United States 

Department of 

Agriculture

Forest

Service

October 2009

Draft Environmental

Impact Statement

Travel Management Project

Deschutes National Forest, Ochoco National Forest, and Crooked River National

Grassland

Deschutes, Jefferson, Crook, Klamath, Lake, Grant and Wheeler Counties, Oregon
 

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Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-

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Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 1 

Travel Management Project 

Draft 

Environmental Impact Statement 

Deschutes, Jefferson, Crook, Klamath, Lake, Grant and Wheeler Counties, Oregon 

Lead Agency: USDA Forest Service 

Responsible Officials: John P. Allen, Forest Supervisor 

 Deschutes National Forest 

 1001 SW Emkay Drive 

 Bend, OR 97702 

 Jeff P. Walter, Forest Supervisor 

 Ochoco National Forest 

3160 N.E. 3rd Street 

Prineville, OR 97754 

 

For Information Contact: Mollie Chaudet or Peggy Fisher 

 Deschutes National Forest 

 1001 SW Emkay Dr. 

 Bend, OR 97702 

 541-383- 5300 

Abstract: In accordance with 36 CFR 212, 251, 261, and 295, the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests 

and the Crooked River National Grassland propose to prohibit motorized travel1

 outside of those existing, 

previously designated routes (roads and trails) and areas - where it is not already restricted or prohibited by 

law, regulation, policy, order, Forest Plan direction, or site-specific decision2

. Some mineral material sources 

that currently do not prohibit motorized access off designated routes would be designated as open to 

 

1

 Over the snow vehicles are excluded from this proposed action 

2

 This includes past decisions to close or decommission National Forest system roads that may not have been implemented through physical barriers 

or signing, or where the closure method was limited to not conducting routine maintenance activities. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 2 

motorized access off designated routes (eg. cross-country travel). The Proposed Action would not close 

motorized public access on any roads currently designated as open (Forest Service maintenance level two or 

above). However, a few designated roads, which currently allow for by both highway legal and non-highway 

legal vehicles use (eg. OHV’s), would prohibit use by the non-highway-legal vehicles based on the results of 

the Forests’ motorized “mixed” use analysis. In order to eliminate minor inconsistencies between the 

beginning and ending seasons of use periods, some modifications would also be made. Existing designated 

routes and areas for motorized use according to the season of use (time of year the route and/or area is open 

for use) and class of vehicle (highway legal or non-highway-legal) are identified on the Deschutes and 

Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland Proposed Action maps. 

In accordance with provisions of the Travel Management Rule, the proposed action would allow for 

motorized access solely for the purpose of dispersed camping within 300’ of the centerline of designated 

routes shown on the Proposed Action maps. The conditions for motorized access within 300’ of the 

centerline of a designated route would, in accordance with the general provisions, as described in the Travel 

Management Rule, be limited to those classes of vehicles and seasons of use that apply to the adjacent 

designated route. Motorized access for dispersed camping from some designated routes would be subject to 

“special provisions.” Proposed “special provisions” would allow motorized access within 300’ of the 

centerline of a designated route for those classes of vehicles and seasons of use that apply to the designated 

route only for the purpose of accessing designated, defined or existing dispersed campsites (see Figs. 2-4). 

Designated sites are marked with a sign; defined sites limit motorized access with boulders or wood 

structures; and existing sites have established fire rings or other evidence of historic use. Motorized vehicles 

would not be permitted to cross streams except on designated routes in order to access sites. In riparian areas, 

motorized access to existing (not designated or defined) sites would be prohibited within 30’ of the edge of a 

water body, wetland or stream course (see Fig. 5). 

Reviewers should provide the Forest Service with their comments during the review period of the draft 

environmental impact statement (DEIS). This will enable the Forest Service to analyze and respond to the 

comments at one time and to use information acquired in the preparation of the final environmental impact 

statement, thus avoiding undue delay in the decision making process. Reviewers have an obligation to 

structure their participation in the National Environmental Policy Act process so that it is meaningful and 

alerts the agency to the reviewers’ position and contentions. Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. 

NRDC, 435 U.S. 519, 553 (1978). Environmental objections that could have been raised at the draft stage 

may be waived if not raised until after completion of the final environmental impact statement. City of 

Angoon v. Hodel (9th Circuit, l986) and Wisconsin Heritages, Inc. v. Harris, 490 F. Supp. 1334, 1338 (E.D. 

Wis. 1980). Comments on the DEIS should be specific and should address the adequacy of the statement and 

the merits of the alternatives discussed (40 CFR 1503.3). 

Comments: This comment period is intended to provide those interested in or affected by this activity an 

opportunity to make their concerns known. Those who participate and provide timely comments will be 

eligible to appeal the decision pursuant to 36 CFR part 215 regulations. 

How to Comment and Timeframe: Written, facsimile, hand-delivered, oral, and electronic comments 

concerning this action will be accepted for 45 calendar days following publication of a notice of availability 

for this DEIS in the federal register. The publication date in the federal register is the exclusive means for 

calculating the comment period for this proposal. Those wishing to comment should not rely upon dates or 

timeframe information provided by any other source. 

Written or hand- delivered comments must be submitted to: John Alllen, Forest Supervisor, Deschutes 

National Forest, 1001 SW Emkay Drive, Bend, OR 97702,Attention: Travel Management; or to Jeff Walter, 

Forest Supervisor, Ochoco National Forest, 3160 NE Third St., Prineville, OR 97754, Attention: Travel 

Management. The office business hours for those submitting hand-delivered comments are 7:45 A.M. to 4:30 

P.M. Monday through Friday, excluding holidays. Oral comments must be provided at the Responsible 

Official’s office during normal business hours via telephone (541) 383-5300 or in person. Electronic 

comments must be submitted in a format such as an email message, plain text (.txt), rich text format (.rtf), or 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 3 

Word (.doc). If no identifiable name is attached to a comment, a verification of identity will be required for 

appeal eligibility. Send comments to: comments-pacificnorthwest-deschutes@fs.fed.us. . In cases using an 

electronic message, a scanned signature is one way to provide verification. Emails submitted to email 

addresses other than the one listed above, in other formats than those listed, or containing viruses will be 

rejected. 

It is the responsibility of persons providing comments to submit them by the close of the comment period 

and ensure that their comments have been received. Individuals and organizations wishing to be eligible to 

appeal must meet the information requirements of 36 CFR 215.6. 

Contact Person: 

For additional information concerning the specific activities authorized with the decision, you may contact: 

Mollie Chaudet or Peggy Fisher, Interdisciplinary Team Leaders, at the Deschutes National Forest 

Supervisor’s Office, 1001 SW Emkay Drive, Bend, OR 97702 @ (541) 383- 5300. 

Send Comments to: 

 John P. Allen 

 1001 SW Emkay Drive 

 Bend, OR 97702 

 Or 

 Jeff P. Walter 

 3160 NE Third Street 

 Prineville, OR 97754 

Date Comments Must Be Received: Public Comments are due 45 days after the notice of availability for 

this DEIS is published in the federal register. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 4 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Chapter 1. Purpose and Need for Action........................................................................................................................8

Document Structure........................................................................................................................................................ 8

Background .................................................................................................................................................................... 8

Purpose and Need for Action ....................................................................................................................................... 10

Proposed Action........................................................................................................................................................... 11

Decision Framework.................................................................................................................................................... 14

Public Involvement....................................................................................................................................................... 14

Issues............................................................................................................................................................................ 16

Other Activities That Could Affect Motorized Access .................................................................................................. 28

Chapter 2. Alternatives, Including the Proposed Action ............................................................................................34

Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................. 34

Understanding this Chapter ......................................................................................................................................... 34

Maps of the Alternatives............................................................................................................................................... 35

Motorized access not affected by the proposed action ................................................................................................. 37

Alternatives Considered in Detail ................................................................................................................................ 39

Alternatives Considered but Eliminated from Detailed Study...................................................................................... 46

Comparison of Alternatives.......................................................................................................................................... 49

Travel Management Issue Comparison Summary........................................................................................................ 51

Chapter 3. Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences ......................................................................61

Air Quality and the Clean Air Act................................................................................................................................ 66

Fire Risk....................................................................................................................................................................... 68

Public Safety................................................................................................................................................................. 75

Transportation.............................................................................................................................................................. 79

Scenery Resources........................................................................................................................................................ 85

Congressionally Designated Areas ............................................................................................................................ 100

Heritage Resources .................................................................................................................................................... 112

Inventoried Roadless Areas........................................................................................................................................ 120

Soils............................................................................................................................................................................ 131

Hydrology................................................................................................................................................................... 143

Geology and Minerals................................................................................................................................................ 176

Vegetation Management Activities and Wildfires ...................................................................................................... 190

Invasive Plants ........................................................................................................................................................... 198

Recreation .................................................................................................................................................................. 209

Social and Economic Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 235

Wildlife ....................................................................................................................................................................... 275
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 5 

Native Vegetation ....................................................................................................................................................... 298

Range ......................................................................................................................................................................... 321

Fisheries..................................................................................................................................................................... 328

Cumulative Effects...................................................................................................................................................... 351

Other Required Disclosures ....................................................................................................................................... 359

Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination................................................................................................................370

Preparers and Contributors ....................................................................................................................................... 370

Distribution of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement ....................................................................................... 380

References .....................................................................................................................................................................381

Glossary.........................................................................................................................................................................409

Index ..............................................................................................................................................................................439

Appendix A. Maps 380 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 6 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 7 

Figure 1 - Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland Vicinity 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 8 

CHAPTER 1. PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION 

Document Structure 

The Forest Service has prepared this Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) in compliance with the 

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and other relevant Federal and State laws and regulations. This 

DEIS discloses the direct, indirect, and cumulative environmental impacts that would result from the 

proposed action and alternatives. The document is organized into four chapters: 

 Chapter 1. Purpose and Need for Action: The chapter includes information on the history of the 

project proposal, the purpose of and need for the project, and the agency’s proposal for achieving 

that purpose and need. This section also details how the Forest Service informed the public of the 

proposal and how the public responded. 

 Chapter 2. Alternatives, including the Proposed Action: This chapter provides a more detailed 

description of the agency’s proposed action as well as alternative methods for achieving the stated 

purpose. These alternatives were developed based on significant issues raised by the public and other 

agencies. Finally, this section provides a summary table of the environmental consequences 

associated with each alternative. 

 Chapter 3. Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences: This chapter describes the 

environmental effects of implementing the proposed action and other alternatives. This analysis is 

organized by resource area. 

 Chapter 4. Consultation and Coordination: This chapter provides a list of preparers and agencies 

consulted during the development of the DEIS. 

 References: A list of the scientific references used in the DEIS. 

 Glossary: Definitions of the specialized terms used in the DEIS 

 Index: The index provides page numbers for document topic. 

 Appendices: The appendices provide more detailed information to support the analyses presented in 

the DEIS. 

Additional documentation, including more detailed analyses of project-area resources, may be found in the 

project planning record located at the Deschutes National Forest (NF) Headquarters office. 

Background 

In 2005, the U.S. Forest Service issued national regulations3 to allow motorized use only on designated4

routes (roads and trails) and in designated areas on all national forests. These regulations, called “Travel 

Management: Designated Motorized Access for National Forests and Grasslands,” (and called hereafter the 

“Travel Management Rule” or Rule) directed the National Forests and Grasslands to publish a Motor Vehicle 

Use Map (MVUM) that would show where and under what conditions designated motorized access would be 

allowed for all motor vehicles. The Rule establishes specific codes under federal regulations (CFRs) to 

enforce a consistent nationwide approach of allowing motorized access on National Forests and Grasslands 

only as shown on the Motor Vehicle Use Map. 

 

3

 36 CFR Parts 212, 251-261, and 295 

4

 A designation of a road or trail includes all terminal facilities, trailheads, parking lots, and turnouts 

associated with the road or trail. The designation also includes parking a motor vehicle on the side of the 

road when it is safe to do so without causing damage to NFS resources or facilities, unless prohibited by state 

law, a traffic sign, or an order (36 CFR 261.54). Road designations must specify either that they include 

parking within one vehicle length, or within a specified distance of up to 30 feet, from the edge of the road 

surface 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 9 

When considering how to implement the Rule, the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest5

 Supervisors 

realized their efforts would have to be sharply focused to accomplish such a change in how people have used 

motor vehicles to access the two Forests. They focused their efforts by considering the following factors: 

 There are currently approximately 11,432 miles of roads under Forest Service jurisdiction across 

Central Oregon on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and the Crooked River National 

Grassland, with about 8,000 miles that are designated as open to motorized use. Motor vehicle use on 

these roads has historically been allowed consistent with Oregon law, and are open to use by 

highway legal vehicles only or open to both highway and non-highway-legal vehicles. 

Approximately 90 percent of these roads are open for use by non-highway-legal vehicles. The Travel 

Management Rule and Forest Service policy allows for these past motorized use designations to be 

incorporated without change as the designated routes required to be shown on the Motor Vehicle Use 

Map (CFR 215.50(b)). 

 On the Deschutes National Forest, the East Fort Rock OHV Trail System provides 318 miles of 

designated motorized trails and 3 play areas designed for and open throughout the year to ATVs and 

dirt bikes and one rock crawl play area open to all classes of vehicles. The Edison OHV Trail System 

provides 25 miles of designated motorized trails designed for and open seasonally to motorized 

vehicles under 80" width. On the Ochoco National Forest, the 8 1⁄2 mile Green Mountain Trail is 

open to ATVs and dirt bikes only, as well as the 18 mile Henderson OHV Trail System on the 

Crooked River National Grassland, which is open seasonally. The nearby Millican OHV Trail 

System on public lands administered by the BLM adds an additional 111 miles of motorized trails 

open year-round and 145 miles open seasonally. Still, largely unregulated motorized access off 

designated routes (cross-country travel) has resulted in a proliferation of unauthorized trails often 

concentrated near population centers, but present across the forests. 

 The two motorized activities most likely to be significantly affected by prohibiting motorized use 

outside of or off of existing designated roads, trails, and areas would be: 

o Motorized access for dispersed camping (MADC): 

Many forest users travel off of existing designated routes to access existing “dispersed” or 

informal campsites, which is still an important recreation use in the National Forests. 

o Motorized travel off designated routes (MAODR) by off-highway vehicles: 

There are many unauthorized routes that have provided the public specialized trail (single-track 

motorcycle, 4- wheel drive rock crawling, or all-terrain vehicles trails) or cross-country 

motorized access. 

 There are insufficient budgets and resources to inventory and evaluate every existing designated and 

unauthorized route or use area on both forests in order to complete a comprehensive site-specific 

decision for all future designated motorized routes and complete a timely publication of the first 

Motor Vehicle Use Map. 

 The Rule allows an option to only consider non-winter (motor vehicles that do not qualify as overthe-snow) motorized use. 

 National Forest System roads on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests have existing 

designations that follow state regulation, and allow for motorized “mixed” use of highway and nonhighway-legal vehicles on roads which are classified by the Forest Service as “Maintenance Level 

2.” 

Based on these considerations, the Forest Supervisors identified a two-part strategy to implement the Rule 

for non-winter use to meet the prescribed time frame that was within the capacity of their available resources 

 

5

 The Crooked River National Grassland is administered by the Ochoco National Forest. All references in this document to the Ochoco National 

Forest are intended to include the Crooked River National Grassland unless specifically noted otherwise. The Emigrant Creek Ranger District is 

administered by the Malheur National Forest and is not included in this analysis. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 10 

and anticipated grants and budgets. The first part of the strategy was to keep open to motorized access, 

consistent with current existing conditions: 

 all designated open roads that are considered suitable to continue motorized “mixed” use of 

highway-legal and non-highway-legal vehicles 

 existing designated motorized routes and areas within the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest’s 

designated OHV trail systems 

 motorized access for dispersed camping under conditions that would be consistent with the Rule and 

provide for resource considerations. 

The second part of the strategy was to identify for consideration in the near term specialized areas for 

designated motorized routes, as well as areas for non-highway-legal motorized use. 

In 2006-2007, the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests worked with a chartered federal advisory 

committee to develop a strategy for implementing the rule that included two distinct outcomes. Both 

outcomes started with an established baseline6 of our existing designated routes that were already designated 

for motorized use by class of vehicle and seasons of use. The outcomes were recommendations7 for: 

 options and criteria for providing motorized access for dispersed camping within the boundaries 

established by the rule; and 

 areas that could be considered for developing specialized motorized trail systems 

These two outcomes are the starting points for developing specific proposed actions to implement the Travel 

Management Rule. The intent of the national Rule was to be carried forward locally under the National 

Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The two parts of the strategy are both a result of the Forest Supervisor’s 

interest in mitigating some of the expected effects of prohibiting motorized access off of designated routes. 

However, the proposed actions resulting from each part of the strategy have a very different scope and scale, 

and are therefore considered distinct and separate federal actions under the procedures of the National 

Environmental Policy Act. This DEIS would implement the first part of the strategy, while separate 

environmental analyses are being conducted for identifying motorized trail systems across the two Forests. 

Purpose and Need for Action 

The Travel Management Rule was passed because of a need to resolve a number of resource and social 

concerns related to unregulated motorized travel that were detailed in the Rule. These included concerns such 

as: 

 Confusion about where or when motorized access is or is not allowed, or for what type of vehicle, 

and how or where to find that information 

 Resource damage from inappropriate motorized uses 

 Conflicts between motorized and non-motorized users 

 Quality of recreational experiences for all forest users 

Many of these concerns are illustrated on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and the Crooked River 

National Grassland as well. For instance, the entire Crooked River National Grassland is currently closed to 

motorized travel off of designated routes, but the repeated costs associated with posting areas “closed” has 

made enforcement difficult. National Forest lands have a mixture of designations related to motorized travel 

on and off roads as well as there being seasonal restrictions both on and off some routes for various types of 

vehicles. Specifics regarding management direction for motorized access for highway and non-highway-legal 

vehicles have been sometimes inconsistent across the Forests, adding to the general confusion about how 

 

6

 The existing routes were part of the National Forest system of roads and trails and were the result of previous administrative actions. 7

 Complete list of recommendation can be on the web at http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/travelmgmt/documents/20070604_final_appvd_pacrecommend.pdf 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 11 

management direction has been intended to be applied. Resource damage from inappropriate motorized use 

has increased on both Forests, perhaps driven by an increase in the types of vehicles available to the growing 

Oregon population. Population growth has also contributed to an increase in social conflicts, often between 

motorized and non-motorized users on the National Forests and Grassland. 

The Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests have a need to implement the provisions of the Travel 

Management Rule – including provisions to allow for reasonable motorized access for dispersed camping - to 

publish a timely initial Motor Vehicle Use Map. There is also a need to comply with Pacific NW Regional 

direction to review routes that would be shown on the Motor Vehicle Use Map as available for motorized 

“mixed” use under current designations (Oregon State Law) to determine if conditions may warrant changing 

that allowable use to highway-legal vehicles only. Based on initial review of the seasons of use on existing 

designated routes, there is also a limited need to make minor changes to the seasons of use in some areas to 

eliminate minor inconsistencies between those seasons of use. 

The purpose of the actions proposed in this DEIS are to: 

 implement the 2005 Travel Management Rule provision8

 to prohibit all motorized access off 

existing, previously designated routes, and outside existing, previously designated areas where such 

use is not currently prohibited or otherwise restricted by past actions (eg. eliminate cross-country 

travel) 

 improve public safety, by implementing Forest Service Regional policy to determine the suitability 

of continuing to allow for motorized “mixed” use9

 (eg. analyze those roads which currently allow for 

motorized “mixed10” use under Oregon State Law) 

 establish conditions or provisions to allow for motorized access for dispersed camping (MADC) that 

are consistent with the Travel Management Rule 

 where appropriate, to reduce minor inconsistencies, make minor changes to the seasons of use for 

designated routes 

 clarify the current conditions of use for motorized access on existing designated National Forest 

system (NFS) routes and current management direction for motorized access for dispersed camping 

 amend the Ochoco National Forest Plan to restrict motorized access to designated routes consistent 

with the Travel Management Rule and proposed conditions for motorized access for dispersed 

camping 

Proposed Action 

In accordance with 36 CFR 212, 251, 261, and 295, the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and the 

Crooked River National Grassland, having established through past administrative decisions an extensive 

system of designated routes and areas for motorized vehicle use in accordance with CFR 212.50; propose to: 

 Prohibit motorized travel11 outside of those existing designated routes (roads and trails) and areas - 

where it is not already restricted or prohibited by law, regulation, policy, order, Forest Plan direction, 

or site-specific decision12. 

 Prohibit motorized use by non-highway-legal vehicles on some routes that currently allow both 

highway-legal and non-highway-legal vehicles based on the results of the Forest Service motorized 

“mixed” use analysis. 

 Amend both the Ochoco and Deschutes Forest Plans to modify some of the existing seasons of use 

on some routes to eliminate inconsistencies between beginning and ending seasonal use periods. 

 

8

 Excluding over-snow vehicles 

9

 Highway-legal (meets State standards for a vehicle driving on a state highway) and non-highway-legal vehicles (does not meet State standards for a 

vehicle driving on a state highway) 

10 Use by highway and non-highway-legal vehicles currently allowed under Oregon State regulation 11 Over the snow vehicles are excluded from this proposed action 

12 This includes past decisions to close or decommission National Forest system roads that may not have been implemented through physical barriers 

or signing, or where the closure method was limited to not conducting routine maintenance activities. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 12 

 In accordance with CFR 212.51 (b), allow motorized access for the purpose of dispersed camping 

within 300’ of the centerline of designated routes shown on the Proposed Action maps (CD 1). 

Motorized access within 300’ of the centerline of a designated route would be subject to the general

provisions of CFR 212.51. These general provisions allow for limited motorized access within those 

areas to those classes of vehicles and seasons of use that apply to the adjacent designated route solely 

for the purpose of dispersed camping. 

 Motorized access for dispersed camping (MADC) along some routes would be subject to “special

provisions.” Proposed “special provision” areas would allow motorized access within 300’ of the 

centerline of a designated route for those classes of vehicles and seasons of use that apply to the 

designated route only for the purpose of accessing designated, defined or existing dispersed 

campsites. See Figures 2-5 

Figure 2 - DESIGNATED sites, marked with a sign

 Figure 3 - DEFINED sites, limiting motorized access with boulders or wood structures 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 13 

Figure 4 - EXISTING sites have established fire rings or other evidence of past use

Figure 5 - RIPARIAN13 areas: motorized access to EXISTING sites no closer than 30' to edge of stream, wetland, 

or water body 

The Proposed Action would also: 

 Amend the Ochoco National Forest Plan to be consistent with the Travel Mangement Rule 

 Amend the Ochoco National Forest Plan to allow for motorized access for dispersed camping within 

300’ of open designated routes on the Crooked River National Grassland subject to the general and 

special provisions of the proposed action. 

Based on public comments on this proposed action during public meetings, and written comments following 

publication of the proposed action and Notice of Intent in the federal register, some modifications to the 

original proposed action were made. The proposed action was modified to include some rock/cinder pits that 

are currently open to motorized use as designated areas that would be open to motorized access off 

designated routes (cross-country travel). Motorized access for dispersed camping within Inventoried 

Roadless Areas was modified to allow for that access only to designated, defined or existing sites. 

 

13 Areas adjacent to streams, wetlands, lakes or springs 

30 ft. 

Edge of stream, high water 

mark 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 14 

Maps that illustrate the existing designated routes and areas for motorized use according to the season of use 

(open to use time frame) and class of vehicle (highway-legal or non-highway-legal) are available in CD 

format with the DEIS, on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests Travel Management website, and are 

also available at Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest Ranger Districts and Headquarters offices. Overview 

maps are included in Appendix A-1.1 – A-1.8 

Decision Framework 

Given the purpose of and need for action, the deciding official reviewed the proposed action, the other 

alternatives, and the environmental consequences in order to make the following decisions: 

 determine whether or under what conditions motorized travel off of existing designated routes and 

outside of existing designated areas would be prohibited within the Deschutes and Ochoco National 

Forests and Crooked River National Grassland after the publication of the Motor Vehicle Use Map 

(MVUM) in accordance with the Travel Management Rule; 

 determine whether or under what conditions exceptions allowed by the rule for motorized access 

would be provided for ingress and egress to dispersed campsites; 

 determine whether or under what conditions motorized “mixed” use of highway and non-highwaylegal vehicles on identified National Forest System roads would be allowed; and 

 determine whether or under what conditions to amend Forest Plans. 

Public Involvement 

Public involvement in the Travel Management Rule is documented in the Travel Management Rule (36 CFR 

212.52). On the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, there have been a variety of opportunities and 

methods for the public to become informed about, comment on, or get more involved in the local 

implementation of the Rule. 

In July and August of 2006, six public workshops were held throughout Central Oregon to inform people 

about the Rule, discuss the strategy that was to be used locally to implement the rule, to ask people about the 

areas they valued the most for whatever activities they did there, and to offer people an opportunity to get 

involved with the advisory committee that would be developing recommendations on how to implement the 

rule. Approximately 300 people attended those meetings. There was another round of public workshops in 

July of 2007 that presented the results of the advisory committee’s recommendations, and offered the public 

an opportunity to share their thoughts on the recommendation. Approximately 200 people attended those 

meetings. 

The Notice of Intent (NOI) to prepare an DEIS for Implementing the Travel Management Rule on the 

Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests was published in the Federal Register on May 16, 2008. The NOI 

asked for public comment on the proposal from May 16- June 16, 2008. Between the months of May and 

June of 2008, six public workshops were held at various venues throughout Central Oregon to promote the 

upcoming Travel Management DEIS. These workshops were conducted in an “Open House” format 

consisting of poster displays and maps located at various stations throughout the venue which allowed for 

freedom of movement at the visitor’s convenience. Visitors were encouraged to ask questions from any 

Forest Service employee present at these meetings, many which staffed the various stations. At each meeting, 

Forest staff, District Rangers, and Forest Supervisors were available to talk with people about the Travel 

Management Rule, and the local implementation strategy. Approximately 140 people attended these 

meetings. 

The forests, with the assistance of the federal advisory committee, know as the Deschutes Provincial 

Advisory Committee or PAC, chartered a subcommittee or working group consisting of both members of the 

PAC and members of the public at large. The working group (WG) consisted of 30 some members 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 15 

representing both motorized and non-motorized interests. Members represented specific organized groups, 

including but not limited to, Oregon Hunters Association, Deschutes County 4x4 club, Ochoco Trail Riders, 

Oregon Wild, Backcountry Horseman, Friends of the Metolius, and the general public at large. The group 

donated over 1,400 hours to help develop a strategy and recommendations for implementing the rule, which 

were later adopted by the PAC at large. These recommendations helped to develop the criteria later used to 

establish special provisions for motorized access for dispersed camping and to establish areas where the 

forest might propose potential future motorized trails. Working group members also assisted the Forest 

Service representatives in making presentations to various public groups and attended the public workshops 

to help describe the proposed action and their involvement in the process. 

Website, Newsletters, Newspapers, and other Media Coverage 

Since 2005, the two Forests have developed a network of information outlets regarding our strategy to 

implement the Travel Management Rule. These included, but were not limited to news releases, newsletters, 

and news articles. The 1,200 individuals on our mailing list were informed about the project through the 

newsletters. Five separate newsletters were sent to these individuals throughout the project development 

phase. Members of the public, not on the mailing list, were informed of the project’s status through the 

newspaper of record and other local newspapers in the area. The newspaper of record for this project is 

Bend's daily newspaper, The Bulletin. Fourteen news releases were issued by the Forest Service to The 

Bulletin and other local papers, radio, and television services. Six news articles appeared in The Bulletin 

discussing the intent and progress of the project work. The local news, Fox 39 News produced two stories 

discussing upcoming public meetings and how to become more involved with project development. 

Announcements and interviews on local radio stations also accompanied most of the news releases, and 

provided periodic updates on the progress of the DEIS process. 

Early in the process the forests developed an information section on our combined Central Oregon 

worldwide website14 devoted to the Travel Management Rule and our implementation process. This website 

provides the public with notification of upcoming public workshops along with access to past newletters, 

news releases, the PAC recommendations and the majority of the materials presented at earlier public 

workshops, including maps. The website also provides the public with an updated timeframe and notification 

of how to comment on our process. 

What We’ve Heard 

Most of the comments on the planning process did not suggest specific changes to the proposed action of the 

Travel Management EIS. Many comments focused on how the Rule would be implemented, how the process 

to establish the Rule had not taken their concerns or desires into account, whether people would be able to 

understand where they could take a motor vehicle, whether there was sufficient law enforcement to 

implement such a sweeping change in where motorized access was allowed, and whether such a Rule was 

fair to aging populations. Some people thought that the forest should be completely closed to off-highway 

vehicles and many thought the restrictions proposed to implement the Rule were unreasonably limiting. 

Many of the comments which apply to the proposed action centered around the following concerns: 

 Motorized access for seniors, veterans, or people less able to access National Forest lands with nonmotorized means 

 Allowing big game retrieval with an ATV while hunting 

 Motorized access for dispersed camping within 300’ is not enough distance or is too much distance 

 OHV’s are not compatible with dispersed camping areas or OHV’s are an important part of camping 

experience 

 Limiting motorized access to dispersed camping areas that have provided recreational opportunities 

for generations 

 

14 website address: http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/travel-mgmt/ 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 16 

 Limiting motorized access within Inventoried Roadless Areas 

Motorized access is a subject of strong and often polarized public passion. Some people are opposed to a 

national rule limiting their ability to access National Forest lands with a motorized vehicle to designated 

routes and areas, while others are supportive of the rule. Some would be supportive of the rule if there were 

enough suitable designated riding areas. Many users feel that the amount of currently designated motorized 

trail areas is insufficient in either miles of trail or specialized classes of trails to provide for even a portion of 

the recreational demand. These users also feel that prohibiting travel off of designated routes would result in 

increasing already crowded conditions on the designated trail systems. 

For many older respondents, versatile off-highway vehicles are an important part of their ability to keep 

“getting out in the woods” as they experience declines in their physical abilities. Others use non-highwaylegal vehicles as an alternative to larger highway-legal vehicles for short-distance local travel. 

Some people are also concerned that implementation of the Rule would close roads that they have used in the 

past. They may be using old roads or old skid trails that look just like a low maintenance road that is open to 

the public, but in fact have been closed by administrative decision, just not yet physically blocked to 

motorized travel. People are also concerned whether non-highway-legal vehicles may be allowed on all roads 

under the new rules; and would like to see more of these routes become designated routes for non-highwaylegal vehicles. Some people also believe that the open designated motorized road and transportation system 

on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests is too wide-spread – that road densities are “too high” – for 

optimal wildlife habitat, to provide sufficient quantities of high quality non-motorized recreation 

opportunities, or to adequately provide for general healthy watersheds and forests; and would like to have 

additional open designated routes closed. Many respondents from across the spectrum are also concerned 

about the ability of the agency to enforce a rule with such widespread implications. 

The response to our proposed implementation of this Rule has been robust. All of the comments received 

were considered to determine whether they were within the scope of the proposed action and categorized into 

issues as described in the following section. 

Issues 

Issues are points of discussion, debate, or dispute about environmental effects – including social and 

economic - or competing uses of the resources that may occur as a result of the proposed action. The issues 

concerning the proposed action were submitted during the scoping period, or gathered as a result of the 

varied opportunities the public has had to give feedback as described above. The comments provided ranged 

from very general comments on many topics including the Travel Management Rule, to desires by some 

commenters for very specific actions to be taken. In order to sort through this variety of comments, the 

comments were classified in several groups, the first being significant and non-significant issues. Issues were 

classified as significant if they indicated a direct, indirect, or cumulative effect on (1) forest resources or 

public use of the forest by implementing the proposed action or (2) Alternatives that would better inform the 

Responsible Official’s decision. 

Significant Issues 

The project Interdisciplinary Team further sorted the significant issues into categories to help track how these 

issues are addressed throughout this document. They were sorted into the following categories: 

Key Issues are used to modify or develop an Alternative to the Proposed Action. The Key Issues are specific 

to the proposed action and the project area. Measures or indicators have been identified following the issue 

description to assist readers in tracking how the effects of these issues are evaluated throughout the analysis 

Other Issues are identified and used to describe the effects of the alternatives on important physical and 

biological resources or social and economic conditions. Measures or indicators have also been identified 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 17 

following some of the issue descriptions to further assist readers in tracking how the effects of these other 

issues are evaluated throughout the analysis. 

Key Issues 

Motorized Access off Designated Routes 

Areas open to motorized access off designated routes

There are mineral material sources, existing rock, gravel and/or cinder pits (and called hereafter rock/cinder 

pits), that are currently open to motorized use that were not included in the proposed action as designated. 

Some of these rock/cinder pits would continue to be “open to motorized access off designated routes”. 

Several of these rock/cinder pits may be prized by off-highway vehicle users that like a variety of technical 

challenges. These areas also offer little chance for resource damage because they are already designated and 

developed for mineral extraction. Many of these areas have historically been used on both Forests for 

dispersed camping, target practice, rock crawling and staging areas for recreation activities, in addition to 

their primary aggregate use. 

Response: The Proposed Action was modified to include criteria for maintaining current or designate future 

rock/cinder pits as “open to motorized access off designated routes (cross-country travel).” After evaluating 

the over 200 rock/cinder pits on the two Forests against these criteria, some rock/cinder pits that met these 

criteria were proposed to be designated as areas open to motorized access off designated routes (crosscountry travel) that were not actively being used for extraction of mineral material sources. 

Key Indicator: The number and acreage of rock/cinder pits designated as open to motorized access off 

designated routes (cross-country travel) 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Areas designated as open to motorized access for dispersed camping – 

Some people expressed concern about the potential impacts to resources such as soils, wildlife and 

vegetation, of continuing to allow motorized access for dispersed camping within 300’ of most existing open 

designated routes. This concern was highlighted for sensitive areas such as riparian areas, but extended to 

other areas within the forest as well. Concerns included denuding of vegetation, harassment of wildlife, soil 

compaction and spread of invasive species to name a few.

The proposed action would allow motorized access for dispersed camping within 300’ of most roads, but 

would modify the conditions for this motorized access. Under the Travel Management Rule, all motorized 

access for dispersed camping would be subject to the general provisions identified in the Rule. These 

provisions limit motorized access for dispersed camping to the same class of vehicle and season of use as the 

adjacent open designated road, and restrict motorized access within that specified distance solely for the 

purpose of dispersed camping. The proposed action also includes special provisions for motorized access for 

dispersed camping in all riparian areas, and in non-riparian (upland) areas with other sensitive resources as 

identified by the Forest Service. These special provision areas would limit motorized access for dispersed 

camping to designated, defined and existing sites; and would establish a 30’ setback for motorized access for 

dispersed camping to any existing site near a stream course, wetland, or waterbody. (See Figs 2-5) 

People were concerned that the areas designated as open to motorized access for dispersed camping under 

the general provisions could have a higher potential for development of new motorized access points and 

dispersed sites than those areas where the special provisions would apply. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 18 

Response: Alternative 3 was developed to respond to this issue. Alternative 3 would apply special provisions 

to all roads proposed as open to motorized access for dispersed camping under in Alternative 2, not just 

riparian areas and non-riparian (upland) areas identified to have other sensitive resources. 

Key Indicators: Acres designated as open for motorized access for dispersed camping under the general

provisions of the Travel Management Rule; acres designated as open for motorized access for dispersed 

camping under special provisions in Alternatives 2 and 3. 

Inventoried Roadless Areas

Inventoried Roadless areas have been identified as an important resource through a variety of venues. These 

areas are important to many people for a variety of reasons, including the potential for the areas to become 

future wilderness. The proposed action would allow for motorized access for dispersed camping within 

Inventoried Roadless Areas within 300’ of existing designated open roads subject to the general provisions 

of the Rule. If those roads are within 300’ of a streamcourse, wetland or waterbody, motorized access for 

dispersed camping would be allowed only under special provisions. Commentors during the scoping process 

expressed concerns about the effects of continued motorized access within these Inventoried Roadless Areas 

on roadless characteristics and wilderness potential. 

 

Response: This issue had two responses. The original proposed action was modified to allow for motorized 

access for dispersed camping within Inventoried Roadless Areas only under special provisions in all cases, 

rather than only special provisions only in riparian areas. Alternative 3 was also designed to be responsive to 

this issue by prohibiting motorized access for dispersed camping within all Inventoried Roadless Areas. 

 

Key Indicators – Acres designated as open to motorized access for dispersed camping with special

provisions or closed within Inventoried Roadless Areas. 

Other Issues 

Public comments were robust concerning the proposed implementation of the Rule. Many of these comments 

expressed concern over what were perceived as potentially adverse social and recreational impacts of the 

proposed action or alternatives and the perceived beneficial effects on the physical and biological 

components of the environment. The following description of these issues briefly focuses on what are the 

most important potential indicators of effects of the proposed actions in this DEIS. 

Recreation 

Motorized Recreation

The proposed action would affect those motorized users that currently travel off of designated routes (travel 

cross-country) by limiting motorized access to existing designated routes and areas. The proposed action 

would continue to provide for motorized access for dispersed camping, and continue to allow “open” 

motorized use according to existing guidance in some of the rock/cinder pits and in motorized play or staging 

areas in currently designated ohv areas. 

While there are over 7,000 miles of roads available for non-highway-legal vehicles, roads do not always 

provide the recreational experience that many people look for on their off-highway vehicles, as roads do not 

provide the kind of technical challenge or primitive setting that users may desire. Roads that allow nonhighway-legal vehicles do not always connect between popular destinations and people’s homes or 

campsites. When motorized use is limited to designated routes, or if key connecting roads restrict or prohibit 

use by non-highway-legal vehicles, it results in a change in people’s ability to access the forest as they have 

in the past. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 19 

The proposed action would substantially reduce the amount of acres available for motorized travel off of 

designated routes. These acres may also include NFS roads that have been designated as closed to motorized 

vehicles (identified as maintenance level 1) that look like an open designated road and have been used 

accordingly by the public. There are unauthorized trails created by a variety of forest recreationists and old 

skid trails created during logging that the public has used in the past for recreational motorized access. While 

there are additional motorized trail systems currently in the planning stages that could provide additional 

specialized motorized recreational opportunities within the next 3 to 5 years, there is uncertainty regarding 

the ultimate outcome of those systems and the degree to which they will adequately replace the current 

perceived area available for recreational motorized use. 

The proposed action would also reduce the amount of acres available for motorized access in locations where 

wildfires and vegetation treatments (hazardous fuels, timber, and/or silvicultural) have reduced forest and 

undergrowth densities adjacent to existing open designated routes. 

Changes in how and where motorized access for dispersed camping would be allowed would also affect 

people who use motorized vehicles to access dispersed camping sites. Currently, with some exceptions, 

motorized access for dispersed camping has generally been allowed wherever it might occur. In areas such as 

the Grassland where motorized access off designated routes has been prohibited for many years, the rule has 

not been understood to apply to motorized access for dispersed camping, except where associated with road 

closures during some of the cooperative hunting season closures. In the case of the Grassland, the proposed 

action and Alternative 3 would amend the Forest Plan to allow for motorized access for dispersed camping 

under general and/or special provisions adjacent to existing open roads where it is not now legally permitted. 

In other cases, the proposed action and alternative would add additional prohibitions or regulations to 

motorized access for dispersed camping, depending upon where there are designated open roads, what class 

of vehicle is allowed on the road, and what season of use the road is available for motorized access. 

Indicators of Effects: 

 Acres available to motorized access off designated routes; 

 Miles of existing designated motorized trails; 

 Miles of designated road by class of vehicle and season of use 

 Acres open or closed to motorized access for dispersed camping and conditions for use 

 Percent of Forest within 1⁄2 mile of open designated roads 

Non-Motorized Recreation 

Non-motorized recreation continues to be one of the most popular categories of recreation throughout the 

state and within the local region. The proposed action would indirectly affect forest users that prefer nonmotorized access and recreational activities by prohibiting motorized access off designated routes and by 

prohibiting motorized access for dispersed camping in some areas. The proposed action would result in 

increasing the total acreage closed to motorized access compared to the acres currently designated as closed 

on the two forests. There would be a substantial increase in the areas/acres where non-motorized recreation 

users could expect to not encounter motorized users. There are many miles of non-motorized trail systems 

throughout the areas where motorized access off designated routes would be prohibited. Reduced motorized 

access to these non-motorized trail systems would also reduce the potential for inadvertent use of nonmotorized trails by motor vehicles. 

Indicators of Effects: 

 Acres proposed closed to motorized access off designated routes or closed to motorized access for 

dispersed camping 

 Miles of non-motorized trails in areas proposed closed to motorized access off designated routes. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 20 

Congressionally Designated Areas 

Congressionally Designated Areas (CDAs) are areas that Congress has identified as having unique 

characteristics. On the Ochoco and Deschutes NF these areas include wilderness areas, national recreation 

and research areas, wild and scenic river corridors, areas of special geological interest, and historic trails and 

sites. The proposed action would reduce the potential of motorized use to affect the outstandingly remarkable 

values of our Congressionally Designated Areas, as motorized use would be restricted to designated routes 

and motorized access for dispersed camping would be limited. The proposed action would help to protect and 

enhance the values for each of these special areas. 

Indicators of Effects: 

 Overall acres proposed closed to motorized access off designated routes or closed to motorized 

access for dispersed camping within CDA’s 

 Acres proposed closed to motorized access off designated routes within wild & scenic river corridors 

 Acres proposed closed to motorized access for dispersed camping within wild & scenic river 

corridors 

Social & Economic Factors 

Virtually all visitors to and users of the National Forest do so in a motorized vehicle, if only for for the 

purposed of accessing a non-motorized trail head and/or recreational opportunity. Therefore, any new 

regulation of that activity has the potential to have a social impact. For the past decade, the central Oregon 

population has been continually growing and diversifying, sometimes more rapidly than any other population 

area in the state. The population is becoming more urbanized with the varying demands associated with 

increasingly recreation-oriented communities and economies. This growing population often results in 

conflicting values, beliefs and attitudes about regulation of motorized and non-motorized activities on 

National Forests. Information gathered during the planning process indicates that the attitudes, beliefs and 

values of residents and visitors to the central Oregon area are strongly tied to and sometimes inseparable 

from their activities on National Forest lands. 

The proposed actions considered in this DEIS would prohibit motorized travel off designated routes (crosscountry travel) and require the use of a Motor Vehicle Use Map (MVUM) to determine what routes are 

designated “open” to what class of vehicle (highway legal or non-highway-legal) during what season of use; 

and to understand where and under what conditions people can drive off a road to disperse camp. While 

similar regulation has been in place in many areas across the two Forests for some time (for instance, the 

Crooked River National Grassland prohibits all motorized access off of designated routes), the popular 

assumption that an area is “open” to travel on or off of designated routes unless posted “closed” has 

influenced and contributed to the development of the habits of all users of the National Forests. This has also 

led to a popular assumption of little current government regulation of motorized uses. 

Motorized trail users, that participated or commented on the proposed actions, also expressed a lot of concern 

for the lack of specialized motorized “trail” experience and that this type of experience would be lost if they 

could no longer drive off of the designated system of roads and trails. As described in more detail in the 

recreation section, there is a limited amount of designated motorized trails that provide the technical 

challenge and primitive recreational experience for some classes of vehicles (4 wheel-drive and single track 

motorcycle especially). Some people feel the designated systems are overcrowded and in need of expansion. 

These activities are often family-oriented, encompassing a mix of age and family groups. Many motorized 

users expressed preferences for being able to combine group camping and off-road trail riding, as well as 

being able to access hunting or gathering areas. 

Many people that expressed support for the Rule, also expressed their concern over the environmental 

impacts of noise, dust, soil erosion and compaction along with wildlife disturbance that they associated with 

unregulated motorized uses. Some people also indicated that motorized access off of designated routes, 

especially by Off-Highway Vehicles, encroached upon their rights to enjoy primarily non-motorized 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 21 

activities offered by the National Forests. These people also identified the importance of the National Forests 

to their economic and spiritual well-being, and often expressed that they, too, had long used certain areas and 

were displaced from many of those areas by the increasing amount of off-highway motorized uses. These 

comments came from a variety of sources, including horseback riders, hikers, Nordic skiers, and nonmotorized hunters, all with the same perspective that they too wanted to experience the National Forests in a 

manner that provided for “their” quality recreational experience. 

Many people, regardless of motorized or non-motorized uses, have indicated that they made choices to live 

in or near the Forests because being able to access and recreate on public lands is important to themselves, 

their families, and their lifestyles. Someof these people live directly adjacent to public lands. These 

residential areas present a microcosm of the social conflicts associated with motorized and non-motorized 

users. They share in valuing the National Forests for their health and well-being, but want to conduct 

different activities to fulfill those values. 

Understanding new regulations, reading and understanding the maps and successfully applying them to forest 

conditions also can result in unintentional unlawful activity, despite good intentions. This potential effect 

could be more prevalent based on a visitor’s experience in navigating the outdoors, education level, or ability 

to read or speak in English. 

Indicators of Effects: 

 Potential effects on people’s personal attitudes, social beliefs, and social values as reflected by: 

o Acres available to motorized access on and off of designated routes and motorized access 

for dispersed camping that affect valued experiences

o Acres adjacent to landowners for motorized access off of designated routes

o Potential user interactions or conflicts 

o Regulation of motorized access

 Effects on local regional, or national economies as represented by:

o Motorized and non-motorized recreation activities

o Use trends and associated economic contributions 

Transportation 

The proposed action would restrict all motorized vehicle use to designated routes and areas and require an 

Engineering Analysis to evaluate the suitability for allowing both highway-legal and non-highway-legal 

vehicles on the same designated routes, (i.e., motorized “mixed” use). Under the action alternatives, an 

increase in overall road use would be expected in areas where there is currently a high level of off-road OHV 

use, as these vehicles are now required to travel on designated roads verses cross-country. The effect of this 

increased use would be an increase in surface wear on some roads which may result in a need for additional 

maintenance work. 

Preliminary analyses indicate that approximately 181 miles of roads on the Deschutes National Forest and 

125 miles of roads on the Ochoco National Forest that are currently available for motorized “mixed” use 

would be changed to only allow highway-legal vehicles if either action alternative is implemented. As a 

consequence of this change, some connectivity between traditional OHV use areas may be changed or lost. 

Indicators of Effects: 

 Miles of roads changed to allow use by highway-legal vehicles only 

 Areas demonstrating a loss of connectivity between traditional OHV use areas 

Public Safety 

The proposed action would change some roads that currently allow motorized “mixed” use by both highway 

and non-highway-legal vehicles to highway-legal vehicles only as a result of an engineering evaluation of the 

suitability of this use. Crash probability and severity of injuries would be expected to be reduced on those 

roads that are changed to allow only highway-legal vehicles. However, this change from mototized mixed 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 22 

use to highway-legal only could also result in a loss of connections between routes and areas that are 

currently available to non-highway-legal vehicles. 

 Indicators of Effects: 

 Miles of roads that change from motorized “mixed” use to highway-legal only 

 Descriptions of the effects to non-highway-legal vehicle users resulting from not having those roads 

available for travel 

Fisheries, Hydrology, Geology & Minerals, and Soils 

The proposed action would change how motorized access for dispersed camping and motorized access off of 

designated routes would affect riparian and non-riparian (upland) vegetation, soils, landslide prone areas, and 

potentially groundwater quality. 

The grass/forb and shrub components of the riparian understory contribute to stream bank stability, filtering 

of sediments or other pollutants, and in some cases, provide shade on streams and water bodies, particularly 

within 100’ of a stream, wetland, or water body. Upland vegetation components also contribute to reducing 

erosion hazards and maintaining soil productivity. 

Motorized use, especially concentrated and repeated, can denude the soil surface of understory vegetation, 

compact the soil profile and promote instability in landslide prone areas. These changes can increase the 

amount and energy of overland flows generated during storm events, reduce the filtration capacity of these 

areas and in some instances mobilize debris or landslide material, thereby increasing the risk of sediment 

production and transport to streams from riparian and adjacent non-riparian (upland) areas. Sediment 

movement from denuded areas that are close to streams, wetlands, and lakes can affect surface and 

groundwater quality (particularly in areas with highly permeable rock) and fish habitat. Although damaged 

vegetation, denuded soil, and compaction effects tend to be localized and generally do not contribute to 

changes in channel conditions, alteration of these components could provide an increase in fine sediment to 

water bodies. Changes to the understory vegetation in non-riparian (upland) areas can increase erosion 

hazards and decrease soil productivity. Dormant/active landslide terrain is by nature unconsolidated and has 

an increased potential for failure over consolidated soils. This potential for failure is further increased by 

compacting soils, altering water flow patterns, or creating roads within these areas. 

Indicators of Effects: 

 Acres open to motorized access off designated routes or open to motorized access for dispersed 

camping 

 Acres open to motorized access off designated routes or open to motorized access for dispersed 

camping within 100’ of a stream 

 Changes in potential for turbidity or sediment introduction to streams as a result of changing 

motorized access off designated routes 

 Acres within dormant/active landslide areas open to motorized access for dispersed camping, general 

and special provisions 

 Lineal feet of stream banks with potential for denuded soils and loss of vegetation from motorized 

access to dispersed sites. 

 Designated routes within 300’ of a wetland, water body or stream course 

Vegetation 

Native Vegetation

Motorized use, especially concentrated and repeated use, can degrade native plant habitats by denuding areas 

of understory vegetation and compacting soils. Of particular concern are impacts to special habitats (areas 

which sustain unusual and/or particularly rich biological diversity) and rare plants and their habitats. The 

proposed action would reduce potential impacts to native plant habitats, including special and rare plant 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 23 

habitats, by substantially reducing the amount of acres available for motorized travel off designated routes. 

Some native plant habitats within 300 ft. of roads open for motorized access for dispersed camping (MADC) 

could continue to have localized impacts, yet the proposed action incorporates special provisions within 

sensitive areas adjacent to streams, wetlands, and water bodies. The special provisions would limit motorized 

access to no closer than 30 ft. to the edge of the stream or water body. The proposed action also incorporates 

special provisions within known sensitive areas which have been identified within the non-riparian (upland) 

areas to limit motorized access to dispersed camping to designated, defined or existing sites. 

Indicators of Effects: 

 Acres open or closed to motorized access off designated routes and motorized access for dispersed 

camping that coincide with: 

Native plants and their habitats identified by the Forest Plant Association Groups (PAGs) 

Special or unique vegetation habitat types 

Threatened, Endangered, or Sensitive plant populations 

Other rare or uncommon plant populations 

Invasive Plants

Motorized travel can transport invasive plant seeds and propagules and thereby create new areas of 

infestation. Areas disturbed by motorized recreation create habitat for invasive plants. The proposed action 

would reduce the potential for invasive plant spread and establishment as a result of substantially reducing 

the amount of acres available for motorized travel off of designated routes. However, areas already disturbed 

by motorized recreation will continue to be vulnerable to invasive plant establishment until these disturbed 

areas become re-vegetated. Under the Proposed Action, areas within 300 ft. of roads open for motorized 

access for dispersed camping will also continue to be vulnerable to invasive plants. However, limiting 

motorized travel solely for the purpose of ingress and egress into designated, defined, or existing dispersed 

campsites (special provisions) will help contain and possibly reduce the potential for invasive plant spread 

and establishment. 

Indicators of Effects: 

 Acres open/closed to motorized travel off of designated routes 

 Acres of known invasive plant populations in areas open/closed to motorized travel off of designated 

routes 

 Acres of known invasive plant populations in areas open/closed to motorized access for dispersed 

camping 

Vegetation Treatments & Wildfire

Often in locations within the National Forest where wildfires have burned or where vegetation treatments 

(hazardous fuels, timber, and/or silvicultural) have occurred, forest vegetation and undergrowth densities 

have been reduced which can potentially make these areas more accessible to motorized access off 

designated routes, or to motorized access for dispersed camping. To augment this accessibility, most of the 

hazardous fuels treatments and many other vegetation treatments are located adjacent to existing open 

designated routes. The proposed action would likely reduce the opportunity for motorized access off 

designated routes in those areas where there is overlap between wildfires, treatments and proposed 

prohibitions on motorized access more than 300’ off of designated routes. 

Since many vegetative treatments occur within 300’ of an open road, there would continue to be an 

opportunity for increased motorized access for dispersed camping within the those areas that have or are 

planned for vegetative treatments that would also remain or be proposed as “open” to motorized access for 

dispersed camping. However, there would likely be no change to the potential for motorized access for 

dispersed camping for those areas within 300’ of a designated route where motorized access for dispersed 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 24 

camping would be allowed only to designated, defined or existing sites (special provisions) as a result of 

vegetation treatments or wildfires. 

Indicators of Effects: 

 Acres open/closed to motorized access off of designated routes which overlap planned vegetation 

treatments and/or fire areas 

 Acres open/closed to motorized access for dispersed camping which overlap planned vegetation 

and/or fire areas 

Wildlife 

The proposed action would reduce the potential for vegetative wildlife habitat loss and disturbance from 

motorized vehicles as a result of changing where motorized use off designated routes is allowed and by 

modifying the conditions under which motorized access within 300’ of an open road would continue. 

Motorized access off of designated routes has the potential to fragment, damage, or eliminate habitats or to 

disturb the use of some habitats due to noise or frequency of visits. Motorized use off designated routes is 

likely to have similar effects to motorized use on designated routes, except that use on designated routes is 

more likely to be concentrated and at higher speeds, while motorized use off of designated routes is likely to 

be more dispersed and at somewhat slower speeds. The proposed action would reduce the amount of area 

open to motorized access off designated routes and reduce the amount of disturbance to wildlife species and 

habitat. 

Indicators of Effects: 

 Acres of specific wildlife habitat: 

 Disturbed (within 200m of open roads) 

 Undisturbed (outside 200m either side of an open road) 

Range Management and Livestock Grazing 

The proposed action would beneficially change how motorized access for dispersed camping and motorized 

access off designated routes would affect grazing operations, rangeland plant associations, and range 

improvements. The proposed action would reduce damage to range improvements while improving grazing 

operations by increasing forage quantity and improving forage quality. The proposed action would indirectly 

reduce the spread and establishment of invasive plant species also benefiting rangeland plant associations 

which tend to be highly susceptible and sensitive to invasive plant infestation and invasion (see Invasive 

Plants section). 

Indicators of Effects: 

 Acres open or closed to motorized access off designated routes and motorized access for dispersed 

camping that coincide with: 

 Open grazing allotments 

 Closed grazing allotments 

Fire Risk 

The proposed action could potentially affect the location of unplanned human-caused fire starts associated 

with access by motorized vehicles and suppression forces. Although there are no statistics maintained 

specifically for fire starts associated with motor access, there are related categories that could be associated 

with the use of motorized vehicles off designated routes or with motorized access for dispersed camping. 

Those categories include equipment, smoking, campfires, debris burning, children, and unknown humancaused. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 25 

Indicators of Effects: 

 Potential changes in the location of unplanned human-caused ignitions and proximity of those 

ignitions to suppression forces: 

 More than 300’ off of an open designated route that are: 

o Proposed closed to motorized access for dispersed camping; or 

o Proposed closed to motorized access off designated routes 

 Within 300’ of an open designated route 

Air Quality 

The proposed action would have no measurable direct or indirect effect to air quality since the net emissions 

from vehicles, vehicle travel, forest management activities, and wildfires are unlikely to change. There may 

be some increased temporary localized air quality impairment from vehicle emissions and fugitive dust in 

areas where there is currently a high level of non highway-legal vehicle use and within 300’ of open 

designated routes since motorized access off designated routes will be restricted and motorized access for 

dispersed camping will be limited (to varying degrees). This increased temporary localized air quality 

impairment will likely increase with Forest use over time. However, this increased effect is assumed to be 

minimal because motorized use when dusty conditions are likely (late summer months) is not desirable and 

often discourages users. 

Heritage Resources 

Motorized use can potentially damage, destroy and/or displace cultural resources sites which are fragile and 

non-renewable. Some of the sites are especially vulnerable to off-highway vehicle use. The proposed action 

would reduce impacts to heritage resources by reducing the amount of acreage open to motorized vehicle 

traffic. The removal of motorized access off designated routes will generally have a beneficial effect on 

heritage resources by eliminating the physical disturbances that currently threaten heritage site integrity, 

whether in highly trafficked areas or in areas at risk of newly created routes. Areas subject to special

provisions would further reduce the susceptibility of these sites, by eliminating the creation of new 

disturbance areas. Heritage resource sites that are currently impacted as a result of motorized access off 

designated routes would be expected to slowly recover over time due to reduction in erosion and eventual 

recovery of soils and re-growth of groundcover and understory vegetation. 

Indicators of Effects: 

 Acres open to motorized access of designated routes or open to motorized access for dispersed 

camping 

Scenery 

The Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest Land and Resource Management Plans identify Visual Quality 

Objectives for many Management Areas. These visual quality objectives are measured by the degree of 

change or alteration of the landscape with scenic views being most affected by actions that alter the form, 

line, color, and texture of the landscape. Motorized use off of designated routes or motorized access for 

dispersed camping can indirectly affect scenic quality by denuding vegetation, and causing visible “tracks” 

or “areas” that often alter the form, line, color, and texture of the landscape. This is generally most evident in 

foregrounds along popular use areas such as riparian areas or hill climb areas. 

The proposed action would not directly alter the scenic views, but may indirectly benefit them. By limiting 

motorized access for dispersed camping in some areas to only designated, defined or existing campsites, 

visual impacts within view corridors would be reduced. Requiring a 30’ setback from waterbodies and 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 26 

stream channels would also facilitate vegetation recovery in these areas, thus providing a beneficial effect by 

contributing to the improvement of the foreground area seen adjacent to major forest roads. 

Indicators of Effects: 

 Acres within visual corridors limited to motorized access for dispersed camping to designated, 

defined or existing campsites 

Issues Outside the Scope of the Proposed Action 

The following comments or issues identified through comments were not considered significant issues 

because they are outside the scope of the proposed action; have been already decided by law, regulation, 

Forest Plan, or other higher level decision; may not be relevant to the decision to be made; or could be 

conjectural and not supported by scientific or factual evidence. The Council on Environmental Quality 

(CEQ) NEPA regulations explain this delineation in Sec. 1501.7, “...identify and eliminate from detailed 

study the issues which are not significant or which have been covered by prior environmental review (Sec. 

1506.3)....” A brief description of issues that were raised but were not classified as significant and the 

rationale for why they were considered to be outside the scope of the proposed action follows. 

Identify a “minimum transportation system” as described in the Travel Management Rule. 

Response: The agency responded to this comment when the Final Directives were published in the Federal 

Register on December 9, 2008 That response states, “Forest Service regulations at 36 CFR 212.5(b)(1) 

establish the requirement to identify the minimum road system on each administrative unit of the NFS, and 

Forest Service directives at FSM 7703.12 implement that requirement. Identification of the minimum road 

system needed for safe and efficient travel and for administration, utilization, and protection of NFS lands 

under 36 CFR 212.5(b)(1) is separate from designation of routes and areas under 36 CFR 212.51. The 

requirement to identify the minimum road system was established in regulations (the roads rule) and 

directives (the Roads Policy) published on January 12, 2001 (66 FR 3216), before promulgation of the travel 

management rule in November 2005. Identification of the minimum road system focuses on the need for 

roads in the forest transportation system, rather than on appropriate motor vehicle use on routes in the forest 

transportation system and in areas on NFS lands.” (Federal Register- Volume 73, No. 237/December 9, 2008 

on page 74692) 

Identify the original federal actions and decisions that established the existing designated road 

system. 

Response: As noted by the Forest Service in the publication of the final directives for the Travel 

Management Rule, “The agency believes that it is not necessary or appropriate to require a comprehensive 

review of the forest transportation system when designating roads, trails, and areas for motor vehicle use per 

36 CFR 212.51. Nothing in the travel management rule requires reconsideration of any previous 

administrative decisions that allow, restrict, or prohibit motor vehicle use on NFS roads and NFS trails or in 

areas on NFS lands and that were made under other authorities, including decisions made in land 

management plans and travel plans. To the contrary, the travel management rule provides that these decisions 

may be incorporated into designations for motor vehicle use (36CFR 212.50(b)). All national forests have a 

system of NFS roads open to motor vehicle use, and many also have a system of NFS trails managed for 

motor vehicle use. Some national forests have long restricted motor vehicles to designated routes under E.O. 

11644, 36 CFR part 295, and FSM 2355. Other national forests have issued comprehensive travel 

management decisions that restrict motor vehicle use to designated routes and have issued orders that 

prohibit cross-country motor vehicle use. In these cases, the responsible official may, with public notice but 

no further analysis or decision-making, establish that decision or those decisions as the designation pursuant 

to 36 CFR 212.51, effective upon publication of an MVUM. In that situation, the only substantive change 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 27 

effected by the designation would be enforcement of the restrictions pursuant to the prohibition in 36 CFR 

261.13, rather than pursuant to an order issued under 36 CFR part 261, subpart B.15” 

Closing existing designated roads currently open to motorized travel to all motorized vehicles or 

designating roads that have been closed to motorized vehicles as open to some or all classes of 

vehicles 

Response: All of these issues are outside the scope of this proposed action, which is limited to identifying the 

existing designated road and trail system established by past administrative decisions and prohibiting 

motorized access off of those existing designated routes in accordance with the Rule (36CFR 212.50(b)) and 

establishing conditions for motorized access for dispersed camping within a specified distance adjacent to 

existing open designated routes as allowed by the Rule. 

Designate all dispersed campsites 

Response: Although the impacts of motorized access to dispersed camping are related to the actual dispersed 

campsite use, designating all dispersed campsites is an undertaking of a much broader and different scope 

than simply establishing conditions for continuing to allow motorized access for dispersed camping adjacent 

to existing designated open roads. Additional discussion of current programs and other strategies related to 

this issue is described under “Alternatives Considered but Eliminated from Detailed Study.” 

Expand areas available for motorized access for dispersed camping outside of the 300’ buffer 

adjacent to designated routes. 

Response: The maximum area that the Rule allows for motorized access for dispersed camping adjacent to 

open designated routes is 300 feet. 

Determine where motorized and non-motorized use would be allowed across the landscape on all 

National Forest lands considering current trends and demands for non-motorized recreation. 

Response: Decisions on where motorized access would or would not be an allowed under the provisions of 

the National Forest Management Act or other enabling legislation have been made by a variety of past 

federal actions and decisions including the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest Land and Resource 

Management Plans. That kind of decision is of a very different scope and scale than the scope of this DEIS. 

The scope of the decision to be made here is whether to prohibit motorized use off of existing designated 

routes, and to establish the conditions under which motorized access for dispersed camping would be 

allowed rather than to re-examine past decisions about where motorized and non-motorized uses might be 

allowed now or into the future. None of the decisions made with this DEIS would preclude future 

consideration of this issue. 

Prohibit non-highway-legal vehicles everywhere on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests 

Response: This comment was addressed in the response to comments for the Travel Management Rule. That 

response was “National Forests are managed by law for multiple use. They are managed not only for the 

purposes stated in these comments, but for timber, grazing, mining, and outdoor recreation. These uses must 

be balanced, rather than one given preference over another.” (Federal Register- Volume 70, No. 

216/November 9, 2005 on page 68266) 

 

15 Federal Register- Volume 73, No. 237/December 9, 2008 on page 74692 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 28 

 “The Department recognizes this concern. Motor vehicles serve a variety of functions on National Forests. 

Motor vehicles are used in commercial and natural resource management activities, including maintaining 

utility corridors, mining, and timber sales. 

Motor vehicles on NFS lands provide access to private land, recreation destinations, and destinations off NFS 

lands. Motor vehicles are used in support of other recreational activities, such as hunting and camping. Motor 

vehicles are also used as a recreational experience in their own right, such as for trail riding and driving for 

pleasure. These uses overlap and are not always clearly distinguishable. To create a comprehensive system of 

travel management, the final rule consolidates regulations governing motor vehicle use in one part, 212, 

entitled ‘Travel Management.’ Motor vehicles remain a legitimate recreational use of NFS lands.” 

(Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 216 / pg 68272/Wednesday, November 9, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

On both forests, there are existing dispersed campsites that are or have been accessed by a motor 

vehicle, which are probably suitable for that type of access and are more than 300’ from a 

designated system road. Exactly where all of these conditions exist is unknown. The proposed 

action could eliminate motorized access to these sites. 

Response: Dispersed camping is very popular on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest, and is an 

important part of the recreation opportunities provided by these forests. Much of that use is tied to motorized 

access. The ultimate goal of the Travel Management Rule is to minimize impacts associated with motorized 

access, including motorized access for dispersed camping. The Rule allows for general motorized access for 

dispersed camping only within a specified distance from an open designated route - no more than 300 feet 

from the designated route. Other options anticipated when the Rule was put in place include developing 

designated routes to sites, or through a written permit. The 300’ corridor considered in the proposed action is 

the maximum corridor width that can be accommodated within the Rule. The two Forests will continue to 

work toward a solution to this potential problem by considering sites that are identified outside of that 300’ 

corridor to help identify what range of options may be suitable to address that issue. 

Other Activities That Could Affect Motorized Access 

This section briefly describes other activities that are currently ongoing within or near the planning area that 

could also have an effect on motorized access off designated routes or motorized access for dispersed 

camping in one or more of the Alternatives considered in detail. These include motorized trail projects in and 

around the central Oregon area that could change the amount or conditions of motorized access on 

designated routes; vegetation management projects that could create conditions more conducive to motorized 

access; and road management activities that could change the miles of designated roads available for 

motorized access or motorized access for dispersed camping. 

Motorized Trails Projects 

There are currently some ongoing proposals or recent decisions for designating motorized trail systems on 

the Deschutes, Ochoco, and Willamette National Forests and the Prineville District of the Bureau of Land 

Management that could affect recreational motorized access in the central Oregon area. 

Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests 

As part of the overall strategy to implement the Travel Management Rule, the Deschutes and Ochoco Forest 

Supervisors identified several potential areas to consider designating specialized motorized trails to help 

offset some of the motorized recreational opportunities that would no longer be available after the rule was 

implemented. These projects are going forward concurrently with this DEIS, although they are in different 

stages of planning. Only one of the proposed projects, Three Trails, is planned at this time to have a decision 

completed prior to or concurrent with the Record of Decision for the Travel Management Rule. Specific 

details about the location of proposed trails, staging areas, and associated road closures or limits on 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 29 

motorized access for dispersed camping related to those decisions are not available at this time, but would be 

described in more detail in the Final EIS to Implement the Travel Management Rule. 

A brief summary of the current status of each of those projects and a general time line for completing a 

decision follows. A map of the proposed project areas is included on CD 2 – Map of the Proposed Motorized 

Trail Systems. 

Each of these projects is in a slightly different time frame. The Three Trails and Lava Rock OHV Trails 

projects, have proposed actions identified, and Alternatives to the proposed actions are currently being 

developed based on the issues identified during public scoping. The two other projects, Ochoco Summit and 

Meadow Lakes are not expected to have a proposed action developed prior to the release of this DEIS. For 

all four projects currently under development, a brief description of the scope of the project in its current 

stage of development and expected time frame for analysis and decision are summarized below. 

Deschutes National Forest 

 Three Trails 

o Area of consideration (project area) approximately 77,000 acres on the Crescent Ranger District 

on the southern end of the Forest. 

o 100- 150 miles of trails for all classes of vehicles in three “pod” areas (Junction, Two Rivers, 

and Walker), each with separate staging areas, connected by motorized “mixed” use roads 

o Focus on providing connections between rural communities 

o Anticipated time line: 

o Proposed action and scoping notice – January 2009 

o Draft EIS – Fall/Winter 2009 

o Final EIS/ROD – Spring 2010 

 Lava Rock 

o Area of consideration (project area) includes approximately 144,000 acres on the Bend-Ft. Rock 

Ranger District in the central portion of the Forest. 

o Approximately 230 miles of motorized trails using separated and motorized “mixed” use roads 

and trails for all classes of vehicles linking with the East Fort Rock OHV Trail system 

o Anticipated time line: 

o Proposed action and scoping notice – Spring 2009 

o Draft EIS – Winter-Spring 2010 

o Final EIS/ROD – Fall 2010 

 Meadow Lakes 

o Area of consideration (project area) is approximately 9,500 acres on the Sisters Ranger District 

o Primary focus is restoration of lakeside riparian areas and providing for appropriate dispersed 

camping sites including some motorized access for dispersed camping 

o Considering some limited links with Santiam OHV Recreation area on the adjacent Willamette 

National Forest and limited Class II trails, mainly to access dispersed camp sites. 

o Potential changes to the open road system. 

o No proposed action developed at present, completing feasibility assessments 

Ochoco National Forest 

 Ochoco Summit 

o Area of consideration (project area) includes approximately 164,000 acres 

o A proposed action has not been finalized, but is ongoing. 

o Intent is to provide a long, low-density motorized “mixed” use trail system looping the project 

area. Would also include some smaller loops and separated and motorized “mixed” use roads 

and trails for all classes of vehicles 

o Larger staging areas and smaller entrance areas would allow camping and multiple access points 

to the main trail system 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 30 

o Some existing open motorized “mixed” use roads where the Travel Management Rule would allow 

motorized access for dispersed camping may be closed and converted to motorized trails. 

o Anticipated time line: 

o Proposed action and scoping notice, fall 2009 

o Draft EIS, winter-spring 2009 – 2010 

o Final EIS/ROD, summer-fall 2010 

Willamette National Forest 

Santiam Pass Summer Motorized Recreation Project 

On October 8, 2008 the Willamette National Forest signed a Decision Notice on The Santiam Pass Summer 

Motorized Recreation Project. The Santiam Pass Summer Motorized Recreation Project is located on the 

McKenzie River Ranger District on the eastern edge of the Willamette National Forest. The project area has 

68 miles of existing Forest roads with many dispersed camping sites located along road 2890 and the 

Santiam Wagon Road. The Santiam Wagon Road runs through the project area from east to west. 

Approximately 3.4 miles of the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail (PCT) is situated along the east side of 

the project area. Other recreation sites in the project area include the Hoodoo Ski Area, Big Lake 

Campground, Big Lake West Campground, Big Lake Youth Camp and many dispersed camping areas. 

The purpose of this project was to develop and implement formal management of motorized use in the 

project area. The Santiam Summer Motorized Recreation Project will provide approximately: 

 28 miles of open roads to motorized “mixed” use 

 4.5 miles of trails that will be open to Class I and III only 

 2.5 miles of trail that will be open to class I, II, and III 

 8 miles of roads that will be converted to motorized trails 

 9 miles of roads that will be open to highway-legal vehicles 

There are a few roads located within the project area that extend onto the Deschutes NF. The effect this 

would have on the final implementation of the rule was discussed in the Decision Notice. 

The Decision Notice states that the roads connecting to the Deschutes NF may be changed upon completion 

of the Travel Management Planning decisions on the Deschutes NF. Their document states that the decisions 

by the Deschutes NF will directly influence what the appropriate connections and use will be. The roads they 

are describing are the following: 

 Road 2690-920, extending to trail 3558 leading east out of Ray Benson, will be closed to all 

motorized use pending the decisions by the Deschutes National Forest on their Travel Management 

Planning process. 

 Road 2690-910 extending east to the Deschutes NF boundary will be closed to motorized “mixed” 

use until the Deschutes NF completes their Travel Management Planning process. 

 Going south from Ray Benson Sno-Park on road 2690-920 extending to road 2690-940 which leads 

to the Santiam Wagon Road (SWR) will be left open to motorized “mixed” use. 

The Deschutes National Forest is not designating new routes as a part of the implementation of the 

Travel Management Rule. The proposed action considered in this DEIS does not propose to open or close 

any existing designated system roads; therefore, none of the Alternatives considered in this DEIS would 

change the current condition of any designated system roads connecting to the Willamette National Forest. 

However, the Meadow Lakes project, which is in a very preliminary planning stage, would take a closer look 

at the designated motorized system adjacent to Santiam OHV Area during the development of the project. 

More about the Santiam Summer Motorized Recreation Project may be found at the following website: 

http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/willamette/manage/nepa/current_mckenzie.html 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 31 

Bureau of Land Management – Prineville District 

Cline Buttes Special Recreation Area Transportation and Access Management Plan 

The Cline Buttes project lies between the Crooked River National Grassland and the Deschutes National 

Forest and encompasses about 10,000 acres of public lands surrounded by rural residential lands in 

Deschutes County. The project proposes to provide a mix of motorized, non-motorized, and shared use trails 

within the project. The proposed project is planned to be submitted for a 30-day public comment review in 

the fall of 2009. 

Vegetation Conditions that may Affect Motorized Access 

National Forest lands where wildfires have burned or where vegetation treatments (hazardous fuels, timber, 

and/or silvicultural) have occurred that reduce forest and undergrowth densities may also have the indirect 

effect of making these areas more accessible to motorized access off designated routes, or to motorized 

access for dispersed camping. Most of the hazardous fuels treatments and many other vegetation treatments 

are located adjacent to existing open designated routes. The proposed action would likely reduce the 

opportunity for motorized access off designated routes in those areas where there is overlap between 

wildfires, treatments and proposed prohibitions on motorized access more than 300’ off of designated routes. 

Since most vegetative treatments occur within 300’ of an open road, there would continue to be an 

opportunity for increased motorized access for dispersed camping within the those areas that have or are 

planned for vegetative treatments that would also remain or be proposed as “open” to motorized access for 

dispersed camping. However, there would likely be no change to the potential for motorized access for 

dispersed camping for those areas within 300’ of a designated route where motorized access for dispersed 

camping would be allowed only to designated, defined or existing sites (special provisions) as a result of 

vegetation treatments or wildfires. Appendix B-4.3 includes a list of project or planning area names and the 

NEPA documents under which most acres were treated from 2004 to 2008 that could create conditions that 

are more conducive to motorized access, and thus effect what areas might be more available to motorized 

access off of designated routes in Alternative 1, or affect what areas might be more accessible to motorized 

access for dispersed camping in Alternatives 2 and 3.

Road Management Activities 

Roads and Travel Analyses 

On January 12, 2001 the Department of Agriculture published its final rule and policy regarding the national 

forest transportation system. This Roads Policy was intended to ensure that the National Forest Road System 

meets current and future land and resource management objectives; provides for public uses of NFS lands; 

allows for economical and efficient management; and minimizes and begins to reverse adverse ecological 

impacts associated with the current transportation system. The policy required a forest-wide roads analysis be 

completed on all administrative units in the Forest Service by January 12, 2003. 

The Roads Policy required the use of a science-based road analysis process to identify needs, issues, and 

opportunities related to the road system, and to document the information and analyses used to help identify 

the optimum road system needed for safe and efficient travel for the administration, utilization, and 

protection of NFS lands. The document Roads Analysis: Informing Decisions About Managing the National 

Forest Transportation System (USDA Forest Service, 1999, Misc. Report FS-643) was developed and 

published in 1999 to provide guidance and direction in conducting the analysis. 

The Ochoco and Deschutes National Forests completed the Forest-Wide Roads Analysis in January 2003, as 

required by the Roads Policy. This analysis was focused on broad-scale issues such as determining the 

minimum set of roads needed to provide public access for low-clearance passenger cars compared to roads 

that only need to be maintained for high-clearance vehicle use. Due to the broad-scale nature of the analysis 

only the main roads on the forests were analyzed. These consisted of all the arterial and collector roads on 

the forests as well as any local roads maintained for low-clearance passenger car use. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 32 

Roads analysis below the forest scale was not automatically required, but could be undertaken at finer scales 

(watershed or project level) to support site-specific transportation decisions. The Roads Policy required that 

any decisions resulting in a change in public access or that may result in adverse effects on soil and water 

resources, ecological processes or biological communities, must be informed by a roads analysis. The 

Responsible Official has the discretion to determine whether there is sufficient information in the ForestWide Roads Analysis to inform a given decision or whether additional information was needed through a 

finer scale analysis. 

One of the requirements in the Roads Policy was to determine the minimum road system necessary for safe 

and efficient travel for administration, utilization, and protection of NFS lands. One element in determining 

the minimum road system is to identify unneeded roads. Since it was not practical to analyze all the local 

roads that are not maintained for low-clearance passenger car use (maintenance level 1 & 2) during the 

Forest-Wide Roads Analysis, many project level roads analyses have been conducted since 2003 in order to 

determine this “minimum” road system. 

For each project area on a Ranger District that may involve road management activities such as road 

construction, reconstruction, or changes in public access, a project-level roads analysis is conducted by the 

local interdisciplinary (ID) team. During the project-level roads analysis, each road in a watershed or 

planning area is evaluated by the ID team to determine if it is needed or not. If it is determined the road is not 

needed, a recommendation is made whether to decommission or convert the road to another use such as a 

trail. If it is determined that a road is needed, another recommendation is made as to whether it needs to be 

open year-round, open seasonally, or closed between project uses (maintenance level 1). In addition, other 

recommendations are made, depending on the type of use expected and resource concerns identified, as to 

any type of improvement work that may be needed for the road such as improved surfacing or drainage 

features. This list of recommendations is used to help formulate proposed actions within specific project 

areas, and for use by the Responsible Official when making decisions involving road related activities. These 

recommendations are also used by ID teams when looking for opportunities to reduce open road densities to 

reflect Forest Plan Standards and Guidelines in areas of high road densities, or to mitigate effects of 

vegetation management decisions. 

The 2005 Travel Management Rule has incorporated much of direction from the Roads Policy (2001), but 

has changed terminology to reflect the analysis of trails as well as roads. For example, the roads analysis 

process is now called the travel analysis process. A Travel Analysis is required to inform decisions related to 

travel management activities such as adding or removing roads and/or trails from the transportation system, 

constructing roads and/or trails, and decommissioning roads and/or trails. A Travel Analysis is also required 

for designation of roads, trails, and areas for motor vehicle use for any project issuing a proposed action after 

January 8, 2009. 

Road Management Decisions 

As mentioned above, the Ochoco and Deschutes National Forests have been working toward identifying the 

minimum road system necessary for safe and efficient travel for the administration, utilization, and 

protection of the National Forests for several years now through the use of project scale roads and travel 

analyses. Many of the recommendations of these analyses have been incorporated into NEPA decisions and 

the resulting road closures and decommissioning projects have been implemented by signing, barricading, or 

subsoiling these roads. Table 2-1 – Road Management Decisions 1990-2009, displays the miles of road 

closures and decommissioning incorporated into several decisions under the provisions of the National 

Environmental Policy Act on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests. Since the early 1990s, NEPA 

decisions have been made to either close (identify as maintenance level 1) or decommission over 1,200 miles 

of roads on the two Forests. On the Deschutes National Forest, approximately 77% of that total has occurred 

since 2000, while on the Ochoco National Forest approximately 76% of their total road closures and 

decommissioning decisions occurred in the 1990s. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 33 

Table 2-1: Road Management Decisions: - 1990-2009 

Deschutes 

National Forest 1990-2000 2001-2009 Totals 

Close 216.2 370.7 586.9 

Decommission 31.5 469.2 500.7 

Total 247.7 839.9 1087.6 

Ochoco National Forest 

and Crooked River 

National Grassland 

1991-2000 2001-2009 Totals 

Close 194.7 39.3 234 

Decommission 30.9 32.4 63.3 

Total 225.6 71.6 297.2 

Roads that have an approved decision to be closed or decommissioned, but have not had necessary storage or 

decommissioning maintenance activities completed to clearly identify the road as closed to the public, 

would not be shown on the Motor Vehicle Use Map. As a result, those roads could potentially have the 

decisions to close them implemented more quickly than in the past. Other projects that may involve road 

storage or decommissioning are ongoing concurrently with this DEIS on each Ranger District. These 

ongoing decisions could affect what roads would be designated as open to motorized use considered in this 

DEIS, as well as the areas that would be open to motorized access for dispersed camping. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 34 

CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE 

PROPOSED ACTION 

Introduction 

This chapter describes and compares the alternatives considered for the Travel Management DEIS for the 

Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest and the Crooked River National Grassland. It includes a description 

and map of each alternative considered. This section also presents the alternatives in comparative form, 

defining the differences between each alternative and providing a clear basis for choice among options by the 

decision maker and the public. Some of the information used to compare the alternatives is based upon the 

design of the alternative (i.e., acres open to motorized access for dispersed camping) and some of the 

information is based upon the environmental, social and economic effects of implementing each alternative 

(i.e., miles of road open to highway and non-highway-legal vehicles). 

Understanding this Chapter 

The area covered by the proposed action is over 2 million acres16 and the current management direction 

related to motorized access is quite complex. This chapter has been organized to present this information so 

that people can understand what the current direction is and what is or is not changing as a result of these 

proposed actions. The following paragraphs summarize the information presented in each of the major 

sections: – 

Maps of the Alternatives 

This section of the chapter will include a short description of what each of the “Alternative” maps illustrate, 

how and where to view them, and a brief description and reference to a sample of the Motor Vehicle Use 

Map. The Alternative Maps are used to illustrate the existing condition and proposed changes. The sample 

Motor Vehicle Use Map will give people a chance to see what the final “official” map to be distributed to the 

public will look like. 

Motorized Access Not Affected by the Proposed Action 

This section is a description of the current management direction related to motorized access that would not 

be changed by the proposed action or alternative. 

Alternatives Considered in Detail 

Alternative 1 - No Action/No Change - The No Action Alternative describes the current management 

direction related to motorized access off of designated routes and motorized access for dispersed camping as 

it exists today. 

Alternatives 2 and 3: 

1. Proposed Actions Common to Alternatives 2 and 3 - This section describes the proposed 

actions that would be the same for Alternatives 2 and 3. 

2. Connected Actions Common to Alternative 2 and 3 – This section describes the Forest Plan 

Standards and Guidelines that would be amended and public use restrictions that would be 

rescinded or modified as a result of this decision. These actions are considered connected 

actions under the Council of Environmental Quality’s regulations for implementing the 

 

16 Total acreages may vary slightly between specialist reports due to differences between individual sources and/or databases used to calculate or 

obtain the acres (ie, differences in Forest Service databases such as GIS, INFRA and FACTS) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 35 

National Environmental Quality Act, and are a part of the proposed actions considered in 

this DEIS. 

3. Alternative 2 – The primary differences between Alternative 2 and 3 are how motorized 

access for dispersed camping is provided across the two Forests. This section describes the 

actions proposed for motorized access for dispersed camping that are unique to only 

Alternative 2. 

4. Alternative 3 - This section describes the actions proposed for motorized access for dispersed 

camping unique to only Alternative 3. 

Alternatives Considered but Eliminated from Detailed Study 

This section describes Alternatives to the proposed action that were considered as a result of comments 

received on the proposed action, but were not analyzed in detail in this DEIS and the rationale for why they 

were not considered in detail. 

Comparison of the Alternatives 

This section displays the key differences for motorized access between taking no action (Alternative 1), the 

proposed action (Alternative 2), and the alternative to the proposed action (Alternative 3) in tabular form. 

Maps of the Alternatives 

The following hardcopy maps are included in Appendix A 

5. A-1 - Black and white overview maps of the Alternatives (fold-out – 11 x 17) 

6. A-2 – Color maps of the proposed changes to Motorized “Mixed” Use Roads 

7. A-3 – Color maps of the Inventoried Roadless Areas 

The detailed maps of the alternatives are included with hard copy versions of this document in an electronic 

format on a compact disk, or on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest’s website 

(http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/travel-mgmt/index.shtml). Printed copies will also be available for onsite review at each of the Ranger District and Headquarters offices for the Deschutes and Ochoco National 

Forest and the Crooked River National Grassland, as well as the Redmond Air Center. 

The Alternative Maps are divided into two major categories of motorized access to help understand the 

alternatives. These are “Motorized Access Off Designated Routes,” and “Motorized Access for Dispersed 

Camping.” 

Maps of Motorized Access Off Designated Routes 

There are two maps that display the existing condition and proposed actions related to motorized access off 

designated routes. These maps are displayed at a two-forest scale and illustrate the current and proposed 

conditions for motorized access on or off designated routes. 

Alternative 1 – Motorized Access Off Designated Routes – CD 1-Map 1 

Displays the current management direction for motorized access off designated routes, areas closed to all 

motorized access, areas closed to off-highway vehicle access, seasonal use areas, and roads open year-round 

for the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Crooked River National Grassland. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 – Motorized access off designated routes –CD 1- Map 2 

Displays the areas where there would be no change for motorized access off designated routes (continued 

existing condition), and the proposed changes for motorized access off designated routes that would 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 36 

implement the Travel Management Rule for the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Crooked River 

National Grassland. 

Maps of Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

There are several maps that display the existing and proposed actions related to motorized access for 

dispersed camping. These maps are displayed at about a 2 inch/mile scale for each of the Ranger Districts. 

For each Ranger District there are three maps – one for each Alternative (except the Bend-Ft Rock District 

on the Deschutes National Forest which has an east and west side for a total of six maps). These maps 

display the areas currently open to motorized access for dispersed camping, and the proposed changes, 

including areas where “special provisions” would apply. 

Alternative 1 – Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping CD 1- Maps- 3.1; 4.1; 5.1; 6.1; 7.1; 8.1; 9.1 

Displays the existing condition for motorized access for dispersed camping, including areas that currently 

prohibit such access, or allow motorized access for dispersed camping only to designated sites. Displays the 

designated NFS roads and motorized trails (not including snowmobile trails) open year-round or seasonally 

for each of the six ranger districts on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and the Crooked River 

National Grassland. Displays the location of developed recreation sites and designated non-motorized trail 

systems. 

Alternative 2 –Motorized access for dispersed camping - CD 1- Maps- 3.2; 4.2; 5.2; 6.2; 7.2; 8.2; 9.2 

Displays the areas that would be closed to motorized access for dispersed camping; where motorized access 

for dispersed camping would continue as “open” under the general provisions, either year-round or 

seasonally; and where areas would be proposed to be open to motorized access for dispersed camping, under 

general or special provisions, either year-round or seasonally. Displays the designated roads and motorized 

trails open to motorized use for highway-legal and non-highway-legal vehicles either year-round or 

seasonally. Displays the location of developed recreation sites and designated non-motorized trail systems 

Alternative 3 – Motorized access for dispersed camping - CD 1- Maps- 3.3; 4.3; 5.3; 6.3; 7.3; 8.3; 9.3 - 

Displays the conditions that would be the same between Alternatives 2 and 3 for motorized access for 

dispersed camping. Displays the areas that would be open to motorized access for dispersed camping subject 

to “special provisions” in Alternative 3. 

Alternatives 1-3 Map Listing by Unit 

8. Deschutes National Forest 

1. Sisters Ranger District – CD 1- Maps- 3.1 – 3.3 

2. Bend-Ft. Rock Ranger District 

1. West Side – CD 1- Maps- 4.1 – 4.3 

2. East Side – CD 1- Maps- 5.1 – 5.3 

3. Crescent Ranger District – CD 1- Maps- 6.1 – 6.3 

9. Ochoco National Forest 

1. Crooked River National Grassland – CD 1- Maps- 7.1 – 7.3 

2. Lookout Mountain Ranger District – CD 1- Maps- 8.1 – 8.3 

3. Paulina Ranger District – CD 1- Maps- 9.1 – 9.3 

Sample Motor Vehicle Use Map 

A sample of the Motor Vehicle Use Map is included in CD 2-Sample Motor Vehicle Use Map. This sample 

provides a preview of what the final map will look like that will be available free of charge to the public. 

Please note that, although the Maury Mountains were used as the base map to illustrate the symbology of the 

Motor Vehicle Use Map, this sample is not meant to provide an accurate reflection of the motorized 

access conditions of the proposed action or alternatives. The sample map has been adjusted so that most 

of the symbology a user may find across the Forest’s maps are demonstrated in the sample. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 37 

The final Motor Vehicle Use Map is the official map that will show where and under what conditions 

motorized access on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and the Crooked River National Grassland 

will be allowed in accordance with the Travel Management Rule. The map includes two essential parts. Part 

one is a black and white map that shows what routes and areas are open for motorized access and what areas 

are open to motorized access for dispersed camping. Part two are detailed tables on the back of the map that 

explain any special condition of use for designated routes, such as the season of use. The tables also show the 

conditions of motorized access for dispersed camping that apply to some or all routes. Since the Motor 

Vehicle Use Map is required to be printed in Black/White, it will look quite different than the full color 

Alternative Maps included in the DEIS. This sample map is included to give people an idea of what the final 

map will be like to use to determine where motorized access is allowed. 

Motorized access not affected by the proposed action 

There are some past decisions about motorized access that would not be affected by this proposed action or 

alternatives. Past administrative decisions that have established seasons of use for specific areas (not 

including proposed Forest Plan amendments), designated motorized routes (roads and trails) or areas, or 

closed or decommissioned Forest roads would not be changed by any alternatives considered within the 

scope of this proposed action. The Travel Management Rule allows for some exclusion or exemptions for 

motorized access, such as over snow or water, as otherwise authorized by permit, and for administrative or 

emergency access not affected by this decision. The kinds of motorized access not affected by the decision in 

this DEIS are briefly summarized below. 

Exemptions or Exceptions Identified by the Travel Management Rule 

There are several categories of motor vehicles and uses exempt from the prohibitions of the Travel 

Management Rule17. The motorized access for these types of vehicles or uses would therefore not be directly 

affected by this decision include: 

 Aircraft 

 Watercraft 

 Over-snow vehicles18

 Limited administrative use by the Forest Service 

 Use of any fire, military, emergency, or law enforcement vehicle for emergency purposes 

 Authorized use of any combat or combat support vehicle for national defense purposes 

 Law enforcement response to violations of law, including pursuit 

 Motor vehicle use that is specifically authorized under a written authorization issued under Federal 

law or regulations19

 Use of a road or trail that is authorized by a legally documented right-of-way held by a State, county, 

or other local public road authority

Native American Treaty Rights 

The traditional, treaty and ceded lands of three federally recognized tribes overlap the two national forests 

and Crooked River National Grassland. These tribes consist of: The Confederated Tribes of the Warm 

Springs of Oregon (Warm Springs Tribe), The Klamath Tribes and the Burns Paiute Tribe. However, of the 

three, the Warm Springs Tribe is the only tribe with ceded land treaty rights as per the 1855 Treaty with the 

 

17 Federal Register, Vol.70, No.216, pps. 68291 

18Designating routes and areas for over-snow vehicles is optional under the Travel Management Rule. The Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests are 

not including any new requirements. 

 

19 This includes permitted activities such as firewood cutting, commercial and personal use mushroom gathering, Christmas tree cutting, and other 

approved permitted activities where a motor vehicle may be used under the conditions of the permit. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 38 

Tribes of Middle Oregon. The Klamath Tribes’ former reservation is now part of the Fremont-Winema 

National Forest, and their aboriginal territory includes parts of the Deschutes National Forest as well. The 

Burns Paiute Tribe, while federally recognized has neither a formal reservation nor ceded lands on the 

national forests, however their traditional territory includes portions of both forests and the grassland. It is 

well known and documented that those members of the Warm Springs Tribe continue to exercise their ceded 

land treaty rights on the grassland and both national forests, mostly in the harvest and collection of traditional 

foods, such as roots, lichens and berries. The Crooked River National Grassland and Ochoco National Forest 

has mapped areas where traditional use is known to occur and they have coordinated with the Warm Springs 

Tribe on their First Foods initiative to preserve and maintain traditional cultural uses and their habitats. 

While they are less well known and documented, anecdotal evidence exists of traditional and ceremonial 

uses of public lands by members of the Klamath Tribes and Burns Paiute Tribe. However, the locations and 

details of these practices are unknown at this time. In general, under ceded land treaty rights, AIRFA and 

the Sacred Sites Act, the Forest Service cooperates with Tribes and individual practitioners to assure access 

to and use of public lands for said purposes and exercise of these rights would not be affected by this action. 

Categories of Existing Use 

As stated earlier, the purpose of the Travel Management Rule was to develop and enforce a consistent 

nationwide approach of allowing motorized access on National Forests and Grasslands. Due to the 

differences between the two National Forests, their respective Land Management Plans and their 

management objectives there are currently several different management directives on the two Forests 

relating to motorized access. Sometimes management objectives and/or decisions addressed motorized 

access as it related to off-highway vehicles, but not motorized access for dispersed camping, or visa versa. 

The following paragraphs describe in further detail different categories of these management directions. 

Designated Routes and Areas Open to Motorized Access 

There are approximately 8,024 miles of existing designated roads, 370 miles of existing designated 

motorized trails, and approximately 1,28620 acres of designated areas included in existing designated 

motorized trail systems on the two Forests currently open to motorized access by either highway or nonhighway-legal vehicles or both. Designated motorized trail systems have established specific classes of nonhighway-legal vehicles allowed on motorized trail systems. These existing designations would not be 

affected by this decision. 

Areas with Seasonal Motorized Uses 

Seasonal use periods for motorized access on designated roads have been established across the two Forests 

by past administrative actions to protect a variety of resources or to provide quality hunting experiences. 

With the exception of minor seasonal use period adjustments included in the proposed Forest Plan 

Amendments, existing seasonal use periods on designated routes would not be affected by this decision. 

Areas Closed to All Motorized Access 

There are approximately 198,908 acres on the Deschutes and 74,465 on the Ochoco National Forest that 

currently prohibit all motorized access, with no exceptions for motorized access for dispersed camping, that 

would not be affected by this decision (See Table 3 – Acres of Motorized Access off Designated Routes and 

reference footnote). Areas that would not be affected by this decision are primarily Wilderness Areas, but 

also include areas where motorized access is restricted or prohibited by other orders or past decisions and 

where there are no open designated routes, such as Research Natural Areas and some Old Growth Areas on 

 

20 Because the actual area of these sites is geographically small, they are represented on the maps and in the calculated acres based on a 1⁄4 mile circle 

that is roughly in the location of the areas currently open to motorized access off designated routes within existing designated trail systems. This may 

represent a larger area than is actually designated on the ground and is only meant to illustrate the general location of the sites and relative acreage. 

Detailed maps of the designated motorized trail systems are available that more accurately depict the designated areas of the campgrounds, staging 

and other open areas within the current designated motorized trail systems. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 39 

the Ochoco National Forest. An additional 13,525 acres currently closed to motorized access off designated 

routes under a temporary public motorized use restriction in the McKay Creek area, would remain closed 

except to be modified to allow for motorized access for dispersed camping by the proposed action. 

Areas Closed to OHV Access 

There are approximately 59,412 acres on the Deschutes National Forest that currently prohibit off-highway 

vehicle use on and off of designated motorized routes. Forest Plan direction that currently specifically 

prohibits OHV use within a particular management area would not be affected by this decision. (See Table 3 

– Acres of Motorized Access Off Designated Routes). The Ochoco NF does not have a similar prohibition. 

Areas Closed to Motorized Access Off Designated Routes 

There are approximately 729,187 acres on the Deschutes National Forest and approximately 204,081 acres 

on the Ochoco National Forests that currently prohibit motorized or off-highway vehicle access off 

designated routes or within specific areas that would not be affected by this decision. (See Table 3 – Acres of 

Motorized Access Off Designated Routes) 

Areas Closed to Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

There are approximately 202,727 acres on the Deschutes National Forest, approximately 31,66521 acres on 

the Ochoco National Forest, and 77,546 acres on the Crooked River National Grassland that are currently 

closed to motorized access for dispersed camping. This designation would remain in place and would not be 

affected by this decision. 

Alternatives Considered in Detail 

The Forest Service developed one alternative to the Proposed Action, for a total of three alternatives, 

including the No Action/No Change. There are two recurring terms and concepts of the proposed action and 

alternatives that are helpful to understand when looking at the maps and reading the descriptions of the 

alternatives. The first is “Motorized Access off Designated Routes,” and the second is “Motorized Access for 

Dispersed Camping.” The first concept refers to what might commonly be known as “cross-country travel,” 

while the second refers specifically to driving off a road to camp outside of a developed campground. The 

maps and alternative descriptions will be organized to provide summaries of how these two aspects of 

motorized access are affected by the proposed action and alternatives. 

Alternative 1: No Action/ No Change 

The No Action Alternative is included as a baseline comparison of continuing the existing conditions without 

implementing the proposed actions as required by the CEQ Regulations (40 CFR 1502.14). The No 

Action/No Change Alternative would not implement any changes in the current management direction on the 

Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest regarding motorized access. The Forests would not publish a Motor 

Vehicle Use Map at this time, but would continue to enforce existing designations and restrictions according 

to past travel management maps and site-specific decisions. Alternative 1 would continue to allow motorized 

travel22 where it is not already restricted or prohibited by law, regulation, policy, order, Forest Plan direction, 

site-specific decision or agreement23. Motorized access on designated roads would continue as currently 

authorized. There would be no change at this time to existing designated routes for the class of vehicle that 

could use the routes. There would be no Forest Plan amendments to change motorized access off designated 

routes or to change motorized access for dispersed camping as a result of this decision. 

 

21 These numbers are calculated from GIS data based on those acres noted on Alternative 2 maps as Continued Existing, Closed to Motorized Access 

for Dispersed Camping. 

22 Over the snow vehicles are excluded from this proposed action 

23 This includes past decisions to close or decommission National Forest system roads that may not have been implemented through physical barriers 

or signing, or where the closure method was limited to not conducting routine maintenance activities 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 40 

Motorized access for dispersed camping would continue to be allowed as provided for by current laws, 

regulations, policies, Forest Orders, Forest Plan direction, or site-specific decisions. Alternative 1 would 

continue to allow, unless specifically determined otherwise by a separate decision, motorized access off of 

designated routes for a variety of types of vehicles on approximately 625,430 acres either year-round or 

seasonally on the Deschutes National Forest; and on about 431,784 acres on the Ochoco National Forest. 

This Alternative would not be consistent with Forest Service regulation and policy to publish a Motor 

Vehicle Use Map that would show designated routes by class of vehicle and season of use and prohibit 

motorized access off of designated routes. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

Proposed Actions Common to Alternatives 2 and 3 

Motorized Access Off Designated Routes

Areas Closed to Motorized Access Off Designated Routes 

The Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and the Crooked River National Grassland propose to prohibit 

all motorized travel off of existing designated routes or outside of existing or proposed designated areas 

subject to the motorized vehicle and use exceptions previously described and allowed for by the Rule. These 

are subject to the conditions identified for motorized access for dispersed camping. This would include all 

areas that currently do not prohibit motorized use off designated routes or areas or are not otherwise 

permanently restricted or prohibited for such use by law, regulation, policy, order, Forest Plan direction, or 

other site-specific decision or agreement. The areas that would be closed to motorized access off designated 

routes and those areas that are currently closed to motorized access off designated routes are shown on CD – 

1 –Alternatives 2 and 3 – Motorized access off designated routes. All routes and areas open to motorized 

access, including conditions of use, will be displayed on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest Motor 

Vehicle Use Map (MVUM) and associated tables. This map will be prepared in accordance with national 

management direction and will be available to the public free of charge. A sample of this map is included on 

CD-2 DEIS Map– Sample Motor Vehicle Use Map for the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests. 

These proposed actions common to both Alternatives 2 and 3 would prohibit motorized access off designated 

routes on approximately 1,611,862 acres on the Deschutes and 723,644 acres on the Ochoco National Forest. 

(See Table 3 – Acres of Motorized Access Off Designated Routes) 

Areas Designated Open to Motorized Access Off Designated Routes 

There are several rock/cinder pits currently open to use by off-highway vehicles as “play” areas that are not 

within a designated motorized trail system. These areas are proposed to be designated as areas “open to 

motorized access off designated routes” within defined boundaries in both Alternative 2 and 3. In 

determining whether to continue to allow this use, the Forest Service considered the following criteria: 

 Dedicated use to mineral material source extraction 

 Current level of use by non-highway-legal vehicles 

 Accessibility by designated roads open to non-legal vehicles 

 Proximity to a projected and/or existing Class I, II or III route 

 Access to designated trails 

 Potential staging areas for proposed trail systems 

 Definable motorized use boundary 

 Safety 

 Mineral material source activity 

 Separation of mineral extraction and recreational activity 

 Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) standards 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 41 

 Backslopes and exposed faces 

 Hazardous materials 

 Other recreational uses of mineral material sources 

 Target shooting 

 Potential Conflicts 

 Proximity to residential areas 

 Surrounding land ownership, allowable uses 

 Consistency with seasonal and/or other use restrictions 

 Presence of unique or special habitats 

 Changes in sensitive species requirements or seasonal use periods 

 Presence of Invasive Plants 

Based on these criteria, approximately 160 acres of existing mineral material sources (33 rock/cinder pits) for 

the Deschutes National Forest and 191 acres for the Ochoco National Forest (22 rock/cinder pits) will remain 

open under both Alternatives 2 and 3. These areas would continue to be “open to motorized access off 

designated routes” within the defined boundaries of the rock/cinder pits following approval by the Forest 

Supervisor of an invasive plants treatment plan. These areas are illustrated on the individual unit maps for 

each alternative24. 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Limited Use Conditions ( general and special provisions) for Motorized Access for Dispersed 

Camping 

Both Alternative 2 and Alternative 3 would continue to allow motorized access for dispersed camping in 

within 300’ of most open designated roads on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests. This allowance is 

in accordance with CFR 212.51 “... the responsible official may include in the designation (of routes) the 

limited use (emphasis added) of motor vehicles within a specified distance of certain designated routes, and if 

appropriate, within specified time periods solely for the purpose of dispersed camping....”. Alternatives 2 

and 3 would modify the conditions for motorized access within 300’ of an open designated route to 

incorporate the general provisions for motorized access on designated routes identified in the Travel 

Management Rule and to include special provisions that would further limit the use of motor vehicles in 

certain areas. These conditions can be summarized as follows: 

General provisions: For routes designated as “open to motorized access for dispersed camping” the 

following provisions would apply for 300’ adjacent to the designated open route: 

 Motorized access would be allowed solely for the purpose of dispersed camping. 

 The motor vehicle used for ingress and egress for dispersed camping must be the same “class” 

(highway-legal or non-highway-legal) of vehicle allowed on the adjacent designated route from 

which the vehicle is accessing the dispersed campsite. 

 Motorized access for dispersed camping would be allowed only during the open season of use for the 

designated road within 300’ of the centerline of the road 

 Motorized access for ingress and egress to a campsite in any area would not be allowed to: 

 cross any streams, wetlands or water bodies unless on a designated NFS route 

 otherwise result in unreasonable resource damage to access the campsite with a motor vehicle. 

 

24 Because the actual area of these individual sources is geographically small, they are represented by a 1⁄4 mile circle that is roughly in the location of 

the mineral material source (rock/cinder pits). This represents a larger area than would actually be designated on the ground and is only meant to 

illustrate the general location of the sites. More detailed maps are included in Appendix B-2.2 – Mineral material sources – proposed open to 

motorized access off designated routes 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 42 

Special Provisions: Limited motorized access for dispersed camping would be applied to all open 

designated routes within 300’ of a stream course, wetland, or waterbody in both Alternatives 2 and 3; and 

would vary by alternative in when they would apply to non-riparian (upland) routes. 

 Routes with “Special Provisions” would limit motorized access for dispersed camping according to 

the following conditions in addition to those already identified: 

 Motorized access for dispersed camping would only be authorized to designated, defined, or existing

dispersed campsites. (See Figures 2-4) 

 Motorized access for dispersed camping to an “existing” site would not be allowed closer than 30 

feet of a stream, wetland, or other water body. (See Figure 5) 

Criteria for Special Provision Areas or Areas Closed to Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Within 300 Feet of Open Designated Routes 

How and under what conditions motorized access for dispersed camping should be provided across the 

Forests under the new Travel Management Rule were considered by several people during the planning 

process. Most people that participated in the process prior to developing the proposed action, including the 

federal advisory committee that provided recommendations on how to implement the Rule, and people that 

commented after the proposed action was developed, agreed that there were some locations with greater 

sensitivity to motorized access for dispersed camping than others where special provisions or prohibitions 

should be considered. A set of criteria were initially developed by a Forest Service ID team and subsequently 

included in the Deschutes PAC’s recommendations for implementing the Travel Management Rule. The 

criteria used by the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest was developed from that initial list and modified 

by the Forest Service based on further review and consideration of the comments provided by the public and 

the PAC in their final recommendation. 

The following criteria is proposed, in both Alternatives 2 and 3, to be the basis for current and future 

considerations of where temporary or permanent Special Provision or Prohibited areas would be identified 

for motorized access for dispersed camping within 300 feet of an open designated route. 

 Open routes adjacent to sensitive or restricted areas include but are not limited to: 

 Congressionally Designated Areas such as Wilderness, Newberry National Volcanic Monument, 

Wild and Scenic Rivers 

 Areas or routes currently under or subject to Agreement, Forest Plan, or Forest Code of Federal 

Regulation (CFR) temporary, seasonal, or permanent closure orders or other NEPA decisions. 

 Riparian, wetland, or other identified sensitive resource area such as Forest Service Sensitive, 

Threatened and Endangered Species habitats, erosive soils or unsuitable topography 

 Special resource management areas such as restoration or rehabilitation areas, invasive plant 

populations, day use only areas, developed recreation sites, experimental forests, or roadless areas 

 Areas under Special Permit such as resorts, ski area developments, observatories, or special 

recreation events 

 Open high speed or high density travel routes including but not limited to: 

 State Highways, Major Federal25, State, or County Arterials and Collector Roads 

 Federal or State Scenic Byways 

 Routes that access popular or high density recreation facilities 

 Routes that access population centers 

Areas Proposed to be Closed to Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would have in common areas proposed to be closed to motorized access for dispersed 

camping that are currently open to motorized access for dispersed camping. This would close approximately 

 

25 National Forest System Road - Maintenance level 3-5 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 43 

794,722 additional acres on the Deschutes National Forest, and about 415,834 acres on the Ochoco. (See 

Table 4 – Acres of Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping, comparing Alternative 1, 2 and 3) 

Most of these prohibitions are located beyond the 300’ area adjacent to existing open roads where motorized 

access for dispersed camping is generally proposed to be continued. However, there are some areas currently 

open for motorized access for dispersed camping that would be closed to motorized access for dispersed 

camping under both Alternatives 2 and 3. These areas are illustrated on the Alternative 2 – Motorized Access 

for Dispersed Camping maps. A detailed list of the routes proposed to be closed to motorized access for 

dispersed camping along are included in Appendix B-10 – Routes Proposed Closed to Motorized Access 

for Dispersed Camping. 

Special Provision Areas for Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Many areas on the two Forests were also identified as “Special Provision” areas, where motorized access for 

dispersed camping would only be allowed to designated, defined, or existing sites; and no closer than 30 feet 

to a stream, water body or wetland for existing sites. These areas were further classified as “Special

Provision Areas – Riparian,” for those areas with water considerations, and “Special Provision Areas – NonRiparian,” for those areas with sensitive resources other than water. 

Special Provision Areas – Riparian 

All open designated routes within 300 feet of a stream, wetland, or water body that did not otherwise prohibit 

motorized access for dispersed camping were identified as “Special Provision – Riparian Areas.” These 

designations are common between Alternatives 2 and 3, and include approximately 19,798 acres on the 

Deschutes National Forest, and approximately 39,269 acres on the Ochoco National Forest that would be 

subject to the special provisions associated with streams, wetlands, or water bodies. These include areas that 

would be open to motorized access for dispersed camping both year-round and seasonally. (See Table 4 – 

Acres of Motorized access for dispersed camping) 

Special Provision Areas – Non-Riparian 

Areas proposed for “Special Provision – Non-Riparian,” were based on the “Criteria for Identifying Special 

Provision or Areas Closed to Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping Within 300 Feet of Open Designated 

Routes”. All of the “Special Provision – Non Riparian” areas identified in Alternative 2 are also included in 

Alternative 3. 

There are approximately 31,246 acres are proposed on the Deschutes National Forest and approximately 

15,325 acres proposed on the Ochoco as, “Open to Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping with Special 

Provisions – Non-Riparian.” These areas would have the same designation in both Alternatives 2 and 3. 

These include areas that would be open to motorized access for dispersed camping both year-round and 

seasonally. (See Table 4 – Acres of Motorized access for dispersed camping) These areas are displayed on 

the Alternative 2- Motorized access for dispersed camping maps. 

Areas Proposed to be Opened to Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Both action alternatives would propose to open some areas to motorized access for dispersed camping 

currently closed to motorized access under existing Forest Order or Forest Plan direction. These areas were 

temporarily closed to motorized access for dispersed camping primarily with the intent to close the area to 

motorized access off designated routes by non-highway-legal vehicles. These areas would be proposed as 

“open” to motorized access for dispersed camping under the general provisions of the Travel Management 

Rule, or “open with special provisions”, depending upon the Alternative. Approximately 45,266 acres on the 

Deschutes National Forest, and approximately 24,400 acres on the Ochoco National Forest (all on the 

Crooked River National Grassland) are currently closed to motorized access for dispersed camping that 

would be proposed to be open to motorized access for dispersed camping subject to the general conditions. 

(See Table 4 – Acres of Motorized access for dispersed camping) These areas are displayed on the 

Alternative 2 – Motorized access for dispersed camping maps. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 44 

Roads Proposed for Highway-legal Vehicles Only 

No system roads currently open to public use that do not have an existing decision to close them, would be 

closed as a result of this decision. However, as part of the 2005 Travel Management Rule, the Regional 

Forester in the Pacific Northwest Region issued a letter requiring an Engineering Analysis be performed on 

roads that will be shown on the Motor Vehicle Use Map as designated open to motorized “mixed” use. As a 

consequence of this requirement, some roads that currently allow motorized “mixed” use would be changed 

to allow highway-legal vehicles only. These roads are displayed in Appendix A-2– Roads Proposed to 

Change to Highway-legal Vehicles Only. 

The Engineering Analyses are partially complete at this time and will be finalized prior to the release of the 

Travel Management Final Environmental Impact Statement. Table 5- Expected Change in Roads Open to 

Highway-legal Vehicles, shows the mileage differences between the current highway-legal system and the 

expected highway-legal system under the action alternatives based on the preliminary engineering analyses. 

Based on the preliminary Engineering Analyses, approximately 181 miles of NFS roads on the Deschutes 

and 125 miles on the Ochoco National Forest are proposed to be changed from highway-legal and nonhighway-legal vehicles (motorized “mixed” use) to highway-legal only vehicles where that use is currently 

allowed under Oregon State Law. This would be a change from what the State of Oregon allows under 

current State regulation (Description of Oregon State Law related to OHV use is found in ORS 821-OffRoad Vehicles; Snowmobiles; All-Terrain Vehicles (Oregon Vehicle Code, ORS Title 59, Chapter 821)).

Connected Actions Common to Alternatives 2 and 3 

Forest Plan Amendments

The Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests each have independent Land and Resource Management Plans 

(Forest Plan) that were prepared as required by the National Forest Management Act in the late 1980s and 

early 1990s. These plans differ in their landscapes, communities, and management direction. As described 

earlier, these plans have different levels of specificity about motorized access. For instance, both the 

Deschutes and Ochoco plans have similar management direction for motorized seasonal use periods and 

disturbance buffers in Bald Eagle Management Areas. However, on the Ochoco National Forest, some 

Management Area Standards and Guidelines “encourage” motorized use on designated routes, but do not 

specifically prohibit motorized access off designated routes or outside of designated areas as does the Travel 

Management Rule. The Deschutes National Forest Plan does not specifically designate any areas as “open” 

to motorized use off designated routes or outside of designated areas, but has generally allowed that use 

where it was not specifically prohibited by Standards and Guidelines. 

Both action alternatives would include non-significant amendments to the Ochoco Forest Plan. The 

amendments would eliminate those Forest Plan Standards and Guidelines that are redundant, or are in 

conflict with the regulations established by the Travel Management Rule and allow for conditional motorized 

access for dispersed camping consistent with the selected alternative. The Deschutes National Forest Plan 

does not include any specific Standards and Guidelines related to motorized access that would be amended to 

implement the proposed actions. 

The Ochoco Forest Plan would also be amended to adjust some time periods for motorized seasons of use. 

Under the new provisions of the Travel Management Rule, all seasons of use on designated routes are 

described according to the time period they are open, rather than the period during which they are closed to 

public use. In order to match these dates up across the two forests, some minor changes would be proposed 

and are shown in Table 2-2. 

The Motor Vehicle Use Map published after the release of the final decision will function as the new Travel 

Map for the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Crooked River National Grassland. Appendix C-11 

includes a table of the specific changes to the Ochoco National Forest Standards and Guidelines. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 45 

Table2- 2 - Proposed Forest Plan Amendments for Season of Use 

Open Season 

of Use 

Closure 

Period 

Reason for Closure Proposed Change to Open 

Season of Use 

Forest 

4/1 – 9/27 9/28 – 3/31 Winter Range/Soils 4/1 – 9/30 

Open 3 days longer in Sept 

Ochoco -

Crooked River 

National 

Grassland 

5/2 – 11/30 12/1 – 5/1 Winter Range 5/1 – 11/30 

Open 1 day earlier in May 

Ochoco 

5/2 – 9/27 9/28 – 5/1 Winter Range 5/1 – 9/30 Ochoco (Pau) 

5/2 – 9/27 9/28 – 5/1 Winter Range 5/1 – 9/30 Ochoco 

These actions, common to both Alternatives 2 and 3, to eliminate redundant Forest Plan guidance would 

have no substantive effect on the Forest Plan projected goals and objectives or standards and guidelines. 

There would be approximately 3 days that motorized access may be affected by the changes in use dates on 

open roads. 

Forest Orders – Public Motorized Use Restrictions 

Permanent Closures 

Many Forest Orders that establish public motorized use restrictions are currently in place and would become 

redundant after the implementation of the Travel Management Rule. All of these orders prohibit motorized 

access off designated routes in some specific area. Those Forest Orders that are redundant to the Rule and 

establish overlapping motorized access closures off of designated routes, or that established closures that 

inadvertently closed motorized access for dispersed camping would be rescinded or modified to eliminate 

redundant regulation in concert with this decision. 

Temporary Closures 

Some Forest Orders establish temporary public motorized use restrictions26 because of specific resource 

conditions or concerns. Areas with temporary resource-based public motorized use restrictions would be 

currently open to motorized access for dispersed camping except for these site-specific conditions that have 

established the need for the public use restriction. Wildfire areas are the most common, but not the only 

example of where these temporary public use restrictions are in place. In these areas, motorized access for 

dispersed camping would be allowed under the conditions described in Alternatives 2 or 3 and displayed on 

the Alternative maps after local review has determined site conditions to be suitable to resume such use. 

Alternative 2 

Motorized access for dispersed camping 

Alternative 2 would include all the actions identified as common to Alternatives 2 and 3. The primary 

difference between Alternatives 2 and 3 is where motorized access for dispersed camping would be subject 

to special provisions rather than subject to only the general provisions. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would both allow for motorized access for dispersed camping in riparian areas only 

under the special provision conditions. However, Alternative 2 would designate some areas as open to 

 

26 These areas are not displayed separately from permanent closures on the Alternative maps. Not all current temporary public use restrictions are 

shown on the Alternative maps. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 46 

motorized access for dispersed camping subject to general provisions only (shown as “continued existing 

open” or “proposed open” on the Alternative 2 map), in the non-riparian (upland) areas. Alternative 2 would 

also allow motorized access for dispersed camping within Inventoried Roadless Areas under special

provision conditions only. Alternative 2 – Motorized access for dispersed camping maps, shows those routes 

and areas that would be open to motorized access for dispersed camping under either general or special 

provisions. 

Alternative 2 would designate approximately 353,686 acres on the Deschutes National Forest and 69,733 

acres on the Ochoco as “open to motorized access for dispersed camping27” either year-round or seasonally 

within 300’ of a designated route under the general provisions, and approximately 62,894 acres on the 

Deschutes National Forest and 54,594 acres on the Ochoco National Forest would be “open to motorized 

access for dispersed camping with special provisions,” either year-round or seasonally. This would include 

approximately 247 acres of Inventoried Roadless Areas on the Deschutes National Forest and approximately 

1,853 acres on the Ochoco National Forest, primarily in the Deschutes – Steelhead (1,296 acres) on the 

Crooked River National Grassland. 

Alternative 3 

Motorized access for dispersed camping 

Alternative 3 would include all of the actions common to Alternatives 2 and 3. Alternative 3 would only 

allow motorized access for dispersed camping to designated, defined or existing sites along all open 

designated routes (special provision conditions would apply to all motorized access for dispersed camping 

adjacent to designated open roads). Alternative 3 would also prohibit any motorized access for dispersed 

camping in Inventoried Roadless Areas. Those routes and areas that would be designated as “special

provision areas” are shown on the Alternative 3 – Motorized access for dispersed camping maps. 

Alternative 3 would designate approximately 416,580 acres on the Deschutes and approximately 124,327 

acres on the Ochoco National Forest as open to motorized access for dispersed camping with special

provisions. 

Alternatives Considered but Eliminated from Detailed Study 

Federal agencies are required by NEPA to rigorously explore and objectively evaluate all reasonable 

alternatives and to briefly discuss the reasons for eliminating any alternatives not developed in detail (40 

CFR 1502.14). Public comments received in response to the Proposed Action provided suggestions for 

alternative methods for achieving the purpose and need. Some of these alternatives may have been outside 

the scope of the proposed action and alternatives, duplicative of the alternatives considered in detail, or 

determined to be components that would cause unnecessary environmental harm. Therefore, a number of 

alternatives were considered, but dismissed from detailed consideration for reasons summarized below. 

 Several commentors suggested that we consider an alternative that would modify motorized access 

for dispersed camping buffer for setback to streams, wetlands, and water bodies from 30 feet to 50 – 

100 feet. 

Response (part 1): A number of studies on logging disturbance, which generally has a much higher 

sediment delivery potential to streams than dispersed camping, found that buffers ranging from 30 to 7 

meters (98 to 23 feet) were sufficient to remove sediment (Moring (1982), Erman (1977), Clinic (1985), 

Reshen et al. (2006), Haupt and Kidd (1965), and Heade (1990)). Ground based logging equipment 

normally operates on slopes up to 35% with cable systems used above this, whereas access to dispersed 

campsites tends to be at or below 10% with the campsites at less than 5%. Since slope is a major factor in 

 

27 Subject to the “General Provisions” identified earlier in this chapter. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 47 

sediment delivery and potential sediment delivery increases at a faster rate on steeper slopes, the studies 

found that 10 to 7 meter (32 to 23 feet) buffers would be more representative. A 30 foot stream setback 

showed no sediment delivery to the stream when the FS WEPP model was run against a 10% rutted 

access road on silty loam, loam, and sandy loam soils accessing a simulated dispersed camp site. 

Response (part 2): At the heart of issue is whether the campsite is a problem, and that is best evaluated 

on a site-by-site case rather than by establishing a general “buffer” rule. For example, dispersed camping 

along the banks of the Upper Deschutes River below Wickiup Dam is limited to designated sites only. 

These sites were designated after examining the site conditions and determining what existing sites 

would be suitable to maintain considering a variety of resource and social values. Site conditions play a 

big role in determining suitable setbacks, with some designated sites established within 150 feet and 

others as close as 20 feet. If a 100 foot standard “buffer” were employed, many sites that may be suitable 

would potentially be eliminated. Forest-wide, dispersed camping is evaluated and managed on a site-bysite basis through the recreation program and will continue to be addressed more specifically through this 

program. 

 Several commentors identified, for various reasons, a desire to not have the Forests prohibit 

motorized access off designated routes in areas that do not currently prohibit such travel; or to 

designate areas as “open to motorized travel off of designated routes,” that were proposed to be 

closed to motorized travel off designated routes. Commentors clearly had an interest in seeing no 

change to the existing condition related to motorized access off designated routes, and some also 

indicated interest in having large,undefined, areas that would be open to motorized access off 

designated routes. 

Response: Alternative 1: the “No Action/No Change” alternative is considered in this DEIS and would 

not prohibit motorized access off designated routes where it is not currently prohibited. Alternatives 2 

and 3 includes designating several currently developed rock/cinder pits as open to motorized travel off of 

designated routes if they are in areas that have not been prohibited to motorized use through past 

decisions, and are considered suitable for continuing that use according to the criteria identified by the 

Forest. The question of whether to consider designating large geographic areas as “open off of 

designated routes” was considered by the PAC Travel Management Subcommittee and Working Group 

during their work on their recommendation on how to implement the Travel Management Rule. They did 

not support designating large scale new “open” areas at that preliminary stage because of the potential 

for resource damage, and the concern about the ability of the agency to adequately monitor an area to 

ensure resource damage was not occurring as a result of that designation. There was a general 

recognition and acceptance of those existing staging areas or play areas associated with designated 

motorized trail systems. Pacific Northwest Regional Guidelines retained the authority to designate 

motorized access for big game retrieval with the Regional Forester28. This determination was supported 

by other federal and state agencies, such as Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. In their comments 

on the proposed action, also discouraged any consideration of allowing motorized access off of 

designated routes specifically for the purposes of hunting or game retrieval. Their comment letter also 

highlighted their interest in continuing existing agreements on seasonal or year-round road closures as 

well as highlighting their continued interest in seeing the overall road density reduced across both 

Forests. As noted in the section on related projects, there are currently several motorized trail projects 

proposed that would provide additional “backcountry” motorized trail access off of designated road 

systems, and would include staging and play areas for specialized motorized recreational vehicles. 

Implementing the proposed action without including large geographic areas where motorized access is 

allowed off of designated routes at this time does not preclude the option of considering specific areas 

 

28 The authority to designate motorized access for big game retrieval within 300’ of a designated route is retained with the Regional Forester. Regional 

guidance states, “Big Game Retrieval: No off-road motor vehicle travel to retrieve big game will be authorized, except by the Regional Forester. 

Discussions with adjacent regions and State Fish & Wildlife Department indicate support for not designating use of motor vehicles off designated 

routes for the purpose of big game retrieval.” (Region 6 Guidelines: Implementation of the Travel Management Rule” (September 6, 2006 – Revised 

April 20, 2009)). 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 48 

for that type of access in the future. Based on these considerations, designating large geographic areas as 

“open to motorized access off designated routes was not an alternative considered in detail at this time. 

 Commentors concerned about motorized access for game retrieval sometimes expressed concerns 

without specifics related to whether the Rule would allow for the agency to address that concern. 

One provision the Travel Management Rule does allow is for motorized access for game retrieval 

within the same 300 foot area adjacent to open designated routes, and under the same vehicle class 

conditions, as that provided for motorized access for dispersed camping.29 

Response: Current Forest Service policy is to discourage motorized access within 300 feet of an open 

road for game retrieval and only allow motorized access for this reason with Regional approval.30 As 

stated before, the policy is supported and promoted by other federal and state agencies such as Oregon 

Department of Fish and Wildlife. The policy also helps to maintain a regionally consistent approach to to 

motorized access for big game retrieval on National Forest lands. Although the comments we received 

on this topic were seldom focused on that 300 foot strip, whether to allow that access was considered 

because it is within the scope of the rule, and because it could potentially, in some way address concerns 

of the public regarding this topic. However, it was not considered in detail because it would not very 

effectively address the bulk of the concerns raised about motorized access for game retrieval. Game 

taken within 300 feet of a road does not usually present an unreasonable burden to the hunter to bring to 

an open road. Under the conditions of the proposed action, that distance would be lessened if the game 

was taken in close proximity to a dispersed camp within 300 feet of an open road. This alternative was 

not considered at this time, because providing motorized access within 300’ of an open designated route 

for the purpose of game retrieval was unlikely to be an effective means of addressing concerns related to 

motorized access for game retrieval. 

 Some commentors felt that we should provide motorized access for dispersed camping only with 

designated routes. These comments indicated that they did not feel the combination of “General” 

and “Special” Provisions, including the areas that would be closed to motorized access for dispersed 

camping, in the proposed action were sufficient to protect sensitive resources. These comments also 

indicated the 300’ area would not necessarily provide them with access to the sites they most desired. 

Response: Providing motorized access for dispersed camping with only designated routes has a number 

of concerns that could not be addressed in the time frame established for completing this DEIS and 

publishing the Motor Vehicle Use Map. Designating routes to all existing dispersed sites would require 

an extensive inventory and evaluation of all of the existing sites to determine the feasibility of providing 

a designated access, and would require additional engineering studies to be able to establish a route that 

could be included as part of a NFS road. There are also concerns about whether or not a designated route 

that would lead to one or more indefinable “end points” would be a suitable addition to the national 

forest system of roads and trails. Therefore, an alternative that would consider this method of providing 

motorized access for dispersed camping was not considered at this time. Opportunities for future 

 

29 36 CFR 212.51(b) states: “The responsible official may include in the designation the limited use of motor 

vehicles within a specified distance of certain designated routes, and/or specified time periods, solely for the 

purposes of dispersed camping or big game retrieval.” 

30 The authority to designate motorized access for big game retrieval within 300’ of a designated route is 

retained with the Regional Forester. Regional guidance states, “Big Game Retrieval: No off-road motor 

vehicle travel to retrieve big game will be authorized, except by the Regional Forester. Discussions with 

adjacent regions and State Fish & Wildlife Department indicate support for not designating use of motor 

vehicles off designated routes for the purpose of big game retrieval.” (Region 6 Guidelines: Implementation 

of the Travel Management Rule” (September 6, 2006 – Revised April 20, 2009)).
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 49 

designations of routes to sites could be addressed at the Ranger District as a result of public comments 

and concerns. 

Comparison of Alternatives 

This section provides a summary of the key effects of each alternative. Information is provided in two ways. 

The first set of tables (Tables 2-3 – 2-5), display a numeric comparison between the alternatives of the 

amount of acres and miles of roads that are available for motorized access under various the various 

conditions that were described earlier in this Chapter. These numbers are not intended to represent exact 

acreages for each category of motorized access, but are rather intended to provide a basis for relative 

comparison between the alternatives. For the purposes of this analysis, the total acreage affected on the 

Deschutes National Forest was calculated to be about 1,612,937 acres, and about 723,85531 for the Ochoco 

National Forest, including 110,031 acres for the Crooked River National Grassland. Table 2-6, the Issue 

Comparison Summary provides a more narrative description of the potential effects of the relative changes in 

motorized access. The narrative summary in Table 2-6 focuses on how the alternatives meet the purpose and 

need and responds to the issues described in Chapter 1. 

Table 2-3- Acres of Motorized Access Off Designated Routes (% of Total Forest Acres) 

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 

Deschutes Ochoco Deschutes Ochoco Deschutes Ochoco 

Open yearround 543,136 

(34%) 

189,369 

(26%) 

1,075 

(<1%) 

191 

(1%) Same as Alternative 2 

Open 

Seasonally 

82,294 

(5%) 

242,415 

(33%) 

 0 20 

(1%) Same as Alternative 2 

Closed32

 987,507 

(61%)

292,071 

(41%) 

1,611,862 

(~99%) 

723,644 

(~99%) Same as Alternative 2 

Total 1, 612,937 723,855 1,612,937 723,855 Same as Alternative 2 

Table 2-4- Acres of Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping33 (% of Total Forest Acres) 

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 

Deschutes Ochoco Deschutes Ochoco Deschutes Ochoco 

Year-round 

Open 962,717 

(60%) 

246,712 

(34%) 

306,875 

(19%) 

53,056 

(7%) 

0 0 

Open to 

Designated 

Sites Only 

11, 850 

(<1%) 

0 

Same as Alternative 1 

Open with 

Special 

ProvisionsRiparian 

0 0 18,435 

(1%) 

29,083 

(4%) 

Same as Alternative 2 

Open with 

Special 

Provisions 0 0 22,304 8,899 329,179 61,955 

 

31 Based on acreage computed from the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest geospatial data base maps prepared for the Travel Management EIS. 

