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### GLOSSARY

- Allopatric   
- Occurring in different geographic regions. See parapatric and   sympatric, and  Figure   9 .     
- Anadromous   
- Exhibiting a behavior involving migrations from freshwater to seawater and   back to freshwater to spawn. Coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus   clarki clarki) and most other species in the genus Oncorhynchus   (Pacific salmon and trout) are considered anadromous.     
- Artificial Propagation   
- See hatchery.     
- Coastal Cutthroat Trout   
- A cutthroat trout of the subspecies Oncorhynchus clarki clarki.   The subspecies is primarily found in the coastal region of northwestern North   America and is the only anadromous subspecies of O. clarki.     
- Electrophoresis   
- Electrophoresis refers to the movement of charged particles in an electric   field. It has proven to be a very useful analytical tool for biochemical   characters because molecules can be separated on the basis of differences in   size or net charge. Protein electrophoresis, which measures differences in the   amino acid composition of proteins from different individuals, has been used   for over two decades to study natural populations, including all species of   anadromous Pacific salmonids. Because the amino acid sequence of proteins is   coded for by DNA, data provided by protein electrophoresis provide insight   into levels of genetic variability within populations and the extent of   genetic differentiation between them. Utter et al. (1987) provide a review of   the technique using examples from Pacific salmon, and the laboratory manual of   Aebersold et al. (1987) provides detailed descriptions of analytical   procedures. Genetic techniques that focus directly on variation in DNA also   routinely use electrophoresis to separate fragments formed by cutting DNA with   special enzymes (restriction endonucleases).   Other genetic terms used in this document include allele (an alternate form   of a gene); allozymes (alternate forms of an enzyme produced by different   alleles and often detected by protein electrophoresis); gene (the basic unit   of heredity passed from parent to offspring); gene locus (pl. loci; the site   on a chromosome where a gene is found); genetic distance (a quantitative   measure of genetic differences between a pair of samples); introgression   (introduction of genes from one population or species into another); and   karyotype (the number, size, and morphology of the chromosome complement).    
- ESU   
- Evolutionarily Significant Unit; a "distinct" population, and hence a   species, under the Endangered Species Act.     
- Hatchery   
- Salmon hatcheries use artificial procedures to spawn adults and raise the   resulting progeny in fresh water for release into the natural environment,   either directly from the hatchery or by transfer into another area. In the   Umpqua River Basin cutthroat trout fry (young juveniles) and smolts have been   released from the ODFW Alsea River Hatchery.     
- Iteroparous   
- Reproducing repeatedly, or more than once in a lifetime. In the genus   Oncorhynchus, only O. clarki and O. mykiss are   iteroparous; all other species are semelparous (i.e., all individuals die   after spawning).     
- Parapatric   
- Having some geographic overlapping of distributions with the potential for   gene flow between populations. See sympatric and allopatric, and    Figure   9 .     
- Phenotype   
- The phenotype is the appearance of an organism resulting from the   interaction of the genotype and the environment.     
- Potamodromous   
- Exhibiting a behavior involving migrations into smaller river tributaries   for spawning and rearing. Potamodromous behavior does not involve migrations   out of fresh water. Also called fluvial-adfluvial (Trotter et al. 1993).   Potamodromous behavior is common among interior cutthroat trout (O.   clarki subspp.).     
- Redd Counts   
- Most salmonids deposit their eggs in nests called redds, which are dug in   the streambed substrate by the female. Most redds occur in predictable areas   and are easily identified by an experienced observer by their shape, size, and   color (lighter than surrounding areas because silt has been cleaned   away).Spawning surveys utilize counts of redds and fish carcasses to   estimate spawner escapement and identify habitat being used by spawning fish.   Annual surveys can be used to compare the relative magnitude of spawning   activity between years.     
- Resident   
- Occupying headwater reaches; may disperse locally, but generally   considered non-migratory. Also called fluvial (Trotter et al. 1993).     
- River Kilometer (RKm)   
- Distance, in kilometers, from the mouth of the indicated river. Usually   used to identify the location of a physical feature, such as a confluence,   dam, or waterfall.     
- Sea-Run   
- Synonymous to anadromous but is usually used only in reference to   the anadromous component of species such as O. clarki and O.   mykiss that commonly have both an anadromous and non-anadromous life   history form.     
- Semelparous   
- Reproducing only once in a lifetime. All species in the genus   Oncorhynchus are semelparous except O. clarki and O.   mykiss.     
- Smolt   
- verb- The physiological process that prepares a juvenile anadromous fish   to survive the transition from fresh water to salt water. noun- A juvenile   anadromous fish which has smolted.     
- Steelhead   
- The anadromous or sea-run form of O. mykiss.     
- Sympatric   
- Occupying the same geographic area. See parapatric and   allopatric, and  Figure   9 . 

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