03 0.30 -- 1996-11-02 1,513 80SL1I 350957097265017 330.22 320.99 0.30 -- 1996-11-02 1,905 80SL1J 350957097265018 330.22 319.96 0.31 -- 1996-11-03 5,390 80SL1K 350957097265019 330.22 319.59 0.31 319.4 1996-11-03 4,900 89SL1A 350949097265101 330.12 328.40 0.30 -- 1997-11-04 473 89SL1B 350949097265102 330.12 327.39 0.29 -- 1997-11-04 554 89SL1C 350949097265103 330.12 326.40 0.29 -- 1997-11-05 652 89SL1D 350949097265104 330.12 325.40 0.29 -- 1997-11-05 670 89SL1E 350949097265105 330.12 324.40 0.30 -- 1997-11-05 802 89SL1F 350949097265106 330.12 323.40 0.30 -- 1997-11-06 890 89SL1G 350949097265107 330.12 322.39 0.29 -- 1997-11-06 1,294 89SL1H 350949097265108 330.12 321.40 0.30 -- 1997-11-06 1,544 89SL1I 350949097265109 330.12 320.41 0.30 -- 1997-11-12 1,930 89SL1J 350949097265110 330.12 319.42 0.30 319.2 1997-11-17 2,090 

Other temporary wells DPNPD-D 351019097263704 332.77 322.80 0.09 322.7 -- -- 

DP12-C 351018097272503 331.46 330.35 0.09 320.6 -- -- DP35-G 351003097264715 331.15 319.90 0.09 319.8 -- -- DP38-2B 351001097264927 331.41 320.20 0.08 320.2 -- -- DP40-F 350959097264428 330.69 319.98 0.08 319.9 -- -- NL940608-1 351019097270101 332.00 -- -- 318.9 -- -- PS17 351001097270801 331.04 328.62 0.76 -- 1995-11-01 980 PS18 350957097271401 330.22 328.65 0.76 -- 1995-10-30 993 PS35 351004097264601 331.18 329.59 0.76 -- 1995-11-06 5,620 PS36 351003097264604 331.03 328.26 0.76 -- 1995-11-07 5,950 

Appendix 1. Site and well information, bedrock altitude, and selected specific conductance and potentiometric-surface measuremea closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma — Continued

 Well name1 Site number

Altitude of

land

surface

(meter)

Altitude

of

midscreen

(meter)

Length

of

screen

(meter)

Altitude

of

bedrock

(meter)

Date of

specific

conductance

measurement

(year-monthday)

Specific

conductance

(μS/cm)
35

PS37 351003097264701 331.52 328.83 0.76 -- 1995-11-08 3,170 PS38 351000097264901 331.33 328.57 0.76 -- 1995-11-13 2,940 PS38-B 351000097264902 331.33 325.11 0.76 -- 1995-11-30 5,350 PS38-C 351000097264903 331.33 321.49 0.76 -- 1995-12-04 6,180 PS38-D 351000097264904 331.33 319.23 0.76 318.7 1995-12-04 6,080 PS39 350959097264902 330.75 329.14 0.76 -- 1995-11-13 2,430 PS40 351001097264401 330.49 328.95 0.76 -- 1995-11-22 7,710 PS54 351001097265101 330.60 329.08 0.76 -- 1995-11-22 1,861 PS54-B 351001097265102 330.60 325.46 0.76 -- 1995-11-29 4,150 PS54-C 351001097265103 330.60 321.97 0.76 -- 1995-11-30 5,130 PS54-D 351001097265104 330.60 318.96 0.76 318.5 1995-12-05 5,530 SSEAST DEEP 350959097264303 331.00 319.87 0.61 319.6 - - SSWEST DEEP 351003097264603 331.00 319.72 0.61 319.4 - - 

Water-level monitoring wells

WLMAPE 351017097270001 332.93 329.72 1.39 -- 1997-10-20 1,340 WLMEAST 350955097263101 330.90 328.155 1.39 -- 1997-10-01 668 WLMNPD 351018097263801 332.37 330.245 1.39 -- 1997-07-10 1, 790 WLMPLUME 351003097264902 331.46 328.535 1.39 -- 1997-07-10 3,150 WLMSOUTH 350954097264801 330.39 328.245 1.39 -- 1997-09-30 953 WLMTS5 351004097270101 330.46 328.535 1.39 -- 1997-09-30 1,673 

Core sites

318-1 332.20 320.01

318-2 332.23 320.1937-9 332.57 319.77VC-A 351001097264925 330.93 319.65VC-F 350953097265101 330.29 319.32

Appendix 1. Site and well information, bedrock altitude, and selected specific conductance and potentiometric-surface measuremea closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma — Continued

 Well name1 Site number

Altitude of

land

surface

(meter)

Altitude

of

midscreen

(meter)

Length

of

screen

(meter)

Altitude

of

bedrock

(meter)

Date of

specific

conductance

measurement

(year-monthday)

Specific

conductance

(μS/cm)
36 Hydrogeology and leachate plume delineation at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma VC-G 350944097265501 330.05 319.08 Additional non-USGS sites COMPOST1 338.52 329.83 COMPOST2 338.15 329.92 1. The letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, and K in the slug test and temporary well names indicate interval tested, with A being closest to land surface and K 

from land surface (for example, PS54-B, PS54-C, PS54-D). The numbers 1-7 in the multi-level sample well name indicate the interval the well is completed in, wto land surface and 7 being farthest from land surface (for example, MLS35-2, MLS35-3). 2. Date of measurement is January 29, 1998. 3. Stacy (1961) Appendix 1. Site and well information, bedrock altitude, and selected specific conductance and potentiometric-surface measureme

a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma — Continued Well name1 Site number Altitude of land surface (meter) Altitude of midscreen (meter) Length of screen (meter) Altitude of bedrock (meter) Date of specific conductance measurement (year-month- day) Specific conduc- tance

(μS/cm)