Total acreages may vary slightly due to differences between individual sources and/or databases used to calculate or obtain the acres (ie, differences in 

Forest Service databases such as GIS, INFRA and FACTS) 

32 Includes areas currently closed to motorized access off designated routes and areas closed to off-highway vehicles off designated routes. 33 Acreages are coincident with those acres shown in Table 3 – Motorized Access Off Designated Routes, but relate more specifically to where 

motorized access for dispersed camping is now and would be proposed to be allowed in Alternatives 2 and 3. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 50 

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 

Deschutes Ochoco Deschutes Ochoco Deschutes Ochoco 

Non-Riparian (1%) (1%) (20%) (9%) 

Closed 446,902 

(28%) 

221,619 

(31%) 

1,196,35734

(74%) 

599,52835

(83%) 

Same as Alternative 2 

Seasonally 

Open 191,468 

(12%) 

255,524 

(35%) 

46,811 

(3%) 

16,677 

(2%) 

0 0 

Open with 

Special 

ProvisionsRiparian 

0 0 1,363 

(<1%) 

10,186 

(1%) 

Same as Alternative 2 

Open with 

Special 

Provisions 

Non-Riparian 

0 0 8,942 

(<1%) 

6,426 

(~1%) 

 55,753 

(3%) 

23,103 

(3%) 

Total 1,612,937 723,855 1,612,937 723,855 1,612,937 723,855 

Table 2-5- Expected Change in Roads Open to Highway-legal Vehicles 

Open to HWY Legal Only Open to Motorized Mixed Use FOREST 

Existing Alt 2,3 Change Existing Alt 2,3 Change 

OPEN 

Miles 

Deschutes NF 770 951 181 5,362 5,181 -181 6,132 

Ochoco NF 242 367 125 1,388 1,262 -125 1,630 

Crooked River NG 2 2 0 260 260 0 262 

Totals: 1014 1,320 306 7,010 6,703 -306 8,024 

 

34 Includes approximately 401,635 acres that would remain unchanged as closed to motorized access for dispersed camping, this includes 198,908 

acres closed to all motorized access and 202,727 acres currently closed to motorized access for dispersed camping 35 Includes approximately 183,694 acres that would remain unchanged as closed to motorized access for dispersed camping, this includes 74,465 acres 

closed to all motorized access and 109,229 acres currently closed to motorized access for dispersed camping 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 51 

Table 2-6. Travel Management Issue Comparison Summary 

Issue and 

Indicator 

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 A

Purpose and Need 

Motorized access off of designated routes  Motorized Access available off designated routes (MAODR) (ie. cross-country travel) 

Motorized access off designated routes would not be prohibited with this decision on about 39% of the Deschutes National Forest and about 41% of the Ochoco National Forest. 

Motorized access off designated routes would be prohibapproximately 39% of the acres on the Deschutes and tthe Ochoco where not currently prohibited or limited to dMotorized access off designated routes would continue existing designated ohv areas. 

Public SafetyConditions of motorized mixed use access on roads where necessary to allow for suitable access. 

Motorized mixed use under Oregon State Law is currently allowed on 5,181 miles of the Deschutes and 1,522 miles on the Ochoco 

Approximately 3% of total roads currently open to motoDeschutes and 8% on the Ochoco of total road miles wo

allow highway-legal vehicles. 

Issues used to Modify the Proposed Action or Develop Alternatives 

Motorized Access Off Designated RoutesExisting cinder and rock mineral sources (rock/cinder pits) open to motorized access. 

Approximately 200 rock/cinder pits are open to motorized access unless physically barriered. 

30 rock/cinder pits (approximately 160 acres) on the Derock/cinder pits (approximately 191 acres) on the Ochocopen to motorized access off designated routes.

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping Amount of area and conditions under which motorized access for dispersed camping is 

MADC would continue to be allowed as provided by current direction. Available on about 72% of the total acres of the 

Motorized access for dispersed camping would be allowspecial provisions on about 26% of the Deschutes and aNational Forests. Some areas currently closed would be access for dispersed camping under general and special 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 52 

Issue and 

Indicator 

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 A

allowed Deschutes and 69% of the 

Ochoco36. 

Riparian areas About 1% of the total forest 

acres on the Deschutes limit motorized access to designated sites. Sites are regularly being defined with barriers to establish setbacks in problem areas, but no specific motorized setbacks in most riparian areas. 

 Motorized access for dispersed camping is allowed only 

special provisions when an open designated route is wiwetland or waterbody. About 2% of total forest acres on the Deschutes and abowould be open to motorized access for dispersed campin

Non-riparian (upland) areas 

Motorized access for dispersed camping would continue under current conditions. Some upland areas on the Deschutes and Ochoco (Grassland) prohibit motorized access for dispersed camping 

Motorized access for dispersed camping is allowed under general provisions along most open designated roads. Motorized access for dispersed camping allowed under special provisions when 

an open designated route in an upland areas meets special designation criteria for sensitive non-riparian resources. 

All motorizcamping adjroutes woulfor dispersegeneral and 

Inventoried Roadless Areas 

About 75% of inventoried roadless areas on the Deschutes, 31% on thee Ochoco currently do not prohibit motorized access for dispersed camping 

Motorized access for dispersed camping in IRAs would be allowed on less than 1% off the Deschutes and less than 4% of the Ochoco adjacent to open designated routes under general and special provisions. Approximately 8% of the IRA on the Grassland that is currently closed to motorized access for dispersed camping along existing designated open roads would be open under general and special provisions. 

Motorized acamping woIRAs. 

36 not all of this acreage is accessible to motor vehicles 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 53 

Issue and 

Indicator 

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 A

Other Issues 

Motorized Recreation Amount of and uses of existing designated motorized trails

Over 300 miles of existing designated motorized trails for a variety of OHVs, including rocopen to motorized access off of designated routes. 

Percent of the forest accessable by roads 

Approximately 88% of the Deschutes and 83% of the Ochoco total acres outside of Wilderhalf mile of an open designated road. 

Motorized recreation use of Approximately 8000 miles of roads are available for motorized recreation and access for hidesignated roads Just over 7,000 miles of road 

available for highway legal and non-highway legal (motorized mixed use) recreation and access 

Motorized mixed use recreation and access opportunitiewould be reduced by about 181 miles on Deschutes and total miles Motorized recreation on available roads couldesirable recreation experience for some than designated some reduced connectivity between road systems availavehicles 

Amount of area available to motorized access off of designated routes 

Approximately 39% of the Deschutes and 41% on the Ochoco are currently available for motorized access off of designated routes. 

All motorized access would be limited to existing designAbout 300 acres (52 rock pits) across the two forests womotorized access off of designated routes (cross-country 

Amount of area available to motorized access for dispersed camping & conditions for use 

Motorized access for dispersed camping would remain under current regulation 

Recreational opportuntieis for motorized access for dispersed camping would be about the same as current uses in riparian areas and upland areas, including IRAs 

Recreationamotorized acamping woriparian areupland areaopportunitiefor disperse

Non-motorized RecreationAcres proposed closed to MAODR & MADC 

Approximately 987,507 acres on the Deschutes National Forest and 292,071 acres on the Ochoco National Forest are 

An additional 624,355 acres would closed to motorized routes on the Deschutes and 431,575 on the Ochoco. Thchange any non-motorized opportunities, but may make desirable to non-motorized users by reducing the eviden
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 54 

Issue and 

Indicator 

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 A

currently closed to motorized access off designated routes 

the area. 

Motorized access on nonmotorized trails 194 miles of non-motorized trails within areas that do not 

prohibit motorized access that may have motorized use on or near the trails 

There would be an increase in the areas where non-motowould expect to not encounter motorized vehicle users. There would be fewer potential encounters with motorizon to non-motorized trails. 

Congressionally Designated Areas (CDA)Area available to motorized access off designated routes 

Less than 1% of the areas are available to motorized access off designated routes This would reduced the potential for motorized use to affect the outstanding remarkable va

would help to protect and enhance the values 

Areas available to motorized access for dispersed camping 

Motorized access for dispersed camping would remain under current regulation 

Recreational opportuntieis for motorized access for dispersed camping would be about the same as current uses in riparian areas and upland areas 

Recreationamotorized acamping woriparian areupland area

Social Factors Amount and conditions for motorized access on designated roads and trails across the forests and within the Wildland-Urban Interface 

Continued motorized access under current conditions on existing designated roads and trailwithin 1⁄2 mile of more than 80% of the two forests Equal amount of motorized access oppoalternatives for primitive motorized exploration on roads and trails and motorized access to 

for access between neighborhoods 

Opportunities and conditions for motorized access off designated roads and trails across the forests that reflect a sample of social attitudes, 

39% of Deschutes and 60% of Ochoco provide the most motorized access off designated for primitive motorized exploration; solitude of the 

About 1% of two national forests open to motorized accwould reduce opportunities for people that value undesiroad or trail access for primitive exploration or solitude. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 55 

Issue and 

Indicator 

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 A

beliefs or values such as primitive exploration, solitude 

three alternatives. 

Opportunities and conditions for non-motorized usesacross the forests reflect a sample of social attitudes, beliefs or values, such as peace and quiet away from the evidence of motorized uses 

61% of the Deschutes and 40% of the Ochoco NF would continue to offer primary or exclusive non-motorized uses. 

Alternative 1 would provide the least amount of area closed to motorized access off designated routes of the three alternatives for people who value peace and quiet away from the sights and sounds of motorized uses. 

About 1% of two national forests open to motorized accwould increase opportunities for people that value peace evidence of motorized uses. 

Economic Factors Recreation use trends and economic contributions 

Overall contributions and trends to the local or regional economy from either motorized or unlikely to change in any Alternative. Data indicates non-motorized uses and contributions currently and anticipated to continue to dominate compared to motorized uses. 

TransportationEffects on existing transportation system from changes in use on and off designated roads 

Approximately 8000 miles of roads are currently open for public use across the Ochoco and Deschutes National Forests and Crooked River National Grassland. These roads would continue to be used as they are presently, and public use would remain as it is today. 

An increase in overall road use would be expected in are

currently a high level of off-road OHV use nearby. The 

use would be an increase in surface wear on some roads need for additional maintenance work. Reduction in the mileage of roads available for motorizereduce surface wear fom ohvs on some roads. 

Fisheries/Hydrology Acres open to motorized access off designated routes 

Approximately 55,850 acres where motorized access off 

Motorized access off designated routes would be eliminbodies, thus eliminating the potential for effects to fishe
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 56 

Issue and 

Indicator 

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 A

and motorized access for dispersed camping within 100’ of a stream 

designated routes or motorized access for dispersed camping is not prohibited within 100’ of water bodies on both forests would continue to potentially affect sediment, turbidity and shade to streams 

from motorized access. Motorized access for dispersed camping would be reduc20,000 acres within 100’ of streams, wetlands, and wateestablishing special provisions. Increased infiltration frofrom limiting motorized access for dispersed camping to defined sites no closer than 30’ to streams, wetlands and 

reduce potential sediment and turbidity effects on fisher

Geology and MineralsAcres available to and conditions for motorized access within dormant/active landslide areas 

Landslide terrain acres would continue to be susceptible to new disturbance from motorized access off designated routes and motorized access for dispersed camping on about 3 active acres and 214 dormant the Deschutes and 46 active acres and 64,398 dormant acres on the Ochoco 

Landslide terrain acres susceptibility to new disturbance off designated routes would be eliminated across both fSusceptibility to new disturbance from motorized acces

would be reduced by limiting motorized access for dispeand special provisions, especially within riparian areas. susceptibility on dormant acres would be reduced from from about 64,000 to 12,000. Susceptability to new dist

landslide terrain would not be changed on the Deschute

on the Ochoco from 46 acres to about 12. On the Grasslacres of dormant landslide terrain acres would be potentmotorized access for dispersed camping within 300’ of e

roads under general or special provisions. This is not wibe of concern because it is not adjacent to a water qualit

Acres of Highly Permeable Rock susceptible to disturbance from motorized access 

Susceptablity within riparian and upland areas would continue over about 492,331 acres across both forests. 

Susceptibility to new disturbance from motorized acceswould be reduced across both forests. Susceptibility to new disturbance from motorized acceswould be reduced by approximately 167,638 because of riparian areas. 

SoilsAcres open to Motorized access off designated routes and motorized access for 

Soils within riparian and nonriparian (upland) areas would continue to be susceptible to 

Susceptibility to new soil disturbance from motorized acroutes would be eliminated across both forests. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 57 

Issue and 

Indicator 

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 A

dispersed camping new disturbance from 

motorized access off designated routes and motorized access for dispersed camping on about 1,057,214 acres across both forests. 

Susceptibility to new soil disturbance from motorized access for dispersed camping would be reduced by approximately 105,638 acres primarily from special provisions for motorized access for dispersed camping . 

Susceptabildisturbance for dispersereduced by compared to special provaccess for d

Susceptability of salable minerals within developed sources to invasive species from areas open to motorized access 

Susceptability would continue from motorized access on about 1,406 acres open to motorized access off designated routes in 200 rock/cinder pits across both forests. 

Susceptibility of developed mineral sources to new invafrom reduced across both from by approximately 1,054 closure of rock/cinder pits to motorized access. 

Native Vegetation Acres open/closed to MAODR and MADC for: Native plants and their habitats identified by the Forest Plant Association Groups (PAGs) Special or unique vegetation habitat types Other rare or uncommon plant populations 

Provides the least protection to native plants and their habitats, including special habitats and sensitive and other rare or uncommon plants, because more (often the majority) acres are open to MAODR and MADC with no special provisions. 

Increases the protection for native plant habitats over Alternative 1, including special habitats and sensitive and other rare or uncommon plants, because 100% of acres are closed to MAODR. Special habitats and sensitive plants and areas are protected from MADC by special provisions, (16%) of upland habitats remain to MADC without special provisions 

Same as Altto MAODR Highest levplant habitahabitats and or uncommoMADC is li

provisions (existing site

Threatened and Endangered Plant Species Threatened and Endangered Plant Populations and Habitats 

There are no federally listed Threatened or Endangered plant species or habitats documente

in the Planning Area. Therefore, activities proposed in the alternatives would have no effecspecies. 

Invasive Plants Acres of known invasive plant populations in areas open/closed to motorized 

Highest risk that invasive plants would spread and establish, because more sites and acres are 

Reduces impacts from invasive plants, because most knare closed to motorized access off designated routes andispersed camping. 52 of 531 existing rock pits would b
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 58 

Issue and 

Indicator 

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 A

access off designated routes motorized access off designated routes, with potential fo

populations are present 

Acres of known invasive plant populations in areas open/closed to motorized access for dispersed camping 

located within areas open to motorized access off designated routes and motorized access for dispersed camping 

16% of acres occupied by invasive plants occur in non-riparian (upland) with motorized access for dispersed camping under general provisions only 

Provides moestablishmeof invasive motorized acamping wounder gener

Vegetation Mangement Activities and Wildfires Acres open/closed to motorized access off designated routes which may contain forest conditions more conducive to motorized access 

Continued unauthorized route creation, vegetation damage, and possibly impeded vegetation response caused by motorized access in vegetation treatment areas and areas burned by large wildfires on about 65,780 on the Deschutes and 45,418 acres on the Ochoco 

Acreage available for disturbance from motorized acces

vegetation treatment areas and areas burned by large wieliminated. 

Acres open/closed to motorized access for dispersed camping which may contain forest conditions more conducive to motorized access than many untreated areas 

About 93,830 acres on the Deschutes and 55,515 acres on the Ochoco open to motorized access for dispersed camping on could have similar responses to motorized access off designated routes 

Acreage available for disturbance from motorized access for dispersed camping would be reduced in vegetation treatment areas and areas burned by large wildfires on about 38,573 on the Deschutes and 12,199 acres on the Ochoco Areas open to motorized access for dispersed camping under general provisions only could lead to additional concentration of uses and creation of new disturbance from motorized vehicles in areas where vegetation treatment areas 

Acreage avadisturbance for dispersetreatment arlarge wildfibecause all access for dbe subject to motorized acamping 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 59 

Issue and 

Indicator 

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 A

or burned areas overlap 

Wildlife Wildlife species disturbed by motorized access (within 200m of open designated roads) 

Disturbance to wildlife species on the Deschutes and Ochoco would continue across both forests and would be susceptible to new disturbance from motorized access 

Disturbance from MAODR and MADC would decrease and 31 wildlife species on the Deschutes and Ochoco, reDisturbance would remain unchanged for 16 wildlife spspecies on the Deschutes and Ochoco respectively Susceptibility to new disturbance would be eliminated dmotorized access off designated routes and special and motorized access for dispersed camping 

Range Management & Livestock Grazing Potential for damange to range improvements and forage 

Motorized access within grazing allotments can result in damage to range improvements and forage vegetation. 

The potential for damage to range improvements would operations could be improved directly by increasing forage quantity and quality and indirectly reducing the potential for the spread and establishment oby motorized access off designated routes 

Fire Risk Potential changes in the location of unplanned human-caused ignitions & proximity of those ignitions to suppression forces For those more than 300’ off of an open designated route that are proposed closed to MADC or proposed closed to MAODR For those within 300’ of an open designated route 

Unplanned human-caused ignitions as a result of motorized access would likely increase with urban growth and increasing recreation uses. Unauthorized routes would continue to be created and used and thus have potential for use by suppression forces or as fire/fuel breaks, if an ignition were to occur than other alternatives 

It is most likely that the total number of unplanned hum

across would likely remain the same or increase with prForest use, but would potentially be more concentrated 

open designated route, which would bemore accessible resources. Existing unauthorized routes would likely persist for 10 rehabilitation efforts before they would be naturally elimfor use by suppression forces or as fire/fuel breaks woul

Air QualityMeasurable effect of changes in motorized access on air 

No measurable effects 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 60 

Issue and 

Indicator 

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 A

quality standards Heritage Resources 

Susceptibility to new disturbance from motorized acceswould be eliminated 

Acres open to motorized access 

Cultural resources are fragile and non-renewable. They would continue to be vulnerable and susceptible to new disturbance from motorized access over 1,057,214 acres across both forests. 

Susceptability of cultural resources to new disturbances from motorized access for dispersed camping would be reduced by approximately 105,638 acres from Alternative 1 due primarily to special provisions for motorized access for dispersed camping 

Susceptabilto new distuaccess for dbe reduced 529,057 acrto special praccess for d

Scenery 

Foreground and middleground views altered by unauthomotorized access off designated routes would be elimintime could revegetate 

Effects of motorized access within scenic view corridors 

Foreground and middleground views have been and would continue to be altered by motorized access off designated routes such as on buttes and cinder cones, and by motorized access for dispersed camping adjacent to major scenic road corridors 

Benefical indirect effects where MADC is limited to des

existing campsites by reducing the visual impacts within provisions for motorized access for dispersed camping wvegetation recovery, improving visuals from view corrid
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 61 

CHAPTER 3. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND 

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES 

This Chapter summarizes the physical, biological, social, and economic environments of the project area and 

the effects of implementing each alternative on that environment. It also presents the scientific and analytical 

basis for the comparison of alternatives presented in the alternatives chapter. Following a brief summary of 

some of the key assumptions and data sources upon which the analysis in this Chapter is based, a description 

of the environmental consequences for each affected resource is presented. Each section of this Chapter will 

provide an executive summary of the analysis and major conclusions for that resource or environmental 

component and a description of the relevant affected environment and/or existing conditions that provide the 

basis for evaluating the environmental consequence of implementing the alternatives considered in detail. 

This part of the Chapter is concluded with an analysis of the cumulative effects associated with 

implementing Alternatives 2 or 3. The Chapter ends with a series of brief disclosures as required by federal 

law or Forest Service policy or regulation. 

Analysis Assumptions 

Several key common assumptions and data sets were used to guide and frame the analysis of environmental 

consequences. These are briefly described below. Additional relevant resource-specific assumptions, data, 

and/or methodology used for the analysis may be included or referenced under appropriate resource analyses.

The following assumptions were used by the interdisciplinary team to help guide and frame their analysis of 

effects where relevant: 

General

The acreage open to motorized travel off designated routes and motorized access for dispersed camping was 

used as a relative indicator for potential impacts from forest users that could affect all natural resources and 

habitats. 

Recreational Uses

 Overall visitation to the Forest will generally increase in the long run as the population of the Central 

Oregon area grows. According to the Economic Development for Central Oregon, based on population 

trends from 1990 – 2008, population in the tri-county area is projected to increase approximately 33% 

over the next decade (Portland State University Center for Population Research; U.S. Census Bureau;estimates 

are for July of each year). Because of this, there could be: 

 more frequent use of dispersed campsites 

 potential for expansion of the dispersed campsite size 

 increased demand for OHV riding (Cordell, Betz, Green and Mou 2008; Bergerson et al 2005) 

 increased use of designated routes 

 increased presence of members of the public on any given area of ground where motorized travel is 

authorized 

 In the short term, higher gasoline prices, negative consumer confidence, and tight credit markets will 

have a modest downward pressure on all Forest visitations and OHV recreation (Albright 2008). As 

gasoline prices rose sharply during the past two years, Forest developed campground occupancy has 

declined somewhat and in some cases has stayed level. Recreation in the Deschutes and Ochoco 

National Forests may look like an economically attractive alternative for visitors in the market zone 

compared to longer trips involving airline travel. Rather than abandon the sport altogether, OHV 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 62 

enthusiasts are predicted to recreate closer to home. For Central Oregon residents, the Deschutes and/or 

Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland are substantially closer to home than 

Portland, the Willamette Valley, or the coastal dunes. Less than half of OHV survey respondents in 2005 

said that "lack of money" was an important reason for not participating in their motorized activities more 

than they do (Bergerson et al 2005). A survey done today would likely reveal a higher percentage 

affected by financial concerns. 

Designated Routes

There are no proposals in this DEIS to designate any new roads or trails that are not currently a designated 

National Forest system road, trail or area. As such, it is assumed that there will be no additional adverse 

effects to resources (wildlife, vegetation, fisheries, soil, range, etc.) associated with roads as a result of 

implementation of Alternatives 2 and 3. 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Summaries and reliable comprehensive inventory data about exact numbers, locations, size and condition of 

dispersed sites across the two forests is not currently available. Therefore, the following assumptions about 

the locations, size, use and recovery rates guided the analysis of effects: 

 The number of dispersed sites on the Ochoco National Forest in particular have increased since the 

Forest Plan era 1990 inventories were collected, a trend which is supported by indirect correlations of 

increased recreation use associated with population growth rates of the Tri-County area (Deschutes, 

Crook and Jefferson counties). Data on the Deschutes National Forest is more recent and has been 

updated into the GIS data base, but is not comprehensive. Recreation use trends and projected population 

trends were combined to develop an estimate of about a 23% increase in population to help frame 

possible increases in motorized access for dispersed camping. 

 Motorized access for dispersed camping usually occurs more frequently near local attractions, especially 

water sources such as rivers, lakes and meadows, or in other areas associated with specific recreational 

activities such as hunting or motorized or non-motorized trail access. 

 Field observations by Forest Service recreation specialists have found that most people that use 

motorized access for dispersed camping will also use: 

o an existing dispersed site rather than create a new one if the existing site is in a desirable area 

and is not occupied. New sites are more likely to be created when existing sites in desirable areas 

are already occupied. 

o what appears to be an already existing route (even if not a signed designated route) to a dispersed 

site rather than create a new one; and are more likely to create new unauthorized routes only if 

needed to access a new site or if the existing unauthorized route is unpassable . 

 Limited data on inventoried dispersed sites is available in the geospatial data bases for the two forests. 

The data that has been gathered and input into the system has had varying quality assurances and 

controls and occurred over a long span of time during which technology has changed. Therefore, all 

known (inventoried) dispersed sites identified in the geospatial data bases (GIS) : 

o Within 100 foot of a waterbody are assumed for analysis purposes to be immediately proximate 

to the edge of the water body. 

 Under current conditions (Alternative 1), motorized access for dispersed camping could 

also be immediately proximate to the edge of the waterbody and include unregulated 

crossings 

 Alternatives 2 and 3 would limit all motorized access for dispersed camping to no closer 

than 30 feet from edge of water bodies and would not allow for unregulated crossings 

o Are assumed, on average, to extend about 100 feet along water body bank 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 63 

 Under current conditions for motorized access for dispersed camping (Alternative 1), 

50% of the site along the bank would be affected by motorized access (50 lineal feet of 

bank) 

 In Alternatives 2 and 3, changed conditions for motorized access for dispersed camping 

would reduce that amount to about 25 lineal feet of bank. This assumes that reduced 

vehicular impacts directly adjacent to banks will allow for some ground cover vegetation 

to reestablish but that access to the water body by foot traffic will continue to occur on 

some portion of the bank. 

o Under current conditions (Alternative 1) for motorized access for dispersed camping, are 

assumed to have an area of vehicular impact within a dispersed campsite area of approximately 

0.17 acres (100 feet x 75 feet)37. 

o Under changed conditions for motorized access for dispersed camping in Alternatives 2 and 3 

adjacent to a waterbody, the area of vehicular impact would be expected to result in a slightly 

smaller area of vehicular impact (0.11 acres and 100 feet x 50 feet) farther away from the edge 

of the water body. Some possible expansion of areas of vehicular impact away from the water 

body was considered. 

 Some specific areas are known to have larger than “average” areas affected by motorized access for 

dispersed camping and associated motorized access off designated routes (cross-country travel, often by 

OHVs). There are some specific areas within several subwatersheds across the two forests identified by 

the interdisciplinary team that are used extensively for dispersed camping and are also notably affected 

by motorized access off designated routes. These areas, where the impacts of concentrated dispersed use 

are readily evident over large areas, and generally larger than the “average” assumptions described above 

for motorized access for dispersed camping, are useful to consider as a sample to compare areas that may 

be outside of the likely range of effects that an overall average might indicate. Table 3-1 shows the total 

acres of these areas for each alternative, based on the assumptions of recovery rates. 

o The affected areas to be used for the purpose of a relative comparison of alternatives in this 

analysis were based on professional observation and assessment of sites by Forest Service 

recreation specialists, hydrologists, and fisheries and wildlife biologists. 

o These assumptions include a premise that improvement will occur over a portion of the area due 

to the prohibition on motorized travel off of designed routes and the changed conditions for 

motorized access for dispersed camping, but that sites would continue to be affected by 

motorized access for dispersed camping within 300’ of an open designated route as well as the 

actual dispersed camping activities themselves. 

 

37 This figure was arrived at as an average after consultation with district and forest recreation personnel who assimilated information from their 

observation of dispersed sites. Although the actual area affected by motorized access may vary depending upon site location and use, this provides a 

reasonable basis for comparing the relative effects of the alternatives 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 64 

Table 3-1: Larger Affected Areas by Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping and Motorized Access Off 

Designated Routes for Alternatives 1-3 

Area Alternative 1 - Acres 

currently estimated to 

be affected by 

motorized access off 

designated routes and 

motorized access for 

dispersed camping 

Alternatives 2 and 

3 - Acres estimated 

to be affected by 

motorized access 

for dispersed 

camping and 

motorized access 

off designated 

routes 

Rationale for 

reduction 

Deschutes National Forest 

Crane Prairie Reservoir 60 30 50% of affected 

area is from 

motorized access 

off designated 

routes (cross 

country travel) 

Wickiup Reservoir 910 450 assume that 50% 

of impacted area 

is from cross 

country travel 

Meadow Lakes 20 10 10 acres – 

combination of 

user created 

trails to be closed 

and moving of 

motorized access 

for dispersed 

sites back from 

waters edge 

Metolius/Jack/Canyon 

Creeks 

9 3 decrease in cross 

country travel 

Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland

Whychus Creek 

Crossing area 

20 4 majority of the 

impact is from 

cross country 

travel 

McKay Creek 9,000 200 area closure for 

cross country 

travel and only 

designated sites 

for dispersed 

camping. 

Natural Resource Recovery Rates
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 65 

 Elimination of motorized access off designated routes and establishing new conditions for motorized 

access for dispersed camping does not equate to instant or full restoration. Vegetative recovery rates vary 

by site. For the purposes of this analysis, the following growth rates provide a relatively conservative 

estimate of the reestablishment of vegetative cover on these denuded sites (i.e., unauthorized routes): 

o 0-5 years – increase of 0-10% vegetative cover on sites or in areas that are no longer accessed 

via motorized vehicle 

o 5-10 years – 10-25% vegetative cover on these sites 

o >10 years – up to 30% vegetative cover on these sites. 

 Soil profile recovery will not occur quickly without active restoration of these sites and will be similar to 

those rates listed under vegetation, with about 30% of the soil profile recovering after 10 years. 

 Riparian sites would not have full recovery due to continued foot traffic use, while those areas that have 

impacts from motorized travel off designated routes would see more recovery due to their significant 

decrease in use from both motorized vehicles and foot traffic. 

Data Sources 

GIS and ArcMap 

A geographic information system (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, 

analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. The information can be 

related to visual data (maps), tabular data (tables, spreadsheets, or data bases) and used to run models (create 

new data set from existing data based on criteria or specific conditions). ArcMap is a component of the 

ArcGIS program which was developed by Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI). This program 

was used for the processing and presentation of GIS data. Generally, to analyze effects of motorized access 

off of designated routes and motorized access for dispersed camping, spatial depictions (and related tabular 

data from attribute database tables) of resources were overlaid onto Forest lands for the different designations 

under each alternative. Information on the existing conditions and effects of each of the Alternatives 

analyzed in detail for motorized access were based on the Deschutes and Ochoco Forest Plan Management 

Area layers and the Travel and Access Maps for the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest from 1996-1996 

(included updates for the Deschutes from 2000). 

Forest-level spatial data queried and processed using ArcMap include, but are not limited to the following: 

 Motorized access for dispersed camping and motorized access off of designated routes under the 

existing condition and Alternatives 2 and 3 

 Travel routes (including from the Deschutes and Ochoco Travel Management Maps from ca 1996 – 

2000) 

 Forest Plan Management Areas 

 Public Use Restrictions ( Forest Plan, Regulatory Orders) 

 Dispersed campsites38

 Historical vegetation treatments 

 Point and polygon fire history records 

 Plant association groups (PAGs) and special habitats 

Often Forest-level spatial data is derived from resource specific databases and models. These databases 

include, but are not limited to: 

 

38 Both Forests and the Grassland have GIS layers that have mapped dispersed sites. In some cases these have been updated recently (1-5 years old) 

while in others the mapped sites are as many as 20 years old. On both Forests it is known that the GIS layer is incomplete and most likely does not 

include all existing dispersed sites, but that is does provide a starting point for discussion on proximity and effects. Suitability for motorized access 

off of designated routes or motorized access for dispersed camping (e.g., slope, vegetation type, proximity to urban areas) was not incorporated into 

this analysis. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 66 

 National Resource Information System (NRIS) – NRIS contains information related to invasive 

plants, threatened and endangered (TES) species, and other rare or uncommon plants 

 Forest Activity Tracking System (FACTS) – FACTS is activity tracking system for all levels of the 

Forest Service 

 Viable Ecosystems Model (Viable) – Viable determines habitat for the various species 

 Planning, Appeals, and Litigation System (PALS) – The PALS database is a system used to track 

process-related planning and decision information 

 Schedule of Proposed Action (SOPA) – The SOPA is a quarterly report used by local units of the 

Forest Service to provide notice of projects being considered at the local level, and to track their 

progress through the environmental analysis steps 

 National Interagency Fire Management Integrated Database (NIFMID)- NIFMID contains 

information related to historical point fire records such as fire location, cause, size, costs, etc. 

 National Roads and Trails Data Base (INFRA) – contains continually updated information on the 

objective and operational maintenance levels and seasons of use of the designated National Forest 

System of roads and trails 

Air Quality and the Clean Air Act 

Executive Summary 

There would be no measurable direct or indirect effect to air quality since the net emissions from vehicles, 

vehicle travel, forest management activities, and wildfires are unlikely to change under the Proposed Action 

or Alternatives. Under Alternatives 2 and 3, there may be some increased temporary localized air quality 

impairment from vehicle emissions and fugitive dust. This could occur in areas where there is currently a 

high level of off-highway vehicle use and within 300’ of open designated routes since motorized access off 

designated routes would be restricted and motorized access for dispersed camping would be limited (to 

varying degrees), thus concentrating use. This increase in temporary, localized air quality degradation would 

likely increase over time with Forest use. Presently, this increased effect is assumed to be minimal because 

motorized use is not desirable and often discourages users when dusty conditions are likely (late summer 

months). The potential for any of the alternatives to affect air quality indirectly related to wildfires is 

predicted to have no effect and is not discussed in detail in this analysis. Additionally, the alternatives would 

have no direct or indirect effect on smoke emissions from Forest management activities, which are managed 

by the Oregon Department of Forestry as delegated by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. 

Affected Environment 

The 1970 Federal Clean Air Act, as amended in 1977 and 1990 (42 U.S.C. §7401 et seq.), is a legal mandate 

designed to protect human health and welfare. National Ambient Air Quality Standards are defined in the 

Clean Air Act as levels of “criteria” pollutants above which may result in detrimental effects on human 

health and welfare. These criteria pollutants include carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, particulate 

matter (PM10 and PM2.5), ozone, and sulfur dioxide. 

State Implementation Plans are adopted by each state to implement the provisions of the Clean Air Act. 

State Implementation Plans describe the state’s actions to achieve and maintain National Ambient Air 

Quality Standards. If an area consistently does not meet or “attain” the National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards, it is designated as a non-attainment area and must demonstrate to the public and the 

Environmental Protection Agency how it will meet standards in the future. The Oregon Department of 

Environmental Quality regulates and monitors air quality for the State. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 67 

Section 160 of the Federal Clean Air Act also requires measures “to preserve, protect, and enhance the air 

quality in national parks, national wilderness areas, national monuments, national seashores, and other areas 

of special national or regional natural, recreational, scenic, or historic value.” Class I areas include Forest 

Service and Fish and Wildlife Service wilderness areas over 5,000 acres that were in existence before August 

1977, and National Parks in excess of 6,000 acres as of August 1977. Designation as a Class I area allows 

only very small increments of new pollution above existing air pollution levels. Class I areas have the 

highest air quality protection standards while Class II have a moderate level of protection. 

The Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests include the following Class I areas as identified by the State of 

Oregon (OAR 340-204-0050): 

 Three Sisters Wilderness 

 Mount Washington Wilderness 

 Mount Jefferson Wilderness 

 Diamond Peak Wilderness 

Other wilderness areas established after 1977 and national monuments on the Deschutes and Ochoco 

National Forests (Black Canyon Wilderness, Bridge Creek Wilderness, Mill Creek Wilderness, Mount 

Thielsen Wilderness, and Newberry National Volcanic Monument) are designated as Class II areas. 

On Forest Service Lands in Oregon, the authority to manage smoke emissions from management activities is 

given to the Oregon Department of Forestry under the Oregon Smoke Management Plan (Oregon Revised 

Statue 477.013). The Oregon Department of Forestry has the authority to coordinate burning on agricultural 

and Forest Service lands to minimize impairments and to designate smoke sensitive receptor areas to protect 

dense population areas or other areas with special legal status from visibility impairments. The 

acknowledged urban growth boundaries of Bend and Redmond are considered smoke sensitive receptor 

areas. In these areas, smoke intrusions or the verified entrance of smoke from prescribed burning at ground 

level is avoided and must be reported (OAR-629-048). 

To date, the urban and industrial centers adjacent to the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests are attaining 

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (OAR 340-204-0030 and OAR 340-204-0040). Sources of local 

criteria air pollution on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, include (but are not limited to) 

construction equipment, vehicles (off-highway and highway legal), wildfires, and forest management 

activities (i.e., prescribed fires, wildland fire use, pile burning). 

Vehicle emissions, particularly those resulting from two-stroke engines (nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, 

carbon monoxide, ozone, aldehydes, and extremely persistent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and light 

weight soil particles or “dust” resulting from vehicle travel on unpaved surfaces (also known as fugitive 

dust39) can contribute to localized air quality degradation, even though National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards in a larger area are being met (Ouren et al. 2007). 

Analysis of Environmental Effects 

Alternative 1 

Alternative 1, the No Action Alternative, would not reduce the total motorized activity across the Forests or 

potentially change the location of unplanned human-caused wildfire starts associated with motorized use. 

However, with predicted increases in Forest use over time, total motorized activity and consequently vehicle 

emissions, dust generated from vehicle travel on unpaved surfaces, and unplanned human-caused ignitions 

will also increase. See ‘Transportation’, ‘Recreation’, ‘Fire Risk’, and ‘Soils’ chapters for more detail 

related to road conditions, motorized use, fire risk, and dust. 

 

39 Fugitive dust is created as vehicles disturb and grind soil crusts. The dust is raised into the air by air currents generated by vehicles (Ouren et al. 

2007). 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 68 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

Alternatives 2 and 3 affect where motor vehicles can be legally operated on National Forest lands, and thus 

could potentially affect the location and concentration of vehicle emissions and fugitive dust resulting from 

vehicle travel on non-paved surfaces. There may be some increased temporary localized air quality 

impairment from vehicle emissions and fugitive dust in areas where there is currently a high level of OHV 

use and within 300’ of open designated routes since motorized access off designated routes would be 

restricted and motorized access for dispersed camping would be limited (to varying degrees), as users may be 

concentrated in these areas. 

This increased indirect effect on air quality is assumed to be minimal because none of the alternatives are 

very unlikely to change the net amount of motorized use across the Forests, and vehicle travel on unpaved 

surfaces in areas prone to dust, when dusty conditions are likely (late summer months) is not desirable and 

often discourages users. However, as with Alternative 1, with predicted increases in Forest use over time, 

total motorized activity and consequently vehicle emissions and dust generated by vehicles would also 

increase. See ‘Transportation’ and ‘Recreation’ chapters for more detail related to effects to motorized users. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 could also indirectly affect the location of unplanned human-caused wildfire starts, 

which could then have a beneficial effect on air quality. Since under Alternatives 2 and 3, motorized access 

off designated routes and motorized access for dispersed camping would be limited (to varying degrees) to 

the area within 300’ of open designated routes, starts associated with motorized use would be more 

accessible to suppression resources and potentially more rapidly extinguished, thereby reducing emissions 

(See ‘Fire Risk’ section for more detail). However, this effect on air quality from human-caused wildfire that 

could be attributed to starts from motorized access off designated routes or motorized access for dispersed 

camping is highly speculative and is therefore not uniquely measurable or definable. The potential for any of 

the alternatives to affect air quality indirectly related to wildfires is predicted to be no change and is therefore 

not discussed in further detail in this analysis. 

Fire Risk 

Executive Summary 

This report considers the current condition along with the direct and indirect effects of the Proposed Action 

and Alternatives on fire risk across the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 will have no direct and some indirect effects on fire risk. Ignitions resulting from 

ejected sparks or direct contact with vegetation will be limited to motorized users on designated routes and 

motorized users seeking to access dispersed campsites within 300’ of an open designated route. It is not 

possible to determine if the potential decrease in unplanned human caused ignitions associated with reducing 

the acreage available for motorized access will exceed the likely increase in Forest use projected into the 

future. It is most likely that under Alternatives 2 and 3, the total number of unplanned human-caused 

ignitions across the administrative units per year would likely remain the same or increase with projected 

increases in Forest use, but would be shifted from across the broader landscape and potentially be more 

concentrated within 300’ of an open designated route. However, Alternatives 2 and 3 would not affect nonmotorized travel, so the effect of this is not directly quantifiable. Additionally, Alternatives 2 and 3 could 

lead to the eventual elimination of user-created roads and trails that could function as preliminary fuel/fire 

breaks from which to more safely and/or efficiently access an ignition, build a fireline, or perform a burn-out 

operation, if an ignition were to occur. However, since vegetation recovery will be slow absent any specific 

rehabilitation efforts, it is expected that these areas will exist for 10 years or more, depending on the site 

conditions. Under the No Action Alternative, there will be continued access and use of user-created roads 

and trails for suppression resources and continued human-caused ignitions associated with motorized access 

across the Forests. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 69 

Affected Environment 

Human- Caused Ignition Sources 

Unplanned human-caused ignitions contribute significantly to the acreage burned across the Deschutes and 

Ochoco National Forests. Historical point fire occurrence records from the Deschutes National Forest from 

1987 to 200740 show that nearly half of all ignitions are unplanned and human-caused. On the Ochoco 

National Forest from 1986 to 2007, unplanned human-caused ignitions are markedly less; accounting for 

approximately one-quarter of the total ignitions. However, the Deschutes National Forest also encompasses 

more than two times as much land as the Ochoco National Forest. Regardless of acreage, historical records 

show that human-caused ignitions per 10,000 acres are greater on the Deschutes National Forest compared to 

the Ochoco National Forest, highlighting the connection between unplanned human ignitions and proximity 

to population centers (Table 3-2). Additionally, unplanned human-caused starts on the Deschutes National 

Forest have generally increased over the last 21 years while those on the Ochoco National Forest have 

remained somewhat constant (Figure 3-1). Campfires are documented as the most prevalent known causes 

of unplanned human ignitions across both units. 

Table 3-2. Historical fire occurrence on the Deschutes (1987 – 2007) and Ochoco National Forests (1986 – 2007) 

Administrative Unit No. of ignitions 

(% unplanned human-caused) 

Deschutes National Forest 4,191 

(46) 

Equipment 60 

Smoking 296 

Campfire 833 

Debris burning 72 

Arson 174 

Children 34 

Misc. (but human-caused) 460 

Not documented 6 

Total human* 1,935 

Human ignitions/10,000 

acres 

12 

Lightning 2,256 

Ochoco National Forest

(including Crooked River NG) 

2,159 

(25) 

Equipment 28 

Smoking 63 

Campfire 311 

Debris burning 13 

Arson 17 

Children 6 

Misc. (but human-caused) 111 

Total Human* 549 

 

40 Fire occurrence records are available from 1980 to present; however records, outside of the years shown in the table, are missing 

documentation of the fire cause. Forest GIS records, which are derived from the National Interagency Fire Management Integrated 

Database (NIFMID) are the primary sources of data used to complete this analysis. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 70 

Administrative Unit No. of ignitions 

(% unplanned human-caused) 

Human ignitions/10,000 

acres

8 

Lightning 1,610 

 excluding ignitions caused by railroad 



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007

Year

No. of human-caused starts

Deschutes NF; Mean No. of starts/yr = 92

Ochoco NF; Mean No. of starts/yr = 26

Figure 3-1. Unplanned human-caused ignitions on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests 

Human-Caused Ignitions and Motorized Access 

While the connection between unplanned human-caused ignitions and motorized access cannot be directly 

inferred from these statistics (see Appendix B-5), literature has shown that vegetation or ground fuels that 

come in direct contact with a hot engine or exhaust system or a spark from a hot engine or exhaust system 

may smolder and eventually ignite (USDA 2007, Pitts 2007). Spark arrestors41, which are required on all 

vehicles intended for off-highway use on Forest Service lands in Oregon (OPRD 2009), pulverize carbon 

particles to a size (<0.023 inches) which decrease the likelihood of glowing or flaming combustion from 

ejected sparks. Spark arrestors do not decrease the likelihood of ignitions from direct contact with vegetation 

(i.e., parking on or driving through brush or grass) and during periods of high fire danger, spark arresters will 

not provide complete protection against exhaust spark fires (USDA 2007). During these periods, Forests 

may implement use restrictions to prevent ignitions. Sparks can also be generated from activities on 

designated routes such as loose tow chains, improperly maintained brakes and wheel bearings, exploding 

solenoids on winches, and driving on flat tires, to name a few. 

Unauthorized Roads 

 

41 Class II OHVs (“Jeeps” or “SUVs”) are required to have a operating muffler and exhaust system under 

99db which prevents sparks. Class I (quads, 3-wheelers) and Class II (motorcycles) OHVs are required to have a spark arrestor. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 71 

Unauthorized roads typically result from low-standard temporary roads either built within the scope of 

timber sale contracts or from other unplanned, off-road vehicle uses such as gathering firewood and 

accessing dispersed recreation sites. After their intended use, such roads are typically decommissioned but 

are often visible as primitive wheel tracks or show up as features in aerial photos. These roads have not been 

mapped or recorded in the forest transportation database (see “Transportation” section). Depending on the 

vegetation conditions, these unauthorized routes could function as preliminary fuel/fire breaks from which to 

more safely access an ignition, build a fire line, or perform a burn-out operation, if an ignition were to occur. 

Two sub-affected environments were established for analyzing effects. The first affected environment is the 

area more than 300’ from the centerline of an open designated route proposed to be closed to motorized 

access off designated routes or proposed to be closed to motorized access for dispersed camping. This 

affected environment will herein be known as, “the broader landscape”. 

The second affected environment is the area within 300’ of all open designated routes. This area was 

isolated since all alternatives allow for varying degrees of motorized access to dispersed camping within 300’ 

of designated routes. 

Other areas potentially affected by the Alternatives are areas proposed to be open to motorized access for 

dispersed camping, open to motorized access for dispersed camping seasonally with special provisions 

(riparian and non-riparian), open motorized access for dispersed camping (seasonally). These acres are 

nearly coincident with those covered within 300’ of open designated routes and are therefore not considered 

separately in this analysis. For the purpose of this analysis, it was assumed the areas that will continue to be 

open to motorized access off of designated routes (e.g., rock and gravel pits) will have no effect on fire risk 

as vegetation (i.e., flammable material) within the footprint of these areas is minimal. 

Human starts across the broader landscape account for 37% and 36% of the total human starts across the 

administrative units (Tables 3-2 and 3-3; Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, respectively). As with the 

statistics in Table 3-2, campfires are the most prevalent known cause of unplanned human ignitions, 

accounting for 60% and 78%, respectively, on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, of the humancaused starts across the broader landscape (in Table 3-3, misc. human not considered). Unplanned humancaused ignitions on both Forests across the broader landscape have decreased slightly over the last 21 years, 

although there is high annual variability (Figure 3-2). This may indicate that unplanned human-caused 

ignitions across the broader landscape that require suppression action are related to factors other than 

increases in population over time, such as ambient conditions or annual use trends. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 72 

Table 3-3. Unplanned human-caused ignitions in across the broader landscape (see above) across the 

administrative units (Deschutes National Forest, 1987 – 2007; Ochoco National Forest, 1986– 2007) 

Ignition Cause Deschutes National 

Forest 

Ochoco National 

Forest 

Not documented 2 -- 

Equipment 25 10 

Smoking 122 29 

Campfire 310 125 

Debris burning 26 5 

Arson 61 5 

Children 15 -- 

Misc. human 161 23 

Total 722 197 

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007

Year

No. of human-caused starts

Deschutes NF; Mean No. of starts = 34

Ochoco NF; Mean No. of starts = 9

Figure 3-2. Unplanned human-caused ignitions across the broader landscape on the Deschutes and Ochoco 

National Forests 

Human starts within 300’ of open designated routes account for 39% and 34%, respectively, on the 

Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, of the total human starts across the administrative units (Table 3-4). 

As with the broader landscape, campfires are the most prevalent cause documented, accounting for 41% and 

61%, respectively, on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, of the total human-caused starts within 

300’ of open designated routes (Table 3-4). Figure 3-3 shows the trends in human-caused starts within 

300’of open designated routes. Starts in this area have generally increased over the last 21 years across both 

Forests, but as with those across the broader landscape, annual variability is high. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 73 

Table 3-4. Unplanned human-caused ignitions in the area within 300’ of open designated routes across the 

administrative units (Deschutes National Forest, 1987 – 2007; Ochoco National Forest, 1986– 2007) 

Ignition Cause Deschutes National 

Forest 

Ochoco National 

Forest 

Not documented 2 - - 

Equipment 22 2 

Smoking 103 17 

Campfire 310 114 

Debris burning 33 4 

Arson 73 3 

Children 9 44 

Misc. human 206 2 

Total 758 184 

 

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

24

27

30

33

36

39

42

45

48

51

54

198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007

Year

No. of human-caused starts

Deschutes NF; Mean No. of starts = 36

Ochoco NF; Mean No. of starts = 9

Figure 3-3. Human-caused ignitions within 300’ of open designated routes on the Deschutes and Ochoco 

National Forests 

Analysis of Environmental Effects 

Alternative 1 

As urban populations and Forest use increases into the future, unplanned human-caused ignitions associated 

with motorized users would likely also increase (especially within 300’ of open designated routes; see Figure 

above), challenging suppression, prevention, and law enforcement resources. As highlighted by Table 3-2, 

we can expect this effect to be more dramatic on the Deschutes National Forest compared to the Ochoco 

National Forest due to proximity to larger population centers. However, there will be continued use of 

unauthorized routes by suppression resources that could function as preliminary fuel/fire breaks from which 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 74 

to more safely and/or efficiently access an ignition, build a fire line, or perform a burn-out operation 

(depending on vegetation conditions), if an ignition were to occur. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

Although Alternatives 2 and 3 would restrict motorized access for dispersed camping to the area within 300’ 

of open designated routes to varying degrees (see Chapter 2 for more detail), the indirect effects to fire risk 

can be grouped together since the primary result of implementing either Alternative is the concentration of 

motorized users on designated routes and within 300’ of open designated routes. 

There is potential for a decrease in human-caused ignitions if motorized access off designated routes and 

motorized access for dispersed camping is prohibited across the broader landscape. Ignitions resulting from 

ejected sparks or direct contact with vegetation will be limited to motorized users on designated routes and 

motorized users seeking to access dispersed campsites within 300’ of an open designated route. While 

Alternatives 2 and 3 represent a reduction in the acreage available for motorized access, it is not possible to 

quantitatively infer the effects of this reduction in acreage in terms of fire risk, as statistics do not specifically 

capture starts associated with motorized access (i.e., starts that are not directly caused by motorized vehicles 

but are associated with access by motorized vehicles; see Appendix B-5). Additionally, Alternatives 2 and 3 

would not affect non-motorized travel, so unplanned human-caused ignitions associated with this user group 

would not be affected. 

It is also not possible to determine if the potential decrease in unplanned human caused ignitions associated 

with reducing the acreage available for motorized access will exceed the likely increase in Forest use 

projected into the future (see “Recreation” section). It is most likely that the total number of unplanned 

human-caused ignitions across the administrative units per year would likely remain the same or increase 

with projected increases in Forest use, but would be shifted from the broader landscape and potentially be 

more concentrated in the area within 300’ of open designated routes. 

Table 3-5 illustrates the potential increase in unplanned human-caused ignitions within 300’ of open 

designated routes for Alternatives 2 and 3 under a range of possible effects (from no shift, up to a 90% shift 

in unplanned human-caused ignitions from across the broader landscape to the area within 300’ of open 

designated routes). When considering the average number of unplanned human-caused starts per year over 

the last 21 years, Table 3-5 demonstrates that if 90% of the current average unplanned human-caused 

ignitions were shifted from across the broader landscape to within 300’ of open designated routes, an 

approximate 86% and 89%, respectively, on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, increase in 

unplanned human-caused ignitions within 300’ of open designated routes could be expected. Likewise, if 

25% of the current average number of unplanned human-caused ignitions per year were shifted from across 

the broader landscape to within 300’ of open designated routes, an approximate 24% and 22% increase, 

respectively, on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, within 300’ of open designated routes could be 

expected. This potential reduction in ignition sources across the broader landscape would facilitate more 

effective fire patrol for prevention, suppression, and law enforcement resources. 

Table 3-5. Potential change in unplanned human-caused ignitions in the area within 300’ of open designated 

routes under a range of possible effects; Alternatives 2 and 3* 

Deschutes 

National Forest 

Ochoco 

National 

Forest 

Average # of 

ignitions 

Average # of 

ignitions 

Across the broader 

landscape Existing Condition and Alternative 1 34 9 

No shift within 300’ of 

designated routes 

36 9 

Percent of starts within 300’ of open designated routes 51 50 

Alternatives 2 and 3 Across the broader 3 1 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 75 

Deschutes 

National Forest 

Ochoco 

National 

Forest 

Average # of 

ignitions 

Average # of 

ignitions 

90% Shift landscape

within 300’ of 

designated routes

67 17 

Percent increase in starts within 300’ of open 

designated routes 

86 89 

Across the broader 

landscape

Alternatives 2 and 3 8 2 

75 % Shift within 300’ of 

designated routes

62 16 

Percent increase in starts within 300’ of open 

designated routes 

72 78 

Across the broader 

landscape

Alternatives 2 and 3 17 4 

50% Shift within 300’ of 

designated routes

53 14 

Percent increase in starts within 300’ of open 

designated routes 

47 56 

Across the broader 

landscape

Alternatives 2 and 3 25 7 

25% Shift within 300’ of 

designated routes

45 11 

Percent increase in starts within 300’ of open 

designated routes 

25 22 

*Note that the potential increase in unplanned human-caused ignitions in the future within the area within 

300’ of open designated routes was not incorporated into this assessment due to the high annual variability 

in ignitions (Figure 3-3). 

Alternatives 2 and 3 could also lead to the eventual elimination of user-created routes that could function as 

preliminary fuel/fire breaks from which to more safely/efficiently access an ignition, build a fire line, or 

perform a burn-out operation, if an ignition were to occur. However, these unauthorized routes will likely 

exist for 10 years or more absent any rehabilitation efforts (See ‘Assumptions and Methodologies’) and will 

be used during suppression efforts, if necessary. 

Public Safety 

Executive Summary 

This section summarizes the analysis of the effects from implementing the actions proposed in this EIS on 

public and safety. 

Under the action alternatives all motorized vehicle use will be restricted to designated routes, and a 

motorized mixed use analysis is required to evaluate the suitability for allowing both highway-legal and nonhighway legal vehicles on the same designated routes. Some roads that are currently available for mixed 

motorized use will be changed to allow only highway-legal vehicles if either action alternative is 

implemented. As a consequence of this change, some connectivity between traditional OHV use areas may 

be changed or lost. The OHV rider may need to load and transport the OHV from one geographic location to 

another in certain areas. 

Preliminary analyses indicate that approximately 181 miles of roads on the Deschutes National Forest and 

125 miles of roads on the Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland that are currently 

available for mixed motorized use will be changed to only allow highway-legal vehicles if either action 

alternative is implemented. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 76 

Affected Environment 

There are approximately 8,000 miles of roads under Forest Service jurisdiction across Central Oregon on the 

Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, and the Crooked River National Grassland that are open and 

available for public use in motorized vehicles. Of those, some are available year round to all types of motor 

vehicles, some are only available during specific time periods, and some are only available to certain types of 

vehicles. 

When open for use, most roads are open to all types of motor vehicles. However, some roads are restricted to 

highway-legal vehicles only. Some roads are not suitable for motorized mixed use due to concerns for 

operator safety or are used for administrative purposes such as campground roads, roads into administrative 

sites, roads through sensitive areas, etc. Motorized mixed use is defined as having both highway-legal and 

non-highway-legal vehicles operating on the same road at the same time. Non-highway-legal vehicles 

include any type of standard vehicle or OHV that is not street legal. On the Deschutes National Forest, roads 

that currently allow only highway-legal vehicles include all Highway Safety Act roads, roads within the 

Newberry National Volcanic Monument, and roads within the East Fort Rock OHV area. On the Ochoco 

National Forest, roads that currently allow only highway-legal vehicles are primarily the Highway Safety Act 

roads. Table 3-6, Miles of Open FS Roads by Vehicle Type, shows the amount of roads currently open to all 

vehicles and those that are only open for highway-legal vehicles. 

Table 3-6: Miles of Open FS Roads by Vehicle Type 

Type of Vehicle Allowed Deschutes 

NF 

Ochoco 

NF 

Crooked 

River NG 

Total 

Miles 

Open to All Motor Vehicles 5,362 1,388 260 7,010

Open to Highway Legal Vehicles Only 770 242 2 1,014

Totals: 6,132 1,630 262 8,024

Current Use 

The existing policy on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Grassland, has been to allow OHV 

use on all maintenance level 2 roads (high clearance vehicle roads) and prohibit OHV use on all maintenance 

level 3, 4, & 5 roads, which are the roads maintained for passenger car traffic, and thus consistent with ORS 

821.055. This policy has been described to the public on the forest visitor maps, OHV area maps, and other 

recreation information sources. The only exceptions to the current policy are in places where OHV use on 

roads is specifically prohibited in areas such as the Newberry National Volcanic Monument, and the OHV 

specialized trail areas. 

Other than occasional contacts by law enforcement or contacts in OHV Trail areas, no specific information 

or educational outreach to the public regarding the use of OHV’s on paved or two-lane gravel roads has been 

developed because in the past these roads fell entirely within the maintenance level 3, 4, and 5 category, (i.e., 

not available for OHV use). However, with the decline in maintenance budgets in recent years, the Forests 

have lowered maintenance levels on many roads so that there are now several two-lane gravel roads and even 

a few paved roads in the maintenance level 2 category. 

With the new Regional Policy regarding the need to perform an Engineering Analysis on all roads before 

allowing motorized mixed use on the motor vehicle use map, these “high-use” level 2 roads are being 

examined for suitability for having both highway-legal and non-highway-legal vehicles on them in the future. 

Regional Policy 

By Regional Forester Letter, “Procedures for Engineering Analysis of Motorized Mixed Use”, dated August 

10, 2006, the Forest Supervisors in Region 6 were directed as follows: 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 77 

The enclosed letter from the Washington Office expands on and supplements the Chief’s interim 

guidance, as a result of a recent Regional Engineers’ meeting to discuss designation of National 

Forest System (NFS) roads for motorized mixed use under the travel management rule. 

The following supplements this guidance for Region 6. 

When Engineering Analysis is Required:

Even when State law allows motorized mixed use, you must follow the guidance in EM-7700-30 to 

determine if allowing motorized mixed use on NFS roads is consistent with management objectives, 

and makes a reasonable accommodation for the public’s safety. 

Decisions on motorized mixed use are the responsibility of the line officer. The designated engineer 

analyzes the information on the road and road use, including crash probability and severity, and 

presents that information, along with any mitigation that could potentially lower the risks to the 

responsible official. 

State laws in Oregon and Washington require no minimum age to operate some classes of OHVs. 

Because of the potential risks, an engineering analysis (EM-7700-30) must be conducted on all 

roads being considered for mixed use regardless of maintenance level. The level of the analysis 

should be appropriate for the roads being analyzed. For example, similar roads at a maintenance 

and operational level that justifies an abbreviated analysis may be combined utilizing Exhibit 1 

Documentation for Engineering Judgment of Motorized Mixed Use on National Forest System Roads

as described in EM-7700-30. 

Roads currently open to mixed use that have a documented mixed use analysis do not need to be 

revisited. Engineering analysis is required for roads which have been open to mixed use and no 

documented engineering analysis has been completed. 

These guidelines and the procedures in FSH 7709.55, chapter 30 have been used to analyze motorized mixed 

use for the majority of roads proposed for motorized mixed use on the Deschutes and Ochoco National 

Forests. The roads that are expected to continue to be open to motorized mixed use on the Bend-Fort Rock 

Ranger District are included in the tables and maps in this section, but the totals could change slightly upon 

completion of the analyses. 

Analysis of Environmental Effects 

Alternative 1 

Alternative 1, the no action alternative, would not prohibit motorized travel where it is not already restricted 

or prohibited by law, regulation, policy, order, Forest Plan direction, site-specific decision or agreement. 

There would be no change to existing designated routes for class of vehicle, areas open to motorized access, 

or seasons of use for motorized access. 

There would be no direct or indirect effects to public use of the road system from implementing the no action 

alternative. Roads would continue to be used as they are presently. Public use would remain as it is today, 

and motorized mixed use would continue on roads where it is currently allowed. Based on the mixed use 

analysis recently completed, this could result in slightly over 300 miles of road where mixed use may present 

a risk to public safety by allowing OHV use on roads that support high speed travel by motor vehicles and 

where site distances are limited. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 78 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

Under both Alternatives 2 and 3, all motorized travel would be prohibited off of designated routes. 

Motorized vehicles would still be allowed to access dispersed camp sites within 300 feet of designated routes 

where that use is currently allowed. Motorized vehicles would still be allowed to use designated routes 

where they are currently allowed. However, for all roads where motorized mixed use would occur, an 

Engineering Analysis to determine suitability for that mixed use would be required prior to including those 

routes on the motor vehicle use map. 

Existing legal uses on established system roads would continue, while off-road, cross-country, motorized 

vehicle use and motorized use on unauthorized, non-system roads would be prohibited. No system roads that 

are currently open to public use, and do not have an existing NEPA decision to close them, would be closed 

as a result of this decision. However, some roads that currently allow motorized mixed use will be changed 

to only allow highway-legal vehicles. 

Preliminary analyses indicate that approximately 181 miles of roads on the Deschutes National Forest and 

125 miles of roads on the Ochoco National Forest, that are currently available for mixed motorized use, will 

be changed to only allow highway-legal vehicles if either action alternative is implemented. This could 

reduce the potential risk to public safety on slightly over 300 miles of road where motorized mixed use may 

currently present a safety risk by allowing OHV use on roads that support high speed travel where site 

distances are limited. 

Table 3-7, Expected Change in Roads Open to Highway Legal Vehicles, shows the mileage differences 

between the current highway-legal system and the expected highway-legal system under the action 

alternatives. These numbers may vary slightly upon completion of the analyses. 

 

 Table 3-7: Expected Change in Roads Open to Highway Legal Vehicles 

Open to HWY Legal Only Open to Motorized Mixed Use FOREST 

Existing Alt 2,3 Change Existing Alt 2,3 Change 

OPEN 

Miles 

Deschutes NF 770 951 181 5,362 5,181 -181 6,132

Ochoco NF 242 367 125 1,388 1,262 -125 1,630

Crooked River NG 2 2 0 260 260 0 262

Totals 1,014 1,320 306 7,010 6,703 306 8,024

Connectivity of Routes 

With the implementation of either of the action alternatives, where motorized vehicle use will be restricted to 

designated routes and where some of those designated routes will be limited to highway-legal vehicles only, 

there will be some areas where traditional OHV use areas will no longer be connected. Maps in Appendix 

A-2 show the roads that are currently restricted to highway-legal vehicles only and those that are expected to 

be changed to highway-legal only status upon completion of the analyses. The proposed additions to the 

highway-legal only system on the Deschutes National Forest will not have as much of an effect on loss of 

connectivity as it will on the Ochoco National Forest due to the higher road densities on the Deschutes, (i.e., 

there are more opportunities for alternate routes on the Deschutes). On either Forest, the consequences of 

losing connecting routes between desired destinations is that the user will have a reduced number of loop 

riding options and may have to load the OHV on a trailer or pickup to get from one location to another in 

certain situations. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 79 

Transportation 

Executive Summary 

This section summarizes the analysis of the effects from implementing the actions proposed in this EIS on 

the National Forest Road System. Under the proposed action, all motorized vehicle use will be restricted to 

designated routes, and an Engineering Analysis will be required to evaluate the suitability for allowing both 

highway-legal and non-highway-legal vehicles on the same designated routes, (i.e., motorized mixed use). 

There would be no direct or indirect effects to the current road system from implementing the no action 

alternative. Roads would continue to be used as they are presently, and public use would remain as it is 

today. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would be expected to increase overall road use in areas where there is currently a high 

level of off-road motorized vehicle use. The effect of this increased use would be an increase in surface wear 

on some roads which may result in a need for additional maintenance work. 

Preliminary analyses indicate that approximately 181 miles of roads on the Deschutes National Forest and 

125 miles of roads on the Ochoco National Forest that are currently available for mixed motorized use will 

be changed to only allow highway-legal vehicles if either action alternative is implemented. As a 

consequence of this change, some connectivity between traditional OHV use areas may be changed or lost. 

Affected Environment 

There are currently over 11,400 miles of roads under Forest Service jurisdiction across Central Oregon on the 

Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, and the Crooked River National Grassland. Of these roads there are 

approximately 8,000 miles of roads that are open and available for public use in motor vehicles. In addition 

to Forest Service roads, there are approximately 1,880 miles of State and County roads that provide for 

public access through and within the Central Oregon forests. There are also many miles of privately owned 

roads that are not tracked in the Forest Service inventory. Table 3-8 shows the miles of road within the 

Central Oregon Forests and Grassland that are either under Forest Service jurisdiction or are under the 

jurisdiction of the State or Counties. 

Table 3-8: Road Mileage of Central Oregon Forests and Grassland: 

Road System Deschutes NF Ochoco NF 

Crooked River 

Nat’l Grassland Total Miles 

Forest Service Roads 8,182 2,935 315 11,432

State / County Roads 578 400 899 1,877

Totals: 8,760 3,335 1,214 13,309

Most of the National Forest System Roads on the Ochoco and Deschutes National Forests were developed 

over the years in support of various resource management activities including timber harvest, mineral 

extraction, recreation, and for administrative purposes. 

There are currently 8,182 miles of Forest Service roads in the Deschutes National Forest road inventory. 

This number includes all standards of roads ranging from two lane paved arterials to single lane native 

surfaced roads, and includes all roads whether they are open or closed to motor vehicle use. Most of the 

Deschutes forest has gentle terrain which made road construction inexpensive and convenient; thus, the 

forest has been roaded extensively over the years. There is rarely a need to construct a new road on the 

Deschutes. 

The Ochoco National Forest has approximately 2,935 miles of Forest Service roads. Most of the 

transportation system on the Ochoco National Forest was developed on the more gentle slopes found on the 

southern portions of the Forest. This part of the Forest, (approximately two-thirds of the total area), has the 

transportation system needed to provide access for most present and future management activities. The 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 80 

northern one-third of the Ochoco National Forest has a less extensive transportation system and more 

difficult terrain for road construction. 

There are only 315 miles of Forest Service roads on the Crooked River National Grassland. This relatively 

small number of roads under Forest Service jurisdiction is due to the fact that the primary access to the 

Grassland is provided by the State and County road systems. Road jurisdiction in the Grassland is somewhat 

unusual because the Grassland didn’t come into existence until 1960. Prior to that, the lands were privately 

owned and many of the roads were constructed by the county or private landowners to provide access to the 

original homesteads. After the land was acquired by the Forest Service, all roads that were previously used 

by the public remained under county jurisdiction. Most of the main roads through the Grassland are 

dedicated county roads that are maintained by the county, but many of the other roads are designated as 

“local access roads” or “public use roads”, where the County still has jurisdiction over the roads but does not 

spend maintenance funds on them. The remaining 315 miles of Forest Service roads are generally very low 

standard dirt roads that access range allotments throughout the Grassland. These roads are normally suitable 

only for high clearance vehicle use and are impassable or closed seasonally during wet weather. 

Road System Classifications 

There are many ways to categorize different groups of roads in the Forest Service road system. Five of the 

primary ways that will be used in discussions throughout this section are by Functional Class, Maintenance 

Level, Highway Safety Act, Surface Type, and Unauthorized. 

Functional Class 

Functional Class is the way a road services land and resource management needs, and the character of 

service it provides. (FSH 7709.54, Forest Transportation Terminology Handbook) 

 Arterial Road. A forest road that provides service to large land areas and usually connects with 

other arterial roads or public highways. 



 Collector Road. A forest road that serves smaller land areas than an arterial road. Usually connects 

forest arterial roads to local forest roads or terminal facilities. 



 Local Road. A forest road that connects terminal facilities with forest collector, forest arterial or 

public highways. Usually forest local roads are single purpose transportation facilities. 

Table 3-9 shows the distribution of functional classes on the forest service road system in Central Oregon. 

Approximately 2,432 miles, or 21 percent of the total road system, are main roads (arterial and collector 

roads). The remaining 9,000 miles (79 percent) of roads are local roads that are generally designated for 

high clearance access. 

Table 3-9: Forest Service Road Miles by Functional Class 

FUNCTIONAL_CLASS Deschutes NF Ochoco NF 

Crooked River 

NG Total 

A - ARTERIAL 296 229 526

C - COLLECTOR 1,450 447 9 1,906

L - LOCAL 6,435 2,259 306 9,000

Totals: 8,182 2,935 315 11,432

Maintenance Levels 

Maintenance Levels define the level of service provided by, and maintenance required for, a specific road, 

consistent with road management objectives and maintenance criteria. (FSH 7709.58, Transportation System 

Maintenance Handbook) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 81 

 Maintenance Level 1: Assigned to intermittent service roads during the time they are closed to 

vehicular traffic. The closure period must exceed 1 year. Basic custodial maintenance is performed 

to keep damage to adjacent resource to an acceptable level and to perpetuate the road to facilitate 

future management activities. Emphasis is normally given to maintaining drainage facilities and 

runoff patterns. Planned road deterioration may occur at this level. Appropriate traffic management 

strategies are "prohibit" and "eliminate". Roads receiving level 1 maintenance may be of any type, 

class or construction standard, and may be managed at any other maintenance level during the time 

they are open for traffic. However, while being maintained at level 1, they are closed to vehicular 

traffic, but may be open and suitable for non-motorized uses. 

 Maintenance Level 2: Assigned to roads open for use by high clearance vehicles. Passenger car 

traffic is not a consideration. Traffic is normally minor, usually consisting of one or a combination of 

administrative, permitted, dispersed recreation, or other specialized uses. Log haul may occur at this 

level. Appropriate traffic management strategies are either: (1) discourage or prohibit passenger cars 

or (2) accept or discourage high clearance vehicles. 

 Maintenance Level 3: Assigned to roads open and maintained for travel by a prudent driver in a 

standard passenger car. User comfort and convenience are not considered priorities. Roads in this 

maintenance level are typically low speed, single lane with turnouts and spot surfacing. Some roads 

may be fully surfaced with either native or processed material. Appropriate traffic management 

strategies are either "encourage" or "accept." "Discourage" or "prohibit" strategies may be employed 

for certain classes of vehicles or users. 

 Maintenance Level 4: Assigned to roads that provide a moderate degree of user comfort and 

convenience at moderate travel speeds. Most roads are double lane and aggregate surfaced. 

However, some roads may be single lane. Some roads may be paved and/or dust abated. The most 

appropriate traffic management strategy is "encourage." However, the "prohibit" strategy may apply 

to specific classes of vehicles or users at certain times. 

 Maintenance Level 5: Assigned to roads that provide a high degree of user comfort and 

convenience. Normally, roads are double-lane, paved facilities. Some may be aggregate surfaced and 

dust abated. The appropriate traffic management strategy is "encourage." 

Table 3-10 shows the distribution of maintenance levels on the forest service road system in Central Oregon. 

Approximately 6 percent of the road system is in the Maintenance Level 3, 4, and 5 categories, which means 

they are open to public use and are maintained for standard passenger cars. Approximately 64 percent of the 

road system is maintained for high clearance vehicles only (Maintenance Level 2), and approximately 30 

percent of the roads are currently closed to motor vehicle use, (Maintenance Level 1). 

Table 3-10: Forest Service Road Miles by Maintenance Level 

OPER_MAINT_LEVEL Deschutes 

NF 

Ochoco 

NF 

Crooked 

River NG 

Total 

Miles 

1 - BASIC CUSTODIAL CARE (CLOSED) 2,050 1,305 53 3,408

2 - HIGH CLEARANCE VEHICLES 5,700 1,410 260 7,370

3 - SUITABLE FOR PASSENGER CARS 271 135 406

4 - MODERATE DEGREE OF USER COMFORT 122 30 2 154

5 - HIGH DEGREE OF USER COMFORT 39 55 94

Totals: 8,182 2,935 315 11,432

Highway Safety Act Roads 

Forest Service maintenance level 3, 4, and 5 roads are subject to the Highway Safety Act of 1966. The 

Forest Service maintains a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Federal Highway 

Administration requiring that certain safety standards from the Highway Safety Act be met on all roads 

“open to public travel”, as defined in the MOU. Maintenance level 3-5 roads are given this designation 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 82 

because they are generally available and maintained for low-clearance passenger car use. The present 

Highway Safety Act Road System includes 220 miles on the Ochoco National Forest, 2 miles on the Crooked 

River National Grassland, and 432 miles on the Deschutes National Forest. 

Table 3-11: Roads Subject to the Highway Safety Act 

MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS Deschutes NF 

Ochoco 

NF 

Crooked 

River NG 

Total 

Miles 

Passenger Cars and Subject to the HSA 432 220 2 654

High Clearance Vehicles Only 7,750 2,715 313 10,778

Totals: 8,182 2,935 315 11,432

Surface Types 

Forest Service roads are typically grouped into four basic surface types: 

 Paved roads include roads with any type of asphalt surface materials; either bituminous surface 

treatments (BSTs) or asphalt cement concrete (AC). 

 Aggregate surface roads include any type of crushed rock or screened rock surfacing. Also referred 

to as gravel roads. 

 Improved surface roads may have any type of select borrow material imported and placed on the 

surface to help stabilize them. Typically this is a larger rocky material that is not processed through 

a crusher but may be grid rolled to reduce the particle size on the road. On the Deschutes NF, most 

improved surface roads are made of cinder material. 

 Native roads are not surfaced. They are constructed entirely out of the native soil and rocky 

materials that are encountered during construction. No materials are brought in to cover them. 

Sometimes referred to as dirt roads. 

Table 3-12: Forest Service Road Miles by Surface Type 

SURFACE_TYPE Deschutes 

NF 

Ochoco 

NF 

Crooked 

River NG 

Total 

Miles 

AC - ASPHALT 198 91 2 291

AGG - CRUSHED AGGREGATE / GRAVEL 340 590 1 931

IMP - IMPROVED NATIVE MATERIAL 1,155 499 7 1,661

NAT - NATIVE MATERIAL 6,489 1,755 305 8,549

Totals: 8,182 2,935 315 11,432

Unauthorized Roads 

Unauthorized roads do not fit into any of the classification categories described above and typically result 

from low-standard temporary roads either built within the scope of timber sale contracts or from other 

unplanned, off-road vehicle uses such as gathering firewood and accessing dispersed recreation sites. After 

their intended use, such roads are typically decommissioned but are often visible as primitive wheel tracks or 

show up as features in aerial photos. These roads have not been mapped or recorded in the forest 

transportation database. 

Road Maintenance 

Currently, the overall condition of the road system on the two Forests and Grassland is poor. Road 

maintenance funding has declined substantially over the past decade for both forests to a point where it is 

only a fraction of what is needed to fully maintain the road system to the objective standards. 

In addition to the large discrepancy between our present road maintenance funding and our projected road 

maintenance needs, the amount of road maintenance work traditionally performed by timber purchasers has 

been dramatically reduced over the past two decades. The reduced opportunity for sharing road maintenance 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 83 

responsibilities with timber purchasers, both in terms of work performed and collection deposits will 

continue to compound our lack of ability to keep up with maintenance needs. 

This condition is becoming very evident in our backlog of both surface rock replacement on our main roads 

and brushing on our local roads. The crushed aggregate and cinder surfacing on most of our main roads is 

worn out. We have traditionally shared the work and expense of replacing surfacing materials with timber 

purchasers during active timber sales. With the dramatic decrease in both the Forest Service Capital 

Investment Program and in the timber program, we have very limited means of replacing surface materials 

on our roads. This condition is becoming severe on both forests and can only get worse without new funding 

sources being found. We are also noticing a profound increase in the number of our objective maintenance 

level 2 roads that we can no longer drive in a full sized vehicle due to encroaching brush. These roads were 

typically brushed out as part of our active timber sales, but many have not had project use in years. We 

expect to see a significant portion of these objective maintenance level 2 roads move into an operational level 

1 (closed) category due to lack of ability to maintain them. 

Beginning in 1998, the Forests began conducting road condition surveys to determine the annual costs 

necessary to fully maintain the road system to standard. In addition, any deferred maintenance work items 

necessary to bring the roads back to standard is recorded and documented. In 2003 the Central Oregon 

Forests conducted a Forest-Wide Roads Analysis and evaluated the deferred maintenance needs (to bring the 

road systems back up to standard), and annual maintenance costs (to keep it maintained in a safe and 

environmentally sound condition) on the forests. 

For the Deschutes National Forest, we would need approximately $33 million dollars for deferred 

maintenance and approximately $2.1 million for annual maintenance. For the Ochoco National Forest we 

would need $37 million for deferred maintenance and $1.6 million for annual maintenance. Although it 

would be desirable to request the funding necessary to accomplish this work, it is not anticipated that 

increases in funding of this magnitude are going to be available anytime in the foreseeable future. Therefore, 

options for managing the road systems are limited to either reducing the mileage and/or standard of roads to 

maintain, or continuing to prioritize maintenance work on the existing system and accept a continued 

increase in our deferred maintenance backlog. 

Public Use 

There are approximately 8,000 miles of roads under Forest Service jurisdiction across Central Oregon on the 

Deschutes National Forest, the Ochoco National Forest, and the Crooked River National Grassland that are 

open and available for public use in motorized vehicles. Of those, some are available year around to all types 

of motor vehicles, some are only available during specific time periods, and some are only available to 

certain types of vehicles. 

Seasons of Use 

Most roads are open and available for motorized vehicle use during the snow-free season. However, there 

are a variety of reasons why use on some roads is restricted for specific time periods during the year. The 

reasons range from cooperative road management areas during hunting seasons (e.g., Green Dot Systems), 

and other protection for wildlife during the winter season, spring calving/fawning periods, bird nesting 

periods, etc. Table 3-13 shows the number of miles of road that are currently open all year, or that have at 

least one seasonal restriction on use during the year. 

Table 3-13: Miles of Open FS Roads by Season of Use 

OPEN TO PUBLIC USE Deschutes NF Ochoco NF 

Crooked River 

NG Total Miles 

Open All Year 5,230 1,367 14 6,611

Open Seasonally 902 263 248 1,413

Totals: 6,132 1,630 262 8,024
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 84 

Vehicle Types

When open for use, most roads are open to all types of motor vehicles. However, some roads are restricted to 

highway-legal vehicles only. Some roads are not suitable for motorized mixed use due to concerns for 

operator safety or are used for administrative purposes such as campground roads, roads into administrative 

sites, roads through sensitive areas, etc. Motorized mixed use is defined as having both highway-legal and 

non-highway-legal vehicles operating on the same road at the same time. Non-highway-legal vehicles 

include any type of standard vehicle or OHV that is not street legal. On the Deschutes National Forest, roads 

that currently allow only highway-legal vehicles include all Highway Safety Act roads, roads within the 

Newberry National Volcanic Monument, and roads within the East Fort Rock OHV area that are not 

specifically designated and signed to allow motorized mixed use. On the Ochoco National Forest, roads that 

currently allow only highway-legal vehicles are primarily the Highway Safety Act roads. Table 3-14 shows 

the amount of roads currently open to all vehicles and those that are only open for highway-legal vehicles. 

Table 3-13 compares open roads with both seasons of use and type of vehicles allowed. 

Table 3-14: Miles of Open FS Roads by Vehicle Type 

Type of Vehicle Allowed Deschutes 

NF 

Ochoco 

NF 

Crooked 

River NG 

Total 

Miles 

Open to All Motor Vehicles 5,362 1,388 260 7,010

Open to Highway Legal Vehicles Only 770 242 2 1,014

Totals: 6,132 1,630 262 8,024

Table 3-15: Miles of Open FS Roads by Season of Use and Vehicle Type 

Open to All Vehicles HWY Legal Only FOREST 

All Year Seasonal All Year Seasonal 

Total 

Miles 

Deschutes NF 4,552 810 678 92 6,132

Ochoco NF 1,125 263 242 0 1,630

Crooked River NG 12 248 2 0 262

Totals: 5,689 1,321 922 92 8,024

Analysis of Environmental Effects 

Alternative 1 

Alternative 1, the no action alternative, would not prohibit motorized travel where it is not already restricted 

or prohibited by law, regulation, policy, order, Forest Plan direction, site-specific decision or agreement. 

There would be no change to existing designated routes for class of vehicle, areas open to motorized access, 

or seasons of use for motorized access. There would be no Forest Plan amendments to change motorized 

access as a result of this decision. 

There would be no direct or indirect effects to the road system from implementing the no action alternative. 

Roads would continue to be used as they are presently. Public use would remain as it is today, and 

maintenance needs would continue to accumulate and outweigh current maintenance budgets. 

Alternatives 2 and 3

With the implementation of either of the action alternatives where motorized vehicle use will be restricted to 

designated routes, there will be an expected increase in overall traffic on some roads. This effect is expected 

to mostly occur near areas that are currently experiencing high levels of off-road use. These areas include 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 85 

unauthorized trail systems near subdivisions and other population centers adjacent to or within the forest 

boundary. The effect of this increased use would be more wear and tear on the higher used roads resulting in 

an increased need for road surface maintenance. The potential for this additional non-highway-legal vehicle 

traffic on the road system is being considered and reflected in the engineering analysis for designation of 

motorized mixed use routes. 

No system roads that are currently open to public use that do not have an existing decision to close them, 

would be closed as a result of this decision. However, as part of the 2005 Travel Management Rule, the 

Regional Forester of the Pacific Northwest Region issued a letter that requires an Engineering Analysis to be 

performed on any road that will be designated open to motorized mixed use on the Motor Vehicle Use Map. 

As a consequence of this rule, some roads that currently allow motorized mixed use will be changed to only 

allow highway-legal vehicles only. Maps in Appendix A-2, show the roads that are currently restricted to 

highway-legal vehicles only and those that are expected to be changed to highway-legal only status upon 

completion of the Motorized Mixed Use Analyses. Table 3-16, Expected Change in Roads Open to Highway 

Legal Vehicles below, shows the mileage differences between the current highway-legal system and the 

expected highway-legal system under the action alternatives. (See the Public Safety Section of this report for 

further discussion of the Motorized Mixed Use Analysis). 

Table 3-16: Expected Change in Roads Open to Highway Legal Vehicles 

Open to HWY Legal Only Open to Motorized Mixed Use Forest 

Existing Alt 2,3 Change Existing Alt 2,3 Change 

Open 

Miles 

Deschutes NF 770 951 181 5,362 5,181 -181 6,132

Ochoco NF 242 367 125 1,388 1,262 -125 1,630

Crooked River NG 2 2 0 260 260 0 262

Totals: 1,014 1,320 306 7,010 6,703 -306 8,024

Scenery Resources 

Executive Summary 

The scenic resources on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Crooked River National Grassland 

were inventoried under the Forest Service’s Visual Management System (VMS). Both the Deschutes and 

Ochoco National Forest Land and Resource Management Plans (LRMP) identify Visual Quality Objectives 

for many Management Areas. This section summarizes the analysis of the effects from implementing the 

actions proposed in this EIS on Scenic Views and Visual Management areas. 

Motorized use off designated routes or motorized access for dispersed camping can indirectly affect scenic 

quality by denuding vegetation, and causing visible “tracks” or “areas” that often alter the form, line, color, 

and texture of the landscape. This is generally most evident in foregrounds along popular use areas such as 

riparian areas or hill climb areas. Scenic views would not be directly altered by any of the Alternatives 

considered. Alternatives 2 and 3 would have more potential indirect benefits to scenery than Alternative 1. 

In Alternatives 2 and 3, limiting motorized access for dispersed camping to only designated, defined or 

existing campsites (under special provisions), and prohibiting the creation of new motorized routes to access 

new or existing campsites would have a beneficial effect by reducing visual impacts within view corridors. 

Requiring a 30’ setback from waterbodies and stream channels would facilitate vegetation recovery in these 

areas, thus providing a beneficial effect by contributing to the improvement of the foreground area seen 

adjacent to major forest roads and from dispersed campsites. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 86 

Affected Environment 

Scenic views are most affected by actions that alter the form, line, color, and texture of the landscape. There 

are no Forest Plan Standards and Guidelines that relate to the uses of existing designated routes. Visual 

quality objectives are measured by the degree of change or alteration of the landscape. 

Scenic Analysis Area 

Portions of the Forests are visible from several important viewpoints in and around the greater Bend, 

Redmond, Prineville, and Madras areas as well as from State Highways 20, 97, 126, 22, and 31, and Forest 

roads and trails. Scenic Views Management Areas are generally along these and other major Forest arterials 

or collector roads. See Table 3-17 - Scenic Corridors on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and the 

Crooked River National Grassland for a detailed list. Visual Quality Objectives in these areas are generally 

Foreground Retention or Partial Retention and Middleground Partial Retention. These areas, as seen from 

selected travel routes and use areas are to be managed so that, to the casual observer, results of activities are 

evident but are visually subordinate to the landscape. 

Recreation and Scenic Resources 

Central Oregon has a history of being uniquely situated to “preserve and provide interpretation of unique 

geological and cultural areas for education, scientific and public enjoyment purposes” (Deschutes National 

Forest, 1990 Forest Plan LRMP, 4-90). Recreation and scenic resources, including tourism industry, are 

increasingly being touted as a mainstay of the local economy within Central Oregon. Winter and summer 

recreation expenditures have added an element of stability to the otherwise volatile wood products based 

economy of the past (Deschutes National Forest, 1990 Forest Plan LRMP, 2-2). 

Motorized Use on National Forest Lands 

Nearly all Forest visitors use vehicles to get to their preferred activities and settings, whether it is a hiking or 

equestrian trailhead, a fishing spot, or a favorite campsite. For many people, their vehicle is just the mode of 

transportation used to access their recreational activity. For others, the vehicle use itself is the activity. Use 

of off-highway-vehicles (OHV’s) on National Forest lands is a popular activity and use has increased 

dramatically over the past decade. Due to this increase, there has been an similar increase in motorized 

access off designated routes and the creation of many miles of unauthorized “user created” routes. See the 

Recreation Section for more detailed information and statistics on this recreational use. 

Motorized Use for Dispersed Camping 

Dispersed camping and day use picnicking are popular activities on the Forest, accounting for approximately 

14% of overall participation on the Deschutes National Forest and 27% on the Ochoco National Forest and 

Crooked River National Grassland. Many visitors prefer a more secluded experience than developed 

campgrounds and picnic areas offer. The many roads, meadows, creeks, ponds, and lakes found on the Forest 

offer extensive opportunities for dispersed car and trailer camping and picnicking. Many sites have existed 

for years, and have been used by the same families year after year. Some of these sites are being accessed off 

of roads that have been administratively closed, but have not been physically closed on the ground, and may 

not be posted as closed, so appear to be “open”. See Recreation Section for more details and statistics 

regarding this activity. 

Landscape Character Description 

The Central Oregon landscape, encompassing the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Grassland, is 

well known for its open-park like stands of large-yellow bark Ponderosa pine, spectacular snow-capped 

mountain peaks, open grassy meadows, crystal clear lakes and streams, fish and wildlife species, wondrous 

and unusual geological landforms, spectacular scenery, and world class outdoor recreation opportunity and 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 87 

experience. All these elements combined and contributed to a reputation that the Oregon high desert 

landscape is a world class destination that brings in over 5 million visitors each year. The area’s popularity 

is expected to continue to grow and expand in the future along with increasing population. 

Landscape Character Goal and Objective 

The Landscape Character goal for the analysis area is to achieve a natural appearing landscape, such as open 

park-like stands, where management directions, the desired future conditions, and social and ecological 

framework are met (Forest Plan, Deschutes LRMP MA-9, MA-19 - MA-28, and Ochoco NF MA-F26). 

Scenic Quality Objective 

Scenic quality within the analysis area would be natural appearing character where various line, form, color 

and texture elements are found within the landscape. Human alterations, in general, would be subordinate 

and conform to natural appearing landscape characteristics. Character trees, snags and small openings, to 

highlight special features within the landscape, are desirable and encouraged. Where biologically feasible, 

diversity in vegetation species, age and classes is encouraged (Deschutes NF LRMP MA-9, Ochoco NF 

LRMP MA-F26). 

Standards and Guidelines 

The following are standards and guidelines from the 1990 Deschutes National Forest and 1989 Ochoco 

National Forest Land and Resource Management Plans (LRMP) as amended by the 1994 Northwest Forest 

Plan. The Standards and Guidelines for the Northwest Forest Plan shall take precedence except in cases 

where the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest Plans are more restrictive or provides greater benefits to 

Late-Successional forest-related species (Deschutes NF, 1994 ROD, page 8). 

Scenic Views Allocations 

The outstanding and remarkable scenery of Central Oregon is well known the world over. The existing 

Forest Plan direction on recreation management and scenic quality is the basis for this analysis. Further 

direction regarding scenery management is in Forest Service Manual 2380 (Landscape Management) and 

Landscape Aesthetics: A handbook for Scenery Management, USDA, 1995. 

The Forest Service implementing regulations also establish a variety of Scenic Quality Standards for scenic 

views allocation area (Management Area 9). These include: 

 Natural-appearing landscape with high scenic integrity level (Retention); 

 Slightly altered landscape with medium scenic integrity level (Partial Retention); 

 Altered landscape with low scenic integrity level (Modification). 

Primary and secondary access and travel routes, along with trail and waterway corridors, are within the 

scenic allocation area under the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and the Crooked River National 

Grassland management plan. 

Table 3-17 - Scenic Corridors on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and the Crooked River National 

Grassland 

Deschutes National Forest

Bend/Fort Rock, Crescent, and 

Sisters Ranger District 

Ochoco National Forest

Lookout Mountain and Paulina 

Ranger District 

Crooked River National 

Grassland

Scenic corridor: 

Road 4601 (Skyliner Road), 

Highway 46 (Cascade Lakes 

National Scenic Byway), Upper 

Deschutes River Wild and Scenic 

River, Road 45, Road 40, Road 41, 

Road 42, Road 43, Road 44, Road 

Scenic corridor: 

Road 12, Road 16, Road 17, 

Road 22, Highway 26, Road 

2630, Road 27, Road 33, Road 

38, Road 42, Road 58, North 

Fork Crooked River National 

Wild and Scenic River. 

Scenic corridor: 

Highway 97, Highway 26, Road 

64, Lake Billy 

Chinook,Deschutes Wild and 

Scenic River, Lower Crooked 

Wild and Scenic River 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 88 

Deschutes National Forest

Bend/Fort Rock, Crescent, and 

Sisters Ranger District 

Ochoco National Forest

Lookout Mountain and Paulina 

Ranger District 

Crooked River National 

Grassland

45, Highway 97, Highway 58, Road 

61, Road 18 (China Hat Road), 

Road 9720 (Lava Cast Forest), Road 

21, Road 22, Highway 31, Metolius 

Wild and Scenic River, Metolius 

Basin, Highway 20 (Santiam Pass 

Highway), Highway 242 (Mckenzie 

National Scenic Byway), Road 11, 

Road 12, Road 14, Road 15, and 

Road 16. 

Distance Zone 

Two primary distance zones fall within the analysis area as viewed from the scenic corridor; including: 

Foreground (0-0.5 mile) and Middle ground beyond the Foreground up to 5.0 miles. 

Scenery and Recreational Experience 

High quality recreation experience, diverse landscape, and remarkable scenery uniquely compliment one 

another within the Central Oregon landscape. The area has provided exceptional recreation opportunities, 

setting, and experiential levels to generations of people who have recognized its truly unique ecological 

quality and diversity of landscape character. 

Recreation in Central Oregon is more than just camping, fishing, and hiking. People choose a specific 

setting and/or an experiential level for each of these activities in order to realize a desired set of experiences 

they come to expect. For instance, camping in a large undeveloped setting with difficult access and few 

facilities offers a visitor a sense of solitude, challenge, and self-reliance. In contrast, camping in a setting 

having easy access and with more facilities offers more comfort, security, and social interaction 

opportunities. 

The end product of recreation management is the experience people have. The key to provide most 

experience opportunities is the setting and how it is managed. Many desired experiences, by way of such 

proper and effective recreation management, are translated into “setting indicators” as access, remoteness, 

naturalness, facilities/site management, social encounters, visitor impacts, and visitor management (USDA 

Forest Service ROS Users Guide). 

Aesthetic Experience 

“Scenic attractiveness is the primary indicator of the intrinsic scenic beauty of a landscape and the positive 

responses it evokes in people. It helps determine landscapes that are important for scenic beauty, based on 

commonly held perceptions of the beauty of landform, vegetation pattern, composition, surface water 

characteristics, land use patterns, and cultural features” (Landscape Aesthetics: A handbook for Scenery 

Management, USDA, 1995). 

Scenic attractiveness is ordinarily very stable. However, in rare circumstances, scenic attractiveness may 

change because of natural disasters or human alteration of the landscape. Change may increase the potential 

for a “typical or common” landscape to become “distinctive”. 

Along access travel routes, and waterways within Central Oregon, natural disturbances such as past wildfires, 

insect and disease infestation, wind damage, and invasive plant infestation are evident. As a result, the 

Central Oregon landscape is characterized by a mosaic of disturbed conditions by these natural processes. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 89 

The scenic quality within the project area is based generally on people’s perception, including emotional 

and/or physical attachment to the landscape from a sensory perspective (such as sight, sound, feel, taste, and 

touch) and cultural value (such as attitudes and beliefs). 

Recreation Niche - Settings 

The niche is, in part, determined by public expectations (demand) and by the ecological capabilities of the 

land (settings). In 2006, the two Forests developed a recreation niche statement. Public participants in this 

process described and mapped their preferred recreation activities and where they recreate. This "sense of 

place" map product was translated into a narrative about the relative importance of the Forest for various 

recreation opportunities, experiences and benefits and used to develop the recreation niche statement. The 

wide variety of visitor preferences and uses were grouped into spatial categories (settings). On the Deschutes 

National Forest there are three spatial categories: The Alpine Summit is the crest of the Cascade Range 

volcanoes that are the scenic backdrop of snowcapped peaks for Central Oregon visible from local 

communities. Many lakes nestled in alpine forests and meadows, accessed primarily by trails, afford solitude 

in a predominantly wilderness setting. The Recreation Hubs are the heart of Central Oregon recreation 

opportunities and gateways to the Alpine Summit and High Desert. It is characterized by volcanic mountains 

and buttes, caldera lakes, and rushing clear rivers cutting through the high desert terrain of majestic 

ponderosa pine. The High Desert is a land of dry pine forest, open space and big sky. Major highways are 

dotted with small rural communities, and ranches with traditional family ties. On the Ochoco National 

Forest, there are two spatial categories (settings): The Backyard – Located closest to the more populated 

communities, nearby neighbors and families have easy access to the Forest and Grassland, giving them the 

opportunity to spend an hour or spend the day. The Back 40 - Adjacent to working ranches and located 

further from larger population centers, it offers a remote experience and allows for self-discovery & finding 

your own special place on a variety of roads and trails from highway to hiking.

Existing Condition 

The existing condition described in this document includes “positive attributes” and “negative deviations” 

from the valued landscape character and recreational experience level. Deviations from the valued landscape 

character and recreation experience are often caused by human or management activities. These may include 

changes from construction of facilities, unauthorized ‘user created routes’, dispersed campsites, increases in 

human interaction that socially affect quiet places or private areas, and naturally caused disturbance events, 

such as wildfire, insect and disease, invasive plant species, and flooding or erosion. 

Recreation and Scenic Condition Summary 

The recreation and scenic condition within the analysis area may not meet the expectations and preferences 

of many visitors or users in its current condition. An overall decline in forest health in addition to wildfire, 

invasive plant infestation, and other disturbances, including an increase in motorized recreation off 

designated routes, affects recreation experience and scenic characteristics of the area the most. Still, this 

highly valued landscape--even if not quite as intact as it once was—continues to be valued and appreciated 

by the people who recreate and utilize this area for its strong “sense of place” settings. 

Positive Attributes 

Since their creation as parts of the Cascade Forest Reserve in 1893 and Blue Mountains Forest Reserve in 

1906, the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests have played an important role in Central Oregon’s social 

and economic history. These two national forests and the Crooked River National Grassland were the major 

supplier of timber, as well as grazing range land, during the decades when mills and cattle formed the core of 

Central Oregon’s economy. 

Primitive access roads, often no more than muddy dirt tracks on old wagon trails through pristine forest, had 

been constructed to most of the important points in and adjacent to these national forests by 1908. As cars 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 90 

became more common and access roads were improved, recreational use increased proportionally to the 

relative ease of access and travel into the area. 

Today, the diverse landscapes, cultures, experiences, and distinctive places of the Deschutes and Ochoco 

National Forests, along with that of the Crooked River National Grassland, encompass just over 2.5 million 

acres of Central Oregon. These public land areas offer a wide variety and multitude of recreational 

opportunities and experiences. Some of the most popular activities, which draw over eight million visitors to 

Central Oregon each year and establish this area as the Mecca of America’s Great Outdoors, include boating, 

day use sites, dispersed and developed camping, fishing, white water rafting, guides and outfitters, rental and 

summer homes, rock hounding, summer and winter trails, wildlife viewing, outdoor photography, winter 

recreation, destination resorts, scenic drives, and the rapidly growing and highly popular Off Highway 

Vehicle (OHV) use. 

Coupled with awesome natural scenery that offers travelers magnificent views of snow-capped mountains, 

grassy meadows, lush-green forests, gushing springs, crystal clear lakes, flowing rivers, rushing streams 

filled with trout, amazing geology, and numerous wildlife species, the area has attracted countless visitors for 

decades. 

Negative Deviations 

In Central Oregon, natural and man-made forest disturbance processes are especially visible and accessible to 

the forest visitor along major travel corridors, including roads, trails, and waterways. This is particularly true 

for the eastern “High Desert” landscape prevalent on parts of the Ochoco National Forest, most of the 

Grassland, and East Ft. Rock Ranger District where middle ground and background views can be seen from 

most designated routes. Access roads, unauthorized ‘user created routes’, utility corridors, recreation facility 

development, timber harvest activities, insect and disease infestation, wildfires, and the spread of invasive 

plants, all contribute to the alteration of natural landscape character and recreational experience. Motorized 

recreational use of the Forests and Grassland has continued to increase proportionally with area population 

increases. Many of the unauthorized motorized routes have been created primarily for recreational riding 

and for access to dispersed camping and other recreational opportunities. 

The relative ease of access off designated routes by motorized vehicles, including increased use of OHV’s 

for both recreation and access is slowly altering the natural landscape and affecting the recreational 

experience level on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, as well as the Crooked River National 

Grassland. Although there is not an inventory of the amount of unauthorized ‘user created’ motorized routes, 

an inventory of key areas completed in 2004 indicates that this type of use is rapidly increasing. These 

motorized routes are becoming more visible to the casual observer, and in some cases, may not be visually 

subordinate, particularly along many of Central Oregon’s roads, trails, and waterways. This use is most 

visually evident in foregrounds along routes in popular use areas including riparian areas and buttes. Buttes 

can often be seen from middleground, or even background where wheel tracks and hill climb areas may 

become distinct visual elements that alter the form, line and texture of the landscape. 

Analysis of Environmental Effects 

Alternative 1 

Motorized Access off Designated Routes

As described in Table 3-18, approximately 103,063 acres on the Deschutes and 7,043 acres on the Ochoco 

National Forests are currently open year round or seasonally to motorized access off designated routes. 

Effects to scenic views are generally within 1⁄4 mile of a major roadway, but can extend as far as 5 miles or 

more in the high desert areas that are primarily juniper and sagebrush. Although there is no comprehensive 

inventory of unauthorized user-created routes, foreground and middle-ground views of significant landscape 

features such as cinder cones or buttes have been altered by motorized access off designated routes, 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 91 

especially in very popular areas for off highway vehicle use. It is expected that motorized use off designated 

routes will increase commensurate with population increases (see Recreation Section). As the number of 

motorized routes increase across the landscape, it will increase the area where this activity is evident as a 

human alteration, and alter the form, line, color, and texture of the setting and aesthetics of the recreation 

experience. Over time, these alterations may substantially change the scenic views to the surrounding 

landscape, especially where the landscape features are highly visible. These “negative deviations” from the 

valued landscape character and recreation experience may not meet the expectations and preferences of many 

visitors or users, and may not meet the Scenic Quality Standard in areas where high use is visually evident. 

Under this alternative, especially in areas that are highly visible to the casual observer, the desired future 

condition for scenic resources may not meet public expectation, goals, and objectives. 

Table 3-18 – Alternative 1 - Motorized Access Off Designated Routes in Scenic Views Management Areas 

FOREST DESCRIPTION 

Existing - 

Closed to 

Motorized 

Access 

Existing - 

Closed to 

Motorized 

Access Off 

Designated 

Routes 

Existing 

- Closed 

to OHV 

Access 

Existing - 

Closed to 

OHV 

Access Off 

Designated 

Routes 

Existing - 

Open to 

Motorized 

Access Off 

Designated 

Routes 

Existing - 

Open to 

Motorized 

Access Off 

Designated 

Routes 

Allowed 

Seasonally 

Grand 

Total 

Deschutes 

NF 

Metolius Scenic 

View Partial 

Retention 

Foreground 

 

6 

 

2,087 

 

5,454 7,548 

 

Metolius Scenic 

View Partial 

Retention 

Middleground 

 

57 

 

228 285 

 

Metolius Scenic 

View Retention 

Foreground 

 

1,168 

 

738 1,906 

 

Scenic View 

Partial Retention 

Foreground 

 

560 

 

1,328 

 

4,340 

 

22,706 43,124 

 

3,046 75,104 

 

Scenic View 

Partial Retention 

Middleground 

 

160 

 

11,524 

 

11,399 

 

16,186 31,776 

 

2,860 73,905 

 

Scenic View 

Retention 

Foreground 

 

12 

 

2,785 

 

1,816 

 

12,610 15,892 

 

4,663 37,778 

 

Scenic View 

Retention 

Middleground 

 

457 

 

857 

 

90 1,701 3,105 

Deschutes 

Total 

 

731 

 

17,261 

 

18,412 

 

52,330 92,493 

 

10,570 199,630 

Ochoco 

NF 

Recreation Trail 

Visual Retention 

 

1,018 1,018 

Summit Trail 

Partial Visual 

Retention 

Corridor 

 

9 

 

113 

 

3,736 

 

1,183 5,041 

 

Summit Trail 

Preservation 

Corridor 

 

127 

 

56 183 

 

Summit Trail 

Visual Retention 

Corridor 

 

677 

 

604 

 

2,670 

 

628 4,580 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 92 

FOREST DESCRIPTION 

Existing - 

Closed to 

Motorized 

Access 

Existing - 

Closed to 

Motorized 

Access Off 

Designated 

Routes 

Existing 

- Closed 

to OHV 

Access 

Existing - 

Closed to 

OHV 

Access Off 

Designated 

Routes 

Existing - 

Open to 

Motorized 

Access Off 

Designated 

Routes 

Existing - 

Open to 

Motorized 

Access Off 

Designated 

Routes 

Allowed 

Seasonally 

Grand 

Total 

 

Summit Trail 

Visual Retention 

Corridors 

 

100 100 

 

U.S. Highway 26 

Visual Corridors 

 

7,097 7,097 

 

Visual 

Management 

Corridors 

(Partial 

Retention) 

 

1,021 

 

13,869 0 

 

4,286 19,177 

 

Visual 

Management 

Corridors 

(Retention) 

 

1 

 

0 

 

4,263 0 

 

890 5,154 

Ochoco 

Total 

 

1,708 

 

1,735 

 

31,864 

 

7,043 42,350 

Grassland 

Lake Billy 

Chinook 

Viewing Area 

 

483 483 

 

Grassland 

Total 

 

483 483 

Ochoco & 

Grassland 

Total 42,833 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping

As described in Table 3-19, approximately 167,519 acres on the Deschutes National Forest and 38,906 acres 

on the Ochoco National Forest are currently open year round or seasonally to motorized access for dispersed 

camping. Effects to scenic views from these motorized routes are generally within 1⁄4 mile of a major 

roadway, or from the dispersed site itself and include loss of vegetation and visible ‘tracks’ within the view 

corridor. Both Forests and the Grassland have GIS layers that have mapped dispersed sites. In some cases 

these have been updated recently (1-5 years old) while in others the mapped sites are as many as 20 years 

old. On both Forests it is known that the GIS layers are incomplete and most likely do not include all 

existing dispersed sites, but that do provide a starting point for discussion on proximity and effects. 

Although there is no comprehensive inventory of unauthorized user-created routes to these dispersed sites, 

the foreground has been altered by motorized routes for dispersed camping, especially in very popular areas 

for camping and off highway vehicle use. Under Alternative 1, visual alterations from these routes or ‘tracks’ 

are expected to increase commensurate with population increases and demand for dispersed camping (see 

Recreation Section for statistics and trends on Dispersed Camping). Increased motorized access routes will 

increase the area where this activity is visible and evident as a human alteration, and further alter the form, 

line, color, and texture of the setting and aesthetics of the recreation experience. Over time, these alterations 

may become a distinctive change to the scenic views of the surrounding landscape, although not 

substantially. These changes would be most notably in visually sensitive areas. These “negative deviations” 

from the valued landscape character and aesthetic experience may not meet the expectations and preferences 

of many visitors or users, and may not meet the Scenic Quality Standard in areas where high use is visually 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 93 

evident. Under this alternative, especially in areas that are highly visible to the casual observer, the desired 

future condition for scenic resources may not meet public expectation, goals, and objectives. 

Table 3-19 – Alternative 1 - Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping in Scenic Views Management Areas 

FOREST DESCRIPTION 

Existing - 

Closed to 

Motorized 

Access 

Existing - 

Closed to 

Motorized 

Access For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Existing - 

Open to 

Motorized 

Access For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Existing - 

Open to 

Motorized 

Access For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Existing - 

Open to 

Motorized 

Access For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Seasonally 

Grand 

Total 

Deschutes 

Metolius Scenic 

View Partal 

Retention 

Foreground 6 7,542 

 

7,548 

 

Metolius Scenic 

View Partial 

Retention 

Middlegrnd 285 

 

285 

 

Metolius Scenic 

View Retention 

Foreground 1,906 

 

1,906 

 

Scenic View 

Partal Retention 

Foreground 560 2,829 67,917 67,917 3,798 

 

75,104 

 

Scenic View 

Partial Retention 

Middleground 160 13,202 55,503 55,503 5,041 

 

73,905 

 

Scenic View 

Retention 

Foreground 12 5,063 28,167 28,167 4,535 

 

37,778 

 

Scenic View 

Retention 

Middleground 546 2,558 2,558 

 

3,105 

Deschutes 

Total 738 31,373 154,145 154,145 13,374 

 

199,630 

 

Ochoco 

Recreation Trail 

Visual Retention 1,018 

 

1,018 

 

Summit Trail 

Partial Visual 

Retention 

Corridor 9 113 4,919 4,919 0 

 

5,041 

 

Summit Trail 

Preservation 

Corridor 183 183 

 

183 

 

Summit Trail 

Visual Retention 

Corridor 677 604 3,298 3,298 0 

 

4,580 

 

Summit Trail 

Visual Retention 

Corridors 100 100 

 

100 

 

U.S. Highway 26 

Visual Corridors 7,097 7,097 

 

7,097 

 Visual 1,021 18,155 18,155 0 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 94 

FOREST DESCRIPTION 

Existing - 

Closed to 

Motorized 

Access 

Existing - 

Closed to 

Motorized 

Access For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Existing - 

Open to 

Motorized 

Access For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Existing - 

Open to 

Motorized 

Access For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Existing - 

Open to 

Motorized 

Access For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Seasonally 

Grand 

Total 

Management 

Corridors 

(Partial 

Retention) 

19,177 

 

Visual 

Management 

Corridors 

(Retention) 1 0 5,153 5,153 

 

5,154 

Ochoco 

Total 1,708 1,735 38,906 38,906 

 

42,350 

 

Grassland 

Lake Billy 

Chinook 

Viewing Area 483 

 

483 

Grassland 

Total 483 

 

483 

Ochoco & 

Grassland 

Total 42,833 

Effects Common to Alternatives 2 and 3 

Motorized Access off Designated Routes

143,145 acres on the Deschutes (roughly 72%) , and 22,777 acres on the Ochoco and Crooked River 

National Grassland (roughly 53%) would be closed to motorized access off designated routes within Scenic 

Management Areas. Motorized access off designated routes would continue to be prohibited to OHV access 

off designated routes on 39,362 acres on the Deschutes, and 19,037 acres on the Ochoco. In addition, all 

motorized access would be prohibited on about 738 acres on the Deschutes, and OHV access would be 

prohibited on 18,303 acres within scenic management areas on the Deschutes. See Table 3-20 for detailed 

acreages for each Scenic View designation.

This would have an indirect effect of allowing vegetation recovery in areas where vegetation has been altered 

by motorized use, and prevent future vegetation modification by motorized access off designated routes. 

Restricting all motorized access to designated routes would substantially reduce the alteration of form, line, 

color, and texture across the landscape, and benefit the aesthetics and scenic views to the surrounding 

landscape, especially where significant landscape features are highly visible, and where high use is visually 

evident such as cinder cones or buttes. The integrity of the landscape character and recreation experience 

would be enhanced and improved, and Scenic Quality Standards would be preserved and enhanced as well. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 95 

Table 3-20 – Alternative 2 & 3 - Motorized Access Off Designated Routes within Scenic View Corridors 

FOREST DESCRIPTION 

Continued 

Existing - 

Closed to 

Motorized 

Access 

Continued 

Existing - 

Closed to 

Motorized 

Access Off 

Designated 

Routes 

Continued 

Existing - 

Closed to 

OHV Access 

Continued 

Existing - 

Closed to 

OHV Access 

Off 

Designated 

Routes 

Proposed - 

Closed to 

Motorized 

Access Off 

Designated 

Routes 

Grand 

Total 

Deschutes 

Metolius Scenic 

View Partal 

Retention 

Foreground 6 2,087 4,412 1,042 

 

7,548 

 

Metolius Scenic 

View Partial 

Retention 

Middlegrnd 57 228 

 

285 

 

Metolius Scenic 

View Retention 

Foreground 1,168 587 152 

 

1,906 

 

Scenic View 

Partal Retention 

Foreground 560 1,328 4,231 13,172 55,813 

 

75,104 

 

Scenic View 

Partial 

Retention 

Middleground 160 11,524 11,399 13,889 36,934 

 

73,905 

 

Scenic View 

Retention 

Foreground 12 2,785 1,816 6,993 26,171 

 

37,778 

 

Scenic View 

Retention 

Middleground 457 857 81 1,709 

 

3,105 

Deschutes 

Total 738 19,406 18,303 39,362 121,821 

 

199,630 

 

Ochoco 

Recreation 

Trail Visual 

Retention 1,017 1,017 

 

Summit Trail 

Partial Visual 

Retention 

Corridor 0 113 1,991 2,938 

 

5,041 

 

Summit Trail 

Preservation 

Corridor 82 101 

 

183 

 

Summit Trail 

Visual 

Retention 

Corridor 604 1,660 2,315 

 

4,580 

 

Summit Trail 

Visual 

Retention 

Corridors 30 71 

 

100 

 

U.S. Highway 

26 Visual 

Corridors 5,388 1,709 

 

7,097 

 

Visual 

Management 

Corridors 

(Partial 7,506 11,671 

 

19,177 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 96 

FOREST DESCRIPTION 

Continued 

Existing - 

Closed to 

Motorized 

Access 

Continued 

Existing - 

Closed to 

Motorized 

Access Off 

Designated 

Routes 

Continued 

Existing - 

Closed to 

OHV Access 

Continued 

Existing - 

Closed to 

OHV Access 

Off 

Designated 

Routes 

Proposed - 

Closed to 

Motorized 

Access Off 

Designated 

Routes 

Grand 

Total 

Retention) 

 

Visual 

Management 

Corridors 

(Retention) 1 0 2,380 2,773 

 

5,154 

Ochoco 

Total 1 1,734 19,037 21,577 

 

42,350 

 

Grassland 

Lake Billy 

Chinook 

Viewing Area 483 

 

483 

Grassland 

Total 483 

 

483 

 

Total 

Ochoco 

and 

Grassland 

 

42,833 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping

Under effects common to Alternatives 2 and 3, motorized access for dispersed camping would be prohibited 

on about 126,089 acres (roughly 63%) within scenic management areas on the Deschutes and 22,826 acres 

(roughly 53%) on the Ochoco National Forest. In addition, motorized access would be restricted to “open to 

motorized access for dispersed camping with Special Provisions” on 6,395 acres (3%) on the Deschutes, and 

9,139 acres (21%) on the Ochoco where motorized access for dispersed camping would be allowed only to 

designated, defined, or existing campsites. Effects to scenic views from these motorized routes are generally 

within 1⁄4 mile of a major roadway, or from the dispersed site and include loss of vegetation and visible 

“tracks” within the view corridor. Alterations to the foreground would be reduced where motorized access 

for dispersed camping is allowed only under the Special Provisions (designated, defined, or existing sites) as 

new motorized routes to access existing or new dispersed campsites would be reduced. Under both 

Alternatives, all motorized access for dispersed camping would be prohibited within 30 feet of a stream, or 

waterbody. Visual Quality Standards would be preserved as they currently exist on the landscape, and would 

not continue to deteriorate with motorized activity. (See Table 3-21 - Motorized Access for Dispersed 

Camping within Scenic View Corridors for detailed acreages for each Scenic View designation). 

As described in the fisheries and hydrology sections, changing the conditions for motorized access off 

designated routes and motorized access for dispersed camping would reduce the potential effects to 

vegetation and visual alterations from these motorized routes within scenic views management areas. It 

would have the beneficial effect of facilitating vegetation recovery along waterbodies and stream channels, 

thus contributing to the improvement of the foreground area seen adjacent to major forest roads and from 

dispersed campsites.
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 97 

Table 3-21 - Alternative 2 & 3 - Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping within Scenic View Corridors DESCRIPTION Continued 

Existing - 

Closed to 

Motorized 

Access 

Continued 

Existing - 

Closed to 

Motorized 

Access 

For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Continued 

Existing - 

Open to 

Motorized 

Access 

For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Continued 

Existing - 

Open to 

Motorized 

Access 

For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Seasonally 

Proposed 

- Closed 

to 

Motorized 

Access 

For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Proposed - Open to 

Motorized 

Access 

For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Proposed - Open to 

Motorized 

Access 

For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Seasonally 

Proposed - Open to 

Motorized 

Access 

For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Seasonally 

With 

Special 

Provisions 

- NonRiparian 

Proposed - Open to 

Motorized 

Access 

For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Seasonally 

With 

Special 

Provisions 

- Riparian 

P- 

M

D

C

P

R

Deschutes

Metolius Scenic 

View Partal 

Retention 

Foreground 6 4,712 1,764 

Metolius Scenic 

View Partial 

Retention 

Middleground 228 57 

Metolius Scenic 

View Retention 

Foreground 1,464 272 

Scenic View 

Partial Retention 

Foreground 560 1,580 22,987 824 45,257 836 122 449 2 

Scenic View 

Partial Retention 

Middleground 160 12,772 20,499 1,166 38,171 20 392 7 82 

Scenic View 

Retention 

Foreground 12 4,413 8,961 1,459 20,067 314 120 180 

Scenic View 

Retention 

Middleground 449 1,373 1,186 89 

Deschutes Total 731 20,677 53,820 3,448 104,681 1,531 514 575 264 

Ochoco 

Recreation Trail 

Visual Retention 1,018 

Summit Trail 

Partial Visual 0 113 1,798 62 2,000 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 98 

DESCRIPTION Continued 

Existing - 

Closed to 

Motorized 

Access 

Continued 

Existing - 

Closed to 

Motorized 

Access 

For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Continued 

Existing - 

Open to 

Motorized 

Access 

For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Continued 

Existing - 

Open to 

Motorized 

Access 

For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Seasonally 

Proposed 

- Closed 

to 

Motorized 

Access 

For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Proposed - Open to 

Motorized 

Access 

For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Proposed - Open to 

Motorized 

Access 

For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Seasonally 

Proposed - Open to 

Motorized 

Access 

For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Seasonally 

With 

Special 

Provisions 

- NonRiparian 

Proposed - Open to 

Motorized 

Access 

For 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Seasonally 

With 

Special 

Provisions 

- Riparian 

P- 

M

D

C

P

R

Retention 

Corridor 

Summit Trail 

Preservation 

Corridor 92 8 82 

Summit Trail 

Visual Retention 

Corridor 604 1,180 9 2,337 

Summit Trail 

Visual Retention 

Corridors 16 30 

U.S. Highway 26 

Visual Corridors 228 5,388 

Visual 

Management 

Corridors 

(Partial 

Retention) 5,755 121 8,866 1 

Visual 

Management 

Corridors 

(Retention) 1 1,068 47 2,387 

Ochoco Total 1 1,735 10,137 247 21,090 1 

Grassland 

Lake Billy 

Chinook 

Viewing Area 424 

Grassland Total 424 

Ochoco & 

Grassland Total 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 99

Alternative 2 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping

Alternative 2 would include all the actions identified as common to Alternatives 2 and 3. The primary 

difference between Alternatives 2 and 3 is where motorized access for dispersed camping would be subject 

to special provisions rather than subject to only the general provisions. Both alternative 2 and 3 would allow 

for motorized access for dispersed camping in riparian areas only under the special provision conditions. 

Alternative 2 would designate some areas as open to motorized access for dispersed camping subject to 

general provisions only in the upland areas. Those routes and areas that would be open to motorized access 

for dispersed camping under either general or special provisions are shown on the map on CD 1 – 

Alternative 2 & 3- Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping. 

Alternative 2 would allow creating new motorized access routes to new or existing campsites within scenic 

views management areas on 57,268 acres (roughly 29%) on the Deschutes, and 10,384 acres (roughly 24%) 

on the Ochoco National Forest and CRNG in those areas designated as “open” to dispersed camping under 

General Provisions (allowed within a 300’ corridor along open designated routes). Affects to visual 

resources (as described in Alternative 1) would continue and increase commensurate with population 

increase and demand for dispersed camping. There may be increased demand to create sites within these 

“open” areas when access to other sites is restricted to Special Provisions. Motorized access for dispersed 

camping would be restricted to 300’ from an open designated route under General Provisions, or to 

designated, defined, or existing sites under the Special Provisions which would result in reduced impacts to 

visual resources to a greater degree than Alternative 1, which would continue to allow motorized access for 

dispersed camping on 167,519 acres (84%) on the Deschutes National Forest, and 38,906 acres (91%) on the 

Ochoco National Forest and CRNG. 

Alternative 3 

Alternative 3 would include all of the actions common to Alternatives 2 and 3. Alternative 3 would only 

allow motorized access for dispersed camping to designated, defined or existing sites along all open 

designated routes (special provision conditions would apply to all motorized access for dispersed camping 

adjacent to designated open roads). Within Scenic Management Areas, this would result in a change of 

approximately 57,268 acres (about 29%) on the Deschutes and 10,384 acres (about 24%) on the Ochoco 

from “open to motorized access for dispersed camping” under General Provisions in Alternative 2 to “open 

to motorized access for dispersed camping with Special Provisions, either year round, or seasonally. This 

would further reduce the potential for loss of vegetation and visible “tracks” within site distance of major 

roads since new motorized access routes would be reduced. It is possible that the designated, defined, or 

existing sites may experience higher use levels as population and demand for dispersed camping 

opportunities increase over time. This may cause a somewhat greater site specific affect to visual resources 

as more motorized vehicles access these sites more often than in the past. Overall, there would be a 

beneficial affect to Scenic View Management areas. Based on the current data available on motorized 

access for dispersed camping in upland areas, this change would be unquantifiable. 

Conclusion 

The potential effects to Scenic View Management Areas from the impacts of motorized use off designated 

routes, and motorized access for dispersed camping (as defined under Alternative 1) would be reduced under 

both Alternative 2 and 3. Overall, there would be a beneficial affect to Scenic View Management areas. 

Alternative 3 provides the highest level of protection to Scenic View Management Areas. On the Deschutes 

National Forest, 731 acres would be closed to all motorized access, and 125,358 acres (about 63%) would be 

closed to motorized access for dispersed camping. On the Ochoco National Forest and CRNG, 23,249 acres 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 100

(about 54%) would be closed to motorized access for dispersed camping. Alternative 3 would designate 

approximately 65,708 acres (about 33%) on the Deschutes and approximately 12,035 acres (about 28%) on 

the Ochoco National Forest and CRNG as open to motorized access for dispersed camping with special 

provisions. 

Congressionally Designated Areas 

Executive Summary 

This section summarizes the analysis of the effects from implementing the actions proposed in this DEIS on 

Congressionally Designated Areas. Congressionally Designated Areas are areas Congress has identified as 

having unique characteristics. These areas include wilderness areas, national recreation and research areas, 

wild and scenic river corridors, areas of special geological interest, and historic trails and sites. Wilderness 

areas are described in the affected environment, but wilderness acres are not included in the analysis as there 

would be no affect to wilderness areas from the alternatives being considered in this document. The areas 

covered in this analysis include wild and scenic river corridors, Newberry National Volcanic Monument, and 

Oregon Cascades Recreation Area. These areas comprise approximately 152,753 acres on the Deschutes and 

Ochoco National Forests and Crooked River National Grassland. 

Potential effects to the unique values of these Congressionally Designated Areas could result from the 

impacts of motorized use off designated routes, and motorized access for dispersed camping. 

There is no difference in the affects to motorized access off designated routes between Alternatives 2 and 3. 

Most Congressionally Designated Areas already restrict motorized access to designated routes, less than 1% 

or approximately 1,141 acres, currently allow motorized access off designated routes. Although the affected 

area is small (969 acres on the Deschutes National Forest, and 172 acres on the Ochoco National Forest), 

both action alternatives would restrict all motorized travel to designated roads and/or trails which would 

have a beneficial effect by further protecting and enhancing the unique values of each area 

 In Alternatives 2 and 3, the impacts from motorized use off designated routes, and motorized access for 

dispersed camping would be reduced which would protect and enhance the values for each of these special 

areas. Alternative 3 offers the highest level of protection as motorized access for dispersed camping would 

be allowed only under the Special Provisions (designated, defined, or existing sites). Under Alternatives 2 

and 3, these areas would be primarily closed to all motorized access or closed to motorized access off 

designated routes. Under Alternative 2, about 48,647 acres, or 32% of the Congressionally Designated 

Areas would be open to motorized access for Dispersed camping under the General Provisions, and 2, 976 

acres or 2% would be open under the Special Provisions. Under Alternative 3, approximately 51,623 acres or 

34% would be open to motorized access for dispersed camping only under the Special Provisions. This 

would have the most beneficial affect on the Newberry National Volcanic Monument, as 77% of the 

monument would be open to motorized access for dispersed camping under the General Provisions in 

Alternative 2. 

Affected Environment 

Wild and Scenic Rivers 

On the Deschutes National Forest, there are six rivers that are part of the Wild and Scenic Rivers System: 

Upper Deschutes, Little Deschutes, Metolius, Whychus42 (Squaw Creek), Crescent Creek and Big Marsh 

 

42 Squaw Creek has been renamed Whychus Creek by the U.S. Geologic Board of Names. Congressional Action must be taken to change the name of 

a Wild and Scenic River. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 101

Creek, comprising 135.4 river miles. On the Ochoco National Forest, there are three rivers that are part of 

the Wild and Scenic Rivers System: North Fork Crooked River, Lower Crooked and Middle Deschutes 

comprising a total of 20.4 river miles. The designated river corridors consist of approximately 50,959 acres 

out of the total National Forest(s) acreage. The 1968 Wild and Scenic Rivers Act calls for maintaining the 

free-flowing character of the designated rivers and protecting their "outstandingly remarkable values." 

Outstandingly remarkable values are values or opportunities in a river corridor that are directly related to the 

river and which are rare, unique or exemplary from a regional or national perspective. In Table 3X – 

Deschutes and Ochoco Wild and Scenic Rivers - Outstandingly Remarkable Values are comparisons among 

specific river corridors. Motorized access within most Wild and Scenic river corridors is restricted to 

designated routes only. The Upper Deschutes and Metolius Rivers currently restrict motorized access for 

dispersed camping to designated sites only. 

Table 3-22 - Deschutes and Ochoco Wild and Scenic Rivers - Outstandingly Remarkable Values 

Wild & Scenic 

RiversOutstandingly 

Remarkable 

Values 

Cultural Fish Geologic Historic Hydrology Ecology Botany 

Traditional Recreational 

Scenic Wildlife 

Deschutes 

Big Marsh X X 

Crescent 

Creek 

 X 

Upper 

Deschutes 

X X X X X X X X 

Little 

Deschutes 

 X X 

Metolius X X X X X X X X X X X 

Whychus 

Creek 

X X X X X X 

Ochoco 

Lower 

Crooked 

 X X 

Middle 

Deschutes 

X X X X X X X X X X X 

N. Fork 

Crooked 

 X X 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 102

Wilderness Areas 

On the Deschutes National Forest there are portions of five wilderness areas along the Cascade mountain 

crest (Mt. Jefferson, Three Sisters, Mt. Washington, Mt. Thielson, and Diamond Peak). On the Ochoco 

National Forest there are three wilderness areas that are entirely contained within the forest boundary (Mill 

Creek, Bridge Creek, and Black Canyon). Table 3X - Land Area in the Wilderness Areas that are Partially 

or Entirely in the Deschutes National Forest and Ochoco National Forest shows the Forest acres of each of 

the wilderness areas. Motorized and mechanized use is prohibited by law in all wilderness areas. 

Table 3-23 - Land Area in the Wilderness Areas that are Partially or Entirely in the Deschutes and Ochoco 

National Forests 

Wilderness Total Acres Deschutes National 

Forest Acres 

Ochoco National 

Forest Acres 

Mt. Jefferson 107,008 32,734

Three Sisters 286,708 94,370

Mt. Washington 52,378 14,177 

Mt. Thielson 61,281 7,107 

Diamond Peak 54,185 34,413 

Mill Creek 17,400 17,400 

Bridge Creek 5,400 5,400 

Black Canyon 13,400 13,400 

Total 597,760 182,801 36,200 

Oregon Cascades Recreation Area 

The Oregon Cascades Recreation Area was established as part of the Oregon Wilderness Act of 1984 (P.L. 

98-328). It is an area exhibiting rich diversity in landform and wildlife, and also provides a variety of 

recreational experiences. The management goal for the Oregon Cascades Recreation Area is to conserve, 

protect, and manage in a substantially undeveloped condition, the unique values associated with the area, as 

well as to feature dispersed recreation opportunities. The emphasis for the area is to provide opportunity to 

enjoy scenic, wildlife, and recreation values in a setting that is not dominated by human activities, but where 

some motorized use could be permitted along with some recreation related activities. 

The Oregon Cascades Recreation Area covers an overall acreage of 157,000 acres, and portions of it are 

managed by four national forests: The Willamette, Umpqua, Deschutes, and Fremont-Winema National 

Forests. The portion of the recreation area adjoining the Deschutes National Forest contains a total of 

42,700 acres. This area is primarily managed for a Recreation Opportunity Setting of Semi Primitive 

Motorized. There are no roads inside the recreation area, and geography and vegetation limit motorized 

access. There are approximately 15 miles of open road adjacent to the recreation area. Ten miles of open 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 103

road runs along the northeast boundary adjacent to Crescent Lake and the Diamond Peak Wilderness area, 

and about 5 miles of open road are located along Windigo Pass. There are approximately 26 miles of trails 

open to hikers, horses, and mountain bikes. 

Newberry National Volcanic Monument 

Newberry National Volcanic Monument was created in November of 1990. Managed by the Deschutes 

National Forest, this monument provides an opportunity for visitors to see and explore a wide variety of 

unique volcanic features, and observe the volcanic landscape from different vista points. Newberry National 

Volcanic National Monument includes over 50,000 acres of lakes, lava flows, and geologic features. Two 

alpine lakes are located at the summit. There are trails open to hikers, horses, and mountain bikes, several 

campgrounds, and two resorts within the Monument. There are no motorized trails, and off-highway vehicle 

use is prohibited on and off of designated routes. 

Analysis of Environmental Effects 

Potential effects to Congressionally Designated Areas include the following: 

Motorized use off designated routes, including motorized use for accessing dispersed campsites, could have 

adverse effects to soils and vegetation by crushing plants, and denuding areas which are then subject to 

erosion, and conducive to invasive plant infestations which crowd out native plant populations. In some 

areas, this could impact special botanical values and sensitive and endangered plant species. Scenic values 

are also impacted when motorized use off designated routes creates wheel tracks or large areas cleared of 

vegetation in visually sensitive areas such as buttes, meadows, or stream banks. Extensive hill climbing and 

mud bogging also have adverse affects to scenic values. Dust, noise and exhaust fumes, along with 

sometimes excessive speed impact the recreation experience for those that prefer solitude, and a more nonmotorized setting. Conversely, the recreation experience for motorized users that prefer off-road motorized 

recreational opportunities would be diminished. Limiting motorized access to designated routes would not 

provide for more primitive off road recreation opportunities that many users prefer and the landscape 

settings along designated routes may be less appealing to those who favor motorized off road experiences. 

These areas also would not provide for off road exploration such as finding your own special places, and 

technical challenges. Motorized access off designated routes could affect traditional Native American values 

by impacting tribal gathering areas for roots, berries, etc. Cultural sites could be impacted from motorized 

access off designated routes which may destroy or expose artifacts. Early American historical sites could be 

impacted from Motorized access off designated routes if historical buildings or remnants are dismantled to 

create obstacles or jumps for a more challenging motorized experience, or burned as firewood. Motorized 

access off designated routes also affects wildlife values through disturbance, and fragmentation of habitat. 

The following discussion provides specific acreages impacted for each Congressionally Designated Area 

under each Alternative. 

Table 3-24 - Congressionally Designated Areas (CDA) - Effects by Alternative 

 Acres Acres 

% of CDA 

Acres 

Affected 

% of 

CDA 

Acres 

Affected 

Total 

CDA 

Acres 

 Alt 2 Alt 3 Alt 2 Alt 3 

Open to Motorized Access for 

Dispersed Camping - General 

Provisions 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 104

 Acres Acres 

% of CDA 

Acres 

Affected 

% of 

CDA 

Acres 

Affected 

Total 

CDA 

Acres 

Deschutes 

Wild and Scenic River Corridors 2,091 0 5% 0% 43,333 

Newberry National Volcanic Monument 45,628 0 77% 0% 58,900 

Oregon Cascades Recreation Area 444 0 1% 0% 42,895 

Ochoco 

Wild and Scenic River Corridors 484 0 6% 0% 7,625 

Total 48,647 32% 152,753 

 

Open to Motorized Access for 

Dispersed Camping - Special 

Provisions 

Deschutes 

Wild and Scenic River Corridors 1,418 3,509 3% 8% 43,333 

Newberry National Volcanic Monument 4 45,632 0% 77% 58,900 

Oregon Cascades Recreation Area 771 1,215 2% 3% 42,895 

Ochoco 

Wild and Scenic River Corridors 783 1267 10% 17% 7,625 

Total 2,976 51,623 2% 34% 152,753 

 

Closed to Motorized Access for 

Dispersed Camping 

Deschutes 

Wild and Scenic River Corridors 16,782 same 39% same 43,333 

Newberry National Volcanic Monument 13,267 same 23% same 58,900 

Oregon Cascades Recreation Area 41,680 same 97% same 42,895 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 105

 Acres Acres 

% of CDA 

Acres 

Affected 

% of 

CDA 

Acres 

Affected 

Total 

CDA 

Acres 

Ochoco 

Wild and Scenic River Corridors 4,949 same 65% same 7,625 

Total 76,678 50% 152,753 

 

Closed to All Motorized Access 

Deschutes 

Wild and Scenic River Corridors 11,198 same 26% same 43,333 

Ochoco 

Wild and Scenic River Corridors 1,409 same 18% same 7,625 

Total 12,607 25% 50,958 

 

Closed to Motorized OHV Access Off 

Designated Routes 

Deschutes 

Wild and Scenic River Corridors 9,555 same 22% same 43,333 

Oregon Cascades Recreation Area 42,732 41,440 100% 97% 42,895 

Ochoco 

Wild and Scenic River Corridors 3,136 same 41% same 7,625 

Total 55,423 59% 93,853 

 

Closed to All OHV Access 

Deschutes 

Newberry National Volcanic Monument 58,900 same 100% same 58,900 

 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 106

 Acres Acres 

% of CDA 

Acres 

Affected 

% of 

CDA 

Acres 

Affected 

Total 

CDA 

Acres 

Closed to Motorized Access Off 

Designated Routes 

Deschutes 

Wild and Scenic River Corridors 22,579 52% same 43,333 

Oregon Cascades Recreation Area 1,454 same 3% same 42,895 

Ochoco 

Wild and Scenic River Corridors 3,080 same 40% same 7,625 

Total 27,113 29% 93,853 

Motorized Access Not Affected By the Proposed Action 

There are some past decisions about motorized access that would not be affected by the alternatives 

considered here. Past administrative decisions that have established seasons of use for specific areas (not 

including proposed Forest Plan amendments), designated motorized routes (roads and trails) or areas, or 

closed or decommissioned Forest roads would not be changed by any alternatives considered within the 

scope of this proposed action. The Travel Management Rule allows for some exclusion or exemptions for 

motorized access, such as over snow or water, as otherwise authorized by permit, and for administrative or 

emergency access that are not affected by this decision. 

The types of motorized access to Congressionally Designated Areas not affected by the decision in this EIS 

are briefly summarized below. These previous decisions generally have a beneficial affect to these resources 

as they individually and cumulatively protect and enhance each area’s special values. 

Wild and Scenic Rivers 

Within the Deschutes National Forest’s Wild and Scenic River corridors, there are approximately 11,198 

acres that will continue to be closed to all motorized access, and 16,094 acres that would continue to be 

closed to all motorized access off designated routes and would not be affected by this decision. There are 

4,246 acres that would continue to be closed to motorized access for dispersed camping that would not be 

affected by this decision. In addition there are 11,844 acres that would continue to be open to designated 

sites only. 

Within the Ochoco National Forest’s Wild and Scenic River Corridors, there are approximately 1,408 acres 

that would continue to be closed to all motorized access. Also, there are 1,817 acres that would continue to 

be closed to motorized access off designated routes and to motorized access for dispersed camping that 

would not be affected by this decision. 

Wilderness 

On both the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, there would be no adverse effects to the existing 

designated wilderness areas or portions of wilderness areas from any decisions considered here. It is 

expected that there would be a beneficial effect because there would be overall reduction of motorized 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 107

access adjacent to Wilderness areas and the potential for inadvertent access by motor vehicles would be 

reduced. 

Newberry National Volcanic Monument 

There are approximately 58,900 acres within the Newberry National Volcanic Monument that currently 

prohibit off-highway vehicle use on and off of designated routes, and approximately 13,265 acres within the 

Monument that are currently closed to motorized access for dispersed camping. There would be no adverse 

effect on the Newberry National Volcanic Monument from decisions considered here. It is expected that 

there would be a beneficial effect because motorized access adjacent to the Monument would be reduced, 

and the potential for inadvertent access by motor vehicles off designated routes would be reduced. 

Alternative 1 

Motorized Access Off Designated Routes 

The amount of motorized access currently allowed off of designated routes within the Congressionally 

Designated Areas is relatively small, a total of approximately 1,141 acres or less than 1% of the total acres 

on both Forests. 

Wild and Scenic Rivers 

Within Wild and Scenic River corridors on the Deschutes National Forest there would continue to be 15,236 

acres, and on the Ochoco there would continue to be 4,228 acres closed to motorized off highway vehicle 

(OHV) access off designated routes. This area would continue to only allow OHV’s on those trails and/or 

roads designated for their use. However, 807 acres on the Deschutes, and 172 acres on the Ochoco would 

continue to be open either year round or seasonally to all motorized access off designated routes. New 

unauthorized motorized routes could be created and resource impacts would continue to occur with 

population growth and demand. This could adversely effect or diminish outstandingly remarkable values on 

rivers that currently do not have restrictions on motorized access off designated routes. 

Oregon Cascades Recreation Area 

Under Alternative 1, there would continue to be 42,732 acres that are closed to off-highway vehicle access 

off designated routes, and 162 acres that would be open to motorized access off designated routes. Within 

the area that is open to motorized access off designated routes, new unauthorized motorized routes could be 

created and resource impacts would continue to occur with population growth and demand. This could 

adversely effect or diminish the recreation area values in areas where use is not already restricted. 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Wild and Scenic Rivers 

There are 43,333 acres within the Deschutes National Forest Wild and Scenic River Corridors, and 7,625 

acres within the Ochoco National Forest Wild and Scenic River Corridors. Motorized access for dispersed 

camping would continue to be open or open seasonally on an estimated 16,043 acres on the Deschutes, and 

4,399 acres on the 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 108

Ochoco, or approximately 40% of the total designated Wild and Scenic River Corridors. Dispersed camping 

along streams and/or rivers is extremely popular. In the Pacific Region, which includes the Deschutes 

National Forest, the growth rate for primitive camping has been projected to increase by 23% by 2020 (see 

Recreation section). Within these areas, new motorized routes could be created to access new or existing 

campsites that may be more desirable, or to meet increased demand when popular campsites are occupied 

which could diminish outstandingly remarkable values on rivers that currently do not have restrictions on 

motorized access for dispersed camping. Resource impacts and conflicts between users would continue to 

occur, and increase with growing population and demand. On the Deschutes, 11,842 acres within the Upper 

Deschutes, and Metolius River corridors (approximately 23% of the total acres within Wild and Scenic River 

Corridors) would continue to allow motorized access for dispersed camping to designated sites only. 

Allowing access to designated sites only would continue to have a beneficial effect on protecting river 

corridor values. 11,198 acres on the Deschutes, and 1,408 acres on the Ochoco would continue to be closed 

to all motorized access (approximately 25%), and 4,251 acres on the Deschutes, and 1,818 acres on the 

Ochoco would continue to be closed specifically to motorized access for dispersed camping (approximately 

12%) . These existing conditions would continue to have a beneficial affect by reducing resource impacts 

from motorized use which would enhance and protect river values. 

Newberry National Volcanic Monument 

Under Alternative 1, approximately 45,635 acres or 77% of the Newberry National Volcanic Monument

would continue be open to motorized access for dispersed camping and other dispersed recreation activities, 

while about 13,265 acres or 23% would remain closed to motorized access for dispersed camping. New 

motorized routes could be created to access new or existing campsites within the areas that are open. 

Resource impacts would continue to occur, and increase with increasing population growth and demand 

which could have adverse effects on Monument values. 

Oregon Cascades Recreation Area 

Under Alternative 1, the entire recreation area, approximately 42,895 acres, would continue to be open to 

motorized access for dispersed camping. There are no roads inside the OCRA on the Deschutes National 

Forest, and the terrain and vegetation limit access, so the area actually available for motorized access for 

dispersed camping currently is minimal. Within the acres that will continue to be open and are accessible to 

motorized access for dispersed camping, it is expected that use will increase over time commensurate with 

population increases. New motorized routes could be created to access new or existing campsites. 

Resource impacts would continue to occur, and increase with increasing population growth and demand 

which could have adverse effects on the Recreation Area values. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

Motorized Access Off Designated Routes 

There is no difference in the effects to motorized access off designated routes between Alternatives 2 and 3. 

The following discussion provides specific acreages impacted under Alternatives 2 & 3 for each 

Congressionally Designated Area. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 109

Wild and Scenic Rivers 

On the Deschutes National Forest, there would continue to be 9,555 acres closed to motorized off-highway 

vehicle access off of designated routes, and 6,485 acres that would be closed to all motorized access 

(including highway-legal vehicles) off designated routes from the actions common to both Alternatives 2 & 

3. On the Ochoco and Grassland there would continue to be 1,409 acres closed to all motorized access, 

3,136 acres closed to motorized off-highway vehicle access off of designated routes, and 1,263 acres that 

would be closed to all motorized access (including highway-legal vehicles) off designated routes. 

Approximately 800 total acres currently open to motorized access off designated routes would be closed to 

motorized access off designated routes on the Crescent (13) and Big Marsh Creeks (787) on the Deschutes 

National Forest. On the Ochoco National Forest, approximately 170 total acres currently open to motorized 

access off designated routes would be closed to motorized access off designated routes along the North Fork 

of the Crooked River. Eliminating motorized access off designated routes would help protect and enhance 

the rivers’ outstandingly remarkable values by reducing resource impacts. 

Newberry National Volcanic Monument 

Under Alternatives 2 and 3, the Newberry National Volcanic Monument would continue to be closed to all 

motorized OHV access, and motorized access by highway-legal vehicles would be allowed only on 

designated routes for the purpose of accessing National Forest lands. Restricting or eliminating motorized 

access off designated routes would help to protect and enhance the Monument’s special values by reducing 

resource impacts. 

Oregon Cascades Recreation Area 

Alternative 2 and 3 would eliminate motorized access off designated routes within about 162 acres of the 

Oregon Cascades Recreation Area. This would reduce potential impacts from motorized access off 

designated routes and protect and enhance the unique values of the recreational area. 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Under both Alternative 2 and 3, it is expected that motorized access to an estimated 80% of existing 

dispersed camping opportunities on the Ochoco, and 70% on the Deschutes will still be available either 

through the general provisions, or special provisions. Motorized access to those sites that are further than 

300’ from a designated open road will no longer be accessible by motorized vehicles unless a route is 

designated in the future to access those sites. Existing camp sites would still available for public use; 

however motorized access would be restricted. It is expected that those sites that are located within the 

general provision areas and the special provision areas will receive a higher level of use, and that demand 

will increase with increasing population growth. Restricting motorized access would reduce soil 

compaction and other resource impacts from motorized use which would have a beneficial effect on all 

Congressionally designated areas by protecting and enhancing their values. 

Wild and Scenic Rivers 

On the Deschutes National Forest, Wild and Scenic River corridors would be closed to motorized access for 

dispersed camping on about 16,872 acres or approximately 40% of the total Wild & Scenic River Corridors. 

In addition, 11,844 acres (or about 27%) would allow motorized access to designated sites only, and 1,417 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 110

acres or about 3% would be open either year round or seasonally to motorized access for dispersed camping 

under the Special Provisions. On the Ochoco National Forest Wild and Scenic River corridors would be 

closed to motorized access for dispersed camping on about 6,358 acres or approximately 83% of the total 

Wild & Scenic River Corridors. In addition, 781 acres, or about 10% would be open either year round or 

seasonally to motorized access for dispersed camping under the Special Provisions. The areas under Special 

Provisions would provide for motorized access to dispersed camping to Designated, Defined, or Existing 

campsites only (see definition and illustration in Chapter 2). 

Newberry National Volcanic Monument 

Actions common to Alternatives 2 & 3 would include two acres in the Monument that would be proposed 

closed to motorized access for dispersed camping, and 4 acres that would be open to motorized access for 

dispersed camping under Special Provisions. These acres would protect and enhance Monument values by 

reducing motorized resource impacts. 

Oregon Cascades Recreation Area 

Under both action alternatives, 41,682 acres (or approximately 97%) would be closed to motorized access 

for dispersed camping, and 771 acres would be open to motorized access for dispersed camping with Special 

Provisions. There are no roads inside the Recreation Area on the Deschutes National Forest, and the terrain 

and vegetation limit access, so the area actually available for motorized access for dispersed camping 

currently is minimal. There are approximately 15 miles of open road adjacent to the Recreation Area within 

the Deschutes National Forest. The 771 acres that remain open under special provisions would continue to 

provide motorized access for dispersed camping opportunities to most of the area currently used for that 

purpose. Closing the 41,682 acres to motorized access for dispersed camping, and restricting motorized 

access to designated, defined, or existing sites on the 771 remaining acres would have a beneficial effect, by 

protecting and enhancing the Recreation Area’s unique values.

 

ALTERNATIVE 2 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Wild and Scenic Rivers 

In addition to the Actions common to Alternatives 2 and 3, on the Deschutes National Forest Alternative 2 

would allow motorized access to 2,091 acres that would be open, or open seasonally for dispersed camping 

under the General Provisions. Within these areas, new motorized routes could be created to access new or 

existing campsites. 1,418 acres would continue to be open either year round or seasonally to motorized 

access for dispersed camping –with Special Provisions. On the Ochoco National Forest and Grassland, 

Alternative 2 would allow motorized access for dispersed camping to about 484 acres year round or 

seasonally under the General Provisions of the Travel Management Rule, and approximately 783 acres 

would continue to be open either year round or seasonally to motorized access for dispersed camping with 

Special Provisions. Motorized access for dispersed camping under general provisions would not be restricted 

to existing, designated, or defined dispersed sites, and consequently there would be a greater potential for 

new sites and therefore new motorized access routes to be created within the general provision areas when 

compared with the special provision areas. Although general conditions would provide improved protection 

to wild and scenic river values , over time, this would have more potential resource impacts and less 

protection to Wild and Scenic River values than Alternative 3. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 111

Newberry National Volcanic Monument 

In addition to the actions common under Alternatives 2 and 3, there would continue to be 45,628 acres, or 

approximately 77% of the Monument open to motorized access for dispersed camping under the General 

Provisions (see Chapter 2 for definitions). Since more acres would be “open” to motorized access for 

dispersed camping within the 300’ corridor allowed under the General Provisions, it is anticipated there 

would be more new motorized routes created to access new or existing campsites. Although immeasurable, 

over time, this would have more resource impacts and less protection to Monument values than Alternative 

3. 

Oregon Cascades Recreation Area 

In addition to the actions common under Alternatives 2 and 3, there would be 444 acres, or approximately 

1% of the Recreation Area that would be open to motorized access for dispersed camping under the General 

Provisions. Since 99% of the area would continue to closed, impacts from motorized access for dispersed 

camping would be concentrated on those acres that are open. Since these acres would be “open” to 

motorized access for dispersed camping within the 300’ corridor allowed under the General Provisions, it is 

anticipated there would be more new motorized routes created to access new or existing campsites. Although 

immeasurable, over time, this would have more resource impacts and less protection to the Recreation 

Area’s values, than Alternative 3.

Alternative 3 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

In all of the Congressionally Designated areas listed below, in addition to the effects common to Alternatives 

2 and 3, Alternative 3 would have the greatest affect on motorized access for dispersed camping as it would 

restrict motorized use to only existing, defined, or designated campsites on approximately 51,623 acres, or 

roughly 34% of the total acres. Alternative 2 would allow motorized access for dispersed camping under the 

General Provisions (within a 300’ corridor along designated open roads) on 48,647 acres or 32% of the total 

acres. Although immeasurable, it is anticipated that Alternative 3 would reduce resource impacts since 

fewer additional motorized routes to access campsites would be created. This Alternative would put 

additional demand on those sites that can be accessed under the special provisions, especially in areas 

heavily used for dispersed camping. 

Wild and Scenic Rivers 

In addition to the actions common under Alternative 2 & 3, Alternative 3 would allow for motorized access 

for dispersed camping only to existing, designated, or defined sites in riparian and upland areas (special 

provision conditions would apply to all motorized access for dispersed camping adjacent to designated open 

roads). This would change 2,091 acres on the Deschutes, and 484 acres on the Ochoco that were “open to 

motorized access for dispersed camping” under general provisions in Alternative 2, to “open to motorized 

access for dispersed camping with Special Provisions, either year round, or seasonally. This alternative 

would provide the most protection and enhancement to Wild and Scenic River outstandingly remarkable 

values by reducing the resource impacts from motorized use. 

Newberry National Volcanic Monument 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 112

In addition to the Actions common to Alternatives 2 & 3, Alternative 3 would allow for motorized access for 

dispersed camping only to existing, designated, or defined sites in riparian and upland areas (special 

provision conditions would apply to all motorized access for dispersed camping adjacent to designated open 

roads). This would change 45,628 acres that were “open to motorized access for dispersed camping” under 

general provisions in Alternative 2, to “open to motorized access for dispersed camping with Special 

Provisions, either year round, or seasonally. 

Oregon Cascades Recreation Area 

In addition to the Actions common to Alternatives 2 & 3, Alternative 3 would allow for motorized access for 

dispersed camping only to existing, designated, or defined sites in riparian and upland areas (special 

provision conditions would apply to all motorized access for dispersed camping adjacent to designated open 

roads). This would change 444 acres that were “open to motorized access for dispersed camping” under 

general provisions in Alternative 2, to “open to motorized access for dispersed camping with Special 

Provisions, either year round, or seasonally. 

Conclusion 

The potential effects to Congressionally Designated Areas from the impacts of motorized use off designated 

routes, and motorized access for dispersed would be reduced under both Alternatives 2 and 3. Alternative 3 

provides the highest level of protection to these areas by allowing motorized access to dispersed camping 

only to designated, defined, or existing sites. 

Heritage Resources 

Executive Summary 

On the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Crooked River National Grassland heritage resources 

sites range from less complex scatters of historic debris or prehistoric artifacts to historic structures, trails, 

and roads. Of these, 10% of the total sites are of a type that is highly vulnerable to off-highway vehicle use. 

These vulnerable sites include prehistoric and historic structures, historic and prehistoric archaeological sites 

with features and/or tools present, burials, graves and cemeteries, rock art, culturally modified trees, and 

culturally significant areas such a traditional cultural properties (including food gathering areas, ceremonial 

locations, and other traditional cultural properties). 

The public recreates in many ways and in many areas of the forests and grassland and often near or within 

recorded heritage sites. In most cases, such recreation activities and uses are considered to be benign and not 

to have a negative impact except for deliberate looting of protected archaeological and historic resources. 

However, operating motorized vehicles off designated routes, as well as to access dispersed camp sites, has 

the potential to damage, destroy or displace heritage resources. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would have a beneficial effect by reducing impacts to heritage resources by reducing 

the amount of land open to motorized vehicle traffic. The removal of motorized access off designated routes 

would generally have a beneficial effect on heritage resources by eliminating the physical disturbances that 

currently threaten heritage site integrity, whether in highly trafficked areas or in areas at risk of newly 

created routes. Heritage Resource sites that are currently impacted as a result of motorized access off 

designated routes would be expected to slowly recover over time due to a reduction in erosion and eventual 

recovery of soils, along with re-growth of groundcover and understory vegetation. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 113

Affected Environment 

On both the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Grassland there are over 7,000 known heritage 

resource sites, the majority of which reflect prehistoric use patterns prior to the 19th Century (the most 

common site type being a scatter of stone tool detritus), and the remaining are associated with more recent 

historic uses related to exploration, early settlement, mining, ranching, timbering, and recreation. Heritage 

Resource sites can be found in almost any location on public lands; however, distribution patterns of 

prehistoric, as well as some types of historic sites, can be modeled based upon certain variables (Claeyssens 

1991, Houser 1996, Lebow et a. 1991). In general, archaeological sites are found in or near riparian areas 

and terraces, especially at their confluences, as well as in areas providing shelter, access to food, and other 

economic resources. 

Prehistory 

Human occupation of central Oregon in general, and the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and 

Grassland in particular, spans at least the last 10,000 years. 

The prehistory of Western North America can be divided into to three broad time periods that are linked to 

some degree with overall climatic and geological periods. The Paleo-Indian Period roughly corresponds to 

the end of the Pleistocene and emergence of the Holocene Epoch. Traditionally, Paleo-Indian culture (e.g. 

Clovis Culture) is thought to represent highly mobile hunting bands reliant on the Pleistocene mega fauna 

that dominated open steppe and grassland communities on the margins of glaciated terrain and high plateaus 

of the Pacific Northwest. However, this model is coming under increasing scrutiny as other sites and 

traditions contemporary or pre-dating Clovis becomes known (cf. Dillehay 1999). 

The Archaic Period comprises the bulk of the Holocene up until the beginning of the Historic Period, taken 

here as 1804 when Lewis and Clark entered the Oregon Territory on their “Voyage of Discovery”. The 

Archaic is further divided into Early, Middle and Late sub periods. In general, the Archaic represents both a 

broadening of the subsistence base of hunter gatherers, and in some areas, intensification in the food 

procurement, processing, and storage technologies that allow for increasing sedentism. 

The Historic Period begins in the early 19th Century in central Oregon. This marked the transition from 

traditional native lifeways and economies to those adversely impacted by the emerging frontier societies. 

Four Indian tribes inhabited and/or seasonally used areas within the project area during the Historic Period: 

the Northern Paiute, the Tenino/Tygh (Warm Springs), Klamath/Modoc, and the Mollala. With exception of 

the Northern Paiute, these three tribes are all tied by language (Sahaptin/Penutian Phylum) and culture to the 

Plateau peoples of the greater Columbia River Basin and Cascade Range. All of these tribes represent small 

bands of hunting and gathering peoples who were adapted to the high desert (steppe) and woodland/forest 

environments of central Oregon by a nomadic or semi-nomadic foraging and collecting economy. The 

Northern Paiute are associated with the Great Basin culture area and have linguistic (Uto-Aztecan) and 

cultural ties to other cultures of this physiographic province. 

It is highly unlikely that any one of these historic groups or their archaic antecedents occupied permanent 

villages within the analysis area. Rather the river courses and adjacent lowlands and basins, as well as more 

distant uplands were exploited seasonally for their food and economic resources. Winter villages or semipermanent home bases were located outside the analysis area, most likely downstream along the main stem 

of the Deschutes and its major tributaries, such as the Crooked River, as well as to the east in the 

playas/basins of Fort Rock, Christmas Valley, and Summer Lake. Both forest and steppe ecosystems were 

exploited seasonally, as were major rivers, streams, and lakeside habitats. 

The faunal, floral, and geologic resources that sustained their subsistence economies included deer, elk, 

antelope, mountain sheep and a variety of smaller game. Aquatic resources, such as anadromous and 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 114

resident fish, as well as fresh water eels and shellfish, also contributed in some areas. Of equal or greater 

importance were floral food resources, most notable of which were various roots and tubers of the wild 

parsley family, as well as others such as bitterroot. Seeds of Indian rice grass, chenopodiums, pond lilies 

(wocus) were also commonly exploited. Other types of floral food resources included a variety of fruits and 

berries (huckleberry, chokecherry, wild plum, etc.), lichens, and fungi. Tool kits, implements, adornments 

and clothing were also supplied by faunal and floral resources. In addition, geologic resources provided tool 

stone for stone (lithic) tools, such as obsidians, basalts and micro-crystalline silicates, as well as pigments, 

such as iron oxide (red ochre). 

Some of these economic pursuits produce relatively scant archaeological signatures (e.g. broad-scale 

foraging and hunting), with the most typical site type being a scatter of broken stone tools and flaking debris 

associated with stone tool kit manufacture and maintenance (lithic scatter). Other economic pursuits that 

relied upon more intensive harvest of resources from a relatively small area (such as freshwater shellfish 

procurement or seed processing) may produce sites of more volume and complexity. In addition to lithic 

materials, these site types may also contain ground stone implements, features associated with domestic 

structures, and middens (such as shell middens). 

By mid 19th Century, tribal peoples of Oregon Territory were ultimately placed on reservations following the 

signing of Treaties with the US Government, effectively making them wards of the state and thus ending 

their traditional way of life in central Oregon. 

History 

The historic period for central Oregon began as Euro-American explorers transected the area during the first 

half of the 19th Century. These expeditions were associated initially with exploration and fur trapping, 

followed by military/scientific surveys, and ultimately military campaigns against recalcitrant Indian 

populations. While these expeditions left little physical evidence, they did spur later settlement by providing 

accounts of the land and resources. One of these significant expeditions is known from John C. Fremont’s 

popular travelogue of his 1843 survey of the Deschutes River with Kit Carson and Indian guide Billy 

Chinook. The publication of the surveys of the US Army Survey Expeditions for a transcontinental railroad 

route in 1855, further placed central Oregon on the map. 

During the 1840s and 1850s, thousands of emigrants passed through Oregon territory on the way to their 

future homesteads in the Willamette Valley. Few looked to dry central Oregon for land until the open land 

in the Willamette Valley became scarce. The initial settlement of central Oregon was also limited by 

hostilities between Native Americans and settlers. Mining developed more fully during the 1860s in Eastern 

Oregon, which resulted in improved transportation routes, and the establishment of small communities, 

which in turn created local needs for natural resources and foodstuffs. Settlement of central and eastern 

Oregon took root during this era, with small populations centered around water, protection from weather and 

winds, and adjacent to transportation routes. 

The various Homestead Acts, including the Desert Land Act, Enlarged Homestead Act, and the StockRaising Homestead Act, were the primary means by which these lands of the public domain were privately 

acquired between 1860 and 1930. Initially, raising livestock was the primary pursuit, with the uplands of the 

Cascades, the Paulina Mountains, and the Ochoco Mountains providing abundant summer forage. Soon 

productive bottomlands of the Deschutes and Crooked River basins were producing substantial yields of 

vegetable and fruit crops. Water was obtained by springs, hauling, wells, and eventually irrigation systems 

and reservoirs. By the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, irrigation developments, land speculation and 

transportation development led to an increase in the settlement of the area. 

The Deschutes Basin and the Ochoco Mountains witnessed initial homestead entries in the late 19th to early 

20th Century. Ranching of both sheep and cattle dominated the area, with both resident and non-resident 

herds driven through the area to summer pasturage. The first ranch in the area was established at Hay Creek 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 115

in the 1880s. A few years later the city of Prineville was platted and became the county seat for the vast 

Crook County (which initially included what is now Deschutes and Jefferson Counties). Railways 

penetrated the region, commencing with a branch line to Shaniko in 1900 to service the expanding sheep 

market. The increasing conflicts between stock raisers and their grazing rights, especially between sheep 

and cattlemen, led to the creation of the Blue Mountain Reserves in the late 1890s, known later as the 

Ochoco National Forest. The Cascade Forest Reserve was also established at this time to conserve timber, 

grazing, and scenic resources. It became the Deschutes National Forest. 

Within the next decade, two railroad barons competed for access to the community of Bend and its promise 

of billions of board feet of Ponderosa Pine. By 1911, Bend was reached by the winner, James J. Hill, owner 

of the Oregon Trunk Line (OTL) and the Great Northern, platting the towns of Madras and Redmond along 

the way. In 1918 the earlier settled community of Prineville formed its own railway to connect to the OTL, 

thereby providing access to large tracks of pine and markets. 

The industrial scale mills located in Bend, Brooks-Scanlon and Shevlin-Hixon, purchased many of the lands 

surrounding the Bend area. In general the former dominated lower elevation forested lands east of the river 

basin, while the latter concentrated west of the Deschutes River. Later, industrial scale logging also 

developed in the Ochocos on both federal and privately held timber tracts. 

During the Great Depression capacity was added with local mills in the Prineville area, such as Ochoco 

Lumber Co. Large volumes of timber were harvested from private lands initially and shifting to Forest 

Service lands after World War II. Many of the cutover private lands were later acquired by the Forest 

Service and now comprise parts of the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests. 

The development of National Forest recreation facilities in the 1920s and 30s commenced the emergence of 

another key central Oregon commodity: recreation experiences and amenities associated with the great 

outdoors. Within a short while, fishing, hunting, rock hounding, camping, hiking, skiing, and recreational 

vehicle use all became commonplace for the region. 

Development in central Oregon continued during the late mid 20th Century as parts of the Deschutes and 

Crooked River Basins were considered for reservoir development to increase local storage capacity for 

downstream irrigation. This irrigation water was directed to the more favorable agricultural lands in 

Jefferson and Crook counties, particularly near the towns of Culver, Madras, and Prineville. 

Indian Tribes, Treaty and Trust Resources 

The traditional, treaty and ceded lands of three federally recognized tribes overlap the two national forests 

and Grassland. These tribes consist of: The Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs of Oregon (Warm 

Springs Tribe), The Klamath Tribes and the Burns Paiute Tribe. However, of the three, the Warm Springs 

Tribe is the only tribe with ceded land treaty rights as per the 1855 Treaty with the Tribes of Middle Oregon. 

The Klamath Tribes’ former reservation is now part of the Fremont-Winema National Forest, and their 

aboriginal territory includes parts of the Deschutes National Forest as well. The Burns Paiute Tribe, while 

federally recognized, has neither a formal reservation nor ceded lands on the national forests, however their 

traditional territory includes portions of both forests and the grassland. It is well known and documented 

that those members of the Warm Springs Tribe continue to exercise their ceded land treaty rights on the 

grassland and both national forests, mostly in the harvest and collection of traditional foods, such as roots, 

lichens and berries. The Ochoco National Forest and Grassland have mapped areas where traditional use is 

known to occur and they have coordinated with the Warm Springs Tribe on their First Foods initiative to 

preserve and maintain traditional cultural uses and their habitats. 

While they are less well known and documented, anecdotal evidence exists of traditional and ceremonial 

uses of public lands by members of the Klamath Tribes and Burns Paiute Tribe. However, the locations and 

details of these practices are unknown at this time. In general, under ceded land treaty rights, the American 

Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA) and the Sacred Sites Act, the Forest Service cooperates with Tribes 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 116

and individual practitioners to assure access to and use of public lands for said purposes. Many of the 

concerns addressed by Tribes or practitioners of ceremonial and traditional uses are related to having roaded 

access to sites (which helps to facilitate access by elderly practitioners), desire for solitude, respect and lack 

of interruptions or interference by the public (including off-highway travel), and continued access to and use 

of an area. 

Environmental Effects 

Heritage resource sites can be affected in many ways by highway-legal and non- highway-legal vehicles. 

Direct effects on these resources occur where OHV use, user-created routes, and informal maintenance of 

these routes overlap with heritage site boundaries on National Forest system lands. These effects include 

trampling, rutting, relocation of artifacts, and other forms of disturbance from vehicle tires. Indirect effects 

on heritage resources can also occur from vehicular travel. These include environmental effects such as road 

washouts within archaeological sites that often result from user created routes, as well as an increase in 

human related effects, such as looting and vandalism. In particular, looting and vandalism can result from 

increased access to areas with sensitive cultural resource sites near or adjacent to road systems and dispersed 

campsites. With archaeological sites, these effects are also magnified by the increased ground visibility that 

results from vegetation loss from vehicular trampling. 

Often these direct and indirect effects on heritage resources are not immediate, but have cumulative effects 

of degradation over time. In such cases, continued use of the recreation site may lead to the ultimate demise 

of heritage sites as artifacts and/or features are gradually trampled, disturbed, removed, or displaced. In 

order to conduct our analysis of the environmental effects on cultural resource sites on both the Deschutes 

and Ochoco National Forests, we have selected certain types of sites that we determined were most 

susceptible to direct, indirect, and cumulative effects of these identified general impacts from motorized 

access to dispersed camping sites and motorized access off designated routes. 

Alternative 1 

Under the No Action alternative, sensitive heritage resources are likely to continue to be inadvertently 

affected in areas currently impacted by motorized vehicle use due to unrestricted motorized access off 

designated routes and continued use of these areas. In addition, such open access also increases the 

likelihood of deliberate displacement and destruction of heritage resources by those trafficking in 

archaeological resources as defined by Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA). Currently there is 

a major on-going criminal investigation involving ARPA and other violations on public lands in Central 

Oregon. 

Approximately 625,430 acres on the Deschutes National Forest and 431,784 acres on the Ochoco National 

Forest are currently open to year round or seasonal motorized access off designated routes. Although the 

access and use of areas open to motorized travel varies widely due to slope, rock and vegetation constraints, 

heritage resources on the majority of these acres would remain susceptible to additional impacts. 

In general, additional impacts to heritage resources are likely to increase as overall recreational use increases 

across the two forests. Furthermore, heritage resources in and adjacent to heavy-use dispersed camping 

areas, as well as unauthorized roads and trails, are likely to be the most heavily impacted by this increase in 

recreational use. Heritage resources are often located in or near the same areas as dispersed campsites, 

especially near or adjacent to water bodies. 

Unauthorized roads and trails have increased in number over the past decade as motorized vehicle users 

explore and expand their range across public lands. Not only would heritage sites continue to be affected by 

existing roads and campgrounds, but unrestricted motorized access off designated routes under this 

alternative would continue to allow the creation and use of more roads and campsites off designated routes 

across the two forest area. This in turn would affect an ever increasing number of heritage sites. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 117

Since many heritage resources are located where the current road system provides access, this alternative 

would allow for the continuation of negative impacts directly related to motorized access off designated 

routes and the indirect effects of recreation use, including dispersed camping. With Alternative 1, there are 

some 2,000 known sites on the Deschutes National Forest (58%) that would remain vulnerable to impacts 

from motorized access off designated routes, while on the Ochoco and Grassland there are 1,248 known sites 

(38%) that would remain vulnerable to impacts from motorized access off designated routes. 

Direct effects: 

Under this alternative, heritage resources would continue to be impacted by vehicle tires on existing 

unauthorized roads and trails. These impacts include bisecting of heritage sites, displacement of artifacts, 

and destruction of archaeological features. In addition to affecting site integrity, soil compaction and 

alteration of vegetation can lead to erosion, pooling of surface water, freeze-thaw cycles, and other processes 

with cumulative effects on the integrity of heritage sites. Although the rate at which new trail miles would 

be created is not known, this trend is expected to continue at a steady rate. 

Indirect Effects: 

To the extent to which motorized access off designated routes is allowed to continue without regulation, 

Forest Land and Resource Management Plan (LRMP) standards for site protection, preservation, and 

enhancement will continue to be compromised. Unrestricted motorized access will have both intentional and 

unintentional indirect effects on heritage resources resulting from increased visibility due to loss of 

vegetation, erosion, vandalism, and theft. In addition, if these activities are allowed to continue without 

Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) or National Environmental Policy Act 

(NEPA) compliance, due consideration of effects to heritage resources would be ignored across both Forests, 

also preventing adherence to Forest LRMP guidelines. 

Motorized access for dispersed camping: 

There would be no change to the access of motorized vehicles for the purpose of dispersed camping under 

Alternative 1. Existing access roads to dispersed sites across both forests are located on both upland and 

riparian soils and can range from completely denuded, exposed natural surface roads to vegetated, “two 

track” roads. The access roads located in or near riparian areas are more likely to impact heritage resources 

since many of those are also located near water bodies. Other impacted areas associated with motorized 

access for dispersed camping include the parking and turn around areas at the dispersed sites themselves, 

many of which do not have physical bounds for defining traffic flow. Heritage resources are negatively 

impacted from continued vehicle traffic, maintenance of dispersed camping sites, and numerous indirect 

effects already outlined here previously. 

Direct effects: The majority of existing dispersed sites have access roads used by motor vehicles that would 

be maintained in a detrimental condition by continued use, especially in high use areas. The unbounded 

conditions maintained under this alternative often result in heavily denuded impacts immediately adjacent to 

stream channels and water bodies where the majority of dispersed campsites are located. Detrimental soil 

conditions are likely to persist and even expand in dispersed camping areas adjacent to streams and other 

water bodies under the No Action alternative. 

With Alternative 1, there are 2,023 (59%) known sites on the Deschutes National Forest that would remain 

vulnerable to direct and indirect effects allowed under this alternative, while on the Ochoco and Grassland 

there are 1,358 (41%) known sites where heritage resources would remain vulnerable to motorized access for 

dispersed camping. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 118

New areas where heritage resources are located could be impacted under this alternative as users continue to 

create new access for dispersed camping. Dispersed camping and other vehicle use for access are assumed 

to increase in the future under this analysis as state and local community populations continue to grow. High 

use on holiday and hunting weekends often exceeds campground capacities and generally pushes additional 

campers to disperse camping. Under this alternative, it is assumed this trend would continue to increase both 

the use of existing sites and the creation of additional dispersed campsites across the two forest area. This in 

turn would impact heritage resources as existing campsites are expanded and new dispersed campsites are 

created. These potentially adverse impacts are likely to persist from continued use of newly created 

dispersed campsites. Although the rate and extent of this impact is not predictable, the general trend rate for 

this increase is expected to be relatively moderate. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

Motorized Access off Designated Routes

Direct Effects: Prohibiting motorized access off designated routes and motorized access for dispersed 

camping outside of 300’ of an open designated route is likely to decrease the number of heritage resources 

directly or indirectly impacted across the two forest area. The following changes would result in positive 

effects to the protection and preservation of heritage resources in their environmental contexts and better 

meet Forest Land and Resource Management Plan Standards and Guidelines: 

 The restriction of motorized access off designated routes would limit the formation of additional 

unauthorized roads and trails and begin to allow existing unauthorized roads and trails that were not 

designated for long term use under site specific trail projects to recover from impacted conditions. 

 The restriction of motorized access for dispersed camping to existing designated or defined sites in 

high use dispersed camping areas, as well as in the newly designated “special provision riparian 

areas”, would decrease the number of heritage resources impacted by motorized vehicles and 

dispersed camping in these areas. 

 The restriction of motorized access to dispersed sites located within the 100’ riparian buffer to at 

least 30’ away from stream channels would also decrease the total number of potentially impacted 

heritage resources. 

 This alternative would maintain or slightly reduce the amount of area (and thus by extension, a high 

percentage of heritage resources) impacted within 300’ of designated routes by restricting motorized 

vehicle access off of system roads to the sole purpose of ingress and egress to dispersed camping. 

Indirect Effects: Heritage Resource sites that are currently impacted as a result of motorized access off 

designated routes would be expected to slowly recover over time at a rate dependent on the productivity, 

moisture level, and extent of impact on the site. Most areas that have impacts from motorized travel off 

designated routes are likely to see steady vegetative recovery after motorized vehicle traffic is removed. 

Impacted areas located on riparian soils are likely to have a quicker recovery of vegetation than those on 

upland soils due to higher moisture regimes and general soil productivity. The following recovery rates have 

been estimated for soils located on sites that would no longer be impacted by motorized access off 

designated routes. 

 0-5 years – increase of 0-10% vegetative cover 

 5-10 years – increase of 10-25% vegetative cover on these sites 

 more than 10 years – up to 30% increase in vegetative cover on these sites 

Given time, local soils are capable of recovering from compaction via freeze-thaw, rooting, and ground 

burrowing mechanisms. Compacted areas from railroad era logging operations have been observed in the 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 119

field to have recovered to soil strengths that are only slightly elevated from natural levels some sixty plus 

years after they were impacted. These areas have been observed to support varying amounts of native 

herbaceous and shrub vegetation under these conditions. Although active restoration of impacted sites is not 

proposed under this decision, there would be a slow recovery of detrimental compaction in the soil profile 

and a return of vegetation on most sites if motorized traffic were discontinued. This recovery of both soils 

and vegetation would help obscure sensitive heritage resource site locations and allow natural processes of 

heritage site formation to continue without major human interference. 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would have a direct beneficial effect on heritage resource site locations by restricting 

motorized access for dispersed camping to within 300’ of the centerline of all designated routes. This 

restriction would prevent new motorized access to heritage sites from being created further than 300’ from 

designated routes. Although this rule would not affect where dispersed camping would be allowed, limiting 

motorized access for dispersed camping could be reasonably expected to reduce how many sites greater than 

300’ from an open road are used, and allow existing sites greater than 300’ from an open road to recover 

from the impacts of motorized access, and potentially also to recover from the effects of dispersed camping. 

The general provisions allowing motorized access within 300' of a designated open road solely for the 

purpose of dispersed camping and limited to the same class of vehicle and season of use as the open 

designated road may have direct and indirect effects on susceptible heritage resources located with that 600’ 

total area on either side of a designated route. However, it is assumed those affects would be negligible and 

restricted to areas likely already somewhat affected by previous dispersed camping activities, such as where 

sufficient ingress/egress exists and where openings are present to erect a dispersed camp. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would also provide beneficial affects to heritage resources within the “special 

provision” riparian areas by pulling back vehicular traffic and parking for dispersed camping at least 30’ 

from stream banks and water bodies. Although the soils located within the vehicle setback buffers are not 

expected to have full recovery of soil and vegetation conditions due to continued foot and tent camping use, 

there would be enough improvement of these conditions to allow some improvement of compacted 

conditions over time and the recovery of vegetative growth on portions of the area, thus providing protection 

to heritage resources from inadvertent or intentional damage and destruction. This change is estimated to 

reduce the extent of impact associated with the dispersed sites along one third of the stream edge. Erosion, 

soil compaction and displacement would be reduced as a result of the 30’ setback; by reducing raindrop 

impacts and filtering overland flows, this, in turn would reduce erosion and artifact displacement from 

heritage resource sites during storm events. 

Alternative 2 

Implementation of the proposed action would indirectly affect heritage resources by reducing the amount of 

land open to motorized vehicle traffic. Approximately 625,430 acres on the Deschutes National Forest and 

431,784 acres on the Ochoco National Forest currently open for year round or seasonal motorized access off 

designated routes would have traffic restricted to designated routes only. The removal of motorized access 

off designated routes in these areas would generally have a beneficial effect on heritage resources by 

eliminating the physical disturbances that currently threaten heritage site integrity, whether in highly 

trafficked areas or in areas at risk of newly created routes. 

Motorized access for the purpose of dispersed camping outside of the areas subject to “special provisions” 

would still have the potential to create new areas of impact within 300’ of system roads where vehicles 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 120

traveled and parked to camp. Although the expansion of this type of impact is expected to be relatively low, 

heritage resource sites in areas with sparse vegetation near desirable destinations would be susceptible to 

vehicular traffic capable of crushing vegetation, compacting sediments, and displacing and/or destroying 

artifacts and features. 

Despite the 30’ setbacks, most dispersed sites would likely remain susceptible to some level of erosion and 

sediment production. Although the overall amount of the soil resources impacted within these sites is 

assumed to decrease by 35% as a result of the setbacks, potential remains for overland flows and sediment 

transport in heavily compacted and denuded areas, which may impact some heritage sites. Additional 

localized impacts to heritage resource sites could be incurred as new parking areas are created to compensate 

for the setback restrictions. However, these areas would be further from the stream channels and therefore 

less likely to impact heritage resources, which are often located immediately adjacent to riparian areas. 

Alternative 3 

Under this Alternative, restriction of motorized access for dispersed camping to existing, designated, or 

defined sites would minimize the potential for new resource impacts within sensitive areas, many of which 

are riparian corridors across both forests. This would effectively limit the possibility of newly created access 

routes or sites within 300’ of designated routes or within 30’ of streams, lakes, and wetlands. Thus, impacts 

to heritage resources would not be expected to increase in the “special provision” areas. 

By reducing the possibility of newly created motorized vehicle access, parking spots and dispersed sites, 

Alternative 3 would have a beneficial effect by further reducing potential impacts on heritage resources on 

423,419 acres across the two forests (Deschutes: 353,686; Ochoco: 69,733). 

Inventoried Roadless Areas 

Executive Summary 

Inventoried roadless areas are areas that the Forest Service has identified that have potential for 

consideration as Congressionally-designated wilderness areas, and that may possess important values for 

landscape health and diversity in an increasingly developed landscape. 

There are approximately 137,000 acres on the Deschutes National Forest and 61,000 acres on the Ochoco 

National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland of Inventoried Roadless Areas (IRAs) totaling 

198,000 acres for both Forests and Grassland. Appendix A-3 has maps of the Inventoried Roadless Areas. 

Approximately 8,000 acres of IRA on the Ochoco National Forest on the Snow Mountain Ranger District are 

administered by the Malheur National Forest and are not covered under this analysis. Therefore, there are 

approximately 53,000 acres of IRAs analyzed on the Ochoco National Forest with this environmental impact 

statement. 

In Alternatives 2 and 3, motorized access off designated routes would be prohibited in Inventoried Roadless 

Areas on both Forests and Grassland, with access limited to currently existing open roads. This would 

reduce the impacts of motorized access on roadless or potential wilderness values. 

Alternative 2 would designate motorized access for dispersed camping on approximately 247 acres in the 

Deschutes Inventoried Roadless Areas and approximately 1,853 acres in the Ochoco Inventoried Roadless 

Areas subject to Special Provisions. Motorized access for dispersed camping would be limited to previously 

existing, designated, or defined sites, and creating new sites for dispersed camping would be prohibited. 

However, an area that is currently closed on the Crooked River National Grassland, the Deschutes/Steelhead 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 121

Canyon IRA (1,296 acres), would be opened for motorized access for dispersed camping. This could have a 

moderate impact to roadless area characteristics. 

Alternative 3 would not designate any motorized access for dispersed camping in any IRA which would 

have a further beneficial effect of improving the experience of an unroaded, natural landscape by eliminating 

any motorized travel except on existing open roads within IRAs. 

Affected Environment 

Overall, there are currently 137,000 acres of Inventoried Roadless Areas on the Deschutes National Forest 

and approximately 53,000 acres on the Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland, not 

including approximately 8,000 acres of IRAs on the Snow Mountain Ranger District administered by the 

Malheur National Forest that will not be covered with this analysis. 

Inventoried Roadless Areas are often characterized by the following values or features (Federal Register 

January 12, 2001): 

 High quality or undisturbed soil, water, and air: These three key resources are the foundation 

upon which other resource values and outputs depend. Healthy watersheds catch, store, and safely 

release water over time, protecting downstream communities from flooding; providing clean water 

for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses; helping maintain abundant and healthy fish and 

wildlife populations; and are the basis for many forms of outdoor recreation. 

 Sources of public drinking water: National Forest System lands contain watersheds that are 

important sources of public drinking water. Maintaining these areas in a relatively undisturbed 

condition saves downstream communities millions of dollars in water filtration costs. 

 Diversity of plant and animal communities: Roadless areas are more likely than roaded areas to 

support greater ecosystem health, including the diversity of native and desired non-native plant and 

animal communities due to the absence of disturbances caused by roads and accompanying 

activities. Inventoried roadless areas also conserve native biodiversity by serving as a bulwark 

against the spread of non-native invasive species. Habitat for threatened, endangered, proposed, 

candidate, and sensitive species and for those species dependent on large, undisturbed areas of land: 

roadless areas function as biological strongholds and refuges for many species. 

 Habitat for threatened, endangered, proposed, candidate, and sensitive species and for those 

species dependent on large, undisturbed areas of land: Roadless areas function as biological 

strongholds and refuges for many species. Roadless areas support a diversity of aquatic habitats and 

communities. 

 Primitive, Semi-Primitive Non- Motorized, and Semi-Primitive Motorized classes of dispersed 

recreation opportunities: Roadless areas often provide outstanding dispersed recreation 

opportunities such as hiking, camping, hunting, fishing, nordic skiing and canoeing. While they may 

have many wilderness-like attributes, unlike Wilderness, mountain bikes and other mechanized uses 

are often allowed. 

 Reference landscapes: Knowledge about the effects of management activities over long periods of 

time and on large landscapes is very limited. Reference landscapes of relatively undisturbed areas 

serve as a barometer to measure the effects of development on other parts of the landscape. 

 Natural appearing landscapes with high scenic quality: High quality scenery, especially scenery 

with natural-appearing landscapes, is a primary reason that people choose to recreate. 

 Traditional cultural properties and sacred sites: Traditional cultural properties are places, sites, 

structures, art or objects that played an important role in the cultural history of a group. Sacred sites 

are places with special religious significance to a group. Traditional cultural properties and sacred 

sites may be eligible for protection under the National Historic Preservation Act. However, many of 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 122

them have not yet been inventoried, especially those that occur in inventoried roadless areas. 

 Other locally identified unique characteristics: Roadless areas may offer other locally identified 

unique characteristics and values. Examples include uncommon geological formations, valued for 

their scientific and scenic qualities, or unique wetland complexes. 

In addition to the roadless characteristics listed above, IRAs also are valued for their potential as 

Congressionally-designated wilderness areas. As such, there are five wilderness values identified in FSH 

1909.12, Land Management Planning Handbook, Chapter 70, that are important to consider when proposing 

activities within IRAs: 

 Natural: This quality evaluates the area’s ecological systems to determine if they are substantially 

free from the effects of modern civilization and generally appear to have been affected primarily by 

forces of nature.

 Undeveloped: This quality evaluates the degree to which the area is without permanent 

improvements or human habitation. 

 Outstanding Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation: This quality 

evaluates conditions that affect the capability to provide solitude or primitive, and unconfined

recreation. 

 Special Features and Values: This quality evaluates the areas capability to provide other values 

with ecological, geologic, scientific, educational, scenic, historical or cultural significance. 

 Manageability: This quality evaluates the area’s capability to be managed as a wilderness under the 

Wilderness Act considering Section 2(c) which defines a wilderness as “ ...has at least 5,000 acres 

of land or is of sufficient size to make practicable its preservation and use in an unimpaired 

condition...” 

IRAs on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests currently have some acreage open to motorized access 

off designated routes as well as acreage open to motorized access for dispersed camping, according to 

current travel management restrictions and land management allocations. These acreages, along with the 

corresponding percentages, are shown below in Table 3-33, Acres Open to Motorized Access off Designated 

Routes and for Dispersed Camping in Inventoried Roadless Areas. 

Motorized use off designated routes has the potential to impact the values that these roadless areas may 

possess and preserve, such as primitive recreation opportunities, or undisturbed soil and water resources. All 

the alternatives have been evaluated against the criteria for Inventoried Roadless Areas and potential 

wilderness designation. This is summarized at the end of this section in Table 3-37, Summary of Inventoried 

Roadless Area Alternative Impacts by Criteria.

Table 3-33 Acres Open to Motorized Access off Designated Routes and for Dispersed Camping in Inventoried 

Roadless Areas 

Inventoried Roadless 

Area 

Total 

Acres 

Acres open to 

motorized access 

off designated 

routes43 

Acres open44 

to motorized 

access for 

dispersed 

camping 

% of IRA open 

to motorized 

access off 

designated 

routes 

% of Area 

Open to 

motorized 

access for 

dispersed 

camping 

Deschutes National Forest 

 

 43 Acreages are based on GIS analysis layers that include designations from previous travel 

management decisions and temporary public use restrictions because of specific site conditions. 

Motorized access acres have been rounded. 

 44 May include seasonal use periods and may overlap with acreages identified as open to motorized 

access off of designated routes. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 123

Inventoried Roadless 

Area 

Total 

Acres 

Acres open to 

motorized access 

off designated 

routes43 

Acres open44 

to motorized 

access for 

dispersed 

camping 

% of IRA open 

to motorized 

access off 

designated 

routes 

% of Area 

Open to 

motorized 

access for 

dispersed 

camping 

Bearwallows 7,316 7,316 7,316 100% 100% 

Bend Watershed 14,827 3,445 10,695 23% 72% 

Charlton 7,047 0 6,386 0 90% 

Maiden Peak 26,437 1,507 26,437 5.7% 100% 

Metolius Breaks 11,141 49 6,100 44% 55% 

Mount Jefferson 2,282 0 0 0 0 

North Paulina 19,668 1,202 16,192 6% 82% 

South Paulina 9,072 124 4,859 1.4% 54% 

Three Sisters 7,686 1,603 6,607 21% 86% 

Waldo 4,973 0 4,223 0 85% 

West-South Bachelor 25,993 3,792 25,110 14.6% 97% 

Grand Total 136,442 19,038 113,925 14% 75% 

Ochoco National Forest 

Cottonwood Creek 9,930 1,337 1,391 13.5% 14% 

Deschutes/ Steelhead 

Canyon 10,781 0 0 0 0% 

Green Mountain 6,612 6,224 6,255 94 95% 

Lookout Mountain 14,116 687 706 4.9% 5% 

Rock Creek 11,389 4,332 4,417 38% 39% 

Grand Total 52,82845 12,580 12,769 24% 31% 

Designated System Roads in IRAs 

In 1972, the Forest Service initiated a review of National Forest System roadless areas generally larger than 

5,000 acres to determine their suitability for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System. A 

second review was completed in 1979. Since 1979, Congress has designated some of these roadless areas as 

Wilderness. The remaining Inventoried Roadless Areas were identified for specific management direction 

under Land and Resource Management Plans (Forest Plans) completed in the 1980s and 1990s. The 

direction contained within the Forest Plans allowed, under certain circumstances, roads to be constructed. 

Roads may have been constructed to provide access for timber sales, to provide access to private land 

adjacent to roadless areas and for other management activities. In some cases, especially on the Grassland, 

there are county and state roads crossing Inventoried Roadless Areas. Due to past management decisions, a 

portion of Inventoried Roadless Areas contain existing open and closed roads which are consistent with 

current direction. No new system roads have been constructed within Inventoried Roadless Areas on either 

forest since 2000.

 

 45 Total acreage for the Ochoco National Forest IRAs does not include approximately 8,000 acres of 

IRA on the Snow Mountain Ranger District, Ochoco National Forest administered by the Malheur 

National Forest. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 124

Roads that are maintenance level 1 are closed to motorized access, unless they occur in an area that is open 

to motorized access off designated routes. If they do occur in such an area, those maintenance level 1 routes 

are typically not specifically prohibited from motorized use unless they are physically blocked to prevent 

such use. Maintenance level 2 roads are open to non-highway legal as well as highway-legal vehicles, and 

maintenance level 3 roads are open to highway-legal vehicles only. Table 3-34 displays the current miles of 

National Forest system roads in IRAs on the Forests. 

Table 3-34 - Miles of National Forest System Roads within Inventoried Roadless Areas 

Analysis of Environmental Effects 

The unique qualities of IRAs, as described above, can be affected by motorized use. Furthermore, the degree 

to which those values may be affected by motorized use can be influenced by the amount of area that is open 

to motorized access. For all of these resources, however, the amount and frequency of use is one of the 

primary factors related to the extent and intensity of impacts. In Inventoried Roadless Areas, as in other 

areas, roads are often created by repeated motorized use off designated routes. The degree to which these 

user-created routes are developed is not known. However, it is assumed that motorized access would be 

limited by steep terrain, the amount and density of vegetation that would impede cross country travel and the 

proximity to existing open roads. Therefore, while it is difficult to project specific effects of motorized 

access on IRAs, comparison of the alternatives can be accomplished based on these assumptions of relatively 

low use. 

In addition, as recreation trends analyses predict, continued population growth and increased use of 

motorized vehicles would likely incrementally increase the demand and use of IRAs beyond current 

conditions. Many forest users seeking solitude are looking in remote backcountry settings; this trend may 

continue, or even increase as populations age. As more people are able to seek out backcountry areas off 

designated routes, more user-created routes are likely to occur. This could affect the roadless character of an 

Inventoried Roadless Area 

Miles of 

Maintenance 

Level 1 Roads 

in IRA 

Miles of 

Maintenance 

Level 2 Roads in 

IRA 

Miles of 

Maintenance 

Level 3 Roads 

in IRA 

Total Miles in 

IRA 

Deschutes National Forest 

Bearwallows 0 0.42 0 0.42 

Bend Watershed 0.97 0 0 0.97 

Maiden Peak 0.35 0 0 0.35 

Metolius Breaks 0.37 0.52 0 0.89 

South Paulina 1.01 0.03 0 1.04 

Three Sisters 0.93 1.67 0 2.60 

Waldo 0.77 0 0 0.77 

West-South Bachelor 0 0.06 0 0.06 

Grand Total 4.41 2.27 0 6.68 

Ochoco National Forest 

Cottonwood Creek .8 .6 0 1.4 

Deschutes/ Steelhead 

Canyon 9.2 13.3 .3 22.7 

Green Mountain 0 .3 0 .3 

Lookout Mountain .3 1.5 0 1.8 

Rock Creek 3.2 1.6 0 4.8 

Grand Total 13.4 17.4 .3 31.1 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 125

area or a portion of the area. However, if motorized access stays dispersed and at relatively low use levels, 

there is a lower likelihood that user-created routes would occur and impact the values of the IRAs. 

Alternative 1 

Alternative 1 could have an effect on the roadless and potential wilderness characteristics of the IRAs by 

continuing to allow motorized access off designated routes, especially in areas that would not impede access, 

and where current Forest Plan management direction allows motorized access. The majority of IRAs on the 

Deschutes National Forest are located on the Cascade Crest adjacent to existing wilderness areas or at higher 

elevations with steeper slopes and dense vegetation and ground slash. These site conditions do not foster 

significant amounts of motorized access because of the work necessary to pioneer a trail. Therefore, it is 

expected that motorized access within IRAs on the Deschutes would be limited to areas of easier travel 

adjacent to existing open roads. Other areas on the Ochoco National Forest are on more level ground with 

little impeding vegetation and would provide easier access for cross country travel of motorized vehicles. 

The expected trend is for increases in motorized use in general on the forests and grassland and a 

proportional increase in motorized access to dispersed camping off designated routes in the IRAs would be 

expected. This use could impact unroaded characteristics such as the primitive recreation experience, soil, 

water, and air quality, with increased potential for erosion, dust, noise, and other environmental impacts. 

These impacts are more likely to occur within a certain distance of an existing open road and where site 

conditions allow for cross country travel. It is not likely that an entire IRA would become so roaded or 

impacted that the IRA would not be eligible to be considered as potential wilderness because of the extent of 

interior area away from open roads and inability to easily travel without a pioneered road. See Tab;e 3-35 

for the expected impacts by IRA criteria for each alternative. 

Effects Common to Alternatives 2 and 3 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would prohibit motorized access off designated routes. Both action alternatives would 

reduce the impacts (such as those described above under Alternative 1) on inventoried roadless area 

characteristics that result from cross country motorized use. These prohibitions would also maintain existing 

roadless and potential wilderness characteristics such as natural-appearing landscapes, undeveloped and 

primitive recreation opportunities, as no new designated routes would be created in the roadless landscape. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would prohibit motorized access for dispersed camping beyond 300 feet of the 

centerline of an open designated route. This would further reduce the impacts on inventoried roadless area 

characteristics, especially in interior areas farther than 300 feet. 

Alternative 2 

Alternative 2 would designate motorized access for dispersed camping within 300 feet from a designated 

route under special provisions only. Therefore, there would be no change from Alternative 1 in the amount 

of existing, defined or designated sites for dispersed camping with a motorized vehicle. This approach 

would concentrate motorized access for dispersed camping within a measured area near an existing 

designated route. No new areas or access routes would be developed as the special provisions allow 

dispersed camping access to already existing, defined or designated sites only. 

However, one change from existing closed areas would be the expected increase in motorized access for 

dispersed camping in the Deschutes/ Steelhead Canyon IRA on the Crooked River National Grassland. A 

1,296-acre increase in motorized access to dispersed camping off designated routes in this IRA could have a 

moderate impact to characteristics such as the primitive recreation experience or soil, water, air quality, with 

increased erosion, dust, and noise potential within 300 feet of an open designated route. However, because 

the area under the current condition is closed to motorized access and under Alternative 2 motorized access 

for dispersed camping is limited to existing, defined or designated sites, it is not likely that use will increase 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 126

over what is currently occurring. All motorized access for dispersed camping would be limited to the special 

provisions and no new dispersed camping sites would be developed nor would any new access roads be 

authorized. 

In general, Alternative 2 would not impact the ability of the IRA to be considered for a potential wilderness, 

and would likely result in beneficial impacts over the No Action Alternative because motorized access 

would be limited to within 300 feet of roads and only to those sites already existing, designated, or defined 

for dispersed camping. See Table 3-35 for a summary of acreage figures for each IRA. 

Table 3-35 Alternative 2 - Acres Open to Motorized Access off Designated Routes and for Dispersed Camping in 

Inventoried Roadless Areas 

Inventoried Roadless 

Area 

Total 

Acres 

Acres open to 

motorized access 

off designated 

routes46

Acres open47 to 

motorized 

access for 

dispersed 

camping 

% of IRA open to 

motorized 

access off 

designated 

routes 

% of Area Open 

to motorized 

access for 

dispersed 

camping 

Deschutes National Forest 

Bearwallows 7,316 0 20 0% 0.27% 

Bend Watershed 14,827 0 0 0% 0% 

Charlton 7,047 0 0 0% 0% 

Maiden Peak 26,437 0 0 0% 0% 

Metolius Breaks 11,141 0 16 0% 0.14% 

Mount Jefferson 2,282 0 0 0% 0% 

North Paulina 19,668 0 0 0% 0% 

South Paulina 9,072 0 1 0% 0.01% 

Three Sisters 7,686 0 190 0% 2.47% 

Waldo 4,973 0 0 0% 0% 

West-South 

Bachelor 

25,993 0 20 0% 0.08% 

Grand Total 136,442 0 247 0% 0.18% 

Ochoco National Forest 

Cottonwood Creek 9,930 0 128 0% 1.29% 

Deschutes/ 

Steelhead Canyon 10,781 0 1,296 0% 8.32% 

Green Mountain 6,612 0 63 0% 0.95% 

Lookout Mountain 14,116 0 81 0% 0.57% 

Rock Creek 11,389 0 285 0% 2.5% 

Grand Total 52,828 0 1,853 0% 3.5% 

Alternative 3 

Alternative 3 would not allow motorized access off of designated routes nor allow motorized access for 

dispersed camping in any IRA on the Forests or Grassland. Prohibiting motorized access off designated 

routes would result in fewer impacts on resource values such as soil, water, and air, and would reduce the 

occurrence of effects such as erosion and dust. This would have a beneficial effect on all roadless and 

potential wilderness characteristics as existing impacted areas and vegetation would be expected to recover 

 

46 Acreages are based on gis analysis layers that include designations from previous travel management decisions and temporary public use 

restrictions because of specific site conditions. Motorized access acres have been rounded. 47 May include seasonal use periods 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 127

naturally. No additional or new areas would be impacted. Motorized use would be limited to existing open 

roads within the IRAs. See Table 3-36 for a summary of acreage figures for each IRA. 

Table 3-36 Alternative 3 - Acres Open to Motorized Access off Designated Routes and for Dispersed Camping in 

Inventoried Roadless Areas 

Inventoried 

Roadless Area 

Total 

Acres 

Acres open to 

motorized access 

off designated 

routes 

Acres open to 

motorized 

access for 

dispersed 

camping 

% of IRA open 

to motorized 

access off 

designated 

routes 

% of Area Open 

to motorized 

access for 

dispersed 

camping 

Deschutes National Forest 

Bearwallows 7,316 0 0 0% 0%

Bend Watershed 14,827 0 0 0% 0%

Charlton 7,047 0 0 0% 0%

Maiden Peak 26,437 0 0 0% 0%

Metolius Breaks 11,141 0 0 0% 0%

Mount Jefferson 2,282 0 0 0% 0%

North Paulina 19,668 0 0 0% 0%

South Paulina 9,072 0 0 0% 0%

Three Sisters 7,686 0 0 0% 0%

Waldo 4,973 0 0 0% 0%

West-South Bachelor 25,993 0 0 0% 0%

Grand Total 136,442 0 0 0% 0% 

Ochoco National Forest 

Cottonwood Creek 9,930 0 0 0% 0% 

Deschutes/ 

Steelhead Canyon 10,781 0 0 0% 0% 

Green Mountain 6,612 0 0 0% 0%

Lookout Mountain 14,116 0 0 0% 0%

Rock Creek 11,389 0 0 0% 0%

Grand Total 52,828 0 0 0% 0% 

General Impacts 

The effects of the Alternatives on Inventoried Roadless Area criteria have been documented in Table 3-37 - 

Summary of Inventoried Roadless Area Alternative Impacts by Criteria. In general, impacts of motorized 

use within IRAs would be greatest in Alternative 1 because existing management direction would continue 

to allow motorized access and cross country travel in some IRAs for a total of 31,618 acres on both Forests 

and Grassland. Motorized access on existing open roads would continue under all Alternatives and there is 

no change between alternatives. Alternative 2 and 3 would eliminate motorized access off of designated 

routes in all IRAs. Alternative 2 would maintain a total of 2,100 acres of motorized access for dispersed 

camping in five IRAs on the Deschutes National Forest and on all IRAs on the Ochoco National Forest. 

This access is subject to special provisions and therefore, dispersed camping would be limited to those sites 

already in existence and defined or designated. No new routes or sites would be designated under 

Alternative 2. Alternative 3 would not designate any motorized access for dispersed camping in any IRA on 

either national forest. Motorized access under Alternative 3 would be limited to existing open designated 

routes. More specific impacts by IRA criteria have been described in Table 3-37 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 128

Table 3-37. Summary of Inventoried Roadless Area Alternative Impacts by Criteria 

IRA Criteria Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 

Inventoried Roadless Area Criteria 

High quality or 

undisturbed soil, 

water, and air 

High quality or undisturbed soil, 

water and air would be 

continued especially in IRAs 

without roads and away from 

roads. In IRAs with roads, 

pioneering of roads would 

continue to occur for dispersed 

camping and new areas could 

be impacted. It is unlikely that 

impacted areas would affect 

soil, water or air quality because 

of the limited use currently 

occurring. 

Since no motorized access off 

designated routes would be 

allowed, impacts would be 

limited to within 300 feet of 

designated routes already 

existing within IRAs. 

In the Deschutes / Steelhead 

IRA on the Crooked River 

National Grassland, an area 

currently closed, would be open 

to motorized access for 

dispersed camping within 300 

feet of a designated route and 

limited to existing defined or 

designated sites. 

Areas currently impacted would 

be expected to recover to a 

more natural state. Those 

areas not impacted, would 

continue to provide high quality 

undisturbed soil, water and air 

resources under current 

conditions. It should be noted 

however, that due to high fuel 

loadings, many of the IRAs are 

at risk for high intensity, stand 

replacement fires that could 

impact soil, water and air. 

Because Alternative 3 limits 

motorized access to existing 

roads only, the risk of human 

caused starts is lowered 

because of the reduced 

motorized access. Access by 

non-motorized methods has not 

been restricted and human 

caused fire starts could still 

occur. 

Sources of public 

drinking water 

The Bend Watershed provides 

public drinking water for the city 

of Bend. It is within the Bend 

Watershed IRA. Sources of 

public drinking water would 

continue to be protected under 

current management direction. 

The Bend Watershed provides 

public drinking water for the 

city of Bend. It is within the 

Bend Watershed IRA. Sources 

of Public drinking water would 

continue to be protected under 

current management direction. 

The Bend Watershed provides 

public drinking water for the 

city of Bend. It is within the 

Bend Watershed IRA. Sources 

of Public drinking water would 

continue to be protected under 

current management direction. 

Diversity of plant and 

animal communities 

Because of the difficulty of 

motorized travel in many of the 

IRAs, the diversity of plant and 

animal communities is expected 

to remain the same. While some 

areas may experience increases 

in motorized use, impact is not 

expected away from existing 

roads. 

Alternative 2 would restrict 

motorized access off 

designated routes, thereby 

reducing the amount of ground 

potentially disturbed. 

Motorized access would be 

limited to designated routes 

already open under current 

management direction. 

Motorized access for dispersed 

camping would be limited to 

existing, defined, or designated 

sites and would not impact any 

additional acres. 

Alternative 3 would limit 

motorized access to existing 

roads within IRAs. There would 

be no motorized access for 

dispersed camping, so those 

areas currently being used 

would eventually recover 

naturally, and fallen trees would 

lead to areas becoming less 

accessible, thus impacted, by 

motorized activities. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 129

IRA Criteria Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 

Habitat for 

threatened, 

endangered, 

proposed, candidate, 

and sensitive species 

and for those species 

dependent on large, 

undisturbed areas of 

land 

Habitat for threatened, 

endangered, proposed, 

candidate, and sensitive species 

would still be provided in IRAs, 

especially in those IRAs with no 

existing roads and for those 

with roads, it is likely impacts 

would be limited to within a 

certain distance from the road 

based on terrain and vegetation 

conditions. Large areas of 

undisturbed land would still be 

available for those species 

needing such habitat. 

Alternative 2 would limit 

motorized activities to within 

300 feet of roads and to areas 

where dispersed campsites 

have already been developed. 

Habitat for threatened, 

endangered, proposed, 

candidate, and sensitive 

species would still be provided 

in IRAs, especially in those 

IRAs with no existing roads, 

and for those with roads it is 

likely impacts would be limited 

to within a certain distance 

from the road based on terrain 

and vegetation conditions. 

Large areas of undisturbed land 

would still be available for 

those species needing such 

habitat. 

Alternative 3 would not allow 

any motorized access off 

designated routes, therefore 

habitat for threatened, 

endangered, proposed, 

candidate, and sensitive 

species would still be provided 

in IRAs, and areas where 

impacts have occurred would 

eventually recover. Large areas 

of undisturbed land would still 

be available for those species 

needing such habitat. 

Primitive, SemiPrimitive NonMotorized, and SemiPrimitive Motorized 

classes of dispersed 

recreation 

This alternative would continue 

to allow incidental cross 

country travel and dispersed 

camping utilizing motorized 

vehicles, especially near 

existing open roads. It is 

unlikely that motorized access 

would occur in the interior of 

the larger IRAs because of 

natural terrain barriers and 

dense vegetation. It is not likely 

that this use would be large and 

cause degradation of dispersed 

recreational experience. Semiprimitive motorized dispersed 

recreation would not be affected 

by this alternative. 

This alternative would provide 

primitive and semi-primitive 

non-motorized dispersed 

recreation opportunities 

beyond 300’ from system roads. 

This alternative would improve 

conditions over the no action 

alternative by prohibiting 

motorized access off 

designated routes. Semiprimitive motorized dispersed 

camping would be limited to 

existing open roads and access 

to existing, designated, or 

defined campsites. Therefore 

there would be a reduction in 

the areas available for 

motorized recreation access. 

This alternative would provide 

primitive and semi-primitive 

non-motorized dispersed 

recreation in all IRAs. 

Motorized use would be limited 

to existing open roads. There 

would be no motorized access 

to dispersed campsites, even 

existing campsites, with this 

alternative. Recreationists 

would be limited to parking 

their vehicle on the roadside 

and would not be able to enter 

the IRA except on an open road. 

Therefore there would be a 

reduction in the amount of 

acres available for motorized 

access for dispersed camping 

over Alternatives 1 and 2. No 

new motorized routes would be 

designated. 

Reference 

landscapes 

Reference landscapes within 

IRAs would still be provided, 

especially where roads are not 

located within IRAs. 

Reference landscapes within 

IRAs would still be provided, 

especially where roads are not 

located within IRAs. 

Reference landscapes within 

IRAs would still be provided, 

especially where roads are not 

located within IRAs. 

Natural appearing 

landscapes with high 

scenic quality 

There would be little change to 

the current natural appearing 

landscape within the IRAs with 

the implementation of this 

alternative. In areas with 

existing roads, the trend of 

increasing use and continued 

motorized access could 

increase the evidence of human 

use. However, this would be 

limited to pioneered roads and 

some ground disturbance near 

existing roads and where 

natural terrain conditions and 

vegetation allow cross country 

travel. It is unlikely that entire 

IRAs would be negatively 

affected. 

There would be little change to 

the current natural appearing 

landscape within the IRAs with 

the implementation of this 

alternative. Access would be 

limited to existing open roads 

and to access dispersed 

campsites within 300 feet of 

roads. No additional impacts 

would occur as no new 

dispersed camping access 

would be permitted under this 

alternative. Natural appearing 

landscapes would be available, 

especially beyond 300 feet from 

open roads. 

There would be little change to 

the current natural appearing 

landscape within the IRAs with 

the implementation of this 

alternative. Over time, existing 

access routes would no longer 

be used and revegetation would 

occur, with more natural 

appearing landscapes in the 

future. The only motorized 

access would be on existing 

designated routes. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 130

IRA Criteria Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 

Traditional cultural 

properties and sacred 

sites 

Traditional cultural properties 

and sacred sites would continue 

to be vulnerable to motorized 

access where current 

management direction allows 

motorized access off designated 

routes and travel to campsites 

where the sites are near 

currently open roads. It is 

unlikely that motorized access 

would occur in the interior of 

IRAs that are not currently 

roaded. 

Traditional cultural properties 

and sacred sites would be 

protected under this alternative 

because no new motorized 

dispersed camp sites would be 

allowed. Existing dispersed 

campsites would be closed if 

cultural properties were 

discovered that could be 

impacted by motorized and 

dispersed camping activities. 

Traditional cultural properties 

and sacred sites would be 

protected under this alternative 

because no motorized access 

would be allowed except on 

currently designated routes. 

Motorized access to existing 

dispersed campsites would be 

eliminated and cultural 

properties and sites would be 

protected from motorized use. 

Other locally identified 

unique characteristics 

Locally identified unique 

characteristics would not be 

affected by this alternative 

unless the characteristic only 

occurred near open roads. 

Cross country travel could still 

occur but would likely occur in 

areas where terrain and 

vegetation conditions permitted 

motorized travel. 

Locally identified unique 

characteristics would not be 

affected by this alternative 

because the amount of 

designated motorized access 

would be limited to within 300 

feet of designated routes and 

existing, designated or defined 

sites. Motorized access off 

designated routes would not 

be permitted so interior IRAs 

would remain as they current 

exist or impacts from past 

motorized use would improve 

with natural revegetation. 

Locally identified unique 

characteristics would not be 

affected by this alternative 

because the amount of 

designated motorized access 

would be limited to designated 

routes. Motorized access for 

dispersed camping and 

motorized access off 

designated routes would not be 

permitted so the interior of IRAs 

would remain as they current 

exist. Impacts from past 

motorized use would be 

expected to naturally recover. 

Potential Wilderness Criteria 

Natural quality Overall, natural qualities would 

be maintained with Alternative 1 

because while cross country 

motorized travel is allowed it is 

not likely to occur at high levels 

throughout the entire IRA. 

Use is expected in areas near 

designated routes adjacent to 

IRAs, but impacts are not 

expected to prevent the area 

from being considered as a 

potential wilderness area. 

 

Natural qualities would be 

maintained by this alternative 

as cross country motorized 

travel would be prohibited. The 

alternative would allow 

motorized access for dispersed 

camping on already existing, 

defined and designated camp 

sites. This would limit impacts 

to within 300’ of currently open 

roads and no new areas would 

be developed. Interior IRA 

areas would maintain their 

natural qualities and would not 

incur motorized impacts. 

Natural qualities would be 

maintained by this alternative 

as motorized access off 

designated routes and 

motorized access for dispersed 

camping would be prohibited. 

Interior IRA areas would 

maintain their natural qualities 

and would not incur motorized 

impacts. Areas adjacent to 

open roads impacted by 

previous motorized access 

would naturally revegetate and 

impacts would diminish. 

Undeveloped quality Under this alternative, it is 

expected that motorized access 

would continue to occur beyond 

existing roads and that people 

would pioneer roads into areas 

for camping, hunting, recreation 

and for other interests. Access 

would be limited by natural 

terrain features and vegetation 

density and likely would not 

impact areas away from existing 

roads. 

Undeveloped qualities would be 

slightly impacted by this 

alternative but would be limited 

to motorized access for 

dispersed camping in sites that 

are already existing or defined. 

Therefore, no additional 

impacts would be expected 

than are already currently 

occurring. 

Undeveloped qualities would be 

maintained by Alternative 3 

because motorized access 

would be limited to existing 

roads within IRAs. Motorized 

access off designated routes, 

and motorized access for 

dispersed camping would be 

prohibited. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 131

IRA Criteria Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 

Outstanding 

opportunities for 

solitude or primitive 

and unconfined 

recreation 

 Opportunities for solitude or 

primitive and unconfined 

recreation would continue with 

this alternative, especially away 

from existing roads and in those 

IRAs with no roads. Motorized 

access would continue to occur 

but would be limited by natural 

terrain and vegetation density. 

Opportunities for solitude or 

primitive and unconfined 

recreation would be improved 

over the existing condition with 

this alternative as motorized 

access would be limited to 

within 300’ of designated 

routes, motorized access for 

dispersed camping limited to 

existing, designated, or defined 

sites. Impacts to vegetation 

beyond 300’ would be expected 

to recover naturally. 

Opportunities for solitude or 

primitive and unconfined 

recreation would be maintained 

with this alternative as 

motorized access would be 

limited to existing roads. 

Motorized access off 

designated routes, and 

motorized access for dispersed 

camping would be prohibited. 

Special features and 

values 

Special features and values 

would be maintained, especially 

in areas that limit motorized 

access because of natural 

terrain barriers and dense 

vegetation. In areas where a 

more open and level ground 

occurs, motorized vehicle use 

may be more apparent, 

especially in the future, as 

expected trends in motorized 

recreation use increase. 

However, it is still unlikely that 

expected increases would result 

in degradation of special 

features of IRAs as the majority 

of IRAs are not presently roaded 

and do not afford easy access. 

Special features and values 

would be maintained, especially 

300’ beyond designated routes 

where existing, defined or 

designated dispersed camp 

sites already occur. Within 300’ 

of existing open roads and 

where campsites already occur, 

evidence of human use maybe 

apparent in the form of vehicle 

tracks, dust, soil disturbance 

and loss of vegetative cover. 

Special features and values 

would be maintained as they 

currently exist with this 

alternative because no 

motorized access would be 

allowed except on designated 

routes. 

Manageability Manageability would not be 

affected. There would be no 

new roads or access developed 

under this alternative. Cross 

country travel is allowed in 

some IRAs and would be 

expected to continue and 

increase in some areas. Some 

motorized access for dispersed 

camping may be developed as 

populations increase in the local 

area and more people are 

interested in accessing areas by 

motor vehicles. However, 

access would be limited by 

natural terrain and vegetation 

density obstacles. 

Manageability would not be 

affected. 

Manageability would not be 

affected. 

Soils 

Executive Summary 

This section summarizes the analysis of the effects on soils within the analysis area that could be affected by 

the proposed action. 

Approximately 625,430 acres on the Deschutes National Forest, and 431,784 acres on the Ochoco National 

Forest and Crooked River National Grassland are currently open to motorized access off designated routes. 

In general, the implementation of the action alternatives of this EIS would have a positive effect on the soil 

resource by reducing the amount of area on which motorized vehicle traffic would be allowed. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 132

Alternatives 2 and 3 would have a positive effect by restricting motorized access for dispersed camping to 

within 300’ of centerline of all designated routes, allowing natural recovery of soils and vegetation in 

currently existing sites greater than 300’ from an open road. There would also be a beneficial effect 

associated with pulling back vehicular traffic and parking for dispersed camping at least 30’ from stream 

banks. However, additional site specific impacts could have an adverse effect as new parking areas are 

created to compensate for the 30’ setback restriction. 

Alternative 2 could have an adverse effect on currently un-impacted areas of the soil resource. Upland areas 

that lack vegetation capable of inhibiting travel would be susceptible to the establishment of new campsites, 

parking areas, and new ingress/egress routes within 300’ of designated routes. Alternative 3 would 

beneficially reduce potential impacts to the soil resource from motorized access for dispersed camping as a 

direct result of implementing special provision restrictions on additional upland areas managed with general 

provision restrictions under Alternative 2. Alternative 3 protects substantially more acres than Alternative 2 

from direct impacts to the soil resource as a result of motorized access for dispersed camping. This equates 

to the restriction of motorized access for dispersed camping on nearly eight times as many acres on the 

Deschutes National Forest (404,730 acres versus 51,044 acres) and over twice as many acres on the Ochoco 

National Forest (124,327 acres versus 54,594 acres). 

Affected Environment 

Geology 

The Deschutes National Forest, Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland are primarily 

underlain by volcanic rocks of a variety of ages. The older volcanic terrain (40 Ma to 17 Ma), underlying the 

Ochoco National Forest, is comprised of basalts and andesites weathering to clays. Water infiltration does 

not readily occur and groundwater flow is moderate to low. Large rotational landslides have developed 

across the Ochoco Mountains during the past 10,000 years and pockets of these landslides reactivate at times 

when the groundwater flow is modified. Approximately 62 acres on the Ochoco National Forest have active 

landslides and 87,199 acres contain dormant landslide terrain. Approximately 1,371 acres on the Grassland 

and 357 acres on the Deschutes National Forest are located on dormant landslide terrain (see Geology 

section). The younger volcanic units (less than 17 Ma) underlying the Grassland and Deschutes National 

Forest are comprised of basalts and andesites that exhibit more porous characteristics, allowing more 

groundwater flow. Landslide prone areas on the Deschutes are very minimal, generally limited to steep 

glaciated valleys of the Little Deschutes River and tributaries of the Metolius River. 

Soils 

Volcanic ash and pumice deposits from Mount Mazama, Newberry volcano and others have generally 

deposited moderately deep layers of pumiceous ash across the Deschutes National Forest. The Mazama and 

Newberry events also deposited deep layers of coarser pumice on the Crescent Ranger District and the 

Bend/Ft. Rock District, respectively. A variable mantle of sandsize ashfall from Mount Mazama caps older 

residual soils on the Ochoco National Forest and Grassland. In general, soils are moderately deep to shallow 

across the Ochoco and Grassland, and deep to moderately deep across the Deschutes. Older soils similar to 

those found on the Ochoco and Grassland are present on the Deschutes National Forest on Pine Mountain 

(Bend/Ft. Rock District) and Green Ridge (Sisters Ranger District), respectively. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 133

Soil characteristics within the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Grassland vary primarily 

according to the type and depth of the parent material on site. Soils in the planning area are primarily 

volcanic in origin, generally having developed from wind deposited ash and pumice from Mount Mazama 

and/or other vent sources. Older soils on the Ochoco National Forest and parts of the Deschutes National 

Forest have weathered in place from volcanic basalts, andesites or tuffs, and may or may not be covered by 

ashfall from a vent source. 

Soil characteristics also differ due to variations in topography, microclimate and moisture regimes that 

influence the weathering development of the soil and the vegetation supported on site. Plant communities 

supported within the planning area include scablands, grasslands and coniferous forests, each of which 

provide varying amounts of natural, vegetated cover. The amount and type of cover influences the soils 

ability to resist the natural erosive forces of wind and water as a result of rainfall impacts or overland flow. 

Change to the amount and type of vegetated cover is one of the primary characteristic of the soil resource 

affected by management or recreational activities regulated in the travel access management proposal. 

Erosion Hazards 

Soils across both forests are variably susceptible to wind and water erosion, a risk that is calculated as a 

basic erosion rate for each soil type and expressed on a relative basis as an erosion hazard when slope class 

is accounted for. The basic erosion rate is the inherent susceptibility of the soil to resist erosive forces, which 

is inversely related to surface texture and is calculated based on 100% bare mineral soil conditions. Since the 

basic erosion rate is primarily influenced by the particle size of the surface mineral soil, finer textured soils 

on the Ochoco National Forest and Grassland generally have higher values than those on the Deschutes. 

Erosion hazard expresses a more accurate rate of erosion given existing amounts of surface cover, slope 

gradient and intensity of a specific rainfall or wind event. Although the basic erosion rate for soils across the 

planning area is generally moderate or low, the erosion hazard includes classes of high and very high when 

these elements are factored in. Existing vegetative cover is generally sufficient to reduce raindrop impacts 

and minimize overland flow accumulations and energies, except for areas burned within the last year. 

Slopes range from slightly steep to steep across the Ochoco National Forest and landslide prone terrain is 

present. Slopes across the Grassland and Deschutes National Forest range from slightly steep to moderately 

steep, with some steep slopes present on the Deschutes along glaciated valley side slopes. Rainfall intensity 

is generally highest when associated with thunderstorm events, although the duration of these events is 

generally short-lived and infiltration rates of most soils with sufficient vegetative cover are capable of 

absorbing the majority of rainfall. 

The likelihood of intense rainfall for extended durations tends to be greatest on the Ochoco National Forest 

and Grassland, although the Cascade Crest and all portions of the Deschutes can receive this type of event. 

Although soils are generally moderately well to somewhat excessively drained across the planning area, and 

are less likely to be saturated prior to a thunderstorm event, intense rainfall events do occasionally exceed 

the infiltration rates of the soil. Rainfall that does not infiltrate into the soil generally becomes surface runoff 

in the form of localized sheet flow that can produce rills and gullies when storm durations are extended or 

compacted surfaces such as roads or trails act to concentrate them. The loss of surface cover due to 

mechanical or fire disturbances also directly increases the erosion rate of the soil resource. 

Surface rock fragments, organic matter content, structure and infiltration rate of the soil also contribute to the 

calculation of erosion hazard for a particular soil type. Surface rock fragments are generally highest across 

scablands on the Grassland and Ochoco National Forest, and glaciated terrain on the Deschutes National 

Forest. Organic matter content is relatively low throughout all areas and structure varies according to the 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 134

age and type of parent material. Infiltration rates are generally moderately rapid for soils on the Ochoco 

National Forest and moderately rapid to rapid on the Deschutes National Forest, although there are clay 

scabland areas on the Ochoco and Grassland with lower infiltration rates readily exceeded by thunderstorm 

events. Erosion hazards have been calculated for soils on the Ochoco National Forest and Grassland, and 

estimated for soils on the Deschutes National Forest. 

Sediment Production 

As a result of the inherent physical and climatological characteristics of the planning area, sediment 

production from soils is generally low to moderate. Exceptions include finer textured soils on scablands or 

areas of high disturbance (compacted or de-vegetated) exposed to high intensity rainfalls that exceed the 

infiltration rates of the soil. Although sediment yields have not been directly measured in local streams and 

watersheds, they are known to be accelerated in many upland areas as a result of surface-disturbing land uses 

such as grazing, mining, timber harvesting, and off-road vehicle use. Poorly located and/or un-maintained 

roads and trails can also contribute sediment above and beyond normal amounts generated by a watershed. 

Change to the infiltration rates of the mineral soil as a result of mechanical disturbance is also one of the 

primary characteristic of the soil resource affected by management or recreational activities regulated in the 

travel access management proposal. Land disturbances on unstable, steep slopes can alter the surface and 

subsurface drainage of water across landscapes and increase the potential to initiate landslides. OHV trails 

can intercept and concentrate runoff that tends to saturate localized areas. Water concentrated on and above 

OHV trails that traverse mountain slopes can increase the weight of hillslopes and raises the risk of 

landslides on susceptible areas of the Ochoco National Forest. 

Management Direction 

The Deschutes Land and Resource Management Plan (LRMP) includes Forest-wide standards and guidelines 

that direct land management activities to promote the maintenance or enhancement of soil productivity. 

Forest Standards and Guidelines applicable to this project include: 

1) Leaving a minimum of 80 percent of an activity area in a condition of acceptable productivity 

potential following the implementation of proposed activities (Forest Plan Standard and Guidelines 

SL-1 and SL-3; p. 4-70); 

2) Regulating the use of mechanical equipment in sensitive soil areas. Operations will be restricted 

to existing trails and roads whenever feasible (SL-5). 

The Ochoco Land and Resource Management Plan includes Forest-wide standards and guidelines to 

minimize compaction, displacement, erosion and mass wasting of the soil resource by proposed activities. 

These are summarized on p 4-195, 196, 197 and 198 of the Ochoco LRMP. 

Deschutes and Ochoco LRMP Standard and Guidelines for the soil resource relevant to this project 

(Deschutes SL-1, SL-3 and SL-5; Ochoco p 4-195, 196, 197) would be met under either action alternative. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 135

Analysis of Environmental Effects 

The following section summarizes the potential effects that motorized vehicles can incur on the soil and 

vegetative components that indirectly affect the erosion and sediment potential of impacted areas. 

 

Motorized access off of designated routes and motorized access for dispersed camping can compact and 

displace the soil, reducing the productivity of the resource and altering the vegetative cover and the 

erosion/sediment potential of the affected areas. 

Soils - The range of soil textures and soil types located in riparian and upland landscape positions across the 

Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests are all susceptible to detrimental increases in soil strength after 

multiple vehicle trips. Some finer textured soils in riparian areas can become rutted and express detrimental 

puddling when vehicular traffic occurs during wet conditions. Increased soil strength directly reduces the 

productivity and decreases the infiltration rates of the affected areas on a localized basis. 

Vegetation – The health and vigor of riparian and upland vegetation present across the two forests are 

susceptible to physical crushing and detrimental compaction. Existing parking or vehicular access roads 

associated with dispersed camping are generally detrimentally compacted and have reduced vegetative 

cover. Recovery of vegetation on these sites is generally slow due to the compacted ground and continual 

traffic during the growing season. 

Sediment – Decreases in infiltration rates and the loss of effective cover capable of reducing raindrop 

impacts and filtering sediment from overland flows directly increases the potential to source and route 

sediment from areas impacted by motorized vehicle traffic. Erosion losses from these sites can reduce soil 

productivity and produce sediment that can affect water quality and fish habitat when routed to streams, 

wetlands, and lakes. 

The extent to which motorized access off designated routes, localized vehicular traffic, and dispersed 

camping have affected the soil resource is variable according to the physical characteristics of the soil, the 

physiographic position on the landscape, and the intensity of use. All three uses have increased over the last 

decade as motorized recreational populations increase and more people disperse camp. Soils across both 

forests are susceptible to compaction from continued motorized traffic, with those located in riparian 

locations somewhat more so due to generally finer surface textures. 

Motorized Access off Designated Routes 

Approximately 625,430 acres on the Deschutes National Forest and 431,784 acres on the Ochoco National 

Forest are currently open for year round or seasonal motorized access off of designated routes. Off Highway 

Vehicle (OHV) and automobiles access off of designated routes has variably incurred compaction and 

displacement of the soil resource throughout the two National Forests. Impacts to the soil resource are more 

concentrated where play areas and hill climbs have been created, and less concentrated when associated with 

point to point and loop trails. Play areas tend to have extensive soil disturbance as a result of continual use of 

hill climbs and high density trails that creates contiguous areas of displaced top soil, exposed mineral soil 

and denuded vegetation. Cross country trails tend to impact a lesser percentage of the land base by creating 

relatively narrow trails at varying densities across the landscape. 

Soils where play areas or trails have been created by motorized access off designated routes have had 

physical and vegetated characteristics affected by OHVs and automobile traffic. Motorized access off 

designated routes generally displaces the surface organic matter from the pathway, compacts the mineral 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 136

soil, and physically crushes existing vegetation where traffic occurs. Compaction and displacement combine 

to reduce the productivity of the soil on affected areas, while continued traffic limits the re-growth and cover 

of live vegetation on and immediately adjacent to the path of travel. Compaction of the surface mineral soil 

on gentle grades destroys structure and decreases pore spaces between mineral soil grains, directly 

decreasing water infiltration rates and increasing overland flow rates and energies. These conditions in turn 

increase the potential for erosion and transport of sediment from these areas. 

Hill climb sections of user-created trails are often too steep in grade, creating conditions that displaces 

mineral soil and gullies the trail. Most trail sections lack adequate drainage and are generally not maintained 

to minimize erosion or gullying of the trail tread. Trail sections with these conditions that are not located 

near water are primarily losing productivity due to the erosional loss of surface organic and mineral soil 

horizons. Trails located near water that do not have sufficient drainage structures to keep them from being 

hydrologically connected to the stream network are capable of contributing sediment directly to streams, as 

well as incurring localized loss of productivity. 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Localized vehicular traffic for access to dispersed camping or other activities has variably disturbed the soil 

resource across the two forest area. The effects to the soil resource are similar to those described for 

motorized access off designated routes. Continual use of an area by vehicles for dispersed camping or day 

use parking generally results in compacted soil and a surface denuded of vegetation. These areas are present 

across the project area where desirable dispersed camp sites, generally along stream courses, have been used 

for many years. 

Dispersed camping - Inventories of dispersed sites across the planning area are derived from Forest Plan era 

surveys on the Ochoco and Grassland, or from a combination of Forest Plan era and more recent surveys on 

the Deschutes. The majority of sites are within 100’ of streams, lakes and wetlands, including 905 sites on 

the Deschutes and 214 sites on the Ochoco and Grassland. Summaries of inventoried sites queried from GIS 

include: 

 sites within 100’ riparian buffers; (Deschutes = 905; Ochoco/Grassland = 214) 

 sites located within 300’ of an open road that also has a stream or wetland within 300’ (“special 

provision riparian areas”); and 

 sites within non-riparian upland locations greater than 300’ from an open road. 

The creation and continued use of dispersed campsites adversely affects the soil resource by compacting 

mineral soil and reducing vegetative cover, especially in areas where vehicles traffic or tents are set up. 

Compacted conditions and continued traffic keep the surface denuded of vegetation and limit the recovery of 

vegetation in traffic areas during the growing season. As a result, the extent of impact within a dispersed site 

tends to expand and/or become more barren over time as the duration and intensity of use increases. 

Impacted areas generally have decreased infiltration rates and lower surface cover that can contribute to an 

increase in the amount and energy of overland flow during rainfall events, thereby increasing the risk of 

erosion from the site and sediment contribution to streams if the site is hydrologically connected to the 

stream network. 

Site Specific Areas - The majority of dispersed campsites across the planning area are associated with water 

features or other desirable destinations that have been used for many years. The following areas listed in 

Table 3-38 have been identified by District and Forest personnel as having high levels of impact from 

motorized access for dispersed camping and/or motorized access off designated routes. Best professional 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 137

judgment was used to estimate the extent of existing impacts in these areas and potential changes as a result 

of implementing the Travel Management Rule and site specific OHV trail projects proposed across the 

planning area. 

Table 3-38 Site Specific Areas of High Impact on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests 

Site 

Total 

Existing 

acres of 

impact 

Estimated 

acres or 

miles under 

Alternatives 

2 & 3 

Assumptions for change under 

Alternatives 2 & 3 

Crane Prairie 

Reservoir 60 acres 30 assumes 50% of currently impacted area is from unauthorized travel 

Wickiup Reservoir 910 acres 450 assumes 50% of currently impacted area is from 

unauthorized travel 

Whychus Creek 

crossing area 20 acres 4 majority of existing impact is from unauthorized travel 

Meadow Lakes 20 acres 10 

user created trails to be closed and setback of 

motorized access for dispersed sites back 30’ from 

waters edge 

Metolius/Jack 

Creek/Canyon 

Creeks 

9 acres 3 decrease in unauthorized travel 

McKay Creek 

(Ochco National 

Forest) 

9,000 acres 200 Area closure for unauthorized travel and designation 

of sites for dispersed camping. 

Lava Rock 

unauthorized trails 

(Des. National 

Forest) 

100+ miles ~207 

miles 

Site specific Lava Rock OHV EIS proposes to 

designate trail system in area 

Green Ridge 

unauthorized trails 

(Des. National 

Forest) 

~100 miles 0 Travel Management Rule to close unauthorized trails 

Alternative 1 

Under the No Action alternative, approximately 625,430 acres on the Deschutes National Forest and 431,784 

acres on the Ochoco National Forest would remain open for year round or seasonal motorized access off of 

designated routes. Although the access and use of areas open to motorized travel varies widely due to slope, 

rock and vegetation constraints, the soil resource on the majority of these acres would remain susceptible to 

additional impacts from motorized access off designated routes, and motorized access for dispersed 

camping. Unrestricted motorized access off designated routes would likely expand the extent of compacted 

and displaced soil as existing trails continue to be used and new trails were formed. 

In general, the soil resource is likely to remain in a detrimental condition in areas currently impacted by 

motorized vehicle use, while new areas of the soil resource would incur additional detrimental soil 

conditions as motorized use expands and increases. As overall recreation use numbers increase across the 

two forests, additional impacts to the soil resource are most likely to occur adjacent to the heavily used 

existing dispersed camping or unauthorized trail areas described in Table_1. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 138

Motorized Access off Designated Routes 

Unauthorized trails have increased in number over the past decade as motorized vehicle users explore and 

expand their range across public lands. Unrestricted motorized access off of designated routes under 

Alternative 1 would continue to allow the creation and use of unauthorized trails across the two forest area. 

The soil resource would continue to be adversely impacted by vehicle tires on existing unauthorized trails, 

maintaining the soil resource in a detrimental condition on the tread of these trails. Although the existing 

number of user created trail miles across the two forests is unknown and inventories are not complete, the 

Lava Rock and Green Ridge areas on the Deschutes National Forest have an estimated 200 miles of 

unauthorized trails alone. More miles of unauthorized trail are likely to exist across the two forest area. 

For comparison, approximately 370 miles of OHV trails are currently designated across the 1,057,214 acres 

of Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest lands open to motorized access off of designated routes. None of 

the alternatives analyzed under this EIS would alter the existing miles of designated trail. The 370 miles of 

designated trails constitutes less than .0003 miles of trail per acre of forest open to motorized vehicles. 

Conservatively estimating the miles of existing user-created trails at double the existing designated trail 

miles would generate a figure of .001 miles of existing designated and unauthorized trails per acre of open 

Forest lands. Although it is not known at what rate new trail miles are being created, the percentage of the 

land base currently committed to detrimental conditions by this activity can be estimated as follows: 

 .001 miles of existing designated and user unauthorized trail/acre of open national forest 

lands = 5.3 ft of trail/acre; 

 5.3 ft of trail/acre converts to 25 ft2

/acre using an average 5 ft trail width; 

 25 ft2

/ 43,560 ft2 x 100 = .05% of the land base. 

Although localized conditions are likely to be more concentrated than this, the percentage of the soil 

resource committed to a detrimental condition as a result of motorized access off of designated routes and 

associated unauthorized trails is very low (less than 1/10 of 1 percent) at the Forest or 4th field watershed 

scale (see Hydrology section). 

Continued unrestricted motorized access off of designated routes under Alternative 1 would incur additional 

soil disturbance in the form of compaction of mineral soil and the displacement of surface organics where 

new trail routes were created. Detrimental soil conditions would be incurred on the trail tread of new routes 

if they were trafficked regularly and became definable trails. Although the rate at which new trail miles 

would be created is not known, the current trend of use and trail creation would be expected to continue 

under legal cross country motorized travel. However, the combination of existing unauthorized and 

potentially newly created trails would still represent a very small percentage of the Forest land base. The 

extent to which these activities would alter soil productivity at the watershed or Forest scale is not known 

with the data available at this time. 

Unauthorized motorized access off of designated routes on buttes and other topographic features would 

continue under Alternative 1. Use of existing play areas would continue to occur while uncontrolled 

development of new play areas is likely to occur under this alternative. Development and use of play areas 

by motorized vehicles has been observed to detrimentally compact and displace the soil resource on a 

localized basis. Many of these areas on the Deschutes National Forest are located on cinder cones or buttes 

with soils sensitive to displacement, while many hill climb features on the Ochoco National Forest have soils 

sensitive to compaction and nearby surface water features that are susceptible to receiving sediment from 

compacted and denuded soil. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 139

Direct impacts to the soil resource from OHV play areas have been observed at levels capable of reducing 

soil productivity and denuding vegetation from a concentrated area of use. Direct effects to the soil resource 

from motorized vehicles in play areas include the displacement of surface organics and mineral soil from the 

site and compaction of subsurface soil layers. Indirect effects include the reduction of soil productivity, the 

loss of vegetative and organic cover on the surface, and the erosional loss and transport of sediment to toe 

slopes or streams. These impacts have been shown in the literature to incur detrimental soil impacts on a 

localized basis that are extensive enough to impact the productivity of the soil resource in these areas and 

contribute sediment to streams (Ouren, et al. 2007) 

OHV activity on trails and play areas can also produce appreciable amounts of dust. The soils within the 

planning area are susceptible to producing dust due the fine ash content and/or the susceptibility of 

pumiceous material to breakdown into finer particles from motor vehicle tires. The amount of dust generated 

is directly related to the surface area of trails and play areas denuded of vegetative cover, the number of 

OHVs operating, and the surface moisture conditions at the time of activity. Dust suspended in the air is 

generally transported away from the site and deposited onto vegetation. Accumulations of dust on 

vegetation can disrupt photosynthetic and respiration processes, leading to reduced plant growth, 

reproduction, and survivorship. Fugitive dust composed of lightweight soil particles (including silt and clay) 

has the potential to impact more total area than other impacts of paved or unpaved roads (Forman and others, 

2003). This dust can have significant effects on ecosystems (Westec, 1979) when transported onto 

vegetation and human health (Kenedi, et al., 2000) when suspended in the air. 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

There would be no change to the access of motorized vehicles for the purpose of dispersed camping under 

Alternative 1. Existing access roads to dispersed sites across both forests are located on both upland and 

riparian soils and can range from completely denuded, exposed natural surface roads to vegetated, “two 

track” roads. The access roads located on riparian soils are susceptible to excessive rutting when traveled 

during the late fall or early spring wet seasons. Other impacted areas associated with motorized access for 

dispersed camping include the parking and turn around areas at the dispersed sites themselves, many of 

which do not have physical bounds for defining traffic flow. Soils are generally detrimentally compacted 

from continued vehicle traffic and are unlikely to recover due to the continued use. 

Direct and Indirect Effects 

The majority of existing dispersed sites have access roads used by motor vehicles that would be maintained 

in a detrimental condition by continued use, especially in the high use areas identified in Table 3-X, Site 

Specific Areas of High Impact on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest’s . The unbounded conditions 

maintained under this alternative often result in heavily denuded impacts immediately adjacent to stream 

channels and waterbodies where the majority of dispersed campsites are located. Detrimental soil conditions 

are likely to persist and even expand in dispersed camping areas adjacent to streams and other waterbodies 

under the No Action alternative. 

New areas of the soil resource could be impacted under this alternative as users continued to create new 

access for dispersed camping. Dispersed camping and other vehicle use for access are assumed to increase in 

the future under this analysis as state and local community populations continue to grow. High use holiday 

and hunting weekends often exceed campground capacities and generally push additional campers to 

disperse camp. It is assumed that this trend would increase the use of existing sites and that additional 

dispersed sites across the two forest area are likely to be created under this alternative. This trend would 

incur additional impacts to the soil resource where existing sites are expanded or new sites are created. These 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 140

impacts are likely to adversely affect the soil resource on a localized level if the newly created sites are 

desirable and functional for camping and receive continued use. Although the rate and extent of this impact 

is not predictable, the general trend rate for this increase is expected to be relatively low. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

In general, the implementation of the action alternatives would have a positive effect on the soil resource by 

reducing the amount of area on which motorized vehicle traffic would be designated. Although no active 

restoration of areas removed from motorized travel is proposed by this decision, some level of recovery to 

the soil resource in these areas is expected over time due to freeze-thaw processes that promote 

improvements to soil strength and the re-growth of vegetation. 

Prohibiting motorized access off designated routes and motorized access for dispersed camping outside of 

300’ of an open designated route is likely to decrease the extent of the soil resource being maintained in a 

detrimental condition across the two forest area. The following changes would result in positive effects to 

the extent of detrimental conditions on the soil resource. 

 The restriction of motorized travel off designated routes would limit the formation of additional 

user-created trails and begin to allow existing user-created trails (that were not designated for long 

term use under site specific trail projects) to recover from impacted conditions. 

 The restriction of motorized access for dispersed camping to existing designated or defined sites in 

the high use dispersed camping areas listed in Table 3-X, as well as in the newly designated “special 

provision riparian areas”, would decrease the extent of the soil resource impacted by motorized 

vehicles in these areas. 

 The proposed 30’ setback from stream channels would have a beneficial effect, as it would decrease 

the extent of impacted soil susceptible to contributing sediment to streams, although areas of new 

impact on the soil resource could develop as users create new parking areas to compensate for the 

change. 

 These alternatives would maintain or slightly reduce the amount of area impacted within 300’ of 

designated routes by limiting motorized access off designated routes to the sole purpose of ingress 

and egress to disperse camp. These general provision areas also limit access to the season of use for 

the road and the type of vehicles allowed on the road. This may limit or restrict off-highway-vehicle 

use in some areas that would be allowed under Alternative 1. 

Motorized Access off Designated Routes 

Implementation of Alternative 2 or 3 would indirectly affect the soil resource by reducing the amount of land 

open to motorized vehicle traffic. Approximately 625,430 acres on the Deschutes National Forest and 

431,784 acres on the Ochoco National Forest currently open for year round or seasonal motorized access off 

of designated routes would have traffic restricted to designated routes only. The removal of unauthorized 

motorized vehicle traffic from these areas would generally have a beneficial effect on the soil resource by 

eliminating the physical disturbance that currently maintains a detrimental level of compaction on 

continually trafficked areas, or that could increase the extent of these conditions across the landscape by 

creating new trails. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 141

Sites that are currently impacted as a result of motorized access off of designated routes would be expected 

to slowly recover over time at a rate dependent on the productivity, moisture level and extent of impact on 

the site. Most areas that have impacts from motorized travel off designated routes are likely to see steady 

vegetative recovery after motorized vehicle traffic is removed. Impacted areas located on riparian soils are 

likely to have a quicker recovery of vegetation than those on upland soils due to higher moisture regimes and 

general productivity. The following recovery rates have been estimated for soils located on sites that would 

no longer have impacts from motorized access off designated routes. 

 0-5 years – increase of 0-10% vegetative cover 

 5-10 years – 10-25% vegetative cover on these sites 

 more than 10 years – up to 30% vegetative cover on these sites 

Given time, local soils are capable of recovering from compaction via freeze-thaw, rooting and ground 

burrowing mechanisms. Compacted areas from railroad era logging operations have been observed to have 

recovered to soil strengths that are only slightly elevated from natural levels some sixty plus years after they 

were impacted, and have been observed to support varying amounts of native herbaceous and shrub 

vegetation under these conditions. Active restoration of these sites is not proposed under this decision; 

however, there would be a slow recovery of detrimental compaction in the soil profile and a return of 

vegetation on most sites if motorized traffic was discontinued. 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Alternative 2 would manage approximately 105,638 acres of “special provision” areas on riparian corridors 

and uplands across both forests (51,044 ac on the Deschutes National Forest; 54,594 ac on the Ochoco 

National Forest). Alternative 3 increases the amount of “special provision” riparian and upland acreage to 

approximately 529,057 acres, including 404,730 acres on the Deschutes National Forest and 124,327 acres 

on the Ochoco National Forest. This reflects the change of all acres managed as “general provision” 

restrictions under Alternative 2 to “special provision” restrictions under Alternative 3. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would have a positive effect on the soil resource by restricting motorized access for 

dispersed camping to within 300’ of the centerline of all designated routes under either special provision 

upland or general provision restrictions. This restriction could be reasonably expected to reduce the creation 

and/or use of dispersed sites greater than 300’ from an open road. Although this restriction would not affect 

where dispersed camping would be allowed within 300’ of designated roads in Alternative 2 general 

provision areas, it would allow for the natural recovery of existing sites greater than 300’ from roads from 

the impacts of motorized access and dispersed camping under both alternatives. Although no active 

restoration of currently impacted areas that would be restricted to motorized travel under this decision is 

proposed, some level of soil resource recovery is expected over time due to freeze-thaw processes that 

promote improvements to soil strength and the re-growth of vegetation. 

Special Provisions: Alternatives 2 and 3 would both benefit the soil resource within the “special provision” 

riparian areas by pulling back vehicular traffic and parking for dispersed camping at least 30’ from stream 

banks. This change is estimated to reduce the extent of impact associated with the dispersed sites along one 

third of the stream edge. As a result, effective cover capable of reducing raindrop impacts and filtering 

overland flows is expected to increase as riparian soils within the 30’ setback recover. This would be 

expected to reduce erosion and sediment production from these sites during storm events. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 142

Despite the special provision 30’ vehicle setbacks from stream channels, most sites will likely remain 

susceptible to some level of erosion and sediment production. Although the overall amount of the soil 

resource impacted within these sites is assumed to decrease as a result of the setbacks, compacted and 

denuded areas with the potential to convey overland flows and any associated sediment to stream channels or 

waterbodies adjacent to the site will remain. Soils located within the vehicle setback buffers are not expected 

to fully recover from current impacts due to continued foot and tent camping use. However, there is likely to 

be enough reduction of impacts to allow for some natural improvement of compacted conditions over time 

and the recovery of vegetative growth on portions of the area. 

Additional adverse effects to the soil resource in the form of compaction could be incurred adjacent to 

existing sites as new parking areas are created to compensate for the vehicle setback restrictions. These areas 

would be further from the stream channels and likely to contribute a lower percentage of eroded soil to the 

stream channels than the existing areas of impact adjacent to the stream that they would replace. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would both have a positive effect on the soil resource in areas restricting motorized 

access for dispersed camping under “special provision” restrictions within upland or riparian areas. 

Motorized travel would be limited in these areas to designated routes for the sole purpose of accessing 

existing, designated or defined disperse sites. This restriction would effectively limit motorized vehicles 

from creating new access routes or dispersed sites within 300’ of designated routes or within 100’ of 

streams, lakes and wetlands. As a result, existing levels of impact to the soil resource would not be expected 

to increase in the areas designated as “special provision” under either alternative. This reduction of impacts 

would occur over approximately 423,419 more acres under Alternative 3 than Alternative 2. 

Alternative 2 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Alternative 2 includes approximately 353,686 acres on the Deschutes National Forest and 69,733 acres on 

the Ochoco National Forest in which motorized access for dispersed camping would be managed under 

“general provisions”. Motorized access for the purpose of dispersed camping within areas designated as 

“general provision” would be allowed anywhere within 300’ of designated roads, including areas of the soil 

resource that are currently not impacted by vehicle traffic. Approximately 423,419 acres of Forest land 

within 300’ of system roads would be susceptible to compaction and disturbance of the soil resource from 

vehicle traffic and parking for dispersed camping. As a result, areas without vegetation capable of inhibiting 

travel near desirable destinations would be susceptible to new vehicular traffic capable of crushing 

vegetation and compacting the soil. 

Although the potential extent of impacts from motorized access for dispersed camping under “general 

provision” restrictions is not known, the rate at which new access from vehicles would occur is expected to 

be relatively low. Newly compacted conditions would be expected to be localized and not likely increase 

detrimental soil conditions to levels capable of altering the productivity of the soil outside the immediately 

impacted area. Current dispersed use across the two forests appears to generally use existing routes for 

access and camping. Some areas, such as the East Fort Rock OHV trail system, have had newly created sites 

observed within them over the past few years as a result of increased use during high volume weekends. This 

trend is likely to continue where the topography and vegetation do not appreciably inhibit travel and parking. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 143

Alternative 3 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

All areas designated with “general provision” restrictions under Alternative 2 would have “special 

provision” restrictions under Alternative 3. The majority of these acres are located on upland soils across the 

two forest planning area. This designation would increase the area in which motorized access for the purpose 

of dispersed camping would be restricted to access only existing, designated or defined sites by 

approximately 353,686 acres on the Deschutes National Forest and 69,733 acres on the Ochoco National 

Forest (Table 2-4). This would reduce the susceptibility of 423,419 acres across the two forests to potential 

effects on the soil resource from unrestricted motorized access for dispersed camping. This would indirectly 

benefit the soil resource by reducing the possibility of newly created motorized vehicle access, parking spots 

and dispersed sites within 300’ of designated roads across all of these acres. 

Hydrology 

Executive Summary 

Motorized access off designated routes and motorized access for dispersed camping can reduce stream 

shading, increase sediment delivery to streams, water bodies, and wetlands, and affect vegetation and water 

movement in riparian areas. Implementation of Alternatives 2 or 3 would have a positive effect on water 

quality and wetland function. Both action alternatives would reduce the amount of motorized access off 

designated routes, limit access to designated, defined, or existing dispersed campsites within 300’ of 

designated open roads near stream courses, wetlands, and waterbodies, and establish a 30’ setback for 

motorized access to existing dispersed campsites near streams, wetlands, and waterbodies. Due to this there 

would not be adverse direct, indirect, or cumulative effects to water temperature, sediment load, or wetlands. 

Alternative 2 and 3 would result in increased stream shading over time but the affected area would be small 

and scattered and would not result in a measurable change in water temperature from Alternative 1. 

Implementation of the action alternatives would result in decreases in sediment delivery primarily as a result 

of reductions in motorized access off designated routes and implementation of special riparian provisions for 

dispersed camping. However, it would be hard to quantify due to the scattered nature of the disturbance, 

connectivity to streams, water bodies, and wetlands, and the timing and magnitude of runoff events. Effects 

to water quality and wetlands would be similar under Alternative 2 and 3 because special riparian provisions 

apply to both alternatives, and applying special provisions to dispersed camping areas further than 300’ from 

streams, waterbodies, and wetlands in Alternative 3 would have little affect to water quality or riparian 

function. Both action alternatives would meet state and tribal water quality standards, Executive Order 

11988 (floodplain management), Executive Order 11990 (wetland protection) and Executive Order 12088

(federal compliance with pollution control standards). 

Affected Environment 

Watersheds 

Watersheds are natural divisions of the landscape and the basic functioning unit of the hydrologic system. 

Watersheds are hierarchical – smaller ones nested within larger ones. For the purpose of analyzing and 

summarizing aquatic and vegetative data a hierarchy of watersheds and watershed boundaries was developed 

by the region using U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) protocols. Identification of these watersheds follows 

the USGS numeric Hydrologic Unit Coding (HUC) system. Environmental changes commonly accumulate 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 144

and appear on a watershed basis. A list and map of the individual basins, sub basins, and watersheds within 

these areas is included in Table 3-39 (Watershed Table). Figure 3-4 (Watershed Map) illustrates the 

relationship of these basins and sub basins to the planning area. The planning area for this project is within 

the John Day, Deschutes, Klamath, and Oregon Closed Basins. As can be seen in the Watershed Map, the 

planning area is in 11 sub basins which are further broken down into 56 watersheds. All watersheds with a 

three character map key on the Watershed Map overlap one of the National Forests and/or the Grassland. 

Table 3-39 – Watershed Table 

Field Area Name Hydrologic Unit Code Map Key 

1st Region Pacific Northwest 17 

2nd Sub-Region Middle Columbia River 1707 

3rd River Basin John Day River 170702 J 

4th Sub-Basin Upper John Day River 17070201 J1 

5th Watershed Mdl SFk John Day River 1707020103 J1c 

Lwr SFk John Day River 1707020105 J1e 

Upr Middle John Day River 1707020112 J1l 

 Mountain Creek 1707020113 J1m 

 Rock Creek 1707020114 J1n 

4th Sub-Basin Lower John Day River 17070204 J4 

5th Watershed Bridge Creek 1707020403 J4c 

3rd River Basin Deschutes River 170703 D 

4th Sub-Basin Upper Deschutes River 17070301 D1 
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Field Area Name Hydrologic Unit Code Map Key 

5th Watershed Crane Prairie 1707030101 D1a 

 Wickiup 1707030102 D1b 

 Fall River 1707030103 D1c 

 Pilot Butte 1707030104 D1d 

 Tumalo Creek 1707030105 D1e 

 Deep Canyon 1707030106 D1f 

 Middle Deschutes 1707030107 D1g 

 Whychus Creek 1707030108 D1h 

Upper Metolius River 1707030109 D1i 

Lower Metolius River 1707030110 D1j 

 Lake Billy Chinook 1707030111 D1k 

4th Sub-Basin Little Deschutes River 17070302 D2 

5th Watershed Upr Little Deschutes River 1707030201 D2a 

 Crescent Creek 1707030202 D2b 

Middle Little Deschutes R 1707030203 D2c 

 Sellers Creek 1707030204 D2d 
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Field Area Name Hydrologic Unit Code Map Key 

 Little Walker Mountain 1707030205 D2e 

 Long Prairie Slough 1707030206 D2f 

Lower Little Deschutes R 1707030207 D2g 

4th Sub-Basin South Fork Crooked R 17070303 D3 

5th Watershed South Fork Beaver Creek 1707030307 D3a 

Upper Beaver Creek 1707030308 D3b 

 Paulina Creek 1707030309 D3c 

Lower Beaver Creek 1707030310 D3d 

4th Sub-Basin Upper Crooked River 17070304 D4 

5th Watershed Crooked River abv North Fk 1707030401 D4a 

 Camp Creek 1707030402 D4b 

Upper NFk Crooked River 1707030403 D4c 

 Deep Creek 1707030404 D4d 

Lower NFk Crooked River 1707030405 D4e 

Upper Crooked R Valley 1707030406 D4f 

 Bear Creek 1707030407 D4g 
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Field Area Name Hydrologic Unit Code Map Key 

 Prineville Reservoir 1707030408 D4h 

4th Sub-Basin Lower Crooked River 17070305 D5 

5th Watershed Upper Ochoco Creek 1707030502 D5b 

 Mill Creek 1707030503 D5c 

 Lower Ochoco Creek 1707030504 D5d 

 McKay Creek 1707030505 D5e 

 Badlands 1707030506 D5f 

Upr Dry River 1707030507 D5g 

Lwr Dry River 1707030508 D5h 

Lwr Crooked River Valley 1707030510 D5j 

 Crooked River Grassland 1707030511 D5k 

4th Sub-Basin Lower Deschutes River 17070306 D6 

5th Watershed Hdwtrs Deschutes River 1707030601 D6a 

 Willow Creek 1707030602 D6b 

4th Sub-Basin Trout Creek 17070307 D7 

5th Watershed Upper Trout Creek 1707030701 D7a 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 148

Field Area Name Hydrologic Unit Code Map Key 

 Hay Creek 1707030703 D7c 

 Mud Springs Creek 1707030704 D7d 

2nd Sub-Region Oregon Closed Basins 1712 

3rd River Basin Oregon Closed Basins 171200 C 

4th Sub-Basin Summer Lake 17120005 C5 

5th Watershed McCarty 1712000505 C5e 

 Pine 1712000506 C5f 

 Devils Garden 1712000507 C5g 

 Walker Creek 1712000508 C5h 

1st Region California 18 

2nd Sub-Region Klamath/N California Co 1801 

3rd River Basin Klamath 180102 K 

4th Sub-Basin Williamson 18010201 K1 

5th Watershed Klamath Marsh/Jack Cr 1801020102 K1b 

NW of Klamath Lake 1801020103 K1c 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 149

Figure 3-4 – Watershed Map (Map Key in Table 3-39) 

Climate 

Most of the analysis area has a climate of relatively low precipitation and humidity, large daily temperature 

fluctuations throughout the year, and high evaporation rates, with increasing precipitation and cooler 

temperatures as elevation increases to over 9,000 feet in the Cascades. The planning area is in the rain 

shadow of the Cascade Mountains with the majority of the precipitation falling on the west side of the divide 

resulting in a dryer climate in the Deschutes, John Day, Klamath, and Oregon Closed Basins. Summers are 

typically hot and dry and winters cool and moist. Prevailing winds are generally southwesterly through 

westerly. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 150

Mean annual precipitation in the analysis area varies from a minimum of less than 10 inches per year in parts 

of the Crooked River National Grassland, to a maximum of about 33 inches per year in the Ochocos, and 

140 inches per year at higher elevations in the Cascades on the Deschutes National Forest. Precipitation 

generally increases with increased elevation, and on the Ochoco National Forest also tends to increase 

progressively northward. Figure 3-5 shows average annual precipitation bands in the analysis area. 

Figure 3-5 – Average Annual Precipitation 

The majority of precipitation in the planning area occurs between November and March with most of it 

falling as snow at higher elevations. November, December, and January normally have the highest total 

monthly precipitation. Total precipitation usually declines through March and April then increases again in 

May and June as frontal movements bring late spring rains. July, August, and September have the lowest 

average monthly precipitation. August normally has slightly higher precipitation than July or September due 

to summer thunderstorms which may be intense in limited areas. At lower elevations, the highest recorded 

total monthly precipitation for June, July and August may approach the highest recorded precipitation for the 

wet months of November and January due to the infrequent occurrence of intense summer thunderstorms. In 

dry years there may be no precipitation during some of the dryer months. 

Water Quality 

The planning area is highly variable geologically, chemically, and biologically. The Ochoco National Forest 

and Crooked River National Grassland, and much of the Upper Deschutes Sub Basin are in the Blue 

Mountains ecoregion, however almost all the watersheds on the Deschutes National Forest drain the Eastern 

Cascades Slopes and Foothills ecoregion or at higher elevations the Cascades ecoregion. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 151

In the summer of 1997 and 1998, the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality collected water samples 

in the Deschutes Basin above Lake Billy Chinook for physical and chemical analysis, as part of the EPA 

sponsored Regional Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (R-EMAP). Samples were 

collected at 49 stations in the basin. Parameters determined in the field were water temperature, Dissolved 

Oxygen (DO), pH, conductivity, and turbidity. Parameters analyzed in the lab were biochemical oxygen 

demand-5, total solids, ammonia-N, nitrate-N, total P, sulfate, total Kjeldahl-N, alkalinity, chemical oxygen 

demand, dissolved organic carbon, and total suspended solids. DEQ split the basin into three sub basins: the 

Metolius, the Deschutes, and the Crooked River (not the same as USGS sub-basins). The Metolius was 

classified as excellent, The Deschutes as poor to excellent, and the Crooked as very poor to excellent. The 

portion of the John Day Basin and the Lower Deschutes and Trout Creek USGS Sub-Basins in the planning 

area should be comparable with the Crooked River. A more detailed description of procedures, results, and 

conclusions can be found in the chemistry summary of the “Upper Deschutes River Basin R-EMAP” (DEQ, 

1999). 

As specified in the Clean Water Act of 1972 and subsequent amendments, water quality includes all 

attributes that affect existing and designated uses of a body of water which include fisheries and habitat 

needs as well as human uses. The Clean Water Act requires states to review all available water quality data 

every 2 years and where Best Management Practices (BMPs) or technology based controls are insufficient to 

achieve desired water quality conditions, classify the body of water as “water quality limited.” Non-point 

pollution is the primary cause of impaired waters on Federal Lands in the planning area. These can not be 

tied to a point source such as a discharge pipe from a factory but are best controlled by good land 

management practices. A list of streams and water bodies on the 2004/2006 Oregon State 303(d) List of 

impaired waters for the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests is included in Appendix B-3 – (Table 

B3.1.1). The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) has made a call for data for the 

2008/2010 list, but it is not expected to be completed until late 2010 or early 2011.

96 streams and water bodies were listed as impaired waters on the State 303(d) List for water temperature, 

sediment, turbidity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a on the two Forests and Grassland. pH, 

Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll and will not be analyzed further because the transportation system 

and camping in designated, defined, and dispersed camping sites would not result in measurable increases in 

these parameters. There is a potential for non-highway-legal vehicle travel off designated routes and 

motorized access dispersed camping to affect water temperature, sediment and turbidity and they will be 

analyzed in detail in this EIS. 

Water Temperature – There are 19 streams on the State 303(d) List for water temperature on the Deschutes 

National Forest, and 73 streams on the Ochoco National Forest and Grassland. Water temperature is an 

important factor which influences aquatic productivity. Temperature changes may result from natural 

climatic conditions or human manipulation of the riparian environment. Temperature is a function of 

flow, surface area, solar input, air temperature, and other variables. Aquatic biota are adapted to certain 

thermal conditions existing in the habitat for their survival and well being. It is known that physiological 

stress in fish increase as water temperatures and sediment rates increase. 

No measurable increase in water temperature resulting from management practices is permitted in streams 

listed on the State 303d list of Water Quality Limited Water Bodies for water temperature. The state 

standard for salmon or trout rearing and migration is a floating 7-day maximum average of 18.0°C (64.4°F) 

and for bull trout spawning and juvenile rearing 12.0°C (53.6°F). The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs 

standard for bull trout in Johnson Creek and the Metolius River from the confluence of Johnson Creek to 

Lake Billy Chinook is 10.0°C (50.0°F). 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 152

Sediment – Suspended sediment is a measure of suspended sand, silt, clay and organic matter which will 

settle in time to the stream bottom. It may adversely affect fish by filling in pools, reducing bottom 

fauna, and silting in spawning gravels. The Deschutes River between Wickiup Reservoir and Bend on 

the Deschutes National Forest and 8 streams in the Trout Creek Sub Basin on the Ochoco National 

Forest are listed for sediment. 

The streams listed for sediment in the Trout Creek Sub Basin were originally listed for embeddedness by 

the State, based on the Trout Creek Watershed Analysis (Ochoco NF, 1995). This was derived from 

surveys conducted either while the watershed was in a cattle allotment or shortly after it was changed to a 

sheep allotment in 1989. Only a short reach on the upper east fork of Auger Creek is still in a cattle 

allotment. There is no standard in the current state water quality rules for sediment and Total Maximum 

Daily Loads (TMDLs) have not yet been established for the Deschutes Basin. The portion of the Upper 

Trout Creek Watershed in the planning area has been in a sheep allotment for about 20 years. The 

conversion from a cattle allotment to a sheep allotment has resulted in a substantial reduction in channel 

disturbance, improved bank stability, and reduced sediment load and the Ochoco National Forest will 

attempt to have the 8 streams removed from the 2008/2010 303(d) List. 

Turbidity – Turbidity is the disturbance of water due to the presence of suspended matter such as clay, silt, 

organic debris, plankton, various effluents, and others. It is an expression of the optical property of a 

sample of water which causes light to be scattered and absorbed rather than transmitted in straight lines 

through a sample. Excessive turbidity reduces light penetration into water and therefore reduces 

photosynthesis by photoplankton, algae, and submerged vegetation. Natural turbidities within watersheds 

may cause short term readings in excess of the recommended level due to spring runoff or seasonal 

freshets. Turbidity is often used as a surrogate to indicate changes in suspended sediment. The Deschutes 

River between Wickiup Reservoir and Bend is listed for turbidity on the Deschutes National Forest. 

Municipal Watersheds 

A municipal supply watershed is one that serves a public water system as defined in Public Law 93-523 

(Safe Drinking Water Act) or as defined in State safe drinking water regulations. The applicable state 

defined system is a community water system. This is a public water system that has at least 15 service 

connections used by year-round residents and regularly serves at least 25 year-round residents. There are 

two municipal watersheds on the Deschutes National Forest and one on the Ochoco National Forest. By 

definition a municipal watershed does not include wells or confined ground water systems unaffected by 

Forest Service Activities. 

The Bend municipal watershed operates under a 1926 formal agreement between the city of Bend and the 

Secretary of Agriculture (Forest Supervisor authority now) for 2.603 cfs. The diversion was increased by 15 

cfs in 1983. Management within the watershed has been custodial with all actions being subservient to 

maintaining water quality. The Sisters municipal watershed uses a tributary of Whychus Creek as an 

emergency backup to their primary water system. The Mitchell municipal watershed diverts water from 

springs in the Bridge Creek Watershed in the Lower John Day Sub Basin. 

Analysis of Environmental Effects 

Temperature 

State water temperature standards for the project area are found in Oregon Water Quality Standards 340-

041-0028(4)(a), (b) and (f), based on Fish Use Maps 130A, 130B, 170A, and 170B. The state standard for 

salmon or trout rearing and migration is a floating 7-day maximum average of 18.0°C (64.4°F), for salmon 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 153

and steelhead spawning and rearing 13.0°C (55.4°F), and for bull trout spawning and juvenile rearing 12.0°C 

(53.6°F). There are 84 streams on the state 303(d) list of Impaired Waters for water temperature with some 

being on more than one Forest or Grassland. The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) is 

working on the Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for these streams but they are not expected to be 

finished until after the EIS is implemented. The closest to completion are the Upper Deschutes, Lower John 

Day and Upper John Day Sub Basins which are in the data analysis and report writing phase. All others are 

still in the initial scoping and data collection phase. The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs water 

temperature standard for bull trout on Johnson Creek and the Metolius River below Johnson Creek is 10.0°C 

(50.0°F) and steelhead and salmon spawning and rearing temperature standards round down current DEQ 

standards to the nearest whole degree Fahrenheit on the Deschutes River below Round Butte Dam. The 

Riparian Management Objectives (RMOs) for PACFISH and INFISH direct that there should not be any 

measurable increase in water temperature. The Riparian Management Objectives for the Northwest Forest 

Plan (Aquatic Conservation Strategy) say that water temperatures would be maintained or restored to a 

degree that would provide for a stable and productive riparian and aquatic ecosystem. Effects to fish habitat 

are discussed in Chapter 3 under Fisheries. 

Reductions in solar input resulting from shading are a primary factor effecting stream temperature and could 

be affected by changes in dispersed recreational use. Shade functions (Beschta, et al., 1987) generally occur 

within 100-200 feet of the channel. This analysis evaluated the area within one cell width (about 100 feet on 

the Ochoco and Grassland and 30’ on the Deschutes) of slope/erosion GIS layer cells (pixels) intersected by 

perennial streams to address potential water temperature concerns. Within this 30-100 feet, draw bottom 

roads are a primary contributor of reduced shade. Since trees are removed in the road right-of-way when it 

is constructed, roads anywhere within the 100 feet may reduce shade. The closer the road is to the stream 

the more likely there won’t be intervening shade. Off road travel and dispersed camping primarily tends to 

affect shorter vegetation (grass, forbs and shrubs) and disturbance needs to be much closer to affect shade. 

Field observations of non-highway-legal vehicle and dispersed camping use found that most vegetation 

affected was less than 2 feet tall with some grubbing or cutting of shrubs and saplings up to 3 or 4 feet 

observed in campsites. 

Approximately 80 percent of solar input into streams occurs between 0800 and 1600 hours during the period 

when maximum water temperatures occur on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Grassland 

(July1 – August 15). The solar angle at 0800 and 1600 hours in Redmond, Oregon, is about 38 degrees and 

it is approximately 69 degrees at solar noon. The length of shade resulting from vegetation during this 

period is shown in Table 3-40. 

Table 3-40 - Shade Table 

Vegetation Height (ft) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0

Shade Length @ Noon (ft) 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.8 2.4

Shade Length @ 8 AM & 4 PM (ft) 0.9 1.9 2.8 3.8 5.6 7.6

The direction shade comes from shifts over the day (vegetation on the east bank of a stream does not provide 

shade in the afternoon) and vegetation further from a stream can overlap shade from vegetation being 

effected by recreational activities. In addition, more than 70 percent more solar input occurs at noon than at 

0800 or 1600 and a quarter of the solar input for the day comes between 1100 and 1300. Therefore, average 

effective shade loss would be closer to that at noon than to 0800 or 1600. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 154

Sediment 

State water quality standards direct that turbidity levels should not exceed background levels by more than 

10 percent. There is currently no state water quality standard for sediment. Streams on the state 303(d) list 

of Impaired Waters for Turbidity and Sediment are shown in Appendix B (Table 3.1.1). Only streams in the 

Trout Creek Sub Basin are listed for sediment or turbidity on the Ochoco National Forest and only the 

Deschutes River between Wickiup Reservoir and Bend is listed on the Deschutes National Forest. There are 

no 303(d) listed streams for sediment or turbidity on the Crooked River National Grassland. The Oregon 

Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) is working on the Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for 

these streams but they are not expected to be finished until after the EIS is implemented. 

There is normally a close correlation between turbidity and suspended sediment in a given stream, but this 

correlation can change as organic material increases over the summer or if the percent of sediment from 

different sources in the drainage changes. Turbidity does not measure the amount of sediment being 

transported as bedload. 

The amount of sediment delivered from surface erosion and mass soil movement outside the stream channel 

is dependent on soil erosivity, the amount and type of ground disturbance, slope, and distance to the stream. 

The closer the disturbance is to the channel the higher the potential delivery. This analysis evaluated the 

area within 300’ of streams for sediment related water quality concerns from motorized access off 

designated routes. Since motorized access for dispersed camping ingress and egress normally do not cross 

or run directly down ephemeral draws and drainages, sediment delivery would primarily be from overland 

flow and was analyzed within 100 feet of streams. Dispersed campsites were evaluated on miles of stream 

on land with 0-20 percent slope because sediment delivery would be primarily from overland flow. There is 

less likelihood of campsites on steeper slopes, and campsites within 100 feet of streams normally are 

immediately adjacent to the stream. 

Wetlands/Riparian Vegetation 

Executive Order 11990 requires agencies to avoid adverse impacts associated with the destruction or 

modification of wetlands. OHV roads/trails can dissect wetlands and can reduce riparian and wetland 

vegetation. In addition, these user created trails alter sub-flows and if flows concentrate in the wheel ruts 

down cutting can accelerate and result in lowering of the water table and loss of wetland vegetation. 

Compaction and puddling from off road use and dispersed campsites can also contribute to loss or downward 

trends in riparian vegetation. 

Alternative 1 

Temperature 

Since the Forest Land and Resource Management Plans (LRMP) for the Deschutes National Forest (1990) 

and the Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland (1989) were implemented there has 

been a substantial increase in dispersed camping on both the Forests and Grassland. It is estimated that one 

in five Americans over 16 years of age have participated in OHV recreation in the past year with about an 18 

percent increase between 1999 and 2007 (USDA FS SRS, 2008). In Oregon the growth rate was even higher 

with about a 22.2 percent increase. The increase in non-highway-legal vehicle use has closely approximated 

the national growth rate. However based on personal observation, in the last 5 to 10 years the growth rate of 

Class 1 OHV (ATVs) use in the planning area appears to have been much higher than this and is expanding 

out from high use areas. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 155

Motorized Access off Designated Routes & Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Water temperature increases from non-highway-legal vehicle trails running parallel to creeks and from 

stream crossings found in Texas (Taylor, 2006), are not as likely in this planning area due to trees and 

shrubby vegetation adjacent to creeks. OHV roads/trails and mud bogging have been observed in riparian 

zones in the planning area (see Figure 3-6) but the disturbance has been at least 3 to 4 feet from the stream 

and based on Table 3-40 would have very little effect on shading. In addition it would take about seven 8 

foot wide stream crossings per mile to reduce shade on a perennial stream by 1 percent and this is more than 

the amount observed on perennial streams in the planning area (see Figure 3-7). A one percent decrease in 

shade would not produce a measurable increase in water temperature. OHV use can also reduce shade on 

intermittent and ephemeral streams but this would not contribute to maximum stream temperatures which 

normally occur in July and August when these channels are dry. Peak temperatures that occur after about 

the middle of August normally are the result of low flows instead of lack of shading. Motorized access off 

designated routes would not have any measurable effect on low flows. Long term stream shade could also 

be reduced by motor vehicle use preventing the reestablishment of trees on road prisms not on the Forest 

road system such as old decommissioned roads, temporary roads and skid trails. While the amount is not 

quantifiable, it would be small and primarily along intermittent streams as an artifact of pre 1994 ground 

based logging techniques. 

Fig. 3-6 - User created road/trail in riparian area 

 

Fig. 3-7 - User created OHV stream crossing 

 

On the two National Forests and Grassland, motorized access off designated routes would continue on 

16,624 acres (26 mi2) within 100 feet of perennial streams and motorized access on 0-20% slopes to 

dispersed campsites on 58,188 acres (90.9 mi2) and is expected to increase at approximately the rate of 

growth in the tri-county area. This may result in small reductions in shade but would not cause a measurable 

increase in water temperatures. 

Most dispersed campsites that are within areas that permit motorized access are accessed with motor 

vehicles. Dispersed campsites were inventoried and plotted on forest resource maps in the late 1980s for the 

Ochoco and Deschutes Forest Plans. Additional recreation site inventory data has been entered on the 

Deschutes resource map layer since then. The surveys were not exhaustive and many sites were not 

identified. Based on assumptions related to dispersed recreation growth discussed earlier in this chapter and 

supported by field observations, there have been substantial increases in the number of dispersed camping 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 156

sites in the last 20 years. Summarization of this data in Table 3-41 gives a perspective of dispersed camping 

use on the two forests and CRNG and its relative affect on shading on perennial streams. As can be seen in 

Table 3-41, the total area currently affecting shading on perennial streams outside wilderness and large block 

roadless areas such as that in the Oregon Cascades Recreation Area and Lookout Mountain Management 

Area is less than one percent. 

Table 3-41 - Inventoried Campsites in Areas Open to Motorized Access Dispersed Rec. 

Sub Basin District Alt1 Alt2/Alt3 

Within 100’ of 

Perennial 

Streams 

Perennial 

Streams 

(%)1 

Within 100 ft of 

Perennial 

Streams 

Perennial 

Streams 

(%)1 

Deschutes NF 

BFR 38 0.5 402 0.5 

CRE 4 0.2 52 0.3 

Upper Deschutes 

SIS 35 0.4 1012 1.2 

Lower Crooked BFR 0 0 0 0 

CRE 0 0 0 0 

Little Deschutes BFR 0 0 0 0 

CRE 5 0.1 122 0.2 

Ochoco NF/CRNG 

Lower John Day LOM 2 0.1 2 0.1 

Upper John Day LOM 1 0.1 1 0.1 

PAU 4 0.1 4 0.1 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 157

Sub Basin District Alt1 Alt2/Alt3 

Within 100’ of 

Perennial 

Streams 

Perennial 

Streams 

(%)1 

Within 100 ft of 

Perennial 

Streams 

Perennial 

Streams 

(%)1 

Lower Deschutes CRNG 0 0 0 0 

Upper Deschutes CRNG 0 0 13 0.2 

Trout Creek CRNG 0 0 0 0 

LOM 5 0.2 5 0.2 

Lower Crooked CRNG 0 0 0 0 

LOM 29 0.3 29 0.3 

Upper Crooked LOM 25 0.2 24 0.2 

PAU 22 0.6 18 0.5 

Beaver/S.Fk Crooked PAU 6 0.1 6 0.1 

1 As % of perennial stream miles outside wilderness and large block roadless areas assuming 100 ft frontage @ each site. Alt2 & 3 have a 30 ft 

setback from streams at existing dispersed sites. 

2 Surveyed motorized access dispersed campsites in emergency closure areas for public safety (such as hazard trees from fire) are not counted in Alt 

1. Emergency closures are assumed to be lifted in Alt2 & 3. 

3 Existing motorized access dispersed campsite in currently unauthorized area would be in an area open to motorized access for dispersed camping 

under Alt 2 & 3. 

As previously stated, vegetation under 2 feet tall is mostly affected at dispersed camping sites with some 

grubbing or cutting of shrubs and saplings up to 3 or 4 feet observed. Magill (1970) attributed trampling and 

tent site clearing for the decrease in tree seedlings, shrubs, forbs and grasses. This was aggravated by 

vehicles which appear to be the primary ground disturbance outside of the area adjacent to the fire ring on 

heavy use sites visited on the two Forests and Grassland. Several papers indicated that these impacts leveled 

off after a couple of years with a shift from intolerant native species to recreational tolerant species (Magill, 

1970; James et al., 1979; Merriam and Smith, 1974). However all vegetation except mature trees were 

obliterated in high use areas. Manning (1979) also reported removal of small stems from the shrub and 

sapling layer for firewood and poles and observed a top heavy distribution of mature trees in heavy use 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 158

areas. Injury to these large trees made them more susceptible to disease and insect attack. Therefore 

dispersed camping sites initially affect vegetation that shades out 3 or 4 feet, but over time as mature trees 

die on heavily used forested sites, shading can be reduced from lack of tree recruitment in dispersed sites 

adjacent to perennial streams. Except in very heavily used sites (especially lakes and reservoirs), field 

observations noted the depaupered ground did not extend up to the water body and was not substantially 

reducing shade on perennial streams. On reservoirs, motorized access in the campsite tended to follow the 

edge of the water as it receded. In some sites such as Wickiup Reservoir, this has resulted in loss of the 

green line (vegetation associated with the normal high water line). While this reduced surface shade around 

the edge of the reservoirs, it has a negligible affect on reservoir water temperature due to the large volume of 

water. The primary effect would be to habitat and hiding cover. 

Tables 3-42 and 3-43 show miles of 303(d) temperature impaired streams and miles of perennial streams 

(including 303(d) reaches) open to motorized access for dispersed camping and their ratios to the total length 

for the two Forests and Grassland. Only areas in slope class 0-20% were evaluated because motorized 

access and camping on slope classes greater than 20% are highly improbable. 

Table 3-42 – Alt 1 Miles of 303(d) Streams Open to Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping (MADC) 

Sub Basin Name 

Open MADC 

Slope < 20% 

(mi.) 

Closed MADC 

Slope < 20% 

(mi.) 

Total 303(d) 

Streams 

(mi.) 

Total 

Open MADC 

(%) 

Deschutes NF 

Little Deschutes 51 6 59 86 

Lower Crooked 0 0 0 0 

Upper Deschutes 82 40 134 61 

Ochoco NF/CRNG 

Lower Crooked 32 9 59 54 

Lower Deschutes 0 .4 11 0 

Lower John Day 2 2 6 33 

SFk. Crooked 48 7 62 77 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 159

Trout Creek 21 1 28 75 

Upper Crooked 94 13 128 73 

Upper Deschutes 0 5 9 0 

Upper John Day 15 9 32 47 

Table 3-43 – Alt1 Miles of Perennial Streams* Open to Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Sub Basin Name 

Open MADC 

Slope < 20% 

(mi.) 

Closed MADC 

Slope < 20% 

(mi.) 

Total Perennial 

Streams outside 

 (mi.) 

Total 

Open MADC 

(%) 

Deschutes NF 

Little Deschutes 147 21 182 81 

Lower Crooked 0 0 0 0 

Upper Deschutes 220 201 471 47 

Ochoco NF/CRNG 

Lower Crooked 124 37 222 56 

Lower Deschutes 0 3 3 0 

Lower John Day 27 8 52 52 

SFk. Crooked 87 12 111 78 

Trout Creek 29 1 39 74 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 160

Upper Crooked 248 26 315 79 

Upper Deschutes 0 5 9 0 

Upper John Day 84 38 164 51 

* Some perennial streams are shown in both Table 3-42 & 3-43 

Motorized dispersed camping could continue along approximately 993 miles of perennial stream (or about 

two-thirds of the miles outside wilderness areas, the Oregon Cascades Recreation Area, and the Lookout 

Mountain Management Area) and is expected to increase at approximately the rate of growth in the tricounty area. This may result in small reductions in shade, but based on the ratio of dispersed sites to total 

stream length (Table 3-40), would normally not cause a measurable increase in water temperatures. 

However, contiguous high intensity use sites adjacent to narrower stream channels, could reduce shade over 

a long enough reach in the future to produce statistically distinct and measurable changes in water 

temperature. Campsites along wider streams such as the Metolius and the Deschutes River would have a 

substantially smaller affect due to the small percentage of the water surface potentially shaded by vegetation 

affected by dispersed camping. Mitigation measures under individual NEPA decisions, usually Categorical 

Exclusions (CEs), have been taken when these were identified in the past (see Figures 3-11 – 3-14) and 

while not associated with this proposed action, would probably be addressed in a similar manner if identified 

in the future under all alternatives. 

Sediment

Motorized Access off Designated Routes 

Research over the last 60 years has clearly shown that forest roads are a major source of sediment and soil 

erosion from forest watersheds with some studies concluding that up to 90 percent of the sediment from 

timber sales comes from roads (Grace and Clinton, (2006), Cafferata and Spittler (1998), Reid and Dunne 

(1984), Seyedbagheri, McHenry & Platts (1987)). Class 1 & 3 OHV (ATVs and motorcycles) trails 

normally contribute less sediment than standard roads due their narrower tread but this is offset by user 

created trails through poor location (steep slopes, draw bottoms, riparian areas), poor drainage, and 

concentration of flow due to rutting. These adverse effects are most pronounced at stream crossings, where 

trails run down intermittent stream channels, and where rutting in ephemeral stream channels causes 

channelization and the loss of filtering. 

Sediment delivery is the primary effect of OHV use on streams. These effects will be evaluated using open, 

closed and decommissioned road densities within 300’ of streams. Road delivered sediment is generated on 

the road surface, cut & fill slopes, and ditch lines and is transported through drainages (including ephemeral) 

to be discharged into streams, wetlands, or other water bodies. Probably less than 10 to 15 percent of 

road/trail delivered sediment originates outside the 300’ analysis buffer. OHV users are extensively using 

closed and decommissioned roads in areas that do not prohibit motorized access off designated routes, and 

are often encouraged to do so. In the McKay Creek Watershed in the Lower Crooked River Sub Basin (one 

of the high impact areas identified) at least three quarters of the closed and mapped decommissioned roads 

had visible OHV (primarily ATV) use and this accounted for less than half the non-open road use. Less than 

a tenth of the non-open road use was on routes without some type of pre-existing track. OHV use on closed 

and decommissioned roads can cause rutting, which channelizes flows, can reduce vegetative filtering, and 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 161

can reduce or eliminate the effectiveness of erosion control measures such as water bars. While not all 

closed or decommissioned roads are used by OHV users, and not all non-system roads, temporary roads, and 

user created tie-through trails are on the Forest GIS layers, closed and decommissioned road densities

provide a perspective of current and potential future use if there is no change in current management 

direction. Motorized vehicle use of closed and decommissioned roads increases erosion and shifts potential 

sediment delivery back towards that of an open road. It is estimated that closing a road reduces sediment 

delivery by about 75 percent and decommissioning by about 95 percent (Parker and Christensen, 1964). 

Roads would continue to deliver sediment over time even when closed or decommissioned albeit at a reduce 

level. 

Only the Municipal Watershed for the city of Bend is currently closed to motorized access off designated 

routes. While the Forest GIS layer indicates there are no areas open for motorized access off designated 

routes in the Sisters Municipal Watershed within 300’ of streams, field observations indicate there is 

currently a light to moderate amount of non-highway-legal vehicle use in the drainage (personal 

communication with Nate Dachtler, Sisters District Fisheries Biologist). There is some non-highway-legal 

vehicle use in the Mitchell Municipal Watershed but it is light and mainly on old closed roads (based on 

personal observations). There are currently 110 acres available for motorized access off designated routes in 

the Mitchell Municipal Watershed. Water for the Mitchell water supply is diverted from springs which are 

some distance from existing dispersed camping sites located along FS Road 2630450. Both the Sisters and 

Mitchell Municipal Watersheds allow motorized access for dispersed camping. The city of Sisters currently 

uses groundwater from wells for domestic purposes and only maintains facilities in the surface water 

municipal watershed as an emergency backup. The municipal watershed has not been used for drinking 

water for several years. 

 Figure 3-8 - Stream crossing at dispersed site Figure 3-9- User-created stream crossing

 

Figure 3-10 - User created road/trail in wet area 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 162

Within the 300’ being analyzed, draw bottom roads/motorized trails and stream crossings are two of the 

primary contributors of sedimentation (see Figures 3-8-3-10). In addition draw bottom roads contribute to 

losses of in-channel and future Large Woody Material recruitment and disrupt streamside water tables. 

Ricker et al. (2008) found that non-highway-legal vehicle crossings played a major role in sediment delivery 

in forested areas and actually represented the majority of sediment flux in one drainage while Ayala et al. 

(2005) concluded that OHV roads/trails played a major role in overall sediment delivery at the subwatershed 

level. Forest Service GIS layers indicate that within the planning area, there are about 796 miles of open 

road within 300’ of streams and there are an additional 422 miles of inactivated (closed) road and 250 miles 

of decommissioned. 

Motorized Access to Dispersed Campsites 

People using motorized vehicles to access dispersed camp sites try to get off open roads to get away from 

dust and noise and for seclusion. To evaluate the potential sediment delivery to the adjacent stream from the 

access road, the FS WEPP (Water Erosion Prediction Project) sediment yield model was run for three 

generalized sites: Wickiup Reservoir (21.42” precip/yr) on sandy loam soils – “Des” and Mitchell (15.38’ 

precip/yr) on silty-loam soils – “Och1” & on loamy soils – “Och2”. These are representative of most of the 

soils across both Forests and the Grassland. The access roads were assumed to be 8 feet wide, on 5-10% 

slopes, with ruts on native surface, with a 3 foot vegetative buffer on a 3% slope adjacent to the stream. 

Road lengths evaluated ranged from 50 to 200 feet because personal observations (of the Hydrologist) on the 

Ochoco National Forest found that 50 feet from the road was about the minimum distance used and 200 feet 

represented about the maximum distance observed on access roads without a slope break. 

 

Figure 3-11 – Access Road Delivered Sediment (without 30’ stream setback) 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

50 75 100 125 150 175 200

Access Road Length (ft)

Sediment Dleivery (lbs/yr)

Des 5%

Des 10%

Och1 5%

Och1 10%

Och2 5%

Och2 10%

 

The sediment delivery projected by the FS WEPP model is probably overestimated for most sites because of 

selected road condition and because the model assumes the road is at a constant grade (this is especially true 

on the longer access road lengths). However, it does show access roads can deliver sediment when there is 

limited filtering between the road and a stream or other water body. This can lead to increased fines in 

channel substrate with affects being most pronounced if the access route fords a stream. The volume weight 

for a cubic foot of soil on the two forests generally ranges between 80 pounds (silty clay loam) and 110 

pounds (loamy sands). 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 163

Recreational use at dispersed campsites can reduce vegetative ground cover and increase soil compaction 

thereby decreasing filtering and increasing surface erosion and runoff. Trampling crushes, breaks, and 

bruises stems, leaves, and flower stalks at campsites and can cause the loss of up to 45% of ground cover in 

the first year (Manning, 1979). Trampling, clearing for campsite expansion, and removal for firewood and 

poles also causes a decline in the number of tree seedlings and shrubs (Manning (1979), Magill (1970), 

James et al. (1979)). This trampling causes a change from recreational intolerant natural vegetation to 

recreation tolerant species. There is also a rapid increase in soil compaction and decrease in infiltration 

rates. Lutz (1945) found that a trampled sandy soil on a forested picnic area was only one-sixth as 

permeable as it was in an undisturbed area while a sandy loam soil was only one-twentieth as permeable. 

Impacts from recreational users appear to level off after about 2 years (Merrian and Smith (1974), Manning 

(1979)). The rapid occurrence of soil compaction and ground cover deterioration, even under light use, 

indicates bare and disturbed ground is inevitable and is accelerated by vehicles. Vehicles use was also a 

major contributor to the progressive expansion of dispersed sites over time. The area currently available for 

motorized access for dispersed camping on 0-20% slope class is shown in Table 3-46 for sediment impaired 

303(d) listed streams and for the entire planning area in Table 3-47. Camping on slope classes greater than 

20% is highly improbable.

Figures 3-11 and 3-13 depict heavy use dispersed campsites with associated motorized access impacts. If 

dispersed camping adjacent to streams is retarding or preventing the attainment of Riparian Management 

Objectives (RMOs) the standards and guidelines in PACFISH, INFISH, and the Aquatic Conservation 

Strategy (ACS) direct that recreation practices be adjusted by such means as use limitations, traffic control 

devices, relocation of facilities, and site specific closures. Figures 3-12 through 3-14 depict heavy use 

dispersed campsites with associated motorized access impacts before and after traffic control structure 

placement. 

There are currently 29 acres available for motorized access for dispersed camping in the Mitchell Municipal 

Watershed and 181 acres in the Sisters Municipal Watershed. 

Figure 3-11 - Dispersed Site before traffic Figure 3-12 - Dispersed Site after traffic 

control measures control measures 

 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 164

Figure 3-13 - Before- looking at dispersed site Figure 3-14- After- looking at dispersed 

 site 

 

Wetlands/Riparian Vegetation 

There are approximately 18,848 acres of wetlands identified on the Deschutes National Forest and 8,177 

acres on the Ochoco National Forest outside wilderness areas, the Oregon Cascades Recreation Area, and the 

Lookout Mountain Management Area. Road/motorized trail delivered sediment is transported through 

drainages (including ephemeral) to affected wetlands. Table 3-53, displayed later in this section, shows the 

area within 300’ of wetlands open to motorized access off designated routes where at least 85 to 90 percent 

of road delivered sediment originates. Since motorized access for dispersed camping ingress and egress 

normally do not cross or run directly down ephemeral draws and drainages sediment delivery for dispersed 

camping and access/egress to the site would primarily be from overland flow and was analyzed within 100 

feet of streams.

Under Alternative 1, impacts to riparian areas and wetlands would continue and are expected to increase, 

resulting in: 

 Increased numbers of user created trails within wetlands, wet meadows, and other riparian areas, 

causing increased compaction, loss of vegetation, & increased disturbed areas (see Figure 3-16). 

 Wetland recovery would be slow or continue to deteriorate. 

 Riparian vegetation would continue in a downward trend due to compaction and mud bogging 

(see Figure 3-15) 

 Sediment deposition in the wetland 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 165

Figure 3-15 - Mud bogging in wet meadow Figure 3-16 - User created trail across 

 wetland 

 

 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

Temperature 

Motorized Access off Designated Routes 

 Beschta, et al. (1987) found that shade functions generally occur within 100-200 feet of a stream channel. 

Recovery of lost shade resulting from prohibiting motorized access off designated routes would primarily be 

at stream crossings but Alternatives 2 and 3 would also allow the reestablishment of trees on 

decommissioned roads and old temporary roads and skid trails adjacent to streams. While most of the 

potential for shade increase occurs within 4 feet of the stream, large trees can provide shade within 100 feet 

of the channel. Within 100 feet of fish bearing and perennial non-fish bearing streams (Class I-III), these 

alternatives would prohibit motorized access off designated routes on approximately 2,720 acres (4.3 mi2) on 

the Deschutes National Forest and 13,904 acres (21.7 mi2) on the Ochoco National Forest and Grassland in 

areas that are currently open. Alternatives 2 and 3 would beneficially increase shading on fish bearing and 

non-fish bearing streams (Class I-III) over time on the two National Forests and Grassland. 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

As with motorized access off designated routes, most of the potential for shade increases occurs within 100 

feet of fish bearing and perennial non-fish bearing streams. The area open to motorized access for dispersed 

camping within 100 feet of streams will be used to evaluate the difference in potential stream shading 

between Alternative 1 and Alternatives 2 and 3. In addition, the difference in potential shading at stream 

side campsites will be evaluated by comparing the miles of stream with terraces in the 0-20 percent slope 

band open for motorized access for dispersed camping between Alternative 1 and Alternatives 2 and 3. 

Within 100 feet of Class I-III streams, motorized access for dispersed camping on the Deschutes NF would 

be closed on approximately 12,727 acres (19.9 mi2). Alternatives 2 and 3 would implement riparian special 

provisions for motorized access for dispersed camping on the remaining 6,650 acres (10.4 mi2) that remain 

open to motorized access for dispersed camping within 100 feet of a Class I-III stream which limit motorized 

access for dispersed camping to existing, designated or defined sites within 300’ of streams from designated 

open roads with a 30’ vehicle setback from streams at existing sites. On the Ochoco NF and Grassland, 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 166

motorized access to dispersed campsites would be closed on 25,765 acres (40.3 mi2) within 100 feet of Class 

I-III streams where it is currently open, and would implement riparian special provisions for motorized 

access for dispersed camping on 13,046 acres (20.4 mi2) remaining open. The special provisions for 

motorized access for dispersed camping would have a beneficial effect, as it would reduce expansion rates 

on existing dispersed sites and allow reestablishment of vegetation on portions of existing dispersed sites. 

Table 3-44 indicates that about 203 miles (59%) of temperature impaired 303(d) streams that are currently 

open to motorized access for dispersed camping would be closed in Alternatives 2 and 3. Altogether, there 

would be a reduction of about 633 miles (66%) of fish bearing and perennial non-fish bearing streams open 

for motorized access for dispersed camping on the two Forests and Grassland (Table 3-45). 

The reduction of approximately 60% of stream miles currently open for motorized access for dispersed 

camping within 100 feet of fish bearing and perennial non-fish bearing streams, only allowing motorized 

access to designated, defined, or existing dispersed campsites within 300’ of streams, and the 30’ setback 

provision from streams at existing sites would prevent the expansion and increase of campsites adjacent to 

perennial streams from growing to a threshold where continuity might reduce shade enough to produce 

measurable changes in water temperatures. 

Table 3-44 - 303(d) Streams Open to Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Sub Basin Name 

Open Motorized 

Alt 1 

(mi.) 

Open Motorized 

Alt2/3 

(mi.) 

Change 

Open Motorized 

(%) 

Deschutes NF

Little Deschutes 51 5 -90.2% 

Lower Crooked 0 0 0% 

Upper Deschutes 82 36 -56.1% 

Ochoco NF/CRNG

Lower Crooked 32 25 -21.9% 

Lower Deschutes 0 0 0% 

Lower John Day 2 1 -50.0% 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 167

Sub Basin Name 

Open Motorized 

Alt 1 

(mi.) 

Open Motorized 

Alt2/3 

(mi.) 

Change 

Open Motorized 

(%) 

SFk. Crooked 48 17 -64.6% 

Trout Creek 21 7 -66.7% 

Upper Crooked 94 46 -51.1% 

Upper Deschutes 0 0.21 >+100% 

Upper John Day 15 5 -66.7% 

1 Area open for MADC would increase due to proposed changes on Crooked River National Grassland

Table 3-45 - Perennial Streams1 Open to Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Sub Basin Name 

Open Motorized 

Alt 1 

(mi.) 

Open Motorized 

Alt2/3 

(mi.) 

Change 

Open Motorized 

(%) 

Deschutes NF

Little Deschutes 147 17 -88.4% 

Lower Crooked 0 0 0% 

Upper Deschutes 220 78 -64.6% 

Ochoco NF

Lower Crooked 124 64 -48.4% 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 168

Sub Basin Name 

Open Motorized 

Alt 1 

(mi.) 

Open Motorized 

Alt2/3 

(mi.) 

Change 

Open Motorized 

(%) 

Lower Deschutes 0 0.72 >+100% 

Lower John Day 27 9 -66.7% 

SFk. Crooked 87 26 -70.1% 

Trout Creek 29 8 -72.4% 

Upper Crooked 248 114 -54.0% 

Upper Deschutes 0 0.22 >+100% 

Upper John Day 84 16 -81.0% 

1 Some perennial streams are shown in both Table 3-44 & 3-45 

2Area open for MADC would increase due to proposed changes on Crooked River National Grassland

Vegetative recovery within riparian special provision areas is expected to be limited to the area within the 

special provision 30’ vehicle setback from streams at existing dispersed sites with a projected decrease in 

size of dispersed camping sites from 0.17 acres (100’ x 75’) to 0.11 acres (100’ x 50’). Vegetative recovery 

in moist riparian zones would be more rapid than in the uplands and dry terraces due to higher moisture 

regimes but only partial recovery is expected due to continued trampling, fire circles, and tent placement (the 

riparian special provision only applies to motorized access for dispersed camping). Measurable increases in 

stream shade would be expected to take decades. Assumed vegetative recovery rates for depaupered upland 

sites and dry terraces are assumed to be: 

* 0-5 years – 0-10% 

* 5-10 years – 10-25% 

* > 10 years – up to 30% 

Increases in shade from limiting OHV use to access to disperse campsites and designated trails/play areas 

has a very low potential to increase stream shading and would not be measurable. Increased shading 

resulting from limiting motorized access within 30’ of streams at existing dispersed campsites has the 

potential to produce a measurable increase in stream shading in 10 to 20 years but due to the small area 

affected (see Table 3-40) and distribution of sites would not result in measurable changes in water 

temperature. Increases in shading are expected to affect less than 1 percent of perennial stream miles. 

Implementation of these alternatives would not likely result in a measurable change in water temperature as 

a result of prohibiting motorized access off designated routes or changing the condition of motorized access 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 169

dispersed campsites adjacent to streams. Alternative 2 and 3 would meet state water quality standards for 

water temperature 

Sediment 

Motorized Access off Designated Routes 

OHV road/trail delivered sediment is transported through drainages (including ephemeral) as well as through 

overland flow and normally originates within 300’ of the stream channel. Probably less than 10-15 percent 

of delivered sediment originates outside the 300’ analysis buffer. The area open to motorized access off 

designated routes and the closed and decommissioned road densities within 300’ of streams will be 

evaluated to compare the change in risk of sediment delivery between Alternative 1 and Alternatives 2 and 3. 

Within 300’ of perennial and intermittent streams (Class I-IV), Alternatives 2 and 3 would prohibit 

motorized access off designated routes on approximately 21,649 acres (38.9 mi2) that are currently open on 

the Deschutes National Forest and 98,214 acres (153.5 mi2) on the Ochoco National Forest and Grassland. 

Changes to motorized access off designated routes within 300’ of Class I-IV streams from current condition 

are shown in Table 3-47 and those to sediment impaired 303(d) listed streams in Table 3-46. Changes to 

motorized access off designated routes in Municipal Watersheds is shown in Table 3-48. 

Table 3-46 –Motorized Access off Designated Routes within 300 ft. of 303(d) Streams 

Sub Basin Name Alt1 Alt2/Alt3 

Open (ac) Closed (ac) Open (ac) Closed (ac)

Trout Creek 1974 66 0 2040

Upper Deschutes* 0 2358 0 2358

* Includes only watersheds between Wickiup Reservoir and the city of Bend 

Table 3-47 –Motorized Access off Designated Routes within 300 ft. of Streams 

Sub Basin Name Alt1 Alt2/Alt3 

Open (ac) Closed (ac) Open (ac) Closed (ac)

Deschutes NF

Little Deschutes 7050 12353 0 19403

Lower Crooked 0 0 0 0

Upper Deschutes 14644 64597 0 79241

Ochoco NF/CRNG

Lower Crooked 17613 20440 0 38053

Lower Deschutes 0 8686 0 8686

Lower John Day 4858 2252 0 7110

S. Fork Crooked 19027 1427 0 20454

Trout Creek 5457 3949 0 9406

Upper Crooked 35921 17147 0 53068

Upper Deschutes 0 4696 0 4696

Upper John Day 15338 8387 0 23665

Table 3-48 –Motorized Access off Designated Routes within 300 ft. of Streams in Municipal Watersheds 

Municipal Alt1 Alt2/Alt3 

Watershed Open (ac) Closed (ac) Open (ac) Closed (ac)

Mitchell 110 213 0 323

Bend 0 436 0 436

Sisters 0 654 0 654
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 170

Prohibiting motorized access off designated routes would allow sediment delivery from closed roads and 

decommissioned system, temporary logging roads, and user created motorized trails, currently being used by 

OHVs, to recover toward the 75 percent reduction in sediment delivery for closed roads and 95 percent 

reduction for decommissioned projected by Parker and Christensen (1964). Christenson indicated this would 

substantially reduce erosion, but would not return it back to natural background levels. While non-system 

roads, temporary roads, and user created tie-through trails in the areas open to motorized access off 

designated routes in Alternative 1 and shown in Tables 3-46 – 3-48 are not on the Forest GIS layers and 

while not all closed roads are getting OHV use, Table 3-49 gives a perspective of possible reductions in 

sediment delivery based on potential use on up to three quarters of closed and mapped decommissioned 

roads (based on personal observations in the McKay Creek Watershed) under current management direction 

and with projected increases in recreational use. 

Table 3-49 – Road Densities within 300 Ft. of Streams

Sub Basin Alt 1 (No Action) Alt2 & Alt3 

Open Closed/Decom. Open, 

Closed/Decom. 

Ochoco NF/Crooked River National Grassland 

Lower John Day 2.80 mi/mi2 2.49 mi/mi2 No Change 

26 miles 23 miles “ “ 

 

Upper John Day 1.92 mi/mi2 2.75 mi/mi2 No Change 

51 miles 73 miles “ “ 

 

Lower Deschutes 3.43 mi/mi2 0.28 mi/mi2 No Change 

 47 miles 4 miles “ “ 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 171

Sub Basin Alt 1 (No Action) Alt2 & Alt3 

Open Closed/Decom. Open, 

Closed/Decom. 

 

Upper Deschutes 1.55 mi/mi2 0.51 mi/mi2 No Change 

11 miles 4 miles “ “ 

 

Trout Creek 3.43 mi/mi2 2.40 mi/mi2 No Change 

50 miles 35 miles “ “ 

 

Lower Crooked River 2.88 mi/mi2 1.98 mi/mi2 No Change 

149 miles 103 miles “ “ 

 

Upper Crooked River 3.77 mi/mi2 2.62 mi/mi2 No Change 

305 miles 212 miles “ “ 

 

Beaver/SFk Crooked 2.25 mi/mi2 3.64 mi/mi2 No Change 

72 miles 116 miles “ “ 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 172

Sub Basin Alt 1 (No Action) Alt2 & Alt3 

Open Closed/Decom. Open, 

Closed/Decom. 

 

Deschutes NF 

Upper Deschutes 2.68 mi/mi2 0.89 mi/mi2 No Change 

330 miles 109 miles “ “ 

 

Little Deschutes 1.76 mi/mi2 0.36 mi/mi2 No Change 

44 miles 9 miles “ “ 

 

Lower Crooked River 0 mi/mi2 0 mi/mi2 No Change 

0 miles 0 miles “ “ 

 

Summer Lake 0 mi/mi2 0 mi/mi2 No Change 

0 miles 0 miles “ “ 

 

Williamson 0 mi/mi2 0 mi/mi2 No Change 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 173

Sub Basin Alt 1 (No Action) Alt2 & Alt3 

Open Closed/Decom. Open, 

Closed/Decom. 

0 miles 0 miles “ “ 

In high use areas where OHV roads/trails may exceed open road densities, the decrease in sediment delivery 

may be substantial (Ricker et al., 2008 and Ayala, 2005). The highest reductions in sediment load would 

occur at stream crossings and from trails running down intermittent and ephemeral draws. 

Motorized Access Dispersed Recreation 

Since motorized access for ingress and egress to dispersed campsites normally doesn’t run down ephemeral 

draws and drainages, sediment delivery would primarily be from overland flow. The area open to motorized 

access to dispersed recreation sites within 100 feet of streams will be used to evaluate the change in risk for 

sediment delivery between Alternative 1 and Alternatives 2 and 3. The change in miles of stream terrace 

open for motorized access dispersed camping, in the 0-20 percent slope band, will be used to evaluate the 

change in risk of sediment delivery from overland flow from the actual campsite between Alternative 1 and 

Alternatives 2 and 3. 

Within 100 feet of perennial and intermittent streams, motorized access dispersed recreation on the 

Deschutes National Forest would be reduced by 12,727 acres (64%) and by 25,765 acres (66%) on the 

Ochoco National Forest and Grassland. Approximately 6,650 acres (10.4 mi2) and 13,046 acres (20.4 mi2) 

would remain open for motorized access with special riparian provisions on the Deschutes and Ochoco 

National Forests, respectively. Changes to motorized access to dispersed camping sites within 100 feet of 

streams are shown in Table 3-51 and those to sediment impaired 303(d) listed streams in Table 3-50. 

Changes to motorized access for dispersed camping within Municipal Watersheds are shown in Table 3-51. 

Table 3-50 - Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping within 100 ft. of 303(d) Streams 

Alt1 Alt2/Alt3

Open Closed Open Closed 

Sub Basin Name

(ac) (ac) (ac) Change (ac) 

Trout Creek 709 25 205 -71.1% 531

Upper Deschutes* 905 409 796 -12.0% 518

* Includes only watersheds between Wickiup Reservoir & Bend 

Table 3-51 - Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping within 100 ft. of Streams 

Alt1 Alt2/Alt3

Open Closed Open Closed

Sub Basin Name

(ac) (ac) (ac) Change (ac)

Deschutes NF

Little Deschutes 5475 1312 683 -87.5% 6103

Lower Crooked 0 0 0 0% 0

Upper Deschutes 13902 14348 5967 -57.1% 22275
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 174

Alt1 Alt2/Alt3

Open Closed Open Closed

Sub Basin Name

(ac) (ac) (ac) Change (ac)

Ochoco NF/CRNG

Lower Crooked 7699 5124 2759 -64.2% 10064

Lower Deschutes 0 2913 7921 >+100% 2117

Lower John Day 1822 564 451 -75.2% 1937

S Fk. Crooked 6486 365 1511 -76.7% 5337

Trout Creek 1833 1324 978 -46.6% 2174

Upper Crooked 15736 2115 5441 -65.4% 12398

Upper Deschutes 0 1584 2121 >+100% 1370

Upper John Day 5235 9649 902 -82.8% 6988

1 Area open for MADC would increase due to proposed changes on Crooked River National Grassland

On the Deschutes National Forest, the Municipal Watershed for the city of Bend would remain closed to 

motorized access for dispersed camping. The area open to motorized access for dispersed camping in the 

Sisters Municipal Watershed within 100 feet of streams would be reduced by 111 acres to 70 acres (61.3%) 

and that in the Mitchell Municipal Watershed (Ochoco National Forest) by 22 acres to 7 acres (75.9%). 

Since the water in the Mitchell Municipal Watershed is diverted from springs and most of the source area is 

in the Bridge Creek Wilderness, the reduction in acres would have a minimal impact on water quality. 

Sisters currently uses groundwater from wells closer to the city for domestic purposes and only maintains 

facilities in the municipal watershed as an emergency backup. The surface water municipal watershed has 

not been used for drinking water for several years. Depending on where the area open for motorized access 

for dispersed camping is in relation to the diversion and connectivity, motorized access dispersed camping 

may result in some sediment delivery at the diversion if Sisters needs to use the water system in the future.

Table 3-52 –Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping within 100 ft. of Streams in Municipal Watersheds 

Alt1 Alt2/Alt3

Open Closed Open Closed

Municipal 

Watershed

(ac) (ac) (ac) Change (ac)

Mitchell 29 70 7 -75.9% 92

Bend 0 147 0 0% 147

Sisters 181 36 70 -61.3% 148

The reduction of approximately 70% of the area currently open for motorized access to dispersed camping 

sites within 100 feet of perennial and intermittent streams and only allowing motorized access to designated, 

defined, or existing dispersed campsites would prevent the expansion and increase of campsites adjacent to 

streams. 

Decreases in sediment delivery from Alternative 1 at dispersed campsites would primarily result from the 

30’ vehicle setback from streams at existing dispersed sites with a projected decrease in the size of dispersed 

camping sites from 0.17 acres (100’ x 75’) to 0.11 acres (100’ x 50’) and from not developing new dispersed 

sites close to streams. Pulling vehicles back 30’ from streams would reduce ground disturbance within the 

highest overland flow sediment delivery zone. This could increase ground disturbance in the relocated 

parking/vehicle camping area (campers & trailers) but the additional setback would result in additional 

settling, filtering, and infiltration before sediment could reach the water and would deliver less sediment than 

if vehicles were allowed to continue parking right up to the waters edge. Vegetative recovery in riparian 

zones would be more rapid than in the uplands due to higher moisture regimes but only partial recovery is 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 175

expected due to continued trampling, fire circles, and tent placement (the riparian special provision 30’ 

setback at existing dispersed sites would also apply to campers and tent trailers). 

Implementation of Alternative 2 and 3 would reduce the sediment load in perennial and intermittent streams 

(Class I-IV) on the two National Forests and Grassland. They would also result in decreases in turbidity and 

sediment delivery primarily during and shortly after runoff events, due to decreases in road/motorized trail 

delivered sediment, decreased disturbed and bare ground within 30’ of streams at existing dispersed sites, 

and increased vegetative filtering at existing dispersed camp sites, but it would be hard to quantify due to the 

scattered nature of the disturbance, connectivity of streams to the disturbance, and the timing and magnitude 

of runoff events. However based on personal observations of the Hydrologist on heavily used OHV areas on 

the Ochoco National Forest, and studies by Ricker et al. (2008) and Ayala (2005), decreases in sediment 

delivery could be substantive in localized drainages. Decreases in sediment delivery to streams would 

primarily result from prohibiting motorized access off designated routes except for ingress and egress from 

dispersed camping sites. Alternative 2 and 3 would meet state water quality standards for turbidity. 

Wetlands/Riparian Vegetation 

Alternative 2 & 3 would continue to allow motorized use on all currently open roads on both Forests. Nonhighway-legal vehicles would be restricted to mixed use open roads (primarily 7 digit local roads and 

designated 4 digit collector roads), designated motorized trails, and designated play areas (primarily rock and 

gravel pits). As with streams, most sediment delivery would originate within 300’ of wetlands and direct 

impacts to wetlands from roads/trails and mud bogging would occur within this buffer. Reductions in the 

area open to motorized access off designated routes from Alternative 1 are shown in Table 3-53. 

Table 3-53 –Motorized Access off Designated Routes within 300 ft. of Wetlands 

Sub Basin Name Alt1 Alt2/Alt3 

Open (ac) Closed (ac) Open (ac) Closed (ac)

Deschutes NF

Little Deschutes 5815 8380 0 14195

Lower Crooked 0 0 0 0

Upper Deschutes 2430 20211 0 22641

Ochoco NF/CRNG

Lower Crooked 1452 2703 0 4155

Lower Deschutes 0 188 0 188

Lower John Day 1096 407 0 1503

SFk. Crooked 151 54 0 205

Trout Creek 68 24 0 92

Upper Crooked 4490 3610 0 8100

Upper Deschutes 0 52 0 52

Upper John Day 2517 821 0 3338

These alternatives would also continue to allow motorized access within 300’ of most open roads for 

dispersed camping. However motorized access would only be allowed for ingress and egress to campsites. 

Within 300’ of wetlands, they would limit motorized access to only existing, designated, or defined sites, 

and would not allow motorized access closer than 30’ to the wetlands at existing dispersed sites. Most direct 

and indirect impacts associated with dispersed campsites and access would result from activities within 100 

feet of the wetland. Within this 100 feet, motorized access to dispersed camp sites on the Deschutes 

National Forest would be reduced by 16,425 acres (81%) and by 6,025 acres (68%) on the Ochoco National 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 176

Forest. Approximately 3,869 acres (6.0 mi2) and 2,828 acres (4.4 mi2) would remain open for motorized 

access with special riparian provisions on the Deschutes, and Ochoco, respectively (see Table 3-54). 

Table 3-54 –Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping within 100 ft. of Wetlands 

Alt1 Alt2/Alt3

Open Closed Open Closed

Sub Basin Name

(ac) (ac) (ac) Change (ac)

Deschutes NF

Little Deschutes 11113 1554 1456 -86.9% 11211

Lower Crooked 0 0 0 0% 0

Upper Deschutes 9181 9812 2413 -73.7% 16580

Ochoco NF/CRNG

Lower Crooked 1855 985 847 -54.3% 1996

Lower Deschutes 0 172 24 > +100% 149

Lower John Day 835 148 217 -74.6% 766

SFk. Crooked 105 42 13 -87.6% 135

Trout Creek 43 27 11 -74.4% 59

Upper Crooked 4222 1684 1403 -66.8% 4508

Upper Deschutes 0 35 10 > +100% 25

Upper John Day 1793 473 303 -83.1% 1964

Restrictions on motorized access for dispersed camping in these alternatives would substantially reduce 

recreation-associated impacts to wetlands. Most campers set their campsites on dry ground. However, many 

of the wetlands on the two Forests are only seasonally saturated and are dry in the late summer or in the fall 

during hunting season. Compaction, vegetation shifts to more use tolerant species, and bare ground 

associated with access and the camp site would probably persist in these seasonally dry areas. In areas 

where the public can readily identify the wetland, implementation of the 30’ vehicle setback at existing 

dispersed sites would allow for riparian vegetation recovery. 

With implementation of Alternative 2 or 3, wetlands currently adversely impacted by motorized use would 

be expected to recover over time. That being said, wetland function at most sites would not be expected to 

fully recover and some level of erosion and sediment delivery would persist, but recovery rates would be 

higher than upland sites due to greater vegetative productivity and associated biopedoturbation from worms, 

insects, and other fauna. From observations of measures taken to restore severely impacted wetlands 

resulting from OHV use on the Ochoco National Forest, vegetation recovery would be fairly rapid. However 

subsurface flow and wetland drainage due to puddling (severe rutting) would take longer to recover and may 

continue in a downward trend without mechanical treatment. The level of sediment delivery would be small 

and these alternatives and restrictions on OHV operation within wetlands would be consistent with 

Executive Order 11990. 

Geology and Minerals 

Executive Summary 

This section summarizes the analysis of the effects on important geological attributes within the analysis 

area that could be affected by the proposed action. 

There is no appreciable difference of potential effects for geology and minerals between Alternatives 2 and 3 

for the forests and grassland. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 177

For locatable minerals and rockhounding, the proposed action would not change use of the mining claims. 

Access would still be granted through the plan of operations, if the activity requires motorized access off 

designated routes. 

For leasable minerals, there would be no change in operations with this proposed action for either the 

Deschutes National Forest or the Ochoco National Forest and Grassland. Some lease areas currently prohibit 

public motorized access. 

For saleable minerals,if the source is not currently closed to the public, then Alternatives 2 and 3 would 

affect access by the public to use the sources for other activities, following the proposed closures. 

In Alternatives 2 & 3, the proposed 30’ setback for motorized access for dispersed camping for protection of 

wetlands, seeps, springs and stream edges would have a beneficial effect by allowing vegetation recovery, 

which would increase evapotranspiration, thereby increasing slope stability for those dispersed campsites 

with motorized access on dormant landslide terrain and adjacent to streams. Maintaining the minimum 30’ 

buffer from the wetland edge for motorized access for dispersed camping would also beneficially reduce the 

potential risk for groundwater contamination. Alternatives 2 and 3, over the No Action Alternative, would 

provide greater protection for both forests by restricting camping to defined, designated and existing sites 

and enforcement of the 30’ buffer from wetlands, seeps, springs and stream edges to motorized access for 

dispersed campsites. 

Affected Environment 

This section will characterize the important geological attributes within the analysis area that could be 

affected by the proposed action. These include: dormant and active landslide terrain, including those close 

to 303(d) listed streams; geologic faults that may be coincident with motorized access to dispersed camping; 

surface/groundwater connections through permeable rocks; leasable, locatable and salable minerals. 

The Deschutes National Forest, the Ochoco National Forest and the Crooked River National Grassland are 

primarily underlain by volcanic materials with varying levels of permeability. The Ochoco National Forest 

has a fair amount of dormant and active landslide terrain, while the Deschutes has a minor amount. The 

Deschutes has a large amount of very permeable rock with the potential for groundwater contamination 

across the uplands and wetlands. The mineral material sources identified in the proposed action to be 

designated open to motorized access off designated routes for both forests and the grassland are all actively 

used for mineral extraction. 

This report analyzed 1,613,026 acres on the Deschutes National Forest, 613,847 acres on the Ochoco 

National Forest, and 112,048 acres on the Crooked River National Grassland. The two Forests and 

Grassland are primarily underlain by volcanic rocks of a variety of ages (Walker and MacLeod, 1991) 

(Appendix B-2 Geology). The older volcanic terrain (40 Ma (Million Years) to 17 Ma), underlying the 

Ochoco National Forest, is composed of basalts, rhyolites and andesites, weathering to clays. Water doesn’t 

tend to infiltrate easily in the clays, resulting in low permeability (Gonthier, 1985). The younger volcanic 

units (less than 17 Ma) underlying the Crooked River National Grassland and Deschutes National Forest 

exhibit more porous characteristics, allowing more surface/groundwater flow connections (Lite and Gannett, 

2002). The younger lithology on the Deschutes National Forest is dominated by thick blankets of cinder, 

pumice and very open fractured basalt flows which easily pass surface water to ground water. The crest of 

the Cascades experienced alpine glaciation which deposited thick blankets of moderate to highly permeable 

glacial gravels. 

The Deschutes National Forest has experienced significant glacial events, the most recent was 20,000 years 

ago, eroding the large volcanoes and depositing blankets of glacial till along the toe slopes of the Cascades. 

These glacial gravels are sensitive to disturbance and are permeable, connecting surface water and 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 178

groundwater. The Ochoco Mountains were not glaciated, although the area did experience periglacial 

effects. 

Mount Mazama ashfall can be found on the northern slopes across the Ochoco Mountains and southern 

Deschutes River basin. The ash was deposited approximately 7,700 years ago, following the eruption of Mt. 

Mazama, subsequently reworked by wind and water. The ash capping the Ochoco Mountains is weathering 

to clay. The axis of the ashfall runs from Crater Lake (Mt. Mazama) to Lewiston, Idaho (Walker and 

MacLeod, 1991). The 11⁄2 feet of sand-sized ash has mixed with the developing soils, creating more erosive 

soils. These soils provide the majority of the natural stream sediment due to processes like sheet and rill 

erosion. Ashfall has collected in the draws in the Ochoco Mountains, increasing the fertility of the drainages 

and allowing development of the tree/shrub component of the vegetation in an otherwise thin soil bedrock 

dominated terrain. 

In addition to ash from Mount Mazama, the Deschutes National Forest and Crooked River National 

Grassland received a variety of more recent ashfall from different vents (Newberry volcano and others) that 

have deposited coarser pumice, which has a different character. On the lower east slope flanks of the 

Cascades and across the highlands, containing Newberry volcano, coarse ash/pumice fragments, primarily 

from Mt. Mazama and Newberry volcano, carpet the older terrain to depths of 3 to 6 feet. The coarser porous 

pumice blanket covers the older terrain upon which drainage had developed. 

There is little surface water exposed on the south to southeast end of the Deschutes National Forest because 

of the pumice blanket. However, the pumice breaks down and is easily disturbed, forming large volumes of 

dust. The unconfined pumice aquifer is permeable, connecting the surface water to groundwater. 

The inherent weathering characteristics of the rock speak to the durability over time. The higher resistance 

to chemical and mechanical weathering processes indicates bedrock that breaks down into coarse rock 

fragments, boulders, gravels. The intermediate range exhibits breakdown products of the boulders, gravel, 

sand and silt size with clays. The lithology highly susceptible to weathering processes are those units that 

are already unconsolidated mixtures of sand, silt, gravel, clays which are easily dislodged and transported 

either by wind, water or mechanical means (earthquakes, landslides or human interaction). Unconsolidated 

rock units like glacial till, landslide terrain, alluvium and pumice blankets, by nature, are already finer 

particles which have more surface area exposed to percolating waters. 

On the Deschutes National Forest, fifty-nine (59%) percent of the underlying formations within the analysis 

area are predominantly resistant to chemical and mechanical weathering processes, 0.7 percent have an 

intermediate susceptibility to chemical and mechanical weathering processes and 38.6 percent are highly 

susceptible to mechanical and chemical weathering processes (Appendix B-2 Geology) with 1.7 percent of 

the area under water. 

On the Ochoco National Forest, fifty-eight (58%) percent of the underlying formations within the analysis 

area are predominantly resistant to chemical and mechanical weathering processes, 36 percent have an 

intermediate susceptibility to chemical and mechanical weathering processes and 6 percent are highly 

susceptible to mechanical and chemical weathering processes with less than 0.04 percent under water. 

On the Crooked River National Grassland, thirty (30%) percent of the underlying formations within the 

analysis area are predominantly resistant to chemical and mechanical weathering processes, 66 percent have 

an intermediate susceptibility to chemical and mechanical weathering processes and 4 percent are highly 

susceptible to mechanical and chemical weathering processes with less than 0.4 percent under water. 

In general, the central Oregon area volcanic rocks are durable with a range of 30%-59% percent being 

relatively resistant to chemical and mechanical weathering processes. The Deschutes National Forest tends 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 179

to have more lithologic units highly susceptible to chemical and mechanical weathering, followed by the 

Ochoco National Forest, then the Grassland. 

Faults and Landslides 

In central Oregon, the development of the scenic cliffs and prominent escarpments are due to a variety of 

processes: volcanism, faults, folds, landslides and alpine glaciation. The north rim of the Ochoco Mountains 

rose with the Blue Mountain Anticline (folded rocks) (Walker, 1990). The related tectonic fault traces have 

influenced the development of drainage patterns. The mass wasting processes, active in central Oregon, 

includes the formation of talus slopes, deep seated dormant landslides, slope creep and rock topple. The wet 

areas (seeps and springs) adjacent to dormant landslides and tectonic faults identify interrupted drainage 

flow. These wet areas show up as springs and seeps. 

 

During the past 10,000 years, large rotational landslides have developed across the Ochoco Mountains. 

When the groundwater flow is modified, pockets of these landslides reactivate at times. The Deschutes 

National Forest has seen the development of a few large landslides, specifically on Green Ridge, along the 

Metolius River. 

Faults 

The fault derived fractures in the basalt are areas of concentration for groundwater infiltration. The faults, a 

reflection of tectonic movement, provide avenues for collection of soil and ash which makes a more fertile 

growing environment. The faults may be characterized by “ stringers”, areas with concentrations of tree and 

shrub components. Numerous springs occur along the fault lineations, representing ground/surface water 

connections. The faults and folds in the Ochoco Mountains are generally 10 million year old features. The 

Green Ridge Fault on the Deschutes National Forest was most recently active about 750,000 years ago. The 

Northwest Rift Zone (passes through Newberry Volcano and Lava Butte) was active around 7,000 years ago. 

Landslides 

The Deschutes National Forest has one dormant landslide (approximately 357 acres), which had a small 

segment reactivate. For the Deschutes National Forest, this is less than 0.1 percent of the analysis area and 

occurs on Greenridge in the Metolius Basin. This slide area near Forest Road 1499 reactivated following the 

1996 rain-on-snow event by releasing a debris flow which gullied out a draw and then deposited debris on 

the lower older toeslope, close to the Metolius River. Approximately 2-3 acres within the dormant landslide 

reactivated during the weather event. 

The Ochoco National Forest has the most landslide prone areas of the two National Forests, with 1,001 

identified dormant landslides (approx. 87,199 acres) and 50 active landslides covering 62 acres. The 

Grassland has 14 dormant landslides on 1,371 acres. For the Ochoco and Grassland, this is 21 percent of the 

analysis area (88,632 acres). 

Transportation networks (trails and roads) cross the dormant and active landslide terrain. Motorized access 

to dispersed campsites are located on the terrain, generally adjacent to streams, on the toeslopes of the 

landslides. When the toeslopes are streambanks, they are prone to active erosion. The material is 

intermittently unstable. 

The active landslides are in isolated drainages, generally not suitable for motorized access to dispersed 

camping, with the exception of Doe Creek, on the Ochoco National Forest. The site, less than one acre in 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 180

size, is on a landslide bench, well above the creek. When the dormant landslides were more active, they 

contributed a portion of the existing sediment currently occupying the flood plains of the stream courses. 

Motorized access for dispersed camping occurs on the dormant landslide terrain, on midslope benches and 

on the toeslopes adjacent to creeks on both the Forest and Grassland. 

The landslide debris and Mazama ash contribute to the fine sediments present in the stream substrate on both 

forests. Higher risk for destabilization of the streambanks along dormant landslide terrain (sediment source) 

is associated with those streams on the 303(d) list for temperature (see the hydrology section). When the 

toeslopes of the landslides confine streams, they are prone to active erosion. The landslide debris has 

reached equilibrium on the hill slopes. As the stream erodes the toeslopes, this equilibrium is upset. 

Accelerated erosion into the streams from the banks is associated with the landslide areas. 

The Deschutes National Forest does not have any dormant or active landslide terrain on 303 (d) listed 

streams. On the Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland, there are 51.5 miles of 

Class I-III 303(d) listed streams adjacent to dormant and active landslide terrain. This represents 16% of the 

total miles of 303(d) listed stream (325.19 miles). The total stream length for all classes is 2,522 miles. The 

dormant landslides naturally adjust as the streams cut the toes of the landslide debris and as natural fires, 

insect and disease infestations remove vegetation, allowing increased precipitation to saturate the soils. 

Past construction of roads across landslide debris has potentially compacted the debris, creating a dam-like 

feature which can collect water upslope, increasing pore water pressure to the point of failure. When the 

unconsolidated landslide debris is saturated, there is a potential for movement with subsurface water flow 

down slope. 

Highly Permeable Rock 

The Cascades and Ochoco Mountains are a recharge area for local groundwater aquifers. On the vegetation, 

lineation’s mark cooling fractures and tectonic fault structures in the Picture Gorge Basalts in the Ochoco 

Mountains . The vegetation marks surface zones of groundwater recharge. The older Clarno Formation has 

low permeability (Gonthier, 1985) as does the younger John Day Formation (Lite and Gannett, 2002). 

On the Deschutes National Forest, the high percentage of permeable young lava flows and porous 

cinders/pumice (622,609 acres or 38.6%) are at an increased risk for hazardous spills directly affecting 

groundwater (Appendix B-2 Geology). The Ochoco National Forest and Grassland are at less of a risk 

(41,753 acres or 5.8%) for potential groundwater contamination. The spills could be both biological and 

petroleum based. Vehicles changing oil, or being fueled, emptying RV black water septic tanks or grey 

water on these formations has the potential for introducing contaminants into the groundwater, especially if 

the location is adjacent to wetlands, springs or streams. The young lavas provide a direct link between 

surface and groundwater (Lite and Gannett, 2002). Forest Service brochures instruct forest users about how 

to avoid contaminating water sources while recreating. 

Minerals 

For the purposes of this report, minerals will be classified in three categories: leasable, locatable and salable. 

Leasable Minerals -Leasable minerals include geothermal, oil and gas, defined in 36 CFR 228B. The 

Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries has classified the Deschutes and Ochoco National 

Forests as favorable for the discovery of geothermal resources (Tout, 1989). Over the past 15 years, 

geothermal exploration has occurred sporadically in the vicinity of Newberry volcano. Ninety-six percent of 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 181

the Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland has been classified as prospectively 

valuable for oil and gas (Forest Plan, 1989). 

There are currently 54,000 acres under geothermal lease, of which a portion are under an active exploration 

operation administered by the BLM. The Crooked River National Grassland has 10,363 acres under oil and 

gas lease but no active operations. There will be no change in operations with this proposed action for either 

the Deschutes or the Grassland. Some lease areas prohibit public motorized access currently.

Locatable Minerals - Locatable minerals, such as gold, mercury and thundereggs, are present within the 

boundary of the Ochoco National Forest (as defined in 36 CFR 228A). The Deschutes National Forest does 

not have the geologic conditions to support the presence of gold or mercury but there is opal present. 

According to the December 10, 2008 BLM mining claim recordation report, there are a number of mining 

claims recorded in the analysis area on the Ochoco National Forest and 2 mining claims on the Deschutes 

National Forest. The proposed action would not change use of the mining claims. Access would still be 

granted through the plan of operations, if the activity requires motorized access off designated routes. 

Rockhounding is a popular family activity on both forests. Over the years, rockhounding has occurred 

primarily on the Ochoco National Forest and the Crooked River National Grassland. There are three 

frequently used sites on the Ochoco National Forest: White Fir, Whistler and Maury Agate Beds. There are 

other areas also noted for agate and thundereggs. The proposed action would not change access to the 

rockhound sites. The more frequented sites are all on open roads. 

Salable Minerals - Salable mineral materials include cinders, gravel or rock suitable for crushing or 

landscape use, as defined in 36 CFR 228C. These mineral material sources are located across the two forests 

and grassland and are primarily basalt, andesite and rhyolite. They were developed over the past four 

decades primarily to support the National Forest system roads. The majority of the material removed from 

these areas continues to be for County, State or Federal use. The temporarily inactive to active rock sources 

range from pit run to crushing quality. The majority of the mineral material extracted is used for landscape 

rock, road reconstruction, fisheries, riparian and wildlife projects. 

The mineral material sources are also popular areas for other uses that are not related to mineral extraction 

such as OHV ‘play’ areas, rock crawling and steep slope challenges, group campsites, snowparks and target 

shooting to name a few. Currently, most mineral material sources on the two Forests are open to motorized 

use unless they have been closed with a gate for rock crushing or when other mineral extraction activities are 

active and pose a public safety hazard. Some of the mineral material sources, through low use, are 

reclaiming naturally. 

The two forests and the grassland have mineral material sources in a various stages of development. Some 

are in active use, some are closed and reclaiming naturally, some haven’t been used recently and are 

temporarily inactive. On the Deschutes National Forest, under the no action alternative, included in the 200 

material sources (778 acres) (0.05 percent of the forest land base) inventoried, there are four mineral material 

sources open for motorized access on designated OHV trail system routes. These four material sources, on 

the Bend-Ft. Rock district, are part of the East Fort Rock OHV trail system: South Cinder Cone Cinder Pit 

(3030), Ice Rock Quarry (3105), Sabol Butte Cinder Pit (3041) and Ground Hog Rock Quarry (3098). They 

contain 1.86 acres, 17.12 acres, 5.3 acres and 16.34 acres, respectively. Ground Hog Rock Quarry is 

currently a designated rock crawl area for high clearance vehicles. As described in the Affected 

Environment, except for those included in these designated systems, most of these pits are within areas that 

generally do not prohibit motorized access off designated routes. In the designated motorized trail systems, 

conditions for use of the open areas are included in the regulations applied to the entire trail system. On the 

Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland, of the 331 material sources (628 acres) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 182

(0.10 percent of the forest land base) inventoried, there is only 1 mineral material source currently dedicated 

as open for motorized access as part of a designated system. Canal Material Source has been incorporated 

into the Henderson Flat OHV Management Area. 

Free use permits to the State of Oregon and the counties account for the majority of the large volumes 

extracted on each forest. The proponents vary from year to year but the use is fairly consistent (Table 3-55). 

The Deschutes National Forest averages 412,361 tons extracted per year at a value of $264,705. The 

Ochoco National Forest/Crooked River National Grassland has an average use of 57,597 tons/year at a value 

of $ 23,224, based on fair market value. These volumes include rock hauled for on-forest projects. Rock 

purchased from commercial sources located off forest is also used on projects within the national forests. 

The National Forest material sources are located in a variety of management areas. 

Table 3-55: Mineral Material Use for Deschutes National Forest, Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River 

National Grassland 

Year Deschutes NF 

Weight (tons) 

Deschutes NF 

Value 

Ochoco 

NF/CRNG 

Weight (tons) 

Ochoco 

NF/CRNG 

Value 

2006 80,934 $81,265 12,766 $4,555 

2007 426,823 $226,145 150,492 $58,292 

2008 729,327 $486,705 9,534 $6,826 

Total 1,237,084 $794,115 172,792 $69,673 

Average 

Weight or 

income/year 

412,361 

tons/yr 

$264,705/yr 57,597 tons/yr $23,224/yr 

Access to and use of the mineral materials within these sources is subject to permit conditions, and would 

not be affected by this decision. However, if the source is not currently closed to the public, then 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would affect access by the public to use the sources for other activities, following the 

proposed closures. 

Analysis of Environmental Effects 

Alternative 1 

Active and Dormant Landslide Terrain

Motorized Access off Designated Routes and Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Alternative 1 (No Action) would not eliminate any presently allowed motorized access off designated routes 

or motorized access for dispersed camping. Patterns of movement of active and dormant landslide terrain 

would continue to be mainly influenced by the natural process of erosion under the current precipitation 

pattern and the current patterns and trends from recreation use. 

The majority of the dormant and the active landslide terrain is located on the Ochoco National Forest and 

Crooked River National Grassland (Table 3-56 and 3-57). Landslide terrain tends to develop unusual 

subsurface drainage patterns. The intensity and style of management activity on landslide terrain, in the 

vicinity of seeps and springs, could potentially change the drainage pattern which increases the risk for 

instability. Of the alternatives, Alternative 1 has the most potential to adversely affect landslide terrain. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 183

Table 3-56: Percent Effected Dormant Landslide terrain within all the alternatives (acres). 

Motorized Access for 

Dispersed Camping 

Total Forest 

Acres 

Alternative 1 – 

No Action - 

Acres 

Alternative 2 – 

Proposed 

Action - Acres 

Alternative 3 - 

Acres 

Deschutes NF 357 

Existing open to motorized 

access for dispersed 

camping 

 214 

Continued existing open to 

motorized access for 

dispersed camping 

 11 

Proposed open to motorized 

access for dispersed 

camping 

 10 

Proposed open to motorized 

access for dispersed 

camping, with special 

provisions – non-riparian & 

riparian 

 67 88 

Total Dormant Landslide 

Acres – Deschutes NF 

(1,612,991 acres)

 357 acres 

(0.02%)

214 acres 

0.01%

88 acres 0.01% 88 acres 0.01%

 

Ochoco NF 88,568 

Existing Open Year round & 

seasonally to motorized 

access for dispersed 

camping 

 64,398 

Continued Existing open to 

motorized access for 

dispersed camping, year 

round and seasonally 

 7,902 

Proposed open to motorized 

access for dispersed 

camping,with special 

provisions – non-riparian & 

riparian 

 4,281 10,536 

Proposed open to motorized 

access for dispersed 

camping, seasonally w/ 

special provisions – nonriparian and riparian 

 693 2,352 

Total Dormant Landslide 

Acres – Ochoco NF 

(613,833 acres)

88,568 acres 

(14.4%) 

64,398 acres 

10.5%

12,876 acres 

2.1%

12,876 acres 

2.1%

 

Crooked River NG 1,371 

Proposed Open Year Round 

to motorized access for 

dispersed camping 

 73 

Proposed open to motorized 

access for dispersed 

camping, seasonally w/ 

special provisions – non-

 13 13 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 184

Motorized Access for 

Dispersed Camping 

Total Forest 

Acres 

Alternative 1 – 

No Action - 

Acres 

Alternative 2 – 

Proposed 

Action - Acres 

Alternative 3 - 

Acres 

riparian 

Proposed open to motorized 

access for dispersed 

camping,with special 

provisions – non-riparian 

and riparian 

 169 242 

Total Dormant Landslide 

Acres – CRNG (110,071 

acres)

1,371 acres 

(1.3%) 

0 acres 255 Acres 

0.23%

255 acres 

0.23%

Table 3-57: Active Landslide terrain within acres open for dispersed campsites 

Dispersed Campsites Total Forest 

Acres 

Alternative 1 – No 

Action - Acres 

Alternative 2 – 

Proposed Action - 

Acres 

Alternative 3 - 

Acres 

Deschutes NF 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 

Total Active 

Landslide acres –

Deschutes NF 

(1,612,991 acres)

2-3 

(<0.0002%) 

 

Ochoco NF 62 

Existing Open Year 

round and seasonally 

to motorized access 

for dispersed camping 

 46 

Proposed Open Year 

Round and seasonally 

 6.5 

Proposed open to 

motorized access for 

dispersed camping, 

seasonally w/ special 

provisions – nonriparian and riparian 

 5.9 2.1 

Proposed open to 

motorized access for 

dispersed 

camping,with special 

provisions – nonriparian and riparian 

 0.01 acres 10.3 acres 

Total Active 

Landslide acres –

Ochoco NF (613,833 

acres) 

62 acres 

(0.01%) 

46 acres (0.01%) 12.4 acres 

(<0.01%) 

12.4 acres 

(<0.01%) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 185

Highly Permeable Rock

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

On the Deschutes National Forest, the high percentage of permeable young lava flows and porous 

cinders/pumice (622,609 acres or 38.6%) are at an increased risk for hazardous spills from motorized 

vehicles directly effecting groundwater. Under Alternative 1, 406,345 acres (25%) would remain open to 

motorized access for dispersed camping (Table 3-58) and susceptible to adverse effects. 

On the Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland, under Alternative 1, 31,986 acres 

(4%) would remain open to motorized access for dispersed camping (Table 3-58). 

Table 3-58 Permeable rocks (acres) open to motorized access for dispersed camping on the Deschutes National 

Forest, Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland 

Forest Alternative 1- 

No Action 

(acres) 

Alternative 2 – 

Proposed 

Action (acres) 

Alternative 3 

(acres) 

Deschutes National 

Forest (1,612,991 acres) 

Existing Open Year round 

and seasonally to 

motorized access for 

dispersed camping and 

designated sites 

460,345 

Continued Existing open 

year round and seasonally 

to motorized access for 

dispersed camping and 

designated sites 

 129,758 8,438 

Proposed open year 

round and seasonally to 

motorized access for 

dispersed camping 

 12,827 

Proposed open to 

motorized access for 

dispersed camping, 

seasonally w/ special 

provisions – non-riparian 

and riparian 

 2,109 14,394 

Proposed open to 

motorized access for 

dispersed camping,with 

special provisions – nonriparian and riparian 

 15,648 137,510 

Deschutes TOTAL 460,345 acres 160,342 acres 160,342 acres 

 

Ochoco NF and Crooked 

River NG (723,904 acres)

Existing Open Year round 

and seasonally to 

motorized access for 

dispersed camping 

31,986 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 186

Forest Alternative 1- 

No Action 

(acres) 

Alternative 2 – 

Proposed 

Action (acres) 

Alternative 3 

(acres) 

Deschutes National 

Forest (1,612,991 acres) 

Continued Existing open 

year round and seasonally 

to motorized access for 

dispersed camping 

 3,781 

Proposed open to 

motorized access for 

dispersed camping 

 261 

Proposed open to 

motorized access for 

dispersed camping, 

seasonally w/ special 

provisions – non-riparian 

and riparian 

 663 1,513 

Proposed open to 

motorized access for 

dispersed camping,with 

special provisions – nonriparian and riparian 

 2,591 5,783 

Ochoco NF and CRNG 

TOTALS (acres) 

31,986 acres 7,296 acres 7,296 acres 

Salable Minerals

Motorized access off designated routes and motorized access for dispersed camping would have no effect on 

the usefulness of a mineral material source for commercial or private uses, which would be issued under 

permit. The permits include measures to reduce potential introduction of invasive plants, require appropriate 

fire precautions and extraction parameters. The Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Grassland have 

identified sources that would remain open for OHV, dispersed camping and other recreation use, in addition 

to providing aggregate for permits and projects (See Table 3-59). 

Table 3-59. Acres and Number of Mineral Material Sources by Forest by Alternative. 

Forest 

Alternative 1 - No 

Action 

 

# Open Material 

Sources/Acres 

Alternative 2 – 

Proposed Action 

# Open Material 

Sources/Acres 

Alternative 3 

# Open Material 

Sources/Acres 

Deschutes NF – 

1,612,991 acres 

200 Material Sources on

778 acres(0.05%) 

30 Material Sources on

160Acres (0.01%) 

30 Material Sources on

160Acres (0.01%) 

Ochoco NF – 

613,833 acres 

313 Material Sources on

523 Acres (0.09%) 

20 Material Sources on

129.5 Acres (0.02%) 

20 Material Sources on

129.5 Acres (0.02%) 

Crooked River NG 

– 110,071 acres 

18 Material Sources on

105 Acres (0.1%) 

2 Material Sources on

61.5 Acres (0.01%) 

2 Material Sources on

61.5 Acres (0.01%) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 187

Alternatives 2 and 3 

Motorized Access off Designated Routes

There would be no effect from any of the action alternatives on the geologic resource because motorized 

access off designated routes would be prohibited. The remaining designated routes, through past 

engineering design, have had drainage and location factored in, generally reducing impacts on dormant 

landslide terrain. Those areas where highly porous rocks are crossed have had drainage addressed. There 

will be no effect on the uses of mineral material sources because the rock is extracted under a permit or part 

of a long term management plan for internal use. 

Active and Dormant Landslide Terrain 

For the active landslide terrain (See Table 3-X (3)) under Affected Environment), the only drainage likely to 

have dispersed camping would be on Doe Creek on the Ochoco National Forest. The rest of the active 

landslide acres are in areas not likely to see dispersed camping due to steep slopes. It’s unlikely that vehicle 

compaction would have an effect on the active landslide terrain for either forest. 

For the dormant landslide terrain (See Table 3-56), the 30’ setback from wetlands, springs and stream banks 

would beneficially keep the risk low for reactivating dormant landslide terrain. 

On the Ochoco National Forest, the effects of the motorized access to dispersed camps located on the 

dormant landslide/ 303(d) stream banks won’t have a different potential for reactivating the landslide debris 

than if located on non-303(d) streams (See Table 3-60). The sensitivity of the streams has been established 

as at risk for various characteristics like temperature, dissolved oxygen or sediment. Any additional 

sediment added to an already compromised stream system has the potential to further compromise the 

stream’s health. Sections of 303 (d) listed streams adjacent to dormant landslide terrain are adjacent to a 

larger mass of unconsolidated material. 

The Deschutes National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland do not have any 303(d) listed streams 

crossing dormant landslide terrain in either Alternatives 2 or 3. On the Grassland there is dormant landslide 

terrain located along a 303(d) listed stream within areas currently closed to motorized access that would not 

be affected by this decision. Under both action alternatives, the 14.27 miles of 303(d) stream on dormant 

landslide terrain on the Ochoco NF could be impacted (Table 3-60). With the 30’ no motorized access zone 

adjacent to stream banks and wetlands, both alternatives would be beneficial over Alternative 1. There is no 

difference between Alternative 2 and Alternative 3 for the dormant landslide area adjacent to 303(d) listed 

streams. 

Table 3-60 - Miles of 303(d) listed streams on dormant landslide terrain on the Ochoco NF and Crooked River 

National Grassland 

Ochoco NF and Crooked River NG Alternative 1 – No 

Action (Miles) 

Alternative 2 

Proposed Action 

(Miles) 

Alternative 3 – 

Special Provisions 

(Miles) 

Existing Closed to Motorized Access 3.21 2.67 

Existing Closed to motorized access 

for dispersed camping 

3.15 3.15 

Existing Open to motorized access for 

Dispersed Camping, year round and 

33.9 0.09 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 188

Ochoco NF and Crooked River NG Alternative 1 – No 

Action (Miles) 

Alternative 2 

Proposed Action 

(Miles) 

Alternative 3 – 

Special Provisions 

(Miles) 

seasonally 

Proposed open to motorized access 

for dispersed camping seasonally, with 

special provisions, riparian 

 3.2 3.2 

Proposed open to motorized access 

for dispersed camping with special 

provisions, riparian 

 10.98 10.98 

Proposed closed to motorized access 

for Dispersed camping 

 20.13 

Totals 6.36 miles 

closed/33.86 miles 

open 

25.95 miles 

closed/14.27 mi 

open 

14.27 miles open 

Out of a total 2,522 miles of stream (all classes) on the Ochoco National Forest and Grassland, there are 

325.19 miles of 303(d) listed streams. Currently, there are 33.86 miles (10%) of the 325.19 miles of 303(d) 

streams located on dormant landslide terrain open to motorized access for dispersed camping. Under the 

Action alternatives, 14.27 miles (4.4%) of the 325.19 miles are on dormant landslide terrain open to 

motorized access for dispersed camping. When viewed over the total stream miles, less than 0.6% of the 

total stream miles on dormant landslide terrain would be open for motorized access for dispersed camping. 

Streamside stabilization has the ability to decrease the effect of other activities on the natural pace of 

landforming processes. In Alternatives 2 and 3, provisions for a 30’ setback from waterbodies would have a 

beneficial effect by reducing potential sediment sources within the stream systems and on the upper slopes, 

which would help to improve water quality. Maintaining riparian habitat conservation areas along the 

stream channels would reduce the risk associated with reactivating dormant landslides and reduce stream 

bank erosion. This would prevent removal of the toe slopes of dormant landslides located on the stream 

banks, which upsets the natural equilibrium of the hillside and has the capability of becoming a sediment 

source. 

Although the risk is low for reactivating the dormant landslide terrain and the effected stream length is a 

small percentage of the total stream miles, the 30’ setback would protect and maintain streamside vegetation 

which would have a beneficial effect by helping to protect the slightly more sensitive dormant landslide 

toeslopes adjacent to 303(d) listed streams where there is motorized access to dispersed campsites. 

The dormant and active areas are at low risk for reactivation by recreation activities such as vehicle impacts 

adjacent to stream banks located on toeslopes of landslide terrain, as long as the bank stability is maintained. 

The potential for movement being initiated is more likely to come from an extreme weather event, like a 

rain-on-snow or focused thunderstorm. 

Highly Permeable Rock 

Motorized access off designated routes and Motorized access for dispersed camping 

Alternative 2 and 3 would protect the groundwater from potential contamination in the areas with porous 

rocks that also have concentrated vehicle use such as areas with heavy motorized use off designated routes 

or where there is motorized access to dispersed campsites. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 189

On the Deschutes National Forest, approximately 622,609 acres (38.6%) of the lithology has a high 

permeability. Alternatives 2 and 3 would allow for motorized access for dispersed camping on 160,342 

acres (9.9%). On the Ochoco National Forest, approximately 41,753 acres (5.7%) of the lithology has a 

high permeability. Alternative 2 and Alternative 3 would allow motorized access for dispersed camping on 

7,296 acres (1%). 

For Alternatives 2 and 3, maintaining the minimum 30’ setback from the wetland edge for motorized access 

would help reduce the potential risk for groundwater contamination associated with highly permeable rock. 

Alternative 2 and 3 would provide greater protection than Alternative 1 for both forests by restricting 

camping to existing, designated, or defined sites and maintaining the 30’ buffer from wetland, seeps, springs 

and stream edges for motorized access. 

Salable Minerals 

Access to and use of the mineral materials within material sources is subject to permit conditions, and would 

not be affected by this decision. However, if the source is not currently closed to the public, then 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would affect access by the public to use the sources for other activities, following the 

proposed closures (see Chapter 2 for a summary of these closures). 

Alternative 2 and 3 would have a beneficial effect by reducing the number of mineral material sources 

available for motorized recreation use, thus reducing the potential of these sources, if containing weed 

populations, of being a weed source for mechanical vectors from recreation or other non-mineral uses. 

Mineral Material source sites may be closed due to invasive plants until these plants can be controlled. 

Invasive plant specialists will make this determination based on the invasive plant species and the location 

and extent of the infestation. 

These requirements could reduce the actual number of mineral material sources that are used for joint 

recreation and mineral uses. Keeping the spread of invasive species minimized helps reduce costs to 

projects because the mineral material would be available locally, with a shorter haul. 

Reducing the number of active mineral material sources available for motorized recreation use could have an 

indirect beneficial effect of reducing the chances for user conflicts, and potential safety issues. 

There is no difference between Alternative 2 and Alternative 3, since the same number of material sources 

and acres would be available for mineral extraction. 

On Deschutes National Forest, 10 material sources on Bend/Ft. Rock, 10 sources on the Crescent and 10 

material sources on the Sisters Ranger Districts would remain open to motorized access off designated routes 

and to motorized access for dispersed camping, total of 30 material sources. Of the 778 acres currently 

developed for mineral material, about 160 acres, or 21%, would remain open for motorized travel off 

designated routes. 

On the Ochoco National Forest and Grassland, a total of 22 mineral material sources would remain open to 

motorized access off designated routes and to motorized access for dispersed camping. Two material 

sources on the Crooked River National Grassland, 11 sources on Lookout Mountain District and 9 sources 

on Paulina District material sources would remain open to motorized access off designated routes and to 

motorized access for dispersed camping, covering about 191 acres. Of the 628 acres currently developed for 

mineral material, 30% would remain open for motorized travel off designated routes for all classes of 

vehicles unless otherwise designated through subsequent decisions for both alternatives. 

The criteria used to determine which mineral material sources would be closed to motorized access varied 

across the two forests and grassland. On the Deschutes National Forest, 79 sources were closed for no 

known OHV use, 52 for no open road access, 15 for currently closed by gates/berms or a signed closure 

order, 9 due to reclamation, 2 for small size, 41 for no definable boundaries, 12 for adjacency to private 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 190

property, 3 for safety, 2 for special use permits with the Federal Highway projects, 16 for invasive species, 6 

for being within Newberry National Volcanic Monument, 5 by dedicated use to mineral material source 

extraction and 6 through other Travel Closure Areas. 

On the Ochoco National Forest , 5 sources were closed for no known OHV use, 39 for no open road access, 

6 were closed by gates/berms or a signed closure order, 31 due to reclamation, 192 for small size, 2 for no 

definable boundaries, 1 for adjacency to wilderness, 2 for adjacency to private and/or State property, 21 for 

invasive species, and 11 by dedicated use to mineral material source. 

On the Grassland, 1 source was closed for no open road access, 3 are currently closed by gates/berms or a 

signed closure order, 4 due to reclamation, 1 for being within the Middle Deschutes/Lower Crooked Rivers 

Wild and Scenic River Management Corridor, 2 for adjacency to private property and 1 for invasive species. 

One of the reasons there are a number of active sources on both forests identified as closed, is to ensure 

weed free sources for agency internal aggregate needs. The Ochoco has already experienced increased 

aggregate haul costs for recreation projects due to a material source closure based on a medusahead 

infestation. For the Deschutes NF, 160 acres and 30 active material sources would remain open to nonhighway-legal vehicle use. This is a reduction of 618 acres or 79% (778 total acres) from the existing 

sources for the Deschutes. For the Ochoco, 130 acres and 20 material sources would remain open. For the 

Grassland, 61 acres and 2 material sources would remain open. From the 628 acres of mineral material 

sources on the Ochoco NF and the Crooked River NG, this represents a reduction of 439 acres or 70%. 

Some of the closed acreage is in active material sources, some of the acres represent sources in various 

stages of reclamation that presently are not used for mineral extraction or any other use, except for growing 

new trees. These acres haven’t been used for mineral extraction in over 20 years in some situations. 

Vegetation Management Activities and Wildfires 

Executive Summary 

This report considers the current condition along with the direct and indirect effects of the Proposed Action 

and Alternatives on past vegetation treatments (hazardous fuels, timber, and silviculture) that may result in 

forest conditions more conducive to motorized access and large wildfires across the Deschutes and Ochoco 

National Forests. 

The effects of the proposed action and alternatives would have no direct and some indirect effects on the 

acres of vegetation treatments or acres burned by large wildfires that may result in forest conditions more 

conducive to motorized access. 

Under Alternative 1, there would be an indirect adverse effect to the acres burned by large wildfires or that 

have had vegetation treatments currently open to motorized access off of designated routes or motorized 

access for dispersed camping (65,780 and 93,830 acres, respectively on the Deschutes National Forest and 

45,418 and 55,515 acres, respectively on the Ochoco National Forest). These vegetation treatments and 

large wildfires may have created conditions that are more conducive to motorized access than many 

untreated areas, and therefore increase the potential for these areas to have unauthorized routes created in 

them. The creation of unauthorized routes could further disturb vegetation (beyond the need described in 

project goals) and possibly impede vegetation recovery. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would both eliminate the acres of vegetation treatments and acres burned by large 

wildfires available for motorized access off of designated routes (41,437 and 35,995 acres eliminated on 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 191

Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, respectively) and restrict motorized access for dispersed camping to 

within 300’ of open designated routes to varying degrees. 

Alternative 2 would result in a total of approximately 38,573 and 12,199 acres (Deschutes and Ochoco 

National Forests, respectively) of vegetation treatments and acres burned by large wildfires potentially 

available for motorized access for dispersed camping. 

Alternative 3 would eliminate the acreage of planned vegetation treatments or acres burned by wildfires 

(outside of continued designated areas) potentially available for motorized access for dispersed camping on 

both forests. 

Affected Environment 

Wildfire 

Fire is a significant disturbance mechanism on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Crooked 

River National Grassland. Historical Forest records indicate that fires, both human and lightning-caused, 

have burned significant acreage across both Forests, despite fire suppression efforts. On the Deschutes, 

polygon fire history records (which generally contain fires larger than 100 acres) from 1908 to 2007 show 

that 238 fires have burned over 411,000 acres (approximately 318,000 acres of ground; 16% of the Forest 

total). On the Ochoco National Forest, similar fire history records from 1961 – 2007 show that 33 fires have 

burned nearly 57,000 acres (approximately 46,000 acres of ground; 6% of the Forest total). 

Vegetation Treatments (Hazardous Fuels, Timber, and Silviculture) 

The Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests are comprised of a complex mix of plant association groups 

(PAGs) including xeric mountain hemlock, xeric whitebark pine, xerix/mesic lodgepole pine, xeric/mesic 

mix conifer, xeric/mesic ponderosa pine, juniper woodlands/steppe, subalpine fir, mesic/xeric grand fir, 

meadows, shrublands, riparian areas, and grasslands. See ‘Native Vegetation’ Chapter for more information 

on plant association groups across the Forests. 

For the purpose of this analysis, any hazardous fuels, timber, or silvicultural activity that reduces or 

rearranges fuels or stand/brush density is considered a vegetation treatment. Vegetation treatments are 

assumed to create conditions that are more conducive to motorized access off designated routes or motorized 

access for dispersed camping than many untreated areas48. Range improvement projects that also function to 

reduce hazardous fuels are included in this analysis. These vegetation treatments are generally classified 

into the following categories: 

1. Hazardous Fuels Treatments - Any manipulation or removal of wildland fuels to reduce the 

likelihood of ignition or to lessen potential damage from fire and resistance to fire suppression. 

Methods include: chipping, crushing, piling, and burning (i.e., prescribed fire; Helms 1998). 

Mowing, thinning, yarding, and rearranging would also fall under this treatment. 

2. Intermediate Treatment - Any treatment or tending designed to enhance growth, quality, vigor and 

composition of the stand after establishment or regeneration and prior to final harvest (Helms 1998). 

The primary method of accomplishing this treatment is thinning trees (e.g., sanitation, improvement, 

and/or commercial thinning), but pruning and salvage would also fall into this category. 

 

48 Suitability for motorized access off of designated routes or motorized access for dispersed camping (e.g., slope, vegetation type, proximity to urban 

areas) was not incorporated into this analysis. All acres presented as treated in this analysis are considered equally conducive for motorized access. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 192

3. Regeneration Treatment- Any removal of trees intended to assist regeneration already present or to 

make regeneration possible. Methods include clearcutting, seed tree, shelterwood, group selection, 

single tree selection, and salvage cutting. Any of these methods may remove any remaining crop 

trees (i.e., overstory) as a final removal treatment; however, some or all of the remaining overstory 

can be retained as reserve trees (Helms 1998). 

4. Release Treatment – Any treatment designed to free young trees from undesirable, usually 

overtopping, competing vegetation (Helms 1998). Weeding and slashing would fall into this 

category. 

Depending on the site-specific treatment design, treatment types can fall into several categories (e.g., 

thinning, salvage) and multiple treatments are often used on the same acres of ground. Definitions of the 

treatment methods described above can be found in Appendix B-4.3.1. 

From 1943 to 2009, approximately 608,000 acres on the Deschutes National Forest have received some sort 

of vegetation treatment that may result in forest conditions more conducive to motorized access. 

Approximately 94% (572,000 acres) of the total acreage treated intersects within 300 feet of an open 

designated route. Nearly 90% of the treatment activity reported occurred after 1980. From 1965 to 2008, 

approximately 224,000 acres on the Ochoco National Forest received a vegetation treatment that may result 

in forest conditions more conducive to motorized access. Approximately 82% (184,000) of these acres

intersect within 300 feet of open designated routes. Nearly 99% of the treatment activity reported occurred 

after 198049. 

Existing Conditions 

2004-2008 – This grouping of projects is the most recent, and are likely to have the freshest and perhaps 

most distinct changes in vegetative conditions. During this time period, 112,915 and 59,738 acres of ground, 

respectively, on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, received some sort of vegetation treatment that 

may have resulted in forest conditions more conducive to motorized access. Approximately 83% and 90%, 

respectively, on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, of these acres are currently open to motorized 

access for dispersed camping, and 58% and 74%, respectively, on the Deschutes and Ochoco National 

Forests, of these acres are currently open to motorized access off designated routes. See Table 3-61 for a 

breakdown of these acres. See Appendix B-4.3.2 for project or planning area names and corresponding 

acres of treated ground, and the NEPA documents under which most of these acres were treated. 

Table 3-61. Acres of planned vegetation treatments in areas open to motorized access off designated routes or 

motorized access for dispersed camping that may result in forest conditions more conducive to motorized access 

on the Deschutes National Forest from 2004 – 2008. 

Forest Open to motorized access off designated 

routes (acres) 

Open to motorized access for dispersed 

camping (acres) 

Deschutes 

NF 

65,197 93,247 

Ochoco NF 44,151 53,840 

During this period on the Deschutes National Forest, most acres were treated through the following 

activities: 

 

49 The spatial component of the Forest Activity Tracking System (FACTS) was used to complete this analysis on the Deschutes National Forest. 

Forest-maintained GIS records were used to complete this analysis on the Ochoco National Forest. Spatial records may overestimate actual treatment 

completed on the ground. The extent of this overestimation was not determined. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 193

 burning of piled material; 

 piling of fuels (hand or machine); 

 precommercial thinning; 

 commercial thinning; and 

 Yarding 

During this time period on the Ochoco National Forest, most acres were treated through the following 

activities: 

 precommercial thinning; 

 underburning; 

 pile burning; 

 jackpot burning; and 

 piling of fuels (hand or machine). 

Additionally, 23,548 acres of the Deschutes National Forest was reported as burned by large wildfires during 

this time period (excluding 2008-data not available at time of analysis); 583 of these acres are currently open 

to motorized access for dispersed camping and open to motorized access off designated routes. These fires 

are listed in 3-62. 

Table 3-62. Large wildfires on the Deschutes National Forest from 2004 to 2007. Fires names highlighted with 

bold text have burned in areas open to motorized access for dispersed camping and/or areas open to motorized 

access for dispersed camping 

Fire Name Year Acres 

Reported 

District 

GW 2007 7357 Sisters 

Woodside 

Ranch 

2007 589 Bend Fort Rock 

Lake George 2006 5550 Sisters 

Cave 2005 652 Bend Fort Rock 

Black Crater 2006 9400 Sisters 

Additionally, 8,141 acres of the Ochoco National Forest was reported as burned by large wildfires during 

this time period (excluding 2008-data not available at time of analysis); 1,267 acres that are currently open to 

motorized access off of designated routes and 1,675 acres that are currently open to motorized access for 

dispersed camping. These fires are listed in Table 3-63 

Table 3-63. Large wildfires on the Ochoco National Forest from 2004 to 2007. Fire names highlighted with bold 

text have burned in areas open to motorized access for dispersed camping and/or areas open to motorized access 

for dispersed camping 

Fire Name Year Acres 

Reported 

District 

Buck Butte 2002 105 Crooked River NG 

Geneva 3 2006 480 Crooked River NG 

890 2006 382 Crooked River NG 

Mill 2005 29 Lookout Mountain 

Maxwell 2006 7145 Lookout Mountain 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 194

Pre - 2004 - This grouping of projects has occurred long enough ago that, depending upon site conditions, 

change from the vegetative conditions in place immediately following the treatment may have occurred. 

During this time period, 560,116 and 189,696 acres of ground, respectively, on the Deschutes and Ochoco 

National Forests, received some sort of planned vegetation treatment that may result in forest conditions 

more conducive to motorized access. Approximately 51% (285,605 acres) and 84% (159,739 acres), 

respectively, of these treated areas on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, are currently open to 

motorized access for dispersed camping and 79% (441,512 acres) and 95% (180,932 acres), respectively, on 

the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, are currently open to motorized access for dispersed camping. 

The conditions resulting from these planned vegetation treatments and wildfires prior to 2004 are reflected in 

the 2004 satellite imagery which is used in support of the analysis of the vegetative conditions for this EIS 

for other resource specialties (e.g., Wildlife), and are therefore not presented in the body of this chapter. 

Appendix B-4.3.3 includes a detailed list of the wildfires and acres treated that were considered as 

contributing to this existing condition prior to 2004. 

Fiscal year 2009 and beyond- At the time of this analysis, a comprehensive inventory of activities 

completed in fiscal year 2009 (October 1, 2008 – September 30, 2009) or those planned to be implemented 

in fiscal year 2010 was not yet available. For the purpose of this analysis, reasonably foreseeable future 

vegetation management activities are those that are “in-progress” or “completed”, in terms of status in the 

National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) planning process50 or (as opposed to status of 

implementation on the ground). Explicit planned treatment acreage is available for “completed” projects 

only. Approximately 36,822 and 266 acres on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests are planned to be 

treated in the reasonably foreseeable future under NEPA completed in fiscal year 2009. These projects fall 

within areas with proposed closure decisions and can be found in Table 3-64 below. 

Table 3-64. Reasonably foreseeable projects or planning areas on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests. 

Acres of treatment are listed for “completed” projects only. 

Project Name District Acres 

Deschutes National Forest 

Deadlog Vegetation Management Project Bend Fort Rock In Progress 

Deschutes River Aspen Enhancement Bend Fort Rock 40 

Met Fuels Reduction Bend Fort Rock In Progress 

Snow Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Bend Fort Rock 6,099 

South Bend Hazardous Fuels Bend Fort Rock 3,021 

EXF Thinning Fuels Reduction, and 

Research Project 

Bend Fort Rock In Progress 

Sparky Bend Fort Rock In Progress 

West Tumbull HFRA Bend Fort Rock In Progress 

BLT Vegetation Management and Fuels 

Reduction 

Crescent 7,499 

Sun Forest Fuels Reduction Crescent In Progress 

SAFR Sisters 17,573 

Rim Paunina Crescent In Progress 

2008 Small Diameter Thinning Crescent 2,590 

 

50 The Planning, Appeals, and Litigation (PALS) database and the Schedule of Proposed Actions (SOPA) from April and July 2009 were used to 

derive information regarding future actions. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 195

Project Name District Acres 

Ochoco National Forest 

Round Butte 3 Fuel Reduction Crooked River 

National 

Grassland 

In Progress 

Winter Range Habitat Improvement 

Project 

Crooked River 

National 

Grassland 

In Progress 

Canyon Fuels and Vegetation 

Management 

Lookout Mountain In Progress 

Gray Prairie Prescribed Burn Lookout Mountain In Progress 

Bridge Creek Danger Tree Abatement Lookout Mountain 196* 

Upper Beaver Creek Vegetation 

Management Project 

Paulina In Progress 

Wheeler Aspen Restoration Project Paulina 70 

Trees thinned for danger abatement along 5.2 miles of road, exact acreage treated will depend on danger tree location 

Two sub-affected environments were established for analyzing effects. The first affected environment is the 

area more than 300’ from the centerline of all open designated routes proposed to be closed to motorized 

access off designated routes or proposed to be closed to motorized access for dispersed camping. This 

affected environment will herein be known as, “the broader landscape”. The second affected environment is 

the area within 300’ from the centerline of all open designated routes that would continue to be open or is 

proposed to be open to motorized access for dispersed camping, seasonally and with special provisions 

(riparian and non-riparian). This area was isolated since the Proposed Action (Alternative 2) would allow 

for motorized access to dispersed camping within 300’ of designated routes outside of designated, existing, 

and defined areas. 

Analysis of Environmental Effects 

Alternative 1 

Under Alternative 1, there would be an indirect adverse effect to vegetation burned by large wildfires or that 

have had vegetation treatments. Vegetation treatments and large wildfires may have created conditions that 

are more conducive to motorized access than many untreated areas, and therefore increase the potential for 

these areas to have unauthorized routes created in them. The creation of these unauthorized routes could 

potentially further disturb vegetation (beyond the need described in project goals) and possibly impede 

vegetation recovery. Disturbance from motorized vehicles can directly impact vegetation through breaking 

and smashing of emergent seedlings, shrubs, and understory species. Additionally, disturbed ground can 

result in decreased vegetative cover and growth (Ouren et al. 2007). While these effects may not adversely 

impact hazardous fuels reduction objectives, they may adversely affect silvicultural or native plant 

restoration project goals where understory or seedling responses are desired outcomes (see Native 

Vegetation for more detail on effects to vegetation). Over time, the effect of Alternative 1 is the creation of 

additional and sustained use of unauthorized routes and consequently continued vegetation damage and 

possibly impeded vegetation response in areas where vegetation treatments and large wildfires have created 

conditions more conducive to motorized access than untreated areas. Table 3-65 summarizes the acres 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 196

potentially available for unauthorized route creation and consequently vegetation disturbance for Alternative 

1 by Forest51. 

Table 3-65. Acres of vegetation treatments and large wildfires from 2004 – 2008 that may have resulted in forest 

conditions more conducive to motorized access that are open to motorized access for dispersed camping or open 

to motorized access for dispersed camping for Alternative 1. 

Alternative 1 

Open to 

motorized 

access off of 

designated 

routes

Open to 

motorized 

access for 

dispersed 

camping

Deschutes National Forest

Vegetation treatments 

65,197 93,247 

Large wildfires 583 583 

Total 65,780 93,830 

Ochoco National Forest 

Vegetation treatments 44,151 53,840

Large wildfires 1,267 1,675 

Total 45,418 55,515 

Deschutes and Ochoco NF Total 92,499 149,345 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

Under Alternatives 2 and 3, there would be an indirect benefit to the acres that have been burned by large 

wildfires or have had vegetation treatments in areas with proposed closure decisions about motorized access. 

As with Alternative 1, these vegetation treatments and wildfires may have created conditions that are more 

conducive to motorized access than many untreated areas, and therefore increase the potential for these areas 

to have unauthorized routes created in them. Alternatives 2 and 3 would both eliminate the acres of 

vegetation treatments and acres burned by large wildfires potentially available for motorized access off of 

designated routes across the broader landscape; see Table 3-66 below) and restrict motorized access for 

dispersed camping to within 300’ of open designated routes to varying degrees (see separate effects of 

Alternatives 2 and 3 below). Within the remaining area that will continue to be open to motorized access off 

designated routes (i.e. ‘play areas’ or rock/gravel pits), Alternatives 2 and 3 may lead to additional 

disturbance if future vegetation treatments are planned (there have been none in the past). This is unlikely as 

vegetation in these areas is minimal. 

 

51 Some of the acres documented as burned by large wildfires may be covered under recent fire closure orders which are 

not documented as “closed” in the continued existing condition of the Proposed Action and Alternatives. For the 

purpose of this analysis, these burned acres that are not documented as “closed” in the continued existing condition 

were assumed to be open to motorized access. See Chapter 2 for more detail on temporary closures across the Forests. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 197

Table 3-66. Acres of vegetation treatments and large wildfires from 2004 – 2008 that may have resulted in forest 

conditions more conducive to motorized access that will NOT be available for unauthorized route creation and 

the percent reduction from the existing condition for Alternatives 2 and 3. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

 Open to motorized access 

off of designated routes in 

broader landscape 

(% reduction from 

existing condition) 

Open to motorized 

access for dispersed 

camping in broader 

landscape 

(% reduction from 

existing condition) 

Deschutes National Forest 

Vegetation treatments 

41,061 (63) 56,838 (61) 

Large wildfires 376 (64) 376 (64) 

Total 41,437 (63) 57,214 (61) 

Ochoco National Forest 

Vegetation treatments 34,858 (79) 42,640 (79) 

Large wildfires 1,137 (90) 1,320 (79) 

Total 35,995(79) 43,960 (79) 

Deschutes and Ochoco NF Total 

Reduction in Acres 77,432 (84) 101,174 (68) 

Alternative 2 

As shown in Table 3-66 above, Alternative 2 would result in an approximate 61% and 79% (Deschutes and 

Ochoco National Forests, respectively) reduction in the acres of planned vegetation treatments and acres 

burned by large wildfires potentially available for motorized access for dispersed camping by eliminating the 

acres within across the broader landscape. Within the remaining area available for motorized access for 

dispersed camping within 300’ of open designated routes, Alternative 2 may lead to additional disturbance 

from motorized vehicles in areas where motorized access for dispersed camping would not be subject to 

special provisions. This would be a result of the proposed action concentrating motorized users in this area 

and the potential for vegetation treatments (which are, for the most part, adjacent to open designated routes) 

to continue to result in forest conditions more conducive to motorized access in areas that would not be 

otherwise restricted. Table 3-67 summarizes these acres that would continue to be available for 

unauthorized route creation. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 198

Table 3-67. Acres of vegetation treatments and large wildfires from 2004 – 2008 within 300’ of open designated 

routes that may have resulted in forest conditions more conducive to motorized access that would be open to 

motorized access for dispersed camping under Alternative 2 

Alternative 2 

Open to motorized access for 

dispersed camping within 300’ 

of an open designated route 

(acres)

Deschutes National Forest 

Vegetation treatments 

34,948

Large wildfires 3,625

Deschutes Total 38,573

Ochoco National Forest 

Vegetation treatments 11,756

Large wildfires 443

Ochoco Total 12,199

Deschutes and Ochoco NF 

Total 50,772

Alternative 3 

Under Alternative 3, the amount of area available for motorized access for dispersed camping would be 

limited to only those areas with existing, designated or defined sites. This would alter the potential for 

motorized access to affect vegetation management, since vehicles would be restricted to designated, existing, 

and defined dispersed camping sites, limiting future ground disturbance. This represents a complete 

reduction from the existing condition in the total acreage of planned vegetation treatments or acres burned by 

wildfires potentially available for motorized access on both Forests. 

Invasive Plants 

Executive Summary 

Alternative 1 has the highest risk of invasive plant establishment, spread and expansion across the two 

Forests and Grassland because of the 3 Alternatives it has the most acres that are open to motorized access 

off designated routes and has few restrictions on motorized access for dispersed camping. Interior forest 

areas continue to be susceptible to the spread and establishment of invasive plants. 

Overall, Alternatives 2 (Proposed Action) and 3 would have a beneficial effect. They would reduce impacts 

from invasive plants compared to Alternative 1 because motorized access would be prohibited off of 

designated routes. There is an exception – some mineral material source sites (52 of 531) would continue to 

be open for motorized travel off of designated routes, and motorized activities within these sites have a high 

risk of spreading invasive plants into and outside of these areas. Allowing motorized use in weed-infested 

areas would increase the chance of further spread to other areas. If invasive plants are introduced to an 

active material source site, the Forest Service would not be able to use the site to extract or dispose of 

material until the invasive plants are controlled (length of time for control would depend on the species).
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 199

Alternative 2 has a higher risk than Alternative 3 because motorized access for dispersed camping is allowed 

anywhere within the 300’ buffer (except for those areas in Alternative 2 that are closed to this use or are 

designated as special provision areas). This risk is reduced in Alternative 3 because motorized access for 

dispersed camping is limited to existing, designated or defined sites, thus confining established populations 

of invasive plant populations, and reducing the potential for spread. 

Affected Environment 

An invasive plant is a non-native plant whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or 

environmental harm or harm to human health (Executive Order 13122). Invasive plants are distinguished 

from other non-native plants in their ability to spread (invade) into native ecosystems. Some species of 

invasive plants are listed by the Secretary of Agriculture or by the responsible State official as “noxious 

weeds”. This analysis includes all State-listed noxious weeds plus other invasive species that are of concern 

because of their impacts to ecosystem health. The term “invasive plants” more broadly encompasses all 

invasive, aggressive, or harmful non-indigenous plant species, whether designated noxious or not. 

Table 3-68 lists mapped invasive plants that occur on the two Forests and Grassland. The majority of 

infestations (about 70%) occur along travel routes (roads and trail corridors). Several species occur in such 

abundance that only selective sites are mapped. These include cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), North Africa 

grass (Ventenata dubia) and Russian thistle (Salsola kali). 

The Forests and Grassland share many of the same invasive plant species, such as spotted and diffuse 

knapweeds, Canada and bull thistles, St. Johnswort, and Dalmatian toadflax. Yet, there are differences 

between the units as to which species are especially problematic. Medusahead, for example, is most 

abundant on the Crooked River National Grassland, while it occurs in very low numbers (if at all) on the 

other units. Though Dalmatian toadflax is established on Bend/Ft. Rock District, it is a new invader on the 

Grassland and, therefore, a high priority for treatment. Paulina District (Ochoco NF) contains the majority 

of houndstongue, yet has little medusahead; therefore, this species is a high priority for treatment before it 

encroaches onto other sites. Yellow star thistle is a high priority species for treatment on Lookout Mountain 

District; their one known site has been reduced from 5 acres to < 1⁄4 acre through herbicide and manual 

treatments approved in a 1998 Environmental Assessment (USDA Forest Service 1998b). Spotted 

knapweed is well established in the city of Bend, Oregon, and road corridors continue to spread this species 

further onto adjacent Bend/Ft. Rock District (Deschutes NF) lands. Spotted knapweed is abundant on Sisters 

District, yet this District also contains the majority of diffuse knapweed on the Deschutes National Forest. 

Crescent District does not have the scale of invasive plant problems like the other units, yet it plays a vital 

role in early detection and rapid response of new invader species entering our area via major highways (e.g., 

Highways 97 and 58). In the past few years, individual plants of yellow starthistle, kochia, and hairy 

whitetop have been found along Highways 97 and 58 and hand-pulled before flowering and setting seed. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 200

Table 3-68. Number of mapped sites and infested acres of invasive plant species that occur on the Deschutes and 

Ochoco National Forests and Crooked River National Grassland (CRNG). 

** = Extremely abundant; only a few selective sites have been mapped.

Scientific Name Common Name DES # 

sites 

DES Infested 

ac. 

OCH # 

sites 

OCH/CRNG 

Infested ac. 

Acroptilon repens Russian knapweed - - 8 28 

Arctium minus Lesser burdock - - 1 0.1 

**Bromus 

tectorum 

Cheatgrass 5** 27  **  

Cardaria draba Whitetop - - 73 6.6 

Cardaria 

pubescens 

Hairy whitetop 3 < 0.1 

Carduus nutans Musk thistle - - 1 0.1 

Centaurea 

debeauxii ssp. 

thuillieri 

Meadow knapweed - - 

Centaurea diffusa Diffuse knapweed 102 927 118 224 

Centaurea 

solstitialis

Yellow star-thistle 4 < 0.1 3 5 

Centaurea stoebe 

ssp. micranthos

Spotted knapweed 515 843 214 477 

Centaurea spp. Unidentified – either 

spotted or diffuse 

knapweed 

18 23 - - 

Cirsium arvense Canada thistle 108 329 307 110.6 

Cirsium vulgare Bull thistle 151 537 28 4 

Convolvulus 

arvensis

Field bindweed 8 0.1 23 2 

Cynoglossum 

officinale

Houndstongue 4 63 196 752 

Cytisus scoparius Scotch broom 34 179 6 0.5 

Dipsacus fullonum Teasel - - 17 2 

Elymus repens Quackgrass 3 21 - - 

Euphorbia esula Leafy spurge 4 3 3 0.1 

Hypericum 

perforatum 

St. Johnswort 143 394 42 14 

Iris pseudacorus Yellow flag iris Not mapped; occurs often 

with ribbongrass (see 

below) 

- - 

Isatis tinctoria Dyer’s woad 1 < 0.1 - - 

**Kochia scoparia Kochia   **  ** 

Linaria dalmatica Dalmatian toadflax 178 224 7 1.4 

Linaria vulgaris Butter and eggs 18 102 4 0.4 

Linaria spp. Unidentified Linaria

species 

1 1.4 

Onopordum 

acanthium

Scotch thistle 10 114 19 7.5 

**Phalaris 

arundinacea

Reed canarygrass 35 680 1 4 

Phalaris 

arundinacea var. 

picta 

Ribbongrass ~ 250 

clumps 

scattered 

along 10 

mi. 

Metolius 

River 

~ 1 - - 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 201

Scientific Name Common Name DES # 

sites 

DES Infested 

ac. 

OCH # 

sites 

OCH/CRNG 

Infested ac. 

Potentilla recta Sulphur cinquefoil - - 41 3 

Rubus discolor Himalayan blackberry - - 1 0.1 

Salvia aethiopis Mediterranean sage 11 6.2 

**Salsola kali Russian thistle 21 153   

Senecio jacobaea Tansy ragwort 32 194 - - 

Taeniatherum 

caput-medusae

Medusahead 5 10 253 3,327 

** Ventenata dubia North Africa grass - - ** ** 

Analysis of Environmental Effects 

Alternative 1 

Motorized Access Off of Designated Routes 

Research has shown that vehicular routes are a primary pathway for plant invasions into arid and semi-arid 

ecosystems (reviewed in Brooks and Lair 2005). Vehicles serve as dispersal vectors for alien plant 

propagules (Clifford 1959) and disturbances within vehicular route corridors facilitate establishment of 

invasive plants (Greenberg et al. 1997). Off-highway vehicles (OHV) caked in mud acquired elsewhere 

potentially introduce or disperse seeds of non-native and invasive species; thus, OHV-route margins often 

become populated with exotics and invasives that eventually may spread and outcompete native species at 

the landscape level (Ouren et al. 2007). One study found that vehicles driven several feet through a spotted 

knapweed infestation can accumulate more than 2,000 seeds, and ten percent of the seeds remained on the 

vehicle ten miles from the infestation site (Sheley and Petroff 1999). Lonsdale and Lane (1994) 

demonstrated that weed seeds are being moved around and into Kakadu National Park in Australia on tourist 

vehicles. The results of a study by Clifford (1959) suggests that small-seeded species have a better chance 

of dispersal by incorporation in the mud beneath vehicles than large-seed species, and that season of year 

might determine the range and frequency of species. 

Roads and trails create edge habitats, resulting in a variety of effects, including changes in vegetation and 

encroachment of non-native and invasive plant species (Ouren et al. 2007). Parendes and Jones (2000) 

found exotic species were more frequent along high-use and low-use roads than on abandoned roads or along 

streams. Roads enhance exotic species invasion in the landscape by acting as corridors or agents for 

dispersal, providing suitable habitats, and containing reservoirs of propagules for future episodes of invasion. 

Tyser and Worley (1992) described alien flora in nine fescue grassland study sites adjacent to three types of 

transportation corridors – primary roads, secondary roads, and backcountry trails – in Glacier National Park, 

Montana, and found roadsides are especially vulnerable to colonization by alien flora and then function as 

sites of prolific seed production. 

Gelbard and Belnap (2003) concluded that paved and improved surface roads had more invasive plants than 

gravel roads or four-wheel drive tracks in Utah’s Canyonlands National Park. As roads are improved, the 

verges adjacent to them tend to become wider and to contain an increasing cover of exotic plant species. 

They determined the process of constructing paved roads disturbed more land (23 feet each side of the road) 

than the two-track road (3 feet). A similar study in Glacier National Park found spotted knapweed and 

yellow toadflax along primary and secondary roads but not along backcountry (non-motorized) trails. Also, 

weed abundance was higher within the first 25 meters than at 100 meters, suggesting that the roads were the 

primary source for weed dispersal. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 202

Brooks and Lair (2005) provide examples of the typical pattern of plant invasions in the Mojave Desert. 

First, new invaders appear along roadsides near their adjacent regions of origin. In some cases, invaders 

may “island hop” into the region by establishing first in urbanized or agricultural regions, then move 

outward along roadsides into less developed areas. Once within the region, invaders are pre-positioned to 

begin the second phase of invasion, the spread away from roadsides into wildland areas. The initial stages of 

spread away from vehicular routes occurs within landscape features (e.g., washes or north facing hill slopes) 

or microsites (e.g., beneath perennial shrubs) where soil moisture levels are locally high. Disturbed areas 

adjacent to roadsides are also more readily invaded, such as utility corridors, areas with high OHV use, or 

burned areas. The third and final stage of invasion is the naturalization of invader populations in wildland 

areas away from roads. 

Soil compaction also increases the potential for invasive, non-native annuals and other early successional 

plants to establish rapidly in OHV routes, whereas native perennials may require at least 5 years to become 

established (Ouren et al. 2007). Davidson and Fox (1974) found a significant loss of herbaceous vegetation 

in areas disturbed by motorcycle activity, and that non-native, early-successional species, such as redstem 

stork’s bill (Erodium cicutarium), were common at sites disturbed by off-road motorcycle activity. 

Alternative 1 allows unrestricted motorized access off of designated routes. As discussed above, motorized 

vehicles are known vectors for spreading invasive plants, and disturbed habitats created by motorized 

recreation are vulnerable to invasive plants. In Alternative 1, 19% of the acres occupied by invasive plants 

on the Deschutes National Forest and 21% on the Ochoco National Forest would be open for motorized 

travel off of designated routes (Table 3-69). Invasive plants in these areas have a higher risk of spreading 

than under Alternatives 2 and 3, in which the majority of mapped invasive plant acres are closed to 

motorized travel off of designated routes Table 3-69 shows that 100% of occupied invasive plant acres are 

closed to motorized travel off of designated routes; however, since this data was tabulated, the Proposed 

Action was modified to allow for keeping some mineral material source sites open (see discussion under 

Alternatives 2 and 3, Mineral Material Source Sites). 

Table 3-69. Percent of invasive plant acres closed and open for motorized access off designated routes under 

Alternative 1 (Existing Condition) and Alternatives 2 and 3 for the Forests and Grassland. 

See Appendices B-4.1.1 and B-4.1.3 for more information. 

Unit Alt. 1 

% Closed 

Alt. 1 

% Open 

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Close 

Alt. 2 & 3 % Open 

Deschutes NF 81 

(48,976 ac.) 

19 

(11,742 ac.) 

100 

(60,696 ac.) 

0 

Ochoco NF and 

CRNG 

79 

(7,054 ac.) 

21 

(1,852 ac.) 

100 

(8,898 ac.) 

0 

Summary 

Conclusion 

Higher risk that invasive plants will 

continue to spread and establish 

Reduces impacts from invasive 

plants as all acres (100%) are closed 

to motorized access off designated 

routes 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

The analysis for considering the effects of motorized access off of designated routes and motorized access 

for dispersed camping are considered separately, even though there is some overlap in the designations. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 203

As discussed earlier, vehicles serve as dispersal vectors for alien plant propagules (Clifford 1959) and 

disturbances within vehicular route corridors facilitate establishment of invasive plants (Greenberg et al. 

1997). Within areas open for motorized access for dispersed camping where there are no general or special 

provisions, it is reasonable to assume that existing invasive plant infestations will continue to expand into 

disturbed areas, and new populations are likely to become established from seeds and plant propagules 

carried into these areas by vehicles. 

Alternative 1 has few restrictions on the Forests and Grassland for motorized access for dispersed camping 

compared to Alternatives 2 and 3, which limit motorized access for dispersed camping within 300’ of the 

centerline of roads that are designated as open for motorized travel. Under Alternative 1, dispersed camping 

areas can be more than 300’ away from the road and there are no general or special provisions as under 

Alternatives 2 and 3. The majority (~ 70%) of inventoried invasive plant sites occur along roads. Invasive 

plants spread along travel corridors. Because Alternative 1 allows unrestricted motorized access for 

dispersed camping, this alternative has a higher risk of spreading invasive plants further into interior native 

plant habitats. 

On the Deschutes National Forest, 65% of occupied invasive plant acres are within areas open for motorized 

access for dispersed camping under Alternative 1 (Table 3-70). This is reduced to 28% for Alternatives 2 

and 3. Given that the majority of invasive plant sites are within open areas (for dispersed camping) and the 

fact that Alternative 1 allows mostly unrestricted motorized access for dispersed camping, it is reasonable to 

conclude that Alternative 1 would have an adverse effect of spreading invasive plants. 

On the Ochoco National Forest, 23% of occupied invasive plant acres are within areas open for motorized 

access for dispersed camping under Alternative 1 (Table 3-70). This is increased to 38% for Alternatives 2 

and 3 because areas on the Grassland would be designated as open for motorized access for dispersed 

camping that are currently closed under Alternative 1. However, under Alternative 1, motorized access for 

dispersed camping can occur anywhere, whereas this use is restricted to within 300’of open designated 

routes in Alternatives 2 and 3. Furthermore, Alternative 1 does not have special provisions as does 

Alternatives 2 and 3; therefore, Alternative 1 provides less protection from invasive plant spread and 

establishment. 

In conclusion, Alternative 1 has the highest risk of invasive plant establishment, spread and expansion 

because it allows unrestricted motorized travel off of designated routes and does not have general or special 

provisions related to motorized access for dispersed camping. 

Table 3-70. Percent of invasive plant acres closed and open for motorized access for dispersed camping (MADC) 

under the different alternatives.. 

See Appendices B-4.1.2 and B-4.1.4 for more information. 

Unit 

Alt. 1 

% Closed 

Alt. 1 

% Open 

Alt. 2 

% 

Close 

Alt. 2 

% Open 

& Alt. 3 Open Special 

Provisions NonRiparian 

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Open 

Special 

Provisions 

Non-Riparian 

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Open 

Special 

Provisions -

Riparian 

Deschutes 

NF 

35 

(21,139 

ac.) 

65 

(39,578 

ac.) 

72 

(43,365 

ac.) 

16 

(9,380 ac.) 

8 

(4,859 ac.) 

4 

(2,668 ac.) 

Ochoco NF 

and CRNG 

77 

(6,887 ac.) 

23 

(2,015 ac.) 

61 

(5,467 

ac.) 

7 

(643 ac.) 

18 

(1,604 ac.) 

13 

(1,193 ac,) 

Summary 

Conclusion 

Alt. 1 has the highest risk 

of invasive plant 

Alternative 3 provides the most protection of all three 

alternatives against establishment, spread, and expansion of 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 204

establishment, spread 

and expansion because 

it does not have general 

or special provisions 

related to motorized 

access for dispersed 

camping and the majority 

of invasive plant sites are 

within areas open for 

camping. 

invasive plant populations because all areas open for motorized 

access for dispersed camping (100%) would be confined to 

existing, designated, and defined sites and this would reduce 

the potential to further spread the invasive plants. 

Alternative 2 has some upland occupied invasive plant acres 

(16% on the Deschutes National Forest and 7 % on the Ochoco 

National Forest) that occur in areas where motorized access for 

dispersed camping would not be confined to existing, 

designated, or defined sites. Therefore, invasive plants have a 

higher likelihood of establishing, spreading and expanding 

under Alternative 2 than under Alternative 3. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

Alternatives 2 and 3 both prohibit motorized travel off of designated routes. They allow motorized access 

for dispersed camping within 300’ of open designated routes; however, they prohibit camping within 30’ of 

water bodies. 

The primary difference between Alternatives 2 and 3 is that Alternative 3 confines motorized access for 

dispersed camping to existing, designated, or defined camp sites (“special provisions”), whereas Alternative 

2 incorporates a combination of special provision areas but also has some upland areas in which motorized 

access for dispersed camping can occur anywhere within the 300’ area and is not confined to existing, 

designated, or defined sites. 

Motorized Access Off Designated Routes 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would reduce impacts from invasive plants because the majority of acres occupied by 

invasive plants are closed to motorized travel off of designated routes (Table 3-69 and Appendices B-4.1.1 

and B-4.1.3), which is expected to prevent further spread of invasive plants by motorized vehicles. 

Prohibiting motorized access off of designated routes would reduce the amount of disturbed habitat, and 

therefore reduce spread of invasive plants into interior areas. Table 3-69 shows that 100% of acres under 

Alternatives 2 and 3 are closed to motorized travel off of designated routes; however, since this data was 

tabulated, the Proposed Action was modified to allow for keeping some material source sites (52 of 5431) 

open for motorized travel off of designated routes (see Material Source Sites under Alternatives 2 and 3, 

below). Some material sources have been inventoried for invasive plants and contain invasive plants; others 

have not been inventoried and the status is unknown (Table 3-71). 

Invasive Plant Regional Standard #1 (now incorporated as a Standard in both the Deschutes and Ochoco 

Land and Resource Management Plans), requires: “Prevention of invasive plant introduction, establishment 

and spread will be addressed in watershed analysis; roads analysis; fire and fuels management plans, Burned 

Area Emergency Recovery Plans; emergency wildland fire situation analysis; wildland fire implementation 

plans; grazing allotment management plans, recreation management plans, vegetation management plans, 

and other land management assessments” (USDA Forest Service 2005). 

Prevention strategies incorporated into Alternatives 2 and 3 are: 

 Prohibiting motorized access off designated routes would reduce the potential for invasive plant 

spread and establishment. 

 Conditions for motorized access for dispersed camping are limited to general and special 

provisions across the two Forests. 

 Some routes with known high levels of aggressive invasive plants would prohibit motorized 

access for dispersed camping within 300’ of designated routes. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 205

 479 of the 531 material source sites (see Material Source Sites, below) would be closed to 

motorized travel off designated routes. Of these 479 closed material source sites, 16 on the 

Deschutes National Forest and 22 on the Ochoco National Forest known to have invasive 

plants, would prohibit motorized access off designated routes, thus helping to prevent further 

spread of these invasives . 

Material Source Sites 

On the Forests and Grassland, there are rock and/or cinder pits (called mineral material source sites), many 

of which are currently open to motorized use. The Deschutes has 200 mineral material sources and the 

Ochoco and Grassland have 331 sites (see Minerals and Geology report). The majority of material sources 

sites (479 of 531) would be closed to motorized travel off of designated routes and the reasons for closure 

are detailed in the Geology Appendix B-2. Of 531 material source sites on the Forests and Grassland, 52 are 

proposed to remain open to recreation activities and dispersed camping: 30 on the Deschutes; 20 on the 

Ochoco, and 2 on the Grassland (Table 3-71). Of these 52 material source sites, some have known invasive 

plant sites, whereas the status in others is unknown and invasive plant surveys are needed. 

As discussed under Alternative 1, motor vehicles are known vectors for spreading invasive plants. Habitats 

disturbed by motorized recreation are vulnerable to invasion. Allowing motorized travel off of designated 

routes within weed-infested material source sites would increase the risk and potential for invasive plant 

spread and establishment. This risk is not limited to the material source sites; unclean vehicles leaving these 

sites can carry seeds and plant propagules into new areas. 

The Forests and Grassland are currently developing an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for treating 

invasive plants. The analysis for this EIS includes treatment of invasive plant sites within these material 

source sites. If this EIS is approved, then future treatment of mineral material source sites would follow the 

direction and mitigations developed in this analysis. The EIS includes an Early Detection/Rapid Response 

Strategy that – if approved – would provide a strategy for treating newly discovered invasive plant 

infestations in these sites. 

Table 3-71. Mineral material source sites proposed to be open to motorized access on the Deschutes and Ochoco 

National Forests and Crooked River National Grassland. 

** Status column refers to the level of mineral material activity. Status codes are: 

 Active = Actively used for mineral material extraction, waste disposal or stockpiles 

 Inactive = Not currently being used but could in the future 

 Closed = Material sources have been exhausted and it will not be used as a mineral material 

site. 

Material 

Source # 

Material Source 

Name 

Acres Status Invasive Plants 

Deschutes – Bend/Ft. Rock District 

1006 North Siah Cinder Pit 2.32 Inactive Unknown 

1008 Siah Cinder Pit 0.87 Inactive Unknown 

1040 Sprague Gravel Pit 6.44 Waste Disposal Site Unknown 

1057 

West Browns Creek 

Gravel 6.44

Inactive Unknown 

1112 

East Spillway Borrow 

Pit 17.12

Active Unknown 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 206

Material 

Source # 

Material Source 

Name 

Acres Status Invasive Plants 

3004 

Coyote Butte Cinder 

Pit 4.91

Inactive Spotted knapweed (~ 5,000+ 

plants), Russian thistle (~ 

5,000+ plants, and Dalmation 

toadflax (~ 500 plants) 

3018 Pipeline Cinder Pit 5.35 Inactive Unknown 

3022 Sand Flat Cinder Pit 6.66 Inactive Unknown 

3040 

Ground Hog Cinder 

Pit 1.37

Inactive Unknown 

3041 

Sabol Butte Cinder 

Pit 5.31

Inactive Unknown 

Deschutes – Crescent District 

2003 Maklaks Cinder Pit 1.16 Inactive Unknown 

2004 

Black Rock Cinder 

Pit 16.12

Active 

2005 

Mabel Butte Cinder 

Pit 7.76

Inactive Unknown 

2008 

Muttonchop Cinder 

Pit No. 1 10.54

Active Unknown 

2011 

Junction Rock 

Quarry 6.41

Inactive Unknown 

2022 

Burlington Pumice 

Pit 0.59

Inactive Unknown 

2023 Northern Pumice Pit 0.61 Inactive Unknown 

2026 Paunina Pumice Pit 2.95 Inactive Unknown 

2028 Cove Gravel Pit 0.56 Inactive Unknown 

2033 

Crescent Creek 

Gravel Pit 0.61

Inactive Unknown 

Deschutes – Sisters District 

5006 Cache Cinder Pit 2.21 Inactive Unknown 

5008 

Zimmerman Cinder 

Pit 16.72

Active Unknown 

5009 Fourmile Cinder Pit 4.93 Active Unknown 

5011 Melvin Cinder Pit 4.79 Inactive Unknown 

5015 

Whychus Creek 

Gravel Pit 4.63

Active Unknown 

5016 

Pole Creek Cinder 

Pit 3.53

Inactive Unknown 

5019 Garrison Cinder Pit 4.53 Inactive Unknown 

5022 McKenzie Gravel Pit 4.00 Inactive Unknown 

5033 

North Sisters Gravel 

Pit 4.52

Inactive Unknown 

5045 

East Sullivan Rock 

Quarry 5.70

Inactive Unknown 

Ochoco NF – Lookout Mt. District 

132009331 Ahalt 6.62

Closed (currently 

dispersed campground, 

OHV use)

Unknown 

181912133 Chipmunk 12.42 Active Surveyed and no weeds 

132004441 Crystal 1.38 Closed Unknown 

121715333 Highland 8.10 Active Surveyed and no weeds 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 207

Material 

Source # 

Material Source 

Name 

Acres Status Invasive Plants 

121935211 Mcginnis 2.93 Active Teasel 

142230321 North Fork 15.33

Active Spotted knapweed and Scotch 

thistle 

132219331 Scott’s Camp 1.71 Waste Disposal Surveyed and no weeds 

18192133 Sherwood Saddle 5.27 Waste Disposal Surveyed and no weeds 

13133241 Thunder Rock 2.04 Active Surveyed and no weeds 

132022441 Walton Lake 12.43 Active Canada thistle 

121828343 Whiskey 8.30

Active Oxeye daisy treated; moderate 

risk of weeds because lot of 

uses (vectors) 

Ochoco NF – Paulina District 

132329422 Aspen 9.01 Active Mullein 

152533432 Bellworm 7.82 Waste Disposal Unknown 

142336412 Flow Top 0.52 Closed Unknown 

142336442 Grasshopper 0.51 Closed Unknown 

142336122 Juniper 0.57 Closed Unknown 

142414232 Podo Meadow 1.43 Stockpile Mullein 

132314222 Remington 1.84 Closed Unknown 

142432112 Six Corner 11.89 Active Surveyed and no weeds 

142408342 Thornton 19.92

Closed (currently 

dispersed campground 

with OHV use) 

Unknown 

Crooked River National Grassland 

111336415 Metolius 20.66

Active ~ 50 Russian thistle and ~ 50 

diffuse knapweed plants found 

in 2009 

111213435 Round Butte 40.49

Active Spotted knapweed and 

medusahead; shared with 

Oregon Dept. of Transportation 

In 2005, the USFS Pacific Northwest Region revised Forest Land and Resource Management Plans with 

Standards for preventing and managing invasive plants (USFS 2005). Regional Invasive Plant Standard #7 

requires the Forests and Grassland to: “Inspect active gravel, fill, sand stockpiles, quarry sites, and borrow 

material for invasive plants before use and transport. Treat or require treatment of infested sources before 

any use of pit material. Use only gravel, fill, sand, and rock that is judged to be weed free by District or 

Forest weed specialists.” The intent of this standard is prevention – to prevent further invasive plant spread 

and establishment. The Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests Land and Resource Management Plans 

were amended to include this Standard. 

Of the 52 material source sites proposed to be open for motorized use, 8 of the 30 Deschutes sites and 11 of 

the 22 Ochoco and Grassland sites are actively used for material sources (Table 3-71). Allowing motorized 

use of these active mineral material source sites has a high risk of introducing and spreading invasive plants 

within the sites as well as a high potential for motorized vehicles to carry seeds and plant parts out of the 

site, dispersing them into other areas (i.e., wherever the vehicles may travel). Because Alternatives 2 and 3 

allow motorized travel off of designated routes in active material source sites and because the Forests and 

Grassland do not yet have the ability to treat weeds in these sites aggressively (i.e., we cannot use herbicides 

in many of these sites), there are likely to be adverse effects from further invasive plant spread. If invasive 

plants are introduced to an active material source site, the Forest Service would not be able to use the site to 

extract or dispose of materials (length of time would depend on the species). 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 208

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Alternatives 2 and 3 provide greater protection than Alternative 1 against invasive plant spread and 

establishment on the Deschutes National Forest because 72% of occupied invasive plant acres would be 

closed to motorized access for dispersed camping compared to only 35% under Alternative 1. Since vehicles 

serve as dispersal vectors for invasive plant propagules (Clifford 1959; Greenberg et al. 1997), restricting 

motor vehicle access where invasive plants occur would help reduce the potential for these populations to 

spread. 

On the Ochoco National Forest and Grassland, more acres of invasive plant sites are closed under 

Alternative 1 than under Alternatives 2 and 3 for motorized access for dispersed camping (Table 3-70). As 

discussed in the Chapter 2 of the EIS, much of the Grassland is currently closed to motorized travel; some 

currently-closed areas would open for motorized access for dispersed camping under Alternatives 2 and 3. 

However, under Alternative 1, motorized access for dispersed camping can occur anywhere, whereas this 

use is restricted to within 300’ of open designated routes in Alternatives 2 and 3. 

Since invasive plants follow travel corridors and motorized access for dispersed camping under Alternatives 

2 and 3 will concentrate this use in the 300’ buffer zone, invasive plants will continue to spread and become 

established along open designated routes. Though interior forest areas would be better protected from 

invasive plants under Alternatives 2 and 3, there could still be adverse impacts from invasive plants within 

300’ of open designated routes. Alternative 2 has a higher risk than Alternative 3 because motorized access 

for dispersed camping is allowed anywhere within the 300’ buffer (except for those areas in Alternative 2 

that are closed to this use or are designated as special provision areas). This risk is reduced in Alternative 3 

because motorized access for dispersed camping is limited to existing, designated, or defined sites. 

Under Alternative 2, 16% of upland occupied invasive plant acres are within areas open for motorized access 

for dispersed camping with general (not special) provisions, meaning that motorized access for dispersed 

camping is not confined to existing, designated, or defined sites (Table 3-70; Appendices B-4.1.2 and B4.1.4). The potential creation of new dispersed campsites under Alternative 2 in upland areas increases the 

risk of invasive plant spread and establishment over Alternative 3. Alternative 3 provides a higher level of 

protection against invasive plant spread and establishment over Alternative 2 because motorized access for 

dispersed camping is confined to existing, designated, or defined sites, which limits the areas where people 

can drive and camp (Table 3-70; Appendices B-4.1.2 and B-4.1.4) 

Alternatives 2 and 3 have the same riparian special provisions. Motorized access for dispersed camping is 

not allowed within 30’ of water and, in riparian areas, is confined to existing, designated, or defined sites. 

This is intended to protect riparian habitats, including riparian vegetation and bank stability, and would help 

prevent spread and establishment of invasive plants. 

In conclusion, Alternative 3 provides the most protection of all three alternatives against establishment, 

spread, and expansion of invasive plant populations because all areas open for motorized access for 

dispersed camping (100%) would be confined to existing, designated, and defined sites and this would 

reduce the potential to further spread the invasive plants. Alternative 2 has some upland occupied invasive 

plant acres (16% on the Deschutes National Forest and 7 % on the Ochoco National Forest) that occur in 

areas where motorized access for dispersed camping would not be confined to existing, designated, or 

defined sites. Therefore, invasive plants have a higher likelihood of establishing, spreading and expanding 

under Alternative 2 than under Alternative 3. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 209

Recreation 

Executive Summary 

This section summarizes the analysis of the effects from implementing actions proposed in this EIS on 

recreational motorized access, including motorized access on designated roads and trails for different vehicle 

classes, motorized access off designated routes, motorized access for dispersed camping, motorized access 

for hunting and gathering, and the effects of recreational motorized access on non-motorized recreation use. 

In Alternative 1, continuing to allow motorized access off designated routes would likely result in a 

continued increase in unauthorized “user-created” motorized routes. There would continue to be confusion 

among forest visitors about where or when motorized access is or is not allowed, or for what type of vehicle, 

and how or where to find that information. Conflicts between motorized and non-motorized users would 

continue and escalate as visitor use increases over time. 

With Alternative 1 there would continue to be impacts to non-motorized users from noise, dust, and 

proximity to motorized uses which would be expected to increase with population growth and higher forest 

visitation. Non-motorized trails that are located within areas open to motorized access off designated routes 

would continue to receive increasing motorized use as the trail character and dimensions change and become 

more indistinguishable from a motorized trail. 

Under Alternative 1, as population increases, over time, new motorized routes would likely be created to 

either existing or new campsites to accommodate demand, especially in prime areas (near streams, lakes, or 

other attractive features). Resource impacts such as soil compaction and erosion and loss of vegetation 

would continue to occur and increase with increased use. 

With Alternatives 2 and 3, effects to motorized use would include a loss of access to non-highway legal 

vehicles to some additional roads that would be open only to highway legal vehicles. The roads that are 

open to non-highway legal vehicles may be fragmented by roads that are open only to highway legal 

vehicles which would not provide connectivity to make connections to other roads to reach desired 

destinations. There is expected to be increased use on designated roads and trails with more interaction and 

potential conflicts between different classes of motorized vehicles, especially on mixed use roads. 

The proposed actions common to both Alternatives 2 and 3 would prohibit motorized access off designated 

routes on approximately 1,612,937 acres on the Deschutes and 723,855 acres on the Ochoco National Forest 

and Grassland which would result in a change in users’ ability to access the forest as they have in the past as 

motorized use would be limited to designated routes. Restricting access to designated roads and trails would 

primarily affect people who prefer a more primitive off-road recreation experience than designated roads and 

trails offer (see Social and Economic Analysis section). User discretion to travel off designated routes to 

make connections to roads open to non-highway legal vehicles would be lost. Neither of the action 

alternatives provides provisions for motorized access off designated routes for hunting and gathering 

purposes. This would have the highest impact on those that may depend more upon a motor vehicle for 

access as they would no longer have access off of designated routes to pursue these activities. 

Under Alternative 2 and 3, restricting motorized access for dispersed camping under the General Provisions, 

or to designated, defined, or existing sites under the Special Provisions would most affect people using 

recreation vehicles (RV’s) such as trailers, campers, toy haulers, motor homes, etc. These users would not be 

able to access sites beyond 300’ off designated routes with their RV’s, unlike tent campers, who would have 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 210

the option to walk to their desired site. It is expected that some people may not be able to access their 

favorite spot because it is already occupied. This would displace some visitors to other areas. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would result in a substantial increase in the areas where non-motorized recreation users 

could expect to not encounter or be impacted by motorized users. The proposed actions common to both 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would prohibit motorized access off designated routes on approximately 1,611,862 

acres on the Deschutes and 723,644 acres on the Ochoco National Forest or 100% of the acreage currently 

open to motorized access off designated routes. It is expected that there would be a beneficial effect for nonmotorized users on the miles of non-motorized trail located within areas currently ‘open’ to motorized access 

off designated routes because there would be reduced motorized access to these trail systems, and a 

reduction in the potential for inadvertent use of these non-motorized trails by motor vehicles as they become 

undistinguishable from motorized trails 

Affected Environment 

Recreation Opportunities 

Recreation opportunities on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests are a local and regional resource. 

The diversity of Cascade and Blue mountain settings, defined by terrain, scenic beauty, and types of access 

available offer outstanding recreation opportunities to uses of these National Forest lands. The diverse types 

of recreation that occur include hunting, fishing, hiking, dispersed and developed camping, picnicking, 

horseback riding, mountain bike riding, ATV and motorcycle riding, jeep and 4WD touring, rafting, skiing, 

among many others. 

Recreation Niche 

The niche is, in part, determined by public expectations (demand) and by the ecological capabilities of the 

land. In 2005 and 2006, each Forest developed a recreation niche statement. Public participants in this 

process described and mapped their preferred recreation activities and where they recreate. This "sense of 

place" map product was translated into a narrative about the relative importance of the Forest for various 

recreation opportunities, experiences and benefits, and was used to develop the recreation niche statement. 

For more details on the Recreation Niche see Appendix B-9. 

Developed Recreation Sites 

The Deschutes National Forest manages 319 developed recreation sites: 101 campgrounds; 26 picnic (dayuse) sites; 93 trailheads; 2 rental cabins; 11 horse camps; 17 interpretive/info sites; 14 snowparks ; two 

visitor centers and other minor sites. The only developed sites that currently allow OHV's are China Hat 

Campground, Edison and East Ft. Rock OHV Staging areas and Trailheads. 

The Ochoco National Forest manages 71 developed recreation sites including 30 campgrounds; 7 picnic 

(day-use) sites; 26 trailheads; 1 rental cabin; 3 horse camps; and 4 snowparks (and other minor sites). 

Motorized Access off Designated Routes 

On the Deschutes, motorized travel off designated routes is prohibited for all vehicles on 198,908 acres and 

closed to OHV use in 59,412 acres of the Forest. On the Ochoco, motorized travel is prohibited for all 

vehicles in 87,990 acres of the Forest and prohibited off designated routes in 204,081 acres. These include 

designated wilderness areas, wild and scenic river corridors, certain municipal watersheds, specific land use 

allocations and other sensitive areas. Since OHVs are allowed in areas of the Forest not specifically closed 

to such use, 625,430 acres on the Deschutes and 431,784 acres on the Ochoco are theoretically available 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 211

either year round or seasonally for motorized recreation. On both Forests, an indeterminant number of acres 

are inaccessible because of excessive slope, or other physical barriers (such as rock outcrops, forest 

vegetation, rivers and streams). 

Motorized Access on Designated Routes 

Oregon State Law allows OHVs to travel on one-lane gravel and native-surface roads (Oregon 2007). There 

are areas of the Forest where the Land and Resource Management Plan, as amended, do not specifically 

prohibit cross-country travel by recreational vehicles. On the Deschutes, approximately 5,362 miles of road 

are available for OHV use (all ATV classes). In addition, there are 343 miles of trail open to motorized 

travel for ATV’s and motorcycles including 25 miles open to 4WD jeeps on the Forest. On the Ochoco, 

approximately 1,388 miles of road are available for OHV use (all ATV classes). An additional 1,648 miles 

of road are open only to highway licensed vehicles. Certain classes of ATVs are also permitted on roughly 

26 miles of forest trails (See Table 3-72 for a complete list of the trail systems on the two Forests and BLM). 

Although the extensive road system and motorized trails on both Forests provide motorized access on 

designated routes for many types of vehicles, roads and designated trails do not always provide the 

recreational experience that many people look for with their off-highway vehicles. The road and/or trail 

system also does not always provide the connectivity to desired destinations such as favorite campsites, 

people’s homes, or community services. There are over 6,132 miles of road, of which 5,362 miles are open 

to both highway legal, and non-highway legal vehicles. Such an extensive network of roads and trails 

provides users with a tremendous variety of options to access and view the Forest. Most of the land base on 

both Forests and Grassland is accessible within a short distance from a designated road or trail. 

Approximately 88% of the Deschutes National Forest and 83% of the Ochoco National Forest (outside of 

wilderness areas) is accessible within 1⁄2 mile from an open road (see Table 3-76) – Deschutes and Ochoco 

Forest Acres within 1⁄2 Mile of Open Road and OHV Trail Systems 

Deschutes National Forest Designated OHV Trail Systems 

The East Fort Rock OHV trail system lies on the east side of the Bend/Fort Rock Ranger District on the 

Deschutes National Forest. East Fort Rock provides 318 miles of trail for casual and competitive use 

covering about 110,000 acres and ranging in elevation from 4400 to 6400 feet. Trails are well signed and 

mapped and provide a full range of experience levels, from easiest to most difficult. There are 4 staging 

areas, (2510, 25, Camp II and South Lava) one campground/staging area (China Hat) and four designated 

play areas (Ground Hog Rock Crawl, Sabol Butte, South Cinder Cone and Ice Rock Quarry). 

The trail system is designed for Class I and Class III ATVs which are quads or three-wheelers and 

motorcycles less than 50" in width. Off-highway vehicles are allowed on designated routes and areas only. 

Non-street legal motorcycles and ATV's are permitted to ride roads designated as mixed use. 

The trail system is open all year, however hot, dusty conditions normally inhibit riding from mid-July 

through September and cold, snowy conditions inhibit riding from mid-December through March. About 

half of East Fort Rock is within the Fox Butte Green Dot Area which restricts access to designated roads 

during the general deer hunting season. This is roughly a two-week period from late September to midOctober, and any roads or trails within the Green Dot Area are subject to Green Dot restrictions. 

The Edison Butte Trail System, about 25 miles long, is located on the slopes of Kwolh Butte and Sheridan 

Mountain, west of Bend. Edison Butte is open to OHV use from April 1 through November 30. The 

recommended riding season is late June to October because of the high elevation and tendency of snow to 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 212

cover the trail into the spring and summer months. Edison is open to Class I – quads, Class II vehicles under 

80 inches wide and Class III - motorcycles. 

The trail system goes through ponderosa pine and manzanita forest in the lower elevations, near the Edison 

Sno-Park, and goes up into stands of hemlock trees near Kwolh Butte and Sheridan Mountain. The volcanic 

terrain can be challenging because there are many loose rocks and lava ridges to go over. As a result, the 

trails are considered "More Difficult". Two shelters are situated along the trail, the Sheridan Mountain and 

the Kwolh Butte shelters, which offer impressive views of the Central Oregon Cascade Mountains. 

The staging area for this trail system is at the Edison Sno-park. An information board, maps and a vault toilet 

are available on site. 

Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland Designated OHV Trail Systems 

The Green Mountain trail is northeast of Prineville in the Ochoco National Forest. The 8.5-mile trail 

designed for Class I and Class III ATVs winds along open ridge tops, which offer spectacular views, and 

passes through ponderosa pine stands. This trail offers a wide range of scenic views and riding experiences. 

The elevation ranges from 4500-5400 feet. The trail is open year round unless closed due to snow, high fire 

danger or wet soil conditions. 

Henderson Flat OHV trail system is part of the Crooked River National Grassland and is characterized by 

open juniper vegetation spread over steep to rolling hills and interspersed with dramatically beautiful red 

rimrock breaks. The trails overlook the Deschutes Basin with spectacular views of the Cascade Range. The 

system provides 18 miles of casual OHV use covering 1480 acres and ranging in elevation from 3000 to 

3400 feet. 

The trail system is designed for Class I and Class III ATV's which are allowed on designated routes and 

areas only. Non-street legal motorcycles and ATV's must stay on designated trails; they may not ride on 

roads. 

The trail system is open from April 1 through November 30. The best riding takes advantage of the cooler, 

moister periods of early spring and late fall. Hot, dry conditions normally inhibit riding from mid-July 

through September. In extreme fire conditions, the trails may be closed to public use. Individual trails may 

also be temporarily closed for maintenance or reconstruction, or to provide resource protection. 

Prineville Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Designated OHV Trail Systems 

Millican Valley Trail Systems 

North Millican lies north of Highway 20, about 24 miles east of Bend and is located on the Prineville District 

of the Bureau of Land Management. The 102 miles of trails are well signed and provide a full range of 

difficulty from easiest to most difficult. Three trailheads/staging areas provide access to the trails. The 

terrain is typical of the High Desert, with rolling hills covered with sagebrush and juniper trees. The soils are 

sandy with scattered rock outcrops. The best riding is in the spring or fall when there is moisture. Elevation 

in the North Millican valley ranges from 3300-4200 feet. 

The trails system provides opportunities for Class I, Class II and Class III ATVs. Of the 102 miles of trails, 

24 are open to all three classes of ATV's the rest are specifically designed for Class I and Class III. Offhighway vehicles are allowed on designated routes and areas only. Non-street legal motorcycles and ATV's 

are only permitted on mixed use roads. All other roads are closed. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 213

North Millican Valley OHV Area is part of the Deer Winter Range and therefore is closed from December 1 

through April 30. During the summer, hot, dry conditions may close the area due to extreme fire conditions. 

The Millican Plateau is located on the Prineville District of the BLM. The Plateau provides a variety of 

desert riding experiences from easiest to more difficult. There are 111 miles of trails for Class I and III 

OHV's, of which 37 miles are also open to Class II OHV's. There are three staging areas with portable toilets 

and information kiosks providing maps and information for riders. Non-street legal vehicles are only 

permitted on mixed use roads. The soils are mostly sand with rock outcrops and the vegetation is a mixture 

of sagebrush and juniper. The Millican Plateau is open for riding year round. During the summer, hot, dry, 

dusty conditions may inhibit riding. The best riding season is during the winter when there is good ground 

moisture. There are only a couple of weeks during the winter when the trails are not rideable due to snow or 

frost. 

South Millican lies south of Highway 20 about 22 miles east of Bend on the Prineville District of the BLM. 

It provides 43 miles of trails ranging in difficulty from easiest to more difficult. South Millican is an ancient 

lake bed so the terrain is flat to rolling hills with sagebrush, grasses and widely scattered juniper trees for 

vegetation. The soils are very sandy with rock outcrops and the best riding is in the fall when there is 

moisture. Elevation ranges from 4200-4500 feet. Three trailheads provide parking and staging areas. All 

trails are well signed and mapped. 

The trail system provides opportunities for Class I, Class II, and Class III ATVs. About 32 miles of trails are 

specifically designed for Class I and Class III ATVs the remaining 11 miles are open to Class II OHV's as 

well as Class I & III. Off-highway vehicles are allowed on designated routes and areas only. Non-street 

legal vehicles are only permitted on Mixed use Roads. South Millican Valley is open August 1 through 

November 30. It is closed the rest of the year to protect sage grouse. During the late summer months, it may 

also close due to extreme fire conditions. Hot dusty conditions may inhibit riding in the late summer as well. 

The Millican/ODOT Pit is located east of Millican on Highway 20 in an Oregon Department of 

Transportation gravel pit. The play area is designed for Class I and Class III ATV's and provides challenges 

for riders at all levels of experience. There is ample parking space for vehicles towing trailers and camping. 

A kiosk keeps riders informed of regulations and closures as well as providing maps of nearby OHV trail 

systems. A chemical toilet is on site. The site also serves as a staging area for access to North Millican OHV 

Trail System and Millican Plateau OHV Trail System. The Millican/ODOT Pit is open all year but dry, dusty 

conditions may inhibit use during the late summer months. Likewise, snow in the winter may discourage 

winter riding. 

LaPine Area Designated OHV Trail System 

The Rosland Play Area designed for Class I and Class III ATV's is located just north of Lapine at Wickiup 

Junction. The area consists of 3.5 miles of loop trails on a wooded flat, a learners' loop, a beginner play area 

and an advanced play area. The play area is an excellent spot for young riders to become familiar with their 

OHVs in the open beginner play area and on the short loop trails. Only spotters and riders are allowed in the 

play areas so several picnic tables are placed at shaded locations to provide easy observation. There is lots of 

parking for both pits and easy access for vehicles towing trailers. Two information kiosks keep visitors 

posted of closures and regulations and also supply visitors with maps. There is a toilet located between the 

staging areas. The play area is open year round. However, dust and heat may discourage riders from midJuly to September while cold and snow may inhibit them in the winter. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 214

Table 3-72 - Central Oregon Designated OHV Areas 

Name Managing 

Agency 

Location ATV 

Classes 

Season Description Setting 

East Fort 

Rock 

Deschutes 

National 

 Forest 

21 miles east of 

Bend on US 20 

I and 

III, 

Class II 

on 

Mixed 

use 

Roads 

Only 

All year, 

some trails 

 affected 

by 

Green Dot 

Closure in 

October 

318 miles of easy to 

most difficult trails 

Soils range from sandy 

with rock outcrops and 

pumice with desert to 

forest type vegetation 

Millican 

Plateau 

Prineville 

BLM 

20 miles NE of 

Bend on 

George 

Millican Road 

I, II and 

III 

All Year 111 miles of easiest 

to more difficult 

trails; 37 miles open 

to Class II 

Mostly sandy soils with 

rock outcrops. 

Vegetation is a mixture 

of juniper and sagebrush 

North 

Millican 

Prineville 

BLM 

24 miles E of 

Bend off Hwy 

20 

I, II and 

III 

Closed 

Dec 1 

through 

April 30 

102 miles of easiest 

to most difficult 

trails; 24 miles open 

to Class II 

Mostly sandy soils with 

rock outcrops. 

Vegetation is a mixture 

of juniper and sagebrush 

South 

Millican 

Prineville 

BLM 

22 miles E of 

Bend off Hwy 

20 

I, II and 

III 

Closed 

Dec 1 

through 

April 30 

43 miles of easiest 

to more difficult 

trails; 11 miles open 

to Class II 

Mostly sandy soils with 

rock outcrops. 

Vegetation is a mixture 

of scattered juniper and 

sagebrush 

Henderson 

Flat 

Crooked 

River 

National 

Grassland 

13 Miles S of 

Madras 

I and 

III 

Closed 

Dec 1 

through 

March 31 

18 miles easiest to 

more difficult trails, 

not open to Class II 

open juniper vegetation 

spread over steep to 

rolling hills and 

interspersed with red 

rimrock breaks 

Edison Butte Deschutes 

National 

Forest 

24 miles SW of 

Bend 

I, II and 

III 

Closed 

Dec 1 

through 

March 31 

25 miles of more to 

most difficult trails. 

Restricted to 

vehicles under 80 

inches 

loose rocks and lava 

ridges, vegetation ranges 

from ponderosa pine and 

Manzanita to stands of 

hemlock trees 

Green 

Mountain 

Ochoco 

National 

Forest 

18 miles N of 

Prineville 

I and 

III 

All year – 

closed by 

snow 

annually 

8.5 miles of more 

difficult trail 

Open ridge tops, 

spectacular views, old 

growth ponderosa pine 

stands. 

Rosland Pit 

Play Area 

Prineville 

BLM 

26 miles S of 

Bend at 

Wickiup Jct 

I and 

III 

All year 3.5 miles of trails, a 

learners' loop, a 

beginner play area 

and an advanced 

play area 

Large mounds of sandy 

soil and flat areas 

surrounded by lodge pole 

pine forested area. 

ODOT Pit 

Play area 

Prineville 

BLM 

27 Miles E of 

Bend on Hwy 

20 

I and 

III 

All Year Open play area 

provides challenges 

for all levels of 

experience 

Gravel mounds and flat 

areas adjacent to North 

Millican Trail System 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 215

Other OHV Areas in Oregon 

There are more than 40 designated OHV sites and areas in Oregon managed by several public land management 

agencies. Given the willingness of OHV users to drive substantial distances to recreate (Bergerson et al 2005), 

many of those who use the existing routes in the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests for OHV recreation 

probably also use these other areas either instead of or in addition to Forest routes. National Visitor Use 

Monitoring (English, Kocis and Hales 2004) reported substitute choices made by OHV users if they were unable 

to use National Forest System lands. About 64% of primary OHV users in the Pacific Northwest responded that 

they would go somewhere else for the same activity. 

Selected OHV areas in Oregon are displayed in Table 3-73. Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area, Sand Lake 

Recreation Areas, Christmas Valley Sand Dunes and other dune areas are not listed in the table because they offer 

different recreation experiences than the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, or the Crooked River National 

Grassland. 

Table 3-73 - Selected OHV recreation sites and areas in Oregon. 

Source: <http://atv.prd.state.or.us/places.php> 

Name Managing 

Agency 

Location ATV Classes Season Description 

Blue Mountain 

OHV Trail 

WallowaWhitman National 

Forest 

8 miles east of 

Unity on Hwy 26 

I and III Summer and 

Fall 

60 miles of trails 

John's Peak Bureau of Land 

Management 

10 miles west of 

Jacksonville in 

southern Oregon 

I, II and III All year > 14,000 acres of trails 

with varying difficulty 

Morrow County 

Trails 

Morrow County 

Public Works 

20 miles east of 

Heppner 

I, II and III All year > 100 miles of trails 

Shotgun Creek 

OHV Area 

Bureau of Land 

Management 

East of 

Springfield 

I, II and III All year 6,000 acres of trails 

with varying difficulty 

Tillamook OHV 

Area 

Oregon Dept of 

Forestry 

State Hwy 6 

between Portland 

and Tillamook 

I, II and III All year > 100 miles of easy to 

most difficult trail 

Upper Walla 

Walla 

Umatilla National 

Forest 

12 miles east of 

Milton- Freewater 

III Spring, Summer 

and Fall 

40 miles of trails 

Virtue Flat Bureau of Land 

Mangement 

11 miles east of 

Baker City 

I, II and III All year > 5,000 acres of trails 

with varying degrees 

of difficulty 

West End 

(Sunflower) 

Umatilla National 

Forest 

NE of John Day I and III All year 91,000 acres will all 

degrees of difficulty 

Non-Motorized Trail Systems 

On the Deschutes, there are roughly 983 miles of forest system trails that are managed exclusively for nonmotorized uses (excluding snowmobile, cross-country ski and snowshoe trails). The 351 miles of forest trails that 

are managed for OHV use are also open to non-motorized uses. Non-motorized trails that are within areas 

currently open to motorized use off designated routes are increasingly being used by both ATV’s and 

motorcycles. There are 194 miles of non-motorized trail located within areas that are currently open to motorized 

access off designated routes.(GIS calculation). 

On the Ochoco, there are roughly 132 miles of forest system trails outside designated wilderness areas that are 

managed exclusively for non-motorized uses (excluding snowmobile and cross-country ski trails). The 27 miles 

of forest trails that are managed for OHV use are also open to non-motorized uses. In addition, there are 38.4 

miles of wilderness trails that are available only for hiking and horseback riding. Non-motorized trails that are 

within areas currently open to motorized use off designated routes are increasingly being used by both ATV’s and 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 216

motorcycles. There are 46 miles of non-motorized trails located within areas that are currently open to motorized 

access off designated routes, and an additional approximately 50 miles of equestrian trails created through horse 

endurance race events that have been historically used by equestrians that are now receiving increasing motorized 

use. 

Recreation Uses 

Description of Recreation Resource 

Nearly all Forest visitors use motorized vehicles to get to their preferred activities and settings, whether it is a 

hiking or equestrian trailhead, a fishing spot, or a favorite campsite. For many people, their vehicle is just the 

mode of transportation used to access their recreational activity. For others, the vehicle use itself is the activity. 

National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) 

The National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) program provides reliable information about recreation visitors to 

national forest system managed lands at the national, regional, and forest level. NVUM information assists 

Congress, Forest Service leaders, and program managers in making sound decisions that best serve the public and 

protect valuable natural resources by providing science based, reliable information about the type, quantity, 

quality and location of recreation use on public lands.

For the Deschutes National Forest, the 2001 NVUM revealed that there are approximately 3,109,377 recreation 

visits to the Forest each year (Kocis, English et al 2003). A description of visitor activities was compiled from the 

survey. During their visit to the forest, the top six recreation activities of visitors were hiking/walking, relaxing, 

viewing wildlife, viewing natural features, fishing, and downhill ski/snowboarding. Each visitor also picked one 

of these activities as their primary activity for the current recreation visit to the forest. The top primary activities 

were downhill snowboarding, fishing, hiking/walking, relaxing, and viewing natural features (see Table 3-74). 

For the Ochoco National Forest, the 2000 NVUM revealed that there are approximately 568,662 recreation visits 

to the Forest each year (Kocis, English et al 2001). The first round of NVUM surveys for the Forest was 

conducted between January 1, 2000 and September 30, 2000. A description of visitor activities was compiled 

from the survey. During their visit to the forest, the top five recreation activities of visitors were viewing 

wildlife/nature, viewing scenery, primitive camping, fishing, hiking/walking. Each visitor also picked one of 

these activities as their primary activity for the current recreation visit to the forest. The top primary activities 

were, developed camping, viewing wildlife/nature, hunting, horseback riding, and general relaxing (see Table 3-

74). 

Table 3-74 - Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest activity participation and primary activity (NVUM) and national 

user participation (NSRE) in comparable recreation activities. 52 

Activity % Participating 

(NVUM) 

% As Main Activity 

(NVUM) 

National 

User Participation 

DES OCH DES OCH %All Users 

Participation 

(NSRE) 

% All OHV 

Users 

(NSRE)

Backpacking 3.03 2.83 1.02 1.96 11.4 19.9 

Bicycling 7.21 5.29 2.43 1.7 22.0 34.4 

Cross-country Skiing 2.97 0.23 2.19 0.23 4.8 6.7 

Day Hiking 38.28 19.37 10.88 3.28 35.4 47.9 

Developed Camping 12.84 19.73 1.07 12.76 29.1 44.7 

 

52 NVUM data source is the first round of National Visitor Use Monitoring surveys (Kocis, English et al 2003). NSRE data source is 1999-2007 survey 

information for the National Survey on Recreation and the Environment (Cordell, Betz, Green and Stephens 2008). "No data" indicates that there was no 

direct cross-walk between NVUM and NSRE. "+" indicates that the activity participation rate is higher than indicated because of participation in variations 

of the activity that were reported separately. “*” indicates that activity was not shown on the 2000 activity participation list. “**” In the 2000 activity 

participation list picnicking and Family Gathering were lumped together as one category. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 217

Activity % Participating 

(NVUM) 

% As Main Activity 

(NVUM) 

National 

User Participation 

DES OCH DES OCH %All Users 

Participation 

(NSRE) 

% All OHV 

Users 

(NSRE)

Downhill Skiing 22.9 0 21.88 0 9.2 14.8 

Driving for Pleasure 19.6 16 0.44 1 59.1 86.3 

Family Gathering Outdoors   **  ** 76.2 84.9 

Fishing 24.62 24.7 14.59 6.49 24.5+ 44.6+ 

Gathering Forest Products 3.82 8.39 0.71 0.76 32.5 52.0 

Horseback Riding 0.8 18.15 0.31 14.57 8.7 16.8 

Hunting 3.34 22.59 0.77 18.8 10.0+ 28.4+ 

Motorized Water Activities 8.37 0.12 0.53 0.04 28.5+ 46.9+ 

Nature Center Activities 9.03 1.31 0.15 0.10 61.8 69.5 

Nature Study 3.78 9.86 0.14 0.03 no data no data 

Non-motorized Water 4.53 0.08 1.4 0 11.2+ 21.4+ 

OHV Use 2.47 3.35 1.06 0 19.0 100.0 

Other Motorized Activities 0.21 0.02 0 0 no data no data 

Other non-motorized 4.2 0.87 0.66 0.13 no data no data 

Picnicking 8.67 19.03** 0.22 3.13 58.9 65.2 

Primitive Camping 4.31 26.89 0.36 10.21 17.8 17.8 

Relaxing 37.42 16.29 6.43 2.95 no data no data 

Resort Use 5.33 0 0.5 0 no data no data 

Snowmobiling 1.18 0.76 0.82 0.68 4.3 4.3 

Sightseeing * 35.44 * 4.98 58.5 58.5 

Viewing Natural Features 39.78 58.53 11.45 14.5 66.5 66.5 

Viewing Wildlife 37.09 59 1.32 14 51.4 51.4 

Visiting Historic Sites 7.26 2.71 0.09 0 51.5 51.5 

Walking for Pleasure * * * * 86.2 86.2 

Table 3-75 –Secondary activities reported by primary OHV users in the Pacific Northwest Region of the Forest 

Service.53 

Activity % of Primary OHV Users 

Developed Camping 49.85 

Primitive Camping 5.96 

Viewing Wildlife 24.42 

Viewing Natural Features 46.22 

Visiting Historic Sites 0.04 

Relaxing 46.46 

Fishing 1.99 

Hunting 0.03 

Driving for Pleasure 16.74 

Hiking/Walking 20.40 

Gathering Forest Products 9.54 

Dispersed Recreation Uses 

Highly popular dispersed recreation activities include camping, fishing, hunting, (non-commercial) gathering 

forest products such as antlers, mushrooms, cones, etc., and driving Forest roads for wildlife viewing, or viewing 

natural scenery. 

 

53 Data source is the first round of National Visitor Use Monitoring surveys (English, Kocis and Hales 2004). 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 218

Many visitors prefer a more secluded experience than what developed campgrounds and picnic areas offer. The 

many roads, meadows, creeks, ponds, and lakes found on both Forests offer extensive opportunities for dispersed 

car and trailer camping and picnicking. Many sites have existed for years, and have been used by the same 

family year after year. Some of these sites are being accessed off of roads that have been administratively closed, 

but have not been physically closed on the ground, and may not be posted as closed, so appear to be “open”. 

Dispersed Camping and Day Use Picnicking 

On the Deschutes National Forest, dispersed camping and day use picnicking account for approximately 13% of 

overall participation (2001 NVUM). (see Table 3-74). On the Ochoco National Forest, dispersed camping and 

day use picnicking are very popular activities and accounted for approximately 46% of overall participation on the 

Forest . Approximately 27% of those forest visitors participated in primitive (dispersed) camping as either a 

secondary, or primary activity (see Table 3-74). (Kocis, English et al 2001). 

Motorized access off designated routes to dispersed campsites could cause resource damage, especially in 

sensitive riparian areas, if not posted closed. In the Deschutes River Wild & Scenic River corridor, motorized 

access off designated routes is limited to designated sites only (designated by signing). There have been other 

efforts Forest wide to reduce resource impacts by restricting motorized access off designated routes to dispersed 

campsites by defining where vehicles can park through use of either rock or bollard barriers. 

Big Game Hunting 

Hunters use vehicles extensively to access campsites, scout for game, and retrieve game. The ability of ATV’s to 

go nearly anywhere impacts wildlife and also the hunting experience of hunters using more traditional methods of 

access, such as foot, or horses. There is a division between many hunters, some who believe their hunting success 

rate and experience are improved in areas where use of motorized vehicles is limited and others who do not agree 

and promote hunting with motorized vehicles. 

On the Deschutes National Forest, big-game hunting is fairly popular during designated hunting seasons. The 

2001 NVUM (see Table 3-74). for the Deschutes National Forest showed that approximately 3.34% of forest 

visitors participated in hunting as either a secondary or primary activity. 

On the Ochoco National Forest, big-game hunting is a highly popular activity, and the Forest. is a regionally 

popular destination for big-game hunting. The 2000 NVUM for the Ochoco National Forest showed 

approximately 22.6% of forest visitors participated in hunting as either a secondary or primary activity and that 

hunting was among the top five primary activities on the Forest at 18.8% participation (see Table 3-74). (Kocis, 

English et al 2001). 

With the extensive network of roads, and the motorized trails on both Forests and Grassland, there is a 

tremendous variety of options to access the Forest within a short distance from an open designated road or 

motorized trail (see Table 3-76) 

Table 3-76– Deschutes and Ochoco Forest Acres within 1⁄2 Mile of Open Road 

Forest Forest Acres Outside 

of Wilderness 

Acres within 1⁄2 Mile of 

Open Roads 

% of Land Within 1⁄2 

Mile of Open Roads 

Deschutes 1,429,767 1,258,860 88%

Ochoco 688,326 572,345 83%

OHV Use Data / Motorized Rec Preferences 

As stated earlier in this report, NVUM reported on substitute choices made by OHV users if they had been unable 

to use National Forest System lands. About 64% of primary OHV users in the Pacific Northwest Region (R6) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 219

responded that they would have gone somewhere else for the same activity (English, Kocis and Hales 2004). The 

survey did not ask respondants to specify what locations they would have visited instead. 

The 2004 Oregon Statewide Motorized Trail Use Survey revealed that OHV enthusiasts are willing to travel 

reasonably long distances to pursue their most frequent activity (Bergerson et al 2005). The median distance 

traveled to reach an OHV riding opportunity falls in the range of 41 and 50 miles, and nearly one-fifth of OHV 

users travel more than 100 miles. Considering only OHV opportunities on National Forest system lands, the 

median distance traveled is over 200 miles (English, Kocis and Hales 2004). 

Off Highway Vehicle Use in Central Oregon 

National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) findings support the Deschutes National Forest niche statement 

position that the Forest was not a major provider of OHV recreation in the year surveyed (see Table 1 - 

Deschutes National Forest activity participation and primary activity (NVUM) and national user participation 

(NSRE) in comparable recreation activities, English, Kocis and Hales 2003). The first round of NVUM surveys 

for the Forest was conducted between October 1, 2001 and September 30, 2002. The NVUM survey and report 

does not describe visitor uses in specific areas within the forest. Statistics are only valid at the Forest level. The 

survey found that 1% of all recreation visits that year were primarily for OHV use. This percentage equates to 

roughly 31,095 visits during 2001/2002. 

A somewhat larger percentage of Deschutes National Forest visitors indicated they participated in OHV recreation 

even if it was not their primary reason for visiting the forest. The total percentage of visitors that reported OHV 

use as a primary or secondary activity was 2.47% of all visits, or roughly 76,802 visits. Although, the East Ft. 

Rock OHV trail system is a popular destination for many OHV users, overall use is considerably below the 

average percent participation for Oregon overall (22.2% participation) as reported in the National Survey on 

Recreation and the Environment (Cordell, Betz, Green and Stephens 2008). 

For the Ochoco National Forest and Grassland, National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) findings also support 

their Niche statement position that the Forest was not a major provider of OHV recreation in the year sampled 

(see English, Kocis and Hales 2001). The first round of NVUM surveys for the Forest was conducted between 

January 1, 2000 and September 30, 2000. The NVUM survey and report does not describe visitor uses in specific 

areas within the forest. Statistics are only valid at the Forest level. The survey found that there were no 

recreation visits that year that were primarily for OHV use. 

A higher number of Ochoco National Forest and Grassland visitors indicated that they did participate in OHV 

recreation, but it was not their primary reason for visiting the forest. The total percentage of visitors that reported 

OHV use as a primary or secondary activity was 3.35% of all visits, or roughly 19,900 visits. These data are 

considerably below the average percent participation for Oregon overall (22.2% participation) as reported in the 

National Survey on Recreation and the Environment (Cordell, Betz, Green and Stephens 2008). 

In terms of the number of primary OHV user visits, the Deschutes National Forest ranks towards the lower end 

out of twenty Forest Service administrative units in the Pacific Northwest Region. Considering both primary and 

secondary percentages, the Deschutes ranks slightly lower than middle. The Ochoco and Grassland rank in the 

bottom 3 Forests with no primary visits out of the same twenty administrative units. Considering both primary 

and secondary percentages, the Ochoco and Grassland rank near the middle. 

The percentage of forest visitors that report OHV use as their primary (or as their secondary) use in the Deschutes 

National Forest is about equal to the national average (English, Kocis and Hales 2004). The percentage of forest 

visitors that report OHV use as their primary (or as their secondary) use in the Ochoco National Forest is slightly 

higher than the national average (English, Kocis and Hales 2004). Nationally, about 2.5% of the 205 million 

annual recreation visits to National Forests have participating in OHV use as their primary activity. A slightly 

higher percentage (3.1%) has OHV use as a secondary activity (see Table 3-74). 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 220

MOTORIZED RECREATION TRENDS 

A recent study (Outdoor Industry Foundation, 2006) estimated that 72% of Americans aged 16 and older 

participated in an outdoor activity in 2005, with hiking, running and bicycling on trails being three of the most 

frequently reported activities. Trail use by motorized recreational vehicles is also growing in popularity. Allterrain vehicles (ATVs) entered the recreation and tourism marketplace in the early 1970s and, since then, 

ridership has grown rapidly. The Specialty Vehicle Institute of America (SVIA) estimates that ATV sales 

increased over 280% nationwide in the US since 1994 (SVIA, 2006). ATV recreation participation is expected to 

continue to increase across the US through 2015 (Cordell, Betz, Green, & Owens, 2005). Within Oregon, the 

Oregon Parks and Recreation Department (OPRD) sells approximately 10,000 OHV stickers annually. 

Based on the initial data of the Central Oregon Off-Highway Vehicle Use Study conducted by Virginia State 

University during 2008 East Fort Rock has the highest use levels for OHV recreational purposes, and the Millican 

Valley is second. 

Table 3-77 Central Oregon Off-Highway Vehicle Use Study Data 

Henderson Flat areas 29.4% 

East Fort Rock areas 63.5% 

Millican 44.8% 

Meadow Lakes 3.4% 

Edison Butte 8.3% 

Oregon Dunes NRA 31.6% 

Sand Lake 18.1% 

Seventy-seven percent of the visitors are returning users to Central Oregon OHV trails. Seventy percent of the 

visits stay overnight and average a 3 day trip. Thirty percent make day use trips averaging a 6 hour day. In a 

typical year, 12 days were spent recreating in Central Oregon, 24 days at other OHV areas. The average miles 

traveled from the primary residence to this area was 129 miles. 

The composition of the various groups visiting the area was 42% friends, 30% family and friends, 24% family, 

3% single and 11⁄2% organized clubs or organizations. Forty one percent of the visitors were 31-40 years old. 

Table 3-78. Demographic Visitation Data. 

OHV users enjoy many of the same recreation pursuits as the American population as a whole. Three of the top 

five most popular recreation pursuits in this country are common to the entire population including OHV users. 

According to Cordell et, al (2008) the recreation activities with the highest percent participation nationally in the 

total population are walking for pleasure (developed setting), family gatherings outdoors, viewing and 

photographing natural scenery, visiting nature centers, and driving for pleasure. The recreation activities with the 

highest percent participation among all OHV users nationally, are walking for pleasure (developed setting), 

driving for pleasure, family gatherings outdoors, sightseeing, and viewing/photographing natural scenery 

(Cordell, Betz, Green and Stephens 2008). These data are displayed in Table 3-74 for the purpose of comparing 

Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest visitor participation against National visitation. 

20 or 

younger 

21 – 30 years 31-40 years 41-50 years 51-60 years 61 and over 

3.1% 15% 40.9% 27.8% 8.8% 4.4% 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 221

Primary OHV users also participate in a variety of other recreation activities during their forest visit (English, 

Kocis and Hales 2004). In R6, the most popular secondary activity for primary OHV users is developed camping 

(Table 3-75) Relaxing and viewing natural features also had high participation rates. 

Cordell reports on the remarkable growth of OHV use in the United States. At the time of the first U.S. National 

Recreation Survey in 1960, OHV recreation was not included as a reportable activity (Cordell et, al 2008). OHV 

use today, however, is among the fastest growing outdoor activities. Nationally, the number of people (16+ years 

of age) who report participating in OHV sports is over 44 million (Table 3-75). Annual OHV sales more than 

tripled between 1995 and 2003 (sales have leveled off since 2003). Total OHV ownership of newly purchased 

and previously purchased machines increased 174% between 1993 and 2003, from fewer than three million to 

more than eight million vehicles. ATV's account for about 70% of all OHVs, not counting full-size, 4-wheel 

drive vehicles (Cordell 2008). 

Based on survey data and sales trends, Cordell predicted that there could be as many as 9.8 million ATVs and offroad motorcycles in the US in early 2008 (Cordell 2008). 

Motorized Recreation Preferences 

In Oregon, ATV riding (3 and 4 wheel) is by far the most popular type of OHV use, reported by 40% of OHV 

users as their favorite activity (Bergerson et,al 2005). Seventy percent of Oregon households that participate in 

OHV sports report that they rode an ATV in 2004 (see Table 3-79) Many households participate frequently. The 

State survey did not ask how many individuals in the household participated in each activity, so no figure for total 

participation is estimated by this source. 

Off-road motorcycling is reported to be the favorite activity by 25% of OHV users. Eleven percent and 8% of 

OHV users favor four-wheel driving with stock vehicles and four-wheel driving with modified vehicles, 

respectively. Modified 4WD vehicles have modified tires and/or suspension upgrades. 

Based on observation, and anecdotal data samples, user preferences on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest 

are similar to the state survey data results. 

Table 3-79 - Frequency of motorized trail participation in Oregon among households reporting OHV participation.54 

Of Participants in Last Year, How 

Often? (percent) 

Activity Participated in 

Last Year 

(percent) 

Estimated 

Oregon 

Households Weekly 2-3/ 

Month 

Once/ 

Month 

Less 

Often 

ATV Riding (3 & 4 wheel) 70 68,600 12 34 19 34 

Off-road motorcycling 44 43,100 16 29 20 35 

4-wheel driving (stock) 44 43,100 21 24 24 31 

4-wheel driving (modified) 29 28,400 21 21 33 24 

The Oregon Statewide Motorized Trail User Survey also asked OHV users about trail difficulty preferences. 

Fifty-one percent of respondents prefer "more difficult" trails. Twenty-eight percent prefer "most difficult" trails. 

Twenty-one percent prefer "easier" trails. 

Information obtained from the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department indicates that OHV use rapidly gained 

popularity. In 1997, there were 3.9 million all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) nationally and two million off highway 

motorcycles (OHMs). In 2002, there were 800,000 ATV sales and 300,000 OHM sales, almost 2,200 ATVs per 

day. During this period, sales increased 171% in the western states. The overall 3rd quarter 2008 Motorcycle sales 

figures reported include motorcycles, scooters and ATVs. Total sales year to date (YTD), from January to 

September of 2008 were down 10.7% compared to 2007, brought down by another 25% decrease in ATV sales. 

 

54 Data is from the 2004 Oregon Statewide Motorized Trail User Survey. N = 196.
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 222

ATV sales have dropped approximately 25% each quarter this year when compared to 2007. Dual sport sales 

were up 29.4%, proving that this segment remains extremely popular with American motorcyclists. Sales were 

39,805 YTD compared to 30,759 by Q3 of 2007. Off highway motorcycle sales continue to suffer; down 24.9% 

YTD with 114,174 sold YTD compared to 152,086 by the end of Q3 in 2007. 

Comparing December 2007 to December 2006, sales of off-road bikes were down 27.7%; street bikes were down 

19.7%; scooters were down 21.1% and all motorcycle categories combined were down 23.2%. ATV sales were 

also off 28.3% (webBikeWorld). 

In July 2007 Dave Crocker of Power Products Marketing reported that US sales of traditional brand ATVs were 

currently in their third consecutive year of decline. While some analysts might attribute this to the increasing 

number of Chinese imports that have flooded the market in recent years, it has also become apparent that another 

trend is having a significant impact on ATV sales. 

Over the last three years an increasing number of older buyers are trading in their ATVs and opting for the more 

appealing utility vehicles or “side-by-side vehicles” as they are often called. Surveys conducted by Power 

Products Marketing indicate that as much as 10% of annual ATV sales are lost to competing utility vehicles. 

(Power Products Marketing, Dave Crocker July 2007). 

Non-motorized Recreation Trends 

Non-motorized recreation continues to be one of the most popular categories of recreation throughout the state 

and within the local region. National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) findings show that most visitors participate 

in non-motorized activities (English, Kocis and Hales 2003). A description of visitor activities was compiled 

from the survey. 

On the Deschutes National Forest, the top six recreation activities of visitors were hiking/walking, relaxing, 

viewing wildlife, viewing natural features, fishing, and downhill ski/snowboarding. Each visitor also picked one 

of these activities as their primary activity for the current recreation visit to the forest. The top primary activities 

were downhill snowboarding, fishing, hiking/walking, relaxing, and viewing natural features. (see Table 3-74) 

The 2000 NVUM for the Ochoco National Forest supports the popularity of non-motorized recreation on the 

Forest (Kocis, English et al 2001). The top five recreation activities of visitors were viewing wildlife/nature, 

viewing scenery, primitive camping, fishing, hiking/walking. Each visitor also picked one of these activities as 

their primary activity for the current recreation visit to the forest. The top primary activities were, developed 

camping, viewing wildlife/nature, hunting, horseback riding, and general relaxing 

Table 3-80 - Trends in number of people participating and number of participation days for selected outdoor 

recreation activities in the United States, 1999-2008.55 

Activity Total U.S. 

Participants 

(1,000s), 2005-

2008 

Percent Change 

in Participants, 

1999-2001 

 to 

 2005-2008 

Total Annual 

Participant Days 

(millions), 2005-

2008 

Percent change 

in Total Days, 

1999-2001 to 

 2005-2008 

Developed Camping 52,021 2.7 532.3 9.3 

Primitive Camping 33,330.2 -2.0 310.4 12.1 

Backpacking 22,077.0 -0.6 277.7 24.0 

Picnicking 115,836.2 -1.4 779.7 -17.2 

Viewing Natural Scenery 145,489.2 14.1 11,482.3 60.5 

Visiting Historic Sites 92,920.8 -4.5 590.8 -15.2 

 

55 Excerpted from Cordell, Betz et al 2008. Source: NSRE 1999-2001 (n=52607) and 2005-2008 (n=19,186). Note: 1999-2001 participants based on 214.0 

million people age 16+ (2000 Census). 2005-2008 participants based on 230.0 million people age 16+ (2006 Census estimate). Missing data indicate that 

either participation or annual days were not collected during that time period. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 223

Activity Total U.S. 

Participants 

(1,000s), 2005-

2008 

Percent Change 

in Participants, 

1999-2001 

 to 

 2005-2008 

Total Annual 

Participant Days 

(millions), 2005-

2008 

Percent change 

in Total Days, 

1999-2001 to 

 2005-2008 

Nature Center Activities 127,406.5 5.0 1,044.0 23.2 

Drive Off-road 44,231.3 18.6 1,349.6 56.1 

Driving for Pleasure 111,069.0 3.1 2,637.3 -1.1 

Snowmobiling 8,328.2 -29.7 92.7 -27.4 

Day Hiking 74,032.5 6.8 1,993.4 -20.9 

Horseback Riding (trail) 15,262.6 -8.2 278.3 -35.2 

Bicycling 91,225.5 7.7 - - 

Kayaking 12,480.5 63.1 76.1 29.4 

Downhill Skiing 15,615.4 -14.8 126.4 -15.7 

Cross-country Skiing 4,970.7 -39.2 58.8 -7.8 

Gathering Forest Products 71,023.3 16.1 869.3 1.9 

View or Photograph Birds 81,119.9 19.3 8,039.0 37.6 

Viewing Other Wildlife 114,792.0 21.3 5,341.6 46.9 

Mountain Climbing 11,811.2 -12.5 104.1 20.5 

Visit a Wilderness 70,591.9 3.0 1,108.6 12.8 

Some quiet recreation activities show strong growth, and they are predicted to become even more popular (such 

as viewing natural scenery, hiking, bicycling, kayaking, viewing wildlife). Other quiet activities are becoming 

less popular (such as horseback riding, primitive camping, cross-country skiing). Such trends may represent a 

reordering of priorities (Cordell, Betz et al 2008). 

Regional Recreation Trend Projections 

The following tables display trends for dispersed recreational activities in the Pacific Region (Washington, 

Oregon, California, Alaska and Hawaii). Table 3-81. shows a baseline figure of the number of participants in the 

Pacific Region for each activity, and projected growth index for 2010, 2020 and 2050. Table 3-82 displays the 

same activities, listing the number of days participated and projected growth indices for the same years. 

Table 3-81. Participation in some dispersed recreation activities in the Pacific Region, and projection index for 

participation in 2010, 2020 and 2050 (Cordell et al. 1999:326-349). 

Activity 1995 

Participants 

2010 

Projection 

index 

2020 

Projection 

index 

2050 Projection 

Index 

Hiking 10,900,000 1.23 1.34 1.85 

Biking 9,800,000 1.19 1.29 1.65 

Horseback Riding 2,400,000 1.18 1.29 1.77 

Primitive Camping 5,600,000 1.13 1.23 1.44 

Fishing 7,500,000 1.12 1.20 1.38 

Hunting 1,700,000 0.85 0.79 0.64 

Developed Camping 8,800,000 1.19 1.32 1.73 

Off-Road Driving 4,700,000 1.10 1.20 1.33 

Picnicking 15,800,000 1.2 1.31 1.63 

Sightseeing 18,500,000 1.26 1.42 1.87 

Wildlife 16,700,000 1.23 1.37 1.77 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 224

Activity 1995 

Participants 

2010 

Projection 

index 

2020 

Projection 

index 

2050 Projection 

Index 

viewing/photography 

The projection index represents the percent increase in the number of participants expected for that activity for a 

specific decade in Table 3-81 and the percent increase in the total number of days participated attributed to the 

activity in the Pacific Region in Table 3-82 . Multiplying the projection index with the 1995 baseline gives the 

projected growth in participation and the projected growth for the total number of days of dispersed recreation 

anticipated for a given activity. 

Table 3-82 Number of days of some dispersed recreation activities in the Pacific Region, and projection index for 

participation in 2010, 2020 and 2050 (Cordell et al. 1999:326-349). 

Activity 1995 

Participants - 

Days 

2010 

Projection 

index 

2020 

Projection 

index 

2050 Projection 

Index 

Hiking 192,800,000 1.20 1.31 1.62 

Biking 400,900,000 1.16 1.24 1.55 

Horseback Riding 76,700,000 1.10 1.21 1.70 

Primitive Camping 57,500,000 1.26 1.46 2.08 

Fishing 119,100,000 1.16 1.25 1.44 

Hunting 36,000,000 0.95 0.96 0.81 

Developed Camping 92,900,000 1.23 1.39 1.88 

Off-Road Driving 98,900,000 1.09 1.13 1.42 

Picnicking 180,400,000 1.21 1.35 1.62 

Sightseeing 363,500,000 1.38 1.67 2.59 

Wildlife 

viewing/photography 

838,000,000 1.33 1.58 2.14 

The data displayed in Table 3-81 and Table 3-82 represent a subset of all recreational activities covered in this 

study, and apply to the Pacific Region in general, not just to recreation activities on National Forests. See the 

study for more details regarding study design, projection parameters and assumptions (Cordell et al. 1999: 326-

349). 

Recreation data for the Pacific Region found in these studies displays trends that could be expected for visitation 

on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests in the coming decades. According to these projections, 

sightseeing, followed by non-consumptive wildlife activities like bird watching, wildlife viewing and 

photography will account for the most recreation use in the future, with picnicking, hiking, biking, developed 

camping, fishing, primitive camping, off-road driving, horseback riding, and hunting following. This data also 

indicates that people participating in non-consumptive wildlife activities spend more days participating in their 

activity than do other recreationists. Heavy growth in the demand for sightseeing (87% increase by 2050), hiking 

(85% increase by 2050), and non-consumptive wildlife activities (77% increase by 2050) could be expected. The 

demand for off-road driving is projected to increase by about 20% by 2020. The data suggests the demand for 

activities that favor semi-primitive non-motorized settings both summer and winter will be heaviest in the future, 

competing with an also growing demand for semi-primitive motorized settings for off-road vehicle use. It is 

important to note that recreationists often participate in more than one activity during any given outing, and could 

be represented more than once in the preceding data. 

A study completed by the Forest Service in 2002 surveyed the American public regarding their values with 

respect to public lands, objectives for management of public lands (including recreation management) and beliefs 

about the role the Forest Service should play in fulfilling those objectives. The study concludes that the public 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 225

sees the promotion of ecosystem health and the protection of watersheds as important objectives. When queried 

specifically about recreation opportunities, the public supports multiple uses, but not all uses to the same degree. 

The study found that providing access to additional motorized recreation opportunities was not a high priority 

objective, while preserving the opportunity to have a “Wilderness experience” was important. Providing 

opportunities and facilities for non-motorized recreation was seen as a somewhat important objective and role for 

the agency. Separating these often conflicting types of pursuits (motorized and non-motorized uses) by 

designating trails for specific uses was seen as a somewhat important objective (Shields et al. 2002) 

Environmental Effects 

Motorized Access Not Affected by the Proposed Action 

There are some past decisions about motorized access that would not be affected by this proposed action. Past 

administrative decisions that have established seasons of use for specific areas (not including proposed Forest 

Plan amendments), designated motorized routes (roads and trails) or areas, or closed or decommissioned Forest 

roads would not be changed by any alternatives considered within the scope of this proposed action. The Travel 

Management Rule allows for some exclusion or exemptions for motorized access, such as over snow or water, as 

otherwise authorized by permit, and for administrative or emergency access that are not affected by this decision. 

Developed Recreation Sites 

On the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, motorized access to developed sites would not be affected by the 

decisions considered here. Management of these sites would remain the same. Motorized access for dispersed 

camping would continue to be prohibited within 1⁄4 mile of all developed campgrounds on the Deschutes. The 

developed sites that allow OHV's on the Deschutes (China Hat Campground, Edison and East Ft. Rock OHV 

Staging areas and Trailheads) would continue to allow OHV use. The developed sites that allow OHV's on the 

Ochoco (Green Mountain Trail and Henderson Flat Staging Areas and Trailheads) would continue to allow OHV 

use. 

Designated Routes and Areas Open to Motorized Access 

On the Deschutes National Forest, there are approximately 6,132 miles of existing designated roads, 343 miles of 

existing designated motorized trails (East Ft. Rock and Edison Trail systems), and approximately 91556 acres of 

designated areas included in existing designated motorized trail systems that are currently open to motorized 

access by either highway or non-highway-legal vehicles or both. On the Ochoco National Forest, there are 

approximately 1,892 miles of existing designated roads, and 26.5 miles of existing designated motorized trails 

(Green Mountain Trail, and Henderson Flat Trail system). Designated motorized trail systems have established 

specific classes of non-highway-legal vehicles that are allowed on motorized trail systems. These designations 

would not be affected by this decision. 

Areas with Seasonal Motorized Uses 

On both the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, seasonal use periods for motorized access on designated 

roads have been established across the two Forests by past administrative actions to protect a variety of resources 

or to provide quality hunting experiences. With the exception of minor seasonal use period adjustments included 

in the proposed Forest Plan Amendments, existing seasonal use periods on designated routes would not be 

affected by this decision. 

 

56 Because the actual area of these sites is geographically small, they are represented on the maps and in the calculated acres based on a 1⁄4 mile circle that is 

roughly in the location of the areas currently open to motorized access off designated routes within existing designated trail systems. This may represent a 

larger area than is actually designated on the ground and is only meant to illustrate the general location of the sites and relative acreage. Detailed maps of the 

designated motorized trail systems are available that more accurately depict the designated areas of the campgrounds, staging and other open areas within the 

current designated motorized trail systems. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 226

Motorized Access off Designated Routes 

Areas Closed to All Motorized Access 

There are approximately 198,908 acres on the Deschutes and approximately 74,465 on the Ochoco National 

Forest that currently prohibit all motorized access that would not be affected by this decision.. This does not 

include all of the acres currently closed to motorized access on the Ochoco. Approximately 13,525 acres along 

McKay Creek are under a temporary public motorized use restriction that would be modified by the proposed 

action. Areas that would not be affected by this decision are primarily Wilderness Areas, but also include areas 

where motorized access is restricted or prohibited by other order or past decision and where there are no open 

designated routes, such as Research Natural Areas and some of the Old Growth Areas on the Ochoco National 

Forest. These areas are displayed as “Existing – Closed to Motorized Access” on the Alternative 1, 2 and 3 – 

Motorized Access off Designated Routes maps; and on the Alternative 1 and 2 – Motorized Access for Dispersed 

Camping maps. 

Areas Closed to OHV Access 

There are approximately 59,412 acres on the Deschutes National Forest that currently prohibit off-highway 

vehicle use on and off of designated motorized routes. Forest Plan direction that currently specifically prohibits 

OHV use within a particular management would not be affected by this decision. The Ochoco National Forest 

does not have any areas closed specifically to OHV’s. 

Areas Closed to Motorized Access Off Designated Routes 

There are approximately 729,187 acres on the Deschutes National Forest, approximately 204,081 acres on the 

Ochoco National Forest, and 77,546 acres on the Crooked River National Grassland that currently prohibit 

motorized or off-highway vehicle access off designated routes or within specific areas that would not be affected 

by this decision. 

Dispersed Recreation 

There are approximately 202,727 acres on the Deschutes National Forest , 31,66557 acres on the Ochoco National 

Forest, and 77,546 acres on the Crooked River National Grassland that are currently and would remain closed to 

motorized access for dispersed camping and other dispersed recreation activities that would not be affected by this 

decision. 

Non-Motorized Recreation Use and Non-Motorized Trails 

There are approximately 729,187 acres on the Deschutes National Forest that currently prohibit all motorized 

access that would not be affected by this decision and would continue to provide non-motorized recreation 

opportunities. There are roughly 898 miles of forest system trails managed exclusively for non-motorized uses 

(excluding snowmobile and cross-country ski trails). The 343 miles of forest trails that are managed for motorized 

OHV use would continue to be open to non-motorized uses. No decisions considered here would have any affect 

on non-motorized use within these areas or on designated non-motorized trail systems. As stated previously, 

there are approximately 74,465 acres on the Ochoco National Forest that currently prohibit all motorized access 

that would not be affected by this decision and would continue to provide non-motorized recreation opportunities. 

There are roughly 132 miles of forest system trails outside designated wilderness areas that are managed 

exclusively for non-motorized uses (excluding snowmobile and cross-country ski trails). In addition, there are 

38.4 miles of wilderness trails that are available only for hiking and horseback riding. The 26.5 miles of forest 

trails that are managed for motorized OHV use would continue to be open to non-motorized uses. No decisions 

considered here would have any affect on non-motorized use within these areas or on designated non-motorized 

trail systems. 

 

57 These numbers are calculated from GIS data based on those acres noted on Alternative 2 maps as Continued Existing, Closed to Motorized Access for 

Dispersed Camping. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 227

Alternative 1 

Motorized Access On Designated Routes – Roads 

For the Deschutes, and Ochoco National Forests, there would be no direct effects, or indirect effect to recreational 

motorized access on Forest Service road systems from implementing the no action alternative. Designated roads 

would continue to be used as they are presently. (see Transportation Section). There would be no immediate 

changes to roads that allow for mixed uses, although future changes to mixed uses could be implemented with 

other decisions. There would continue to be 5,362 miles of road on the Deschutes, and 1,648 on the Ochoco open 

to motorized mixed use, and and 770 miles on the Deschutes, and 244 miles on the Ochoco open to highway legal 

vehicles only. Use levels should not be affected from displacement as there is no change in continued motorized 

access off designated routes. 

Motorized Access On Designated Routes – Trails 

Certain classes of ATVs are permitted on roughly 343 miles of forest trails on the Deschutes National Forest, and 

roughly 26 miles of forest trails on the Ochoco National Forest. 

There would be no direct effects, or indirect effect to recreational motorized travel on Forest Service trail systems 

on either Forest from implementing the no action alternative. Designated motorized trails would continue to be 

used as they are presently for the vehicle classes they are designated for. Use levels should not be affected from 

displacement as there is no change in continued Motorized Access Off Designated Routes. 

Motorized Access off Designated Routes 

If no action were taken to change motorized access off of designated routes, approximately 625,430 acres on the 

Deschutes and 431,784 acres on the Ochoco would not prohibit motorized use off designated routes unless 

resource damage is determined to occur. Indirectly, this is likely to result in a continued increase in unauthorized 

(also referred to as “user-created”) motorized routes. In 2004 an inventory of these routes was completed in 

several areas across the two forests. On the Ochoco National Forest, the Central Oregon Motorcycle and Trail 

Association also has provided locations of where unauthorized motorized trails off designated routes have been 

created; or where designated NF system roads have been closed but still used by off road enthusiasts. Although 

these do not represent a comprehensive inventory of unauthorized routes, these inventories illustrate a sample of 

the kinds and amounts of unauthorized motorized trails that are very likely to continue to be developed if there is 

no change. In addition, there would continue to be confusion among forest visitors about where or when 

motorized access is or is not allowed, or for what type of vehicle, and how or where to find that information. 

Opportunity for motorized access off designated routes would continue, allowing motorized users that prefer off 

route travel access to those kinds of experiences, including access for hunting, scouting game, game retrieval, and 

gathering forest products such as antlers, mushrooms, cones, etc. Resource damage from inappropriate motorized 

uses would continue to occur. Conflicts between motorized and non-motorized users would continue and likely 

escalate as visitor use increases over time. 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

On both Forests, motorized access for dispersed camping, along with other dispersed recreation activities would 

continue to be allowed as provided for by current laws, regulations, policies, Forest Orders, Forest Plan direction, 

or site-specific decision. In the Pacific Region, which includes the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, the 

growth rate for primitive camping has been projected to increase by 23% by 2020 (Cordell et al. 1999:326-349

see Recreation Specialist Report). Alternative 1 would continue to allow, unless specifically determined 

otherwise by a separate decision, motorized access for dispersed camping and other dispersed recreation activities 

on approximately 1,154,185 acres on the Deschutes National Forest, and 502,236 acres on the Ochoco National 

Forest either year-round or seasonally. With population increases, over time new motorized access routes would 

likely be created to either existing or new campsites to accommodate demand, especially in prime areas (near 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 228

streams, lakes, or other attractive features). If big game tag limits are increased in any hunt unit, there would 

likely be an increase in motorized access to new campsites to meet that demand. Sites located greater than 300’ 

from a designated road would still be accessible for motorized vehicles. Resource impacts such as soil 

compaction and erosion and loss of vegetation would continue to occur and increase with increased use. 

Non-Motorized Recreation Use and Non-Motorized Trails 

If no action were taken to change motorized access off designated routes and motorized access to dispersed 

camping, there would continue to be impacts to non-motorized users from noise, dust, exhaust and proximity to 

motorized uses. This impact would be expected to increase with population increases, and higher Forest 

visitation. On the Deschutes, there are 194 miles, and on the Ochoco there are 46 miles of non-motorized trails 

that are currently located within areas open to motorized access off designated routes. It is often unclear to 

motorized users that these trails are not open to motorized use. These trails located within areas that are open to 

motorized access off designated routes would continue to receive increased motorized use as they become more 

indistinguisable from a motorized trail. 

Actions Common to Alternative 2 and 3 

Motorized Travel on Designated Roads and Trails

On the Deschutes National Forest, approximately 5,181 miles of road would remain available for OHV use (all 

ATV classes). An additional 951 miles of road would be open only to highway licensed vehicles as provided for 

by current laws, regulations, policies, Forest Orders, Forest Plan direction, or site-specific decision. On the 

Ochoco National Forest approximately 1,522 miles of road would remain available for OHV use (all ATV 

classes). An additional 369 miles of road would be open only to highway licensed vehicles as provided for by 

current laws, regulations, policies, Forest Orders, Forest Plan direction, or site-specific decision. 

There would be a loss of motorized access for non-highway legal vehicles on approximately 181 miles of road on 

the Deschutes, and approximately 125 miles of road on the Ochoco that would be open only to highway legal 

vehicles. This results in a change in people’s ability to access the forest as they have in the past. People using 

non-highway legal vehicles may not be able to connect to desired destinations such as favorite destinations, 

campsites, people’s homes, or access to community services, as well as connect to other roads allowing motorized 

mixed use. 

 Table 3-83: Expected Change in Roads Open to Highway Legal Vehicles 

Open to HWY Legal Only Open to Motorized Mixed Use Forest 

Existing Alt 2,3 Change Existing Alt 2,3 Change 

Open 

Miles 

Deschutes NF 770 951 181 5,362 5,181 -181 6,132

Ochoco NF 242 367 125 1,388 1,262 -125 1,630

Crooked River NG 2 2 0 260 260 0 262

Totals: 1,014 1,320 306 7,010 6,703 -306 8,024

Motorized Access off Designated Routes 

For the Deschutes National Forest, the actions common to both Alternatives 2 and 3 would prohibit motorized 

access off designated routes on more than 99% of the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests (approximately 

1,353,542 acres on the Deschutes, and 649,181 on the Ochoco). In addition, 198,908 acres would be closed to all 

motorized access on the Deschutes National Forest, and 87,990 acres would be closed to all motorized access on 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 229

the Ochoco National Forest and Grassland. While there would be some areas that would be designated open to 

motorized access off designated routes, they are relatively small (less than 1%) compared to the total area 

currently open. These areas consist of approximately 200 acres of existing rock quarries on the Deschutes, and 

220 acres on the Ochoco, where current OHV use as a play area would be allowed to continue (see DEIS Chap. 2, 

p.42 for a detailed description, and the criteria for selection), and the existing play areas (approximately 915 

acres) contained within the East Ft. Rock, and an estimated 5 acres58 within the Henderson Flat OHV Trail 

Systems. 

Under both alternatives, restricting motorized travel to designated roads and trails would provide a more 

“developed” recreation experience, allowing for faster speeds and less technical challenge for some classes of 

vehicles. There is expected to be increased use on designated roads and trails with more interaction and potential 

conflicts, between different classes of motorized vehicles, especially on motorized mixed use roads. Restricting 

access to designated roads and trails would not provide for more primitive off road recreation opportunities and 

the landscape settings may be less appealing to those who favor motorized off road experiences. Motorized travel 

off designated routes has created a network of unauthorized “user created” routes and areas which would not be 

accessible under these alternatives. These routes and open areas provide a different recreational experience, 

allowing for the exploration of unknown areas, finding your own technical challenges, and viewing scenery and 

nature away from others. The roads that are open to non-highway legal vehicles may be fragmented by roads that 

are open only to highway legal vehicles which would not provide connectivity to desired destinations. The 

existing designated trail systems that are open to certain classes of off highway vehicles would provide a less 

developed, and more technically challenging experience depending on the class of vehicle. On the Deschutes, 

there currently are no designated Class III single track trails favored by many motorcyclists, and only 25 miles of 

designated Class II routes for jeep type vehicles. On the Ochoco, there currently are no designated Class II routes 

for jeep type vehicles and no designated Class III single track trails, which are favored by many motorcyclists. 

Existing roads do not provide the level of challenge or undeveloped motorized experience that many of these 

users prefer. While any future designated trail systems would be designed to provide different levels of 

challenge, user discretion to travel off designated routes would be lost. 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Recreation 

 

Dispersed Camping 

Alternative 2 and 3 would include areas in common that are proposed to be closed to motorized access for 

dispersed camping that are currently open for this use. This would include a total of about 794,722 acres on the 

Deschutes National Forest and about 415, 834 acres on the Ochoco National Forest. Most of these prohibitions are 

outside of the 300’ area adjacent to existing open roads where motorized access for dispersed camping is 

generally proposed to be continued. However, there are some areas that are currently open for motorized access 

for dispersed camping that would be closed to this use under both Alternative 2 and 3. These areas are illustrated 

on Alternative 2 – Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping. 

Special Provision Areas – Riparian: All open designated routes within 300’ of a stream, wetland, or water body 

that did not otherwise prohibit motorized access for dispersed camping were identified as “Special Provision – 

Riparian Areas.” These designations are common between Alternative 2 and 3, and include approximately 19,798 

acres on the Deschutes National Forest, and approximately 39,269 acres on the Ochoco National Forest, that 

would be subject to the special provisions associated with streams, wetlands, or water bodies. These include areas 

that would be open to motorized access for dispersed camping both year-round and seasonally. 

Special Provision Areas – Non-Riparian: Areas proposed for “Special Provision – Non-Riparian,” were based on 

the Criteria for Identifying Special Provision or Areas Closed to Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping Within 

300’ of Open Designated Routes. All of the “Special Provision – Non Riparian” areas identified in Alternative 2 

are also included in Alternative 3. On the Deschutes National Forest there are approximately 31,246 acres, and on 

 

58 Acreage estimated from area was designated. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 230

the Ochoco National Forest there are approximately 15,325 acres that are proposed as, “Open to Motorized 

Access for Dispersed Camping with Special Provisions – Non-Riparian.” These areas would have the same 

designation in both Alternatives 2 and 3. These include areas that would be open to motorized access for 

dispersed camping both year-round and seasonally. 

Areas Proposed to be Opened to Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping: 

Both action alternatives would propose to open some areas to motorized access for dispersed camping that are 

currently closed to motorized access under existing Forest Order or Forest Plan direction. These areas were 

temporarily closed to motorized access for dispersed camping as a result of a primary intent to close the area to 

motorized access off designated routes by non-highway-legal vehicles. These areas may be proposed as “open” to 

motorized access for dispersed camping under the general provisions of the Travel Management Rule, or “open 

with special provisions”, depending upon the Alternative. Most of these acres occur on the Crooked River 

National Grassland. There are approximately 35,557 acres on the Deschutes National Forest that are currently 

closed to motorized access for dispersed camping that would be proposed to be open to motorized access for 

dispersed camping subject to the general conditions, and approximately 8,354 acres on the Ochoco National 

Forest, all on the Crooked River National Grassland. (See Table 3-86) These areas are displayed on the 

Alternative 2 – Motorized Access For Dispersed Camping maps. 

Under both Alternatives 2 and 3, it is expected that motorized access to dispersed camping opportunities would 

still be available either through the general provisions, or special provisions (based on available GIS dispersed 

campsite data for the Forest) to approximately 70% of the Deschutes National Forest known sites, and an 

estimated 80% of the known Ochoco National Forest and Grassland sites (based on existing Dispersed Site 

information in GIS). Motorized access to those sites that are further than 300’ from a designated open road would 

no longer be accessible by motorized vehicles unless a route is designated in the future to access those sites. 

People using recreation vehicles (RV’s) such as trailers, campers, toy haulers, motor homes, etc., would be most 

affected as they would not be able to access sites beyond 300’ with their RV’s unlike tent campers who would 

have the option to walk in to their desired site. The camp sites would still available for public use; however 

motorized access would be restricted. Within those acres where camping is allowed only under the Special 

Provisions, it is expected that some people may not be able to access their favorite spot because it is already 

occupied, which may displace some visitors to other areas. It is expected that those sites that are located within 

the special provision areas will receive a higher level of use, and that demand will increase with increasing 

population growth. 

Hunting and Gathering 

For both Forests, neither Alternatives 2 or 3 provide provisions for motorized access off designated routes for the 

purposes of hunting, scouting game, game retrieval, or gathering forest products for personal use such as antlers, 

mushrooms, cones, etc. Motorized access for collection of commercial forest products and wood cutting may 

continue to be allowed under permit conditions. This would have the highest impact on those that may depend 

more upon a motor vehicle for access as they would no longer have access off of designated routes to pursue these 

activities. 

Non-Motorized Recreation Use 

Non-motorized recreation continues to be one of the most popular categories of recreation throughout the state 

and within the local region. The proposed action would indirectly beneficially affect forest users that prefer nonmotorized access and recreational activities by prohibiting motorized access off designated routes and by 

prohibiting motorized access for dispersed camping in some areas. Under the Alternatives 2 and 3, on the 

Deschutes National Forest there would be approximately 258,320 acres that would continue to be closed to 

motorized access, and an additional 1,354,617 acres where motorized access would be restricted to designated 

routes only. On the Ochoco National Forest there would be approximately 74,465 acres that would continue to be 

closed to motorized access, and an additional 649,170 acres where motorized access would be restricted to 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 231

designated routes only. This action would result in a 53% increase in the area where non-motorized recreation 

users could expect reduced encounters or impacts from motorized use. There would be some continued effects 

from motorized use near roads or designated routes, and where dispersed camping is allowed, either under general 

or special provisions. 

Non-Motorized Trails 

On the Deschutes National Forest, there are about 194 miles of non-motorized trail located within areas currently 

open to motorized access off designated routes. On the Ochoco National Forest there are about 46 miles of nonmotorized trail located within areas currently open to motorized access off designated routes. Under Alternative 

2 and 3, on both Forests, it is expected that there would be a beneficial effect to use of these miles of nonmotorized trail located within areas currently “open” to motorized access off designated routes because there 

would be reduced motorized access to these trail systems and the potential for inadvertent use of these nonmotorized trails by motor vehicles as they become undistinguishable from motorized trails. 

Alternative 2 - The Proposed Action 

Dispersed Recreation 

Alternative 2 would designate some areas as open to motorized access for dispersed camping subject to general 

provisions only (shown as “continued existing open” or “proposed open” on the Alternative 2 map), in the upland 

areas. Alternative 2 would also allow motorized access for dispersed camping within Inventoried Roadless Areas 

under special provision conditions only. Those routes and areas that would be open to motorized access for 

dispersed camping in Alternative 2 under either general or special provisions are shown on the unit-specific 

Alternative 2 maps. 

On the Deschutes National Forest, in addition to the actions common to Alternatives 2 and 3, creating new 

motorized routes to access new or existing campsites would be allowed within the 353,686 acres designated as 

“open to motorized access for dispersed camping59” either year round or seasonally within 300’. Motorized access 

would be restricted to “open to motorized access for dispersed camping with Special Provisions” on 51,044 acres 

where motorized access would be allowed only to designated, defined, or existing campsites. On the Ochoco 

National Forest, Alternative 2 would designate approximately 69, 733 acres as “open to motorized access for 

dispersed camping60” either year round or seasonally within 300’ of a designated route, and approximately 54,594 

acres on the Ochoco National Forest would be “open to motorized access for dispersed camping with Special 

Provisions”, either year round or seasonally. 

Alternative 3 

Motorized Access On and Off Designated Routes 

There would be no change in affects to Motorized access on or off designated routes from actions common to 

Alternatives 2 and 3. 

Dispersed Recreation 

Alternative 3 would include all of the actions common to Alternatives 2 and 3. In addition, Alternative 3 would 

allow for motorized access for dispersed camping only to existing, designated, or defined sites in riparian and 

upland areas (special provision conditions would apply to all motorized access for dispersed camping adjacent to 

designated open roads), and would prohibit any motorized access for dispersed camping in Inventoried Roadless 

 

59 Subject to the “General Provisions” identified earlier in this chapter. 60 Subject to the “General Provisions” identified earlier in this chapter. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 232

Areas. Those routes and areas that would be designated as “special provision areas” in Alternative 3 are shown 

on the unit specific Alternative 3 maps. 

Alternative 3 would designate approximately 416,580 acres on the Deschutes, and 85,058 acres on the Ochoco 

and Grassland as open to motorized access for dispersed camping with Special Provisions, either year round, or 

seasonally. 

On the Deschutes National Forest, under this alternative, 997,449 acres would continue to be closed to motorized 

access for dispersed camping, and on the Ochoco National Forest and Grassland, 525,063 acres would continue to 

be closed to motorized access for dispersed camping. There would be no Forest acres “open to motorized access 

for dispersed camping” under only the General Provisions. Motorized access for dispersed camping would be 

“open to motorized access for dispersed camping with Special Provisions” either year round or seasonally on 

404,730 acres on the Deschutes National Forest, and 124,327 acres on the Ochoco National Forest and Grassland. 

Motorized access would be restricted to only those sites that are designated, defined or existing. Although 

immeasurable, it is anticipated that Alternative 3 would reduce resource impacts since it is assumed fewer 

additional motorized routes to access campsites would be created. This Alternative would put additional demand 

on those sites that can be accessed under the special provisions, especially in areas that traditionally have been 

heavily used for dispersed camping. 

Comparison of Alternatives (from Chapters 1 & 2) 

Motorized Access on Designated Routes

Table 3-84- Expected Change in Roads Open to Highway-legal Vehicles 

Open to HWY Legal Only Open to Motorized Mixed Use FOREST 

Existing Alt 2,3 Change Existing Alt 2,3 Change 

OPEN 

Miles 

Deschutes NF 770 951 181 5,362 5,181 -181 6,132

Ochoco NF 242 367 125 1,388 1,262 -125 1,630

Crooked River NG 2 2 0 260 260 0 262

Totals: 1014 1,320 306 7,010 6,703 -306 8,024

Motorized Access Off Designated Routes 

Table 3-85- Acres of Motorized Access Off Designated Routes (% of Total Forest Acres)

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 

Deschutes Ochoco Deschutes Ochoco Deschutes Ochoco 

Open yearround 

543,136 

(34%) 

189,369 

(26%) 

1,075 

(<1%) 

191 

(1%) Same as Alternative 2 

Open 

Seasonally 

82,294 

(5%) 

242,415 

(33%) 

 0 20 

(1%) Same as Alternative 2 

Closed61

 987,507 

(61%)

292,071 

(40%) 

1,611,862 

(~99%) 

723,644 

(~99%) Same as Alternative 2 

Total 1, 612,937 723,855 1,612,937 723,855 Same as Alternative 2 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

 

61 Includes areas currently closed to motorized access off designated routes and areas closed to off-highway vehicles off designated routes. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 233

Table 3-86- Acres of Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping62 (% of Total Forest Acres)

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 

Deschutes Ochoco Deschutes Ochoco Deschutes Ochoco 

Year-round 

Open 962,717 

(60%) 

246,712 

(34%) 

306,875 

(19%) 

53,056 

(7%) 

0 0 

Open to 

Designated 

Sites Only 

11, 850 

(<1%) 

0 

Same as Alternative 1 

Open with 

Special 

ProvisionsRiparian 

0 0 18,435 

(1%) 

29,083 

(4%) 

Same as Alternative 2 

Open with 

Special 

Provisions 

Non-Riparian 

0 0 22,304 

(1%) 

8,899 

(1%) 

329,179 

(20%) 

61,955 

(9%) 

Closed 446,902 

(28%) 

221,619 

(31%) 

1,196,35763

(74%) 

599,52864

(83%) 

Same as Alternative 2 

Seasonally 

Open 191,468 

(12%) 

255,524 

(35%) 

46,811 

(3%) 

16,677 

(2%) 

0 0 

Open with 

Special 

ProvisionsRiparian 

0 0 1,363 

(<1%) 

10,186 

(1%) 

Same as Alternative 2 

Open with 

Special 

Provisions 

Non-Riparian 

0 0 8,942 

(<1%) 

6,426 

(~1%) 

 55,753 

(3%) 

23,103 

(3%) 

Total 1,612,937 723,855 1,612,937 723,855 1,612,937 723,855 

Conclusion 

Alternative 1 

The no action/no change alternative would continue to allow motorized access off designated routes and would 

likely result in a continued increase in unauthorized “user-created” motorized routes. Impacts to non-motorized 

users from noise, dust, and proximity to motorized uses would continue and be expected to increase with 

population growth and higher forest visitation. Non-motorized trails that are located within areas open to 

motorized access off designated routes would receive increased motorized use as they become more 

indistinguishable from a motorized trail. There would continue to be confusion among forest visitors about where 

or when motorized access is or is not allowed, or for what type of vehicle, and how or where to find that 

information. Conflicts between motorized and non-motorized users would continue and escalate as visitor use 

increases over time. With population increase, more new motorized routes would likely be created to access 

either existing or new dispersed campsites to accommodate demand, especially in prime areas (near streams, 

lakes, or other attractive features). Resource impacts such as soil compaction and erosion and loss of vegetation 

would continue to occur and increase. 

 

62 Acreages are coincident with those acres shown in Table 3 – Motorized Access Off Designated Routes, but relate more specifically to where motorized 

access for dispersed camping is now and would be proposed to be allowed in Alternatives 2 and 3. 63 Includes approximately 401,635 acres that would remain unchanged as closed to motorized access for dispersed camping, this includes 198,908 acres 

closed to all motorized access and 202,727 acres currently closed to motorized access for dispersed camping 64 Includes approximately 183,694 acres that would remain unchanged as closed to motorized access for dispersed camping, this includes 74,465 acres closed 

to all motorized access and 109,229 acres currently closed to motorized access for dispersed camping 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 234

Alternatives 2 and 3 

 

Effects to motorized use would include a loss of access to non-highway legal vehicles to some additional roads 

that would be open only to highway legal vehicles. There is expected to be increased use on designated roads and 

trails with more interaction and potential conflicts between different classes of motorized vehicles, especially on 

mixed use roads. There would be a change in users’ ability to access the forest as they have in the past as 

motorized use would be limited to designated routes. The roads that are open to non-highway legal vehicles may 

be fragmented by roads that are open only to highway legal vehicles which would not provide connectivity to 

desired destinations. 

 

Restricting access to designated roads and trails would have a significant impact on motorized users who prefer a 

more primitive setting and off-road recreation experience. User discretion to travel off designated routes would be 

lost. Neither Alternatives 2 nor 3 provide provisions for motorized access off designated routes for hunting and 

gathering purposes. This would have the highest impact on those that may depend more upon a motor vehicle for 

access as they would no longer have access off of designated routes to pursue these activities. 

 

Under Alternative 2 and 3, restricting motorized access for dispersed camping under the General Provisions, or to 

designated, defined, or existing sites under the Special Provisions would most affect people using recreation 

vehicles (RV’s) such as trailers, campers, toy haulers, motor homes, etc. These users would not be able to access 

sites beyond 300’ off designated routes with their RV’s, unlike tent campers, who would have the option to walk 

to their desired site. It is expected that some people may not be able to access their favorite spot because it is 

already occupied. This would displace some visitors to other areas. 

 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would result in a substantial increase in the areas where non-motorized recreation users could 

expect to not encounter or be impacted by motorized users. It is expected that there would be a beneficial effect 

for non-motorized users on the miles of non-motorized trail located within areas currently ‘open’ to motorized 

access off designated routes because there would be reduced motorized access to these trail systems, and a 

reduction in the potential for inadvertent use of these non-motorized trails by motor vehicles as they become 

undistinguishable from motorized trails. 

Alternative 3 

 

There would be no change in affects to Motorized Access On or Off designated routes from actions common to 

Alternatives 2 and 3. 

 

Alternative 3 would include all of the actions common to Alternatives 2 and 3. In addition, Alternative 3 would 

allow for motorized access for dispersed camping only to existing, designated, or defined sites in riparian and 

upland areas (special provision conditions would apply to all motorized access for dispersed camping adjacent to 

designated open roads), and would prohibit any motorized access for dispersed camping in Inventoried Roadless 

Areas. Those routes and areas that would be designated as “special provision areas” in Alternative 3 are shown 

on the unit specific Alternative 3 maps. 

 

Although immeasurable, it is anticipated that Alternative 3 would reduce resource impacts and impacts to nonmotorized users since it is assumed fewer additional motorized routes to access campsites would be created. This 

Alternative would put additional demand on those sites that can be accessed under the special provisions, 

especially in areas heavily used for dispersed camping. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 235

Social and Economic Analysis 

Executive Summary 

Social and economic elements, which are interrelated and interdependent with ecological elements, comprise the 

human dimension component of the ecosystem. The purpose of this social and economic analysis is to inform the 

decision-making process though a discussion of the current social and economic contributions of various types of 

recreational activities and the potential impacts to the public from the alternatives. The implications of resource 

management decisions for the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests to the social and economic uses and values 

are of interest to residents of the area and users of the area. These people have made their interests known 

through organized groups and personal efforts. It is these interests, identified through public involvement and 

comments, that have helped to articulate the social attitudes, beliefs, and values that affect the people that enjoy 

the two National Forests and Grassland. 

The primary area potentially affected by the proposed actions considered in this DEIS are a four-county area that 

includes Deschutes, Crook, Jefferson, and Klamath Counties. The population of this area, with the exception of 

the population of Jefferson County, is generally aging when compared with previous census years, is increasingly 

female, and generally white with mid-level incomes. Low income and minority populations in the area tend to be 

younger, with higher concentrations in Jefferson, Klamath, and Crook Counties than in Deschutes County. Based 

on this analysis, there are no anticipated economic or disparate impacts expected to low income, minority, or 

disabled populations. 

Recreation activities classified as primarily non-motorized presently represent both the dominant recreational uses 

on the two National Forest and economic contributions to the recreation economy of the region. Overall 

contributions and trends to the local economy from either motorized or non-motorized uses are unlikely to 

measurably change as a result of any of the alternatives. Although recreation and tourism are becoming a more 

important part of the economic sector, data suggests that the importance of National Forest lands as an ecological 

setting is the most important contribution to recreation and tourism economy. Data also suggests that, for the twoforest area, future job-related recreation economic contributions to the communities are higher for non-motorized 

uses than for motorized uses. 

For all alternatives considered in detail, continued motorized access on more than 8300 miles of existing open 

designated roads and trails that provide motorized access within one-half mile of more than 80% of the two 

forests would provide an equal amount of motorized access opportunities in all alternatives for people who value 

primitive motorized exploration and discovery of areas associated with open designated routes on low-use roads 

or designated motorized trails and people who value motorized access the road and trail system for access 

between neighborhoods. 

Alternative 1 would continue to have approximately 39% of the Deschutes and 60% of the Ochoco National 

Forests that does not prohibit motorized access off designated routes. This provides the most area potentially 

available to motorized access off designated routes of the three alternatives, and therefore the most motorized 

opportunities of the three alternatives for people that value undesignated motorized off-road or trail experiences or 

who believe that they have a need or right to motorized travel off designated routes and maintain what they 

believe to be primarily unregulated motorized access. People that value designated designed motorized trail 

systems believe they would experience a lesser sense of crowding and greater opportunity to experience solitude 

because of their ability to use unauthorized trails and areas that are not currently closed to motorized access off 

designated routes. 

Alternative 1 would continue to offer primary or exclusive non-motorized access on approximately 61% of the 

Deschutes and 40% of the Ochoco NF. This alternative would provide the least amount of area closed to 

motorized access off designated routes of the three alternatives and thus provide the least amount of opportunities 

of any of the alternatives to people who value peace and quiet away from the sights and sounds of motorized uses. 

Potential for conflicts for people who believe they cannot enjoy peace and quiet when there is evidence of 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 236

motorized use would continue to increase with anticipated increases in motorized uses in areas that currently are 

not closed to motorized access off designated routes. There would be an increased potential for displacement of 

people with lower tolerances for conflict from where motorized access off designated routes is occurring to areas 

of more exclusive non-motorized uses. This could reduce their present and future opportunities for solitude, peace 

and quiet, and potentially increase crowding in areas of exclusive non-motorized use. 

Currently, Approximately 72% of the Deschutes and 69% of the Ochoco NF allows motorized access for 

dispersed camping year round or seasonally. There is less than 1% of areas adjacent to water that limit motorized 

access for dispersed camping to designated sites only. Alternative 1 provides the most opportunities of the three 

alternatives to people who prefer a motorized camping opportunity away from existing designated roads and 

people who prefer motorized access for dispersed camping within riparian areas 

People have varying beliefs about the amount of regulation of motorized access. Signing areas as “closed to 

motorized access” along with travel management maps would continue to be the primary mechanism of informing 

people about where motorized access is allowed in Alternative 1. Current trends indicating increasing localized 

area closures to motorized access off designated routes because of resource or social conflicts could be in conflict 

with beliefs of largely unregulated motorized access. The presence of signs posting areas closed to various types 

of motorized access and potential difficulty of predicting where motorized access off designated routes would be 

allowed is likely to be the highest in this alternative. There would be no change to motorized access off or on 

designated roads or for motorized access for dispersed camping within Wildland Urban interface areas. Potential 

disturbance and conflicts adjacent landowners believe are from unregulated motorized access would be highest of 

the three alternatives. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would tend to result in more concentrated uses on motorized trails and roads than Alternative 

1 and could increase crowds and disturbance to motorized users who value solitude. Users who value peace and 

quiet away from the sights and sounds of motorized uses would experience less conflict and likely less potential 

for displacement from valued areas because of motorized uses. Only about 1% of the two national forests would 

be available to motorized access off designated routes. This would eliminate most opportunities on the two forests 

for people that value undesignated motorized off-road or trail access or who believe that they have a need or right 

to travel off of designated routes and to maintain what they believe to be primarily unregulated motorized access. 

People that value and use designated motorized routes and areas could experience a greater sense of crowding on 

those routes and within those areas and have a reduced opportunity for solitude because of the amount of areas 

closed to motorized access off designated roads or trails as a result of Alternatives 2 and 3. Depending upon 

personal tolerance for conflict, some people may be displaced from preferred areas. Alternatives 2 and 3 could 

result in displacement of people that prefer unregulated motorized access to areas that allow for motorized access 

off designated routes. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would result in about a 46% reduction on the Deschutes and a 52% reduction in the amount 

of acres available to motorized access for dispersed camping when compared to Alternative 1. This would reduce 

opportunities when compared with Alternative 1for people who prefer primitive motorized access for dispersed 

camping more than 300’ from an open designated route. However, samples of the dispersed site inventory, while 

not comprehensive, indicate 70-80% of all dispersed sites with motorized access are within 300’ of an open 

designated route or area. Establishing general provisions for motorized access for dispersed camping on 

approximately 22% of the Deschutes and 9% of the Ochoco, and special provisions on about 4% of the 

Deschutes and 7% of the Ochoco and limiting motorized access to within 300’ of open designated roads would 

continue to provide motorized access for dispersed camping to most existing known sites and offer some 

opportunities in areas previously closed to motorized access for dispersed camping for people who prefer 

primitive camping with motor vehicles. Alternatives 2 and 3 would tend to reduce conflicts by changing the 

conditions for motorized access on all of the area available for motorized access for dispersed camping. 

Motorized mixed use would be prohibited on less than 1% of the existing designated road system. This would, 

when compared with Alternative 1, potentially slightly reduce conflicts for people that prefer driving for pleasure 

or utilitarian purposes in highway-legal vehicles on National Forest System roads and reduce opportunities for 

people who prefer driving non-highway-legal on NFS roads for pleasure or utilitarian purposes and as connections 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 237

between roads or to dispersed campsites. Alternatives 2 and 3 would reduce the amount of motorized access off 

designated routes within the Wildland-Urban Interface and reduce motorized access for dispersed camping. This 

would reduce opportunities for people who value unregulated motorized access from their homes or property to 

public lands and also reduce potential disturbance and conflicts adjacent landowners believe are from unregulated 

motorized access 

Alternative 3 would change approximately 21% of the Deschutes and 7% of all open routes with motorized access 

for dispersed camping from general to special provisions. This would reduce opportunities for motorized access 

for dispersed camping in previously unused or lightly used areas and would eliminate opportunities for motorized 

access for dispersed camping in Inventoried Roadless Areas. This would reduce opportunities for people who 

value discovery and solitude with motorized access for dispersed camping, but would reduce potential for 

conflicts with those who value peace and quiet away from sights, sounds, and evidence of motorized uses. 

Affected Environment 

This section will provide a backdrop of the area by describing the people living in and visiting the area, how they 

are currently using the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, especially for recreation, and provide an overview 

of the economic makeup of the counties and the communities within them that my be potentially affected by the 

decisions in this EIS. 

Overview 

The Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland cover just over two million 

acres and include lands within ten Oregon counties. Table 3-87 displays the amount of lands within the two 

National Forests (including the Grassland). 

The primary area affected by the proposed action lies mostly within four counties east of the Cascades in central 

Oregon. These are Deschutes, Crook, Jefferson, and Klamath counties. Deschutes, Crook, and Jefferson counties 

are generally understood to comprise Central Oregon and function as an economic region. Although Klamath 

County is not considered a major part of the Central Oregon economic region, Deschutes National Forest lands 

and the uses that occur in and around those lands are becoming of increasing social and economic importance to 

the County. Lake, Grant, Douglas, Lane, Linn and Wheeler Counties are not discussed in detail in this analysis 

because of the relatively small percentage of the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest lands that lies within 

those counties. 

Table 3-87 – Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest and County Lands65

County Deschutes and 

Ochoco National 

Forest Acres 

Total County Acres % County Lands 

within Deschutes 

and Ochoco 

National Forest 

% Deschutes and 

Ochoco National 

Forest Lands within 

County 

Deschutes 989,366 1,955,129 51% 42% 

Crook 426,216 1,912,040 22% 18% 

Jefferson 274,116 1,146,346 24% 12% 

Klamath 285,492 3,926,806 7% 12% 

Lake 173,936 5,349,147 3% 7% 

Wheeler 129,816 1,097,712 12% 6% 

Grant 57,841 2,898,559 2% 2% 

Lane 1,986 2,955,251 0% 1% 

Douglas 214 3,244,790 0% 0% 

Linn 879 1,478,459 0% 0% 

 

65 From Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest geospatial data base queriies 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 238

Three of the four primary counties – Crook, Jefferson, and Klamath - are primarily rural. The economies of all of 

these counties are based primarily on ranching and agriculture, although recreation and tourism is become a 

growing sector in all of these economies. The economy of Deschutes County is relatively dominant over the other 

three counties, largely due to the growth and demographics of the population of the Bend-Redmond area. All of 

the counties are distinguished by a vibrant metropolitan area that focuses population growth, and all have seen or 

are undergoing major shifts in their economies from ranching, agricultural and forest land use to resort and 

residential uses in the past ten years. Below is a brief description of each of the counties in the study area taken 

from the Oregon Blue Book website.66

Deschutes County 

Deschutes County encompasses 3,055 square miles and is located in the central portion of the state. It is bounded 

by Jefferson County to the north, Crook County to the east, Klamath and Lake Counties to the south, and Lane 

and Linn counties to the west. The county seat is located in the city of Bend. Geographically, the county includes 

portions of the Cascade Mountains and the central high desert plateau. The Bend-Redmond urban block is in the 

center of the county and the central Cascade Mountains dominate the western portion of the county. The edge of 

the high desert Columbia Plateau and the Great Basin and Range border the county to the east. Principal 

industries in the county are tourism, timber, and agriculture, chiefly cattle and potatoes. Destination resorts have 

also become an economic factor in the region. The Mount Bachelor ski area and High Desert Museum add to the 

tourism-based economy in the county as well. The first county census taken in 1920 enumerated a population of 

9,622 inhabitants. Deschutes County has experienced the most rapid growth of any county of the state in recent 

years. The 2000 population of 115,367 was a 53.91% increase over 1990. The 2006 population of 152,615 

represented an increase of 32.3% over 2000. 

Crook County 

Crook County is situated in the geographic center of Oregon. It has been reduced from its original size of 8,600 

square miles to 2,991 square miles by the creation of Jefferson County in 1914 and Deschutes County in 1916. 

The current boundaries were established in 1927. Crook County is bounded by Jefferson and Wheeler Counties to 

the north, Grant and Harney Counties to the east, and Deschutes County to the south and west 

The first census in 1890 showed a population of 3,244 excluding the Indians. The last several censuses have 

shown an increase in inhabitants with the 2006 population of 24,525 representing a 27.9% increase from 2000. 

The fast pace of growth in the nearby Bend-Redmond area has played a role in the rising population of Crook 

County. 

The economy of the county is based on agriculture and forestry. Agriculture is supported by the development of 

irrigation districts, which permits the raising of hay, grain, mint, potatoes, and seed. Range and forest lands allow 

grazing for a sizable livestock industry. The Ochoco National Forest's stand of ponderosa pine is the main source 

of lumber. As the lumber industry suffers with restricted log cutting, tourism and recreation are helping to 

strengthen the economy. 

Jefferson County 

Jefferson County is bounded on the north by Wasco County, on the east by Wheeler and Crook Counties, on the 

south by Deschutes County, and on the west by Linn and Marion Counties. The county encompasses 1791 square 

 

66 http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/county/cpmultnomahhome.html). 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 239

miles. The county's population at its first federal census in 1920 was 3,211. The 2000 population of 19,009 

represented a 39% increase from 1990. 

Principle industries are agriculture, forest products, and recreation. The fertile North Unit Irrigation District in the 

central part of the county produces seed, potatoes, hay, and mint. The eastern part of the county has dry wheat 

farming and grazing land for cattle, and the western part is timber country. Warm Springs Forest Product 

Industries and Kah-Nee Ta Vacation Resort, owned by the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation, 

provide many jobs in the area. The reservation is located on portions of land in four counties including 236,082 

acres in the northwestern corner of Jefferson County. 

Klamath County 

Klamath County was established on October 17, 1882. It was created from the western part of Lake County and 

named after a tribe of Indians which white travelers called the Klamath, also spelled Clammite. Klamath County 

is situated in south central Oregon. The county is bounded on the south by California, on the east by Lake County, 

on the north by Deschutes County, and on the west by Jackson and Douglas Counties. The county, Oregon's 

fourth largest, has 6,135 square miles. Klamath Falls is the county seat. 

The 1890 census cited a population of 2,444. Since then the county has experienced steady growth. The 2000 

population of 63,775 represented a 10.52% increase from 1990. 

Historically, Klamath County's economy has been based on timber and agriculture. Three-fourths of the county is 

forested; however, over half of it is publicly owned. The large stands of timber have resulted in the development 

of wood products industries in the county. In spite of the altitude, short growing season, low rainfall, and cold 

winters, agricultural plays an important role in the local economy. Excellent soil, adequate water for irrigation, 

extensive sunshine, and the introduction of cash crops such as potatoes and feed barley contribute to the 

agricultural industry. There is the potential to develop geothermal energy through the exploitation of the 

geothermal water found in many parts of the county. The many lakes and mountains, including Crater Lake 

National Park, attract tourists and recreational visitors to the county. 

The Klamath Indian Tribe and Reservation add to the county's history. The Klamath Reservation was established 

in 1864 by treaty and covered about fifty square miles of land east and northeast of Klamath Falls. The federal 

government's policy of termination and assimilation resulted in the tribe being abolished in 1961. However, in 

1975 a fully functioning tribal government was reestablished, and the Klamath Tribe was recognized by the 

federal government in 1986. The 2000 census showed the tribe to consist of 2,632 members 

Population Characteristics 

Population characteristics, in particular population structure, including size, composition, density, and population 

dynamics showing how the structure of the population changes over time is information that is useful in 

identifying the potential effects and consequences of proposed activities on the social environment. Important 

population characteristics include age, gender, race, and ethnicity. 

Increases in population can increase user demands on existing travel routes, access and recreation opportunities 

(Cordell and Overdevest 2001). When the increase is primarily through migration into an area, it can also 

increase demand for different combination uses and level of those uses. For example, more users can result in 

conflicts among people with similar values due to crowding. Population changes and changes in community 

values may lead to conflicts over national forest uses, motorized access, recreation activities, and other values 

associated with resource management activities. People with different values often have different attitudes, 

beliefs, or behaviors that clash and lead to conflict. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 240

Population Trends and Projections67

From 1970 to 2006 population within the four county area grew by 157,812 people, a 158% increase in 

population. At an annual rate, this represents an increase of 2.7%. (See Figure 3-17). This population growth is 

not generally impacted by national recessions. Over the last 36 years population growth in the four county area 

has outpaced Oregon and the nation. (See Figure 3-18) 

Figure 3-17 – Population Trends 

Population Trends

257,695

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006

Thousands of People

Figure 3-18 – Population Comparison 

Population Comparison

-

258

176

147

-

50

100

150

200

250

300

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006

Population (Index 1970=100)

National Recessions 4 County Aggregation

Oregon United States

 

67 Population trends described below have been aggregated for the four county area by Headwaters Economics. A full copy of the aggregated report is 

available upon request. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 241

Table 3-88a and 3-88b are from the Economic Development for Central Oregon website,68 and reflect the actual 

population of the Counties and Cities in just the Tri- County area (Crook, Jefferson & Deschutes Counties, not 

including Klamath County) between 1990 – 2005 and the projected Tri-County and Oregon State Growth Rates 

between 2000 – 2008. Although this data is not directly comparable to those data gathered for the U.S. Census, it 

provides another piece of information related to the robust growth in the core tri-county area of central Oregon. 

This data indicates the population growth rate in the 13-year period from 1990-2007 was approximately 33%. 

The growth rate during the period from 2000 – 2007 was 35.9%. The percent change from 2007 – 2008 was 

down by about 3.6% to just over 32%. 

Overall, when combining the data on population growth from across the four county area, this reflects a robust, 

even at times explosive, population growth has changed the character of the area and the attitudes, beliefs, and 

values that many of the residents take toward recreation and public land uses. 

Table 3-88a – Actual Population of Counties and Cities in Tri- County Area 1990 - 2005 

 

68 HTTP://WWW.EDCOINFO.COM

 Actual 

Counties & Cities 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000* 1995 1990* 

Crook County 21,150 20,650 20,300 20,200 19,850 19,182 15,700 14,111 

Prineville 9,082 8,640 8,500 8,150 7,750 7,356 8,205 5,355 

Unincorporated 12,068 12,010 11,800 12,050 12,100 11,826 9,947 8,756 

Deschutes County 143,481 135,450 130,500 126,500 122,050 115,367 89,500 74,958 

Bend 70,328 65,210 62,900 57,750 55,080 52,029 29,425 20,469 

Redmond 21,110 18,100 17,450 16,110 14,960 13,481 9,650 7,163 

Sisters 1,706 1,490 1,430 1,080 960 959 765 679 

Unincorporated 50,337 50,650 48,720 51,560 51,050 48,898 49,660 46,647 

Jefferson County 20,600 20,250 19,900 19,850 19,400 19,009 15,400 13,676 

Culver 1,019 850 840 840 800 802 600 570 

Madras 5,592 5,430 5,370 5,290 5,200 5,078 4,290 3,443 

Metolius 804 790 780 770 660 635 540 450 

Warm Springs NA NA NA NA NA 5,727 NA NA 

Unincorporated 13,185 13,180 12,910 12,950 12,740 6,767 9,905 9,213 

Total Area Population 185,231 176,350 170,700 166,550 161,300 153,558 120,600 102,745 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 242

Table 3-88b – Tri County and State Growth Rates 2000 – 2008 

County 2000 2005 2007 2008 2000-07 

% Growth 

2007-08 Change 

(% Growth) 

Tri 

County 

Area 

153,558 185,240 208,725 216,310 35.9% 7,585 (3.6%)

Oregon 

3,436,750 3,631,440 3,745,455 3,791,075 9.0% 45,620 (1.2%)

U.S. 

282,194,308 295,895,897 301,621,157 303,824,640 6.9% 220,349 (0.7%)

Sources: Portland State University Center for Population Research; U.S. Census Bureau; 

estimates are for July of each year.

Age, Gender, and Racial Composition and Poverty Levels

Components of population structure such as gender, age, race, and ethnicity are often predictors of attitudes, 

beliefs, and values about travel management, forest management, and forest use. For example, people in different 

age categories often belong to different generations. They often have different values that influence their attitudes 

and beliefs. People’s cultural and ethic backgrounds may also affect how they perceive, react, or be affected by 

motorized access on public lands. Understanding the racial composition and poverty characteristics of the area 

also helps to identify whether there are environmental justice concerns. Environmental Justice is defined at the 

end of Chapter 3 of this EIS. The data to support the summary conclusions in that section is presented here. 

Age and Gender 

There is significant discussion in the literature about the aging population in the United States and the potential 

impacts that this change may have on patterns of forest use as well as attitudes, beliefs, and values toward forest 

use. Research indicates that popular retirement communities include natural amenities, such as scenic beauty and 

recreational opportunities, and are often in proximity to National Forests and National Parks (Cordell and 

Overdevest 2001). The impact of retirement aged people on their community is often complex; it includes 

bringing in other sources of income and the desire for different types of recreation and modes of access. An aging 

population also brings with it a change in the type of recreation activities, degree of mobility, and amount and 

timing of leisure time spent in recreational or other pursuits involving motorized access within on the National 

Forests and Grassland. 

The population in the four-county area has, on average, gotten older since 1990. The median age in 2000 for the 

four-county area is 38.0 years, up from 35.2 years in 1990. This is slightly higher than the either the state or 

national median age, and reflects the influx of retirement aged people into the central Oregon Area. In the fourcounty region, Crook County has a higher median age than the average, while Jefferson County has a lower 

median age that is closer to that of 1990. Both Deschutes and Klamath Counties reflect the median age of 38 

years.69

 

69 From EPS Report on Central Oregon “A Profile of Environmental Justice” (August 14, 2009) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 243

Total Population in 2000 was 217,333 people, up 35% from 160,447 in 1990. In this geographic region, the 

population growth has not generally been impacted by national recessions during that time period. The age group 

that has grown the fastest, as a share of total, is 50 to 54 years, up 7,895 people. Their share of total rose by 2.4%. 

The largest age category is 45 to 49 years old (17,274 people or 7.9% of the total). 

Overall, the population is fairly evenly split between males and females, with slightly more males than females 

under 20. That trend changes beginning with the Baby Boomers, and for those age 65 and over, females are in a 

distinct majority. (See Table 3-89) 

 Table 3-89– Population by Age and Gender within the Four County Area 

Population by Age and Gender 

 Total Under 20 years 

40 - 54 (Baby 

Boom in 2000) 

65 years and 

over 

Median 

Age 

 Number Number Share Number Share Number Share 

Density 

(Pop. 

per sq. 

mi.) 

Total 

Population 

 2000 

 

217,333 

 

61,222 28% 

 

49,989 23% 

 

29,790 14% 

 

38.0 15.8 

 1990 

 

160,447 

 

46,966 29% 

 

29,577 18% 

 

22,576 14% 

 

35.2 11.7 

 10 Yr. 

Change 

 

56,886 

 

14,256 -1% 

 

20,412 5% 

 

7,214 0% 

 

2.8 4.1 

 10 Yr. % 

Change 35% 30% 69% 32% 8% 35% 

2000 Sex 

Breakout 

 Male 

 

108,380 

 

31,514 29% 

 

24,714 23% 

 

13,744 13% 

 

37.1 

 Female 

 

108,953 

 

29,708 27% 

 

25,275 23% 

 

16,046 15% 

 

38.8 

 

Male/Female 

Split 

50% / 

50% 51% / 49% 49% / 51% 46% / 54% 

Racial and Ethnic Composition

Census data shows that, overall, the four-county area has 90% of its population classified as white. This is about 

3% higher than the state-wide percentage, and 15% higher than the national percentage. The second largest racial 

group is American Indians; although the combined total of people who classified themselves as either two or more 

undefined races or some other race not listed in the options provided in the census report had a greater combined 

percentage than did American Indians. (See Table 3-90 ). Jefferson County has the highest percentage of people 

that classified themselves as something other than white alone, and the highest percentage of American Indians. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 244

Table 3-90. Population by Race in the Region 

 Deschutes 

OR 

Crook 

OR

Jefferson 

OR

Klamath 

OR Region Oregon United States

White alone 109,423 

 

17,830 

 

13,113 

 

55,695 

 

196,061 

 

2,961,623 

 

211,460,626 

Black or African American alone 222 

 

8 

 

50 

 

404 

 

684 

 

55,662 

 

34,658,190 

American Indian alone 956 

 

250 

 

2,981 

 

2,672 

 

6,859 

 

45,211 

 

2,475,956 

Asian alone 849 

 

82 

 

57 

 

512 

 

1,500 

 

101,350 

 

10,242,998 

Native Hawaiian & Oth.Pacific Is. 

alone 85 

 

6 

 

42 

 

79 

 

212 

 

7,976 

 

398,835 

Some other race 1,574 

 

731 

 

2,152 

 

2,200 

 

6,657 

 

144,832 

 

15,359,073 

Two or more races 2,258 

 

275 

 

614 

 

2,213 

 

5,360 

 

104,745 

 

6,826,228 

All Races 115,367 

 

19,182 

 

19,009 

 

63,775 

 

217,333 

 

3,421,399 

 

281,421,906 

 Percent of Total 

White alone 95% 93% 69% 87% 90% 87% 75% 

Black or African American alone 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 2% 12% 

American Indian alone 1% 1% 16% 4% 3% 1% 1% 

Asian alone 1% 0% 0% 1% 1% 3% 4% 

Native Hawaiian & Oth.Pacific Is. 

alone 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Some other race 1% 4% 11% 3% 3% 4% 5% 

Two or more races 2% 1% 3% 3% 2% 3% 2% 

 

Hispanics as an ethnic group, (which could be included in any of the race classifications) represent about 6% of 

the total population across the four-county central Oregon region. In the state of Oregon, 8% of the population is 

Hispanic or Latino. (See Table 3-91) This percentage is notably different by county, with Jefferson County 

showing an Hispanic population of more than 17%, while Deschutes County shows an Hispanic population of 

around 4%. Overall, Jefferson County has the most diverse racial and ethnic population mix in the region, and 

also higher than the state and country. Klamath County is fairly reflective of the state-wide percentages for racial 

and ethnic diversity, while Deschutes and Crook both rank lower than either state or national percentages.

Table 3-91. Hispanic Population Composition 

Geography Hispanic Pop. % of Total Pop. 

Deschutes OR 4,304 4%

Crook OR 1,082 6%

Jefferson OR 3,372 18%

Klamath OR 4,961 8%

Region 13,719 6%

Oregon 275,314 8%

United States 35,305,818 13%
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 245

Poverty Levels

Poverty levels for the four-county area based on 2007 projections from the U.S. Census , show Jefferson and 

Klamath counties with the highest poverty rates. (See Table 3-92). These rates are higher than the state average 

of 13%. Crook County is slightly below the state-wide average, while Deschutes County is significantly lower 

than the state-wide average and the other counties in the area. 

Table 3-92: Poverty by County70

% of Population at or below 

County Poverty Level 

Deschutes 8.9% 

Jefferson 18.8% 

Crook 12.8% 

Klamath 15.7% 

People with Disabilities 

In the 2000 Census survey, people were defined as having a disability if one or more of the following conditions 

were true: 

• They were aged 5 or older and responded “yes” to a sensory, physical, mental, or self-care disability. 

• They were aged 16 years or older and responded “yes” to a disability affecting going outside the home. 

• They were between the ages of 16 and 64 and responded “yes” to an employment disability. 

Except for Deschutes County, all of the counties within which the two Forests and Grassland lie have slightly 

higher than the statewide average (31%) and substantially higher than the national average (19%) percent of total 

population that are classified as people with disabilities. Statewide, in Oregon, Curry County ranks the highest 

percentage of population at 49%, with Benton County the lowest percentage of population at 22 %. Of the four 

primary counties evaluated, Klamath and Crook Counties have the highest percentage of populations of people 

with disabilities, although Deschutes County has the highest total population of people with disabilities. These 

numbers may be attributed, in part, to the increase in older populations in the four-county area since 1990, 

represented by an increase in the number of retirees who have moved to the Bend area. 

Table 3-93 – People with Disabilities – Percent of Population 

Total disabilities 

* 

Total 

population

: Total 

% with 

disability 

Deschutes 31,862 115,367 28 

Crook 7,172 19,182 37 

Jefferson 5,901 19,009 31 

Klamath 24,337 63,775 38 

State Total 1,069,450 3,421,399 31 

 

70 Source U.S. Census Bureau: State and County QuickFacts. Data derived from Population Estimates, Census of Population and Housing, Small Area 

Income and Poverty Estimates, State and County Housing Unit Estimates, County Business Patterns, Nonemployer Statistics, Economic Census, Survey of 

Business Owners, Building Permits, Consolidated Federal Funds Report 

Last Revised: Tuesday, 05-May-2009 08:36:27 EDT 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 246

Population Characteristics of OHV Users 

This section briefly describes the population characteristics of OHV users in the Oregon, the Pacific Region 

(Oregon, Washington, and California), and the local central Oregon area based on a variety of sources. 

Population Characteristics of OHV Users in Oregon

The information in the following sections on the age, race, and ethnicity of OHV users in Oregon is drawn from 

an extensive 2008 report entitled, “Off-Highway Vehicle Recreation in the United States and its Regions and 

States: An Update National Report” The report comes from the National Survey on Recreation and the 

Environment (NSRE), Internet Research Information Series (IRIS). The data show that Oregon has a slightly 

higher percentage of OHV users than the Pacific region as a whole. The 2004 Oregon Statewide Motorized Trail 

User Survey was conducted over a four-month period from January to April 2004 by the University of Oregon’s 

Survey Research Laboratory. The survey found that seven percent of Oregon households have a person reporting 

motorized trail use, amounting to 98,000 households in the state. ATV riding is the most popular activity, with 

70% of motorized trail users having engaged in that activity during the past year followed by off-road 

motorcycling (44%). Most motorized respondents were male, and the median age was 40 – 49 years old. More 

than half had some college (62%), although most were not college graduates (21%). Median income was $40,000 

to $69,999. 

Population Characteristics of OHV Users in the Pacific Region

In the Pacific Region (Washington, Oregon, and California), the rate of OHV participation (18.7%) is nearly the 

same as the national rate. The 6.9 million OHV users living in the Pacific region are about 16% of the national 

total. Similar to other regions, participation declines with age. People under age 30 are about three times more 

likely to participate as those over 50. Males are also significantly more likely to be OHV users than females. 

American Indians have the highest participation rate (31%) among racial and ethnic groups, just as they do in 

every other region. Though the Hispanic rate (14%) is next to the lowest, the number of Pacific Hispanic OHV 

users (about 1.3 million) is second only to Whites. This is due to the large Hispanic population, especially in 

California. 

People with family incomes over $50,000 all participated at similar rates (23 to 27 percent). Only 12% of the 

lowest income class participated. Similar to every other region, the highest educated strata participated at the 

lowest rates. Just 13% of people with post-graduate degrees were OHV users compared with 21% of high school 

graduates and those attending some college or technical school. Also similar to every other region, the 

participation rate for non-metropolitan residents (32%) was much higher than for metro-area dwellers (18%), 

however, since the population in the Pacific region is more than 90% metropolitan, this population group 

dominated the OHV users, accounting for about 89 percent of the 6.9 million participants. 

Table 3-94 – Percent of population and number of people age 16 and older participating in off-highway vehicle 

recreation, by demographic category, 1999-2007, Pacific Region71

Demographic Strata Population 

(1000s) 

Sample Size Percent 

participating 

Participants 

All Groups All people age 

16+ 

37,006.1 9,684 18.7 6909.2 

Under 30 9,742.9 2267 29.7 2898.1 

30-50 14,736.9 3999 19.0 2805.1 

Age 

51 & older 12,525.2 3230 9.7 1206.0 

 

71 Cordell, Ken et al. p.31 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 247

Gender Male 18,360.0 4461 23.5 4303.7 

Female 18,646.0 5196 13.9 2605.6 

White 19,901.1 6874 23.2 4613.6 

Black 1,925.2 343 16.1 310.3 

American 

Indian 

324.8 187 30.6 99.5 

Asian/Pacific 

Islander 

4,598.0 602 11.2 515.1 

Race/Ethnicity 

Hispanic 9517.7 1334 13.9 1323.8 

$25,000 or 

less 

5,607.3 1132 12.0 673.5 

$25,000 to 

$49,999 

7,498.1 1778 19.4 1455.3 

$50,000 to 

$74,999 

5,932.0 1439 23.0 1364.4 

$75,000 to 

$99,999 

3,683.5 813 23.3 859.5 

$100,000 to 

$149,999 

3,232.6 686 24.1 779.3 

Annual Income 

$150,000 or 

more 

2,052.0 446 27.2 557.6 

Less than 

high school 

7,171.7 938 17.9 1286.6 

High school 

graduate 

7,396.1 1,974 20.9 1,545.7 

Some 

college/tech 

school 

10,501.4 3,076 21.5 2,259.6 

Bachelor’s 

degree 

5,191.5 2,128 15.4 800.1 

Education 

Post-graduate 

degree 

2,704.6 1,404 12.5 338.2 

Nonmetropolitan Place of 2,357.1 1,874 32.0 753.9 

residence 

Metropolitan 34,649.0 7,810 17.7 6,155.3 

Population Characteristics of OHV Users in Central Oregon

Based on the initial data of the Central Oregon Off-Highway Vehicle Use Study conducted by Virginia State 

University during 2008, seventy-seven percent of the visitors are returning users to Central Oregon OHV trails. 

Seventy percent of the visits are overnight use and average a 3 day trip. Thirty percent make day use trips 

averaging a 6 hour day. In a typical year, 12 days were spent recreating in Central Oregon, 24 days at other OHV 

areas. The average miles from the primary residence to this area was 129 miles. 

The composition of the various groups visiting the area was 42% friends, 30 % family and friends, 24% family, 

3% single and 11⁄2% organized club or organization. Forty one percent of the visitors were 31-40 years old. 

Social Conditions and Trends 

Lifestyles, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values 

People in the central Oregon area are, and always have been, extremely outdoor-oriented in work and play. 

Although historically agriculture, ranching, and forestry were dominant cultural forces in the area in the past, this 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 248

trend has seen a dramatic change - particularly in Deschutes County - with a steady transition to the services 

sector which includes tourism and recreation support services. Rural residential and resort development of former 

industrial timberlands and large ranches throughout the area is an important indicator of the change to these 

traditional lifestyles. These developments, when adjacent to or nestled within the two National Forests, are 

especially desirable to various communities for recreational access. 

The term value has different meanings in different contexts. In general, value refers to the equivalence or worth 

of a thing in terms of money or goods. One definition of value is an enduring belief that a specific mode of 

conduct is socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct. A value system is also defined as an enduring 

organization of beliefs concerning preferable modes of conduct or end states of existence along a continuum of 

relative importance. A third way of describing a value is a belief about what ought to be, what ought not to be, 

what is right, what is wrong. Values are relatively enduring traits that influence our thoughts (Packiananthan 

Chelladurai, p.84). Values are relatively difficult to express in words, but understanding people’s values is 

important because it is frequently these values that influence long-term goals and decisions. 

Attitude is a term that is often used in conjunction with values. An attitude refers to an organization of several 

beliefs around a specific object or situation. A value on the other hand, refers to a single belief of a very specific 

kind. A value concerns a desirable mode of behavior or end-state that has transcendental quality to it, guiding 

actions, attitudes, judgments, and comparisons across specific objects and situations and beyond immediate goals 

to more ultimate goals. 

There is also an important distinction between values and norms. A value refers to both end states and the means 

to them. A norm refers only to the means, which is the mode of behavior. A value is not limited to a specific 

situation, but a norm specifies a certain code of conduct in a specific situation. Moreover, a value is something 

personal and internal to the individual. A norm is a code of conduct reflecting a common understanding by the 

people involved in the situation (Packiananthan Chelladurai, p. 84) 

A study completed by the Forest Service in 2002 surveyed the American public regarding their values with 

respect to public lands, objectives for management of public lands (including recreation management) and beliefs 

about the role the Forest Service should play in fulfilling those objectives. The study concludes that the public 

sees the promotion of ecosystem health and the protection of watersheds as important objectives. When queried 

specifically about recreation opportunities, the public supports multiple uses, but not all uses to the same degree. 

The study found that providing access to additional motorized recreation opportunities was not a high priority 

objective, while preserving the opportunity to have a “Wilderness experience” was important. Providing 

opportunities and facilities for non-motorized recreation was seen as a somewhat important objective and role for 

the agency. Separating these often conflicting types of pursuits (motorized and non-motorized uses) by 

designating trails for specific uses was seen as a somewhat important objective (Shields et al. 2002). 

Values for lands and natural resources take many forms, such as commodity, amenity, environmental quality, 

ecological, public use, spiritual, health, and security (Stankey and Clark 1991). In the past, natural resource 

management tended to emphasize commodity values. The emerging emphasis on other values has forced a 

reevaluation of the commodity emphasis. Stankey and Clark (1991) state, “A new focus on the part of the public 

involves a shift from commodities and services to environments and habitats. The public is much more concerned 

about forest ecosystems than they have been previously and is more concerned with having access to decisions 

about them.” 

The Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests held public workshops in Prineville, LaPine, Sisters, Madras, and 

Bend in 2006-2007, and chartered a federal advisory Travel Management Subcommittee and Working Group to 

help identify the most important values on the Forests related to motorized access. 

Given an open opportunity to identify values they associated with the planning area at the public workshops, 

people most often identified activities that they valued doing in an area. Comments from over 200 people were 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 249

generated from these meetings, and included a wide variety of sentiments concerning people’s attitudes, beliefs, 

and values concerning motorized access, that were displayed in Figure 3-18. The following comments were part 

of the comments compiled during the workshops. 

“Recreational outings/drives with elderly family members, exploring new areas by motor vehicle are what I 

value.” 

“The scenery and beauty of Central Oregon affords a unique place to wander through a vast natural setting on 

public lands. I enjoy the sense of endless exploration potential the areas offer, and a unique place to wander 

through a vast natural setting. I also enjoy taking friends and family out on ATVs to enjoy the landscape. Roads 

that go nowhere with somewhere to let the dog off the leash are important to me. Access to rock collecting, 

cycling (moto & mtn. bike), hiking, fishing and general full use of the forest are also valued activities.” 

“Central Oregon provides a wide array of travel and viewing experiences – high mountains, clean streams, deep 

lakes, steep ravines, and open desert. One can still pretend to be an explorer and enjoy the discovery! Outside 

existing wilderness, one can currently drive a vehicle to nearly any of these areas; for exploring, camping, 

fishing, hunting, teaching children about their heritage and connection to the land. Please keep it that way.” 

”I value a place to ride my horse without fearing for my life due to 4-wheelers. The forest should provide places 

to view birds, wildlife, and native vegetation, minimal people, non-hunting areas, areas for photography, and 

stands of trees greater than 16” dbh, no clear cuts, and good Goshawk habitat areas. We want sounds of nature, 

animals, streams, birds, etc. and not motorized vehicles or the speedboat sounds of snowmobiles.” 

“I value riding OHV on existing legal roads/trails as family recreation, with respect to other users. It’s a place 

my teenage sons still love to go with their parents to ride OHVs. The beauty, the quiet, and the access to places 

we would never otherwise get to on foot. I want the ability to access scenic areas with my class II vehicle (routes 

that are both scenic and challenging).” 

“I value viewing & experiencing multiple diverse areas that I am no longer able to walk into. Have enjoyed them 

during my life and now need motorized assistance to reach. OHVers also enjoy these things (wildlife/solitude) – 

that’s why we ride. We also hike, kayak, etc. and are responsible and respectful. We don’t need more restriction, 

but simply education and enforcement of existing rules – not more closures. So what’s wrong with using all the 

wilderness areas?” 

“I want to be able to stay close to home and enjoy the forest on class I, II, and III in the winter. We enjoy wildlife 

from trails. I think they like us also as they watch us too. I think opportunities for multiple use but not always 

mixed use would be best. Please expand OHV trails...particularly Class II, and open up some areas for hill 

climbs. I prefer to have lots of options without having to ride on a designated dusty trail with hundreds of other 

folks just to access scenic and photo opportunities, family/group camping, and riding in dispersed areas.” 

“I value freedom, solitude, and snow. I feel that trails should provide hunting opportunities and back country 

access for hiking, etc.” 

“It is important to educate and demonstrate to family and friends the wonders and beauty of the forest we need to 

cherish. The forest should be a place to take our family for OHV use, animal watching, hunting, and getting out 

deeper into the woods than one could walk from trailheads.” 

“Wildflowers, wildlife, wetlands, and hydrology protection should be of the utmost importance.” 

“I enjoy being able to get off main roads and travel on less traveled, more primitive roads. I also like to get to 

dispersed camping areas, as well as developed camping, fishing, trailheads, etc., and being able to get to nonmotorized areas. I value the opportunities to see and hear wildlife, observe plant life, enjoy beautiful scenery and 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 250

unspoiled landscapes, and breathe unpolluted air. I value solitude along with the lack of noise, traffic, and 

people.” 

“I feel the forest should be a place to take family for OHV activities. I enjoy the ability to get to many places in 

the forest by OHV, and to camp within 150 feet of a designated road. I like to travel where I wish, stop and shoot, 

ride ATVs, 4-wheel on public lands, as deserved as an American. The forest should not be restricted to only 

groups choosing to walk or mountain bike. Everyone does not have the time or sometimes good health to saunter 

about.” 

Figure 3-18 – Activities and Values – 2006 Public Workshops. 

In 2006, the Deschutes Provincial Advisory Committee chartered a Travel Management Subcommittee and 

Working Group with representation from a wide variety of interests. The group met for over 1000 person-hours 

during 2006-2008 and identified many shared values including: 

 Wildlife and natural resources 

 Solitude and scenery 

 Ruggedness and the beauty of the natural setting offered in the Forests & Grassland 

 Minimum of regulation and encroachment by other users 

 Unique privilege of recreating and using the National Forests & Grassland 

 Responsible use 

A demonstration test of an internet map-based social values study was conducted by the Green Mountain College 

for the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests during the same period. The study offered a sample of people 

from locales that had visited the forest and people who had specifically identified themselves as interested in 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 251

forest or travel management issue an opportunity to select from a prescribed list social values those values they 

thought applied to certain places. Several people contacted the Forest strongly concerned with study bias. These 

people expressed the belief that the limited list of values did not reflect their values because it was not tied to their 

activities, and that the list was too “ecologically” and not enough “human” focused. Most of the people that raised 

this concern were people that made their living working in the woods, such as timber industry representatives, or 

were motorized recreationists or users. 

 All this information supports the close relationship of values and to activities and lifestyle. As represented by the 

comments cited above, these elements can be so closely linked that some people strongly believe that one cannot 

be fully represented without the other. Also, as noted in the national survey, and as supported by the response of 

the Travel Management Working Group, people often share a particular value – such as solitude or scenery, but 

may find they pursue very different, and sometimes incompatible activities to achieve those values on National 

Forest lands. 

In Montana, a statewide OHV study (Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research 1994) asked both motorized 

vehicle and non-motorized respondents about their motivations for taking a trail trip. The most important 

motivations were nature (be in a natural setting, understand the natural world better), physical fitness (improve 

my physical health, help keep me in shape), stress release (get away from my everyday responsibilities, help 

reduce or release some built-up tensions), and affiliation (so I could do things with my companions, be with 

others who enjoy the same things I do). 

Changing Attitudes and Increasing Conflict 

Recreation researchers often define the verb “conflict” alongside its opposite, the verb “to share.” The verb 

“share” is generally defined as “to distribute parts of something among others, to retain part of something and 

give the rest or part of the rest to another or other; to take or to use a part of something with someone or 

something; to do or to experience something with others; to join with others; to join with others in doing or 

experiencing something.” On the other hand, the verb “conflict” is defined by the New Webster’s Dictionary as 

“to be at variance, clash, to struggle, or contend.” Conflict can cause serious impacts to recreational experiences, 

to the point of causing some users to end their use and be displaced by other preemptive users. For example, 

when trail users fail to achieve the experiences desired from the trip and determines that it is due to someone 

else’s behavior, conflict results, satisfaction suffers, and use patterns may change (Moore, R.L.). 

According to recreation researchers, recreation-related conflict is asymmetrical. Many times feelings of conflict 

are one-way. For example, cross-country skiers dislike encountering snowmobiles, but snowmobiles are not as 

unhappy about encountering cross-country skiers. Likewise, hikers generally dislike encountering OHV users, 

but OHV users are not as unhappy about encountering hikers. (Moore, R.L.) Another major source of conflict is 

the difference in attitudes toward and perceptions of the environment. Some examples of how people commented 

on the proposed action during the scoping process demonstrate some of these attitudes and perceptions: 

“Motorized vehicle roads and trails are not essential for a pleasing recreation experience; in fact, quiet use on 

non-motorized trails arguably makes for a better experience with more wildlife viewing opportunities and less 

Intrusive disrupting noise.” 

“OHV recreation can be managed and sustainable, while also providing a valuable recreational experience for 

OHV enthusiasts. Motorized recreation is a family activity that offers an opportunity for parents and children to 

experience all that our public lands have to offer in a unique manner.” 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 252

Recreation users in conflict have been found to have different attitudes toward the environment (Moore, R.L.) and 

may perceive the environment differently. Some view the natural environment as an integral part of their 

experience. Others view the natural environment more as a setting for their activity. This conflict may also occur 

between people who view the national forests as an essential setting for their lifestyle, such as ranchers and 

residents adjacent to National Forest or other public lands. The following comment from the scoping letters 

reflects sentiments often heard from ranchers in the central Oregon area. 

“As a rancher who has lands adjoining the national (sic) forest in Crook County, I am appalled at the damage 

done to our fragile land by these vehicles. In addition, I am constantly fixing fence that has been cut by horn 

hunters using these vehicles, which leave forest service land and cross my property. ALL OFF-ROAD VEHICLES 

SHOULD BE BANNED; period. They may be recreation to some people, but they are spoilers of our environment 

to the rest of us.”

Research (Williams 1993a) shows that factors that influence the likelihood of conflict include activity style, 

resource specificity, mode of experience, and tolerance for lifestyle diversity. Conflict is much more likely to 

occur it the activity is an integral part of the person’s lifestyle rather than an occasional activity. Resource 

specificity refers to the significance a person attaches to using a specific resource. Conflict is more likely to occur 

when the person has a special relationship with a place and perceives others are disrupting the traditional uses of 

the place or devaluing its meaning. Mode of experience refers to the way in which the environment is perceived. 

Conflict is most likely to occur when the person perceives the environment as part of the experience rather than as 

a backdrop for the experience. The last factor is tolerance for lifestyle. Conflict is more likely to occur when the 

user has a higher tendency to reject lifestyles that are different than his or her own. Examples include a preference 

for motor vehicle uses versus non-motorized uses, or consumptive versus non-consumptive activities. 

 People who view the environment as an integral part of their recreation experience are more susceptible to 

conflict than those who see the environment as primarily a setting for their activity. In applying this concept, there 

are recreationists who participate in an activity – either motorized or non-motorized - to enjoy the environment 

and there are others for whom the environment provides a setting to enjoy their motorized or non-motorized 

activity. So, for instance, a marathon runner, or a person on a mountain bike, or an OHV may be less susceptible 

to conflict with other users if the setting is less important to the activity than the activity itself, whereas people for 

whom the setting or environment is the most important component of the activity are more likely to be susceptible 

to conflict with other users within that setting. 

Noise, dust, and smells associated with activities are also harbingers and indicators of potential conflict. Generally 

speaking, the louder, dustier, and more odor generated by an activity – in other words, the more one user feels that 

their recreation setting has been infringed upon by another user - the more likely that activity will be to generate a 

high level of conflict between different users. These factors become primary players in determining the degree to 

which conflict may exist. 

The residual effects of activities also contribute to the degree to which people experience evidence of conflicting 

values, attitudes and beliefs. For instance, National Forest and Grasslands within 1⁄4 mile of a population center or 

residential area will tend to have a large percentage of illegal dumps of garbage, construction, or landscape debris 

when compared to more isolated areas. These areas – such as the Horse Butte area south of Bend, or the McKay 

Creek area northeast of Prineville - also tend to attract concentrated uses from the nearby residents and urban 

areas such as walking dogs, running, bicycle riding, and shooting and hill climbs for OHVs because of the cinder 

buttes and mineral material sources (cinder or rock pits) in the area. These areas are also often “party areas” that 

have associated residual garbage, and debris. Depending upon wind direction, the shooting and OHV activities 

contribute a constant level of noise to nearby residents and to non-motorized users of the area. Areas such as 

these, in close proximity to residences and urban growth boundaries, with lots of different uses “close in” to 

people’s homes or urban areas, tend to create higher potential for conflict between users. These “Wildland Urban 

Interface” areas are also coincident with areas of focused concern and management for hazardous fuels reduction 

activities on the Forests. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 253

The conflict between motorized users and non-motorized users also relates to norms. Individuals and groups with 

different standards of behavior, social and individual norms that define what behavior is appropriate often conflict 

with one another. Norms appear to be more useful than goals or values for predicting conflict. For example, a 

hiker and an OHV user may express the same goal of wanting to experience nature and escaping from the city but 

may cause conflict for one another due to different modes of acceptable behavior (Moore, R.L.). This concept 

was clearly illustrated during the Travel Management Subcommittee and Working Group’s discussions about 

shared values. 

In the West in places where land use has been relatively unrestricted, there is increasing conflict over the control 

and management of public lands. Some residents feel that change in public land management is being driven by 

non-local government officials and environmental advocacy groups who may not have a true understanding of the 

lands or the people living nearby who depend upon these lands for their livelihood and recreation. There is 

particular concern about the loss of traditional uses of the land. People with these concerns see a balance to what 

they consider to be environmental extremism with economic and human concerns. In central Oregon, where 

public lands have generally been perceived to be open to motorized access unless posted closed, the philosophical 

change of the proposed actions to essentially close lands to motorized access unless designated open, is a struggle. 

Some people have expressed that this is more of the government taking away their rights, or punishing the many 

for the damage caused by a few, while others expressed that this is the government finally stepping up and 

protecting the natural resources they are responsible for managing for future generations. This dichotomy was 

illustrated by comments received during the scoping process such as the following: 

“First, let me say I am 68 years old, have always been a tax paying citizen since age 16, two of my ancestors 

fought for America in the Revolutionary War. I have a weak heart after surgery and a defibrillator implanted in 

my chest. At one time I could hike and climb mountains with the best of them. But now, to get out and enjoy the 

great outdoors, I ride an ATV. And, as more public lands are closed to ATV riders, I feel as though I am being 

discriminated against because of my failing health.” 

“ATV riding is wholesome family recreation that should be a priority when looking at land use. Public lands 

belong to the public and must remain open for public use.” 

“Instead of dealing directly and harshly with people who use vehicles to destroy public lands, you are closing the 

land to all but the young and healthy. ... We have camped and hunted the same areas for four generations – 54 

years. Where we hunt is two miles from any road. To continue to enjoy this experience we need access. To pack 

out a deer or elk for two miles of rocky ground is most difficult.” 

“Over 9,000 mile of designated routes and several designated areas open to off road vehicles is excessive as 

motorized vehicle use is exclusive to other uses (eg: quiet, nonmotorized recreation) and can disturb wildlife (also 

with fragmentation of habitat by roads) to the point that rarer and federally listed species and others will no 

longer use the area....” 

Survey respondents in the Montana survey (1994) were also asked what other activities were compatible with the 

activity they participated in. Not surprisingly, backpacker and day hikers found other non-motorized activities to 

be most compatible with their activity. In all cases, motor vehicle users were much more likely to say their 

activity was compatible with day hiking and backpacking. Forty-five percent of the respondents agreed that 

conflicts on trails are relatively minor while 15 percent disagreed. 

According to Boston et al (1997), “OHV recreation covers a huge range of activity from casual family use to 

intense competition; from use in the backyard to use on high mountains; wildland trail use to open desert. 

Enjoyment comes from use where the vehicle itself is the focus of the experience to the use of the vehicle as an 

enjoyable method of reaching or enjoying remote terrain; from a way to escape societal pressure to a way of 

sharing experiences with family or friends; from casual to organized activities.” 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 254

This range of use is reflective of comments received during the planning process for the Travel Management 

Strategy and by members of the Travel Management Subcommittee and Working Group meetings as well. This 

range of activity is also shared by non-motorized recreationists that use a non-motorized vehicle for their 

recreational use such as bicyclists and horseback riders. 

This discussion of the conflicting attitudes, beliefs, values and norms related to motorized and non-motorized 

regulation and recreational use demonstrates the difficulty in neutrally defining and evaluating the conflicts 

between motorized and non-motorized recreation activities. 

 Both motorized and non-motorized users have concerns about their potential loss of access and loss of 

opportunities for desired experiences. Comments such as the following72 demonstrate this mutual concern: 

“In the Ochoco National Forest, I can only assume that in the roughly 250 square miles of ‘Seasonally Allowed 

Off Designated Routes,’ there are hundreds of miles of trails that will be closed..... the importance of an OHV 

trail cannot be gauged by a non-OHV using individual for value.” 

“Oregon Recreation Coalition urges the agency to analyze and appreciate the high OHV recreation value of 

special areas such as expert-level single track motorcycle trials or high difficulty 4WD rock crawling 

opportunities. We urge the Forest Service to propose for mixed use designation a substantive number of level 3-5 

roads for OHV use to connect up various trails and staging areas.” 

“We are also concerned with helping to develop OHV trail systems in the Ochoco National Forest. We have 

experienced outstanding trail riding in Eastern Oregon, and especially in Utah, and would like to see this kind of 

opportunity exist in the Ochocos.” 

“Roads are not trails.” 

“Many horse groups and individuals including hikers and Mountain Bike Riders have enjoyed this pristine and 

scenic trail system (Bandit Springs Endurance Ride)... until these past few years since Motorcycles and ATVs 

have taken the trails over.” 

Motorized users indicated that there were already too many areas that were focused on non-motorized access, 

while many non-motorized users share the belief with environmental advocates that there are too many open 

designated roads within the Forests., and the increasing number of OHVs and their increased capacity to go to 

more places has put natural resources at risk and increased incompatibility between both user groups. All of the 

members of the Travel Management Subcommittee and Working Group shared the sentiments that all users need 

to value the unique natural resources offered in central Oregon. Motorized users within the group also expressed 

the views that more tolerance and willingness to share a limited resource with others was an important value, 

while at the same time many of the non-motorized users expressed doubt that sharing trails would be compatible 

with their values. 

Recreation Trends and Uses 

Recreation trends and motorized and non- motorized uses, are described in detail in the Recreation section of this 

EIS. However, understanding recreation trends and uses within the planning area is important to making an 

informed evaluation of the likely social and economic effects of decisions affecting motorized access. The social 

and economic effects of recreation uses are tied to the amount and type of use. These uses and trends related to 

motorized and non-motorized recreation and access are summarized in this section and the economic contribution 

 

72 Excerpted from public comment letters received during the scoping phase of the Travel Management EIS. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 255

of these uses follows. Data was used for these summaries from the National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) and 

the National Survey on Recreation and the Environment (NSRE). 

All Uses

A recent study (Outdoor Industry Foundation, 2006) estimated that 72% of Americans aged 16 and older 

participated in an outdoor activity in 2005, with hiking, running and bicycling on trails being three of the most 

frequently reported activities. Non-motorized recreation continues to be one of the most popular categories of 

recreation throughout the state and within the local region. National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) findings 

show that most visitors participate in non-motorized activities (English, Kocis and Hales 2003). A description of 

visitor activities was compiled from the survey. During their visit to the two Forests, the top six recreation 

activities of visitors to the Deschutes National Forest were hiking/walking, relaxing, viewing wildlife, viewing 

natural features, fishing, and downhill ski/snowboarding. Visitor’s top picks while visiting the Ochoco National 

Forest were viewing wildlife, natural features and scenery; primitive camping; fishing, hunting, and developed 

camping. 

 

Each visitor also picked one of these activities as their primary activity for the current recreation visit to the forest. 

The top primary activities for the Deschutes National Forest were downhill skiing or snowboarding, fishing, 

hiking/walking, relaxing, and viewing natural features; while for the Ochoco the top primary activities were 

developed camping, viewing wildlife/nature, hunting, horseback riding, and general relaxing. See Table 3-74 in 

the Recreation section of this chapter. 

Other popular dispersed recreation activities for the Deschutes include camping, fishing, hunting (noncommercial), gathering forest products such as antlers, mushrooms, cones, etc., and driving Forest roads for 

wildlife viewing, or viewing natural scenery. Dispersed camping and day use picnicking are popular activities on 

the Deschutes Forest accounting for approximately 14% of overall participation. Even more popular on the 

Ochoco National Forest, these activities account for about 27% of visitors’ primary or secondary activities. 

National Visitor Use Monitoring data indicates that big-game hunting is a popular activity across both Forests, but 

much more so on the Ochoco National Forest than on the Deschutes. The Ochoco National Forest is a regionally 

and even nationally popular destination for big-game hunting. Approximately 22.6% of visitors identified hunting 

as either a primary or secondary activity on the Ochoco National Forest compared with only abut 3.34 on the 

Deschutes. Hunting was also in the top five most popular activities for visitors to the Ochoco. 

Although many of these activities are often classified as “non-motorized,” the lines between motorized and nonmotorized uses begin to blur for many of these activities. For instance, viewing natural features, one of the top 

activities for both forests can be either a motorized or non-motorized activity. Hunting can also be either or both a 

motorized and non-motorized experience. Some hunters use motorized vehicles both on and off road to scout for 

and retrieve game, and some hunters will not. Primitive camping could be considered by some to be any camp 

outside of developed campgrounds that they may have accessed with motorized vehicles for generations; while 

other visitors taking the survey might consider primitive camping to be a campsite in a remote Wilderness area 

only accessible after many hours of hiking. Survey data available does not make any distinction for whether 

motorized use is associated with these activities, although there is data regarding OHV, or off-highway vehicle 

use specifically as both a primary and secondary activity. 

Off-Highway Vehicle Uses 

National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) findings indicate that the two Forests were not a major provider of 

OHV (Off-Highway Vehicle) recreation in the year surveyed. Nationally, about 2.5% of the 205 million annual 

recreation visits to National Forests identified OHV use as their primary activity, with a slightly higher percentage 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 256

(3.1%) as a secondary activity. The percentage of forest visitors that report OHV use as their primary or 

secondary activity on the Deschutes National Forest is about equal to the national average (English, Kocis and 

Hales 2004). Data for the Ochoco National Forest indicate a secondary use of 3.1%, which is slightly higher than 

the national average. 

For the Deschutes National Forest, the survey found that 1.00% of all recreation visits that year were primarily for 

OHV use. This percentage equates to roughly 31,095 visits during 2001/2002. For the Ochoco National Forest, 

the survey found that there were no recreation visits that year that were primarily for OHV use. The Deschutes 

National Forest ranks towards the lower end out of twenty administrative units in the Pacific Northwest Region of 

the Forest Service (R6) for primary OHV uses, while the Ochoco ranks in the bottom three. 

For both Forests a somewhat larger percentage of visitors indicated that they participated in OHV recreation even 

if it was not their primary reason for visiting the Forest. For the Deschutes National Forest, the total percentage 

of visitors that reported OHV use as a primary or secondary activity was 2.47% of all visits, or roughly 76,802 

visits. On the Ochoco National Forest, that percentage was 3.35% of all the visits, or roughly 19,900 visits. These 

data are considerably below the average percent participation for Oregon overall (22.2% participation) as reported 

in the National Survey on Recreation and the Environment (Cordell, Betz, Green and Stephens 2008). 

Considering both primary and secondary percentages, the Deschutes ranks slightly lower than middle, while the 

Ochoco ranks near the middle. 

This data does not necessarily reflect the apparent local and regional demand for motorized trail systems in the 

area. Central Oregon is a regional destination for OHV trails, with many hundreds of miles of trails that can be 

used throughout the year. Based on the initial data of the Central Oregon Off-Highway Vehicle Use Study 

conducted by Virginia State University during 2008, East Fort Rock is the most used area for OHV recreational 

purposes, second is Millican Valley. 

Table 3-96. Central Oregon Off-Highway Vehicle Use Study Data 

Henderson Flat 29.4% 

East Fort Rock 63.5% 

Millican Valley 44.8% 

Edison Butte 8.3% 

Oregon Dunes NRA 31.6% 

Sand Lake 18.1% 

Although the East Ft. Rock OHV trail system is a popular destination for many OHV users, overall use is 

considerably below the average percent participation for Oregon overall (22.2% participation) as reported in the 

National Survey on Recreation and the Environment (Cordell, Betz, Green and Stephens 2008). Trail use by 

motorized recreational vehicles is growing in popularity. All-terrain vehicles (ATVs) entered the recreation and 

tourism marketplace in the early 1970s and, since then, ridership has grown rapidly. The Specialty Vehicle 

Institute of America (SVIA) estimates that ATV sales increased over 280% nationwide in the US since 1994 

(SVIA, 2006). ATV recreation participation is expected to continue to increase across the US through 2015 

(Cordell, Betz, Green, & Owens, 2005). 

Table 3-97- Secondary activities reported by primary OHV users in the Pacific Northwest Region of the Forest 

Service73. 

Activity % of Primary OHV Users 

Developed Camping 49.85 

 

73 Data source is the first round of National Visitor Use Monitoring surveys (English, Kocis and Hales 2004).
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 257

Activity % of Primary OHV Users 

Primitive Camping 5.96 

Viewing Wildlife 24.42 

Viewing Natural Features 46.22 

Visiting Historic Sites 0.04 

Relaxing 46.46 

Fishing 1.99 

Hunting 0.03 

Driving for Pleasure 16.74 

Hiking/Walking 20.40 

Gathering Forest Products 9.54 

There are over 1,375 miles of road open to all motorized travel, and another 220 miles open to highway licensed 

vehicles only on the Forest. In addition, there are 26 miles of motorized trail open to ATV’s and motorcycles. 

Such an extensive network of roads provides users with a tremendous variety of options to access and view the 

Forest. Approximately 82% of the Forest is accessible within 1⁄2 mile from a road74. 

Recreation Trends

Primary OHV users also participate in a variety of other recreation activities during their forest visit (English, 

Kocis and Hales 2004). In the Pacific Northwest Region (Region 6), the most popular secondary activity for 

primary OHV users is developed camping (Table 3-98). Relaxing and viewing natural features also had high 

participation rates. 

Cordell reports on the remarkable growth of OHV use in the United States. At the time of the first US National 

Recreation Survey in 1960, OHV recreation was not included as a reportable activity (Cordell 2008). OHV use 

today, however, is among the fastest growing outdoor activities. Nationally, the number of people (16+ years of 

age) who report participating in OHV sports is over 44 million (See Table 3-98). Annual OHV sales more than 

tripled between 1995 and 2003 (sales have leveled off since 2003). Total OHV ownership of newly purchased 

and previously purchased machines increased 174% between 1993 and 2003, from fewer than three million to 

more than eight million vehicles. ATV's account for about 70% of all OHVs, not counting full-size, 4-wheel 

drive vehicles (Cordell 2008). 

Based on survey data and sales trends, Cordell projected that there could be as many as 9.8 million ATVs and offroad motorcycles in the US in early 2008 (Cordell 2008). 

 

74 Based on calculations from the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest geospatial data base. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 258

National Recreation Trend Projections 

Table 3-98 - Trends in number of people participating and number of participation days for selected outdoor 

recreation activities in the United States, 1999-200875

Activity Total U.S. 

Participants 

(1,000s), 

2005-2008 

Percent 

Change in 

Participants, 

1999-2001 

 to 

 2005-2008 

Total Annual 

Participant 

Days 

(millions), 

2005-2008 

Percent 

change in 

Total Days, 

1999-2001 to 

 2005-2008 

Developed Camping 52,021 2.7 532.3 9.3 

Primitive Camping 33,330.2 -2.0 310.4 12.1 

Backpacking 22,077.0 -0.6 277.7 24.0 

Picnicking 115,836.2 -1.4 779.7 -17.2 

Viewing Natural Scenery 145,489.2 14.1 11,482.3 60.5 

Visiting Historic Sites 92,920.8 -4.5 590.8 -15.2 

Nature Center Activities 127,406.5 5.0 1,044.0 23.2 

Drive Off-road 44,231.3 18.6 1,349.6 56.1 

Driving for Pleasure 111,069.0 3.1 2,637.3 -1.1 

Snowmobiling 8,328.2 -29.7 92.7 -27.4 

Day Hiking 74,032.5 6.8 1,993.4 -20.9 

Horseback Riding (trail) 15,262.6 -8.2 278.3 -35.2 

Bicycling 91,225.5 7.7 - - 

Kayaking 12,480.5 63.1 76.1 29.4 

Downhill Skiing 15,615.4 -14.8 126.4 -15.7 

Cross-country Skiing 4,970.7 -39.2 58.8 -7.8 

Gathering Forest Products 71,023.3 16.1 869.3 1.9 

View or Photograph Birds 81,119.9 19.3 8,039.0 37.6 

Viewing Other Wildlife 114,792.0 21.3 5,341.6 46.9 

Mountain Climbing 11,811.2 -12.5 104.1 20.5 

Visit a Wilderness 70,591.9 3.0 1,108.6 12.8 

According to Cordell, “quiet” recreation activities show strong growth, and they are predicted to become even 

more popular (such as viewing natural scenery, hiking, bicycling, kayaking, viewing wildlife). Other quiet 

activities are becoming less popular (such as horseback riding, primitive camping, cross-country skiing). Such 

trends may represent a reordering of priorities (Cordell, Betz et al 2008). 

Regional Recreation Trend Projections 

The following tables display trends for dispersed recreational activities in the Pacific Region (Washington, 

Oregon, California, Alaska and Hawaii). Table 3-99a shows a baseline figure of the number of participants in the 

Pacific Region for each activity, and projected growth index for 2010, 2020 and 2050. Table 3-99b - displays the 

same activities, listing the number of days participated and projected growth indices for the same years.76 

 

75 Excerpted from Cordell, Betz et al 2008. Source: NSRE 1999-2001 (n=52607) and 2005-2008 (n=19,186). Note: 1999-2001 participants based on 

214.0 million people age 16+ (2000 Census). 2005-2008 participants based on 230.0 million people age 16+ (2006 Census estimate). Missing data 

indicate that either participation or annual days were not collected during that time period.

76 The data displayed in Table 3-99a and Table 3-99b represent a subset of all recreational activities covered in this study, and apply to the Pacific Region in 

general, not just to recreation activities on National Forests. See the study for more details regarding study design, projection parameters and assumptions 

(Cordell et al. 1999: 326-349). 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 259

Table 3-99a Participation in some dispersed recreation activities in the Pacific Region, and projection index for 

participation in 2010, 2020 and 2050 (Cordell et al. 1999:326-349). 

Activity 1995 

Participants 

2010 

Projection 

index 

2020 

Projection 

index 

2050 

Projection 

Index 

Hiking 10,900,000 1.23 1.34 1.85 

Biking 9,800,000 1.19 1.29 1.65 

Horseback Riding 2,400,000 1.18 1.29 1.77 

Primitive Camping 5,600,000 1.13 1.23 1.44 

Fishing 7,500,000 1.12 1.20 1.38 

Hunting 1,700,000 0.85 0.79 0.64 

Developed Camping 8,800,000 1.19 1.32 1.73 

Off-Road Driving 4,700,000 1.10 1.20 1.33 

Picnicking 15,800,000 1.2 1.31 1.63 

Sightseeing 18,500,000 1.26 1.42 1.87 

Wildlife 

viewing/photography 

16,700,000 1.23 1.37 1.77 

The projection index represents the percent increase in the number of participants expected for that activity for a 

specific decade in Table 3-99a and the percent increase in the total number of days participated attributed to the 

activity in the Pacific Region in Table 3-99b . Multiplying the projection index with the 1995 baseline gives the 

projected growth in participation and the projected growth for the total number of days of dispersed recreation 

anticipated for a given activity. 

Table 3-99b - Number of days of some dispersed recreation activities in the Pacific Region, and projection index for 

participation in 2010, 2020 and 2050 (Cordell et al. 1999:326-349). 

Activity 1995 

Participants - 

Days 

2010 

Projection 

index 

2020 

Projection 

index 

2050 

Projection 

Index 

Hiking 192,800,000 1.20 1.31 1.62 

Biking 400,900,000 1.16 1.24 1.55 

Horseback Riding 76,700,000 1.10 1.21 1.70 

Primitive Camping 57,500,000 1.26 1.46 2.08 

Fishing 119,100,000 1.16 1.25 1.44 

Hunting 36,000,000 0.95 0.96 0.81 

Developed Camping 92,900,000 1.23 1.39 1.88 

Off-Road Driving 98,900,000 1.09 1.13 1.42 

Picnicking 180,400,000 1.21 1.35 1.62 

Sightseeing 363,500,000 1.38 1.67 2.59 

Wildlife 

viewing/photography 

838,000,000 1.33 1.58 2.14 

Recreation data for the Pacific Region found in these studies displays trends that could be expected for visitation 

on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests in the coming decades. According to these projections, 

sightseeing, followed by non-consumptive wildlife activities like bird watching, wildlife viewing and 

photography will account for the most recreation use in the future, with picnicking, hiking, biking, developed 

camping, fishing, primitive camping, off-road driving, horseback riding, and hunting following. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 260

This data also indicates that people participating in non-consumptive wildlife activities spend more days 

participating in their activity than do other recreationists. Heavy growth in the demand for sightseeing (87% 

increase by 2050), hiking (85% increase by 2050), and non-consumptive wildlife activities (77% increase by 

2050) could be expected. The demand for off-road driving is projected to increase by about 20% by 2020. The 

data suggests the demand for activities that favor semi-primitive non-motorized settings both summer and winter 

will be heaviest in the future, competing with an also growing demand for semi-primitive motorized settings for 

off-road vehicle use. It is important to note that recreationists often participate in more than one activity during 

any given outing, and could be represented more than once in the preceding data. 

Communities of Interest 

Based on the comments received and the primary social factors people have indicated as important to them, 

“communities of interest” were identified to facilitate the evaluation about common attitudes, beliefs, and values 

of a collection of individuals an the impacts of management change on these factors. These groupings greatly 

simplify the members’ actual values, beliefs, and attitudes. Individuals can belong to diverse communities of 

interest. The groupings identified are motorized and non-motorized recreationists, aging and physically 

challenged users, environmental advocacy groups, and adjacent landowners/residents. 

Motorized Recreationists 

Although as noted earlier, recreationists that use a motor vehicle for recreation access fall across a wide spectrum 

of users, for the purposes of this analysis, this analysis will focus on OHV users. Based on comments received 

during the planning process, and in the discussions of the Travel Management Subcommittee and Working Group, 

OHV users participate in their activities as a way for their family and friends to enjoy the backcountry scenery 

together and the challenge of traveling across varied terrain. These users enjoy their activities for many of the 

same reasons that non-motorized recreationists enjoy theirs – the chance to enjoy the beauty of nature, challenge 

of nature, and enjoy the solitude of the Forest. Some users feel they are being forced off of public land by more 

restrictive rules and regulations, and that responsible users are punished for those that are not responsible. As 

noted during the Travel Management Subcommittee and Working Group discussions, they feel there are a few 

irresponsible users that are out there, but the majority are not. These comments and beliefs were shared by the 

findings of the BLM in Montana and the Dakotas (USDI 2008). Many of the local organized motorized groups 

such as the Deschutes 4-Wheelers, or the Ochoco Trail Riders and the Central Oregon Motorcycle and ATV Club 

(COMAC), feel that their value of the ecological integrity of the forest is well demonstrated by their contributions 

of hundreds of volunteer hours to clean up garbage dumps and pull weeds, as well as maintain motorized trails. 

These users generally are willing to share the areas they use with other motorized and non-motorized users, 

although there is also a recognition that shared motorized trails may not be compatible in some instances for a 

number of reasons. Many motorized users expressed the belief that, given the limits on natural resources, all users 

should practice more tolerance of others 

Based on comments received throughout the travel management planning process, motorized users share concerns 

about loss of access to areas traditionally used for these activities, and localized damage from OHV use being 

used to justify restrictions across the forest, instead of only where there are problem areas. People are concerned 

that this represents a continuing and increasing trend for limiting motorized access. OHV users generally also 

supported motorized access for game retrieval, hunting, and disabled and aging access. Some hunters indicated a 

concern that loss of ability to access traditional hunting areas with an OHV would mean they could not hunt at all. 

According to SCORP survey data (Oregon Parks and Recreation Department 2008) 25 percent of all hunters in 

Oregon use OHVs for their hunting experience. Recent research on OHV recreation found that OHV users were 

about three times more likely to participate in the three types of hunting (big game, small game, and migratory 

bird) than the general public. In fact, this same research shows that, as a whole, OHV users participate at more 

than twice the national rate (RECSTATS 2008). 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 261

The attitudes, beliefs, and values of this community of interests that would be affected by the proposed actions is 

reflected in how their activities might be affected. Key indicators include: 

 the amount of motorized access available on and off designated routes and amount of motorized access 

for dispersed camping which affect the opportunities available for motorized access for viewing, family 

experiences, hunting, gathering, solitude, experiencing the challenge of nature, safety and crowding on 

designated routes 

Non-Motorized Users 

Based on many comments received during the travel management planning process, a prime motivation of nonmotorized users appears to be a quiet, peaceful experience in beautiful surroundings in a natural forested setting. 

Many people who generally classify themselves as non-motorized users are also primarily looking for the 

challenges that the Forest can provide for a particular sport, such as rock climbing or mountain biking. Some 

users have indicated that there are fewer and fewer places to get away from it all, and feel it is important to protect 

that peace and quiet where it is still available. 

Non-motorized users concerns are mainly, although not exclusively, associated with incompatibility with 

motorized uses. Non-motorized users expressed their concerns about OHV noise, the smell of exhaust, dust, and 

safety. They were concerned about the impacts of OHV use on wildlife and other resources. They were concerned 

with being displaced from areas because of the increasing motorized use, even with the ability to “win back” 

some areas from which they have been displaced because of motorized use. Some hunters, especially bow 

hunters, and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, believe there are greater benefits to a high-quality hunt 

if motorized access is limited to a few designated routes. In central Oregon, this is demonstrated by a number of 

popular hunting units that have had limited motorized access during big game hunting seasons as a result of 

cooperative agreements between landowners and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (these are also 

known as the “Green Dot” system). 

The attitudes, beliefs, and values of this community of interests that would be affected by the proposed actions is 

reflected in how their activities might be affected. Key indicators include: 

 the amount of motorized access available on and off designated routes and the conditions for motorized 

access for dispersed camping which affect the opportunities available for viewing, peace, quiet and 

solitude away from the noise, dust, and disturbance of motorized uses when camping, hunting, gathering, 

viewing, or using non-motorized trails 

 the amount of area with designated non-motorized trails that are also open to motorized access off of 

designated routes that affect the potential for conflicting uses of non-motorized trails 

Aging and Less Physically-able Population 

As noted earlier, the population of central Oregon is aging, and this reflects a trend common to all states 

(Campbell 1996). The percentage of persons under 20 years of age will decrease and the percentage of population 

over 65 will increase over the next 30 years. The available research indicates that participation in outdoor 

activities change as people age. However, it is unclear how recreation choices will change as the baby boomer 

generation ages. As Hornback (1991) indicates, “Though aging is the prime social trend of the next two decades, 

we have little understanding of how the leisure sequence unfolds as people age....” In central Oregon, there are 

many of older and retired people from this generation that are very physically fit and are advocates for nonmotorized recreation. Several comments were shared with the Forest Service during this planning process also 

reflected a concern that the needs and desires of the older population should be considered, and that closing areas 

to motor vehicle travel would restrict access for older and less physically-able people to activities such as hunting, 

fishing, and sightseeing. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 262

The attitudes, beliefs, and values of this community of interests that would be affected by the proposed actions is 

reflected in how their activities might be affected. Key indicators include: 

 the amount of motorized access available on and off designated routes which affect the opportunities 

available for motorized access for viewing, family experiences, hunting, gathering, solitude, safety and 

crowding on designated routes 

 the distance from an open designated route which affects the amount of land that may be accessible with a 

motor vehicle for hunting and gathering 

 the amount of area available for motorized access for dispersed camping which affect the opportunities 

for traditional family camping, hunting, gathering, and viewing 

Environmental Advocacy Groups 

Based on the comments received during the travel management process, environmental advocacy groups and 

associated individuals tend to support a more restrictive policy for motorized use and most expressed that use 

should be restricted to designated routes if allowed at all. The condition of resources on public lands is important 

to these groups because they value the resources for recreation, wildlife, and scenic and spiritual qualities. They 

are concerned that motorized use – especially unregulated off-highway vehicle use - has and will continue to 

contribute to resource damage and degradation such as erosion or disturbance, air and noise pollution, disturbance 

to other recreationists and native plant communities, the spread of invasive weed populations, and wildlife habitat 

destruction and fragmentation. 

The key attitudes, beliefs, and values of this community of interests that would be affected by the proposed 

actions is reflected in how their activities might be affected. Key indicators include: 

 the amount of motorized access available on and off designated routes which affect environmental 

conditions such as soils, riparian and upland vegetation conditions, or wildlife habitat disturbance or 

modification 

 the amount of area available or conditions for motorized access for dispersed camping which affect 

environmental conditions 

Adjacent Landowners and Residents 

Wildland Urban Interface areas, are defined as an approximately 1.5 mile area surrounding communities that have 

common boundaries with National Forest lands. These acres indicate areas that were identified for high fire risk 

due to their proximity to communities that are adjacent to National Forest lands. There are approximately 260,350 

acres of Wildland-Urban Interface on the Deschutes National Forest, which comprise about 16% of the total 

Forest acres. There are approximately 24,929 acres of Wildland-Urban Interface on the Ochoco National Forest, 

which comprise about 3% of the total Forest acres. These acres indicate areas that were identified for high fire risk 

due to their proximity to communities that are adjacent to National Forest lands. The acreage gives an indication 

of the amount of Forest lands that would affect adjacent landowners and residents. These are lands and acreages 

that have particular importance as earlier noted for both motorized and non-motorized access by residents within 

the communities. These areas also represent the National Forest lands that are “close-in” to urban and rural 

residential areas (including resorts and other recreation developments), and thus may have higher potential for 

conflicts between users. 

Many people who live in these communities own OHV’s and/or other classes of motor vehicles that they use to 

access the adjacent Forest lands currently open to travel off designated routes directly from their homes. Based 

on observations from field personnel and comments from residents, many of these motorized users purchased 

their homes in these specific communities because of the open motorized access to National Forest lands. There 

are also landowners in some of these subdivisions who purchased their homes to enjoy the solitude that the Forest 

can offer. These landowners are often opposed to motorized access off designated routes adjacent to their lands 

because of impacts from noise, dust, and sometimes inadvertent trespass.

In addition to motorized access from private lands or communities adjacent to National Forest lands, those 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 263

adjacent lands are often open to motorized access for dispersed camping. In some cases, motorized dispersed 

camping adjacent to private lands causes disturbance or conflict with private land owners from garbage, 

abandoned campfires (adding to wildfire risk), noise, and sometimes trespass. 

As noted earlier, many people live and work in central Oregon because of the proximity to public lands. Although 

this has been true for many decades, the trends in the amount of rural residential landowners are increasing, while 

the larger landowners such as industrial timberland owners and large base ranches have diminished. 

This trend has increased over the last decade. Recent electronic poles conducted by Deschutes County as a part of 

their Comprehensive Plan Update, indicated more than 50 percent of the population of the southern portion of the 

County – which is surrounded by National Forest lands – have been in the area for less than 5 years. This influx 

of populations into these rural residential areas all indicated that a natural scenic setting and access to public lands 

were an important part of their decision to live in that area. A coalition of homeowners in the south Deschutes 

County area has formed called the Deschutes River Coalition. They have created a non-profit organization that is 

focused around helping to resolve problems associated with residential life in an Urban-Wildland interface such 

as that on the upper Deschutes River. This reflects the value that many residents adjacent to public land share for 

maintaining the scenic and ecological integrity of the land, and also reflects their perception that the management 

of that land for many purposes is more important to them because they live there. They believe that they have an 

important role as stewards of the land because of their proximity, and often believe they have the most knowledge 

about activities that damage forest resources. 

These people reflect the mix of concerns of both motorized and non-motorized recreationists, as well as 

environmental advocates and the aging and less physically-able population. Rural residents concerns about access 

are more directly tied to their access from their homes to National Forest lands and also their ability to drive 

OHVs between neighborhoods or to local establishments, such as in the Crescent Lake Junction area. For large 

landowners such as Ochoco Lumber and ranchers on the Big Summit Prairie adjacent to the Ochoco National 

Forest, trespass, noise, and potential fire risk are all concerns that they feel as a result of the increase in OHV 

uses. 

The attitudes, beliefs, and values of this community of interests that would be affected by the proposed actions are 

reflected in how their activities or lifestyle might be affected. Key indicators include 

 the amount of motorized access available on and off designated routes within the Wildland-Urban 

Interface which affect the opportunities available for motorized access to National Forest lands or 

between communities from residences and the potential for trespass on private lands 

 the amount of area available for and conditions of motorized access for dispersed camping within the 

Wildland-Urban Interface which affect the potential for disturbance to residents in communities adjacent 

to National Forest lands or for trespass on private lands 

Basic Economic Conditions in the Study Area 

In 2007, economists believed that Oregon’s economy had recovered from the recession of 2001. Unemployment 

in Oregon grew from an average rate of 5.1 percent in 2000 to an average of 8.1 percent in 2003, but by 2005 the 

annual rate had fallen again to 6.1 percent. In the first five months of 2006, the rate ranged between 5.3 and 5.6 

percent, while the national unemployment rate was between 4.6 and 4.8 percent. Competition for jobs intensified 

with the state’s continued population growth. From 2000 to 2005 Oregon’s working age population grew 7.6 

percent, while employment grew 3.2 percent. 

During the past twenty years, Oregon has been making the transition from a resource-based economy to a more 

mixed manufacturing and marketing economy, with an emphasis on high technology. Oregon’s hard times of the 

early 1980s signaled basic changes had occurred in traditional resource sectors — timber, fishing, agriculture — 

and the state worked to develop new economic sectors to replace older ones. Most important, perhaps, was the 

state’s growing high-tech sector, centered in the three counties around one of the primary metropolitan areas, 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 264

Portland. However, rural Oregon counties were generally left out of any shift to a new economy. When the boom 

of the 1990s collapsed, Oregon was again confronted with high unemployment, problems of hunger, and a 

diminishing safety net of social services. As of 2006 Oregon, ranked 22nd in the nation for hunger (Oregon Blue 

Book http://bluebook.state.or.us/). 

In 2008, Oregon, and the United States as a nation entered a recession. The overall economic downturn is 

affecting recreation, and OHV use, in Oregon. 

Economic Contributions of Travel and Tourism

Travel and tourism is becoming an increasingly important economic contributor to the central Oregon region. The 

contribution of this sector may demonstrate the values of public lands as a setting that attracts and retains people 

who want to live in adjacent communities for quality of life reasons. According to County Business Patterns, in 

2006, the travel and tourism industry contributed 6% of the total jobs to the economy (excluding proprietors and 

government) in the four-county area. That compares to 4.9% in the U.S. as a whole. Over the last 8 years, travel 

and tourism employment in the region has grown by 36.5%, which is faster than the nation as a whole. 

Table 3-100. Jobs in 2006. 

 

Deschutes 

OR 

Crook 

OR

Jefferson 

OR

Klamath 

OR Region Oregon 

United 

States

 Total Timber Related 2,060 

 

1,253 1,938 

 

1,789 

 

7,040 

 

49,678 1,124,528 

 Mining 62 

 

63 7 

 

29 

 

161 

 

1,939 554,333 

 Travel & Tourism 3,735 

 

238 461 

 

944 

 

5,378 

 

68,291 5,845,290 

All Other Jobs 54,610 

 

4,092 1,985 

 

16,203 

 

76,890 

 

1,341,752 112,392,849 

Within the region, Deschutes County has the most travel and tourism jobs (3,735). The least numbers of jobs are 

in Crook County (238). Together, the region employs 7.9% of all travel and tourism jobs. Within the region, 

Jefferson County has the largest share of travel and tourism jobs (10.5%). The lowest shares of jobs are in Crook 

County (4.2%). Together the region’s share is 6.0%, 1.3% higher than the state’s share of the total (4.7%). From 

1998 to 2006, the four-county area gained travel and tourism jobs, and lost none. During that time period, 

Deschutes County gained the most travel and tourism-related jobs (1062), while Klamath County gained the least 

(48)77

Travel & tourism jobs in Deschutes County were somewhat high (0.4 standard deviations from the median). 

3,735 people were employed which accounts for 6.0% of the economy. Nationwide, its share had a rank of 296 

which puts it in the top 10.0% of all counties. As a share of total, travel & tourism jobs in Crook County were 

roughly average (0.0 standard deviations from the median). 238 people were employed which accounts for 4.0% 

of the economy. Nationwide, its share had a rank of 1,376 which puts it in the top 44.0% of all counties. As a 

share of total, travel & tourism jobs in Jefferson County were high (1.3 standard deviations from the median). 

461 people were employed which accounts for 10.0% of the economy. Nationwide, its share had a rank of 168 

which puts it in the top 6.0% of all counties. Travel & tourism jobs in Klamath County were roughly average (0.1 

standard deviations from the median). 944 people were employed which accounts for 4.0% of the economy. 

Nationwide, its share had a rank of 817 which puts it in the top 27.0% of all counties. 

Economic Contributions of Recreation Use

Recreation use and the contributions of those uses to the economies of the central Oregon region, the state and the 

nation are becoming increasingly important. The employment and labor income effects stemming from current 

recreational activities occurring on the Forest are estimated based on the expenditure of the users engaged in the 

recreational activities on the Forest. The NVUM survey collected information regarding user spending within 50 

 

77 Based on EPS Report on Travel and Tourism for Deschutes, Crook, Jefferson, and Klamath Counties 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 265

miles of the National Forest boundary. Users reported expenditures for various activities such as groceries, 

restaurants, gas and lodging. The specific spending profiles and expenditures are documented in Stynes and 

White (2004). These expenditures are used to identify the contribution of recreation use on the Forest to the 

economy of the study area. Response coefficients that identify employment and labor income effects per 1,000 

recreation visits are provided to indicate the difference in various management options that could affect the 

amount of activity use. Appendix B-8– Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest TMECA Economic Contribution 

Report for the planning area display the expected economic contributions of activities on the Deschutes and 

Ochoco National Forests. For the Deschutes, of those activities surveyed, the largest income producing activity is 

hiking/walking, with a total labor income of over $3,000,000; while on the Ochoco National Forest it is horseback 

riding with a total labor income of just over $450,000. 

Information obtained from the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department indicates that OHV use rapidly gained 

popularity. In 1997, there were 3.9 million all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) nationally and two million off highway 

motorcycles (OHMs). In 2002, there were 800,000 ATV sales and 300,000 OHM sales, almost 2,200 ATVs per 

day. During this period sales increased 171 percent in the western states. The overall 3rd quarter 2008 Motorcycle 

sales figures reported include motorcycles, scooters and ATVs. Total sales year to date (YTD), from January to 

September of 2008 were down 10.7% compared to 2007, brought down by another 25% decrease in ATV sales. 

ATV sales have dropped approximately 25% each quarter this year when compared to 2007. Dual sport sales 

were up 29.4%, proving that this segment remains extremely popular with American motorcyclists. Sales were 

39,805 YTD compared to 30,759 by Q3 of 2007. Off highway motorcycle sales continue to suffer; down 24.9% 

YTD with 114,174 sold YTD compared to 152,086 by the end of Q3 in 2007. 

Comparing December 2007 to December 2006, sales of off-road bike were down 27.7%; street bikes were down 

19.7%; scooters were down 21.1% and all motorcycle categories combined were down 23.2%. ATV sales were 

also off 28.3% (webBikeWorld) 

In July 2007 Dave Crocker of Power Products Marketing reported that US sales of traditional brand ATVs were 

currently in their third consecutive year of decline. While some analysts might attribute this to the increasing 

number of Chinese imports that have flooded the market in recent years it has also become apparent that another 

trend is having a significant impact on ATV sales. 

Over the last three years an increasing number of older buyers are trading in their ATVs and opting for the more 

appealing utility vehicles or “side-by-side vehicles” as they are often called. Surveys conducted by Power 

Products Marketing indicate that as much as 10% of annual ATV sales are lost to competing utility vehicles. 

(Power Products Marketing, Dave Crocker July 2007) These sales trends point to an increasing demand for OHV 

recreation activities. 

OHV trip-related expenditures in the state of Oregon during 1999 were estimated at $46.4 million. Oregonians 

made $29 million in trip expenditures while non-resident visitors made $17.4 million in trip expenditures during 

the year. Nearly $3.2 million was spent in the Central Oregon Region. OHV trip expenditures created an 

additional 831 jobs and $14.6 million in personal income in Oregon. The study found an average per person per 

day OHV trip expenditure of $29. Other recreation activities, like snow play ($45), fishing ($31), and camping 

($18) have average trip expenditures above and below this amount. 

NVUM reported on a substitute choice made by OHV users if they had been unable to use National Forest System 

lands. About 64% of visits with the primary purpose of OHV use in the Pacific Northwest Region (R6) 

responded that they would have gone elsewhere for the same activity (English, Kocis and Hales 2004). 

The 2004 Oregon Statewide Motorized Trail Use Survey revealed that OHV enthusiasts are willing to travel 

reasonably long distances to use their OHV’s (Bergerson et al 2005). The median distance traveled to reach an 

OHV riding opportunity falls in the range of 41 to 50 miles; and, nearly one-fifth of OHV users travel more than 

100 miles. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 266

The Blue Ribbon Coalition, which is “a national, non-profit organization dedicated to preserving responsible 

recreational access to public lands and waters,” has written about OHV use and the economy. The non-profit 

published an editorial on its website, “What to do in this Trying Economy.” The editorial states that “Fuel prices 

are killing us [OHV users]. Everything is costing more than ever before. Event attendance is down. Off-road 

businesses are going under.” The article implies that these trends – declining event attendance and the failures of 

off-road businesses is related to the economy. 

In response to the economic difficulties, the editorial suggests riding OHV’s closer to home. It also suggests 

trying other forms of recreation, including walking in the park. The editorial also stresses the importance of 

supporting OHV businesses. The author says, “... if they [OHV businesses] start to fail because we are not 

buying parts, then we [OHV users] jeopardize our future to some extent.” In several places in the article, the 

author suggests spending time and money closer to home. The article even suggests watching movies about OHV 

recreation and getting friends together to wash their OHV as a group 

(http://www.sharetrails.org/magazine/article.php?id=1636). 

Analysis of Environmental Effects 

Social Effects 

Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values

The key indicators of the effects of the proposed actions on the attitudes, beliefs and values of the different 

communities of interest are: 

 the potential motorized and non-motorized recreation uses and trends; 

 acres open to motorized access off of designated routes – including those acres open within the 

“wildland-urban interface” areas adjacent to other landowners; 

 acres open to motorized access for dispersed camping and conditions of motorized access for dispersed 

camping 

 the likely effects of these actions on the attitudes, beliefs, and values of the communities of interest based 

on how their activities would be affected by the Alternatives and the relationship of those activities to 

their values. 

As described by the key indicators above, people’s attitudes, beliefs, and values would be primarily affected by 

the change between the current condition described in Alternative 1 for motorized access off designated routes, 

and the actions that are common to Alternatives 2 and 3, which would prohibit motorized access off designated 

routes in all areas that currently do not prohibit motorized access off designated routes. As displayed by the 

summary in Chapter 2, this accounts for a change to motorized access off designated routes on about 39% of the 

Deschutes National Forest, and about 60% of the Ochoco National Forest. Similarly, the change between 

Alternative 1 and the actions common to Alternative 2 and 3 which would prohibit motorized access for dispersed 

camping more than 300 feet from an open designated route, and change the conditions under which motorized 

access for dispersed camping would be allowed within 300 feet of an open designated route would also affect 

people’s attitudes, beliefs, and values. However, the change in motorized access for dispersed camping would, 

from a practical standpoint, be unlikely to actually affect as much acreage as it appears when comparing the 

numbers in the comparison chart in Chapter 2 (currently there is approximately 72% of the Deschutes and 69% of 

the Ochoco open or open seasonally to motorized access for dispersed camping; Alternatives 2 and 3 would 

reduce the area available by about 46% on the Deschutes and 52% on the Ochoco). This is because most 

motorized access for dispersed camping is relatively close to the current system of open designated roads. 

Approximately 70% of the known inventoried dispersed sites on the Deschutes and 80% on the Ochoco are within 

300’ of an open designated road. While this is not based on a comprehensive inventory of all dispersed sites, the 

sample is robust enough to give a relative sense of the likely magnitude of the potential effect. The differences 

between Alternative 2 and 3 are relatively less than the change proposed between Alternative 1 and Alternatives 2 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 267

and 3, and are focused solely around applying the special provisions for motorized access for dispersed camping 

to all routes open for motorized access for dispersed camping under general provisions only. This change would 

have more potential impact on those people who prefer motorized access for dispersed camping in dry upland 

areas that have no evidence of previous use. Overall, the motorized access changes proposed in Alternatives 2 and 

3 would reduce conflicts between motorized and non-motorized users, and reduce conflicts between private 

landowners and forest recreationists. The changes would also reduce people’s ability to access National Forest 

lands from adjacent private lands, and would reduce the potential for inadvertent trespass from motorized access 

to landowners adjacent to National Forest lands. 

Effects Common to All Alternatives

There would be no change to the areas that are currently closed to any kind of motorized access under any of the 

Alternatives. Chapter 2 includes a more detailed description of the motorized access conditions that would not be 

affected by these decisions for the Forest as a whole. Under any Alternative, there would be expected to be a 

continued increase in population and resultant demand for recreation and access to the National Forests by all of 

the identified communities of users. There is also expected to be a continued increase in residential and resort 

development adjacent to National Forest lands, although at some reduced rates when compared to the past five 

years due to the current economic recession. Although none of the Alternatives would designate or eliminate 

motorized routes, none of the Alternatives would preclude the development or elimination of any existing 

designated route in the future. 

Alternative 1 

Alternative 1 has the greatest amount of land that does not prohibit motorized access off designated routes or 

motorized access for dispersed camping of all of the Alternatives, although understanding where and under what 

conditions motorized access is allowed is cumbersome. This is because regulations vary widely across any given 

area and there is seldom sufficient signing maintained to cover the variety of areas with site-specific regulation 

regarding motorized access. The general perception of motorized access on National Forest lands is that they are 

“open” to motorized access unless posted “closed.” This perception has been enhanced by the federal Courts, who 

are often reluctant to penalize motorized users that are in areas that may be closed to motorized access unless 

evidence is provided that those areas are clearly posted closed. Signing of areas “closed” to motorized access is 

challenging, because signs are often vandalized or removed. However, under current policy and Forest Plan 

guidance, motorized access off of designated routes is prohibited in a number of places as shown on the map: 

Alternative 1 – Motorized Access Off Designated Routes. Table 2-3 – Comparison of Alternatives (Chapter 2) 

displays the acres available under Alternative 1 for motorized access off of designated routes. 

An illustration of the current variety of motorized access prohibitions on the two Forests demonstrates the 

challenge of understanding the regulations related to motorized access on the two Forests. All of the Crooked 

River National Grassland on the Ochoco National Forest and the Old Growth Management Areas are closed to all 

motorized access off of designated routes, including motorized access for dispersed camping. The Newberry 

National Volcanic Monument is closed to all OHVs both on and off designated routes, and is closed to all 

motorized access off designated routes, except that motorized access for dispersed camping is not prohibited 

outside of the Crater Management Area. The East Ft. Rock OHV Trail system is closed to OHVs off of the 

designated trail system, but motorized access to highway-licensed vehicles is not prohibited off designated routes. 

On both Forests all Research Management Areas are closed to all motorized access, except that in some cases 

there are open roads in those areas. In addition to these broad-scale regulations regarding motorized access, there 

are numerous localized closure orders to motorized access off designated routes, or to motorized access. These 

may be temporary because of resource damage or protection, or permanent seasonal or year-round closures to 

either specific types of vehicles or all motorized access such as for hunting season or to protect soils. Examples of 

these temporary closures are the McKay Creek and South Boundary areas on the Ochoco National Forest, and the 

B&B and Davis Fire areas on the Deschutes National Forest. These areas are prominently signed at the entry point 

to the areas. The Opine Travel Management Area on the Deschutes National Forest has a localized closure for 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 268

motorized access off of all designated routes year round and two seasonal use periods for motorized access on 

designated routes. There has been an increasing trend in the last decade to temporarily close localized areas to 

motorized access or to OHVs off designated routes because of concerns for resource protection (numerous 

closures in wildlfire areas such as the Skeleton, B&B, Davis, Hash Rock) or as a result of resource damage 

(McKay, Ann’s Butte). If motorized use continues to increase as predicted, Alternative 1 would likewise result in 

a continued increase in this trend of signing and localized closures. This could result in a perception by motorized 

users of an increasing amount of regulation of their uses, and a continued reduction in areas that are open to 

motorized access off of designated routes incrementally over time. 

Effective management of continuing an “open unless posted closed” approach to motorized access regulation 

could result in a proliferation of areas that are signed for closure across the Forests. Although more acres would 

be open to motorized access under Alternative 1 for a variety of purposes than any of the other alternatives, the 

appearance of regulated access could eventually be more prominent than under Alternatives 2 or 3. 

Effects on Community of Interests 

Motorized and Aging and Less Physically-Able Users

Motorized Access on Open Designated Roads 

Alternative 1 would have no changed effect on this community of interests on existing designated open roads or 

motorized trails. The current system of identifying which roads are open and closed to motorized access is also 

challenging. In general, all motorized access on open roads is subject to the provisions of Oregon State law. From 

a practical standpoint, Central Oregon Combined Off-Highway Vehicle Operations (COVOPS), a combined 

Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management organization that is primarily responsible for managing the 

designated motorized trail systems in central Oregon, has published some guidance that describes what Forest 

Service roads are open or closed to non-highway legal motor vehicles. There is currently no single map that 

clearly identifies the designated roads open to motorized access by the class or type of vehicle (highway legal or 

non-highway legal) allowed on that road and season of use of the road. In some cases, signing does establish 

closures to certain class or types of vehicles and seasons of use. Typically, users that encounter the barrier of 

roads that are for highway legal vehicles only that are between existing routes that allow for non-highway legal 

vehicles (if they understand they are not allowed to use a route), will go around and create an unauthorized trail if 

the vegetation and topography allow, or sometimes use a road that may be closed. Some OHV users have 

commented that, unless a road is paved, it is not clear to them that they cannot use the road. 

Motorized Access On and Off Designated Routes and Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

As illustrated in the Alternative Comparison Table in Chapter 2, about 39% of the Deschutes and 60% of the 

Ochoco would not prohibit motorized access off of designated routes under current laws, policies, and 

regulations; and would allow for motorized access for dispersed camping on about 72% of the Deschutes and 69% 

of the Ochoco National Forests in Alternative 1. This would provide the greatest potential benefits to the 

communities of users for whom values are fulfilled by a greater area where motorized access off of designated 

routes and dispersed camping may be allowed, and would provide the most potential motorized access to areas of 

special value to motorized users and less physically able users. 

Alternative 1 would have the greatest amount of area available for motorized access opportunities for solitude and 

to seek out the challenges of nature and natural topography, whether individually or with family members; and to 

pursue activities from a motor vehicle such as hunting and gathering. Alternative 1 would offer the most 

opportunities for utilizing a motorized vehicle to explore and discover parts of the forest that are new or especially 

valued, sometimes thought of as “secret” areas, with, perhaps, little evidence of past uses. Alternative 1 allows the 

most opportunity for those that are less physically-able to access places they feel they could not access without a 

motor vehicle such as long-established special hunting grounds, and would allow this group of people the greatest 

motorized access for retrieving down game of any of the Alternatives. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 269

The potential for conflicts to or within these user groups is relatively low in this Alternative. Although 

observations by field personnel and members of the Travel Management Subcommittee and Working Group 

indicate that the existing designated motorized trail systems are already overcrowded, the designated motorized 

road and trail systems would likely have the least potential for additional crowding under Alternative 1. 

Alternative 1 would offer the most opportunities for individual discovery, creation and utilization of unauthorized 

motorized trails in areas where motorized access off of designated routes is not now prohibited. Unless specific 

resource damage in an area were to be identified by the Forest Service, existing unauthorized trails would 

continue to be utilized and created, thus creating or maintaining more motorized access connections for dispersing 

motorized activities throughout the forest. Motorized vehicles could continue to utilize roads that are closed to 

public access if the area around the road was not otherwise closed to motorized access. Many motorized 

recreation users believe strongly in the concept of shared uses, and are generally tolerant of other motorized and 

non-motorized users on designated motorized roads and trails or unauthorized motorized trails. 

Although motorized use is predicted to increase in the future, based on the NVUM data, OHV users are not 

currently shown to be or predicted in the future to be the majority of recreational users of the Deschutes and 

Ochoco National Forests. 

Non-motorized Users and Environmental Advocates

Alternative 1 would continue to provide primary or exclusive non-motorized access to approximately 61% of the 

Deschutes 40% of the Ochoco National Forest. Of the three alternatives considered, Alternative 1 offers the least 

potential benefits to the communities of interests that value peace and quiet in areas that are away from designated 

roads, or dislike noise, dust, or environmental impacts associated with motorized access off of designated routes, 

or with more areas that would allow for motorized access for dispersed camping away from designated open 

roads. These users would continue to experience current and likely increasing levels of disturbance in areas where 

motorized access off of designated routes is allowed where that use overlaps with areas where they are seeking 

peace and quiet in the forest, and could ultimately result in more displacement of these users from areas they have 

identified that hold special value to them. Some advocates may also seek localized agency action to restrict uses 

where they feel that motorized access is causing resource damage or disturbance to wildlife, such as the actions 

pursued by the “Friends of McKay” to have the McKay Creek area on the Ochoco National Forest closed to all 

motorized access off of designated routes. 

The potential for conflict in Alternative 1 with these user groups is very high. Many non-motorized users feel 

there is currently a high level of conflict because motorized users are using non-motorized trails in areas that do 

not prohibit motorized access off of designated routes, and that their experience is ruined by the evidence of past 

use, or the sounds and other disturbance of actual trail encounters. Based on field personnel observations, 

motorized access for dispersed camping increasingly involves OHV uses in and around dispersed campsites, 

which disrupts the peace and quiet that non-motorized users seek when dispersed camping. As noted earlier, nonmotorized users and environmental advocates tend to be more susceptible to conflict from motorized users, and 

are less tolerant of these other uses, especially those that are fast, loud, and leave behind environmental 

disturbance from their activities. 

Alternative 1 would have the greatest potential impact on the environment, and would therefore be the least 

compatible Alternative for the attitudes, beliefs, and values of this community of interest. Based on projected 

recreation use trends, non-motorized users are likely to increasingly be in the majority in the central Oregon area. 

Adjacent Landowners and Residents 

Motorized Access On Designated Routes 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 270

Most motorized access on designated routes within the Wildland-Urban Interface would not change, although 

some change in motorized mixed use or increased signing of roads not open to OHV use would likely continue to 

increase. Many of these roads are currently major forest or county roads that do not allow for motorized mixed 

use. 

Motorized Access Off Designated Routes & Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

On the Deschutes National Forest, of the approximately 260,343 acres within the Wildland-Urban Interface, 

approximately 30% is generally open to motorized access off designated routes and about 70% currently has some 

limitation on motorized access off designated routes. On the Ochoco National Forest, the mix is roughly the same 

with about 74% of the approximately 24,929 acres within the Wildland-Urban Interface on the Ochoco National 

Forest having some limitation on motorized access off designated routes. This includes all categories of motorized 

access off designated routes of closed to all motorized access, closed to motorized access off designated routes, 

closed to OHV access and closed to OHV access off designated routes. On the Deschutes National Forest, 

approximately 33% of the total Wildland-Urban Interface has some restriction related to motorized access for 

dispersed camping, while about 57% of the Ochoco National Forest has some restriction related to motorized 

access for dispersed camping within the Wildland-Urban Interface. This includes areas closed to all motorized 

access or areas closed to motorized access for dispersed camping. Motorized access for dispersed camping along 

the Upper Deschutes and Metolius Wild and Scenic Rivers on the Deschutes National Forest (about 9,839, less 

than 1% of the Forest), is only allowed in designated sites. 

Population and rural residential development trends in lands adjacent to National Forest lands in the four-county 

area indicates a continued increase in the next decade. This would likely also result in an increase of new 

unauthorized motorized trails created for access from private land parcels or communities onto Forest Service 

lands for a variety of activities in Alternative 1. Conflicts between those who bought these homes and lands to be 

able to access National Forest lands with a motor vehicle compared to those who purchased the lands for privacy, 

solitude, and the peace and quiet of the forest would continue and could increase in this alternative. For those who 

value the peace and quiet, as with the non-motorized user groups, motorized access off of designated routes and 

motorized access for dispersed camping from other National Forest users are likely to increase in Alternative 1. 

The potential for future conflict with adjacent large landowners such as Ochoco Lumber or ranches is also high in 

Alternative 1, because user notification of motorized access off of designated routes would continue to be subject 

to clear signing requirements. Areas that are within the Wildland-Urban Interface that are currently open to 

motorized access also provide much higher potential for inadvertent trespass onto private lands unless they are 

well signed and posted. For those landowners who are opposed to motorized access off designated routes adjacent 

to their lands, impacts from that use would also likely increase and they would continue to be impacted from 

noise, dust, and potential inadvertent trespass. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would significantly reduce the amount of area open for motorized access off designated 

routes, to less than 1% of each of the two Forests. About 1% of each of the Forests would remain open to 

motorized access off designated routes (cross-country travel) in more than 200 designated areas across the two 

forests. Alternatives 2 and 3 would also substantially reduce the amount of area available for motorized access for 

dispersed camping by about 46% on the Deschutes and 52% on the Ochoco National Forest, although as noted 

earlier, most of this area is more than 300’ away from an open designated road and therefore may not materially 

affect motorized access for dispersed camping. The primary difference between Alternatives 2 and 3 would be 

additional limits on motorized access for dispersed camping to only existing, designated, or defined sites in 

upland areas, many of which may be adjacent to private lands. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 271

 Both Alternatives would result in a major change from the current perceived policy of “open unless posted 

closed,” to “closed unless shown as open on the Motor Vehicle Use Map.” Having one regulation that would be 

applied everywhere on all National Forests would be much easier for most users to understand and for managers 

and enforcers to explain than the myriad of regulations that apply currently on the Deschutes and Ochoco 

National Forest depending upon Forest Plan or other regulation or site specific policy. Road signing would 

become much more important for people to identify where they are, but they would not have to rely only upon 

signed areas to know if the area were closed or open to motorized access. Users would have a greater need to be 

able to read and understand a map to understand where they could drive a motor vehicle in Alternative 2 and 3 

than in Alternative 1. Both Alternatives 2 and 3 would require users have in their possession and be able to read 

the Motor Vehicle Use Map in order to understand where motorized access is or is not allowed, including 

motorized access for dispersed camping. This would result in a more uniform application locally, regionally, and 

nationally of where motorized access is allowed, and thus ultimately make it easier for people to understand 

where motorized access is allowed. Overall, Alternative 2 and 3 would require an increased awareness and 

knowledge by all users of where a highway or non-highway legal vehicle may be allowed, both on routes and 

adjacent to routes that allow for motorized access for dispersed camping under the new conditions of use. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would be likely to result in fewer localized motorized use restrictions based on resource 

damage or conflicts with other resources than would Alternative 1, because more areas would be closed to 

motorized access. Alternative 2 and 3 would not eliminate temporary localized closures or other public use 

restrictions because of wildfire or other special conditions. These would continue to require signing to notify 

people of additional restrictions. Alternatives 2 and 3 would likely also continue to have signing for the 

cooperative hunting areas, since these areas are posted by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, but they 

would not have to be posted because the Motor Vehicle Use Map will show any seasons of use for open 

designated roads. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would reduce the miles of road that are open to motorized access for non-highway legal 

vehicles by about 3% on the Deschutes and by about 8% on the Ochoco National Forest. 

Alternative 3 would have additional restrictions on motorized access for dispersed camping of limiting motorized 

access for dispersed camping to existing, designated, or defined sites everywhere motorized access for dispersed 

camping is allowed when compared to Alternative 2 which would only have those restrictions in riparian areas or 

upland areas with sensitive resources. This would make the map and regulations related to motorized access for 

dispersed camping easier to understand because the same provisions would apply everywhere. However, the 

trade-off would be additional restrictions on people’s motorized access for dispersed camping. 

Effects on Community of Interests 

Motorized and Aging and Less Physically-Able User 

Motorized Access on Open Designated Roads 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would reduce the miles of road that are open to motorized access for non-highway legal 

vehicles by about 3% on the Deschutes and by about 8% on the Ochoco National Forest. As described in the 

Public Safety and Recreation section of this Chapter in more detail, that could affect some non-highway legal 

vehicle users that are traveling on designate roads if there are not alternate routes available that allow nonhighway legal vehicles or motorized trails access. The amount and location of these roads as shown on the 

Motorized Mixed Use Map in Appendix A-2 is fairly minor, and would make motorized access to some areas 

inconvenient rather than eliminating all motorized access for most motorized users and aging and less physicallyable users. 

The Motor Vehicle Use Map that would be published for Alternatives 2 and 3 would also more clearly identify 

the open designated road system than Alternative 1, which relies on physical barricades, natural in growth, or 

posted signs to identify roads that have been put into storage and closed to motorized access or decommissioned. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 272

As noted in Alternative 1, motorized users and aging and less physically-able users may have been using roads 

that are not open to motorized access. Many of these roads may have offered opportunities for motorized access 

for dispersed camping, hunting, or gathering. Alternative 2 and 3 would limit these opportunities to at least some 

extent. In Alternatives 2 and 3, more than 80% of the National Forests acreage is within 1⁄2 mile of an open 

designated route. Although this indicates a relatively small percentage of the total acreage of the two Forests that 

would not be accessible by an open road to this community of users, the signed, open designated road system that 

would be published on every Motor Vehicle Use Map would not necessarily offer the same value of selfdiscovery or primitive access opportunities as those areas they now access. 

Motorized Access Off Designated Routes & Motorized access for dispersed camping 

The effects of both of these Alternatives are equally unfavorable to the community of users that value 

undeveloped, primitive access off of designated routes – whether roads or trails – for motorized access 

opportunities for solitude and to seek out the challenges of nature and natural topography, whether individually or 

with family members; and to pursue activities from a motor vehicle such as hunting and gathering off of 

designated roads and trails. There would continue, under both of these alternatives, to be an extensive system of 

roads and motorized trails that provide for many challenging and primitive motorized experiences. These 

Alternatives would continue to provide benefits to motorized users that value the challenge trail riding, or the 

opportunity for a variety of difficulty levels of designated trails systems with friends and family more than those 

that prefer a more undeveloped motorized experience. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 are more likely than Alternative 1 to contribute to the sense of crowding on the designated 

roads and trails and for motorized access for dispersed camping. Concentrating use into a smaller area could 

reduce the value that some trail riders experience, and could displace some users to public lands that are open to 

motorized access for dispersed camping. These Alternatives are likely to have a higher potential for conflict 

between motorized users because of the concentrated uses. Although there is a continued demand for expanded 

motorized trail opportunities across both Forests, especially for Jeep-type vehicles, the urgency of this demand 

and peoples’ overall displeasure with the range of opportunities available to them is likely to be higher in 

Alternatives 2 and 3 than in Alternative 1. 

Some additional opportunities for motorized access for dispersed camping on both the Ochoco and Deschutes 

National Forest would be available in Alternatives 2 and 3. In Alternative 1, all motorized access off of 

designated routes on the Crooked River National Grassland, and in some other “Travel Management Areas” such 

as the B&B, Opine, and McKay Creek area is currently prohibited, including motorized access for dispersed 

camping. Alternatives 2 and 3 would allow additional opportunities for motorized access for dispersed camping 

along most open designated routes on the two Forests, including the Crooked River National Grassland, and in the 

Opine, B&B, and McKay Creek Travel Management Areas, although the conditions for motorized access for 

dispersed camping would vary for Alternative 2 compared to Alternative 3. Alternatives 2 and 3 would represent 

an increased opportunity for motorized access for dispersed camping of about 70,000 acres (or about 4% increase) 

when compared with Alternative 1. Based on field personnel observation, many of these areas have been used for 

many years, and are highly valued areas for motorized access for dispersed camping. 

Non-motorized Users and Environmental Advocates

Alternatives 2 and 3 would both benefit those values that have been expressed by non-motorized users and 

environmental advocates. Prohibiting motorized access off of designated routes and limiting the areas and 

conditions for motorized access for dispersed camping would add a substantial amount of natural area free of the 

evidence of motorized users, especially OHVs. Although there is only about 20 percent of the National Forest 

lands that are more than one-half mile from an open designated road, Alternatives 2 and 3 are likely to 

significantly reduce the conflicts between motorized and non-motorized trail users. As described in the other 

resource sections of this Chapter, most natural resources would be beneficially affected by the proposed changes 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 273

to motorized access in Alternatives 2 and 3, and these benefits would reflect those values identified by 

environmental advocates as well. 

Alternative 3, because it would prohibit motorized access for dispersed camping in Inventoried Roadless Areas, 

would also favor those values that have been expressed by environmental advocate groups. 

Adjacent Landowners and Residents

Motorized Access On Designated Routes 

Approximately 9 miles of roads within Wildland-Urban Interface would change from mixed motorized use to 

highway legal vehicles only. This could have minor localized effects on residents. Similar to the effects of 

changing mixed use across the larger forest area, this change in road use is expected to be relatively minor. 

Motorized Access Off Designated Routes 

Under Alternatives 2 and 3, all motorized access to National Forest lands within the Wildland-Urban Interface 

would be restricted to designated routes and areas. This would reduce the sights, sounds, and other evidence of 

motorized users within the Wildland-Urban Interface and be very compatible with the values and lifestyles of 

landowners who purchased their land for peace and quiet and an undisturbed natural setting. For those landowners 

who value being able to access National Forest lands from their backyards, their ability to access National Forest 

with a motor vehicle would be reduced when compared with the current condition because all motorized travel 

would be on designated routes only. This would be less compatible with the lifestyle values identified by some 

members of this community of interest when compared with Alternative 1. 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would prohibit motorized access for dispersed camping on approximately 124,926 acres or 

48% of the total Wildland-Urban Interface on the Deschutes National Forest, and approximately 9,089 acres, or 

36% percent of the total Wildland-Urban Interface on the Ochoco. Approximately 61,716 acres on the Deschutes 

and 2,926 acres on the Ochoco would allow for motorized access for dispersed camping either year-round or in 

seasonal use periods under the general or special provisions described in Chapter 2. Alternatives 2 and 3 would 

designate approximately 19,298 acres on the Deschutes National Forest, and about 3,105 acres on the Ochoco as 

open to motorized access for dispersed camping that are currently closed to that use either year-round or 

seasonally under the general or special provisions described in Chapter 2. Alternative 3 would limit all motorized 

access for dispersed camping to existing, designated, or defined sites. This would be a change from Alternative 2 

for the Deschutes National Forest of approximately 42,418 acres that would only allow motorized access for 

dispersed camping to existing, designated or defined sites. On the Ochoco this would represent a change of 

approximately 1,445 acres that would only allow motorized access to existing, designated, or defined sites within 

the Wildland-Urban Interface. 

Most adjacent landowners and residents prefer less acres open to motorized access for dispersed camping adjacent 

to their homes or land, because it would increase their valued sense of privacy and reduce the potential for 

conflicts associated with the sights, sounds, and evidence of other people that have used motorized access for 

dispersed camping. Risk of fire from untended campfires that could threaten their homes or lives would also be 

reduced when fewer acres are available for motorized access for dispersed camping. Alternative 2 and 3 would 

substantially reduce the acres within the Wildland-Urban Interface that are open to motorized access for dispersed 

camping when compared to Alternative 1. Alternative 3 would potentially even further reduce the amount of area 

that is actually used for motorized access for dispersed camping to just those existing, designated, or defined sites. 

However, there is not a complete inventory of dispersed sites in order to make any quantifiable comparison 

between Alternatives 2 and 3. 

 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 274

Economic Effects 

Alternatives 1-3

None of the alternatives would significantly alter the range of recreation opportunities offered across the two 

Forests. OHV use is currently - and would be projected under all alternatives - to be a minor contributor to the 

overall recreation economy of the region. Although there is some economic data based on user surveys of the 

economic benefits of motorized access off designated routes by OHV users, the data clearly shows that the 

contributions of this use is not a significant economic factor. The degree to which this economic benefit would be 

affected by changing the amount of area available for these users is even less significant, since many users are, 

and will continue to be attracted to the areas motorized roads and trails, or come to experience other uses and only 

utilize their OHVs as a secondary activity. The economic contributions from activities which may be affected by 

changes in conditions for motorized access for dispersed camping such as driving for pleasure, or nonconsumptive viewing of wildlife would not generally be affected. 

Although some members of the public have said they will not hunt in an area with no motorized access, this is not 

anticipated to affect the overall economic contributions of hunting and fishing to the region’s economy because 

many hunters and anglers, and wildlife watchers would continue to be attracted to areas that limit motorized 

access. 

Effects on People with Disabilities 

Under section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, no person with a disability can be denied participation in a 

Federal program that is available to all other people solely because of his or her disability. There is, however, no 

legal requirement to allow people with disabilities use of motor vehicles on roads, trails, or other areas that are 

closed to motor vehicles. 

Some comments received during the travel management planning process expressed concern that changes to 

motorized access would prevent future access to National Forest system lands for those with disabilities. In 

response to these comments, a review of the project alternatives was conducted. This review found that changes in 

motorized access apply equally to all groups of people, and is therefore not discriminatory towards persons with 

disabilities. 

Civil Rights Impacts Analysis (CRIA) 

USDA Civil Rights Policy 

The Civil Rights Policy for the USDA, Departmental Regulation 4300-4 dated May 30, 2003, states that the 

following are among the civil rights strategic goals; (1) Managers, supervisors, and other employees are held 

accountable for ensuring that USDA customers are treated fairly and equitably, with dignity and respect; and (2) 

equal access is assured and equal treatment is provided in the delivery of USDA programs and services for all 

customers. This is the standard for service to all customers regardless of race, sex, national origin, age, or 

disabilities. 

Disparate impact, a theory of discrimination, has been applied to the Travel Management Planning process in 

order to reveal any such negative effects that may unfairly and inequitably impact beneficiaries regarding program 

development, administration, and delivery.78 The objectives of this review and analysis are to prevent disparate 

 

78 For more information on disparate impact theory, see The Evolution of Disparate Impact Theory of Discrimination, Harvard Journal of Legislation, vol. 

44 2007 (http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/jol/vol44_2/gordon.pdf) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 275

treatment and minimize adverse Civil Rights impacts that may have caused an effect of discrimination against 

minorities, women and persons with disabilities and to ensure compliance with all Civil Rights statutes, Federal 

regulations, and USDA policies and procedures. 

Civil Rights Monitoring and Evaluation 

It is the responsibility of the Deputy Chiefs for National Forest Systems to ensure that decision-makers are aware 

of this Civil Rights Impacts Analysis and that the alternatives and mitigations are considered. Any future travel 

management projects will be implemented only after an appropriate level of NEPA is completed and the decision 

documented. This project-level NEPA will be completed with adequate public involvement that will consider 

access and concerns from minorities, women, persons with disabilities, and low income populations. Continue to 

consult early and often with Oregon Tribal Governments regarding Special Areas of Historic Tribal Significance 

for implementation of travel management plans. 

Continue to design travel management planning and public involvement opportunities that consider access 

concerns from minorities, women, persons with disabilities, and low income populations. 

Determination that a CRIA is not needed 

On May 16, 2008, the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests embarked on a proposed action to improve 

management of motorized vehicle use on NFS lands within the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests in 

accordance with regulations at 36 CFR Parts 121, 251, 261, and 295, and as described in Travel Management; 

Designated Routes and Areas for Motor Vehicle Use; Final Rule (2005). 

The Notice of Intent (NOI) initiating the scoping process was published in the Federal Register on May 16, 2008. 

A summary of the comments received during the scoping process, the issues raised, and how they were addressed 

related to this EIS are included in Chapter 1. A comprehensive description of the community collaboration used to 

help develop the proposed action is also available on our website (http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/travelmgmt/index-projdocs-06-08.shtml) People have self-selected to participate in the public meetings, and to provide 

written comments and were not required to provide any information concerning individual demographic 

information. 

Groups and classes of persons have been reviewed within the social analysis section of the EIS. No groups or 

classes or persons were found to be disproportionately negatively affected by this travel management decision. 

This travel management decision applies equally to all members of the public, and therefore is not discriminatory 

to any person or group.

Wildlife 

Executive Summary 

A biological evaluation (BE) was completed describing the effects to threatened, endangered and sensitive (TES) 

fauna species associated with the Travel Management Rule Project Area on the Deschutes and Ochoco National 

Forests. 

A Joint Aquatic and Terrestrial Biological Assessment for Federal Lands within the Deschutes and John Day 

River Basin’s Administered by the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests was completed for 2006- 2009 

projects. The BA established project design criteria to simplify and reduce consultation with U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service (USFWS) for 2006 and future projects. The goal for the forests is to fully implement the criteria 

to achieve conservation and recovery objectives of federally listed, proposed, and candidate species. Project 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 276

design criteria are to be used as sideboards and a filter for our planning process. Criteria focus on habitat 

alteration and disturbance effects. Applicable criteria are documented in the biological evaluation process used 

for individual project alternative analysis and effects determinations on threatened, endangered, proposed, and 

candidate species. 

One threatened species, designated critical habitat, and 21 sensitive species, and/or their habitats are known or 

suspected to occur within the project area. The following is a summary of the findings of this biological 

assessment/evaluation of the effects of the proposed alternatives. 

 The No Action Alternative is not expected to have any effects on spotted owls and their associated 

habitats. 

 The Action Alternatives “May Effect, and are likely to have a Beneficial Effect” on the northern 

spotted owl and its habitats. Consultation is required for as this project type is not covered under the 

Project Design Criteria outlined in the FY2006-2009 Programmatic Biological Assessment. 

 The Action Alternatives “May Effect, and are likely to have a Beneficial Effect” on designated critical 

habitat (for both the 1992 and 2008 designations) for the northern spotted owl. Consultation is required 

for as this project type is not covered under the Project Design Criteria outlined in the FY2006-2009 

Programmatic Biological Assessment. 

 The No Action Alternative is not expected to have any impacts on sensitive species and their habitats. 

 Alternatives 2 & 3 would have a “Beneficial Impact” to the bald eagle, horned grebe, bufflehead, 

harlequin duck, American peregrine falcon, greater sage grouse, yellow rail, tri-colored blackbird, 

northern waterthrush, California wolverine, Pacific fisher, pygmy rabbit, Oregon spotted frog, Crater 

Lake tightcoil, silver-bordered fritillary, and Johnson’s hairstreak and their habitats for the Deschutes 

National Forest. 

 Alternatives 2 and 3 would have “No Impact” to the Lewis’ woodpecker, white-headed woodpecker, and 

Townsend’s big-eared bat and their habitats for the Deschutes National Forest. 

 Alternatives 2 and 3 would have a “Beneficial Impact” to the bald eagle, peregrine falcon, Townsend’s 

big-eared bat, and Johnson’s hairstreak and their habitats for the Ochoco National Forest. 

 Alternatives 2 and 3 would have “No Impact” to the bufflehead, western sage grouse, tri-colored 

blackbird, Lewis’ woodpecker, white-headed woodpecker, upland sandpiper, pygmy rabbit, Columbia 

spotted frog, and silver-bordered fritillary and their habitats for the Ochoco National Forest. 

 Alternatives 2 and 3 would be consistent with the Deschutes, Ochoco, and Crooked River National 

Grassland Land and Resource Management Plans for all sensitive species. 

In addition, management indicator species and species of concern (species identified in the Landbird Conservation 

Strategies, Birds of Conservation Concern, and High Priority Shorebirds) were analyzed. The following is a 

summary of the findings of the wildlife report on the effects of the proposed alternatives. 

 Alternatives 2 and 3 would result in decreased disturbance for 17 management indicator species (MIS) on 

the Deschutes and 3 MIS on the Ochoco while 4 MIS on the Deschutes and 5 MIS on the Ochoco remain 

unchanged. 

 Alternatives 2 and 3 would be consistent with the Standards and Guidelines for the Deschutes, Ochoco, 

and Crooked River National Grassland Land and Resource Management Plans for Management Indicator 

Species. Habitat would not be removed or altered and disturbance would be decreased for many species. 

 Alternatives 2 and 3 would result in decreased disturbance for 28 landbird species on the Deschutes and 

15 landbird species on the Ochoco while 9 landbird species on the Deschutes and 21 landbird species on 

the Ochoco remain unchanged. 

 Alternatives 2 and 3 is consistent with the biological objectives outlined in the Conservation Strategies for 

Landbirds of the East-slope Cascades, Columbia Plateau, and Northern Rocky Mountains. Habitat would 

not be removed or altered and disturbance is decreased for many species. 


Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 277

Affected Environment 

Central Oregon is a destination location and the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Crooked River 

National Grassland provide for many differing recreational opportunities ranging from historic uses such as 

hunting to more recent uses like hiking, kayaking, hang gliding, and off-highway vehicle use. Use of the forests 

has been steadily increasing. From 1990-2007, population growth from the tri-county area (Jefferson, Deschutes, 

and Crook counties) increased by 33%. It is assumed these counties would continue to grow resulting in a further 

increase in the use of the national forests and associated roads. 

The main effects of roads on wildlife include wildlife mortality, direct and indirect loss of habitat, and reduced 

connectivity. The factors influencing the vulnerability of wildlife include species behavior and ecology. For 

example species who are attracted to openings or edge habitats that roads provide are more likely to end up as 

road kill than those species who avoid openings for interior forests. 

Table 3-101 Characteristics making a species vulnerable to major effects of roads (Forman et al. 2003.) 

Characteristics making a Species Main Effects of Roads 

Vulnerable to Road Effects Road 

Mortality 

Habitat 

Loss 

Reduced 

Connectivity 

Attraction to Road Habitat X 

High Intrinsic Mobility X 

Habitat Generalist X 

Multiple Resource Needs X X 

Low Density/Large Area Requirement X X X 

Low Reproductive Rate X X X 

Forest Interior Species X X 

Behavioral Avoidance of Roads X X 

Not all species respond negatively to roads. Some species show positive responses to roads and road corridors 

may provide additional habitat for some species. New microclimates are often created along roads. Animals are 

attracted to transportation corridors for many reasons. These are generally related to habitat, facility of 

movement, and food resources. Habitat enhancements are often included during construction that may benefit 

some species. Roads do provide some benefits but these must be balanced against negative effects of roads. 

The following tables display threatened, endangered, and sensitive (TES) species and Management Indicator 

Species (MIS) for the Ochoco and Deschutes National Forests as well as landbird species required for analysis. 

Table 3-102. Threatened and Endangered Species Summary 

Species Habitat Deschutes or Ochoco 

Northern Spotted Owl Old Growth Mixed Conifer Forests Deschutes 

Table 3-103 Sensitive Species Summary for the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Crooked River National 

Grassland. 

Species Habitat Deschutes or Ochoco 

BIRDS 

Northern Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus 

leucocephalus) 

Lakeside with Large Trees Both 

Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola) Lakes, Snags Both 

Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus 

histrionicus) 

Rapid Streams, Large Trees Deschutes 

Horned Grebe (Podiceps auritus) Lake Deschutes 

Tricolored Blackbird (Agelaius Lakeside, Bullrush Both 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 278

Species Habitat Deschutes or Ochoco 

tricolor) 

Yellow Rail (Coturnicops 

noveboracensis) 

Marsh Deschutes 

Western Sage Grouse 

(Centrocercus urophasianus 

phaeios) 

Sagebrush Flats 

Both 

American Peregrine Falcon (Falco 

peregrinus anatum) 

Riparian, Cliffs Both 

Lewis’ Woodpecker (Melanerpes 

lewis) 

Large, open ponderosa pine and burned forests Both 

White-headed Woodpecker 

(Picoides albolarvatus) 

Large, open ponderosa pine Both 

Northern Waterthrush (Seiurus 

noveboracensis) 

Riparian vegetation including willows and alder Deschutes 

Upland Sandpiper (Bartramia 

longicauda) 

Upland fields Ochoco 

MAMMALS 

Pacific Fisher (Martes pennanti) Mixed, Complex Deschutes 

Pygmy Rabbit (Brachylagus 

idahoensis) 

Sagebrush Flats Both 

California Wolverine (Gulo gulo) Mix, High Elevation Both 

Townsend’s Big-eared Bat 

(Corynorhinus townsendii) 

Caves Both 

AMPHIBIANS 

Oregon Spotted Frog (Rana 

pretiosa) 

Stream, Marsh Deschutes 

Columbia Spotted Frog (Rana 

luteiventris)

Stream, Marsh Ochoco 

INVERTEBRATES 

Crater Lake Tightcoil (Pristiloma 

arcticum crateris) 

Riparian, Perennially Wet Both 

Silver-bordered Fritillary (Boloria 

selene atrocostalis) 

Open riparian bogs and marshes Both 

Johnson’s Hairstreak (Mitoura 

johnsonii) (Callophrys johnsonii) 

Coniferous forests with mistletoe Both 

Table 3-104. Management Indicator Species Summary for the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Crooked 

River Grassland. 

Species Habitat Deschutes or Ochoco 

Northern Goshawk (Accipiter 

gentiles) 

Mature and old-growth forests; especially high 

canopy closure and large trees Deschutes 

Coopers Hawk 

(Accipiter cooperi) 

Similar to goshawk, can also use mature 

forests with high canopy closure/tree density Deschutes 

Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter 

striatus) 

Similar to goshawk in addition to young, 

dense, even-aged stands Deschutes 

Great Gray Owl 

(Strix nebulosa) 

Mature and old growth forests associated with 

openings and meadows Deschutes 

Great Blue Heron 

(Ardea herodias) 

Riparian edge habitats including lakes, 

streams, marshes and estuaries Deschutes 

Golden Eagle 

(Aquila chrysaetos) 

Large open areas with cliffs and rock outcrops 

Deschutes 

Waterfowl* Lakes, ponds, streams Deschutes 

Red-tailed Hawk 

(Buteo jamaicensis) 

Large snags, open country interspersed with 

forests Deschutes 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 279

Osprey 

(Pandion haliaetus) 

Large snags associated with fish bearing 

water bodies Deschutes 

Neotropical Migrants* see 

Landbirds 

Various habitats 

Bats* Forested areas, riparian Deschutes 

Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus) Open woodlands 

Ochoco 

Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus 

pileatus) 

Dense, mature forests with large snags and 

logs Ochoco 

American Marten 

(Martes americana) 

Mixed Conifer or High Elevation late 

successional forests with abundant down 

woody material 

Deschutes 

Elk 

(Cervus elephas) 

Mixed habitats 

Deschutes 

Mule Deer 

(Odocoileus hemionus) 

Mixed habitats 

Deschutes 

Snags and Down Wood Associated 

Species and Habitat* or Primary 

Cavity Excavators 

Snags and down woody material 

Deschutes and Ochoco 

* - See Appendix 1 for a list of species. 

Table 3-105 Landbird Species for the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Crooked River Grassland. 

Species Habitat Landbird Plan 

White-headed woodpecker 

Ponderosa Pine - Large patches of old forest 

with large snags 

East-Slope Cascade 

Rocky Mountains BCR 9 

BCR 10 

Pygmy nuthatch Ponderosa Pine - Large trees East-Slope Cascade 

Rocky Mountains 

Chipping sparrow Ponderosa Pine - Open understory with 

regenerating pines 

East-Slope Cascade 

Rocky Mountains 

Lewis’ woodpecker Ponderosa Pine - Patches of burned old 

forest; Woodland - Large snags 

(cottonwood) 

East-Slope Cascade 

Columbia Basin 

Rocky Mountains BCR 9 

BCR 10 

Brown creeper Mixed Conifer - Large trees East-Slope Cascade 

Williamson’s sapsucker Mixed Conifer - Large snags East-Slope Cascade 

BCR 9 

BCR 10 

Flammulated owl 

Mixed Conifer - Interspersion grassy 

openings and dense thickets 

East-Slope Cascade 

BCR 9 

BCR 10 

Hermit thrush Mixed Conifer - Multi-layered/dense canopy East-Slope Cascade 

Olive-sided flycatcher Mixed Conifer - Edges and openings created 

by wildfire 

East-Slope Cascade 

Rocky Mountains 

BCR 10 

Black-backed woodpecker Lodgepole Pine - Old growth East-Slope Cascade 

Clark’s nutcracker Whitebark Pine - Old growth East-Slope Cascade 

Sandhill Crane Meadows - Wet/dry 

East-Slope Cascade 

Red-naped sapsucker Aspen - Large trees with regeneration East-Slope Cascade 

Columbia Basin 

Rocky Mountains 

Blue Grouse Subalpine fir - Patchy presence East-Slope Cascade 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 280

Species Habitat Landbird Plan 

Grasshopper Sparrow Steppe - Native bunchgrass cover Columbia Basin 

Loggerhead Shrike Shrub Steppe - Interspersion of tall shrubs 

and openings 

Columbia Basin BCR 9 

BCR 10 

Burrowing Owl Shrub Steppe - Burrows Columbia Basin 

Sage Grouse Sagebrush - Large areas of sagebrush with 

diverse understory of native grasses and 

forbs 

Columbia Basin 

Sage Sparrow Sagebrush - Large unfragmented patches Columbia Basin BCR 9 

BCR 10 

Brewer’s Sparrow Sagebrush – Sagebrush cover Columbia Basin BCR 9 

BCR 10 

Sage Thrasher Sagebrush – Sagebrush height Columbia Basin 

BCR 9 

BCR 10 

Lark Sparrow Shrublands – Ecotonal edges of herb, shrub, 

and tree habitats 

Columbia Basin 

Ferrunginous Hawk Juniper Steppe – Scattered mature juniper 

trees (savannah) 

Columbia Basin 

BCR 9 

BCR 10 

Bullock’s Oriole Woodland – Large canopy trees Columbia Basin 

Yellow Warbler Woodland – Subcanopy foliage Columbia Basin 

Yellow-breasted Chat Woodland – Dense shrub layer Columbia Basin 

Willow Flycatcher Shrub – Shrub density; Riparian Shrub – 

Willow/alder shrub patches 

Columbia Basin 

Rocky Mountains 

BCR 10 

Lazuli Bunting Shrub – Shrub-herbaceous interspersion Columbia Basin 

Gray Flycatcher Juniper Woodland – Mature juniper with 

regeneration 

Columbia Basin 

Prairie Falcon Cliff and Rimrock – Undeveloped foraging 

areas 

Columbia Basin 

Vaux’s Swift Mesic Mixed Conifer – Large snags Rocky Mountains 

Townsend’s Warbler Mesic Mixed Conifer – Overstory canopy 

closure 

Rocky Mountains 

Varied Thrush Mesic Mixed Conifer – Structurally diverse; 

multi-layered 

Rocky Mountains 

MacGillivray’s Warbler Mesic Mixed Conifer – Dense shrub layer in 

forest openings or understory 

Rocky Mountains 

Red-eyed Vireo Riparian Woodland – Canopy foliage and 

structure 

Rocky Mountains 

Veery Riparian Woodland – Understory foliage and 

structure Rocky Mountains 

Hermit Thrush Subalpine Forest Rocky Mountains 

Upland Sandpiper Montane Meadows Rocky Mountains 

Vesper Sparrow Steppe Shrublands Rocky Mountains 

Eared Grebe Open water intermixed with emergent 

vegetation 

BCR 9 

Long-billed Curlew Meadow/Marsh BCR 9 

BCR 10 

Calliope Hummingbird Open mountain meadows, open forests, 

meadow edges, and riparian areas 

BCR 9 

BCR 10 

Green-tailed Towhee Open ponderosa pine with dense brush BCR 9 

Pinyon Jay Juniper, juniper-ponderosa pine transition, 

and ponderosa pine edges 

BCR 9 

Swainson’s Hawk Open lands with scattered trees BCR 10 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 281

Species Habitat Landbird Plan 

Cassin’s Finch Open coniferous forests from subalpine to 

juniper woodlands 

BCR 10 

General effects will be discussed in this section. General effects will cover broad categories of species and those 

effects common to all alternatives. Species specific effects are discussed in the Biological Evaluation and 

Wildlife Report. Species specific effects are broken into sections by status such as federally listed species, 

sensitive species, management indicator species (MIS), and Species of Concern. Federally listed species include 

federally listed Threatened, Endangered or Candidate species. Sensitive species include the Region 6 Regional 

Forester’s Sensitive Species List of 2008. Management Indicator Species are those listed within each forest’s 

respective Land and Resource Management Plan (LRMP). Species of Concern include species identified in the 

Landbird Conservation Strategies, Birds of Conservation Concern, and High Priority Shorebirds. When a species 

is in more than one category, the discussion will be found in the more sensitive category. For example the whiteheaded woodpecker is a sensitive species, MIS, and Species of Concern. The analysis for the white-headed 

woodpecker would be found in the Sensitive Species Section of this analysis. 

Issue Statement

The proposed action would reduce the potential for vegetative wildlife habitat loss and disturbance from 

motorized vehicles as a result of changing where motorized access off designated routes is allowed and by 

modifying the conditions under which motorized access within 300’ of an open road would continue. Motorized 

access off designated routes has the potential to fragment, damage, or eliminate habitats or to disturb the use of 

some habitats due to noise or frequency of visits. Motorized use off designated routes is likely to have similar 

effects to motorized use on designated routes, except that use on designated routes is more likely to be 

concentrated and at higher speeds, while motorized use off designated routes is likely to be more dispersed and at 

somewhat slower speeds. The proposed action would reduce the amount of area open to motorized access off 

designated routes and reduce the amount of disturbance to wildlife species and habitat. 

Measures: 

 Acres of specific wildlife habitat: 

o Disturbed 

o Undisturbed 

Environmental Effects 

Wildlife Mortality – Direct and Indirect Effects

Road associated collisions occur between two moving objects – animals and vehicles – with animals usually 

losing, resulting in injury or death. Collisions between animals and vehicles are commonly reported and affect a 

wide range of species, from large mammals to amphibians (Gaines et al. 2003). Most research regarding wildlife 

mortality related to roads centers around paved roads with high speed limits. However, little research is available 

regarding unpaved roads with slower speed limits. For the most part systematic records of wildlife road kill 

mortality are non-existent and therefore, it is unknown what significance this may play on wildlife populations. 

The factors affecting road mortality of wildlife can be separated into two categories: 1) traffic, road, and 

landscape influences, and 2) species behavior and ecology. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 282

Traffic, road and landscape influences 

Collisions are influenced by vehicle speed and traffic volume. Studies have shown greater impacts with 

increasing speeds (Forman et al. 2003: 219, 783, 147, 440, 466; Mazerolle 2004). 

Most Forest Service roads are not paved and are designed for low speed limits. There is a low probability of 

wildlife mortality caused by vehicles on these roads except for those smaller, less mobile species (amphibians, 

reptiles, and some small mammals). The probability of vehicle caused mortality increases on Forest Service 

arterial roads as these are paved roads designed for increased speed limits (>50 mph). 

Wildlife mortality relates to direct mortality from collisions primarily from high speed roads. There are 290 miles 

of Forest Service paved roads occurring within the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and the Crooked 

River National Grassland. The probability of vehicle caused mortality increases with 90-150 cars/day traveling 

25-50 mile per hour (mph). Approximately 377 miles of double lane roads occur where the average speed is ≥40 

mph. The probability of mortality increases with increased speed limits and increased traffic volume. 

The greatest probability of vehicle caused mortality occurs on the State highways that pass through National 

Forest lands. A survey conducted by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife in cooperation with the Oregon 

Department of Transportation has documented approximately 770 known mule deer mortalities along a 100 mile 

stretch of Highway 97 from October 2005 to July 2008. However, this may only be a proportion of the known 

mortalities. Forman et al. (2003) suggest the number of unreported deer mortalities can range from 50% to 6 

times the reported number. Other studies have estimated up to 15 times the reported number. This ODFW study 

is using a factor of 5 times the reported number which accounts for pregnant does hit in the spring and represents 

2 to 3 deer killed (S.Wray pers. comm.). 

Species behavior and ecology 

Some species are more vulnerable to being killed than others. Species that occur in low densities and have low 

reproductive rates are more susceptible to additional mortality (i.e. large carnivores) (Forman et al. 2003: 519, 

1051, 325). In addition, higher mobility species appear to be more vulnerable to road mortality. Traffic volume 

has been found to have greater effects on highly mobile population densities than compared to little effect on less 

mobile species (Forman et al. 2003: 143, 144). 

Habitat generalists, like deer and elk, are also more vulnerable to road mortality. This may be explained by the 

tendency of habitat generalists to venture more readily into unfamiliar habitats like roads, than a habitat specialist. 

For example, species that avoid open habitats (i.e. roads) are less vulnerable to road mortality. 

Natural and seasonal movement patterns may lead to road mortality especially during specific seasons like spring 

and fall migrations of deer between summer range and winter range. Conrad and Gipson (2006) found that 

animal behavior and abundance was more influential in determining the frequency of wildlife-vehicle collisions 

than seasonal changes in traffic volumes, especially in areas with lower traffic volumes. In another example, 

more long-tailed weasels were killed on highways and roads in eastern Washington during the summer breeding 

season when mobility was increased (Forman et al. 2003). 

Amphibians/Reptiles 

Amphibian and reptile road caused mortalities are probably underrepresented in mortality counts due to their size 

and that scavengers may remove traces of them quickly (Forman et al. 2003; Mazerolle 2004). Frogs, toads, and 

snakes are susceptible to road kill, especially during seasonal migrations (Forman et al. 2003: 522, 412, 30; 

Mazerolle 2004; Montana TWS 1999). The probability of amphibians being killed on a busy highway has been 

found to be between 89-98% (Forman et al. 2003: 412). 

Carnivores 

Road kill impacts are more serious when species are threatened or endangered or of great conservation concern. 

Wide-ranging carnivores are particularly vulnerable to traffic accidents. Road kill mortality as a result of 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 283

collisions has been found to be a large factor in Florida panthers, ocelots, cougars in California, Iberian lynx, and 

wolves in Minnesota (Forman et al. 2003: 585, 414, 61, 284, 340). ODOT has very few records of carnivores 

killed on Highway 97 in Deschutes and Klamath counties. According to dispatch records from 1999 through 

2006, only 3 bears were reported out of 40 records. The majority of mortalities included coyotes along with a few 

badgers. Caution should be used however as this data is not focused on road kill data collection specifically. 

Conclusion 

There are currently no plans to reduce or increase the number of paved roads on either the Deschutes or Ochoco 

National Forests. Mortality on the paved roads and highways is likely to increase as traffic volume increases. 

On-going studies for highway expansions and improvements should include travel ways for wildlife that could 

mitigate the effect of increased traffic. Habitats away from roads that provide for healthy populations will be 

important to offset road mortalities. 

Habitat Loss – Direct and Indirect Effects

Habitat loss relates to direct loss of habitat from the roads and road prisms. This loss of habitat has occurred 

throughout various habitat types and affects to species varies. See Table 3-106 for the acres of direct habitat lost 

on the forests. This does not reflect non-system, user created roads that may exist on the landscape. 

Table 3-106. Acres of direct habitat lost as a result from roads and road prisms. 

Deschutes National 

Forest 

Ochoco National 

Forest 

Total 

Total Forest Acres 1,613,040 723,905 2,336,945 acres 

Miles of Open Road 6,132 miles 1,886 miles 8,018 miles 

Acres of Open Road 11,151 acres 3,296 acres 14,447 acres 

Miles of Closed Road 2,050 miles 1,358 miles 3,408 miles 

Acres of Closed Road 3,482 acres 3,833 acres 7,315 acres 

Total Miles of Road 8,182 miles 3,244 miles 11,426 miles 

Total Acres of Habitat 

Lost 

14,633 acres 7,129 acres 21,762 acres 

Road Construction 

Road construction results in the direct loss of habitat and could result in indirect habitat loss of surrounding 

habitat. Some species are more vulnerable to habitat loss than others. Large, long-lived species with large area 

requirements, low densities, and low reproductive rates (i.e. carnivores) are a prime example (Forman et al. 2003: 

342, 325). Interior dependent species are vulnerable to declining patch size which results in an increased edge 

effect (Forman et al. 2003: 66). Roads being long and linear create a lot of edge habitat that results in an 

additional loss of suitable habitat for those interior dependent species (Forman et al. 2003: 752, 760). Species 

mobility also affects how vulnerable they are to habitat loss. Some studies suggest more mobile species are able 

to cope better to habitat loss (Forman et al. 2003: 387). However, when factoring in a high rate of mortality of 

individuals in “non-habitat”, highly mobile species are actually more vulnerable to habitat loss than less mobile 

species (Forman et al. 2003: 302, 82, 349). 

Conclusion 

Road construction rates on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Grassland are low. Most projects 

occurring now utilize existing roads or employ the use of temporary spurs which are obliterated after projects are 

complete. Therefore, further habitat loss from the construction of new roads will be minimal in the future. 

Habitat Quality – Direct and Indirect Effects

Road Disturbance 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 284

Roads alter the quality of habitat adjacent to them primarily as a result of noise from traffic disturbance. The road 

effect zone, depending on species could extend up to hundreds of meters from the road. Within this zone many 

species exhibit lower breeding densities and reduced species richness. Considering the road density plus the total 

area of avoidance zones, the ecological impact of road avoidance exceeds the impact of road kills or direct habitat 

loss from road corridors (Forman and Alexander 1998). This is known as the “road-effect zone” (Forman 2000). 

Forman (2000) also describes the “road effect distance” which is the distance that a significant effect extends 

from a road. The distances for which effects are seen in wildlife species vary. However, Forman (2000) cited a 

road effect zone for secondary roads of 200 meters, indicating this is a rough estimate for a highly variable zone. 

It should be noted however that secondary roads were defined as having a traffic volume of 10,000 vehicles/day 

or less which is far greater than occurs on our forest roads. Forman calculated that approximately 19% of the total 

area of the United States is directly affected ecologically by roads and associated vehicle traffic and he noted 

roads in rural areas show a greater ecological effect than those occurring in more urban areas. The road effect 

distance can equate to reduced habitat quality for some species and habitat loss for others. 

Noise 

Noise is a major factor in wildlife displacement and avoidance of habitat. Noise can be defined as any “humanmade sound that alters the behavior of animals or interferes with their normal functioning” (Bowles in Knight and 

Gutzwiller 1995). Effects of noise on most wildlife species is poorly understood (AMEC 2005). The potential 

effects of noise on wildlife include (AMEC 2005, Forman and Alexander 1998): 

 Acute or chronic physiological damage to the auditory system (hearing loss) 

 Increased energy expenditure 

 Physical injury incurred during panicked responses 

 Interference with normal activities, such as feeding and breeding 

 Impaired communication among individuals and groups 

 Increase in stress hormones 

 Altered behaviors 

The impacts of these effects may include habitat loss through avoidance, reduced reproductive success, and 

mortality (AMEC 2005). 

Decreased Sensitivity to Sound 

An animal’s sensitivity to sound varies with the frequency band to which it is most sensitive to (AMEC 2005). 

Sound is usually measured in decibels (dB) and can vary with distance from the source due to a variety of factors 

like topography, weather, features that act as barriers (trees), volume, and the source (AMEC 2005). Noise 

emitted from many OHVs today can reach as high as 90 dBs (V. Ramming, pers. comm.). Although sounds from 

OHVs are not the loudest sounds, they are emitted more frequently in wildlife habitats than other high intensity 

sounds (Brattstrom and Bondello 1983 in Ouren et al. 2007) and effects on animals can be significant. For 

example, sand lizards and kangaroo rats exposed to playback recordings of dune buggies at lower decibels than 

they would have been actually exposed to experienced hearing loss for weeks after and were unresponsive to 

predator sounds (Brattstrom and Bondello 1983 in Ouren et al. 2007). 

Communication Confusion 

Human made noise has the potential of interfering with animal communication signals, sounds animals listen to 

for orientation, and for predator-prey detection (Erbe et al. 1999 in AMEC 2005). For example, Reynolds et al. 

(1992) has shown that human disturbance near northern goshawk nests is a suspected cause of nest abandonment. 

Noisy environments can cause problems with intra-species communication (i.e. breeding season), and can 

interfere with detection, discrimination, and localization of appropriate signals (Wollerman 1998 in AMEC 2005). 

This could have severe effects to populations whose numbers are already low (AMEC 2005). Vehicle noise may 

indirectly cause mortality by eliminating a species’ ability to detect and capture necessary food items and detect 

and avoid predators (Montana TWS 1999). In addition, ambient (background) noise affects the distance at which 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 285

vocalizations, human-made noises, and other sounds can be detected (AMEC 2005). Ambient noise in terrestrial 

environments includes sounds like animal calls and songs (e.g. birds, frogs, and insects), water, and wind (AMEC 

2005). At times, OHV noise may simulate natural sounds (e.g. thunder) to which animals are adapted and result 

in negative effects. In a study conducted by Brattstrom and Bondello (1983 in Ouren et al. 2007), spadefoot toads 

subjected to taped motorcycle sounds emerged prematurely from their burrows during the wrong season (absence 

of rain). 

Physiological effects 

Noise may lead to physiological effects (functions and activities of life) and shifts in the use of available habitat 

(Barton and Holmes 2007; Fletcher et al. 1999, Eigenbrod et al. 2007; Forman et al. 2003; and Gaines et al. 

2003). Road corridors resulting in reduced habitat quality express effects by either a decrease in abundance or 

density of breeding individuals or by behavioral responses like road avoidance (Forman et al. 2003; McGregor et 

al. 2008, Barton and Holmes 2007; Fletcher et al. 1999, and Eigenbrod et al. 2007). 

Stress 

Responses to noise disturbance may have physiological impacts on wildlife. Animals exhibit increases in stress 

hormones from disturbance related to roads. Studies have shown that species closer to roads or living in areas of 

high road densities have increased stress hormones (spotted owls Wasser et al. 1997) and reduced reproductive 

success (mule deer, Yarmoloy 1988 in Ouren et al. 2007). 

Impacts of short-term effects of noise disturbance on individuals and populations are unknown. For some species, 

brief interruptions in normal behavior may result in little effect on reproductive success or energy expenditure. 

Noises resulting in one-time acute responses are less likely to have population level effects than are those sounds 

that animals are exposed to repeatedly to over extended periods of time (OSB 2003 in AMEC 2005). In contrast, 

Forman and Alexander (1998) state that responses to roads with little traffic (individual vehicles periodically 

passing) may elicit behavioral responses similar to those exhibited during acute disturbances rather than the 

effects of chronic disturbance along roads. 

Habitat Loss 

Habitat loss is a potential impact of noise disturbance on wildlife. Studies on ungulates and carnivores have 

shown heavily traveled roads are avoided or used little in comparison to lightly traveled roads (Forman et al. 

2003: 797, 615, 913, 579, 350, 302, Rowland et al. 2005). Large mammals tend to have lower population 

densities within 100-200 meters of roads and other animals seem to avoid roads (i.e. arthropods, small mammals, 

birds) (Forman and Alexander 1998, Barton and Holmes 2007, Eigenbrod et al. 2007, Fletcher et al. 1999, 

Montana TWS 1999, Gaines et al. 2003, and Ouren et al. 2007). Mountain goats were found to run away from the 

road edge when truck gears were being shifted over 0.6 miles away (Lyren 2001 in Ouren et al. 2007). 

Breeding birds are heavily affected by traffic disturbance (i.e. noise) and studies have shown reduced densities 

near highways and trails (Forman et al. 2003: 699, 660, 767, 768, 294; Barton and Holmes 2007, Montana TWS 

1999). Birds are reported to show the most dramatic negative responses to road noise proportionate to the level of 

traffic (Kaseloo 2006). In one study, 7 of 12 grassland bird species had reduced breeding densities near roads 

(van der Zande et al. 1980, Reijnen et al. 1995) and in a Boston study, breeding density of at least two grassland 

bird species declined with increasing traffic volume (Kaseloo 2006). In addition, 26 of 43 woodland bird species 

showed declines in population density with increasing traffic volumes (Reijnen and Foppen 1995 in Kaseloo 

2006). Van der Zande et al. (1980) found four shorebird species in open grassland areas were disturbed within 

500-600 meters of a quiet rural road and within 1600-1800 meters of a busy highway. This resulted in 

populations being decreased as much as 60% over these distances. Reijnen et al. (1995) reported the road effect 

distance in open habitats may extend to more than 1000 meters and up to several hundred meters in woodlands 

(Reijnen and Thissen 1987) in those areas with high traffic volumes. In addition, Miller et al. (1998 in Montana 

TWS 1999) identified the zone of influence for songbirds as 75-100 meters. Barton and Holmes (2007) found 

daily abandonment rates of songbird nests was four times higher at nests <100 meters from motorized trails than 

those >100 meters away. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 286

Hutto (1995) reported that brown creepers and golden-crowned kinglets were twice as likely to occur in habitats 

>100 meters from a road while Foppen and Reijnen (1994) found roads and motorized trails influenced bird 

reproduction to a distance of 200 meters. Gaines et al. (2003) also used 200 meters on either side of roads as an 

index to evaluate the effects of displacement and avoidance for species that use late-successional habitats (e.g. 

northern goshawk, northern spotted owl, brown creeper, pygmy and white-breasted nuthatches, and white-headed 

woodpecker). Rodgers and Smith (1995) found great blue herons reacted to humans afoot more than traffic and 

flushed at a mean distance of 32.0 + 12.3 meters. They recommended a 100 meter setback to limit disturbance 

near nesting colonies. The 250 meter zone of influence for waterfowl species used by Gaines et al. (2003) was 

based on distances at which waterfowl and colonial nesters have been observed to be affected by human 

disturbance (Hamann et al. 1999, Kelly 1992, Markham and Brechtel 1979, Rodgers and Smith 1995, and Vos et 

al. 1985). Dubois and Hazelwood (1987 in Montana TWS 1999) recommended buffer distances of 0.4 – 1.2 km 

around nests during the nesting season for raptors. Holmes et al. (1993 in Montana TWS 1999) recommended a 

14-190 meter buffer to avoid flushing golden eagles from perches while foraging. 

Access for predators 

Mortality can also increase in habitats near roads for some species. There is increased human contact with 

animals resulting in intentional or accidental killing. Roads provide greater access for both humans and predators 

to habitats previously not accessed (Forman et al. 2003: 579, 115, 451,742). Roads and trails used during the 

winter by snowmobiles often results in snow compaction and may provide access routes for competitors and 

predators to areas used by species like lynx (Gaines et al. 2003). Roads and trails may facilitate access for 

falconers to remove young raptors from nests (Erdman et al. 1998 in Gaines et al. 2003) and result in increased 

poaching of animals, particularly big game (Cole et al. 1997, ODFW pers. comm.). Roads and trails are used by 

trappers and increase the vulnerability of species like fisher and marten to overharvest (Gaines et al. 2003). And 

habituation may occur if the stimulus occurs repeatedly with benefits (e.g. access to food) and without negative 

effects. 

Conclusion 

A 200 meter buffer was applied to all open system roads on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests 

regardless of road surface, travel speed or use parameters. This is to display the road effect distance where effects 

to wildlife species are the greatest. See Table 3-107 for the total forest acres, acres included in the road effect 

distance, and the percentage of each forest affected by the road effect distance. 

Table 3-107. Total Acres Included in the Road Effect Distance (200m) for the Deschutes and Ochoco National 

Forests. 

Forest Total Forest Acres Acres within Road 

Effect Distance 

Percent of Each 

Forest in Road Effect 

Distance 

Deschutes 1,613,040 713,532 44% 

Ochoco 723,905 245,834 34% 

Over one third of Forest Service lands on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests lay within this effect 

distance, resulting in disruption of life functions and activities to various degrees for many species. 

In addition to State highways and county owned roads running through the two forests, there are approximately 

527 miles of road on the Deschutes and 607 miles of road on the Ochoco that have a traffic volume of > 20 

cars/day which may result in increased habitat avoidance due to noise, increased stress levels, and increased 

habitat loss due to avoidance. 

Improved Habitat Quality – Indirect Effects 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 287

Not all species respond negatively to roads. Some species show positive responses to roads and road corridors 

may provide additional habitat for some species. For example, at times red-winged blackbirds are more abundant 

near roads (Forman et al. 2003: 162). In some cases, rodents appear to be either unaffected or positively 

influenced by roads. New microclimates are often created along roads. Ditches serving as wetlands provide 

habitat for amphibians, bridges provide habitat for bats, and plants seem to prefer certain substrates (Forman et al. 

2003). Animals are attracted to transportation corridors for many reasons. These are generally related to habitat, 

facility of movement, and food resources. Habitat enhancements are often included during construction that may 

benefit some species. For example, perches are often constructed providing additional perching habitat for raptors 

and fencing may increase forage and cover for small mammals (Forman et al. 2003: 8). Increased nitrogen levels 

are associated with heavily traveled roads (Forman et al. 2003: 23). This has a positive effect for insects and 

grasshoppers (Forman et al. 2003: 737) and produces high quality forage for herbivores. Increased populations of 

small mammals can lead to increased predators like coyotes and hawks. Collisions may increase where animals 

are foraging adjacent to roads and road kill provides additional food resources for scavengers. Human feeding 

attracts some species like coyotes, bears, and ravens. This feeding may be intentional or as result of food thrown 

out or garbage occurring along the road. This may lead to habituation of some animals which may lead to other 

effects. Roads do provide some benefits but these must be balanced against negative effects of roads. 

Connectivity and Barriers – Indirect Effects

Landscape connectivity relates to the amount of fragmentation and/or disruption of movement from road 

associated barriers. 

Landscape connectivity is the degree to which the landscape facilitates animal movement and other ecological 

flows (Forman et al. 2003: 494, 905, 302, 400, 73). High landscape connectivity is a landscape that has few 

barriers and where animals move freely. High landscape connectivity is important because multi-habitat 

organisms move through the landscape to different habitat types in order to meet daily and life needs (Forman et 

al. 2003: 232). Barriers that impede movement (i.e. roads) result in higher mortality, lower reproductive success, 

and smaller populations. High landscape connectivity also allows for movements to re-populate areas that have 

experienced local declines or extinctions and minimizes inbreeding (Forman et al. 2003: 1035, 520, 73). Barriers 

to movement result in habitats that are devoid of populations or contain smaller populations than could be 

supported. This leads to an increased probability of species loss. 

Little is known about the long lasting effects of roads on animal populations in terms of reduced mobility, 

increased isolation, and/or splitting of gene pools. Isolation caused by physical barriers (i.e. roads) to movement 

can reduce gene flow leading to genetic effects (Forman et al. 2003: 31, 1009). Reducing gene flow between 

populations results in negative effects of inbreeding or inbreeding depression which often results in weak or 

sterile offspring. Riley et al. (2006) conducted a study to determine at what level are busy freeways resulting in 

physical and social barriers to gene flow in two highly mobile carnivores (coyote and bobcat). They found that 

high survival rates, small home ranges, high home range overlap, and barrier effects of the freeway resulted in 

territory packing along hard boundaries (freeway). This produced social and behavioral barriers to dispersers in 

that dispersers were unlikely to obtain and hold territories near the freeway. Therefore, roads reduced the gene 

flow below the expected migration rates. 

Permeability 

Individual behavior and habitat requirements often influence when animals cross roads. Traffic volume may be a 

key factor in determining corridor permeability (susceptibility of being crossed) of all roads, especially for large 

mammals (Forman et al. 2003). For some animals, high traffic volumes pose barriers while others may shift 

behavior and cross during low traffic volumes. Crossings are also influenced by adjacent habitat quality (Forman 

et al. 2003: 350, 107). Some studies show secondary and unpaved roads have little effect on movement of large 

mammals and are more permeable than paved roads (Forman et al. 2003: 115, 78, 107, 350). However, Rowland 

et al. (2005) reported elk avoid areas near open roads with bulls exhibiting a stronger avoidance than cows 

(Marcum and Edge 1991 in Rowland et al. 2005). This may be similar for small mammals and amphibians. Road 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 288

width affects movements of some small mammals. McGregor et al. (2008) found small mammals avoid the road 

surface rather than traffic noise. Most individuals translocated across the road did not return but densities did not 

decrease near the road and the road instead acted as a barrier to movement and funneled movement along the road 

edge. Roads have been shown to alter or preclude amphibian seasonal movements to breeding ponds (Gibbs 

1998, Vos and Chardon 1998 in Ouren et al. 2007). Jaeger et al. (2005 in McGregor et al. 2007) surmised the 

type of avoidance (road itself or traffic) is critical to predict effects of roads on population persistence. If roads 

create barriers to movement, this could reduce the likelihood or speed of recolonization of empty forest patches. 

Another factor influencing the barrier effect is the relative permeability of the road and the adjacent edge habitat. 

Edge effects can be realized in a variety of impacts including habitat fragmentation, barriers to movement, altered 

predator/prey relationships, removal of critical habitat components, increased mortality, allowing competitors and 

predators into areas not previously accessed, and impacts from noise disturbance. Edge effects from roads and 

trails extend well beyond the actual road footprint (Reed et al.1996). 

Movement may depend upon the abruptness of the edge and the species habitat needs (Forman et al. 2003). 

Demaynadier and Hunter (1998 in Montana TWS 1999) found salamanders, frogs, and toads were all negatively 

affected by forest edges but found salamanders were much more sensitive to abrupt forest edges than frogs or 

toads. Barrier effects of roads affects species differently depending on the animal’s behavior, dispersal ability, 

and population density (Forman et al. 2003). A species dispersal ability – the distance it can move and its ability 

to move through matrix habitat – affects patch occupancy patterns (Montana TWS 1999). Semlitsch (1998 in 

Montana TWS 1999) found six species of Ambystoma salamanders varied in their dispersal and use of habitat 

surrounding ponds. Some of the species dispersed and used terrestrial habitat up to 250 meters from the pond 

edge. In addition, Hart et al. (1998 in Montana TWS 1999) found northern alligator lizards were positively 

affected by forest edges and had increased dispersal rates near road edges. 

Fragmentation 

Roads contribute to forest fragmentation by dissecting large patches into smaller patches. This results in 

decreased interior forest habitat and increased edge habitat (Askins et al. 1987, Small and Hunter 1988, 

Schonewald-Cox and Buechner 1992, and Askins 1994, in Montana TWS 1999, Reed et al. 1996). Habitat 

fragmentation from corridors (roads) reduces a species capacity by disrupting continuous forest cover and 

reducing space required by interior species. Patch size and distribution can determine the probability that a patch 

may be occupied (Laan and Verboom 1990, Fahrig 1998 in Montana TWS 1999). The degree of patch isolation is 

negatively associated with patch occupancy (Sjogren 1991, Vos and Stumpel 1995, and Branch et al. 1996 in 

Montana TWS 1999). For example, ditches meant to drain forest areas between frog ponds isolated them even 

though the distance between was not altered (Sjogren-Gulve and Ray 1996 in Montana TWS 1999). Rich et al. 

(1994 in Montana TWS 1999) found roads measuring 16 meters wide had an affect on songbirds. Hutto (1996) 

found that some songbirds may occur less commonly in smaller forest patches than in larger forest patches. 

Hickman (1990 in Montana TWS 1999) found similar results as Hutto but on trails 2-3 meters wide. 

Riparian areas are usually areas of high diversity. Fragmentation of riparian habitats by roads may create greater 

impacts on the landscape. Patch size is reduced and roads may separate important habitat associations between 

the uplands and riparian areas. Connected riparian and upland habitats were more effective in meeting habitat 

needs for a large variety of songbirds (Hutto 1995). 

Road edges may serve as ecological traps (Andrews 1990 in Ouren et al. 2007). These areas may have the 

necessary resources for species occupation but impose high mortality rates. For example, some bird species are 

attracted to roadsides due to the lush vegetation for nesting and foraging (Clark and Karr 1979 in Ouren et al. 

2007). Although the area contains suitable habitat, these individuals are at great risk of mortality of being hit by 

vehicles (Mumme et al. 2000 in Ouren et al. 2007). In addition, avian nests can experience increased mortality 

due to high predation rates (Yahner et al. 1979 in Ouren et al. 2007). 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 289

Roads may act as barriers for some species but may aid in the dispersal of other native and non-native species. 

For example, the construction of the United States interstate highway system created avenues for dispersal by 

grassland species due to the adjacent dense grass habitat (Forman et al. 2003: 347). Roads can also promote the 

increased distribution of wildlife populations unlikely to be common in an area which may exert additional 

competitive pressure on native species (Ouren et al. 2007). Rich et al. (1994 in Ouren et al. 2007) found corridors 

attracted brown-headed cowbirds and nest predators to the corridors and the adjacent forest interior. Predation 

rates may also increase in small patches as these are easier for predators to penetrate. Adjacent roads provide 

travel corridors into forested habitat from nearby areas (Small and Hunter 1988, Askins 1994 in Montana TWS 

1999). 

Roads can affect predator prey associations. Wolves are less abundant in areas with high road densities (Forman 

et al. 2003: 908, 456, 618, 644). However, in areas with little human use, roads provide easy travel routes and 

access to prey (Forman et al. 2003: 913, 415). The presence of infrastructure along roads can also alter predator 

prey relationships. Knight and Kawashima (1993 in Ouren et al. 2007) found ravens increased their distribution 

throughout the Mojave Desert. They perched on utility structures along roads to scan for carcasses. Berry et al. 

(1986 in Ouren et al. 2007) reported ravens being responsible for 68-75% of the mortality among juvenile desert 

tortoises on two plots. 

Conclusion 

Currently, Highway 97 is creating a barrier to movement for many wildlife species, especially big game. As 

human use continues to increase across the two forests, the other state highways (20, 26, 58, and 126) and highly 

traveled arterials (Metolius Basin area, Cascade Lakes Highway, Sunriver area, McKay Creek, and Big Summit 

Prairie) are likely to become barriers as well. Impacts to local mule deer herds have been documented as declines 

in the population have been seen due to the difficulty in crossing Highway 97. As human use increases, it is 

likely wildlife species have shifted their behavior to cross highly used arterials during low traffic volume periods 

or are crossing at other locations resulting in the avoidance of suitable habitat patches. 

Fragmentation is moderate to high across the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests. Roads have resulted in 

smaller patch sizes with few large patches remaining (i.e. Newberry Monument, Oregon Cascades Recreation 

Area, Mt. Bachelor, roadless areas, Lookout Mountain Management Area, Rock/Cottonwood, and wilderness 

areas). This has resulted in increased edge habitat with 44% of the Deschutes and 34% of the Ochoco within the 

road effect distance. 

Comparison of Alternatives 

The following section displays the comparison of alternatives for TES, MIS, and Landbird species. In most cases, 

potentially suitable habitat acres were analyzed for each species. In some cases, habitat allocations were used. 

Northern Spotted Owl 

Nesting, Roosting, and Foraging Habitat 

Implementation of the Action Alternatives would greatly reduce disturbance to nesting, roosting, and foraging 

(NRF) habitat overall for the spotted owl. As can be seen from Table 3-108, there would be a 58% decrease in 

disturbance to NRF habitat across the forest. In addition, there would be a 30% decrease in disturbance to NRF 

habitat in the 2008 Critical Habitat Units (CHU) and a 4% decrease in the historic (1992) Critical Habitat Units. 

NRF habitat within Late-Successional Reserves (LSR) shows a 7% decrease in disturbance to habitat while home 

ranges show a 3% decrease. Overall, there would be a beneficial effect to suitable NRF habitat across the forest. 

Table 3-108 NRF habitat comparison for Alternatives 2 and 3 (Deschutes NF). 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 290

NRF Habitat 

Alt. 1 – No Action Undisturbed 

NRF Acres 

Alts. 2 & 3 – Action Alternatives 

Undisturbed NRF Acres 

NRF 5% 63% 

NRF – CHU 20% 50% 

NRF – Historic CHU 46% 50% 

NRF – LSR 45% 52% 

NRF-Home Ranges 55% 58% 

Late-Successional Reserves 

Implementation of the Action Alternatives would reduce disturbance within Late-Successional Reserves. As can 

be seen from Table 3-109, there would be a 14% decrease in disturbance to habitat within LSRs across the forest 

overall. In addition, implementation of the action alternatives resulted in 4 LSR’s with decreased disturbance to 

habitat overall (Brown’s Mountain, Davis, Metolius, and Three Creeks) (Table 3-109). Implementation of the 

action alternatives resulted in two LSR’s with decreased disturbance to NRF habitat (Brown’s Mountain and 

Metolius) while the remaining LSRs remained constant as many of the LSR’s were already closed to travel off 

designated routes. 

Table 3-109 LSR and NRF habitat within LSRs comparison for Alternatives 2 and 3 (Deschutes NF). 

LateSuccessional 

Reserve 

Alt. 1 – No Action 

Undisturbed 

Acres 

Alts. 2 & 3 – 

Action 

Alternatives 

Undisturbed 

Acres 

Alt. 1 – No Action 

Undisturbed NRF 

Acres 

Alts. 2 & 3 – 

Action 

Alternatives 

Undisturbed NRF 

Acres 

Cultus 58% 58% 48% 48% 

Sheridan 42% 42% 57% 57% 

Brown’s Mtn. 2% 61% 9% 71% 

Round Mtn 87% 87% 92% 92% 

Davis 13% 58% 50% 50% 

Crescent 33% 33% 22% 22% 

Upper Big Marsh 97% 97% 97% 97% 

Lower Big Marsh 85% 85% 0 0 

Metolius 41% 46% 39% 50% 

Cache-Trout 38% 38% 47% 47% 

Three Creeks 33% 78% 99% 99% 

Critical Habitat Units 

Implementation of the Action Alternatives would result in an overall decrease in disturbance to habitat in both the 

historic and 2008 Critical Habitat Units. There would be a 2% decrease in disturbance to habitat in the historic 

Critical Habitat Units. Specifically, only one historic CHU (OR-3) resulted in decreased disturbance to habitat 

while the remaining historic CHU’s and 2008 CHU remained constant. Disturbance decreased in NRF habitat 

within the 2008 CHU and two historic CHU’s (OR-3 and OR-6) while the remaining historic CHU’s remained 

constant. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 291

Table 3-110 Historic and 2008 Critical Habitat Unit and NRF habitat in CHUs comparison for Alternatives 2 and 3 

(Deschutes NF). 

Critical Habitat 

Unit 

Alt. 1 – No Action 

Undisturbed 

Acres 

Alts. 2 & 3 – 

Action 

Alternatives 

Undisturbed 

Acres 

Alt. 1 – No Action 

Undisturbed NRF 

Acres 

Alts. 2 & 3 – 

Action 

Alternatives 

Undisturbed NRF 

Acres 

2008 CHU 48% 48% 20% 50% 

OR-3 40% 49% 36% 53% 

OR-4 45% 45% 46% 46% 

OR-5 46% 46% 54% 54% 

OR-6 54% 54% 46% 47% 

OR-7 55% 55% 49% 49% 

Home Ranges 

Implementation of the Action Alternatives would result in a decrease in disturbance to habitat overall. There 

would be a 2% decrease in disturbance to habitat in spotted owl home ranges as a whole. Disturbance would be 

decreased in three home ranges (Saddle Butte, Moore Creek Trail, and Castle Rocks) while disturbance would be 

decreased to NRF habitat in three home ranges (Big Marsh, Moore Creek Trail, and Suttle). 

Table 3-111. Home range and NRF habitat within home ranges comparison for Alternatives 2 and 3 (Deschutes NF). 

Home Range 

Alt. 1 – No Action 

Undisturbed 

Acres 

Alts. 2 & 3 – 

Action 

Alternatives 

Undisturbed 

Acres 

Alt. 1 – No Action 

Undisturbed NRF 

Acres 

Alts. 2 & 3 – 

Action 

Alternatives 

Undisturbed NRF 

Acres 

Cultus Mountain 72% 72% 78% 78% 

Applejack 72% 72% 78% 78% 

Benchmark 12% 12% 23% 23% 

Deer Lake 75% 75% 46% 46% 

Sheridan Mountain 56% 56% 79% 79% 

Lucky Lake 86% 86% 100% 100% 

Three Trappers 

Butte 

17% 17% 27% 27% 

McCool Butte 55% 55% 47% 47% 

Hamner Butte 41% 41% 39% 39% 

Ringo Butte 55% 55% 51% 51% 

Maklaks Mountain 58% 58% 43% 43% 

Moore Creek 58% 58% 50% 50% 

Crescent Lake 90% 90% 100% 100% 

Saddle Butte 32% 35% 29% 29% 

Big Marsh 93% 93% 78% 97% 

Royce Mountain 63% 63% 65% 65% 

Moore Creek Trail 36% 78% 37% 43% 

Cappy Mountain 98% 98% 97% 97% 

Willamette Pass 66% 66% 47% 47% 

Trapper Creek 89% 89% 64% 64% 

Castle Rocks 67% 78% 67% 67% 

Candle Creek 100% 100% 100% 100% 

Jefferson Lakes 95% 95% 73% 73% 

Trout Creek 41% 41% 43% 43% 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 292

Home Range 

Alt. 1 – No Action 

Undisturbed 

Acres 

Alts. 2 & 3 – 

Action 

Alternatives 

Undisturbed 

Acres 

Alt. 1 – No Action 

Undisturbed NRF 

Acres 

Alts. 2 & 3 – 

Action 

Alternatives 

Undisturbed NRF 

Acres 

Davis Creek 48% 48% 69% 69% 

Bluegrass Butte 27% 27% 37% 37% 

Suttle 25% 25% 35% 38% 

Suttle 96 36% 36% 30% 30% 

Suttle South 23% 23% 2% 2% 

Obsidian 48% 48% 43% 43% 

Black Crater 73% 73% 86% 86% 

Determination 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would reduce disturbance to NRF habitat overall, as well as to NRF habitat within LSRs and 

home ranges. In addition, disturbance would be reduced within LSRs and home ranges overall outside NRF 

habitat. Alternatives 2 and 3 would have a “May Effect, and likely a Beneficial Affect” to spotted owls and 

their habitat. 

Critical Habitat Units 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would reduce disturbance to NRF habitat within Critical Habitat Units overall, both in the 

2008 Critical Habitat Units and in the 1992 Critical Habitat Units. In addition, disturbance would be reduced 

within CHUs outside NRF habitat. Alternatives 2 and 3 would have a “May Effect, and likely a Beneficial 

Affect” to the 2008 and 1992 Critical Habitat Units. 

Big Game 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would greatly reduce disturbance in MA-7. As shown in Tables 3-112 and 3-113, there 

would be a 38% decrease in disturbance throughout this area. In addition, 8 of the 11 KEHAs on the Deschutes 

National Forest showed a potential decrease in disturbance while the remaining three remained constant. Overall, 

there would be an 18% decrease in disturbance for the total KEHA acres across the forest. General Forest Winter 

Range is the only allocation to show a decrease in disturbance on the Ochoco National Forest, going from 13% to 

78% of the area now undisturbed. Winter Range, Metolius Deer Winter Range, and Antelope Winter Range all 

remained constant. This is due to those areas of the forest already being closed to motorized access off designated 

routes prior to the implementation of Alternatives 2 or 3. Alternatives 2 and 3 are consistent with the Standards 

and Guidelines for the Deschutes, Ochoco, and Crooked River National Grassland Land and Resource 

Management Plans for big game. Motorized traffic would be limited to designated routes, road densities would 

remain unchanged, habitat would not be removed or altered and disturbance would be decreased. 

Table 3-112. Deschutes NF - MA-7 

Big Game Allocation 

Alternative 1 – No Action 

Undisturbed Habitat 

Deschutes

Alternatives 2 and 3 – Action 

Alternatives Undisturbed Habitat 

Deschutes

MA-7 – Deschutes NF 12% 50% 

Table 3-113. Deschutes NF – Key Elk Habitat Areas 

Key Elk Habitat Area 

Alternative 1 – No Action 

Undisturbed Habitat 

Deschutes

Alternatives 2 and 3 – Action 

Alternatives Undisturbed Habitat 

Deschutes

Clover Meadow 84% 89% 

Crane Prairie 49% 49% 

Davis 46% 56% 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 293

Key Elk Habitat Area 

Alternative 1 – No Action 

Undisturbed Habitat 

Deschutes

Alternatives 2 and 3 – Action 

Alternatives Undisturbed Habitat 

Deschutes

Fall River 46% 56% 

Fly 20% 39% 

Hemlock 57% 65% 

Kiwa Butte 87% 87% 

Lower Metolius 59% 59% 

Maklaks 57% 84% 

Ryan Ranch 8% 47% 

Tumalo Mtn. 100% 100% 

Table 3-114.Ochoco NF – Winter Range 

Big Game Winter Range Area 

Alternative 1 – No Action 

Undisturbed Habitat 

Ochoco

Alternatives 2 and 3 – Action 

Alternatives Undisturbed Habitat 

Ochoco

Metolius Deer Winter Range 65% 65% 

General Forest Winter Range 13% 78% 

Winter Range 80% 80% 

Antelope Winter Range 52% 52% 

Sensitive Species, MIS, and Landbirds 

Overall, there would be a decrease in disturbance to wildlife species across both forests. Alternatives 2 and 3 

would result in decreased disturbance to 61 species on the Deschutes NF and 31 species on the Ochoco NF while 

16 species on the Deschutes and 41 species on the Ochoco remain constant. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would result in decreased disturbance for 16 sensitive species on the Deschutes and 4 

sensitive species on the Ochoco while 3 sensitive species on the Deschutes and 10 sensitive species on the 

Ochoco remain unchanged. Alternatives 2 and 3 would have a “Beneficial Impact” to the bald eagle, horned 

grebe, bufflehead, harlequin duck, peregrine falcon, western sage grouse, yellow rail, tri-colored blackbird, 

northern waterthrush, California wolverine, Pacific fisher, pygmy rabbit, Oregon spotted frog, Crater Lake 

tightcoil, silver-bordered fritillary, and Johnson’s hairstreak and their habitats for the Deschutes National Forest. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would have “No Impact” to the Lewis’ woodpecker, white-headed woodpecker, and 

Townsend’s big-eared bat and their habitats on the Deschutes National Forest. Alternatives 2 and 3 would have a 

“Beneficial Impact” to the bald eagle, peregrine falcon, Townsend’s big-eared bat, and Johnson’s hairstreak and 

their habitats for the Ochoco National Forest. Alternatives 2 and 3 would have “No Impact” to the bufflehead, 

western sage grouse, tri-colored blackbird, Lewis’ woodpecker, white-headed woodpecker, upland sandpiper, 

pygmy rabbit, Columbia spotted frog, and silver-bordered fritillary and their habitats for the Ochoco National 

Forest. 

Table 3-115. Summary of Conclusion of Impacts, Region 6 Sensitive Species, Alternatives 2 and 3 for the Deschutes 

and Ochoco National Forests and Crooked River National Grassland. 

Alternative 1 – No Action Alternatives 2 & 3 

Species Deschutes NF Ochoco NF Deschutes NF Ochoco NF 

Northern Bald Eagle NI NI BI BI 

Horned Grebe NI - BI - 

Bufflehead NI NI BI NI 

Harlequin Duck NI - BI - 

American Peregrine 

Falcon 

NI NI BI BI 

Western Sage Grouse NI NI BI NI 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 294

Alternative 1 – No Action Alternatives 2 & 3 

Species Deschutes NF Ochoco NF Deschutes NF Ochoco NF 

Yellow Rail NI - BI - 

Tri-colored Blackbird NI NI BI NI 

Lewis’ Woodpecker NI NI NI NI 

White-headed 

Woodpecker 

NI NI NI NI 

Northern Waterthrush NI - BI - 

Upland Sandpiper NI - NI 

California Wolverine NI - BI - 

Pacific Fisher NI - BI - 

Pygmy Rabbit NI NI BI NI 

Townsend’s Big-eared Bat NI NI NI BI 

Oregon Spotted Frog NI - BI - 

Columbia Spotted Frog - NI - NI 

Crater Lake Tightcoil NI NI BI NI 

Silver-bordered Fritillary NI NI BI NI 

Johnson’s Hairstreak NI NI BI BI 

NI = No Impact 

MIIH = May impact individuals or habitat, but will not likely contribute a trend toward federal listing or loss of 

viability to the population or species 

BI = Beneficial Impact 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would result in decreased disturbance for 17 management indicator species (MIS) on the 

Deschutes and 3 MIS on the Ochoco while 4 MIS on the Deschutes and 5 MIS on the Ochoco remain unchanged. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would be consistent with the Standards and Guidelines for the Deschutes, Ochoco, and 

Crooked River National Grassland Land and Resource Management Plans for Management Indicator Species. 

Habitat would not be removed or altered and disturbance would be decreased for many species. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would result in decreased disturbance for 28 landbird species on the Deschutes and 15 

landbird species on the Ochoco while 9 landbird species on the Deschutes and 21 landbird species on the Ochoco 

remain unchanged. Alternatives 2 and 3 would be consistent with the biological objectives outlined in the 

Conservation Strategies for Landbirds of the East-slope Cascades, Columbia Plateau, and Northern Rocky 

Mountains. Habitat would not be removed or altered and disturbance is decreased for many species. 

Table 3-116. Comparison of Alternatives. 

Species 

Alternative 1 – 

No Action 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Deschutes 

Alternatives 2 and 

3 – Action 

Alternatives 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Deschutes 

Alternative 1 – No 

Action 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Ochoco 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

– Action 

Alternatives 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Ochoco 

SENSITIVE SPECIES 

Northern Bald Eagle 6,749 

(26%) 

13,796 

(53%) 

1,992 

(38%) 

4,312 

(82%) 

Bufflehead 11,367 

(26%) 

28,615 

(65%) 

28,032 

(55%) 

28,032 

(55%) 

Harlequin Duck 955 

(4%) 

11,556 

(44%) 

NA NA 

Horned Grebe 11,895 

(14%) 

50,813 

(59%) 

NA NA 

Tricolored Blackbird 6,731 29,297 9,980 9,980 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 295

Species 

Alternative 1 – 

No Action 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Deschutes 

Alternatives 2 and 

3 – Action 

Alternatives 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Deschutes 

Alternative 1 – No 

Action 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Ochoco 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

– Action 

Alternatives 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Ochoco 

SENSITIVE SPECIES 

(14%) (61%) (54%) (54%) 

Yellow Rail 3,967 

(9%) 

25,638 

(61%) 

NA NA 

Western Sage Grouse 5,889 

(58%) 

6,560 

(65%) 

44,434 

(71%) 

44,432 

(71%) 

American Peregrine 

Falcon 

11,743 

(93%) 

12,022 

(95%) 

1,110 

(74%) 

1,595 

(80%) 

Lewis’ Woodpecker 2,716 

(38%) 

2,716 

(38%) 

2,826 

(63%) 

2,826 

(63%) 

White-headed 

Woodpecker 

12,773 

(35%) 

12,773 

(35%) 

5,541 

(67%) 

5,541 

(67%) 

Northern Waterthrush 6,408 

(13%) 

21,746 

(45%) 

NA NA 

Upland Sandpiper NA NA 5,888 

(53%) 

5,888 

(53%) 

Pacific Fisher 3,038 

(73%) 

3,481 

(83%) 

NA NA 

Pygmy Rabbit 5,889 

(58%) 

6,560 

(65%) 

44,434 

(71%) 

44,432 

(71%) 

California Wolverine 86,473 

(93%) 

89,763 

(97%) 

NA NA 

Townsend’s Big-eared 

Bat 

13,145 

(45%) 

13,145 

(45%) 

1,110 

(56%) 

1,594 

(80%) 

Oregon Spotted Frog 15,414 

(17%) 

43,898 

(49%) 

NA NA 

Columbia Spotted Frog NA NA 32,626 

(54%) 

32,626 

(54%) 

Crater Lake Tightcoil 12,570 

(17%) 

39,510 

(54%) 

44,652 

(58%) 

44,652 

(58%) 

Silver-bordered Fritillary 4,147 

(10%) 

25,818 

(61%) 

9,414 

(56%) 

9,414 

(56%) 

Johnson’s Hairstreak 7,632 

(4%) 

87,330 

(44%) 

15,190 

(21%) 

56,324 

(76%) 

MANAGEMENT INDICATOR SPECIES 

Northern Goshawk 92, 596 

(33%) 

108,296 

(39%) 

14,607 

(20%) 

17,578 

(24%) 

Coopers Hawk 170,753 

(61%) 

170,696 

(61%) 

14,148 

(21%) 

52,472 

(76%) 

Sharp-shinned Hawk 63,623 

(19%) 

188,227 

(55%) 

7,194 

(6%) 

88,840 

(69%) 

Great Gray Owl 7,632 

(4%) 

87,330 

(44%) 

15,190 

(21%) 

56,324 

(76%) 

Great Blue Heron 18,492 

(20%) 

57,897 

(61%) 

43,124 

(55%) 

43,124 

(55%) 

Golden Eagle 7,518 

(14%) 

27,864 

(52%) 

36,175 

(43%) 

49,666 

(59%) 

Waterfowl 18,492 

(20%) 

57,897 

(61%) 

43,124 

(55%) 

43,124 

(55%) 

Red-tailed Hawk 2,716 2,716 2,826 2,826 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 296

Species 

Alternative 1 – 

No Action 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Deschutes 

Alternatives 2 and 

3 – Action 

Alternatives 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Deschutes 

Alternative 1 – No 

Action 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Ochoco 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

– Action 

Alternatives 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Ochoco 

SENSITIVE SPECIES 

(38%) (38%) (63%) (63%) 

Osprey 6,127 

(15%) 

22,850 

(55%) 

20,384 

(53%) 

20,384 

(53%) 

Pileated Woodpecker 57,885 

(64%) 

71,880 

(80%) 

229 

(49%) 

408 

(87%) 

Northern Flicker 10,170 

(41%) 

10,149 

(41%) 

7,673 

(66%) 

7,672 

(66%) 

American Marten 56,793 

(74%) 

64,554 

(85%) 

7,286 

(32%) 

18,309 

(81%) 

Long-eared Myotis 6,574 

(22%) 

15,488 

(51%) 

2,118 

(39%) 

4,450 

(82%) 

Long-legged Myotis 5,760 

(90%) 

6,118 

(96%) 

108 

(80%) 

116 

(86%) 

Silver-haired Bat 212 

(10%) 

992 

(48%) 

0 3 

(60%) 

Williamson’s sapsucker 14,757 

(37%) 

14,754 

(37%) 

5,239 

(66%) 

5,239 

(66%) 

Hairy Woodpecker 14,027 

(6%) 

123,374 

(51%) 

112,942 

(63%) 

112,936 

(63%) 

Black-backed 

woodpecker 

4,333 

(1%) 

302,226 

(52%) 

6,881 

(3%) 

140,322 

(68%) 

Three-toed 

Woodpecker 

21,014 

(4%) 

315,510 

(53%) 

2,123 

(1%) 

131,770 

(67%) 

Red-naped sapsucker 3,045 

(45%) 

3,949 

(59%) 

1,076 

(37%) 

1,078 

(37%) 

Downy Woodpecker 3,045 

(45%) 

3,949 

(59%) 

1,076 

(37%) 

1,078 

(37%) 

LANDBIRDS 

Pygmy nuthatch 589 

(0%) 

84,065 

(42%) 

12,734 

(21%) 

46,922 

(76%) 

Chipping sparrow 79,960 

(42%) 

79,824 

(42%) 

110,166 

(61%) 

110,159 

(61%) 

Brown creeper 92,497 

(30%) 

185,645 

(60%) 

14,623 

(21%) 

54,176 

(76%) 

Flammulated owl 

37,741 

(38%) 

37,735 

(38%) 

6,293 

(14%) 

32,395 

(73%) 

Olive-sided flycatcher 14,027 

(6%) 

123,374 

(51%) 

112,942 

(63%) 

112,936 

(63%) 

Clark’s nutcracker 86,473 

(93%) 

89,763 

(97%) 

NA NA 

Sandhill Crane 10,564 

(21%) 

32,726 

(65%) 

15,302 

(55%) 

15,302 

(55%) 

Blue Grouse 33,968 

(36%) 

52,866 

(57%) 

5,863 

(70%) 

6,177 

(73%) 

Loggerhead Shrike 720 

(69%) 

720 

(69%) 

44,121 

(46%) 

56,878 

(60%) 

Burrowing Owl 720 

(69%) 

720 

(69%) 

44,121 

(46%) 

56,878 

(60%) 

Sage Sparrow 5,889 6,560 44,434 44,432 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 297

Species 

Alternative 1 – 

No Action 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Deschutes 

Alternatives 2 and 

3 – Action 

Alternatives 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Deschutes 

Alternative 1 – No 

Action 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Ochoco 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

– Action 

Alternatives 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Ochoco 

SENSITIVE SPECIES 

(58%) (65%) (71%) (71%) 

Brewer’s Sparrow 5,889 

(58%) 

6,560 

(65%) 

44,434 

(71%) 

44,432 

(71%) 

Sage Thrasher 5,889 

(58%) 

6,560 

(65%) 

44,434 

(71%) 

44,432 

(71%) 

Lark Sparrow 5,889 

(58%) 

6,560 

(65%) 

892 

(1%) 

53,469 

(72%) 

Ferruginous Hawk 7,355 

(14%) 

26,697 

(52% 

939 

(60%) 

937 

(60%) 

Bullock’s Oriole 5,822 

(10%) 

26,126 

(47%) 

45,496 

(57%) 

45,496 

(57%) 

Yellow Warbler 5,822 

(10%) 

26,126 

(47%) 

45,496 

(57%) 

45,496 

(57%) 

Yellow-breasted Chat 51,239 

(15%) 

188,257 

(55%) 

136,935 

(62%) 

136,927 

(62%) 

Willow Flycatcher 8,640 

(14%) 

29,843 

(48%) 

45,496 

(57%) 

45,513 

(57%) 

Lazuli Bunting 8,640 

(14%) 

29,843 

(48%) 

45,496 

(57%) 

45,513 

(57%) 

Gray Flycatcher 185,290 

(50%) 

185,264 

(50%) 

42,120 

(62%) 

42,115 

(62%) 

Prairie Falcon 11,743 

(93%) 

12,022 

(95%) 

1,110 

(74%) 

1,595 

(80%) 

Vaux’s Swift 57,885 

(64%) 

71,880 

(80%) 

229 

(49%) 

408 

(87%) 

Townsend’s Warbler 92,497 

(30%) 

185,645 

(60%) 

14,623 

(21%) 

54,176 

(76%) 

Varied Thrush 90,885 

(63%) 

116,938 

(81%) 

13,649 

(28%) 

39,103 

(79%) 

MacGillivray’s Warbler 51,239 

(15%) 

188,257 

(55%) 

136,935 

(62%) 

136,927 

(62%) 

Red-eyed Vireo 5,822 

(10%) 

26,126 

(47%) 

45,496 

(57%) 

45,496 

(57%) 

Veery 51,239 

(15%) 

188,257 

(55%) 

136,935 

(62%) 

136,927 

(62%) 

Hermit Thrush 90,885 

(63%) 

116,938 

(81%) 

13,649 

(28%) 

39,103 

(79%) 

Vesper Sparrow 720 

(69%) 

720 

(69%) 

44,121 

(46%) 

56,878 

(60%) 

Eared Grebe 6,973 

(39%) 

13,620 

(75%) 

233 

(52%) 

233 

(52%) 

Long-billed Curlew 3,248 

(72%) 

3,704 

(82%) 

1,997 

(8%) 

14,925 

(63%) 

Calliope Hummingbird 10,564 

(21%) 

32,726 

(65%) 

15,302 

(55%) 

15,302 

(55%) 

Green-tailed Towhee 720 

(69%) 

720 

(69%) 

44,121 

(46%) 

56,878 

(60%) 

Pinyon Jay 185,290 

(50%) 

185,264 

(50%) 

42,120 

(62%) 

42,115 

(62%) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 298

Species 

Alternative 1 – 

No Action 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Deschutes 

Alternatives 2 and 

3 – Action 

Alternatives 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Deschutes 

Alternative 1 – No 

Action 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Ochoco 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

– Action 

Alternatives 

Undisturbed 

Habitat 

Ochoco 

SENSITIVE SPECIES 

Swainson’s Hawk 7,355 

(14%) 

26,697 

(52% 

939 

(60%) 

937 

(60%) 

Cassin’s Finch 10,170 

(41%) 

10,149 

(41%) 

7,673 

(66%) 

7,672 

(66%) 

Native Vegetation 

Executive Summary 

There are No Effects on Threatened or Endangered plant species or habitat from any of the actions proposed in 

this EIS because there are no federally listed Threatened or Endangered plant species or habitats documented or 

suspected on the Forests or Grassland. Therefore, activities proposed in the alternatives would have no effect on 

federally listed plant species. As noted in the analysis on invasive plants, motorized access – regardless of type of 

vehicle – contributes to the spread of invasive plants, which in turn can affect native plant populations. 

Alternative 1 (No Action) provides the least protection to native plants and native plant habitats, including special 

habitats and sensitive and other rare or uncommon plants, because more (often the majority of) acres are open to 

motorized travel off of designated routes. Alternative 1 allows unrestricted motorized access for dispersed 

camping with no special provisions. 

Alternatives 2 (Proposed Action) and 3 substantially reduce the amount of acres open for motorized travel off of 

designated routes. This would increase the protection for native plants and native plant habitats, including special 

habitats and sensitive and other rare or uncommon plants, over current conditions (Alternative 1). Alternatives 2 

and 3 would have a beneficial impact on interior areas on the Forests and Grassland. 

Within areas open for motorized access for dispersed camping, Alternatives 2 and 3 restrict access to within 300’ 

of the centerline of roads. Sensitive areas have been identified and, in these areas, motorized access for dispersed 

camping is confined to existing, designated, or defined sites (i.e., special provisions). Some upland areas in 

Alternative 2 are open for motorized access for dispersed camping anywhere within the 300’ area (no special 

provisions). Alternative 3 provides the highest level of protection for native plant habitats because all motorized 

access for dispersed camping would be confined to existing, designated, or defined sites. This would reduce 

damage to native vegetation adjacent to dispersed campsites. 

In both Alternatives 2 and 3, motorized access for dispersed camping cannot occur within 30’ of water bodies 

(e.g., streams, creeks, rivers, wetlands, lakes). This would have a beneficial effect on riparian vegetation. 

Affected Environment 

The Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Crooked River National Grassland contain a wide variety of 

plant species and communities due to varying elevation and precipitation zones that occur within Central Oregon. 

The project area ranges from high elevation alpine habitats in the Cascade Mountains that receive 120 inches of 

annual precipitation to desert habitats that receive about 8-10 inches of annual precipitation. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 299

Native Plants and Native Plant Habitats 

Plant communities can be classified by a variety of factors such as vegetation structure, site moisture, and 

overstory and understory plant species composition. Similar plant associations are aggregated and grouped by 

their climax species, site potential, and moisture similarities into Plant Association Groups (PAGs). Grouping 

plant associations helps us predict, compare and analyze potential disturbance patterns and how the vegetation 

will respond to these disturbances. PAGs are used in this analysis to evaluate the effects of the alternatives on 

native plants and native plant habitats. 

Vegetation on the Forests and Grassland varies with elevation and moisture gradients from west to east. For 

example, on the Deschutes National Forest, elevation, precipitation, and distance from the crest of the Cascade 

Mountains greatly influence vegetation patterns. At 10,000 feet elevation, the alpine peak of South Sister receives 

145 inches of precipitation. Heading east from the Cascade crest, the amount of precipitation rapidly decreases, to 

12 inches in the town of Bend. 

Deschutes National Forest 

Vegetation on the Deschutes National Forest includes high elevation, high precipitation sites where whitebark 

pine, subalpine fir, and mountain hemlock occur. These areas are very cold with abundant snowpack and plants 

are adapted to a short growing season. At mid-elevations, mixed conifer plant communities occur where greater 

precipitation and soil moisture allow for a wide variety of coniferous trees. Depending on site conditions, trees 

may be Douglas-fir, white fir, incense cedar, lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, western larch, western white pine, 

sugar pine, Pacific silver fir and Shasta red fir. At the foot slopes of the Cascade Mountains and further east, 

conditions are relatively warm and dry and more moisture-limited. Drought-adapted species – ponderosa pine 

and juniper – occur in this zone. 

Table 3-117 lists the 23 plant association groups (PAGs) currently mapped on the Deschutes National Forest, and 

provides the acres and percentage of the total for each group. Many of the plant associations grouped to form 

PAGs are those described in Volland (1985). Since this mapping occurred, a new plant association guide has 

been completed (Simpson 2007); however, the newly revised plant associations are not yet mapped and available 

on GIS. 

Table 3-117. Total acres of mapped Plant Association Groups (PAGs) and their relative percentages that occur on the 

Deschutes National Forest. 

See Appendix B-4.2.14 for a description of each PAG. 

PAG Deschutes 

Acres 

Deschutes 

% of Total 

Alpine Dry 506 0.03 

Alpine Meadow 3,732 0.2 

Alpine shrub 184 0.01 

Cinder 6,972 0.4 

Glacier 937 0.05 

Hardwood 494 0.03 

Juniper Woodlands 2,911 0.1 

Lava 27,514 1.4 

Lodgepole Pine Dry 496,991 25 

Lodgepole Pine Wet 70,352 3.6 

Meadow 7,678 0.4 

Mesic Shrub 10,430 0.5 

Mixed Conifer Dry 304,180 16 

Mixed Conifer Wet 94,565 5 

Mountain Hemlock Dry 191,496 10 

Ponderosa Pine Dry 574,852 29 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 300

PAG Deschutes 

Acres 

Deschutes 

% of Total 

Ponderosa Pine Wet 75,787 4 

Riparian 8,890 0.5 

Rock 12,886 1 

Water 35,695 2 

White Bark Pine Dry 145 0.01 

Xeric Shrublands 28,227 1 

Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland 

Table 3-118 lists the 9 PAGs found on the Ochoco NF and Grassland, and provides the number of acres and 

percentage of each. A general description of each PAG is presented below (Table 30X(6)); information is taken 

from Simpson et al. (1994) or Simpson (2009, personal communication). 

Table 3-118. Total acres of mapped Plant Association Groups (PAGs) and their relative percentages that occur on the 

Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland. See Appendix B-4.2.14 for a description of each PAG. 

PAG Ochoco/ 

CRNG 

Acres 

Ochoco/ CRNG 

% of Total 

Douglas Fir 118,963 11 

Dry Grand Fir 217,487 21 

Dry Ponderosa Pine 107,934 10 

Juniper Steppe 44,530 4 

Juniper Woodland 248,208 24 

Mesic Ponderosa Pine 86,835 8 

Moist Grand Fir 67,400 7 

Nonforest 141,686 14 

Subalpine Fir 3,859 0.4 

Special Habitats on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests 

Special habitats are areas which sustain unusual and/or particularly rich biological diversity. These habitats have 

a high probability of supporting rare species. All non-forest and riparian habitats are often treated as special 

habitats because they encompass such a small percentage of the land base in forested regions but have a 

disproportionate value in the conservation of biological diversity (USDA Forest Service 1996). For example, the 

riparian PAG on the Deschutes comprises only 1% of the total PAGs (Table 3-117), yet riparian habitats are 

abundantly used for recreation such as camping, fishing and hiking. 

The texture and pattern of biodiversity can be examined at many different scales, ranging from global to 

microscopic. At the landscape scale, the coarse scale of Plant Association Group patterns miss unusual small 

scale habitats such as small non-forested habitats, or riparian seeps. At an even finer scale, certain structural 

features within habitats, such as hard snags or root wads, provide habitat for rare species of fungi, bryophytes, and 

lichens. The distribution of plant species may be determined by broad climatic patterns or by fine variation in the 

drainage of a miniature wetland (Dimling and McCain 1992). 

This analysis focuses on the following special habitats: wetlands, riparian, meadows (wet, moist, and dry), 

hardwoods (aspen stands and cottonwood bottomlands), and scablands. These habitats are discussed below: 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 301

Hardwoods – This type includes quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands and cottonwood (Populus 

trichocarpa) bottomlands. These deciduous hardwood trees provide a variety of important ecological functions, 

diversification of landscape patterns, and habitat for many other species (USDA Forest Service 1997). Riparian 

communities made up of these species are extremely diverse in plant life since they initiate forest succession, and 

thus provide great structural diversity. Hydrologically, these deciduous plant communities provide excellent 

stability to stream banks and soil surfaces. Their deep and spreading root systems can resist flood pressures and 

slow water velocity. They provide shade to help maintain stream temperatures, and abundant leaf shedding in the 

fall increases soil fertility. 

Black cottonwood habitat, which occurs along stream courses up to approximately 4,500 feet in elevation, is a 

short-lived species (100 to 120 years on the average) (USDA Forest Service 1997). Stands develop following 

flood deposition and scour on floodplains in broad or open alluvial valleys. Regeneration may be by seed, stump 

sprouting, and rooted cutting. Aspen grows in self-perpetuating clones in areas of locally high moisture such as 

meadows, seeps, and streamsides. 

Aspen and cottonwood are short-lived, early seral species that rely on disturbance for establishment. Black 

cottonwood has been declining due to conversion of floodplain vegetation to agricultural uses, changes in stream 

systems (confining streams into a single channel), over browsing by livestock, elk and deer, and conifer 

encroachment. (USDA Forest Service 1997). Quaking aspen is declining as the result of conifer encroachment 

and increasing density, over browsing by livestock, deer and elk, and loss of habitat where the water table as 

dropped due to stream downcutting. 

Meadows (dry, moist and wet) – Meadow communities are found in areas where ground water is higher than 

that found on the surrounding upland sites, such as a spring. They can also include perched water table areas 

within stream communities. Meadow communities include moist meadows, where moisture is available in the 

rooting-zone during the growing season, but drops 1-3 feet in the fall, and wet meadows, where available water is 

at or near the surface all season long (Hall 1989). Dry meadows have no standing water and dry out completely 

in the summer (Simpson 2009, personal communication). 

Riparian – Riparian areas are defined as a geographic area containing an aquatic ecosystem and the upland areas 

that directly affect it. Plant communities within these areas are influenced by stream morphology and disturbance 

regimes, and support a diversity of vegetation. The herbaceous vegetation within riparian areas is often 

dominated by shrubs, forbs, grasses, and sedges. There is usually a narrow band of moisture-loving plants 

directly adjacent to the stream, such as sedges and bulrushes. 

Riparian habitats often incur a disproportionate amount of human activity (i.e., these habitats are often used more 

by people than upland habitats). Roads and trails passing through or parallel to riparian areas can affect the 

vegetation. Many roads are located along streams, resulting in direct loss of these habitats when built in riparian 

zones. Streams tend to be desirable places to camp and recreate, which can result in trampling of vegetation. 

Scabland – These non-forested habitats have rocky, shallow soils and are commonly found on topographically 

high sites. Dominated by bunchgrasses and forbs, these sites are particularly exposed to summer heat and 

dryness, winter cold, and spring frost-heaving. 

Wetlands – Wetlands have one or more of the following three attributes: 1) at least periodically the substrate is 

dominated by facultative or obligate hydrophytes (i.e., water-loving plants); 2) the substrate is predominantly 

hydric soil; and 3) the substrate is non-soil and is either saturated with or covered by shallow water at some time 

during the growing season (Kovalchik 1987). Wetlands include: 

 Ponds – a body of standing water and its associated edge of water-tolerant vegetation. The pond may 

be permanent or seasonal. 

 Bogs and fens – permanently wet areas dominated by sphagnum and other acid-tolerant plants. 

 Swamps – permanently wet area, often shaded by the canopy. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 302

Research Natural Areas 

Research Natural Areas (RNAs) are part of a national network of ecological areas designated in perpetuity for 

research and education and/or to maintain biological diversity on National Forest System lands (Forest Service 

Manual 4063). RNAs are principally for non-manipulative research, observation, and study, and may also assist 

in implementing provisions for special acts, such as the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and the monitoring 

provisions of the National Forest Management Act of 1976 (Forest Service Manual 4063). RNAs are managed 

such that natural physical or biological processes are allowed to prevail without human intervention. According 

to FSM 4063.3 standards, management of an RNA must support and promote the basic objectives and purposes of 

establishing the area. 

Overall objectives for RNAs are to maintain a wide spectrum of high quality representative areas of the major 

forms of variability found in forest, shrublands, grasslands, alpine, and natural situations, to preserve and maintain 

genetic diversity, and to protect against human-caused environmental disruptions. These areas serve as reference 

areas for the study of natural ecological processes including disturbance, and serve as baseline areas for 

measuring long-term ecological changes. 

Each RNA contains representative or unique natural features in a relatively undisturbed condition. The 

designation of these areas provides long-term protection and recognition of their natural values for research and 

baseline ecological study, observation, and conservation of biological diversity. Table 3-119 lists the RNAs on 

the Forests and Grassland. 

Table 3-119. Research Natural Areas on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Crooked River National 

Grassland. 

RNA Objectives/features for the RNA 

Deschutes National Forest 

Cache Mountain Lakes at mid-elevation in mixed conifer forest; white fir-Pacific 

silver fir/snowberry plant association 

Headwaters of the 

Cultus 

Large upwelling cold springs; lodgepole pine/mixed 

conifer/Engelmann spruce 

Katsuk Butte High elevation cinder cone. Mostly mountain hemlock forest. 

Many Lakes Bogs, subalpine permanent ponds and bogs. Lodgepole pine 

and mountain hemlock forests. 

Metolius Ponderosa pine/bitterbrush and ponderosa pine/Douglas 

fir/green manzanita forests. 

Mokst Butte Forested cinder cone with white fir forest, recent lava flow. 

Lava flow, mixed conifer forest. 

Pringle Falls Topographically related mosaic of lodgepole pine and 

ponderosa pine on Mt. Mazama pumice soils. Ponderosa pinewhite fir/green manzanita and lodgepole pine/bitterbrush plant 

association. Fire in lodgepole pine zone. 

Torrey-Charlton Small lakes and ponds. Mountain hemlock forest. 

Wechee Butte Entirely forested cinder cone. 

Ochoco National Forest 

Ochoco Divide Ponderosa pine-Douglas fir and Grand fir-western larchDouglas fir plant associations. 

Crooked River National Grassland 

Haystack Butte Western juniper/big sagebrush 

The Island Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass and 

western juniper/big sage-bitterbrush community. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 303

There would be no change to the management of RNAs, regardless of the chosen alternative. These areas are not 

open for motorized travel off of designated routes nor motorized access to dispersed camping. Therefore, there 

would be no effects to these areas and they are not analyzed further.

Threatened, Endangered and Sensitive Plant Species 

The Forest Service is directed to manage habitats for all existing native and desired non-native plants, fish, and 

wildlife species in order to maintain viable populations of such species. This direction comes from Forest Service 

Manual section 2600 (USDA Forest Service 1995, WO Amendment 2600-95-7) and stems from direction 

provided by the Endangered Species Act. Forest Service Manual (FSM) 2670.5 defines sensitive species as those 

plant and animal species identified by a Regional Forester for which population viability is a concern, as 

evidenced by significant current or predicted downward trends in population numbers, density, or habitat 

capability that would reduce a species existing distribution. In FSM 2670.22, management direction for sensitive 

species is, in part, to ensure that species do not become threatened or endangered because of Forest Service 

actions, and to maintain viable populations of all native species. A viable population consists of a number of 

individuals adequately distributed throughout their range necessary to perpetuate the existence of the species in 

natural, genetically stable, self-sustaining populations. 

A biological evaluation is conducted to review Forest Service programs and activities for possible effects on 

sensitive plant species (USDA Forest Service 1995b). The biological evaluation process consists of a prefield 

review of available information to identify known or potentially occurring sensitive and rare and uncommon plant 

species, a field reconnaissance of the proposed project and an evaluation of potential effects to these species from 

the proposed project. If there would be potential adverse effects or conflicts, then the project is evaluated to see if 

it can be revised so that adverse effects do not occur. 

There are no known occurrences of federally listed endangered or threatened plants within the Deschutes and 

Ochoco National Forests and Crooked River National Grassland. There is no habitat recognized as essential for 

listed or proposed plant species recovery under the Endangered Species Act. Because there are no Threatened or 

Endangered plant species on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Crooked River National Grassland, 

this assessment will refer only to “sensitive” species. 

Table 3-120 summarizes the sensitive plant species that are either documented or suspected to occur on the 

Forests and Grassland. The Deschutes National Forest has a total of 58 species on its Sensitive Plant List: 36 

vascular plants (16 are documented to occur), 14 bryophytes (5 are documented), and 5 fungi (4 are documented). 

The Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland have 39 species on its Sensitive Plant List: 

34 vascular plants (12 are documented), 3 bryophytes (1 is documented), 2 lichens (both are documented) and no 

fungi. Detailed information about the species is described in Appendix A of the Biological Evaluation (Appendix 

B-4.2.13). Some sensitive plant species have habitats on both Forests and Grassland. In total, there are 77 

sensitive plants that are documented or suspected to occur on one or both of the Forests and Grassland (54 

vascular plants, 15 bryophytes, 3 lichens, and 5 fungi). 

Table 3-120. Sensitive plant species documented (D) or suspected (S) to occur on the Deschutes and Ochoco National 

Forests and Crooked River National Grassland. 

For documented species, the total number of mapped sites and approximate acres are provided. 

Scientific Name 

and Code 

Common Name DES OCH & 

CRNG 

Vascular Plants 

Achnatherum hendersonii Henderson’s 

needlegrass 

 D 

(33 sites/217 

ac.) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 304

Scientific Name 

and Code 

Common Name DES OCH & 

CRNG 

Achnatherum 

wallowaensis 

Wallowa needlegrass D 

(5 sites/14 

ac.) 

Agoseris elata tall agoseris D 

(42 sites/985 

ac.) 

Arabis suffrutescens var. 

horizontalis

horizontal woody 

rockcress 

S 

Arnica viscosa Mt. Shasta arnica D 

(1 site/0.7 

ac.) 

Astragalus diaphanus var. 

diurnus

transparent milkvetch S 

Astragalus peckii Peck’s mil-vetch D 

(5 sites/50 

ac.) 

S 

Astragalus tegetarioides Deschutes milkvetch D 

(1 site/11 ac.) 

Botrychium ascendens trianglelobe moonwort D 

(3 sites/0.5 

ac.) 

Botrychium crenulatum scalloped moonwort D 

(22 sites/29 

ac.) 

Botrychium minganense Mingan moonwort D 

(10 sites/8.8 

ac.) 

Botrychium montanum mountain moonwort D 

(12 sites/3.8 

ac.) 

Botrychium paradoxum peculiar moonwort D 

(1 site/0.2 

ac.) 

Botrychium pumicola pumice grape-fern D 

(320 

sites/3,325 

ac.) 

Calamagrostis breweri Brewer’s reedgrass S 

Calochortus longebarbatus

var. peckii

Peck’s mariposa lily D 

(166 

sites/2,963 

ac.) 

Camissonia pygmaea dwarf suncap S 

Carex abrupta abrupt-beaked sedge S S 

Carex capitata capitate sedge D 

(1 site/0.1 

ac.) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 305

Scientific Name 

and Code 

Common Name DES OCH & 

CRNG 

Carex diandra lesser panicled sedge S S 

Carex lasiocarpa var. 

americana

slender sedge D 

1 site/0.3 ac.) 

S 

Carex livida livid sedge S 

Carex retrorsa retrorse sedge S S 

Carex vernacula native sedge S 

Castilleja chlorotica green-tinged 

paintbrush 

D 

(152 

sites/1,124 

ac. 

Cheilanthes feei Fee’s lip-fern S S 

Collomia mazama Mt. Mazama collomia S 

Cyperus acuminatus short-pointed cyperus D 

(2 sites/1 ac.) 

Cyperus lupulinus ssp. 

lupulinus

A cyperus S S 

Elatine brachysperma short-seeded 

waterwort 

S S 

Eleocharis bolanderi Bolander’s spikerush S 

Eriogonum cusickii Cusick’s buckwheat S 

Eucephalus gormanii

(formerly Aster gormanii) 

Gorman’s aster S 

Gentiana newberryi var. 

newberryi

alpine gentian D 

(13 sites/51 

ac.) 

Heliotropium 

curassavicum 

salt heliotrope S S 

Lipocarpha aristulata aristulate lipocarpha S S 

Lobelia dortmanna Dortmann’s 

cardinalflower 

D 

(1 site/2 ac.) 

Lomatium ochocense Ochoco lomatium D 

(1 site/0.6 

ac.) 

Lycopodiella inundata inundated clubmoss D 

(4 sites/7 ac.) 

Lycopodium complanatum ground cedar S 

Mimulus evanescens disappearing 

monkeyflower 

 S 

Muhlenbergia minutissima annual dropseed S S 

Ophioglossum pusillum northern adderstongue S 

Penstemon peckii Peck’s penstemon D 

(87 

sites/4,903 

ac.) 

D 

(3 sites/13 

ac.) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 306

Scientific Name 

and Code 

Common Name DES OCH & 

CRNG 

Pilularia americana American pillwort S 

Potamogeton diversifolius Rafinesque’s pondweed S S 

Rorippa columbiae Columbia yellowcress D 

(1 site/0.1 

ac.) 

S 

Rotala ramosior lowland toothcup S S 

Salix wolfii wolf’s willow S 

Scheuchzeria palustris

ssp. americana

rannoch-rush D 

(1 site/ 15 

ac.) 

Schoenoplectus 

subterminalis (formerly 

Scirpus subterminalis) 

swaying bulrush D 

(1 site/ 0.1 

ac.) 

Talinum spinescens spinescent fameflower S 

Thelypodium eucosmum world thelypody S 

Utricularia minor lesser bladderwort D 

(6 sites/0.4 

ac.) 

S 

Bryophytes 

Barbilophozia 

lycopodioides 

liverwort S 

Brachydontium olympicum moss S 

Chiloscyphus gemmiparus liverwort S 

Conostomum tetragonum moss S 

Helodium blandowii moss D 

(2 sites/0.1 

ac.) 

D 

(1 site/0.2 

ac.) 

Polytrichium 

sphaerothecium 

moss S 

Pseudocalliergon trifarium moss S 

Rhizomnium nudum rhizomnium moss D 

(3 sites/ 0.2 

ac.) 

Schistostega pennata luminous moss D 

(3 sites/20 

ac.) 

Scouleria marginata marginate splashzone 

moss 

S S 

Splachnum ampullaceum moss S 

Tomentypnum nitens moss D 

(18 sites/14 

ac.) 

Tortula mucronifolia moss S 

Trematodon boasii moss S 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 307

Scientific Name 

and Code 

Common Name DES OCH & 

CRNG 

Tritomaria exsectiformis liverwort D 

(11 sites/0.7 

ac.) 

Lichens 

Dermatocarpon. luridum silverskin lichen D 

(3 sites/0.2 

ac.) 

D 

(7 sites/3 ac.) 

Leptogium cyanescens skin lichen S 

Texosporium sancti-jacobi lichen S D 

(2 sites/0.2 

ac.) 

Fungi 

Alpova alexsmithii fungus D 

(2 sites/ 0.1 

ac.) 

Gastroboletus vividus fungus S 

Helvella crassitunicata fungus D 

(1 site/ 0.1 

ac.) 

Hygrophorus caeruleus fungus D 

(3 sites/ 0.2 

ac.) 

Ramaria amyloidea fungus D 

(1 site/ 0.1 

ac.) 

Other Rare and Uncommon Plant Species 

In addition to sensitive plant species, there are other rare or uncommon vascular plants, fungi, lichens and 

bryophytes that occur on the Deschutes National Forest (Table 3-121). The Forest has chosen to ensure 

populations for these rare or uncommon species are not jeopardized. These species are considered in this 

analysis. 

Table 3-121. Other rare or uncommon plant species documented on the Deschutes National Forest. 

Scientific Name Lifeform District 

(No. of Sites) 

Chaenotheca subroscida Lichen Crescent (1) 

Choiromyces alveolatus Fungus Sisters (1) 

Clavariadelphus truncates Fungus Bend/Ft. Rock (1) 

Crescent (1) 

Cypripedium montanum Vascular 

Plant Sisters (8) 

Elaphomyces anthracinus Fungus Sisters (1) 

Elaphomyces subviscidus Fungus Bend/Ft. Rock (1) 

Gastroboletus ruber Fungus Sisters (1) 

Gautieria magnicellaris Fungus Sisters (1) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 308

Scientific Name Lifeform District 

(No. of Sites) 

Gymnomyces abietis Fungus Bend/Ft. Rock (1); Sisters (2) 

Hydnotrya inordinata Fungus Bend/Ft. Rock (1) 

Leptogium teretiusculum Lichen Sisters (1) 

Polyozellus multiplex Fungus Bend/Ft. Rock (3) 

Ramaria coulterae Fungus Sisters (2) 

Ramaria rubripermanens Fungus Crescent (1) 

Rhizopogon atroviolaceus Fungus Bend/Ft. Rock (1); Crescent (1) 

Rhizopogon evadens var. subalpinus Fungus Bend/Ft. Rock (1); Sisters (1) 

Analysis of Environmental Effects 

Alternative 1 

Native Plants and Native Plant Habitats 

Direct impacts on vegetation caused by vehicles include crushing of foliage, root systems, and seedlings (Wilshire 

et al. 1978a). Plant foliage and stems can be damaged and plants uprooted by vehicles, so that actual plant 

damage may occur over an area much larger than the track width. Indirect effects of vehicles on vegetation 

include undercutting of root systems as vehicle paths are enlarged by erosion (Wilshire 1978a). 

Vehicular routes with dirt surfaces can also be a significant source of dust (Brooks and Lair 2005) that can affect 

vegetation in the vicinity of the roads. Plant processes that may be affected by dust include photosynthesis, 

respiration, and transpiration due to blocked stomata and cell destruction, all of which could result in reduced 

plant growth, size, productivity, and/or survivorship (Ouren et al. 2007). 

Impacts of off-highway vehicle activities include reduced vegetation cover and growth rates, and increased 

potential for non-native grasses and pioneering species to become established, thus altering plant communities 

(Ouren et al. 2007). In contrast, plant communities in undisturbed sites are dominated by native plants, invasive 

species are not increasing, plant growth and reproduction are vigorous, age-class structures are appropriate to the 

species, and canopy cover and vertical structure are adequate for dispersing the energy of precipitation runoff and 

promoting water infiltration (Ouren et al. 2007). 

When soils are severely disturbed, vegetation cover can be reduced significantly and plant growth can be impaired 

(reviewed in Ouren et al. 2007). Davidson and Fox (1974) reported significant loss of herbaceous vegetation 

from motorcycle activity. Bolling and Walker (2000) reported that track roads had significantly lower total 

vegetative cover than control areas. Total plant density and cover were significantly lower in roads than in 

controls in the Mojave Desert, and long-lived plant species were greatly reduced in disturbed areas compared to 

controls (Prose et al. 1987). 

Relatively low recreational traffic intensities cause a significant drop in plant cover, plant height, species richness 

and species diversity, leading to an increase in soil compaction and a decrease in soil organic matter and moisture 

content (reviewed in Kutiel et al. 2000). Kutiel et al. (2000) studied the response of soil and annual plants to 

various intensities of short-duration pedestrian and motorcycle traffic, and found that motorcycle passage had an 

immediate significant impact on annual plants at all traffic intensities. 

Secondary effects from disturbances, such as off-highway vehicle use, include the proliferation of exotic plant 

species and a higher frequency of fire (Lovich and Bainbridge 1999). Effects of these impacts include alteration 

or destruction of macro- and micro-vegetation elements, establishment of annual plant communities dominated by 

exotic species, destruction of soil stabilizers, soil compaction, and increased erosion. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 309

Natural recovery rates following disturbance depend on the nature and severity of the impact but are generally 

very slow. Recovery to pre-disturbance plant cover and biomass may take 50-300 years, while complete 

ecosystem recovery may require over 3,000 years (Lovich and Bainbridge 1999). Belnap (1995) discuss how 

desert soils may recover slowly from surface disturbances, resulting in increased vulnerability to desertification. 

As a result, recovery from compaction and decreased soil stability is estimated to take several hundred years. The 

nitrogen fixation capability of soil requires at least 50 years to recover (Belnap 1995). 

Off-road vehicle activity has been shown to greatly increase soil compaction in areas of intense traffic (Adams et 

al. 1982a). Soil characteristics, particularly soil compaction, play important roles in the distribution, abundance, 

growth rate, reproduction, and size of plants. Soil compaction results in reduced water infiltration. As a result, 

overall plant productivity may be diminished (Ouren et al. 2007). When soils are severely disturbed, vegetation 

cover can be reduced significantly and growth can be impaired (Adams et al. 1982a; Bolling and Walker 2000, 

Prose et al. 1987, Webb and Wilshire 1980). 

Even a few passes by vehicles can cause significant changes in soil properties (Ouren et al. 2007). Adams et al. 

(1982a) found reduced cover of desert annuals in tracks created by as few as one (on wet loamy sand) to 20 (on 

dry loamy sand) vehicle passes; the reduction in cover, however, was not due to fewer plants, but to smaller plant 

sizes. With tracks made by 1, 3, 10, and 20 vehicle passes, Adams et al. (1982a) found that annuals with large 

taproots decreased, whereas there was significantly greater cover of a non-native, fibrous-rooted grass. The 

fibrous root system allows for easier germination and root growth than large-taprooted species. Bolling and 

Walker (2000) found that there were many small individuals of creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), but larger 

plants were few or absent in OHV routes, whereas, in control plots, there were more large plants and fewer small 

ones. Reduced plant sizes are typical where the extent of soil compation inhibits their roots from penetrating to 

deeper soil levels (Ouren et al. 2007). Overall, the extent of immediate effects increases with the frequency of 

OHV passes. For example, Webb (1983) found that after a single pass, annual plants on an OHV route remained 

intact, but most were destroyed after 10 passes. 

Wilshire et al. (1978b) found physical and chemical impacts reduce the land’s capability of restoring its 

vegetative cover. Both the loss of plant cover and the physical changes caused by vehicles promote erosion. 

Their study determined that erosion rates significantly exceeded Federal and local standards. 

Road cuts and the associated traffic have detrimental effects on soil nutrients and microbially-controlled processes 

(e.g., Nitrogen cycling) (Webb and Wilshire 1980). These changes can indirectly affect plant community 

development for many years after the disturbance. Knapp (1991) found significant differences in plant 

community structure between disturbed and undisturbed sites 77 years following disturbance on abandoned 

roadways in mining towns in Montana. The degree of soil compaction may be particularly important for 

determining plant succession (Knapp 1991). 

Soil disturbance and compaction increases the potential for invasive, non-native annuals and other early 

successional plants to establish rapidly in OHV routes, whereas native perennials may require at least 5 years to 

become established (Ouren et al. 2007). Soil compaction was significant in most disturbed areas 40 years after 

military camps were abandoned (Prose et al. 1987). Other studies reported that various desert soils remained 

compacted for similar or longer periods of time, probably because animal burrowing and plant root growth are the 

primary agents of soil-loosening in low desert valleys but animals and plants have difficulty displacing highlycompacted soils (Prose et al. 1987). 

Indirect effects can be invasion by invasive plants into disturbed areas. In general, grasslands, riparian areas, and 

relatively dry, open forests are more susceptible to invasion than are dense moist forests and high montane areas 

(USDA Forest Service 2005a, p. 3-40; Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project 2000). The 

former have frequent gaps in plant cover, which favor invasive plant establishment, whereas the latter have 

relatively closed plant cover or have extreme climate or soils, which are tolerated by fewer invasive plant species. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 310

Invasive plants tend to colonize disturbed ground along roads, highways, utility (powerline and gas) corridors, 

recreational residences, and along trails and in campgrounds and quarries. Once established, invasive plants 

begin to spread, displacing native vegetation. Eastside forests are more susceptible to invasive plants for the 

above reasons. 

The above research has demonstrated that motorized recreation can impact individual plants and their habitats. 

After soil is compacted, will native vegetation recover and how long would this take? Several studies 

investigated recovery of vegetation following disturbances. Knapp (1991) studied the response of semi-arid 

vegetation following the abandonment of mining towns in south-western Montana, and found considerable 

differences remained after 45-77 years between disturbed and undisturbed sites. Disturbed sites favored the 

invasion of introduced grass species. Recovery rates of vegetation and compacted soil were studied at a ghost 

town in southwestern Nevada (Webb and Wilshire 1980). Soils were still highly compacted after 51 years; 

recovery time was estimated to take at least 100 years. After 51 years, the composition and quality of vegetation 

in the streets of the town were still significantly different from those of the adjacent undisturbed area (Webb and 

Wilshire 1980). Vegetation in the town site consists of short-lived perennials whereas the surrounding 

undisturbed vegetation consists mainly of long-lived perennials. Generally, annuals (e.g., Russian thistle, Salsola

kali) are the first colonizers in disturbed soil at this ghost town, followed by short-lived perennials (e.g., rice 

grass, Oryzopsis, and stipa (Stipa spp.) and then by medium- and long-lived perennials. This study indicates an 

extremely long recovery time is needed for recovery of vegetation, if the vegetation ever recovers. Ouren et al. 

(2007) state that some plant responses are likely to lag behind changes in soil properties, and, by the time effects 

are detected in plants, site recovery could be more difficult and lengthy. 

Motorized Travel Off of Designated Routes 

On the Deschutes National Forest, 39% of the acres of mapped Plant Association Groups are open to motorized 

travel off of designated routes under Alternative 1 (Table 3-122), Appendices B-4.2.1 and B-4.2.3). On the 

Ochoco National Forest and Grassland, 60% are open to motorized travel off of designated routes. As discussed 

above, motorized vehicles and travel can impact native plants and native plant habitats. Compared to Alternatives 

2 and 3, in which 100% of the acres are closed to motorized travel off of designated routes, Alternative 1 provides 

the least amount of protection to native plants and native plant habitats from motorized travel off of designated 

routes. 

Table 3-122 Percent of PAG acres closed and open for motorized travel off designated routes under Alternative 1 

(Existing Condition) and Alternatives 2 and 3 for the Forests and Grassland79. See Appendices B-4.2.1 and B-4.2.3 for more information. 

Unit Alt. 1 

% Closed 

Alt. 180

% Open 

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Closed 

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Open 

Deschutes NF 61 

(987,550 ac.) 

39 

(625,459 ac.) 

99.9 

1,611,912 ac.) 

0.01 

(915 ac.) 

Ochoco NF 

and CRNG 

40 

(291,589 ac.) 

60 

(429,773 ac.) 

100 

721,266 ac.) 

0.003 

(20 ac.) 

Summary 

Conclusion 

Alt. 1 provides least protection to 

native plants and native plant 

habitats from motorized use. 

Alts. 2 and 3 increase protection to native plant 

habitats from motorized use because 100% of 

the mapped acres of PAGs are closed to 

motorized travel off designated routes. 

 

79 To compare the alternatives for effects to native plants and native plant habitats from motorized travel off of designated routes, GIS was used to calculate 

the number of acres and percentage of PAGs, special habitats, TES plants, other rare or uncommon plants, and invasive plants for the different designations 

under each alternative.

80 Areas that are seasonally open were analyzed as open year-round because impacts to native plants habitats could occur at any time during the open season. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 311

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Table 3-123 summarizes the information from Appendices B-4.2.2 and B-4.2.4. Since the majority of acres of 

native plant habitats (mapped as PAGs) are open for motorized access for dispersed camping (72% on the 

Deschutes NF and 83% on the Ochoco NF and Grassland), Alternative 1 provides the least protection and the 

greatest opportunity for damage to native plant habitats from motorized recreation. This includes indirect effects 

such as colonization of disturbed habitats by invasive plants. 

Table 3-123. Percent of PAG acres closed and open for motorized access for dispersed camping under the different 

alternatives81. 

See Appendices B-4.2.2 and B-4.2.4 for more information. 

Unit Alt. 1 

% Closed 

Alt. 1 

% Open 

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Closed 

Alt. 2 % 

Open & Alt. 

3 Open 

Upland 

Provisions 

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Open 

Upland 

Provisions 

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Open 

Riparian 

Provisions 

Deschutes 

NF 

28 

(446,881 

ac.) 

72 

(1,166,137 

ac.) 

74 

(1,196,287 

ac.) 

23 

(365,494 

ac.) 

2 

(31,243 ac.) 

1 

(19,795 ac.) 

Ochoco NF 

and CRNG 

31 

(221,522 

ac.) 

69 

(499,840 

ac.) 

83 

(597,076 

ac.) 

10 

(69,700 ac.) 

2 

(15,286 ac.) 

5 

(39,203 ac.) 

Summary Conclusions 

Alt. 1 provides least protection 

to native plant habitats because 

the majority of acres are open 

for motorized access for 

dispersed camping with no 

special provisions 

Alternatives 2 & 3 provide 

greater protection than Alt. 1 

because more acres of habitat 

are closed to motorized access 

for dispersed camping (74% on 

Deschutes NF; 83% on Ochoco 

NF and Grassland). 

Alt. 3 provides the most 

protection because all areas 

open to motorized access for 

dispersed camping have special 

provisions, whereas some 

upland areas in Alternative 2 

have no provisions (23% on the 

Deschutes NF; 10% on the 

Ochoco NF and Grassland). 

Special Habitats 

Motorized use, especially concentrated and repeated use, can degrade native plant habitats by denuding areas of 

understory vegetation and compacting soils. Of particular concern are special habitats (areas which sustain 

unusual and/or particularly rich biological diversity) and rare plants and their habitats. 

Motorized Travel Off of Designated Routes 

Table 3-124 summarizes data shown in Appendices B-4.2.5 and B-4.2.7. Alternative 1 provides less protection 

to special habitats from motorized travel off of designated routes than Alternatives 2 and 3 because 13% of the 

acres occupied by special habitats are still open under Alternative 1 on the Deschutes National Forest and 73% are 

open on the Ochoco National Forest. Under Alternatives 2 and 3, 100% of special habitat acres are closed to 

motorized travel off of designated routes. 

 

81 To compare the alternatives for effects to native plants and native plant habitats in areas open to motorized access for dispersed camping, GIS was used to 

buffer each travel route by 300 feet on each side. This buffer was overlaid onto GIS layers for PAGS, special habitats layer, and inventoried TES, other rare 

or uncommon, and invasive plant sites. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 312

Table 3-124. Percent of Special Habitat acres closed and open for motorized travel off of designated routes under the 

three alternatives. 

See Appendices B-4.2.5 and B-4.2.7 for more information. 

Unit Alt. 1 

% Closed 

Alt. 1 

% Open 

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Closed 

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Open 

Deschutes NF 87 

(63,499 ac.) 

13 

(9,837 ac.) 

100 

(73,193 ac.) 

0 

(0 ac.) 

Ochoco NF and 

CRNG 

27 

(25,625 ac.) 

73 

(69,957 ac.) 

100 

(95,579 ac.) 

0 

Summary 

Conclusion 

Alternative 1 provides less protection to 

special habitats 

Alternative 2 & 3 provide greater 

protection to special habitats 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Under Alternative 1, 45% of special habitat acres on the Deschutes NF and 90% on the Ochoco NF and Grassland 

are open to motorized access for dispersed camping. (Table 3-125) Alternative 1 provides the least protection to 

special habitats in areas open to motorized access for dispersed camping compared to Alternatives 2 and 3, in 

which the majority (86% on the Deschutes NF; 85% on the Ochoco NF and Grassland) of special habitats would 

be closed. 

Table 3-125. Percent of Special Habitat acres closed and open for motorized access for dispersed camping (motorized 

access for dispersed camping) under the different alternatives. 

See Appendices B-4.2.6 and B-4.2.8 for more information. 

Unit Alt. 1 

% 

Closed 

Alt. 1 

% Open 

Alt. 2 

% Closed

Alt. 2 

% Open 

& Alt. 3 

Open 

Upland 

Provisions

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Open 

Upland 

Provisions

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Open 

Riparian 

Provisions 

Deschutes NF 55 

(40,103 

ac.) 

45 

(33,234 

ac.) 

86 

(63,222 

ac.) 

7 

(5,020 

ac.) 

4 

(2,659 

ac.) 

3 

(2,366 ac.) 

Ochoco NF 

and CRNG 

10 

(9,846 

ac.) 

90 

(85,736 

ac.) 

85 

(81,492 

ac.) 

8 

(7,376 

ac.) 

1 

(1,419 

ac.) 

6 

(5,294 ac.) 

Summary 

Conclusions 

Alt. 1 provides the 

least protection to 

special habitats in 

areas open to 

motorized access 

for dispersed 

camping. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 provide greater 

protection to special habitats than Alt. 1 in 

areas open to motorized access for dispersed 

camping. Alt. 3 provides more protection 

than Alt. 2. 

Threatened, Endangered, and Sensitive Plants 

Appendix B-4.2.13 contains the Biological Evaluation for TES plants for this project. There are no federally 

listed Threatened or Endangered plant species or habitats documented or suspected to occur on the Forests and 

Grassland. Therefore, this analysis only refers to Sensitive plants. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 313

On the Forests and Grassland, several conservation documents have been completed. Off-road vehicle 

disturbance is identified as a threat to pumice grape fern (Botrychium pumicola), Henderson’s and Wallowa 

needlegrasses (Achnatherum hendersonii and A. wallowaensis), and Peck’s mariposa lily (Calochortus

longebarbatus var. peckii) (Powers 2008; Dewey 2007; Dewey 2008). Though the Conservation Strategy for 

Peck’s penstemon (Penstemon peckii) does not directly identify off-highway motorized use as a threat, the 

Strategy does identify that habitat loss and fragmentation as threats to this species (Pajutee 2008). 

A Biological Evaluation (Appendix B-4.2.13) was prepared to evaluate the effects of the alternatives on Sensitive 

plants (no Threatened or Endangered plants are documented or suspected to occur on the Forests and Grassland). 

The following table (Table 3-126) summarizes the conclusions of the Biological Evaluation. More detailed 

information can be found in Table 2 of the Biological Evaluation in Appendix B-4.2.13. 

Mapped population acres were used to compare the alternatives. This represents occupied habitat. For all 

species, there may be potential habitat that is not yet occupied or known to be occupied, but the Forests and 

Grassland do not have detailed mapping of understory vegetation that would allow adequate analysis for 77 

sensitive plant species. 

In this analysis, a determination was made of MIIH if any of the mapped population acres occur in areas open to 

motorized access for dispersed camping without any special provisions. The assumption was made that the 

species could be impacted if motorized dispersed camping can occur anywhere. For some species, it might only 

be a small portion of the mapped habitat; for example, under Alternative 2, 8% of the mapped acres for 

Henderson’s needlegrass (Achnatherum hendersonii) occur in upland areas open for motorized access for 

dispersed camping with no special provisions. Therefore, even though 92% of the occupied acres for this species 

would occur in areas with special provisions, a determination of MIIH was made in order to be conservative in 

predicting potential effects. 

Table 3-126. Alternative Effects Summary to mapped Sensitive Plant Populations and Habitat for the Travel 

Management Project area. 

See Table 2 of the Biological Evaluation for more detailed information (Appendix B-4.2.13). 

Codes: 

NI – No Impact 

MIIH = May Impact Individuals or Habitat, but will not likely contribute to a trend towards Federal 

Listing or cause a loss of viability to the population or species; 

MIFV = Will Impact Individuals or Habitat With A Consequence That The Action May Contribute To A 

Trend Towards Federal Listing Or Cause A Loss Of Viability To The Population or Species 

BI = Beneficial Impact. 

Motorized Travel Off 

of Designated 

Routes 

Motorized Access for Dispersed 

Camping 

Species Alt. 1 Alt. 2 Alt. 1 Alt. 2 Alt. 3 

Vascular Plants 

Achnatherum 

hendersonii 

Henderson’s 

needlegrass

MIIH BI MIIH MIIH NI 

Achnatherum 

wallowaensis 

Wallowa 

needlegrass

MIIH BI MIIH NI NI 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 314

Motorized Travel Off 

of Designated 

Routes 

Motorized Access for Dispersed 

Camping 

Species Alt. 1 Alt. 2 Alt. 1 Alt. 2 Alt. 3 

Agoseris elata 

tall agoseris

NI NI MIIH MIIH NI 

Arnica viscosa 

Mt. Shasta arnica

NI NI NI NI NI 

Astragalus peck 

Peck’s milkvetch 

MIIH BI MIIH BI BI 

Astragalus 

tegetarioides 

Deschutes 

milkvetch 

MIIH BI MIIH MIIH NI 

Botrychium 

ascenden 

trianglelobe 

moonwort 

MIIH BI MIIH BI BI 

Botrychium 

crenulatum 

scalloped 

moonwort 

MIIH BI MIIH MIIH NI 

Botrychium 

minganense 

Mingan moonwort 

MIIH BI MIIH MIIH NI 

Botrychium 

montanum 

mountain 

moonwort 

MIIH BI MIIH BI NI 

Botrychium 

paradoxum 

Peculiar moonwort 

NI BI MIIH BI BI 

Botrychium 

pumicola 

pumice grape-fern 

MIIH BI MIIH MIIH NI 

Calochortus 

longebarbatus var. 

peckii 

Peck’s mariposa 

lily 

MIIH BI MIIH MIIH NI 

Carex capitata

capitate sedge 

NI NI MIIH BI BI 

Carex lasiocarpa

var. americana 

slender sedge 

NI NI MIIH BI BI 

Castilleja chlorotica 

green-tinged 

paintbrush 

BI BI MIIH NI – OffDR 

MIIH – MADC 

NI 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 315

Motorized Travel Off 

of Designated 

Routes 

Motorized Access for Dispersed 

Camping 

Species Alt. 1 Alt. 2 Alt. 1 Alt. 2 Alt. 3 

Cyperus 

acuminatus

short-pointed 

cyperus 

NI NI MIIH BI NI 

Gentiana 

newberryi var. 

newberryi

alpine gentian 

MIIH BI MIIH MIIH NI 

Lobelia dortmanna 

Dortmann’s 

cardinalflower 

NI NI NI NI NI 

Lomatium 

ochocense

Ochoco lomatium 

NI NI MIIH BI BI 

Lycopodiella 

inundata 

inundated 

clubmoss 

NI NI MIIH BI BI 

Penstemon peckii 

Peck’s penstemon 

DES = MIIH 

OCH = NI 

DES = 

BI 

OCH = 

BI 

DES = 

MIIH 

OCH = NI 

DES = MIIH 

OCH = NI 

DES = NI; 

OCH = NI 

Rorippa columbiae

Columbia 

yellowcress 

NI NI NI NI NI 

Scheuchzeria 

palustris ssp. 

americana

rannoch-rush 

NI NI NI NI NI 

Schoenoplectus 

subterminalis

(formerly Scirpus 

subterminalis) 

swaying bulrush 

NI NI NI NI NI 

Utricularia minor 

lesser bladderwort 

MIIH BI MIIH BI BI 

Bryophytes 

Helodium 

blandowii

moss 

DES = NI 

OCH = NI 

DES = 

NI 

OCH = 

NI 

DES = 

MIIH 

OCH = 

MIIH 

DES = NI 

OCH = NI 

DES = NI 

OCH = NI 

Rhizomnium 

nudum 

rhizomnium moss 

MIIH BI MIIH BI BI 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 316

Motorized Travel Off 

of Designated 

Routes 

Motorized Access for Dispersed 

Camping 

Species Alt. 1 Alt. 2 Alt. 1 Alt. 2 Alt. 3 

Schistostega 

pennata 

luminous moss 

NI NI MIIH BI BI 

Tomentypnum 

nitens

moss 

MIIH BI MIIH BI BI 

Tritomaria 

exsectiformis 

liverwort 

BI BI MIIH BI BI 

Lichens 

Dermatocarpon. 

luridum

Silverskin lichen 

DES = NI 

OCH = MIIH 

DES = 

NI 

OCH = 

BI 

DES = 

MIIH 

OCH = 

MIIH 

DES = BI 

OCH = BI 

DES = BI 

OCH - BI 

Texosporium 

sancti-jacobi 

lichen 

MIIH BI MIIH BI BI 

Fungi 

Alpova alexsmithii 

fungus 

NI NI NI NI NI 

Helvella 

crassitunicata 

fungus 

NI NI MIIH BI BI 

Hygrophorus 

caeruleus 

fungus 

MIIH BI MIIH BI BI 

Ramaria amyloidea 

fungus 

NI NI NI NI NI 

Motorized Travel Off of Designated Routes 

In Alternative 1, 71% of acres occupied by sensitive plants on the Ochoco NF and Grassland and 12% of acres on 

the Deschutes NF are open for motorized travel off of designated routes (Table 3-127), whereas, under 

Alternatives 2 and 3, 100% of occupied sensitive plant acres are closed. A greater number of individual sensitive 

plant species and/or their habitats may be impacted under Alternative 1 due to motorized travel off of designated 

routes than under Alternatives 2 and 3 (Table 3-126). 

Open habitats, such as meadows and drier forests, may be more vulnerable to off-road travel due to the fact that 

open habitats are more easily accessed by motor vehicles compared to areas with denser vegetation. Species that 

occur in these habitats include Henderson’s and Wallowa needlegrasses (found in open scablands), Peck’s 

penstemon (found in moist swales and intermittent streams in ponderosa pine forests), Peck’s milk-vetch (mostly 

found in non-forested, open areas), and Botrychium species and Peck’s mariposa lily (found in meadows). 

At this time, there are no known sensitive plants on the Forests and Grassland that are impacted by current levels 

of motorized travel off of designated routes to the point at which the species is declining and may need to be 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 317

federally listed in order to be protected. Therefore, the effects determination for those species that occur in areas 

open for motorized travel off of designated routes is MIIH instead of WIFV (see definitions in Table 3-X(15)). 

For some sensitive plant species, a determination of No Impact was made. Table 2 of the Biological Evaluation 

(Appendix B-4.2.13) provides more detailed information about the effects determination. For example, Ochoco 

lomatium (Lomatium ochocense) populations occur in areas closed to motorized travel in Alternative 1 and this 

restriction would continue with Alternatives 2 and 3. Therefore, there is no change from the current condition, 

and the populations would not be impacted regardless of the selected alternative. 

Table 3-127. Percent of acres occupied by sensitive plants closed and open for motorized travel off designated routes 

under Alternative 1 (Existing Condition), Alternative 2 (Proposed Action) and Alternative 3 for the Forests and 

Grassland. 

See Appendix B-4.2.9 for more information. 

Unit Alt. 1 

% Closed 

Alt. 1 

% Open 

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Closed 

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Open 

Deschutes NF 88 12 100 0 

Ochoco NF and 

CRNG 

29 71 100 0 

Summary 

Conclusion 

Alternative 1 provides less 

protection to sensitive plants and 

habitat 

Alternatives 2 & 3 provide greater 

protection to sensitive plants and 

habitat 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Under Alternative 1, 95% of acres occupied by sensitive plants on the Ochoco NF and Grassland and 32% on the 

Deschutes NF are within areas open for motorized access for dispersed camping (Table 3-128). Alternative 1 

provides less protection to sensitive plants compared to Alternatives 2 and 3, which close 70% of occupied 

sensitive plant habitat on the Deschutes NF and 71% on the Ochoco NF/Grassland to motorized access for 

dispersed camping. 

Table 3-128. Percent of acres occupied by sensitive plants closed and open for motorized access for dispersed 

camping under the different alternatives. 

See Appendix B-4.2.10 for more information. 

Unit Alt. 1 

% Closed 

Alt. 1 

% Open 

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Closed 

Alt. 2 

% Open 

& Alt. 3 

Open 

Special 

provisions 

nonriparian 

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Open 

Special 

provisions 

nonriparian 

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Open 

Special 

provisions 

-riparian 

Deschutes NF 68 32 70 16 5 6 

Ochoco NF and 

CRNG 

5 95 71 6 1 22 

Summary 

Conclusions 

Alternative 1 provides 

less protection to TES 

plants. 

Alternative 2 provides a higher level of protection to 

TES plants than Alternative 1. Alternative 3 provides 

the most protection. 

Other Rare or Uncommon Plants 

As discussed earlier, other rare or uncommon plants are identified on the Deschutes National Forest for protection 

from management activities. These species are often associated with late seral and/or old growth habitats. 

Motorized Travel Off of Designated Routes 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 318

Table 3-129 summarizes the differences between the three alternatives in the percent of acres occupied by other 

rare or uncommon plants that are closed or open to motorized travel off of designated routes. Though only 4% of 

acres are open under Alternative 1, this alternative does not provide as much protection as Alternatives 2 and 3, in 

which 100% of the occupied habitat is closed to motorized travel off of designated routes. 

Table 3-129. Percent of acres occupied by other rare or uncommon plants closed and open for motorized travel off 

designated routes under Alternative 1 (Existing Condition) and Alternatives 2 and 3 for the Deschutes National 

Forest. 

See Appendix B-4.2.11 for more information. 

Unit Alt. 1 

% Closed 

Alt. 1 

% Open 

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Closed 

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Open 

Deschutes NF 96 

(2.8 ac.) 

4 

(0.1 ac.) 

100 

(2.9 ac.) 

0 

Summary Conclusion Alternative 1 provides less protection Alternatives 2 and 3 provide 

greater protection 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Under Alternative 1, more acres occupied by other rare or uncommon plants are closed to motorized access for 

dispersed camping (75%; Table 3-130) than under Alternatives 2 and 3. However, Alternative 1 allows 

unrestricted access for dispersed camping (i.e., no special provisions), whereas Alternatives 2 and 3 incorporate 

special provisions. Only 5% of the acres occupied by other rare or uncommon plants are within dispersed 

camping areas with no special provisions (Alternative 2). Because Alternative 1 allows unrestricted motorized 

access for dispersed camping, Alternative 1 has a greater potential adverse impact on other rare or uncommon 

plants. 

Table 3-130. Percent of acres occupied by other rare or uncommon plants closed and open for motorized access for 

dispersed camping (motorized access for dispersed camping) under the different alternatives. 

See Appendix B-4.2.12 for more information. 

Unit Alt. 1 

% Closed 

Alt. 1 

% Open 

Alt. 2 

% Closed 

Alt. 2 

% Open 

& Alt. 3 

Open 

Upland 

Provisions 

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Open 

Upland 

Provisions 

Alt. 2 & 3 

% Open 

Riparian 

Provisions 

Deschutes NF 75 

(2.2 ac.) 

25 

(0.7 ac.) 

60 

(0.18 ac.) 

5 

(0.03 ac.) 

6 29 

(0.1 ac.) 

Summary 

Conclusions 

Alternative 1 provides less 

protection because 

motorized access for 

dispersed camping with no 

special provisions 

Alternatives 2& 3 provide greater protection than 

Alternative 1. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

Native Plants and Native Plant Habitats 

Overall, Alternatives 2 and 3 would substantially reduce potential impacts to native plant habitats, including 

special and rare plant habitats, by substantially reducing the amount of acres available for motorized travel off of 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 319

designated routes. Some native plant habitats within 300’ of roads open for motorized access for dispersed 

camping could continue to have localized impacts, yet the proposed action does incorporate special provisions 

within sensitive areas adjacent to streams, wetlands, and water bodies. The special provisions would limit 

motorized access to no closer than 30’. to the edge of the stream or water body. 

Motorized Access Off of Designated Routes 

Alternatives 2 and 3 provide greater protection than Alternative 1 to native plant habitats from motorized 

recreation because 100% of the acres of native plant habitats (mapped as Plant Association Groups) are closed to 

motorized travel off designated routes (Table 3-122). 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Alternatives 2 and 3 provide greater protection than Alternative 1 to native plant habitats because 74% of the 

acres are proposed to be closed to motorized access for dispersed camping compared to only 28% in Alternative 1 

(Table 3-123). 

Alternative 2 provides less protection than Alternative 3 to native plant habitats because 23% of mapped upland 

acres are open to motorized access for dispersed camping with no special provisions, whereas 100% of acres in 

Alternative 3 have special provisions. Alternative 3 confines motorized access for dispersed camping to existing, 

designated, or defined campsites, therefore limiting motorized use in surrounding habitats. This provides greater 

protection to native plant habitats.

Special Habitats 

Motorized Travel Off of Designated Routes 

Alternatives 2 and 3 provide greater protection than Alternative 1 to special habitats because 100% of these areas 

closed to motorized access off of designated routes (Table 3-124). 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Alternatives 2 and 3 provide greater protection to special habitats than Alternative 1 because the majority (86% on 

the Deschutes NF; 85% on the Ochoco NF and Grassland) of special habitat acres would be closed to motorized 

access for dispersed camping compared to Alternative 1 (Table 3-125). In Alternative 1, only 55% on Deschutes 

NF and 10% on Ochoco NF/Grassland would be closed. 

Of the acres open to motorized access for dispersed camping, Alternative 3 provides greater protection than 

Alternative 2 because of special provisions. Under Alternative 2, 7% of special habitat acres on the Deschutes 

and 8% on the Ochoco/Grassland occur in upland areas open to motorized access for dispersed camping without 

special provisions. Therefore, Alternative 2 does not provide as much protection as Alternative 3, in which all 

areas open for motorized access for dispersed camping have special provisions. 

Threatened, Endangered, and Sensitive Plants 

As discussed earlier, there are no federally listed Threatened or Endangered plant species or habitats documented 

or suspected to occur on the Forests and Grassland. Therefore, this analysis only refers to Sensitive plants. 

See the discussion in Alternative 1 for more information on the biological evaluation. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 320

Motorized Travel Off of Designated Routes 

Alternatives 2 and 3 prohibit motorized travel off of designated routes. On the Ochoco NF and Grassland, 71% of 

sensitive plant acres would be open for motorized travel off of designated routes under Alternative 1, but 100% of 

the acres would be closed under Alternatives 2 and 3. For many sensitive plant populations, this results in a 

Beneficial Impact (Table 3-126, Appendix B-4.2.9). This increases the protection of sensitive plants compared to 

current management in Alternative 1. 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Alternatives 2 and 3 either increase the protection to sensitive plants or do not result in an adverse change (e.g., a 

determination of No Impact is made for all alternatives) (Table 3-126; Table 2 in Appendix B-4.2.13). More 

acres of sensitive plants are closed to motorized access for dispersed camping in Alternatives 2 and 3 than in 

Alternative 1 (Table 3-128). 

For many sensitive plant species, Alternative 2 increases the protection to sensitive plants and changes a “May 

Impact Individuals and or Habitat” (MIIH) determination in Alternative 1 to a Beneficial or No Impact 

determination. For some species, Alternative 2 would result in the same MIIH determination as in Alternative 1 

(e.g., Peck’s mariposa lily). As discussed in Alternative 1, a determination was made of MIIH if any of the 

mapped population acres occur in areas open to motorized access for dispersed camping without any special 

provisions. However, in most cases, the percent of acres open to motorized access for dispersed camping without 

special provisions is much less than what would occur in Alternative 1. For example, on the Ochoco NF and 

Grassland, 95% of the acres occupied by sensitive plants are open under Alternative 1 to motorized access for 

dispersed camping; in Alternatives 2 and 3, 71% of the acres would be closed to this use. Alternatives 2 and 3 

provide greater protection to sensitive plant populations than Alternative 1. 

Of the two action alternatives, Alternative 3 results in a determination of either No Impact or Beneficial Impact 

for all mapped sensitive plant populations. Alternative 3 provides greater protection than Alternative 2 because 

all areas open for motorized access for dispersed camping have special provisions (i.e., confine camping to 

existing, designated, or defined sites) (Table 3-128). 

Other Rare or Uncommon Plants 

Motorized Travel Off of Designated Routes 

Alternatives 2 and 3 provide equally high levels of protection because 100% of occupied acres of other rare or 

uncommon plants are closed to motorized travel off of designated routes (Table 3-129). This results in a 

beneficial impact to other rare or uncommon plant species. 

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

In Alternatives 2 and 3, 40% of the acres occupied by other rare and uncommon are open for motorized access for 

dispersed camping. However, of the 40%, only 5% are open in upland areas without special provisions (Table 3-

130). The remaining 35% of acres are open with special provisions that confine motorized access for dispersed 

camping to existing, designated, or defined sites. Both Alternatives 2 and 3 increase the protection to other rare 

or uncommon plants over Alternative 1, which allows unrestricted motorized access for dispersed camping (i.e., 

no special provisions). However, Alternative 2 does not provide as much protection as Alternative 3 because 5% 

of occupied acres are open to motorized access for dispersed camping without provisions. Special provisions 

under Alternatives 2 and 3 increase the protection to these unique species over Alternative 1. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 321

Range 

Executive Summary 

This section summarizes the analysis of the effects from implementing the actions proposed in this EIS on range 

activities on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, and Crooked River National Grassland 

Under Alternatives 2 and 3, the majority of the acreage that affects grazing operations would be closed to 

motorized travel off designated routes (see Table Range-3 below and Tables B-7.1.6 and B-7.1.7 in Appendix B7). Based upon past observations it is expected that this would result in a considerable reduction in the amount of 

damage to range improvements (both intentional and accidental) as well as a proportionate reduction in the 

amount and degree of harassment and killing of permitted domestic livestock. Both alternatives would result in 

an indirect reduction of the spread and establishment of invasive plant species, as rangeland plant associations 

tend to be highly susceptible and sensitive to invasive plant infestation and invasion (see Invasive Plants section). 

Cumulatively, Alternative 2 is expected to result in overall improved distribution of domestic livestock and a net 

positive impact on grazing and grazing operations. This is expected because the action alternatives would reduce 

obstacles to livestock travel and increase forage quantity and improve forage quality. The special provision in 

Alternative 3 limiting motorized access for dispersed camping in riparian areas, would be expected to slightly 

reduce the dispersal of cattle (on active cattle allotments) associated with occupied dispersed campsites. 

Cumulatively the effects of Alternative 3 would be indistinguishable from Alternative 2. 

Affected Environment 

The Deschutes National Forest administers 34 grazing allotments, of which 6 are active, 19 are vacant, and 9 are 

closed to permitted livestock grazing. The Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland, 

administer 79 grazing allotments, of which 66 are active, 6 are vacant, and 7 are closed to permitted livestock 

grazing. Of the 72 active grazing allotments on both Forests, 68 are cattle allotments, three are sheep allotments 

(Canyon Creek, Reservoir and Trout Creek on the Lookout Mountain Ranger District) and one is a saddle and 

draft horse allotment (East Winter on the Crooked River National Grassland). (Appendix B-7 which lists 

Allotment Status by Forest and District.) 

On the active grazing allotments, six on the Deschutes National Forest and sixty six on the Ochoco National 

Forest (including the Crooked River National Grassland), approximately 132,000 acres and 231,000 acres 

respectively are currently closed to motorized travel off designated routes and approximately 37,000 acres and 

408,000 acres respectively are open at least seasonally to motorized travel off designated routes. On the vacant 

grazing allotments, 19 on the Deschutes National Forest and six on the Ochoco National Forest (including the 

Crooked River National Grassland), approximately 190,000 acres and 2,500 acres respectively, are currently 

closed to motorized travel off designated routes and approximately 204,000 acres and 5,300 acres respectively are 

open at least seasonally to motorized travel off designated routes. A comparison will not be conducted for 

grazing allotments in a closed status because the potential to impact grazing and/or grazing operations within 

closed allotments is very low. The table below summarizes this information. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 322

Table 3-131: Summary of motorized access off designated routes (approximate acres) by Allotment Status and Forest 

ALLOTMENT 

STATUS FOREST NUMBER OF 

ALLOTMENTS

CLOSED OFF 

DESIGNATED 

ROUTES

OPEN OFF 

DESIGNATED 

ROUTES

Deschutes 6 132,000 37,000

Ochoco 66 231,000 408,000

Combined 72 363,000 445,000

Deschutes 19 190,000 204,000

Ochoco 6 2,500 5,300

Combined 25 192,500 209,300

Vacant

Active

Tables B-7.1.2 & B-7.1.3 in Appendix B-7 (Range) present motorized access off designated routes (acres) 

information in greater detail for both forests respectively. 

On the active grazing allotments, six on the Deschutes National Forest and sixty six on the Ochoco National 

Forest (including the Crooked River National Grassland), approximately 45,000 acres and 162,000 acres 

respectively are currently closed to motorized access for dispersed camping and approximately 123,000 acres and 

475,000 acres respectively are open at least seasonally to motorized access for dispersed camping. On the vacant 

grazing allotments 19 on the Deschutes National Forest, approximately 108,000 acres and 2,200 acres 

respectively are currently closed to motorized access for dispersed camping and approximately 286,000 acres and 

5,600 acres are open at least seasonally to motorized access for dispersed camping, while approximately 600 acres 

on the Deschutes National Forest are open to motorized access for dispersed camping at designated sites only. 

Table 3-132: Summary of motorized access for dispersed camping (approximate acres) by Allotment Status and 

Forest

ALLOTMENT 

STATUS FOREST NUMBER OF 

ALLOTMENTS

CLOSED TO 

MOTORIZED 

ACCESS FOR 

DISPERSED 

CAMPING

OPEN TO 

MOTORIZED 

ACCESS FOR 

DISPERSED 

CAMPING

DESIGNATED 

SITES FOR 

DISPERSED 

CAMPING

Deschutes 6 45,000 123,000 0

Ochoco 66 162,000 475,000 0

Combined 72 207,000 598,000 0

Deschutes 19 108,000 286,000 600

Ochoco 6 2,200 5,600 0

Combined 25 110,200 291,600 600

Vacant

Active

Tables B-7.1.4 & B-7.1.5 in Appendix B-7 (Range) present motorized access for dispersed camping (acres) 

information in greater detail for both forests respectively. 

Current allotments for both forests are displayed on Figure 3-19 below. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 323 

Figure 3-19. Range Map. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 324 

Grazing, Roads and Dispersed Recreation 

Cattle use roads/roadsides (both open and closed) as a route for travel/movement. Roads are used to a 

greater degree by cattle as routes for longer trailing and as slopes increase and/or vegetation makes off road 

travel more difficult. Sheep are generally affected to a lesser degree by obstructing vegetation and prefer 

moderate to steeper slopes. Cattle typically avoid campsites where human activity is occurring although 

they will readily enter campsites where no activity is occurring. Sheep will generally be unaffected by 

campsites and human activity and will go where they are herded. 

Range improvement functionality is imperative for the management of cattle, although it is of much less 

importance for managing sheep. Both water developments and fences are placed in order to provide for 

control and dispersal of cattle. Cattle will typically only utilize forage with a half a mile to a mile from 

water. The lower end of this range is applicable on landscapes where travel is more difficult (steeper slopes, 

more vegetative obstruction), while the higher end of this range applies to landscapes where travel is easier 

(flatter with less trees and brush) (Valentine, 1989)(USDA and USDI, 1989). Fences keep cattle within 

certain areas and out of other areas. Therefore fences are management tools that help regulate the timing, 

amount and location of grazing by cattle. The functionality of either type of range improvement is impacted 

by the public at large. 

The following table presents several common ways that the integrity of range improvements are 

compromised by the public at large (personal observations of the Range Conservationist). 

Table 3-133 Incidents that compromise range improvement functionality 

RANGE IMPROVEMENT 

TYPE 

COMMON INCIDENTS THAT COMPROMISE FUNCTIONALITY 

Spring development Troughs shot. 

Troughs stolen. 

Water pipes diverted to RVs. 

Dispersed camp sites prevent livestock access. 

Wells Switches turned off. 

Switches turned on resulting in burned out pumps. 

Switches turned on in the winter and system charged resulting in frozen and 

broken lines. 

Drain valves opened. 

Power cable stolen. 

Meter box vandalized. 

Steel post/barbed wire 

fence 

Steel posts stolen out of fence. 

Fence cut. 

Gates left open. 

Objects placed over wire to hold it down. 

Motor vehicle driving through fences both intentionally and accidentally. 

Corrals and Post/pole 

fences 

Fences cut with chainsaws for firewood. 

Gates stolen. 

Corrals used by recreating public for horses/pack animals. 

Livestock harassment and even the killing of livestock is another impact to grazing and/or grazing operations 

that appears to be correlated to the presence and density of general members of the public on the landscape. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 325

Analysis of Environmental Effects 

The greatest potential for impact of the activities under analysis on rangeland vegetation is in the indirect 

effect on the spread and establishment of invasive plant species. Rangeland plant associations (non-forested 

plant associations) tend to be highly susceptible and sensitive to invasive plant infestation and invasion. 

Please refer to the invasive plants report and discussions in the EIS for descriptions of the affected 

environment and alternative effects relative to invasive plants and their affect on non-forest plant 

associations. 

Alternative 1 

Under the No Action alternative, the acreage open and closed to motorized travel off designated routes and 

open and closed to motorized access for dispersed camping will remain the same as described under the 

Affected Environment section. 

The ability to manage livestock grazing is reduced and grazing operations are impacted when incidents of 

damage to range improvements coincide with active grazing operations (grazing allotments in active status). 

Tables Range-1 above and B-7.1.2 & B-7.1.3 in Appendix B-7 illustrate the existing acreage open and 

closed to motorized travel off designated routes both within active allotments (currently grazed) and vacant 

allotments (possibly grazed in the future). 

The potential effect of dispersed camping on grazing and grazing operations from dispersed camping is 

expected to be mixed. Because cattle tend to avoid occupied campsites, and because dispersed campsites 

have a higher probability of occurring within primary range (typically valley bottoms in near proximity to a 

water source), increased dispersed camping may improve cattle distribution within any given pasture (there 

would not be any anticipated impact on sheep allotments). However, as preferred dispersed campsites 

become fully occupied it is anticipated that there would be an increase in the occupancy of less desirable 

sites including within water lots (areas designed to be an access for livestock to water). Occupancy of 

dispersed campsites within water lots renders the range improvement nonfunctional having a negative effect 

on grazing and/or grazing operations. This type of impact would be most pronounced where stock water is a 

limiting resource, and becomes of less importance as water becomes more available and abundant. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

Under Alternatives 2 and 3, an additional 63,265 acres of the six active grazing allotments on the Deschutes 

National Forest and an additional 438,468 acres of the sixty six active grazing allotments on the Ochoco 

National Forest (including the Crooked River National Grassland) that are currently open to motorized 

access off designated routes would be closed off designated routes. On the vacant grazing allotments, 19 on 

the Deschutes National Forest and six on the Ochoco National Forest and Grassland, an additional 231,169 

acres and 5,302 acres respectively, that are currently open to motorized travel off designated routes would be 

closed to travel off designated routes. A comparison will not be conducted for grazing allotments in a 

closed status because the potential to impact grazing and/or grazing operations within closed allotments is 

very low. The table below summarizes the total acreage open and closed to motorized travel off designated 

routes by allotment status and Forest. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 326

Table 3-134: Summary of motorized access for off designated routes (approximate acres) by Allotment Status 

and Forest under Alternatives 2 and 3 

ALLOTMENT 

STATUS FOREST NUMBER OF 

ALLOTMENTS

CLOSED TO 

MOTORIZED 

TRAVEL OFF 

DESIGNED 

ROUTES 

OPEN TO 

MOTORIZED 

TRAVEL OFF 

DESIGNED 

ROUTES 

Deschutes 6 168,000 400

Ochoco 66 637,000 20

Combined 72 805,000 420

Deschutes 19 395,000 0

Ochoco 6 7,800 0

Combined 25 402,800 0

Vacant

Active

Tables B-7.1.6 & B-7.1.7 in Appendix B-7 (Range) present motorized access off designated routes (acres) 

information in greater detail for both forests respectively under Alternatives 2 and 3. 

Observations of past damage to range improvements and incidents of livestock harassment injury and 

mortality indicates that acreage open to motorized access off designated routes may be used as an index 

related to the amount of damage (both intentional and accidental) rendered upon range improvements as well 

as the amount of harassment and killing of livestock by general members of the public. Under Alternatives 2 

and 3, the majority of the acreage with the 72 active grazing allotments and all of the acreage within the 25 

vacant grazing allotments on both Forests would be closed to motorized travel off designated routes (see 

Tables B-7.1.6 and B-7.1.7 in Appendix B-7). It is expected that this would result in a considerable 

reduction in the amount of damage of range improvements (both intentional and accidental) as well as a 

proportionate reduction in the amount and degree of harassment and killing of permitted domestic livestock 

short through long term. 

Alternative 2 

Under Alternative 2 an additional 422,000 acres would be closed to motorized access for dispersed camping 

on the six active grazing allotments on the Deschutes National Forest and the sixty six active grazing 

allotments on the Ochoco National Forest and Grassland. Of the remaining acreage on active grazing 

allotments, 56,700 have special provisions limiting where dispersed camping may occur. Also under this 

alternative approximately 162,000 acres would be closed to motorized access for dispersed camping on the 

19 vacant grazing allotments on the Deschutes National Forest and the six vacant grazing allotments on the 

Ochoco National Forest (including the Crooked River National Grassland). Of the remaining acreage on 

vacant grazing allotments, approximately 24,400 has special provisions limiting where dispersed camping 

may occur. As a result, livestock dispersal associated with occupancy of dispersed camp sites may be 

reduced potentially resulting in livestock meeting utilization standards in portions of primary range where 

they have not previously, short through long term. 

The table below summarizes acreage open and closed to motorized access for dispersed camping as well as 

those areas open but limited by special provision. These are listed by allotment status and forest. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 327

Table 3-135: Summary of motorized access for dispersed camping (approximate acres) by Allotment Status and 

Forest under Alternative 2 

ALLOTMENT 

STATUS FOREST NUMBER OF ALLOTMENTS

CLOSED TO 

MOTORIZED 

ACCESS FOR 

DISPERSED 

CAMPING

OPEN TO 

MOTORIZED 

ACCESS FOR 

DISPERSED 

CAMPING

DESIGNATED 

SITES and 

SPECIAL 

PROVISIONS 

FOR 

DISPERSED 

CAMPING

Deschutes 6 105,000 39,000 7,700

Ochoco 66 524,000 65,000 49,000

Combined 72 629,000 104,000 56,700

Deschutes 19 266,000 105,000 24,000

Ochoco 6 6,200 1,200 400

Combined 25 272,200 106,200 24,400

Vacant

Active

Tables B-7.1.8 & B-7.1.9 in Appendix B-7 (Range) present motorized access for dispersed camping (acres) 

information in greater detail for both forests respectively for Alternative 2. 

Cumulatively, the reduction of damage to range improvements and of harassment and killing of livestock in 

combination with past, present and future wildlife, fuels, silvicultural and watershed enhancement vegetation 

management projects is expected to result in overall improved distribution of domestic livestock and a net 

positive impact on grazing and grazing operations. This is expected because these projects tend to decrease 

obstacles to livestock travel but increase forage quantity and improve forage quality particularly in the 

uplands. 

Alternative 3 

Alternative 3 is the same as Alternative 2 except it limits all motorized access for dispersed camping that 

was open in Alternative 2 to limited by special provision in Alternative 3. This would be expected to further 

slightly reduce the dispersal of cattle (on active cattle allotments) associated with occupied dispersed 

campsites short through long term. 

Table 3-136: Summary of motorized access for dispersed camping (approximate acres) by Allotment Status and 

Forest under Alternative 3 

ALLOTMENT 

STATUS FOREST NUMBER OF 

ALLOTMENTS

CLOSED TO 

MOTORIZED 

ACCESS FOR 

DISPERSED 

CAMPING

OPEN TO 

MOTORIZED 

ACCESS FOR 

DISPERSED 

CAMPING

DESIGNATED 

SITES and 

SPECIAL 

PROVISIONS 

FOR 

DISPERSED 

CAMPING

Deschutes 6 105,000 0 47,000

Ochoco 66 524,000 0 114,000

Combined 72 629,000 0 161,000

Deschutes 19 266,000 0 129,000

Ochoco 6 6,200 0 1,600

Combined 25 272,200 0 130,600

Vacant

Active
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 328

Cumulatively the effects of Alternative 3 would be indistinguishable from Alternative 2. 

Fisheries 

Executive Summary 

This section summarizes the analysis of the effects from implementing the actions proposed in this EIS on 

fish populations, critical habitat and habitat for threatened bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), steelhead, and 

sensitive redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 

Potential positive effects to fisheries from implementation of either action alternative could result indirectly 

from decreases in erosion and bank instability, and increases in vegetative cover (shade). 

In Alternative 2, the potential is reduced for turbidity, fine sediment bed load, and increases in stream 

temperature from the no action alternative, and would have a beneficial effect on these resources at the 

localized scale, especially in relation to motorized access for dispersed camping. These beneficial effects to 

habitats are anticipated, although not specifically quantifiable without more site-specific data related to 

future uses and recovery of these areas. Overall there would be a reduction in acres within 100’ of 

waterbodies that would reduce motorized access off of designated routes of almost 16,000 acres on the 

Deschutes and 40,000 acres on the Ochoco. 

Alternative 3 would provide a further beneficial effect by limiting motorized access across both forests for 

dispersed camping to only to existing, designated, or defined sites with a 30’ setback from streams, wetlands, 

or waterbodies. 

Affected Environment 

Watersheds are natural divisions of the landscape and the basic functioning unit of the hydrologic system. 

Watersheds are hierarchical - - smaller ones nested within larger ones. For the purpose of analyzing and 

summarizing aquatic and vegetative data a hierarchy of watersheds and watershed boundaries was developed 

by the region using U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) protocols. Identification of these watersheds follows 

the USGS numeric Hydrologic Unit Coding (HUC) system, and are referred to as ‘HUC’s’. 

There are eleven 4th field HUC’s across the two Forests and Grassland. Within these 4th field HUC’s there 

are fifty six 5th field HUC’s that have potential aquatic species/issues for dispersed camping out of a total of 

sixty four 5th field HUC’s (10 have no surface water associated with them). On the Deschutes the 4th fields 

are the Upper Deschutes and Little Deschutes, Summer Lake, and Williamson. The Ochoco and the 

Grassland have the Lower Deschutes, South Fork Crooked, Lower Crooked, Upper Crooked, Lower John 

Day, Upper John Day, and Trout.
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 329

A more detailed description of the existing condition of the 4th Field subbasins within the analysis area are 

included in Appendix B-1 – Fisheries, Current Condition of 4th Field HUC’s. The watersheds within which 

the conditions described above are of greatest potential concern are: 

 Upper Deschutes 4th Field HUC 

 Crane Prairie 5th Field HUC 

 Wickiup 5th Field HUC 

 Squaw Creek 5th Field HUC 

 Upper Metolius River 5th Field HUC 

 Lower Crooked 4th Field HUC 

 McKay Creek 5th Field HUC 

On the Deschutes National Forest there are 726 miles of stream that are fish bearing. In addition there are 

over 400 miles of non-fish bearing streams. The Deschutes is generally characterized by streams with flow 

regimes that are spring fed with consistent flows and result in stable systems. There are some systems that 

are flashy, snow melt dominated systems, but these are relatively few in number. In most of these systems 

bank stability is high due to the stable nature of the flow and resulting excellent vegetative growth within the 

near bank riparian areas. 

There are over 300 lakes on the Deschutes National Forest with only about 30 of those lakes accessible by 

vehicle. While most of these 30 lakes allow dispersed camping adjacent to them, there are many that do not. 

These include East, Paulina, Little Cultus, Cultus, Deer, Hosmer, Lava, Little Lava, Elk, Todd, North Twin, 

South Twin, Odell, Suttle, Three Creek, and Jack lakes. 

On the Ochoco National Forest, including the Crooked River National Grassland, there are 825 miles of fish 

bearing streams and over 1800 miles of non-fish bearing streams. Most all of these stream systems are 

snow melt dominated systems with high spring flows followed by very low summer flows. Numerous 

systems have high elevation meadows (with wide riparian areas) that link narrower streams with riparian 

areas that are dominated by forests. These systems generally have higher base flows than most of the other 

systems within the Ochoco National Forest and the Grassland. 

Lakes and reservoirs on the Ochoco National Forest and Grassland are limited to four major lakes and 

reservoirs: Haystack Reservoir, Walton Lake, Antelope Reservoir, and Lake Billy Chinook. However, 

motorized access for dispersed camping does not exist on any of these bodies of water. 

Fish species vary widely across both forests, although the number of different native species is relatively 

low. Of most importance is the presence of bull trout in the Metolius, Whychus, and Odell systems, and 

steelhead in Trout Creek, within most all tributaries to the John Day off the north slopes of the Ochoco’s, 

and the reintroduction of steelhead within the McKay Creek, Whychus, and Metolius river systems. Native 

redband trout are widely distributed across the Ochoco National Forest and in many locations within the 

Upper Deschutes subbasin. Redband trout have likely been extirpated from the Little Deschutes fourth field 

subbasin. 

Brook trout are the most widely distributed introduced species and occupy many miles of streams and acres 

of lakes throughout the Deschutes basin on both Forests and the Grassland. Brown trout, while also 

introduced, are not as widely distributed as brook trout. Strong populations are present in the Deschutes 

River, Wickiup and Crane Prairie Reservoirs, and parts of the Little Deschutes River. 

Numerous other fish species, from bass to bullheads, have been introduced across both Forests, although the 

Deschutes has the most introduced species, due mostly to the number of lakes and reservoirs. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 330

Motorized travel off designated routes (forest wide) and to dispersed sites can create a number of conditions 

that have the potential to affect stream channels and riparian habitat thereby resulting in effects to fisheries 

habitats. Included in these conditions is increased erosion from riparian areas as a result of motorized travel 

off of designated routes and access to dispersed sites that are located close to streams, wetlands, or 

waterbodies. Erosion from these access routes can be channeled directly to streams and lakes as a 

consequence of the slope of the surrounding land and the proximity of the access route to these riparian 

areas. These routes can be highly compacted areas that have reduced infiltration rates so the water is usually 

concentrated in these areas, has increased velocities and erodes these access routes. This surface sediment 

can be routed to nearby streams or water bodies. This increase in fine sediment has the potential to reduce 

spawning success and rearing habitat for fish and other aquatic organisms through infilling of spawning 

gravels and pools. 

In addition to the potential to increase sediment, these routes also have the potential to reduce the amount of 

vegetation that surrounds and parallels streams or other riparian areas. Vegetation in these areas contributes 

to bank stability, shade, and large woody debris in streams. Access routes that parallel streams or that have 

direct access to stream banks have the greatest potential for decreasing these important vegetation 

components. 

Special Fisheries Habitats and Species 

Essential Fish Habitat 

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act Public Law 94-265 

The Pacific Fishery Management Council designated Essential Fish Habitat for chinook salmon on 

September 27, 2000. Essential Fish Habitat for Spring Chinook has been designated across both Forests and 

the Grassland. This designation includes current and some historic habitat in the Deschutes Basin. 

Historical habitat above Pelton Round Butte Dam is also included. For the Ochoco National Forest, 

Essential Fish Habitat is not included above Ochoco Reservoir Dam or above Bowman Dam, but does 

include habitat on the north facing slopes of the Ochoco National Forest. On the Deschutes NF it includes 

the Deschutes River to Big Falls, Whychus Creek, and the Metolius River watersheds 

Threatened and Endangered Species and Critical Habitat 

Biological Analyses/Evaluations have been prepared to document possible effects of proposed activities on 

threatened and endangered species in the project area. There are no endangered aquatic species known or 

suspected to occur on the two Forests and Grassland. Threatened aquatic species that are known or 

suspected to occur on the two Forests and Grassland include bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and its 

critical habitat (areas occupied by bull trout on private land), and mid-Columbia River steelhead trout 

(Oncorhynchus mykiss) along with its critical habitat (all areas occupied by steelhead on federal land). 

Stocks of summer steelhead currently occur across the north and east slopes of the Ochoco NF, in McKay 

Creek (Ochoco NF) and the Lower Crooked River on the Grassland, along with Whychus Creek and the 

lower Deschutes River on the Deschutes NF. Bull trout occur in lower Whychus Creek, the lower Deschutes 

and Crooked Rivers, the Metolius watersheds, and Odell Lake and Odell Creek 5th field watersheds. 

Sensitive Species 

Sensitive species are established under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 as amended. There are four 

sensitive species that are evaluated in this document. They are the Malhuer mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi),
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 331

West-slope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi), Mid-Columbia River spring chinook salmon 

(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and Redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Three species, the Malhuer 

mottled sculpin, West-slope cutthroat trout, and Mid-Columbia River spring chinook salmon would have No 

Impact because there are no known populations in the project area. One Sensitive Species, the Redband 

Trout, is the only salmonid that is known to occur within the project area and the effects to this species and 

habitat have been evaluated in detail. 

Analysis of Environmental Effects 

The following discussion includes the possible effects of both motorized access off designated routes and 

motorized access for dispersed camping. Studies across the United States on the effects of both two and four 

wheeled off-highway vehicles (OHV’s) show consistent findings. This brief review is not meant to be 

exhaustive of the literature that has been published, but is meant to show the general conclusions that are 

almost universally agreed upon within the literature. 

In a review of literature, Manning (1979) showed that recreation can affect vegetation in a few different 

ways, which included trampling and compaction of the soil. Numerous studies showed that the primary 

effects of OHV’s on soils include surface disruption and compaction which can lead to increases in runoff 

and erosion. Foltz (2006) found that in all cases (low, medium, and high disturbance) for ATV trails that 

sediment movement and loss would be expected to increase due to ATV traffic over undisturbed areas. 

Others have found similar results with effects including gullying, compaction and increased soils exposure, 

along with lower vegetative species diversity. Similarly, Webb (1978) studied effects on six soil types and 

found increases in erosion, decreased surface strength in sandy and loamy soils, resulting in impediments to 

revegetation. In clay soils, surface strength increased which may increase runoff. This was also noted by 

Wilshire et al. (1978) in a study of over 400 sites in seven states and included increased density. This 

increase in density resulted in decreased infiltration, increased runoff, increased erosion and sediment yield 

and prevented revegetation. Numerous other studies found similar effects of reduced vegetation, reduced 

infiltration, increased runoff, and increased erosion as a result of OHV use in areas. 

Vegetative buffer strips along streams are known to reduce sediment yield to streams as the sediment is 

trapped by the vegetation and duff layers. While the general rule is that the wider the vegetative strip the 

better, it appears to be mostly correlated with slope (steeper slopes require larger/wider vegetative buffers). 

Most dispersed sites are located on flat terrain (0 to 5% slope) on terraces and minimum vegetative buffers 

would allow for sediment filtering before runoff into water bodies. Rashin et al. (2006) found that a 10 

meter (32.8 ft.) setback of felling and yarding activities prevented sediment delivery to streams from about 

95 percent of harvest related erosion features, and said a wider setback may be advisable on portions of units 

where steep inner gorges extend beyond 10 meters. And Haupt and Kidd (1965) found that 9 meter (29.5 

feet) buffer strips in central Idaho were sufficient to remove sediment. Heade (1990) found buffer strips 

ranging between 7 and 25 meters (23 and 82 feet) were needed on 23 to 25 percent slopes in ponderosa pine. 

General Effects of Motorized Access on Fisheries 

Effects to fisheries resources and populations of native and non-native resident and anadromous fish, and of 

Threatened and Endangered listed species across both Forests could come from changes in any of the 

following conditions: 

 Vegetation – loss of riparian vegetation can result in loss of shade and increase in stream 

temperatures. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 332

 Bank stability – unstable banks can be susceptible to erosion and result in an increase in fine 

sediment input to fisheries habitat. 

 Sediment – increased erosion from upland and riparian areas due to motorized use can result in an 

increase in sediment to streams. 

There are generally only indirect effects to fish populations from motorized access based on where 

motorized access to streams, lakes, or the banks of wetlands is available. Important habitat components of 

pools and large woody debris are unlikely to be directly or indirectly affected in a measurable way by this 

type of access. 

Indirectly, water temperature, rearing habitat, and spawning habitat can be affected by motorized access off 

designated routes and motorized access for dispersed camping. However, due to the small localized nature 

of the project sites (dispersed sites and “cross country” roads and trails) across the landscape it is doubtful 

that changes could be measured at the local drainage level that are directly attributed to motorized access. 

These potential effects are a result of effects from motorized access that include soil compaction and 

denuding of the vegetation which could lead to a reduction in shade and bank stability and an increase in 

soil erosion. These conditions in turn could lead to increases in stream or lake turbidity, embeddedness of 

spawning gravels and rearing areas, along with localized increases in water temperatures on any sites where 

vegetation directly shades streams 

The following sections evaluate more specifically the potential effects of each of the alternative on fisheries 

habitats and populations. These effects are based on the consideration of the amount of area where 

motorized access off designated routes would be allowed and the amount of area and conditions under which 

motorized access for dispersed camping would be allowed adjacent to riparian areas. These factors can affect 

the amount of area that could result in those conditions described above that could indirectly affect fisheries. 

The following evaluation describes data concerning known dispersed sites as a proxy for the kind of impacts 

that could be anticipated across the forest under each of the alternatives. 

Alternative 1 

The tables below include data for both motorized travel off of designated routes and motorized travel for 

dispersed camping. There are about 439 open dispersed sites adjacent to Forest and Grassland waterbodies 

in the current forest data base.82 

 

82 Estimates of acres and lineal distance of impacted bank are from the assumptions described in the Assumptions and Methodologies 

section. Both Forests and the Grassland have GIS layers that have mapped some dispersed camp sites. In some cases these have 

been updated recently (1-5 years old) while in others the mapped sites are as many as 20 years old. On both Forests the GIS layer is 

incomplete and does not include all existing dispersed sites, but it does provide a starting point for discussion on proximity and 

effects. It was assumed for this analysis that any dispersed site that is mapped within 100’ of a waterbody is directly adjacent to that 

waterbody or bank of the waterbody. While this may over estimate the actual number of dispersed sites adjacent to waterbodies,

without more current specific information about actual site locations, it was determined that this method of estimation would provide 

a reasonable basis for projecting effects. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 333

Table 3-137: Numbers, Acres, and Lineal Feet of Dispersed Sites Adjacent to Waterbodies by Forest 

Table 3-138: Acres Open to Travel off of Designated Routes within 100 feet of Waterbodies 

Acres Open to Travel off Designated Routes – within 100 feet of stream 

channels, lakes, and wetlands 

Deschutes Ochoco/CRNG 

Alternative 1 Total 15,962 39,888 

T&E only Watersheds 5,688 6,656 

Resident Fish only 

Watersheds 

10,274 33,232 

Table 3-139: Acres Open in Riparian Reserves or RHCA’s for Dispersed Camping 

Acres Open in Riparian Reserves or RHCA’s for dispersed 

camping 

Alternative 1 Deschutes Ochoco 

Total 75,741 62,062 

Larger “impacted” sites/areas as identified in the current condition 4th field HUC sections are as follows 

(best professional estimate of size): 

Table 3-140 

Area/Site Number of 

Acres open to 

Motorized 

Access for 

Dispersed 

Camping 

Deschute NF 

Crane Prairie Reservoir 60

Wickiup Reservoir 910

Meadow Lakes 20

Metolius/Jack Creek/Canyon Creek 9

Ochoco NF 

Whychus Creek crossing area 20

McKay Creek 9,000

As seen in the previous tables, of the sample sites there are potentially over 2 miles of lineal bank impacted 

by motorized access for dispersed camping on both the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests. This 

accounts for approximately 39 acres and 36 acres respectively on the two Forests that are currently used as 

Number of dispersed sites 

adjacent to stream 

channels, lakes, wetlands 

Acres of dispersed sites 

adjacent to stream 

channels, lakes, wetlands 

Lineal distance of 

potentially impacted bank 

in feet 

Deschutes Och/CRNG Deschutes Och/CRNG Deschutes Och/CRNG 

Alternative 1 

Total 

230 209 39 36 11,500 10,450 

T&E only 

Watersheds 

108 27 18 5 5,400 1,350 

Resident 

Fish only 

Watersheds 

122 182 21 31 6,100 9,100 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 334

dispersed sites adjacent to stream or other waterbodies/wetlands. There are over 75,000 acres within riparian 

areas on the Deschutes open to motorized access for dispersed camping and another 62,000 acres on the 

Ochoco. In addition, there are almost 16,000 acres of area open on the Deschutes to travel off designated 

routes within 100 feet of streams, waterbodies, or wetlands, and almost 40,000 acres on the Ochoco. 

Effects to fisheries resources in Alternative 1 include the following: 

 Increases in erosion and sediment yield to streams from increased use over time of dispersed sites 

and increases in the number of dispersed sites (see Recreation Section ) directly adjacent to streams, 

lakes, and wetland banks (no 30’ setback) 

o This would be generally true across both forests and the grassland, however it should be 

noted that in areas where use is deemed “excessive” management actions will be taken to 

reduce the effects over time. 

 Increases in the number of access routes to dispersed sites and associated increase in erosion from 

these areas as a result of soil compaction and displacement 

o Assuming that there is some increase over time for the use and creation of new dispersed 

sites and routes (see the Recreation section in this EIS). Erosion from these routes is often 

directed through the dispersed site and into the adjacent water body. 

 Increased turbidity from sediment entering water bodies 

 Decreased bank stability from continued and expanded use along water bodies 

 Decreased vegetation and associated shade adjacent to water bodies 

Potential effects to fisheries resources and populations include localized increases in turbidity, decreases in 

vegetation and associated shade or bank stability, and potential increases in sediment loads in stream 

systems. 

Turbidity 

Turbidity increases would only occur during runoff events during the year, but would continue to happen 

every year. These runoff events would be during spring snow melt, summer thunder showers, or fall/early 

winter rains. Turbidity increases could cause disruption in feeding and rearing activities for salmonids 

depending on the overall quantity and duration. Overall, it is difficult to measure these effects across the 

project area. There may be some localized areas and drainages directly adjacent to dispersed sites and/or 

hydrologically connected to motorized access routes that could show effects, however these are not currently 

measured or monitored. 

Vegetation 

Vegetation decreases, as seen in the literature review, would continue to occur as dispersed sites expand in 

number and area impacted increases. The main effect would be less filtering of sediment as the vegetative 

strip between the motorized access and the water body decreases in width, and potentially a reduction in 

bank stability as root holding capacity is decreased. This would indirectly lead to increases in turbidity (see 

effects above) and potentially increases in fine sediment bedload (see effects below) which could impact 

spawning and rearing success in the long term directly adjacent to these sites. 

The decrease in vegetation could also impact some small localized areas relative to shade. If this occurs in 

backwater areas there could be an increase in water temperature such that aquatic species, including 

salmonids, may be affected (move out of the area). These potential increases in water temperature would be 

during the hottest months of the year (July and August). The temperature would also only be increased in 

those areas with dispersed sites that are not on the north side of the waterbody as the loss of vegetation in 

those areas could lead to increase solar inputs to the water. If this decrease in shade is associated with 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 335

streams/rivers, then effects would be immeasurable as the small area and flow of water would negate any 

measurable increase in temperature. Overall it is thought for the purposes of this analysis that any increases 

in stream temperatures would be immeasurable due to the type of vegetation impacted, the size of sites, and 

the widely spaced arrangement of the sites. See the Water Quality/303d listed stream segments discussion 

elsewhere in this EIS for additional information. 

Sediment 

Bank stability adjacent to dispersed sites and in areas of motorized use off of designated routes would also 

likely continue to decrease as these sites and areas increase in size and number. This instability could affect 

fisheries resources by increasing bedload sediment that could impact spawning and rearing success by 

decreased intersticial spaces in the gravel. Assuming that this erosion and depositional process continues to 

occur, the effects would be long term in the areas affected. 

The six main areas that have been identified earlier in this Chapter as larger “impacted” areas would be the 

greatest areas of concern and these have been identified by professional knowledge of the ground impacts 

through direct observations of the Fisheries Biologist. Other sites could be similar. Water bodies, fish 

habitat and populations directly adjacent to these areas likely show some level of effect from increased 

sediment. Although it has not been quantified, it has been noted visually with bank tramping, denuding of 

vegetated surfaces, rill and gully erosion, and resulting increase in sediment loads. This may decrease 

spawning success and may decrease hiding cover for juvenile salmonids and other aquatic species, as 

interstices in the gravel are filled. Of these six areas, the McKay Creek watershed on the Ochoco NF has a 

recent closure to travel off of designated routes. This closure is similar to the implementation of Alternatives 

2 and 3. The other five areas will continue to be open with no restrictions on travel off designated routes or 

restrictions on how close dispersed camping can occur to waterbodies. 

Essential Fish Habitat 

Essential Fish Habitat for Spring Chinook has been designated across both Forests and the Grassland. 

Alternative 1 would result in continued increases in turbidity, increases in fine sediment and potentially 

some decreases in shading of localized areas from motorized access for dispersed camping and motorized 

access off of designated routes. However these effects are difficult to measure due to the scattered nature of 

the motorized access and erosional areas, and the indirect nature of the effects of changes in vegetation 

conditions, soil compaction and erosion on fisheries and essential habitat conditions. Therefore this 

alternative would have no adverse affect to Essential Fish Habitat. 

Threatened, Endangered and Sensitive Species and Critical Habitat

Threatened, Endangered and Sensitive species habitat and populations are located across both Forests and 

the Grassland. Sensitive species of redband trout are located almost throughout the two Forests and 

Grassland. Bull trout habitat and populations are located in the Odell Lake and Odell Creek 5th field 

watersheds, the Metolius watersheds, Lower Whychus Creek and Lower Crooked River 5th field watersheds. 

Steelhead are located in all watersheds along the north slope of the Ochoco NF, the watersheds that flow 

easterly into the South Fork of the John Day below the South Fork Falls, McKay Creek, Whychus Creek and 

lower Deschutes River and Crooked River watersheds. 

The Matrix of Pathways and Indicators (as developed by National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish 

and wildlife Service), which is designed to summarize important environmental parameters and levels of 

condition (for habitat for ESA listed species) includes a large variety of habitat attributes that could be 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 336

affected by implementation of projects. In this project, only turbidity, shade/water temperature, and fine 

sediment could be affected. Effects to these species are the same as outlined above. While it will be 

difficult to measure specific effects due to the scattered nature of the dispersed sites and erosional areas, 

there will be continued increases in turbidity, increases in fine sediment and potentially some decreases in 

shading of localized areas. For bull trout and steelhead this alternative will have a May Affect, Not Likely to 

Adversely Affect, and for redband will have a May Impact Individuals or Habitat but would not lead to a 

trend towards listing. 

Critical habitat for steelhead and bull trout has been designated across both Forests and the Grassland. 

Steelhead critical habitat has been designated in the same areas as the current distribution of known 

steelhead populations. Effects to steelhead critical habitat are the same as those for steelhead as outlined 

above. Bull trout critical habitat has been designated only on private lands adjacent to and within National 

Forest Boundaries. Effects to bull trout critical habitat are not measurable due to the scattered nature of 

motorized access for dispersed camping and motorized access off designated routes and the designation of 

critical habitat for bull trout only on private lands that are adjacent to National Forest system lands. The 

likelihood of a dispersed site or “cross-country” travel route being located directly adjacent to a private land 

segment in bull trout habitat is very low. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 

The greatest beneficial effect of Alternatives 2 and 3 is the reduced number of acres available to motorized 

access off designated routes within 100 feet of streams, lakes, and waterbodies when compared with 

Alternative 1. Neither Alternatives 2 nor 3 would have any acres available for motorized access off 

designated routes within 100’ of a stream, lake or waterbody. 

In the tables below, there are estimated to be 421 open dispersed sites adjacent to waterbodies on the 

Deschutes National Forest, and 202 adjacent to waterbodies on the Ochoco National Forest and Grassland 

waterbodies. Estimates of acres and lineal distance of impacted bank are from the assumptions stated 

previously in this Fisheries section. Both Forests and the Grassland have GIS layers that have mapped 

dispersed sites. In some cases these have been updated recently (1-5 years old) while in others the mapped 

sites are as many as 20 years old. On both Forests it is known that the GIS layer is incomplete and most 

likely does not include all existing dispersed sites, but it does provide a starting point for discussion on 

proximity and effects. It was assumed for this analysis that any dispersed site that is mapped within 100’ of 

a waterbody is directly adjacent to that waterbody or bank of the waterbody. While this may over estimate 

the actual number of dispersed sites adjacent to waterbodies, without complete information it was 

determined that this method of estimation would provide a reasonable way of comparing effects. It was also 

assumed that motorized access for dispersed camping would be limited to access only existing, designated or 

defined campsites no closer than 30’ of a waterbody. 

There is no measurable distinction between Alternatives 2 and 3 for fisheries resources because any changes 

in management outside of the 300’ riparian special provision areas along routes will not result in changes to 

shade, large wood debris, or sediment inputs along water bodies. 

As an example of the likely benefits, the inventoried dispersed sites are described below. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 337

Table 3-141: Acres Open to Motorized Access off Designated Routes in Riparian Areas 

Acres Open to Motorized Travel off Designated Routes – within 

100’ of stream channels, lakes, and wetlands 

Alternative 1 Alternatives 2 & 3 

DES OCH DES OCH 

T&E Watersheds 5,688 6,656 0 0 

Resident Fish Watersheds 10,274 33,232 0 0 

Totals 15,962 39,888 0 0 

Table 3-142.: Acres Open in Riparian Reserves or RHCA’s to Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

Acres Open in Riparian Reserves or RHCA’s to Motorized Access 

for Dispersed Camping Under Special Provisions (distance 

measured from edge of waterbody) 

Alternative 1 Alternatives 2 and 3 

Deschutes 75,000 15,109 

Ochoco 62,000 20,740 

Totals 137,000 35,849 

Table 3-143. Numbers and Acres of Dispersed Sites Adjacent to Waterbodies 

Listed below are the larger “impacted” sites/areas after implementation (best estimate of size and associated 

assumptions) that would allow for access for dispersed camping as a result of the rule. 

Table 3-144. Estimate of Larger Impacted Areas after Implementation 

Area/Site Estimate of Acres 

Deschute NF 

Crane Prairie Reservoir 30 acres – assume that 50% of impacted area is 

from motorized access off designated routes 

Wickiup Reservoir 450 acres - assume that 50% of impacted area is 

from motorized access off designated routes 

Meadow Lakes 10 acres – combination of user created trails to be 

closed and moving of motorized access for 

dispersed camping back from waters edge 

Metolius/Jack Creek/Canyon Creek 3 acres – decrease in motorized access off 

designated routes 

Ochoco NF 

Number of dispersed sites 

adjacent to stream 

channels, lakes, wetlands 

Acres of dispersed sites 

adjacent to stream 

channels, lakes, wetlands 

Lineal distance of 

potentially impacted bank 

in feet 

Deschutes Och/CRNG Deschutes Och/CRNG Deschutes Och/CRNG 

Alternative 2 

and 3 Total 

421 209 72 34 10,525 5,050 

T&E only 

Watersheds 

245 27 42 5 6,125 675 

Resident 

Fish only 

Watersheds 

176 182 30 29 4,400 4,375 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 338

Whychus Creek crossing area 4 acres – majority of the impact is from motorized 

access off designated routes 

McKay Creek 200 acres – area closure for motorized access off 

designated routes and restrictions to only 

designated sites for dispersed camping. 

Table 3-143 represents the number of acres of inventoried dispersed sites adjacent to waterbodies in 

Alternatives 2 & 3, which is an increase over Alternative 1 by 191 dispersed sites on the Deschutes National 

Forest. This is mainly because of temporary closures due to recent fires that would be eventually lifted and 

the area opened to dispersed camping. Areas that are closed to motorized access for dispersed camping 

under a temporary public use restriction as a result of wildfire, would be opened for motorized access for 

dispersed camping when the Forest Service has determined conditions were sufficiently recovered to no 

longer warrant the closure. 

Overall there is a decrease in the lineal feet of bank impacted from motorized access for dispersed camping 

on both Forests. Acres impacted by motorized access for dispersed camping would be reduced across both 

Forests compared to Alternative 1. Acres that are open to motorized access for dispersed camping within 

Riparian Reserves or Riparian Habitat Conservation Areas are reduced from 75,000 acres on the Deschutes 

to 15,000 acres, and on the Ochoco from 62,000 acres to 20,000 acres. This type of reduction is also seen 

through the larger “impacted areas” listed above where reduction in acres affected has been approximated. 

The following beneficial effects would be expected: 

 Decreases in erosion due to motorized access for dispersed camping directly adjacent to streams, 

wetlands and waterbodies (30’ setback) – even with the “increase” in the number of dispersed sites 

as a result of temporary fire closure openings, because of the 30’ setback. 

 Decreased turbidity from sediment entering water bodies 

 Increased bank stability from decreased motorized use 

 Increased vegetation and associated shade adjacent to water bodies 

There are no anticipated adverse effects to bull trout or steelhead populations, stream habitat or critical 

habitat from either Alternative’s 2 or 3. Overall there would be a benefit to both Threatened and Endangered 

fish and resident fisheries habitat, critical habitat and populations as a result of this new rule because of 

limits on where motorized vehicle access can occur. Effects to fisheries resources and populations include 

localized decreases in turbidity, increases in vegetation and associated shade or bank stability, and potential 

decreases in sediment loads in stream systems. 

Turbidity 

Turbidity decreases would only occur during runoff events during the year, but would continue to happen 

every year. These runoff events would occur during spring snow melt, summer thunder showers, or 

fall/early winter rains. However, the turbidity levels as a result of motorized access for dispersed camping 

and motorized travel off of designated routes should decrease as a result of a decrease in areas that can be 

accessed with a motorized vehicle adjacent to streams and waterbodies. Turbidity levels would be decreased 

because vegetation would re-establish on currently denuded areas, which would in turn filter sediment that 

would previously have been entering those waterbodies. Vegetation along banks would increase in the area 

of the 30’ setback for motorized use. As seen in Table 3-137 above, the lineal feet of bank disturbance is 

expected to decrease across both Forests and the Grassland. This would increase bank stability and decrease 

the amount of sediment/turbidity that would reach the stream system during rain or snow melt events. 

Turbidity decreases from this action would be difficult to measure due to the scattered nature of the ground 

disturbance and the timing of run-off events but any improvement would allow for less disruption in feeding 

and rearing activities for salmonids depending on the overall quantity and duration. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 339

Overall, it is difficult to measure these effects across the project area. There may be some localized areas 

directly adjacent to dispersed sites that could see decreases in turbidity due to decreased motorized use 

directly adjacent to the banks of streams, lakes, or wetlands and increased vegetative cover however these 

are not currently measured or monitored. 

Vegetation 

Vegetation increases associated with dispersed sites moved back from banks directly adjacent to waterbodies 

and from decreased motorized travel off of designated routes would result in increased filtering of sediment 

as the vegetative strip between the motorized access and the water body increases in width, and potentially 

increases bank stability as root holding capacity is increased. This would indirectly lead to decreases in 

turbidity (see effects above) and to potential decreases in fine sediment bedload (see effects below) which 

could improve spawning and rearing success in the long term directly adjacent to these sites. 

The increase in vegetation could also impact some small localized areas relative to shade. If this occurs in 

backwater areas there could be a decrease in water temperature such that aquatic species, including 

salmonids, may be affected. These potential decreases in water temperature would be during the hottest 

months of the year (July and August). The temperature would also only be decreased in those areas with 

dispersed sites that are not located on the north side of the waterbody as the increase in vegetation in those 

areas could lead to decrease solar inputs to the water. If this increase in shade is associated with 

streams/rivers, then effects would be immeasurable as the small area and flow of water would negate any 

measurable decrease in temperature. Overall, although Alternatives 2 and 3 would provide for some 

potential benefits to bank vegetation by the removal of motorized access, any indirect decreases in stream 

temperatures would likely be immeasurable due to the type of vegetation impacted, the size of sites, and the 

widely spaced arrangement of the sites. See the Water Quality/303d listed stream segments discussion 

elsewhere in this document for additional information. 

These changes would probably not occur in the short term (0-5 years) as vegetation would be slow to 

recover. However in the mid-term (5-10 years) and long term (10+ years) benefits from recovered 

vegetation would begin to be manifested. 

Sediment 

Bank stability adjacent to dispersed sites and in areas of motorized use off of designated routes would also 

likely continue to increase as these sites and areas decrease in size. This stability could affect fisheries 

resources by decreasing bedload sediment that could impact spawning and rearing success by decreasing 

intersticial spaces in the gravel. Assuming that this erosion and depositional process decreases in size and 

scope, the effects of reduction in fine sediment input to fish habitat and resulting increase in overall gravel 

size and benefit to spawning success would be long term in the areas affected. 

The six main areas that have been identified earlier in this report as “large impacted” areas would be the 

largest areas to benefit from the implementation of either action alternative. Water bodies, fish habitat and 

populations directly adjacent or hydrologically connected to these areas would likely show some level of 

effect from decreased sediment. Although it has not been quantified it has been noted visually that there is 

bank tramping, denuding of vegetated surfaces, rill and gully erosion, and resulting increase in sediment 

loads in these areas. Recovery times for reduction in sediment are tied to recovery of the vegetative 

component (see vegetation section above). In the short term (0-5 years) there would likely not be much 

change as denuded areas are slow to recover without active management. In the mid-term to long term there 

would be reduced sediment from motorized use of dispersed camping areas and from the decrease in 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 340

motorized use off of designated routes. This is especially true in the larger “impacted” areas where much of 

the current impact is a result of use off of designated routes. 

This long term recovery in areas adjacent to streams (McKay, Whychus, and Metolius/Jack/Canyon) may 

increase spawning success and may increase hiding cover for juvenile salmonids and other aquatic species as 

bedload fine sediment is reduced as a result of limiting motorized access across the forest. 

Essential Fish Habitat 

Essential Fish Habitat for Spring Chinook has been designated across both Forests and the Grassland. While 

it would be difficult to measure specific effects due to the scattered nature of the dispersed sites and 

erosional areas, there would be beneficial effects from decreased localized turbidity and fine sediment, and 

increases in vegetative cover and potentially shade as a result of this action. As a result of this analysis, 

there has been a finding of No Adverse Effect to Essential Fish Habitat for Spring Chinook in accordance 

with the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act . 

Threatened, Endangered and Sensitive Species, and Critical Habitat 

Threatened, Endangered and Sensitive species habitat and populations are located across both Forests and 

the Grassland. Sensitive species of redband trout are located almost throughout the two Forests and 

Grassland. Bull trout habitat and populations are located in the Odell Lake and Odell Creek watersheds, the 

Metolius watersheds, Lower Whychus Creek and Lower Crooked River watersheds. Steelhead are located in 

all watersheds along the north slope of the Ochoco NF, the watersheds that flow easterly into the South Fork 

of the John Day below the South Fork Falls, McKay Creek, Whychus Creek and lower Deschutes River and 

Crooked River watersheds. 

The Matrix of Pathways and Indicators (as developed by National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish 

and wildlife Service), which is designed to summarize important environmental parameters and levels of 

condition includes a large variety of habitat attributes that could be affected by implementation of projects, 

in this project, as outlined about, only turbidity, shade/water temperature, and fine sediment could be 

affected. Effects to these species are the same as outlined above. While it would be difficult to measure 

specific effects due to the scattered nature of the dispersed sites and erosional areas, there would be 

continued increases in turbidity, increases in fine sediment and potentially some decreases in shading of 

localized areas. For bull trout and steelhead this alternative would have a May Affect, Not Likely to 

Adversely Affect, Beneficial Affect, and for redband would have a Beneficial Impact (USFWS and NMFS 

Consultation Handbook – March 1998). These affects are based on an overall decrease in the acres across 

both Forests and the Grassland available for motorized travel off designated routes, and a decrease in size of 

the dispersed sites in riparian areas adjacent to water bodies. This would have a direct decrease in erosion 

from motorized use, a decrease in areas with bank instability and an increase in riparian plants and shrubs as 

motorized use is decreased. As a result, turbidity, fine sediment bedload, and shade should become closer to 

natural levels. 

Critical habitat for steelhead and bull trout has been designated across both Forests and the Grassland. 

Steelhead critical habitat has been designated in the same areas as the current distribution of known 

steelhead populations. Effects to steelhead critical habitat are no adverse effect with a likely beneficial 

effect although that would be not measurable. Bull trout critical habitat has been designated only on private 

lands adjacent to and within National Forest Boundaries. Effects to bull trout critical habitat are, “no 

adverse effect with a likely beneficial effect,” although that would be not measurable. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 341

Biological Evaluation Summary 

Table 3-145. Determination for Threatened, Endangered and Sensitive Aquatic Species 

Species Listing Alt 1 Alt 2 Alt 3 

Redband trout 

Oncorynchus mykiss ssp. 

sensitive MIIH BI BI 

Malheur mottled sculpin 

Cottus bairdi 

sensitive MIIH NI NI 

West Slope cutthroat trout 

Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi 

sensitive NI NI NI 

Mid-Columbia River spring chinook 

Essential Fish Habitat 

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 

sensitive NAE NAE NAE 

Mid-Columbia River spring chinook 

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 

sensitive NI NI NI 

Bull trout 

Salvelinus confluentus 

threatened NLAA BE BE 

Mid-Columbia River steelhead trout 

Oncorhynchus mykiss ssp. 

threatened NLAA BE BE 

Determination for Federally Listed Species, Critical Habitat and Essential Fish Habitat: 

NE..............No Effect 

LAA............May Effect - Likely to Adversely Affect 

NLAA.........May Effect - Not Likely to Adversely Affect 

BE..............Beneficial Effect 

NAE............No Adverse Effect 

Determination for Sensitive Species: 

NI...............No Impact 

MIIH...........May Impact Individuals or Habitat, but will not likely contribute to a trend towards 

 federal listing or loss of viability to the population or species 

WIFV..........Will Impact individuals or habitat with a consequence that the action may 

 contribute to a trend towards Federal listing or cause a loss of Viability to the 

 population or species 

BI...............Beneficial Impact 

Riparian Management Objectives and Aquatic Conservation Strategy 

Riparian Management Objectives (RMO’s) for the Deschutes and Ochoco NF’s 

While there are six RMO’s that need to be addressed for projects located in PacFish/InFish areas, there are 

only two of these that could be affected by the implementation of this action. Water Temperature and Bank 

Stability are the two RMO’s that will be analyzed for effects to both anadromous and resident trout species. 

The other RMO’s of Pool Frequency, Large Woody Debris, Lower Bank Angle, and Width to Depth Ratio 

(scale of change to small) are not affected by the implementation of this action. 

Aquatic Conservation Strategy for the Deschutes NF 

The Aquatic Conservation Strategy (NWFP 1994) was developed to restore and maintain the ecological 

health of watersheds and aquatic ecosystems contained within them on public lands. As part of the ACS 

there are standards and guidelines that require that projects that are implemented on National Forest lands 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 342

within the Northwest Forest Plan areas (the Deschutes NF for this project) “do not retard or prevent 

attainment of Aquatic Conservation Strategy objectives”. In order to make this finding the analysis must 

include a description of the existing condition, a description of the range of natural variability of the 

important physical and biological components of a given watershed and how the proposed project maintains 

or moves the project toward the natural range of variability. 

The current condition portion of this document outlines the important aspects of vegetative, soils, hydrology, 

and fisheries resources and large areas of concern/impacts that are a result of either motorized access for 

dispersed camping or motorized access off of designated routes. The following section outlines a 

generalized description of the natural range of variability for important physical and biological components 

across both forests. The descriptions are generally taken from work done on the Ochoco National Forest in 

the Trout Creek Watershed Analysis (1995) and the Mill Creek Watershed Analysis (1996-1997). They 

have been generalized to describe conditions across the two forests based on Rosgen stream type (1994). 

While this description includes the physical description of stream types it is assumed for this analysis that 

reach conditions in the stream and floodplain are largely independent of motorized access for dispersed 

camping or motorized access off of designated routes because most all of this motorized access is limited to 

terraces above the stream channel and that actions that influence channel morphology are larger in scale or 

scope than the access for a particular dispersed site. 

This analysis will be used to describe expected vegetative conditions adjacent to the stream that could be 

impacted by this access. Most all dispersed sites (>99%) across both forests are located on inactive fluvial 

landforms adjacent to streams. These surfaces are those that have in the past been active surfaces, either as 

active floodplains or as active channels. For these purposes they are defined as those surfaces outside the 15 

year floodplain and are referred to here as terraces. Vegetation on these surfaces is predominately conifer or 

mixed conifer with a grass and brush understory. 

Active channel surfaces (floodplain, channel, etc) are currently more likely to be at vegetation potential in 

stable systems. Degraded systems may have similar vegetation types but amount/volume may be 

compromised compared to historic. Vegetation on these surfaces in most cases maintains channel form and 

function and is independent of motorized access to dispersed sites and motorized access off of designated 

routes. 

Physical Attributes: 

Stable stream channels have been described in a variety of classification schemes including Rosgen (1994). 

Across both National Forests most all channel types exist in various locations and the range of natural 

variability can be described as outlined below. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 343
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 344

Channel Types General Description: 

Following are generalized descriptions of channel types across both forests along with a cross sectional view 

of the channel, floodplain and terraces. Access for, and dispersed camping itself, takes place predominately 

on the first or second terrace as depicted in the cross sectional views. 

Channel Type A 

The A channel type complex is shaped by the stability of the system. This erosional system, with high 

energy and steep gradients, supports fluvial surfaces that are structurally controlled. A channel types are 

typically at the upper ends of the watersheds located on steeper terrain. 

Channel Type B and C 

The majority of these moderately stable channel types are found at lower elevations across the forest, with C 

types generally lower than B types. Generally B types are erosional/transport channels while C type 

channels are more depositional in nature. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 345

Channel Type DA and E 

The DA and E channel types complexes are both low gradient, vegetatively controlled, depositional systems. 

DA supports multiple channels, while the E type is a single channel system. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 346

 

Channel Type F and G 

These two erosion channel types indicate sites where stream channel alteration is evident. F and G channels 

no longer have access to the floodplain, resulting in increased stream energy during high flows, and 

decreased stream bank stability. The F channel type originates from the G type after the stream re-
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 347

equilibrates with channel forming factors. The majority of the “floodplains” in these two complexes are 

inactive surfaces. 

 

Biological Attributes: The biological attributes that are of concern center mainly around the vegetative 

component of the riparian reserves or riparian habitat conservation areas. The vegetation in these areas 

provides shade and large woody debris (overstory) for the stream, and sediment filtering capacity 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 348

(understory brushes and grasses), along with bank protection and stabilization (both overstory and 

understory). The vegetative concerns are specific to the inactive fluvial landforms. These are landforms are 

the surfaces outside the 15 year floodplain. Erosional and depositional features on these surfaces are not as 

dynamic as on active landform (floodplain) types. Plant communities are more variable on these landforms 

and more than 99% of the motorized access across the landscape is located on these surfaces. 

Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Crooked River National Grassland 

Table 3-146 – Potential Natural Vegetation for terraces adjacent to streams/waterbodies. Percentages range + 

or – 10% based on aspect and elevation. 

Channel 

Types 

Ochoco Grassland Deschutes 

A 85% grand fir 

15% cottonwood 

65% shrub 

15% juniper 

28% white fir 

23% shrubs 

20% hemlock 

B 61% grand fir 

16% cottonwood 

11% Doug-fir 

65% shrub 

15% juniper 

39% white fir 

31% shrub 

10% lodgepole 

C 54 % grand fir 

33% 

cottonwood 

10% Doug-fir 

65% shrub 

15% juniper 

43% shrub 

24% lodgepole 

19% white fir 

DA 98% grand fir none none 

E 86% grand fir 

14% cottonwood 

65% shrub 

15% juniper 

49% shrub 

30% lodgepole 

16% meadows 

F 100% grand fir 65% shrub nonriparian 

15% juniper 

none 

G 66% grand fir 

11% cottonwood 

22% shrub 

65% shrub nonriparian 

15% juniper 

none 

Overstory Types with associated Understory: 

Grand fir types: grand fir as an overstory, moist or dry understory associate including 

twinflower, queencup beadlily, big huckleberry, oceanspray, common snowberry, Columbia 

brome, elk sedge, pine grass, fescues, forbs, and grasses. 

Other conifer types: Douglas-fir, ponderposa pine, and western larch as overstory, 

understory associates include common snow berry, elk sedge, pine grass, fescues, dry forbes 

and grasses. 

Cottonwood types: Cottonwood, alder and aspen as overstory, understory of shrubs, dry 

forbes and grasses. 

Shrub: mixed shrub dominated including prickly and stinking currents, thimbleberry, 

serviceberry, choke cherry, baldhip rose, oceanspray, common snowberry, dog wood. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 349

Effects to ACS Objectives and RHCA Riparian Management Objectives: 

Implementation of this project will have a beneficial effect on ACS Objectives and RMO’s and will move 

the two National Forests and the Grassland toward the natural range of variability for the biological 

components. The physical components (channel type and floodplain) will remain unchanged from 

implementation of this project. As outlined above, most all dispersed sites and therefore motorized access to 

dispersed sites, along with motorized access off of designated routes are located on the first or second terrace 

in areas adjacent to water bodies. Therefore the access to these areas rarely intersects with the physical 

components of channel type and floodplain. 

The biological components will be affected by this project due to a reduction in motorized access directly to 

the stream bank edge and a reduction in motorized access off of designated routes across the two Forests and 

the Grassland. The project design feature of “no motorized access to existing sites within 30’ of a 

streambank, wetland or waterbody” will eliminate compaction and denuding of the area of vegetation from 

motorized access to dispersed sites within this 30’ buffer. This will allow these areas to return to a more 

natural understory of grasses, forbes, and brush species which will reduce overall sedimentation from 

erosion that flows from outside this buffer through this area to the stream. Sediment will be more easily 

trapped in this vegetated buffer and therefore not travel to waterbodies or wetlands. Increased understory 

vegetation in some cases will contribute to shade increases and bank stabilization. 

The direct reduction in motorized access off of designated routes will decrease erosion from areas that are 

currently being accessed. As these areas recover, vegetation will stabilize these eroding areas and reduce the 

sediment that may currently be eroding from this use and entering nearby streams and other water bodies or 

wetlands. 

The effects to water temperature and bank stability (RMO’s) in all alternatives have been analyzed above 

and are summarized in Table 3-147 below. These criteria are for attainment of, or progress toward the 

particular RMO. For water temperature the RMO include no measurable increase in maximum water 

temperatures, maximum temperatures below 59oF for adult holding habitat and 48oF for spawning and 

rearing habitats. Bank stability is specific to “non-forested” systems and should exceed 80% stability. 

Because of the “non-forested” system definition, the only stream systems that this objective applies to are 

the Rosgen E type streams and a few of the Rosgen C type streams located in meadows. 

Table 3-147. 

Alternative Water Temperature 

RMO 

Bank Stability RMO Comments 

Alt 1 Does not meet RMO Does not meet RMO Effects not measurable but 

does not meet the “progress 

towards” criteria 

Alt 2 Meets RMO Meets RMO Effects not measurable but 

does make progress towards 

the RMO 

Alt 3 Meets RMO Meets RMO Effects not measurable but 

does make progress towards 

the RMO 

 

Summarized ACS Objectives and Effects of the Alternatives: 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 350

1. Maintain and restore the distribution, diversity, and complexity of watershed and landscape-scale 

features to ensure protection of the aquatic systems to which species, populations and communities are 

uniquely adapted. This project will not affect landscape scale features in any alternative in this project due 

to the site specificity of the access to dispersed sites and access confined to designated routes. 

2. Maintain and restore spatial and temporal connectivity within and between watersheds. Lateral, 

longitudinal, and drainage network connections include floodplain, wetlands, upslope areas, 

headwater tributaries, and intact refugia. 

This project will not affect the spatial or temporal connectivity within and between watersheds in any 

alternative, since it deals with very localized areas in most cases and in all cases none of the changes are on 

the scale of affecting connectivity within or between watersheds. 

3. Maintain and restore the physical integrity of the aquatic system, including shorelines, banks and 

bottom configurations. For Alternative 1 this project will not contribute to maintaining the physical 

integrity of the aquatic system because of effects to banks, vegetation, and soils that contribute to fine 

sediment inputs and vegetative decreases. For Alternatives 2 and 3, on a localized basis this project will help 

to maintain and restore the physical integrity of the aquatic system because the project will limit motorized 

vehicle access directly adjacent to stream banks which will, in those areas where impacts are occurring, 

allow for revegetation and stabilization of these banks and shorelines that are currently impacted. 

4. Maintain and restore water quality necessary to support healthy riparian, aquatic, and wetland 

ecosystems. For Alternative 1 this project may have some immeasurable impacts to water quality and 

sediment due to continued erosion from motorized use. This project may have some impact on improving 

water quality through reduced sediment inputs, although the amount will likely be immeasurable for 

Alternatives 2 and 3. 

5. Maintain and restore the sediment regimes under which aquatic ecosystems evolved. See #4 above. 

6. Maintain and restore in-stream flows sufficient to create and sustain riparian, aquatic, and wetland 

habitats and to retain patterns of sediment, nutrient, and wood routing. This project, in any of the 

alternatives, will not affect instream flows in any way over the two Forests and the Grassland because the 

project only affects terraces and uplands on a small scale across the project area. 

7. Maintain and restore the timing, variability, and duration of floodplain inundation and water table 

elevation in meadows and wetlands. See #6 above 

8. Maintain and restore the species composition and structural diversity of plant communities in 

riparian areas and wetlands. For Alternative 1 this project would not contribute to the accomplishment of 

this objective, as motorized access off of designated routes would continue to occur which will have impacts 

on native vegetation in riparian and wetland areas. For Alternatives 2 and 3 this project would contribute to 

the accomplishment of this objective as limiting access to motorized vehicles will allow for compositional 

and structural plant diversity to be maintained or increased as areas that are current impacted from vehicular 

access will be allowed to grow vegetation. 

9. Maintain and restore habitat to support well-distributed populations of native plant, invertebrate, 

and vertebrate riparian dependent species. See #8 above. In addition, while immeasurable, invertebrate 

and vertebrate riparian dependent species will likely see an increase as vegetation is reestablished across 

these sites. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 351

Cumulative Effects 

Executive Summary 

The direct and indirect physical and biological effects of prohibiting motorized access off designated routes, 

changing the conditions of motorized access for dispersed camping, and changing the mixed use on existing 

designated routes are generally beneficial. Therefore, there would be no adverse cumulative effects of 

implementing these proposed actions on any of the physical or biological resources. The combined physical 

and biological effects of other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable future actions that also affect 

motorized access may reduce the level of benefits realized to the physical and biological resources from the 

proposed actions in this EIS. The cumulative actions that were primarily considered include vegetation 

management actions that may create conditions more conducive to motorized access, road management 

activities, and proposed motorized trail projects. Vegetative conditions created by wildfires – although not 

federal actions under the National Environmental Quality Act – were also considered because wildfire areas 

can also create vegetative conditions that may be more conducive to motorized access compared to 

untreated. However, for the most part, the actual degree to which other past, present, or reasonably future 

actions would reduce the potential benefits of the proposed actions cannot be analyzed in a meaningful way 

due to the small-scale localized nature of these actions when compared to the proposed actions or because of 

the uncertain nature of the predicted time and actual impacts of these activities. Ongoing programs and 

permitted activities are so numerous and ubiquitous across the forest that accumulating extensive sitespecific data on activities such as resort operations or individual recreation events is neither reasonable nor 

warranted in order to understand the potential cumulative effects of the actions considered in this EIS. 

The primary potential adverse cumulative effects of these proposed actions, when considered with other past, 

present, and reasonably foreseeable future action are the reduction or elimination of certain kinds of 

motorized recreational or access opportunities on an extended area across the Pacific NW Region. The 

greatest potential cumulative effect is the loss of general motorized access off of designated routes (roads 

and trails) or outside of designated areas (cross-country travel), given the local, regional, and national 

application of the Travel Management Rule. There appears to be a trend for limiting motorized access to 

designated routes on public lands (Upper Deschutes Resource Management Plan, John Day Resource 

Management Plan, proposed actions for implementing the Travel Management Rule on the Willamette, 

Umpqua, and Fremont-Winema Forests); as well as private forest and ranchlands and county lands in the 

local area. Given the national scope of the Travel Management Rule, there is a potentially significant adverse 

effect to off-road motorized access and recreation across the Pacific Northwest region. The degree to which 

the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests are likely to contribute to this cumulative effect cannot be 

reasonably predicted. However, the development of proposed motorized trail systems may somewhat offset 

this adverse effect by providing additional designated motorized trail opportunities. This adverse effect may 

be considerably lessened when combined with the over 800 miles of designated motorized trail systems on 

public lands in the central Oregon area, and the over 8,000 miles of existing designated roads of varying 

technical difficulty. There are potential cumulative effects to people’s motorized access for dispersed 

camping as well, although not likely to be as widespread as the effects of limitations on motorized access off 

designated routes and outside of designated areas. 

Affected Environment 

According to the EPA’s guidance83 “Cumulative impacts result when the effects of an action are added to or 

interact with other effects in a particular place and within a particular time. It is the combination of these 

 

83 Consideration of Cumulative Impacts in EPA Review of NEPA Documents, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Federal Activities 

(2252A); EPA 315-R-99-002/May 1999; pg 2; excerpted from website http://www.epa.gov. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 352

effects, and any resulting environmental degradation (emphasis added), that should be the focus of 

cumulative impact analysis.” 

The federal actions proposed in this DEIS would prohibit and/or modify the conditions under which 

motorized access can occur across a two million acre landscape that includes two national forests and a 

grassland. Thus, the geographic scope of this proposal is quite extensive, and the universe of possible actions 

– both federal and non-federal - that could be considered as “cumulative actions” within the even larger area 

encompassed by the lands that lie between the federal lands is immense. This scope necessarily lends itself 

to proscribing a focused approach to understanding what the most important types of actions are to consider 

for cumulative effects as indicated by the EPA guidance, and to look at those types of actions at a broad 

scale rather than a very small local scale where appropriate to the consideration of cumulative effects of the 

proposed actions. 

The analyses of the relevant direct and indirect effect on physical and biological resources from the actions 

proposed in this DEIS have indicated generally beneficial effects. Determinations of beneficial, neutral, or 

no adverse direct and indirect effects have been made for those resources analyzed in detail in this DEIS 

based on a combination of applying the current best scientific literature and landscape-level data analysis 

and modeling to consider the context, duration, and intensity of probable effects associated with the 

proposed actions. When considering past, present, and reasonably future actions, both federal and nonfederal, the following factors were considered: 

 All future federal actions proposed are subject to a variety of laws, regulations, and policies, and 

procedures such as the provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act, the National Forest 

Management Act, the Endangered Species Act, or the National Historic Preservation Act84. These 

laws, regulations, and policies help to reduce the potential for adverse direct or indirect effects of 

future site-specific projects related to key resources such as wetlands and riparian areas, threatened 

and endangered fish, flora and fauna species. Future actions would also consider the significance of 

effects of those actions. Even if significant, the potential beneficial effect of the actions proposed in 

this DEIS would be reduced, but these proposed actions would not contribute to a cumulative 

degradation of the environment. 

 Population growth and increasing development trends for private lands and destination resorts within 

and adjacent to National Forest lands, while somewhat slowed compared to the recent past, 

continues to be predicted on an upward trend. Although these non-federal actions are likely to result 

in increasing impacts on resources associated with motorized access, the potential effects of these 

actions on National Forest lands would also be reduced as a result of the proposed actions 

considered in this DEIS (but see effects to Air Quality). 

These resources85 are therefore not considered further in this cumulative effects analysis. This reflects the 

EPA guidance that the cumulative effects analysis should focus on those actions and effects that could 

degrade the environment. If the proposed actions have no adverse direct or indirect effects, then the effects 

 

 

84 For example, all types of proposed projects,that would commit new areas with the potential to affect heritage resources detrimentally would require 

compliance with the Region 6 Programmatic Agreement for implementing Section.106 (S. 106) of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act along 

with the appropriate application of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Thus, any potential impacts to heritage resources can be 

mitigated in specific project design by avoidance or monitoring and archaeological recovery. Tribal consultation would be conducted under both S. 

106 and NEPA to determine, among other things, if areas of cultural interest or traditional cultural properties are present. 

85 These include air quality, Congressionally Designated Areas, fire risk, fisheries, geology, heritage resources, hydrology, invasive plants, 

inventoried roadless areas, native vegetation, range and livestock management, scenery, soils, and wildlife. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 353

of the proposed actions when combined with other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable future actions, 

would not result in a adverse cumulative effect. Therefore, the analysis of the cumulative effects of the 

proposed actions are limited to those past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions that could 

contribute to the anticipated adverse direct and indirect effects of the proposed actions. 

Adverse effects associated with the proposed actions are primarily related to motorized access, and will 

potentially adversely affect the communities of interest that value unregulated motorized access to National 

Forest lands. Therefore, actions that could affect the amount of motorized access were considered in more 

detail to determine the potential cumulative effect of the proposed actions considered in this DEIS. Those 

actions that were determined to potentially affect the amount of area or conditions of use for motorized 

access considered in this DEIS are: 

 Vegetation management activities within areas open to motorized access for dispersed camping under 

either general or special provisions or motorized access off of designated routes. Vegetation 

management activities may create conditions that are more conducive to motorized access off designated 

routes or to motorized access for dispersed camping than many untreated areas. The activities considered 

in detail included hazardous fuels, timber, and silvicultural treatments. (See Appendix B-4.3 for detailed 

descriptions of these treatments). Descriptions of these activities that could affect motorized access that 

were completed prior to 2004 are included in the past actions & existing condition section of this 

analysis, and those planned or completed after 2004 are included in the description of present and 

reasonably foreseeable actions (See Chapter 3 “Vegetation Management Activities”). 

 Proposed motorized trails projects. These projects would increase the amount of designated 

motorized routes, staging areas, “open” areas, and could add areas designated for motorized access for 

dispersed camping. These projects were described in Chapter 2 and are included in present and 

reasonably foreseeable future actions.

 Motorized access and road management decisions. Past decisions about motorized access have 

contributed cumulatively to the amount and conditions of motorized access across the two forests and 

grassland. Road management decisions and other National Forest travel management decisions may 

result in the changing of routes and areas that are open to public use. Past decisions about motorized 

access or road management decisions are included in the past actions and existing conditions. Proposed 

road management decisions are included in the present and reasonably foreseeable future actions. 

Management of dispersed campsites across the two Forests and Grassland was also initially considered in the 

evaluation of the potential for cumulative effects of the proposed action. There are ongoing activities across 

both Forests and the Grassland to manage dispersed campsites that could add boulders or wood structures to 

existing dispersed sites, thus increasing or decreasing riparian setbacks within localized areas, and 

eliminating, reducing, or otherwise changing some existing motorized access to dispersed campsites. These 

ongoing program actions are usually minor, and are not expected to significantly contribute to any adverse 

effect to motorized access absent additional environmental analysis and decision-making as required by the 

National Environmental Policy Act. 

Although the clear intent of the CEQ regulations are to focus on federal and non-federal actions, landscape 

conditions such as wildfires can also contribute to conditions that could affect motorized access across the 

landscape. Fire is a significant disturbance mechanism on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests. 

Historical Forest records indicate that fires, both human and lightning-caused, have burned significant 

acreage across both Forests, despite fire suppression efforts. On the Deschutes, fire history records (which 

generally contain fires larger than 100 acres) from 1908 to 2007 show that 238 fires have burned over 

411,000 acres (approximately 318,000 acres of ground; 16% of the Forest total). On the Ochoco National 

Forest, similar fire history records from 1961 – 2007 show that 33 fires have burned nearly 57,000 acres 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 354

(approximately 46,000 acres of ground; 6% of the Forest total). Therefore, past wildfires were also 

considered as a part of the existing conditions that could affect motorized access. 

Past Actions & Existing Conditions That Affect Motorized Access 

This cumulative effects analysis does not attempt to quantify the effects of past human actions by adding up 

all prior actions on an action-by-action basis. There are several reasons for not taking this approach. First, a 

catalog and analysis of all past actions would be impractical to compile and unduly costly to obtain. Current 

conditions have been impacted by innumerable actions over the last century (and beyond), and trying to 

isolate the individual actions that continue to have residual impacts would be nearly impossible. Second, 

providing the details of past actions on an individual basis would not be useful to predict the cumulative 

effects of the proposed action or alternatives. In fact, focusing on individual actions would be less accurate 

than looking at existing conditions, because there is limited information on the environmental impacts of 

individual past actions, and one can not reasonably identify each and every action over the last century that 

has contributed to current conditions. Additionally, focusing on the impacts of past human actions risks 

ignoring the important residual effects of past natural events, which may contribute to cumulative effects just 

as much as human actions. By looking at current conditions, we are sure to capture all the residual effects of 

past human actions and natural events, regardless of which particular action or event contributed those 

effects. Finally, the Council on Environmental Quality issued an interpretive memorandum on June 24, 2005 

regarding analysis of past actions, which states, “agencies can conduct an adequate cumulative effects 

analysis by focusing on the current aggregate effects of past actions without delving into the historical details 

of individual past actions.” The cumulative effects analysis in this (EA or EIS) is also consistent with Forest 

Service National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Regulations (36 CFR 220.4(f)) (July 24, 2008), which 

state, in part: 

“CEQ regulations do not require the consideration of the individual effects of all past actions to 

determine the present effects of past actions. Once the agency has identified those present effects of 

past actions that warrant consideration, the agency assesses the extent that the effects of the proposal 

for agency action or its alternatives will add to, modify, or mitigate those effects. The final analysis 

documents an agency assessment of the cumulative effects of the actions considered (including past, 

present, and reasonable foreseeable future actions) on the affected environment. With respect to past 

actions, during the scoping process and subsequent preparation of the analysis, the agency must 

determine what information regarding past actions is useful and relevant to the required analysis of 

cumulative effects. Cataloging past actions and specific information about the direct and indirect 

effects of their design and implementation could in some contexts be useful to predict the 

cumulative effects of the proposal. The CEQ regulations, however, do not require agencies to 

catalogue or exhaustively list and analyze all individual past actions. Simply because information 

about past actions may be available or obtained with reasonable effort does not mean that it is 

relevant and necessary to inform decision making. (40 CFR 1508.7)” 

Vegetation Management Activities & Wildfires86

2004-2008 – This grouping of projects is the most recent, and are likely to have the freshest and perhaps 

most distinct changes in vegetative conditions. During this time period, 112,915 and 59,738 acres of ground, 

respectively, on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, received some sort of planned vegetation 

treatment that may have resulted in forest conditions more conducive to motorized access. Approximately 

83% and 90%, respectively, on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, of these acres are currently open 

to motorized access for dispersed camping, and 58% and 74%, respectively, on the Deschutes and Ochoco 

 

86 Spatial records may overestimate actual treatment completed on the ground. The extent of this overestimation was not determined. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 355

National Forests, of these acres are currently open to motorized access off designated routes. See Table 3-

148 for a breakdown of these acres. See Appendix B-4.3.2 for project or planning area names and acres of 

treated ground, and the NEPA documents under which most of these acres were treated. Of these acres, 

approximately 34,948 acres on the Deschutes and 11,756 acres on the Ochoco would continue to be 

available for motorized access for dispersed camping under either general or special provisions in 

Alternative 2. Under Alternative 3, the amount of area available for motorized access for dispersed camping 

would be limited to only those areas with existing, designated or defined sites. This would alter the potential 

for motorized access to affect vegetation management, since vehicles would be restricted to designated, 

existing, and defined dispersed camping sites, limiting future ground disturbance. 

Table 3-148 Acres of planned vegetation treatments in areas open to motorized access off designated routes or 

motorized access for dispersed camping that may result in forest conditions more conducive to motorized access 

on the Deschutes National Forest from 2004 – 2008. 

During this time period on the Deschutes National Forest, the most common management activities within 

those acres were burning of piled material; piling of fuels (hand or machine); precommercial and 

commercial thinning. Similarly on the Ochoco National Forest, the most common management activities 

during this time period were precommercial thinning, underburning, pile burning, jackpot burning; and hand 

or machine piling of fuels. 

During this time period, approximately 31,689 acres of the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests were 

reported as burned by large wildfires (excluding 2008-data not available at time of analysis). 2,258 of these 

acres are currently open to motorized access for dispersed camping and 1,850 open to motorized access off 

designated routes. These fires are listed in Table 3-149. Within these areas, approximately 3,625 acres on 

the Deschutes and 443 acres on the Ochoco National Forest would continue to be or are proposed to be open 

to motorized access for dispersed camping under general or special provisions in Alternative 2. 

Table 3-149. Large wildfires on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests from 2004 to 2007. Fires names 

highlighted with bold text have burned in areas open to motorized access for dispersed camping and/or areas 

open to motorized access for dispersed camping 

Fire Name Year Acres 

Reported 

District 

Deschutes National Forest

GW 2007 7357 Sisters 

Woodside 

Ranch 

2007 589 Bend Fort Rock 

Lake George 2006 5550 Sisters 

Cave 2005 652 Bend Fort Rock 

Black Crater 2006 9400 Sisters 

Ochoco National Forest 

Buck Butte 2002 105 Crooked River NG 

Geneva 3 2006 480 Crooked River NG 

Forest Open to motorized access of off 

designated routes 

(acres) 

Open to motorized access for 

dispersed camping 

(acres) 

Deschutes NF 65,197 93,247 

Ochoco NF 44,151 53,840 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 356

Fire Name Year Acres 

Reported 

District 

890 2006 382 Crooked River NG 

Mill 2005 29 Lookout Mountain 

Maxwell 2006 7145 Lookout Mountain 

Pre - 2004 - This grouping of projects has occurred long enough ago that, depending upon site conditions, 

change from the vegetative conditions in place immediately following the treatment may have occurred. 

During this time period, 560,116 and 189,696 acres of ground, respectively, on the Deschutes and Ochoco 

National Forests, received some sort of planned vegetation treatment that may result in forest conditions 

more conducive to motorized access. Approximately 51% (285,605 acres) and 84% (159,739 acres), 

respectively, on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, are currently open to motorized access for 

dispersed camping and 79% (441,512 acres) and 95% (180,932 acres), respectively, of these treated areas on 

the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, are currently open to motorized access for dispersed camping. 

The conditions resulting from these planned vegetation treatments and wildfires prior to 2004 are reflected in 

the 2004 satellite imagery which is used in support of the analysis of the vegetative conditions for this EIS 

for other resource specialties (e.g., Wildlife), and are therefore not presented in the body of this chapter. 

Appendix B-4.3.3 includes a detailed list of the wildfires and acres treated that were considered as 

contributing to this existing condition prior to 2004. 

Motorized Access & Road Management Decisions 

Past actions and decisions that have contributed to the existing conditions affecting motorized access include 

establishment of Congressionally Designated Areas such as Wilderness, Wild and Scenic Rivers, and the 

Newberry National Volcanic Monument; and associated Forest Land and Resource or Travel Management 

Plans that have limited motorized access to differing degrees. A description of the existing condition of 

motorized access is included in the description of the amount of area open to different types of motorized 

access in Alternative 1 in Chapter 2 and 3. Approximately 1300 miles of open roads have been closed or 

decommissioned on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests since 1990. 

 

Present and Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions 

Vegetation Management Activities 

For the purpose of this analysis, reasonably foreseeable future vegetation management activities are those 

that are “in-progress” or “completed”, in terms of status in the NEPA planning process (as opposed to status 

of implementation on the ground) in fiscal year 2009 (October 1, 2008 – September 30, 2009). Explicit 

planned treatment acreage is available for “completed” projects only. In the reasonably foreseeable future, 

approximately 36,822 and 266 acres on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests are planned to be treated 

under NEPA completed in fiscal year 2009. These projects may fall within areas proposed to be open to 

motorized access for dispersed camping under either general or special provisions in Alternative 2 that 

would lead to additional acreage that is more conducive to motorized access than many untreated areas. See 

Chapter 3 “Vegetation Management Activities and Wildfire” for more detail related to these projects. 

Motorized Access Decisions 

The Forests surrounding the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest include the Fremont-Winema, Umpqua, 

Malheur, and Willamette. The Umpqua, Malheur and Willamette are anticipated to publish their Motor 

Vehicle Use Maps in December of 2009 and the Fremont-Winema is anticipated to publish their Motor 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 357

Vehicle Use Map in March of 2010. All National Forests in the Pacific NW Region are anticipated to have 

their Motor Vehicle Use Maps completed by the end of 2010. 

Road Management Activities 

Based on the current Schedule of Proposed Actions, 300-400 miles of existing designated open roads are 

currently being proposed for closure or decommissioning through a variety of projects. However, final 

decisions on these projects have not been completed. 

Proposed Motorized Trails Projects 

The Three Trails and Lava Rock Motorized Trails Projects, as currently proposed, could include nearly 400 

miles of additional proposed motorized trails for different classes of vehicles. The Ochoco Summit 

Motorized Trail Project and the Meadow Lakes Restoration Project are currently too early in the 

development process to have specific proposals for miles of trails. 

ANALYSIS OF CUMULATIVE EFFECTS 

The National Forests surrounding the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest and in the entire Pacific NW 

Region are in the process of implementing the Travel Management Rule or have existing travel management 

plans that are generally resulting in fewer opportunities for motorized access off of designated routes (crosscountry travel), and fewer open routes for OHV use. This is also a trend being seen on private industrial 

timberlands that are within or adjacent to the National Forests. Alternatives 2 and 3 would both contribute 

equally to this cumulative effect locally, regionally, and nationally by actions proposed on the Deschutes and 

Ochoco National Forests. 

Although not as clearly a trend, motorized access for dispersed recreation is also cumulatively limited as a 

result of the overall limits on motorized access off of designated routes and the restriction of the Travel 

Management Rule to motorized access solely for dispersed camping within a limited area adjacent to open 

designated roads. The cumulative effect on motorized access on open roads and trails is less clear than that 

effect on motorized access off of designated routes. 

Nationally, there has been since 2000, and continues to be an increasing emphasis on completing analyses to 

identify a “minimum transportation system” that is ecologically, socially, and economically sustainable. 

Given the high road densities and increasingly reduced road maintenance budgets on the Deschutes and 

Ochoco National Forests, trends for open road closures and decommissioning are also likely to continue. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would contribute to the cumulative effects of reducing areas available to motorized 

access for dispersed camping by limiting motorized access for dispersed camping to areas adjacent to 

existing designated open roads, and by establishing special provisions for motorized access for dispersed 

camping that further restrict motorized access to the area adjacent to open designated roads. Alternative 3 

would have a greater potential for cumulative effects than Alternative 2 by establishing special provisions 

for motorized access for dispersed camping everywhere that motorized access for dispersed camping would 

be allowed. 

The Three Trails and Lava Rock Motorized Trails Projects, as currently proposed, and the Ochoco Summit 

Motorized Trail Project as currently being developed, all have the potential to increase the amount of 

designated motorized routes, staging areas (which often include areas for motorized access for dispersed 

camping), areas designated as open to motorized access off of designated routes (cross-country travel), and 

miles of road that would be open to motorized mixed use. Cumulatively, this would reduce to some degree 

the potential adverse effects of the actions proposed in this DEIS on motorized recreational trail 

opportunities on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests. The proposed trail systems would provide a 

mix of new motorized trail opportunities, however, the exact amount or location of these proposed trails is 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 358

either unknown or unpredictable at this stage of the analysis. These actions also have the potential to change 

the location and amount of open roads within the project areas that are available for motorized access for 

dispersed camping, either to increase or decrease the cumulative amount that could be anticipated under 

Alternative 2 and 3. 

It is reasonable to say that OHV opportunities are being reduced cumulatively by travel management 

decisions on National Forest and other public and private lands throughout the Pacific Northwest. It is 

known that these reductions in opportunities would displace some users from currently accessed areas, roads, 

and trails. What is not known is whether the overall amount of OHV use either locally, regionally, or 

nationally would be reduced as a result of the reduced opportunities or if current use would just be 

concentrated into the smaller areas where OHV opportunities continue or are developed in the future. It is 

also uncertain how fuel prices could affect this use into the future. If the overall use is reduced, the 

magnitude of the reduction is not known nor is it known where these reductions might occur. Without this 

knowledge, it is not possible to make reliable predictions about the social and economic cumulative effects 

based on reduced use. 

 

Areas that are more conducive to motorized access because of vegetation management activities or wildfire 

conditions could cumulatively result in an increase of the areas that may actually be available to motorized 

access for dispersed camping in Alternative 2. When considering past conditions and future proposed 

actions, the cumulative effect of these actions when combined with the proposed actions in Alternative 2 

could result in as much as 38,573 acres on the Deschutes and 12,199 acres on the Ochoco National Forest 

where conditions within 300 feet of open designated routes could be more conducive to motorized access 

than if these other activities had not taken place. There would be no potential for cumulative effects from 

these actions or conditions in Alternative 3, because motorized access for dispersed camping would be 

limited to presently existing or future designated or defined sites. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 359

Other Required Disclosures 

Climate Change 

Executive Summary 

The Forest Service is currently investing in considerable research and study of the potential effects of forest 

management on climate change.87 Past Forest Service Chief Abigail Kimbell organized, and current Chief 

Tom Tidwell has continued, an agency-wide response to climate change and direction for the agency to 

concentrate on 16 priorities for action. While many of these priorities and much of this information is 

generally not applicable at the project level, we have consulted much of this research (Loewen 2008). 

On January 16, 2009, the Washington Office of the Forest Service released guidance to Forest Service units 

regarding the incorporation of climate change science into project-level NEPA documents (USDA 2009d). 

This guidance document provides that units should consider two kinds of climate change effects. First, units 

may, where appropriate, consider the effect of a project on climate change. Second, units may, where 

appropriate, consider the effect of climate change on a proposal. This latter category may include the effect 

of changed snowfall regimes on special use permit issuance for ski areas or the effect of rainfall changes on 

reforestation following a timber sale. Because potential changes in climate will have no effect on the 

designation of motorized routes, this second category of effects was not considered further. 

Understanding and documenting the effects of Forest Service decisions on climate change is an important 

priority for the agency under Chief Tidwell. The Washington Office has issued guidance to units outlining 

procedures for assessing the effect of proposals on the climate. Following that guidance, the 

Interdisciplinary Team considered the potential direct effect of route designation on the emission of GHG 

and determined that it would have no direct effect. The Interdisciplinary Team also considered the indirect 

effect of potential emissions causing changes in the climate due to increased atmospheric gases and 

concluded that there are no measurable indirect effects from route designation. 

General Effects of Projected Climate Change 

The Atmospheric-Ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCM) projects a general warming with the 

magnitude projected to increase almost linearly over time. Warming in the USA is projected to exceed 2oC 

(3.6oF) by nearly all models and to exceed 4oC (7.2oF) by more than 5 AOGCMs out of 21 by the turn of the 

next century. Christensen et al. (2007) in Table S11.2 indicate that by the turn of the next century December 

through January temperatures in Western North America (WNA) could increase 3.7oC (6.7oF) and 

precipitation increase by 7 percent based on the 50 percentile probability on a normal distribution bell curve 

using Tebaldi et al.’s method. June through August temperatures are projected to increase 3.6oC (6.5oF) and 

precipitation decrease 4 percent. This much of a temperature increase would probably move the transitory 

snow line to near 6,000 feet based on an adiabatic lapse rate of 250 feet per 1oF (half way between dry and 

usual saturated above freezing lapse rate). 

The following projected climate changes in the hydrologic cycle are presented in Climate Change and Water 

– Perspective from the Forest Service (2008): 

 Warmer air temperatures 

 Warmer stream and reservoir water temperatures 

 More rain and less snow with earlier snowmelt 

 

87 See http://www.fs.fed.us/climatechange/. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 360

 Earlier spring runoff with larger flood peaks. Less summer stream flow with smaller headwater 

stream networks 

 More precipitation in the Pacific Northwest with greater inter-annual variability 

 More intense storms with more flooding and extreme winds 

 More evapotranspiration. Dryer vegetation and soils. More severe droughts. Increased wildfires and 

area burned. 

Peak Flow 

Increased rain-on-snow events would increase extreme runoff contributing to more severe flood events. 

Peak flows from snow melt would occur earlier in the spring. High discharges from intense summer 

thunderstorms would also increase. 

Base Flow 

Increased rainfall over snowfall, warmer winter temperatures, and the increase in the transitory snow zone 

will result in lower snow packs. The onset of earlier spring snowmelt will shift the bulk of the hydrograph to 

earlier in the season. This will result in less summer stream flow and an increase in intermittent and spatially 

intermittent stream flow (less perennial stream miles). 

Water Quality 

Higher peak flows resulting from rain on snow events and high intensity summer thunderstorms could result 

in increased surface and channel erosion especially in the scab stringer country. 

Temperature 

Higher air temperatures and decreased summer stream flows would result in higher water temperatures. 

Analysis of Environmental Effects 

Agency direction defines the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) as the direct climate change effect of a 

project. Further, the interaction of emissions with atmospheric concentrations of GHG such that they impact 

the climate is defined as the potential indirect climate change effect. 

Under this definition, there is no direct effect associated with any of the proposed actions considered in 

Alternative 2 and 3. These alternatives do not authorize the emission of GHG; the action alternatives do not 

limit the emission of GHG; the action alternatives are unlikely to change the emission of GHG as compared 

to the no action alternative. GHG emissions from motorized travel are not directly affected by the 

designation of routes. 

Alternatives 2 and 3 may have a slight beneficial effect on climate change by restricting motorized vehicles 

to designated routes and protecting forest resources from damaging traffic. Forest Service direction on 

climate change consideration notes, “[i]t is possible, and in some projects likely, that proposals may meet the 

Agency’s mission while also enhancing the resilience or adaptive capacity of resources to the potential 

impacts of climate change. For example, projects designed to restore the health, resilience, and productivity 

of forested ecosystems may also improve the capability of the stands or landscape to withstand climate 

change stresses” (USDA 2009c). While these proposed actions are not specifically designed to reduce the 

emission of GHG, it may have a slight benefit associated with enhancing the resilience and productivity of 

forested ecosystems. 

Regarding indirect effects, Agency direction states, “[b]ecause greenhouse gases mix readily into the global 

pool of greenhouse gases, it is not currently possible to ascertain the indirect effects of emissions from single 

or multiple sources (projects). Also, because the large majority of Forest Service projects are extremely 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 361

small in the global atmospheric CO2 context, it is not presently possible to conduct quantitative analysis of 

actual climate change effects based on individual projects” (USDA 2009c). Alternatives 2 and 3 do not have 

measurable indirect effects as compared with the no action alternative. 

Because the proposed actions have no quantifiable direct or indirect effect on climate change, there are no 

anticipated cumulative effects. 

Short-term Uses and Long-term Productivity 

NEPA requires consideration of “the relationship between short-term uses of man’s environment and the 

maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity” (40 CFR 1502.16). As declared by the Congress, 

this includes using all practicable means and measures, including financial and technical assistance, in a 

manner calculated to foster and promote the general welfare, to create and maintain conditions under which 

man and nature can exist in productive harmony, and fulfill the social, economic, and other requirements of 

present and future generations of Americans (NEPA Section 101). 

This chapter and the specialist reports prepared for this project provide the required disclosure of effects 

from anticipated use associated with the motorized access allowed under the current condition (Alternative 

1) and as modified by Alternatives 2 and 3. 

As detailed in this chapter, Alternative 1 would allow the most motorized access and thus the highest level 

short-term uses of natural and depletable Forest resources of the three alternative considered in detail, and it 

would also result in the greatest potential impact to long-term productivity. The action alternatives provide 

varying amounts of motorized opportunities, and they have varying impacts to the short-term uses of the 

Forest. All action alternatives reduce the existing and potential impacts to long-term productive when 

compared to the existing condition. 

Unavoidable Adverse Effects 

Beneficial and adverse effects on the human environment that might result from implementation of the 

alternatives considered in detail are analyzed earlier in this Chapter. The National Environmental Policy Act 

requires disclosure of “...any adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided should the proposal 

be implemented....” (40 CFR 1502.16). 

The proposed actions would prohibit motorized access for dispersed camping and modify the conditions 

under which motorized access for dispersed camping would be allowed. These actions would be, for the 

most part, beneficial to physical and biological resources. Actions associated with past decisions – including 

the establishment of existing designated roads and trails – are not included in this discussion as they are not 

a part of this proposed action. 

There would be unavoidable adverse effects to people’s ability for motorized access to some areas of the 

National Forests and Grassland when compared to the current management direction. This is a social effect 

rather than an effect on the natural resources of the environment. 

The designation of rock pits as areas that would be open motorized access off designated routes (cross 

country travel) in Alternatives 2 and 3 would represent a high-level of risk for the spread of invasive plants. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 362

However, Alternatives 2 and 3 would significantly reduce the risk of invasive plant spread currently present 

in Alternative 1 across the two forests by eliminating motorized access off designated routes from most 

interior areas and rock pits. Changing the conditions of motorized access for dispersed camping would also 

significantly reduce, but not eliminate the potential for spread of invasive plants. Invasive plants sources 

come from outside of the National Forest, and cannot therefore be completely mitigated with any action 

confined to Forest Service authority. 

Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitments of Resources 

Irreversible commitments of resources are those that cannot be regained, such as the extinction of a species 

or the removal of mined ore. Irretrievable commitments are those that are lost for a period of time such as 

the temporary loss of timber productivity in forested areas that are kept clear for use as a power line rightsof-way or road. 

The proposed actions would not make any new commitment of resources to designated motorized routes and 

areas. All routes analyzed in this EIS currently exist on the ground and have been designated by past 

administrative actions. The proposed actions would designate some mineral material sources as open to 

motorized access off designated routes (cross-country travel), but these areas have already been committed 

to extractive use by past actions. The use of these areas are primarily for mineral material sources, and are 

secondarily being made available for motorized use with this decision. 

Areas that would prohibit motorized access off designated routes or prohibit motorized access for dispersed 

camping under Alternatives 2 and 3 would be an irretrievable loss of opportunity to access those areas that 

currently allow such access. 

Incomplete and Unavailable Information 

The Council on Environmental Quality’s implementing regulations for the National Environmental Policy 

Act requires, “When an agency is evaluating reasonably foreseeable significant adverse effects on the human 

environment in an environmental impact statement and there is incomplete or unavailable information, the 

agency shall always make clear that such information is lacking.” (40 CFR 1502.22) 

The primary potentially reasonably foreseeable significant adverse effects associated with the proposed 

actions identified in this DEIS are related to the effect of changing how people can access the two National 

Forests with a motor vehicle, and how that might affect people’s activities or uses. As noted in the Social 

and Economic analysis in this Chapter, how or even if people’s motorized uses will change as a result of 

these proposed actions either singly or when combined with other National Forest’s implementation of the 

Travel Management Rule is incomplete or unavailable information. It is not feasible to be able to collect this 

information at a scale or in a manner that could help to better inform the decision-maker than what has 

already been collected and presented here. In addition, the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest and the 

adjacent lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management provide some of the most premier off-road 

vehicle designated trail systems in the state. There are many other opportunities within a day’s drive of 

central Oregon. Therefore, even though information is lacking to be able to accurately predict how all 

motorized users may be affected by these proposals, the 

Motorized access opportunities, uses and trends that have been presented and summarized in this EIS 

provide sufficient information about both motorized and non-motorized future uses to make a reasonable 

choice between the alternatives. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 363

Energy Requirements 

Energy Requirements of Alternatives 

Managing for motor vehicle uses on the on the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and promoting 

recreation use in general, under all the alternatives would result in the consumption of energy. For 

environmental impact statements, NEPA requires a discussion of the energy requirements and conservation 

potential of proposed alternatives and mitigation measures [40 CFR 1502.18 (e)]. The following addresses 

these topics. 

The area of analysis for this issue, the affected environment, is at least regional in scope and cannot be 

defined solely for an individual national forest. There are numbers of vehicles that drive on state and local 

highways that pass through the two forests as they travel to other destinations, commute, or vacation in the 

region. There are numbers of vehicles that drive to Deschutes or Ochoco National Forest access sites or 

drive on Forest Roads to access recreation opportunities, and there are motor vehicles (OHVs, motorcycles, 

RVs, SUVs, etc.) that use the Forest Roads, trails, and areas. 

The Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest and the other national forests and public lands in the area attract 

many visitors every year and the amount of energy use associated with this travel has increased. Likewise, 

the numbers of highway vehicles and recreational motor vehicles that use the two forests have been 

increasing, although there is no quantifiable estimate of the numbers of these vehicles.The categories of 

energy-consuming activities directly or indirectly connected with recreational use of the forests 

include: motor vehicle traffic that passes through the forestson state and local highways, motor vehicle 

traffic to access forest sites or drive on Forest Roads, and recreational motor vehicles that use the forests. 

The first category of use cannot be considered as being affected by the proposed actions considered in the 

Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests Travel Management DEIS, even though the users could be enjoying 

the scenery as they are traveling through the forests and they would be counted as visitors to the national 

forest. None of the actions proposed in this DEIS would affect this category of travel. The second and third 

categories of use would be affected to some degree by the alternatives considered in this DEIS because the 

proposed actions would include reducing the miles of roads available to non-highway legal vehicles, would 

propose to prohibit motorized access off designated routes to over 98% of the area of the two forests that 

currently do not prohibit such access, and by changing the conditions of motorized access for dispersed 

camping along existing designated open routes. Changing the mileage available to non-highway legal 

vehicles is unlikely to affect the energy consumption within the area, and, it is uncertain the degree to what 

degree that motorized use off designated routes would be altered to use designated routes or whether that use 

would be displaced to other areas. Therefore, the effects on energy consumption resulting from these 

possible changes in use patterns cannot be reasonably predicted. However, recreation use is predicted to 

increase regardless of the alternative selected. Currently, there are plans being proposed to increase nonmotorized or public transit options between the primary urban centers and the forests. 

Prime Farmlands, Range Land, and Forest Land 

Actions proposed under any of the alternatives would have no impact on farm land, range land, or forest 

land inside or outside the national forest. 

Effects on Laws, Regulations, Plans, Policies, andProcedures 

The National Environmental Policy Act at 40 CFR 1502.25(a) directs “to the fullest extent possible, agencies 

shall prepare draft environmental impact statements concurrently with and integrated with ...other 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 364

environmental review laws and executive orders.” This section includes a brief summary of those laws, 

policies, and executive orders that are relevant to the proposed actions considered in this EIS. 

Travel Management: Designated Routes and Areas for Motor Vehicle Use; CFR 212, 251, 

261, and 295 

Alternative 1 would not be consistent with the Travel Management Rule. Alternatives 2 and 3 would both 

meet the intent of the Travel Management Rule. 

National Forest Management Act Forest Management Act 

The National Forest Management Act (NFMA) directs all action taken on National Forests to be consistent 

with the Forest Land and Resource Management Plans prepared in accordance with the regulations of the 

NFMA. A brief description of relevant findings related to Forest Plan consistency for the actions proposed in 

this DEIS follows.

Forest Plan Consistency 

Deschutes & Ochoco National Forests 

Travel Management Plans 

Currently, the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest Plans have a variety of Standards and Guidelines that 

restrict some or all motorized access within certain Management Areas. This guidance has been translated 

into Travel Plan maps that have been published for summer and winter in the past. For the Deschutes, the 

Forest Plan specifically requires, “The Forest will prepare and periodically update a Forest Travel Plan 

which will identify areas, roads, and trails which are open or closed.” (Deschutes National Forest Land and 

Resource Management Plan (LRMP) page 4-33, TR-8). 

The Motor Vehicle Use Map (MVUM) published after the release of the Record of Decision for this EIS in 

Alternatives 2 and 3 would function as the new Travel Map for the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, 

and Crooked River National Grassland, for non-winter use. The previously published Travel Plan maps 

would continue to provide motorized access information for winter use. Although the Ochoco National 

Forest Plan (LRMP) has no similar specific Forest Plan requirement, publication of the Motor Vehicle Use 

Map meets the requirement of a Forest Travel Plan and will become part of the management direction of the 

Forest Plans replacing the current plans (maps). 

Motorized Travel off Designated Routes (Cross-Country Travel) 

Cross-country travel on the Deschutes National Forest has largely been regulated by Forest Plan Standards 

and Guidelines that prohibit or restrict motorized access in certain areas, or other federal actions that have 

applied specific motorized access restrictions in certain areas. There are no area-specific Standards and 

Guidelines that designate areas as “open” to cross-country travel. In general, this use has been allowed 

unless specifically prohibited or otherwise regulated. Implementation of any of the Alternatives would 

therefore be consistent with the Deschutes National Forest Plan because there would be no new Standards 

and Guidelines required by the Travel Management Rule in order to prohibit motorized access off designated 

routes, and no amendments to existing Standards and Guidelines required to be consistent with existing 

prohibitions. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 365

The Ochoco National Forest Plan, while also not having any Standards and Guidelines that specifically 

designate any areas as “open” to cross-country travel, have one Forest Plan Standard and Guideline that is 

specific to motorized use related to routes and areas that would be amended in Alternative 2 and 3: 

“Motorized use encouraged on designated routes and areas and restricted to designated routes only in 

riparian areas. Motorized use restricted to designated routes on sensitive soils including highly erodible 

slopes over 30% during wet weather from Dec 1 to May 1. Motorized use on scablands restricted to 

designated routes and existing two-track non-system roads.” This Standard and Guideline would be 

eliminated for the Ochoco National Forest, except on the Emigrant Creek Ranger District88. 

Alternative 1 would be consistent with current Forest Plan management direction. 

Motorized access for dispersed camping 

Similar to motorized access off designated routes, there is little specific direction that prohibits or otherwise 

specifically designated regulation of motorized access for dispersed camping. For the Crooked River 

National Grassland, The Ochoco Forest Plan would be amended to allow motorized access for dispersed 

camping under the both general and special provisions described in Alternative 2 and 3 in the General 

Forage and Dispersed Recreation Management Areas. 

Endangered Species Act 

Effects to Threatened, Endangered species are evaluated in the Fisheries, Native Plants, and Wildlife 

sections of Chapter 3 of this EIS. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 requires that actions of federal 

agencies do not jeopardize or adversely modify critical habitat of federally-listed species. A Biological 

Evaluation has been completed for threatened endangered and sensitive fishery, plant, and terrestrial species. 

Consultation with the USFW under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act has been initiated on the 

preferred alternative. 

Clean Water Act 

The objective of the Clean Water Act is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological 

integrity of all waters to protect the Beneficial Uses as documented according to Oregon Department of 

Environmental Quality (ODEQ) criteria. A beneficial use is a resource or activity that would be directly 

affected by a change in water quality or quantity and are defined on a basin scale in the Oregon 

Administrative Rules for water quality. The beneficial uses for this project were derived from the four 

basins encompassed by the two Forests and Grassland. 

The beneficial uses in the Travel Management project area include fish and aquatic life, fishing, wildlife and 

hunting, livestock watering, water contact recreation, boating, irrigation, public water supply, private 

domestic water supply, hydro power, and aesthetic quality. 

 

88 The Emigrant Ranger District, formerly the Snow Mountain District of the Ochoco National Forest was renamed, combined with the Burns 

Ranger District, and is administered by the Malheur National Forest. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 366

Under Section 319 of the 1987 Clean Water Act Amendments, states are required to determine those waters 

that will not meet the goals of the Clean Water Act, determine those non-point source activities that are 

contributing pollution, and develop a process on how to reduce such pollution to the “maximum extent 

practicable.” Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act requires that a list be developed of all impaired or 

threatened waters within each state. The ODEQ is responsible for compiling the 303(d) list, assessing data, 

and submitting the 303(d) list to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for federal approval. 

There are 96 303(d) listed streams and water bodies in the Travel Management project area. Only water 

temperature, sediment, and turbidity would reasonably be expected to be potentially effected by proposed 

actions in this project. There are 19 streams listed for water temperature on the Deschutes National Forest 

and 73 on the Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River National Grassland. The Deschutes River 

between Wickiup Reservoir and Bend on the Deschutes National Forest is listed for sediment and turbidity. 

Eight streams on the Ochoco National Forest are listed for sediment in the Trout Creek Sub Basin. 

Both action alternatives would comply with the Clean Water Act. 

Executive Orders 

11644 of February 8, 1972 

Use of Off-road Vehicles on the Public Lands 

As amended by Executive Order 11989 of May 24, 1977. 

Executive Order (EO) 11644, as amended, provides direction for federal agencies to establish policies and 

procedures to control and direct the use of OHVs on public lands to: 1) protect the resource of those lands; 

2) promote the safety of all users of those lands; and 3) minimize conflicts among various users of those 

lands. In response, the Forest Service developed regulations at 36 CFR 216, 219, and 295. Under these 

regulations OHV use can be restricted or prohibited to minimize: 1) damage to soil, watershed, vegetation, 

or other resources of the public lands; 2) harm to wildlife or wildlife habitats; or 3) conflicts between the use 

of OHVs and other types of recreation. 

The Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and Crooked River National Grassland have restricted 

motorized travel to designated routes in some areas since the late 1970s. As described under the Forest Plan 

Consistency section, the two Forests have also issued Travel Maps that defines travel opportunities and 

restrictions on Forest roads and trails. The Deschutes and Ochoco National Forest and Crooked River 

National Grassland. 

Each of the action alternatives analyzed in this EIS makes substantial improvements in reducing and 

minimizing resource impacts and use conflicts as required by EO 11644. 

11988 & 11990 of May 24, 1977 

Protection of Floodplains and Wetlands 

Executive Order 11988 requires the Forest Service to provide leadership and to take action to (1) minimize 

adverse impacts associated with occupancy and modification of floodplains and reduce risks of flood loss, 

(2) minimize impacts of floods on human safety, health, and welfare, and (3) restore and preserve the natural 

and beneficial values served by floodplains. Executive Order 11990 requires the Forest Service to take 

action to minimize destruction, loss, or degradation of wetlands and to preserve and enhance the natural and 

beneficial values of wetlands. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 367

Hydrology: The Forest Service is proposing to reduce the amount of motorized access within the riparian 

influence zone in every alternative except Alternative 1, where motorized access would be allowed in areas 

currently open to motorized access off designated routes and allowed without changed conditions for 

motorized access for dispersed camping. 

Aquatic Biota: Alternative 1 could result in an increase in impacts from motorized access within floodplain 

areas where floodplain areas are currently open to motorized access off designated routes and where 

motorized access for dispersed camping is not prohibited. Alternatives 2 and 3 would result in a decrease of 

impacts within floodplain areas, through the elimination of motorized access off designated routes and by 

modifying the conditions under which motorized access for dispersed camping would be allowed. Thus, all 

alternatives ultimately comply with the intent of Executive Order 11988. 

All action alternatives would result in a decrease of impacts within floodplains, wetland and riparian areas, 

by prohibiting motorized access off designated routes and changing the conditions under which motorized 

access for dispersed camping is allowed. Thus, all alternatives ultimately comply with the intent of 

Executive Order 11990. 

13186 of January 10, 2001, and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act 

Responsibilities of Federal Agencies to Protect Migratory Birds 

Executive Order 13186, signed January 10, 2001, directs federal agencies to protect migratory birds by 

integrating bird conservation principles, measures, and practices into agency activities and by avoiding or 

minimizing, to the extent practical, adverse impacts on migratory birds’ resources when conducting agency 

actions. This order directs agencies to further comply with the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, the Bald and 

Golden Eagle Protection Act, and other pertinent statutes. This analysis is compliant with the National 

Memorandum of Understanding between the USDA Forest Service and the U.S. FWS to promote the 

conservation of migratory birds (USDA 2008g). 

13443 of August 16, 2007 

Facilitation of Hunting Heritage and Wildlife Conservation 

This order directs federal agencies that have programs and activities that have a measurable effect on public 

land management, outdoor recreation, and wildlife management to facilitate the expansion and enhancement 

of hunting opportunities and the management of game species and their habitat. 

This DEIS and the associated specialist reports have considered the management of wildlife habitats trends 

in and effects on hunting opportunities, and economic and recreational values of hunting. Resource 

specialists have considered the programs and plans of other state and federal wildlife agencies, have worked 

collaboratively with them in their professional roles, and have coordinated with them in development of this 

travel management plan. These other agencies have been kept abreast of these proposed actions. The 

Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests currently have in place various cooperative seasonal motorized use 

closures, including winter range motorized closure areas and the so-called “Green Dot” hunting season road 

closures. These concepts have been adopted year-round in the proposed actions. Alternatives 2 and 3 

incorporate seasonal use periods for routes established by these cooperative agreements and prohibit 

motorized access off designated routes except where motorized access for dispersed camping is allowed 

within 300’ of open designated routes. According to comments received during scoping on this and other 

projects, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife supports prohibiting motorized access off designated 

routes. 

12898 of February 11, 1994 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 368

Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-income Populations 

Executive Order 12898 directs the agency to identify and address, “...as appropriate, disproportionately high 

and adverse human health or environmental effects of its programs, policies, and activities on minority 

populations and low-income populations....” The intent of the order is to assure the fair treatment and 

meaningful involvement and consideration of all people. Fair treatment means that no group of people, 

including racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic group should bear a disproportionate share of the negative 

environmental consequences resulting from the execution of a federal actions. Outreach and public 

involvement for this project has been extensive and at various scales within various communities of interest. 

This included meeting individually with tribal staff and members of the Cultural and Heritage Committee for 

the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs, as well as including the tribal newspaper and radio station in 

news releases prior to all of our public meetings, and with periodic updates as the planning process 

progressed. A similar outreach effort was made with local Hispanic radio and news media outlets. Flyers and 

posters were distributed in all local communities prior to public meetings to reach all members of the local 

communities. As a result of these outreach and scoping (public involvement) processes, there were no 

potentially disproportionately high and adverse human-health, environmental, or social effects to minority or 

low-income populations identified. Based on the social and economic analysis presented in Chapter 3, there 

is no known potential for disparate or disproportionate effects on minority or low-income populations. 

USDA Civil Rights Policy 

The Civil Rights Policy for the USDA, Departmental Regulation 4300-4 dated May 30, 2003, states that the 

following are among the civil rights strategic goals; (1) managers, supervisors, and other employees are held 

accountable for ensuring that USDA customers are treated fairly and equitably, with dignity and respect; and 

(2) equal access is assured and equal treatment is provided in the delivery of USDA programs and services 

for all customers. This is the standard for service to all customers regardless of race, sex, national origin, 

age, or disabilities. 

Disparate impact, a theory of discrimination, has been applied to the travel management planning process in 

order to reveal any such negative effects that may unfairly and inequitably impact beneficiaries regarding 

program development, administration, and delivery.89 The objectives of this review and analysis are to 

prevent disparate treatment and minimize discrimination against minorities, women and persons with 

disabilities and to ensure compliance with all civil rights statutes, Federal regulations, and USDA policies 

and procedures. 

Persons with Disabilities

Some comments received during the travel management planning process expressed concern that changes to 

motorized access would prevent future access to National Forest system lands for those with disabilities. In 

response to these comments, note that a review of the project alternatives has been conducted to ensure that 

they apply equally to all groups. Therefore, the travel management plan is not discriminatory towards 

persons with disabilities, because it applies equally to all groups. 

Under section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, no person with a disability can be denied participation 

in a Federal program that is available to all other people solely because of his or her disability. There is no 

legal requirement to allow people with disabilities use of motor vehicles on roads, trails, or other areas that 

are closed to motor vehicles. Restrictions on motor vehicle use that are applied consistently to everyone are 

not discriminatory. A more detailed description of the study area demographics is included in the Social 

and Economic section of Chapter 3. 

 

89 For more information on disparate impact theory, see The Evolution of Disparate Impact Theory of Discrimination, Harvard Journal of 

Legislation, vol. 44 2007 (http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/jol/vol44_2/gordon.pdf) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 369

Civil Rights Monitoring and Evaluation 

It is the responsibility of the Deputy Chiefs for National Forest Systems to ensure that decision-makers are 

aware of this Civil Rights Impacts Analysis and that the alternatives and mitigations are considered. Any 

future travel management projects will be implemented only after an appropriate level of NEPA is 

completed and the decision documented. This project-level NEPA will be completed with adequate public 

involvement that will consider access and concerns from minorities, women, persons with disabilities, and 

low income populations. Continue to consult early and often with Oregon Tribal Governments regarding 

Special Areas of Historic Tribal Significance for implementation of travel management plans. 

Continue to design travel management planning and public involvement opportunities that consider access 

concerns from minorities, women, persons with disabilities, and low income populations. 

Determination that a CRIA is not needed 

On May 16, 2008, the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests embarked on a proposed action to improve 

management of motorized vehicle use on NFS lands within the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests in 

accordance with regulations at 36 CFR Parts 121, 251, 261, and 295, and as described in Travel 

Management; Designated Routes and Areas for Motor Vehicle Use; Final Rule (2005). 

The Notice of Intent (NOI) initiating the scoping process was published in the Federal Register on May 16, 

2008. 

A summary of the comments received during the scoping process, the issues raised, and how they were 

addressed related to this EIS are included in Chapter 1. A comprehensive description of the community 

collaboration used to help develop the proposed action is also available on our website 

(http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/travel-mgmt/index-projdocs-06-08.shtml) People have self-selected 

to participate in the public meetings, and to provide written comments and were not required to provide any 

information concerning individual demographic information. 

Groups and classes of persons have been reviewed within the social analysis section of the EIS. No groups 

or classes or persons were found to be disproportionately negatively affected by this travel management 

decision. This travel management decision applies equally to all members of the public, and therefore is not 

discriminatory to any person or group.
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 370

CHAPTER 4. CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION 

Preparers and Contributors 

The project development phase was a collaborative effort involving many individuals representing Federal, 

State, and local agencies. The following sections will list those involved in the consultation and 

coordination process of the project. The Interdisciplinary Team member section will name all specialists 

involved in the preparation process of this DEIS and describe the education and experience of each member. 

Also listed below are the Provincial Advisory Committee and Working Group members who were first 

chartered for developing the strategy for implementing the rule. 

INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM MEMBERS 

Mollie Chaudet, USDA Forest Service, Deschutes National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, 

Position/Contribution: Project Manager; Social and Economic Impact Analysis 

Education: A.S., Forest Technology, Central Oregon Community College 

Experience: 30 years of experience with the Forest Service and BLM. Forest Litigation Coordinator 2005-

present; Associate Area Manager; Supervisory Interdisciplinary Planner; 2000-2005; Environmental 

Coordinator and National Environmental Analysis Instructor, 1990-2000; Project Planner, 1982-1989. 

Timber Sale Preparation 1978-1981 

Peggy Fisher, PE; USDA Forest Service, Deschutes National Forest, Supervisor's Office 

Position/Contribution: Transportation Program Manager/Project Manager 

Education: M.S., Civil Engineering, Oregon State University 

Experience: 8 years with the Forest Service as Transportation Program Manager, Deschutes/Ochoco 

National Forests; One year as Project Team Leader, Deschutes National Forest, 8 years as Geotechnical 

Engineer, Ochoco National Forest; and 3 years as Geotechnical Engineer, Willamette National Forest 

Laurel Skelton, USDA Forest Service, Ochoco National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, 

Position/Contribution: Recreation Planner 

Education: B.S., Forestry and Recreation Planning, Oregon State University 

Experience: 4 years with the Ochoco & Deschutes National Forest working on special projects, including 

Travel Management. 7 years with the Ochoco NF as Recreation Program Manager, seven years with the 

Crooked River National Grassland as District Recreation and Special Uses Program Manager, 3 years on the 

Mt. Hood National Forest, and 1 year on the Winema National Forest as program lead for developed, 

dispersed, wilderness and trails programs. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 371

Mose Harris IV, USDA Forest Service, Deschutes National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, Planner 

Position/Contribution: Writer-editor 

Education: B.S., Environmental Science, Tuskegee University, 2005 

Experience: 4 years permanently with the US Forest Service, Deschutes National Forest. Seasonal work 

since 2000 including positions in Silviculture, Fire/Fuels, and Planning. 

Bruce Wright, USDA Forest Service, Deschutes National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, 

Position/Contribution: GIS Analyst 

Education: B.S., Electrical Engineering 

Experience: Forest Service Geographic Information Systems 1991-present, Wildland fire suppression 1986-

1991, Outside Plant Engineer United Telephone 1978-1986, Smokejumper Redmond Air Center 1971-1978, 

Hotshot Redmond Air Center 1970. 

Caroline Gordon, USDA Forest Service, Ochoco National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, 

Position/Contribution: Geologist 

Education: B.A., Geology, Central Washington University, 1977, Ellensburg, WA 

Experience: 16 years with the Forest Service as Forest Geologist, Ochoco National Forest/Crooked River 

National Grassland; 5 years as geologist, Siuslaw National Forest; and 3 years as a geologist, Coconino 

National Forest in Arizona. 

Peter Sussmann, USDA Forest Service, Deschutes National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, 

Position/Contribution: Soil Scientist 

Education: B.S., Agronomy/Soils University of Illinois, 1986 

Experience: USDA Forest Service Soil Scientist, Deschutes National Forest, 1992-1998. Field Soil 

Scientist, Interagency Riparian Classification, 200-2002. Soil Scientist, Deschutes National Forest, 2002-

2004. 

Christopher Yamasaki, USDA Forest Service, DRM, Deschutes National Forest, Supervisor's Office, 

Position/Contribution: GIS/Data Services Specialist, Geospatial Datasets and Map Products 

Education: B.S., Environmental Science, University of Oregon, Professional GIS Certificate, Certificate in 

GIS Application Programming, Central Oregon Community College. 

Experience: 2 years with the Forest Service as a GIS/Data Services Specialist, Deschutes/Ochoco National 

Forests, and five years as a seasonal Fisheries Tech in Oregon, Southeast Alaska, and California. 

Dorothy Thomas, USDA Forest Service, Deschutes National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, 

Position/Contribution: GIS Coordinator, Creation of polygon maps and data queries for project analysis and 

geodatabase data 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 372

Education: A.A., Geographic Information Systems, Central Oregon CC, 1996. B.S. Environmental 

Sciences: Natural Resource Management, Oregon State University, 2000. 

Experience: 11 years professional experience in GIS systems 

James Seymour, USDA Forest Service, Ochoco National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, 

Position/Contribution: Hydrologist 

Education: B.S., Watershed Science (concentration in hydrology), Colorado State University, 1980 

Experience: 29 years experience with the Forest Service in hydrology, planning, and water quality 

monitoring 

Katie Grenier, USDA Forest Service, Deschutes National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, 

Position/Contribution: Botanist, Native Plant and Invasive Species 

Education: M.S., Biology in Botany, Humboldt State University 

Experience: 10 years with the Forest Service as Botany Program Manager, Deschutes/Ochoco National 

Forests; 5 years as Botany Program Manager, Siuslaw National Forest; and 9 years as a seasonal botanist in 

Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, and California 

Lauren Miller, USDA Forest Service, COFMS (Central Oregon Fire Management Services- serves

Deschutes NF , Ochoco NF, and Prineville BLM), Deschutes National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, 

Position/Contribution: Fire and Fuels Planning Support / Fire, Vegetation Management, and Air Quality 

Education: B.S., Resource Ecology and Management, University of Michigan; M.S., Forestry, University of 

Idaho 

Experience: Experience: <1 year with the Forest Service supporting Fire and Fuels Planning, COFMS; 2 

years with the Forest Service as Fire Ecologist, Uinta-Wastach-Cache National Forests; 3 years with the 

Forest Service in Student Career Experience Program for Fire Ecology, Wenatchee-Okanogan NF and 

Adaptive Management Services Enterprise Team, Tahoe National Forest; 1 year with the State of Arizona, 

Ecological Restoration Institute as a Research Technician; and 1 year with the US Geological Survey as a 

biological science technician at the Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Park and Las Vegas Field Stations 

Dan Rife, USDA Forest Service, Deschutes National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, 

Position/Contribution: Fisheries Biologist 

Education: B.S., Fisheries Biology, Humboldt State University, CA 

Experience: 25 years of experience with the Forest Service. Forest Fisheries Program Manager - Deschutes 

and Ochoco NF, 2000-present; District Fisheries Biologist, Wenatchee NF, 1991-2000; Assistant District 

Fisheries Biologist, Wentachee NF, 1989-1991; Assistant District Fisheries Biologist, Mt. Hood NF, 1986-

1989; Stream Surveyor, Mt. Hood National Forest, 1984-1985. 

Lauri Turner, USDA Forest Service, Deschutes National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 373

Position/Contribution: Wildlife Biologist 

Education: B.S., Biology with a Wildlife Emphasis, Kearney State College, Kearney, NE 1989 

Experience: Forest Wildlife Biologist, Deschutes NF since 2005. District Wildlife Biologist, Deschutes NF 

1998-2005. Wildlife Biologist, Willamette NF 1991-1998. Biological Technician, Willamette NF 1990. 

Working as a professional Wildlife Biologist for 19 years, Willamette and Deschutes National Forests. 

Paul Claeyssens, USDA Forest Service, WO Enterprise Program, Heritage Stewardship Group, Bend, 

OR 

Position/Contribution: Heritage Resource Specialist; Archaeological, Historic and Tribal Resources 

Education: BA, Anthropology, University of California, San Diego; MS, Anthropology, University of 

Oregon 

Experience: 1 year as a Forest Service WO Enterprise Program business unit lead for a unit offering historic 

preservation services, 19 years with the Forest Service as a heritage program manager on the Ochoco and 

Deschutes National Forests, 8 years as a district archaeologist on the Willamette National Forest, and 2 years 

as a research technician, teaching assistant and field archaeologist on university and private sector heritage 

projects. 

Patrick Nelson, USDA Forest Service, Deschutes National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, 

Position/Contribution: Cartographic Technician Student Temporary Employment Program (STEP) 

Education: A.A.S., Geographic Information Systems Central Oregon Community College Bend, OR BS 

Geographic Information Science (to be completed Dec. 2009) Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, AZ 

Experience: 3 years professional GIS experience between the FS, BLM, and nonprofit environmental 

organizations 

Rick Collins, P.E., USDA Forest Service, Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, Deschutes NF

Supervisor’s Office, 

Position/Contribution: Forest Road Manager and Transportation Planner / Transportation Planning & 

Analysis 

Education: M.S., Civil Engineering, Oregon State University. B.S. Forest Engineering, Oregon State 

University 

Experience: 23 years with the Forest Service in Transportation Planning and Road Management. 

Sarah Barnett, USDA Forest Service, Deschutes National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, 

Position/Contribution: Civil Engineer Tech, Travel Routes/Data Management 

Education: B.S., Interdisciplinary Studies 

Experience: Over 10 years of Information Technology experience and working with Data Management. 

Steve Gibson, USDA Forest Service, Ochoco National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 374

Position/Contribution: Range Management Specialist 

Education: A.A., Biological Science, Central Oregon Community College; B.A., Rangeland Science, 

Oregon State University 

Experience: 14 years ranch experience, 19 years Forest Service experience. Acting Forest Range Program 

Manager, 2009; National Grassland Natural Resource Team Leader, 2004 - present; Zone Supervisory 

Range Management Specialist, 1999 - 2004; Acting Forest Range Program Manager, 2000; Range 

Management Specialist/Resource Assistant, 1992 - 1999; Range Management Specialist/Minerals 

Technician, 1991 - 1992; Range Technician/Range Conservationist, 1990 - 1991. 

Mark Christiansen, USDA Forest Service, Deschutes National Forest, Supervisor's Office, 

Position/Contribution: Recreation Program Manager 

Education: B.S., Forest Management, Northern Arizona University, 1975 

Experience: 34 years Forest service experience. Timber Sale Administration, Recreation, Lands, & 

Minerals, Tongass NF, 1976 – 1980; Timber Sale Preparation & Administration, Gallatin NF, 1980 – 1983; 

Recreation Program Manager, Gallatin NF, 1984 – 1988; Recreation Staff, Toiyabe NF, 1989 – 1991; 

Recreation Staff, Arapaho Roosevelt NF, 1992 – 1999; Forest Recreation Program Manager, Deschutes NF, 

1999 – present. 

Vicki Ramming, USDA Forest Service, Deschutes National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, 

Position/Contribution: Program Manager Central Oregon OHV Operations (COHVOPS) 

Experience: 30 years of experience with the Forest Service. COHVOPS Program Manager 2005-present; 

Special Use Permit Administrator 1995-2005; Recreation Manager 1991-1995; Timber Sale Administrator 

1988-1991; Timber Sale Appraiser 1980 - 1988; Dispatcher 1978-1980 

Paul C. Cuddy, USDA Forest Service, Ochoco National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, 

Position/Contribution: Forest Environmental Coordinator/Planner 

Education: B.S., Social Sciences, Providence College; M.S., Forest Management, Utah State University 

Experience: 32 years of Forest Service experience; Salmon, Wasatch-Cache, Bridger-Teton, Siskiyou, and 

Ochoco National Forests. 

Gery Ferguson, USDA Forest Service, Deschutes National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, 

Position/Contribution: Assistant Forest Planner 

Education: B.S., Wildlife, Michigan State University 

Experience: 28 years of Forest Service experience; Colville, Umpqua, Ochoco and Deschutes National 

Forests 

Ken Kittrell, USDA Forest Service, Deschutes National Forest, Crescent Ranger District 

Position/Contribution: District Engineer 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 375

Education: B.S., Fisheries Biology, University of Idaho 

Experience: 32 years of Forest Service experience; Engineering Survey Technician, Nezperce NF, 1974 – 

1978; Project Engineer, Gifford Pinchot, Willamette, and Malheur NF, 1979 – 1994; District Watershed 

Specialist/Transportation Plannner, Malheur NF, Winema NF, 1994 – 2000; District Engineer, Deschutes 

NF, 2000- present 

Rob Tanner, USDA Forest Service, Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, Supervisor's Office 

Position/Contribution: Hydrologist 

Education: B.S., Environmental Studies and General Science, University of Oregon; M.S., Hydrology, 

Oregon State University 

Experience: 2 years hydrology work with Eugene BLM. 9 years as a hydrologist for the Deschutes and 

Ochoco NF with support to the Crooked River and Upper Deschutes Watershed Councils. 

FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL AGENCIES 

The Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests worked with a chartered federal advisory committee to develop 

a strategy for implementing the rule. Their recommendations were used to lay the framework for how the 

proposed action would be developed. The members of the Provincial Advisory Committee are listed in 

Table 4-1, and the members of the Travel Management Working Group are listed in Table 4-2 

Table 4-1 Deschutes Provincial Advisory Committee (PAC) 

Name Organization 

John Allen Designated Official, Deschutes Forest Supervisor 

Glen Ardt* Habitat Biologist, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 

Chuck Burley Forest Products Industry - American Forest Resource Council, State 

Representative 

Dennis Carlson “At Large”, Hood River County Forestry Dept. 

Roy Epperson* Crook County Natural Resources Committee 

Garth Fuller Environmental Advocacy, The Nature Conservancy, Eastern Oregon Director 

Don Gentry Klamath Tribe 

Nancy Gilbert* US Fish and Wildlife Service 

Peter Gutowsky* Deschutes County – Senior Planner 

Teresa Kubo Environmental Protection Agency 

Bonnie Lamb Oregon Department of Environmental Quality 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 376

James Larsen* “At Large” Homeowner 

Tim Lillebo* Environmental Advocacy - Oregon Wild 

Kreg Lindberg* Recreation and Tourism – Oregon State University Associate Professor 

Dave McClain “At Large”, Private Consultant 

Chuck McGrath Grazing permittee 

John Morgan* Forest Products Industry – resource manager for Ochoco Lumber Co. 

Dennis Oliphant* Recreation and Tourism - Sun Country Tours, Inc 

Clay Penhollow* Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon – Natural 

Resources Department 

Name Organization 

George Ponte Oregon Department of Forestry 

Boyd Wickman* Scientist Emeritus, US Forest Service Research, Pringle Falls Experimental 

Forest 

* Denotes member of the Deschutes Provincial Travel Management Subcommittee. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 377

Table 4-2 Deschutes Provincial Advisory Committee Travel Management Subcommittee and 

Working Group. 

Name Interest 

Kate Beardsley Equestrian 

Bruce Bowen Non-Motorized Recreation- Hiker/Mtn. Biker 

Steve Doane Small Business Owner 

Tim Van Domelen Ranger, OR Hunters Assoc. 

Joani Dufourd Motorized Recreation 

Bob Flint Motorized Recreation- Class I & III 

Margie Gregory Oregon Equestrian Trails 

Tom Landis Non-Governmental Organization, Friends of the Metolius 

Marilyn Miller Juniper Group, Sierra Club 

Ron Ore Small Business Owner- Motorized Rec. 

Ed Putnam Non-Motorized, Recreation-Bow Hunting 

Jon & Patti Pyland Motorized Recreation- Class II 

Jesse Rudelitsch Central Oregon Rocks, Inc. 

Eric Sorenson Central Oregon Rocks, Inc. 

John Wainwright Equestrian 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 378

The Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests has given several presentations on the Travel Management Rule 

to various groups at several different venues. Comments received along with issues and concerns raised 

from these groups were then incorporated into the information provided from the public to our chartered 

federal advisory committee and the Internal Interdiscipinary Team. These comments, issues and concerns 

were then used to develop a strategy for implementing the rule. These recommendations were used to lay 

the framework for how the proposed action would be developed and modified. These various presentations 

and groups have been listed below. 

Oregon Hunters Association 

Oregon Bow Hunters

Oregon Equestrian Club 

Citizens of Crescent Junction 

Central Oregon Motorcycle & ATV Club 

Ochoco Trail Riders

Deschutes County 4-Wheelers 

Crescent Community Action Team

Crook County Natural Resource Committee 

Klamath County Commissioners

Quiet Recreation Summit in Idaho 

Willamette National Forest – Eugene Public Meeting

Mt Hood National Forest – Public Meeting 

2006 thru 2008 – Deschutes County Fair

2006 thru 2009 Central Oregon Sportsman Show 

2006 Central Oregon Public Workshop Series – Forest Service Lead

2007 Central Oregon Public Workshop Series – Forest Service Lead 

2008 Central Oregon Public Workshop Series – Forest Service Lead

OTHERS 

TRIBES: 

Traditional Cultural Sites, Tribal Relations, and Treaty Rights 

Traditional cultural properties (TCPs) are a type of historic site reviewed under the NHPA, as well as other 

tribal legislation and policy. Traditional cultural properties are defined as cultural resource sites that are 

significant for the role they play in a living culture or community’s historically rooted beliefs, customs, 

religion or cultural practices (National Register Bulletin 38). Traditional cultural properties represent a 

linkage of lifeway values that connect the landscape to a group by continued and ‘traditional’ use. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 379

American Indians and Alaska Natives are recognized as people with distinct cultures and traditional values. 

They have a special and unique legal and political relationship with the Government of the United States as 

defined by history, treaties, statutes, executive orders, court decisions, and the U.S. Constitution. It is the 

policy of the U.S. Government to implement programs in ways that are knowledgeable and respectful of, and 

sensitive to Tribal sovereignty (Clinton 1994). There is an emphasis on government-to-government 

relationships with federally-recognized tribes, including consultation in order to identify rights and concerns 

during the development of plans, projects, programs and activities (USDA Forest Service 1997). 

The Forest Service also consults with non-federally recognized tribes, organizations, and individuals. These 

groups may have many of the same concerns or issues as federally recognized groups, but do not enjoy the 

same legal status or required agency protocol. 

Tribal governments have considerable powers that are usually separate from State and local governments. 

Individual treaties, statutes--such as the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA), and executive 

orders—such as those addressing sacred sites or tribal consultation--often reserve specific rights and/or 

address traditional interests relative to the use of federal lands. Reserved resource rights and privileges 

associated with treaties and other Indian agreements generally include activities such as hunting, fishing, 

grazing, subsistence, access to and the gathering of forest resources. In addition, land and resources hold a 

special and unique meaning in the spiritual and everyday lifeways of many Indians. National Forest lands 

and resources represent cultural and sometimes economic values to Indian people. Federally recognized 

Tribes and other Indian groups often look to the National Forests for traditional resource, religious, and 

contemporary uses, and as part of their ancestral homeland. 

The Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, including the Crooked River National Grassland maintain 

tribal relations with the following: Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon, The 

Burn Paiute Tribe and the Klamath Tribes. In general all cultural resources are of interest to the tribes as well 

as areas on public lands were traditional activities take place such as gathering of wild foods and other forest 

resources, including game and fish. The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs have ceded land rights 

granted under The Treaty of Middle Oregon 1855 (Treaty of Wasco, Columbia River, Oregon Territory with 

the Taih, Wyam, Tenino, & Dock-Spus Bands of the Walla-Walla, and the Dalles, Ki-Gal-Twal-La, and the 

Dog River Bands of the Wasco, June 25, 1855, 12 Stat., 963., Ratified Mar. 8, 1859, Proclaimed Apr. 18, 

1859) covering parts of the Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests and the Crooked River National 

Grassland, which convey to them the right to exercise their treaty rights on public lands in common with 

other citizens. The Burns Paiute and Klamath Tribes also exercise such practices on their traditional 

territories including lands and resources of the two Forests. In addition pictograph sites are known to be a 

type of site that is “sensitive” to Indian Tribes. These sites may or may not be indicative of traditional use, 

and are abundant in certain drainages of the analysis area. The pictograph sites are addressed as 

archaeological sites elsewhere in this document (Chapter 3). 

Indian Treaties and portions of the Indian Claims Commission map covering Oregon indicate that only 

“reserved resource rights” (e.g., treaty rights) exist for the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs 

Reservation. 

These three tribes, the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon, The Burn Paiute 

Tribe and the Klamath Tribes are within the ‘sphere of influence’ for the Travel Plan analysis and were 

contacted during the initial stages of planning (need more specifics about Warm Springs involvement with 

the group). Tribal members were informed of the different public scoping meetings through various public 

announcements. The tribes received hard copies of the DEIS when it was released and they received an 

update letter on May 20, 2009. No written comments or responses were received from the tribes. 

Based on information supplied during the initial travel planning by the Deschutes and Ochoco National 

Forests and special interest groups, the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation was 

acknowledged as having an interest in Travel Management Planning, its effects on the landscape and/or 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 380

locations for their traditional practices. Forest Service representatives (Line Officer and Heritage Staff) 

personally contacted the appropriate tribal cultural resource delegate, both by phone and through personal 

visitation at the Tribal Offices. No concerns were brought forward by the Confederated Tribes of the Warm 

Springs Reservation. 

Distribution of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement 

The Forest Service will be distributing this document to given the opportunity to commentith or received 

project comments from the following individuals, agencies, tribes, and non-Forest Service persons during the 

development of the draft environmental impact statement. 

FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL AGENCIES AND INDIVIDUALS 

State Government 

Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 

Federal Agencies 

US Environmental Protection Agency 

US Fish and Wildlife Service 

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation 

Office of Civil Rights 

National Marine Fisheries Service 

U.S. Air Force 

Army Corps of Engineers 

U.S. Navy 

U.S. Army 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

Federal Highway Administration 

Tribes 

Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon 

The Burn Paiute Tribe 

The Klamath Tribes 

OTHERS 

A complete list of all individuals that have commented on this project is available upon request.
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 381 

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GLOSSARY 

Access Management. Management of the ingress 

and egress of people on National Forest System 

lands. Generally used to describe motorized use 

allowed. 

Access Rights. A privilege or right of a person or 

entity to pass over or use another person's or 

entity's travel way. (36 CFR 212.1, FSM 5460.5 – 

Rights of Way Acquisition, FSM 7700 – 

Transportation System) 

Activity – a measure, course of action, or 

treatment that is undertaken to directly or 

indirectly produce, enhance, or maintain forest 

and rangeland outputs or achieve administrative 

or environmental quality objectives (Deschutes 

LRMP) 

Adaptive Management. A type of natural 

resource management that implies making 

decisions as part of an on-going process. 

Monitoring the results of actions will provide 

flow of information that may indicate the need to 

change a course of action. Scientific findings and 

the needs of society may also indicate the need to 

adapt resource management to new information. 

Administrative unit. A National Forest, a 

National Grassland, a purchase unit, a land 

utilization project, Columbia River Gorge 

National Scenic Area, Land Between the Lakes, 

Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, Midewin 

National Tallgrass Prairie, or other comparable 

unit of the National Forest System. (Such as a 

Ranger District) 

Administrative Use. Motorized use of a road, 

trail, or area for limited administrative use by the 

Forest Service; Use of any fire, military, 

emergency, or law enforcement vehicle for 

emergency purposes; Authorized use of any 

combat or combat support vehicle for national 

defense purposes; Law enforcement response to 

violations of law, including pursuit; and, 

Permitted Use and occupancy of National Forest 

System lands. (USDA-Forest Service. 2004. 36 

CFR Part 212, 251, 261, and 295. Travel 

Management; Designated Routes and Areas for 

Motor Vehicle Use.) 

Affected Environment. The natural environment 

that exists at the present time in an area being 

analyzed. 

Air Shed. A geographical area that, because of 

topography, meteorology, and climate, shares the 

same air. 

All Terrain Vehicle (ATV) - Any motorized, offhighway vehicle 50 inches or less in width, 

having a dry weight of 600 pounds or less that 

travels on three or more low-pressure tires with a 

seat designed to be straddled by the operator. 

Low-pressure tires are 6 inches or more in width 

and designed for use on wheel rim diameters of 

12 inches or less, utilizing an operating pressure 

of 10 pounds per square inch (psi) or less as 

recommended by the vehicle manufacturer (FSH 

2309.18). In this document the term ATV trail is 

often used to discuss a motorized trail that can be 

used for motorcycles also. 

The Forest Service does not classify as ATVs the 

new “golf cart” sized light off-road utility 

vehicles as they usually have a wider track and 

overall length than ATVs. 

Allotment (Range Allotment). The area 

designated for use by a prescribed number of 

livestock for a prescribed period of time. Though 

an entire Ranger District may be divided into 

allotments, all land will not be grazed, because 

other uses, such as recreation or tree plantings, 

may be more important at a given time. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 410

Alternative. One of several policies, plans, or 

projects proposed for decision-making. 

Analysis Area. See "Regional Analysis Area." 

Animal Unit Month (AUM). The amount of 

forage required by one calf and her cow or 1 horse 

or 5 sheep for one month. 

Annual Maintenance. Work performed to 

maintain serviceability, or repair failures during 

the year in which they occur. Includes preventive 

and/or cyclic maintenance performed in the year 

in which it is scheduled to occur. Unscheduled or 

catastrophic failures of components or assets may 

need to be repaired as a part of annual 

maintenance. (Financial Health – Common 

Definitions for Maintenance and Construction 

Terms, July 22, 1998) 

Aquatic Ecosystem. The stream channel, lake or 

estuary bed, water, biotic communities and the 

habitat features that occur therein. 

Aquatic Habitat Types. The classification of 

instream habitat based on location within channel, 

patterns of water flow, and nature of flow 

controlling structures. Riffles are divided into 

three habitat types: low gradient riffles, rapids, 

and cascades. Pools are divided into seven types: 

secondary channel pools, backward pools, trench 

pools, plunge pools, lateral scour pools, dammed 

pools, and beaver ponds. Glides possess attributes 

of both riffles and pools and are characterized by 

moderately shallow water with an even flow that 

lacks pronounced turbulence. 

234 Caribou Travel Plan Revision Final 

Environmental Impact Statement 

Aquatic Influence Zone. Used in the context of a 

land management prescription, the area 

encompassing aquatic and riparian ecosystems 

and adjacent lands which directly affect the 

hydrologic, geomorphic, and ecological 

processes, controlling aquatic and riparian 

ecosystem health and function. 

Archaeological. A term used to describe any 

cultural resources deposited on or in soil strata 

from past human activity. However, these 

cultural deposits generally must be at least 50 

years old to be considered archaeological. 

Area. A discrete, specifically delineated space 

that is smaller, and in most cases much smaller, 

than a Ranger District. 

Arterial Road. A forest road that provides 

service to large land areas and usually connects 

with other arterial roads or public highways. (FSH 

7709.54 - Forest Transportation Terminology 

Handbook, no longer in print) 

Big Game. Those species of large mammals 

normally managed for sport hunting. 

Bio-accumulation. The process whereby living 

plants or animals incorporate a substance into 

their tissues, thus introducing the substance into 

the food chain. Often refers to hazardous 

substances. 

Biological Control. The use of natural means to 

control unwanted pests. Examples include 

introduced or naturally occurring predators such 

as wasps, or hormones that inhibit the 

reproduction of pests. Biological controls can 

sometimes be alternatives to mechanical or 

chemical means. 

Biological Diversity. The number and abundance 

of species found within a common environment. 

This includes the variety of genes, species, 

ecosystems and ecological processes that connect 

everything in a common environment. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 411

Biological Growth-Potential. The average net 

growth attainable in a fully stocked natural forest 

stand. 

Biological Potential. The maximum possible 

resource output limited only by inherent physical 

and biological characteristics. 

Biota. The plant and animal life of a particular 

region. 

BMP (Best Management Practices). Practices 

designed to prevent or reduce water pollution. 

Also referred to as Soil and Water Conservation 

Practices (SWCPs). 

Borrow Source. An area from which sand, 

gravel, or stone is taken for use in another area. 

Bridge. A road or trail structure, including 

supports, erected over a depression or obstruction 

such as water, a road, trail or railway and having a 

deck for carrying traffic or other loads. 

Buffer. A land area that is designated to block or 

absorb unwanted impacts to the area beyond the 

buffer. Buffer strips along a trail could block 

views that may be undesirable. Buffers may be set 

aside next to wildlife habitat to reduce abrupt 

change to habitat. 

Capability. The potential of an area of land to 

produce resources, supply goods and services, and 

allow resource uses under an assumed set of 

management practices and at a given level of 

management intensity. Capability depends upon 

current conditions and site conditions such as 

climate, slope, landform, soils and geology, as 

well as the application of management practices, 

such as silviculture or protection from fire, insects 

and disease. 

Capital Improvement. The construction, 

installation, or assembly of a new fixed asset, or 

the significant alteration, expansion, or extension 

of an existing fixed asset to accommodate a 

change of purpose. (Financial Health – Common 

Definitions for Maintenance and Construction 

Terms, July 22, 1998) 

235 Final Environmental Impact Statement 

Caribou Travel Plan Revision 

Capture (input). One of the ways functions are 

described; resources (organisms, materials, and 

energy) brought into the system (i.e., 

photosynthesis, migration, onto summer range, 

pollution brought in by wind or water.) 

Channel Depth. The average depth of channel 

from mean high water mark to mean high water 

mark used to define stream type, instream flow 

calculations and riparian management. 

Channel Gradient. The slope of the stream 

channel expressed on a percent of rise per unit 

length. A measure of the drop in water surface 

elevation per unit length of channel. The 

difference in water surface or streambed elevation 

of two study sites on a stream divided by the 

distance between the study sites. 

Channel Roughness. A measurement used to 

determine energy losses and velocities of natural 

stream channels by using water energy slope 

(channel slope), velocity and hydraulic radius. 

Channel Stability Rating. A rating of stream 

channels resistance capacity to the detachment of 

bed and bank materials. 

Chemical Control. The use of pesticides and 

herbicides to control pests and undesirable plant 

species. 

Classified Road. Road wholly or partially within 

or adjacent to National Forest System lands that 

are determined to be needed for long-term motor 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 412

vehicle access, including State roads, county 

roads, privately owned roads, National Forest 

System roads, and other roads authorized by the 

Forest Service that is designated for motor vehicle 

use pursuant to 36 CFR 212.51 on a Motor 

Vehicle Use Map (MVUM). (36 CFR 212.1, FSM 

7705 – Transportation System). A road under 

Forest Service jurisdiction. 

Clean Air Act. (42 U.S.C. 7609) Section 309 

provides authority for the Environmental 

Protection Agency to review other agency 

environmental impact statements. 

Closed Road. Roads on the Forest Transportation 

system available for motorized administrative or 

emergency use, but not open to public motorized 

use. Also called long-term intermittent and is 

classified as a Level 1 maintenance road. . (Local 

definition by Ogden Ranger District used for 

clarity in communication with this analysis.) 

Collector Road. A forest road that serves smaller 

land areas than an arterial road. Usually connects 

forest arterial roads to local forest roads or 

terminal. (FSH 7709.54 – Forest Transportation 

Terminology Handbook, no longer in print) 

Concentrated Use Area. An area identified by 

the Forest Service characterized by recurring 

frequent and relatively dense dispersed recreation 

and where some continuing site impacts have 

been recorded. Concentrated Use Areas are 

inventoried and monitored by the Wasatch-Cache 

National Forest. Sites of this type may need 

specific site management plans, law enforcement 

patrolling, or some site-hardening (gravel, 

pavement, site management signing, or trash 

removal) to keep sites within acceptable 

standards. (Local definition by Ogden Ranger 

District used for clarity in communication with 

this analysis.) 

Concern. (Also management concern.) An issue, 

problem or condition which constrains the range 

of management practices identified by the Forest 

Service in the planning process. 

Connectivity (of habitats). The linkage of 

similar but separated vegetation stands by 

patches, corridors or "stepping stones" of like 

vegetation. This term can also refer to the degree 

to which similar habitats are linked. 

Construction (new). The erection, construction, 

installation, or assembly of a new fixed asset. 

(Financial Health – Common Definitions for 

Maintenance and Construction Terms, July 22, 

1998) 

Corridor. Elements of the landscape that connect 

similar areas. Streamside vegetation may create a 

corridor of willows and hardwoods between 

meadows where wildlife feed. 

Cost-efficiency. The usefulness of specified 

inputs (costs) to produce specified outputs 

(benefits). In measuring cost efficiency, some 

outputs, including environmental, economic, or 

social impacts, are not assigned monetary values 

but are achieved at specified levels in the least 

cost manner. Cost efficiency is usually measured 

using present net value, although use of benefitcost ratios and rates-of return 

may be appropriate. 

236 Caribou Travel Plan Revision Final 

Environmental Impact Statement 

Council of Environmental Quality (CEQ). The 

Council issues regulations binding on all federal 

agencies, to implement the procedural provisions 

of the National Environmental Quality Act. The 

regulations address the administration of the 

NEPA process, including preparation of 

Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) for major 

federal actions which significantly affect the 

quality of the human environment. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 413

Cover. Any feature that conceals wildlife or fish. 

Cover may be dead or live vegetation, boulders, 

or undercut streambanks. Animals use cover to 

escape from predators, rest or feed. 

Critical Habitat. Areas designated for the 

survival and recovery of federally listed 

threatened or endangered species. 

Critical Need. A requirement that addresses a 

serious threat to public health or safety, a natural 

resource, or the ability to carry out the mission of 

the organization. (Financial Health – Common 

Definitions for Maintenance and Construction 

Terms, July 22, 1998) 

Cross-country Travel. Travel over terrain not on 

designated roads and/or trails. 

Cultural Resource. An umbrella term used to 

describe a variety of resources, including 

archaeological or historic remains, folklore and 

oral traditions, and geographic areas traditionally 

ascribed to have historical significance to a given 

culture. 

Cultural Sensitivity. Refers to the likelihood of 

encountering significant cultural volumes 

(quantity and/or quality) that may affect and may 

be affected by ground-disturbing activities. 

Cumulative Effects or Impacts. The impact on 

the environment that results from the incremental 

impact of an action when added to other past, 

present and reasonably foreseeable future actions 

regardless of what agency or person undertakes 

such other action. Cumulative effects or impacts 

can result from individually minor but collectively 

significant actions taking place over a period of 

time. 

Decommission. Demolition, dismantling, 

removal, obliteration and/or disposal of a 

deteriorated or otherwise unneeded asset or 

component, including necessary cleanup work. 

This action eliminates the deferred maintenance 

needs for the fixed asset. Portions of an asset or 

component may remain if they do not cause 

problems nor require maintenance. (Financial 

Health - Common Definitions for Maintenance 

and Construction Terms, July 22, 1998) 

Deferred Maintenance. Maintenance that was 

not performed when it should have been or when 

it was scheduled and which, therefore, was put off 

or delayed for a future period. When allowed to 

accumulate without limits or consideration of 

useful life, deferred maintenance leads to 

deterioration of performance, increased costs to 

repair, and decrease in asset value. Deferred 

maintenance needs may be categorized as critical 

or noncritical at any point in time. Continued 

deferral of noncritical maintenance will normally 

result in an increase in critical deferred 

maintenance. Code compliance (e.g. life safety, 

ADA, OSHA, environmental, etc.), Forest Plan 

Direction, Best Management Practices, Biological 

Evaluations other regulatory or Executive Order 

compliance requirements, or applicable standards 

not met on schedule are considered deferred 

maintenance. (Financial Health – Common 

Definitions for Maintenance and Construction 

Terms, July 22, 1998) 

 

DEIS (Draft Environmental Impact 

Statement). The draft version of the 

Environmental Impact Statement that is released 

to the public and other agencies for review and 

comment. 

Designated road, trail, or area. A National 

Forest System road, a National Forest System 

trail, or an area on National Forest System lands 

that is designated for motor vehicle use pursuant 

to § 212.51 on a motor vehicle use map. 

Detrimental Soil Disturbance. Compacted, 

displaced, eroded or burned soil conditions 

incurred by management, recreational or natural 

activities that are capable of reducing the 

productivity of the soil resource. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 414

Developed Recreation. Recreation that requires 

facilities that, in turn, result in concentrated use of 

the area. For example, skiing requires ski lifts, 

parking lots, buildings and roads. Campgrounds 

require roads, picnic tables and toilet facilities. 

Dispersed Recreation. Recreation with few 

developed amenities such as structures, developed 

campsites, or toilets. Dispersed recreation is 

generally less directly constrained by 

management controls on movement or by 

enforcement activities, but must comply with 

posted orders or restrictions for areas under 

management. Dispersed campers, for instance, 

can choose to camp in places that are 

undeveloped, so long as they meet general posted 

rules for site protection. The term dispersed 

recreation usually implies lower visitor use 

densities. Dispersed recreation may be motorized 

or non-motorized. (Local definition by Ogden 

Ranger District used for clarity in communication 

with this analysis.) 

Disturbance. Any event, such as a forest fire or 

insect infestation that alters the structure, 

composition, or function of an ecosystem. 

Diversity. The distribution and abundance of 

different plant and animal communities and 

species within the area covered by a land and 

resource management plan. See also "Edge," 

"Horizontal Diversity," and "Vertical Diversity." 

Ecological Type (Habitat Type). A category of 

land having a unique combination of potential 

natural community; soil, landscape, features, 

climate and differing from other ecological types 

in its ability to produce vegetation and respond to 

management. Used to define land capability. 

Ecology. The interrelationships of living things to 

one another and to their environment, or the study 

of these interrelationships. 

Ecosystem. An arrangement of living and nonliving things and the forces that move among 

them. Living things include plants and animals. 

Non-living parts of ecosystems may be rocks and 

minerals. Weather and wildfire are two of the 

forces that act within ecosystems. 

Ecosystem Management. The use of an 

ecological approach to achieve productive 

resource management by blending social, 

physical, economic and biological needs and 

values to provide healthy ecosystems. 

Effects. Environmental consequences as a result 

of a proposed action. Included are direct effects, 

which are caused by the action and occur at the 

same time and place, and indirect effects, which 

are caused by the action and are later in time or 

further removed in distance, but which are still 

reasonably foreseeable. Indirect effects may 

include growth inducing effects and other effects 

related to induced changes in the pattern of land 

use, population density or growth rate, and related 

effects on air, water 

and other natural systems, including ecosystems. 

Effects and impacts as used in this statement are 

synonymous. Effects include ecological (such as 

the effects on natural resources and on the 

components, structures and functioning of 

affected ecosystems), aesthetic quality, historic, 

cultural, economic, social or health whether 

direct, indirect or cumulative. Effects may also 

include those resulting from actions that may have 

both beneficial and detrimental effects; even if on 

balance the agency believes that the effects will 

be beneficial (40 CFR 1508.8). 

Emergency Need. An urgent maintenance need 

that may result in injury, illness, or loss of life, 

natural resource, or property; and must be 

satisfied immediately. Emergency needs generally 

require a declaration of emergency or disaster, or 

a finding by a line officer that an emergency 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 415

exists. (Financial Health – Common Definitions 

for Maintenance and Construction Terms, July 22, 

1998) 

238 Caribou Travel Plan Revision Final 

Environmental Impact Statement 

Endangered Species. Any species of animal or 

plant that is in danger of extinction throughout all 

or a significant portion of its range. Plant or 

animal species identified by the Secretary of the 

Interior and endangered in accordance with the 

1973 Endangered Species Act. 

Endangered Species Act. The Act which 

requires consultation with U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service if practices on National Forest System 

lands may impact a threatened or endangered 

species (plant or animal). 

Engineering Analysis. An analysis and 

evaluation conducted by a qualified engineer or 

under the supervision of a qualified engineer of an 

NFS road, road segment, or road system being 

considered for motorized mixed use. The analysis 

and evaluation may include recommended 

mitigation measures. The analysis may be simply 

documentation of engineering judgment or may 

be a more complex engineering report that 

includes many factors related to motorized mixed 

use. 

Engineering Judgment. The evaluation of 

available information and the application of 

engineering principles, standards, guidance, and 

practices for the purpose of considering motorized 

mixed use of a road. Engineering judgment shall 

be exercised by a qualified engineer or by an 

individual who is working under the supervision 

of a qualified engineer and who is applying 

procedures and criteria established by the 

qualified engineer. 

Engineering Report. A report that analyzes risk 

factors pertaining to a proposed designation of a 

road for motorized mixed use, that is signed by a 

qualified engineer, and that is presented to the 

responsible official. The report may identify 

alternatives, as well as risks associated with those 

alternatives, for mitigation of factors contributing 

to the probability and severity of crashes. 

Environmental Analysis. An analysis of 

alternative actions and their predictable long and 

short-term environmental effects. Environmental 

Analyses include physical, biological, social and 

economic factors. 

Environmental Assessment. A brief version of 

an Environmental Impact Statement. 

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). A 

statement of the environmental effects of a 

proposed action and alternatives to it. It is 

required for major Federal actions under Section 

102 of the National Environmental Policy Act 

(NEPA) and released to the public and other 

agencies for comment and review. It is a formal 

document that must follow the requirements of 

NEPA, the Council on Environmental Quality 

(CEQ) guidelines, and directives of the agency 

responsible for the project proposal. 

Ephemeral Streams. Streams that flow only as 

the direct result of rainfall or snowmelt. They 

have no permanent flow. 

Ephemeral Streams. Streams that flow only as 

the direct result of rainfall or snowmelt. They 

flow for less than 30 days at any one time per 

year. 

 

Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by 

wind or water. 

Escape Cover. Vegetation of sufficient size and 

density to hide an animal, or an area used by 

animals to escape from predators. 

Evaluation Criteria. Standards developed for 

appraising alternatives. (See decision 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 416

Facilities. Transportation planning, road 

management and operation, fleet equipment, and 

engineering services (for example, administrative 

buildings, water and sanitation systems, sanitary 

landfills, dams, bridges and communication 

systems. 

Fauna. The animal life of an area. 

Forest Development Trails. Those trails wholly 

or partially within, or adjacent to and serving, the 

National Forests and other areas administered by 

the Forest Service that have been included in the 

forest development transportation plan. (36 CFR 

212.1 and 261.2 (FSM 1013.4) 

Fire Management. All activities required for the 

protection of resources from fire and the use of 

fire to meet land management goals and 

objectives. 

Fisheries Classification. Water bodies and 

streams classed as either having a cold water or 

warm water fishery. Designation is dependent 

upon the dominate species of fish occupying the 

water. 

Fisheries Habitat. Streams, lakes, and reservoirs 

that support fish, or have the potential to support 

fish. 

Flood Plain. A lowland adjoining a watercourse. 

At a minimum, the area is subject to a 1% or 

greater chance of flooding in a given year. 

Flora. The plant life of an area. 

Forage. All browse and non-woody plants that 

are eaten by wildlife or livestock. 

239 Final Environmental Impact Statement 

Caribou Travel Plan Revision 

Forb. A broadleaf plant that has little or no 

woody material in it. 

Glossary--15 

Forest Activity Tracking System (FACTS) -

activity tracking system for all levels of the Forest 

Service 

Forest Highway. A forest road under the 

jurisdiction of, and maintained by, a public 

authority and open to public travel. (USC: Title 

23, Section 101(a)). 

Forest Road. As defined in Title 23, Section 101 

of the United States Code (23 U.S.C. 101), any 

road wholly or partly within, or adjacent to, and 

serving the National Forest System and which is 

necessary for the protection, administration, and 

utilization of the National Forest System and the 

use and development of its resources. (FSM 7705 

– Transportation System) 

Forest Road or trail. A road or trail wholly or 

partly within, or adjacent to, and serving the 

National Forest System and which is necessary 

for the protection, administration, and utilization 

of the National Forest System and the use and 

development of its resources. (FSM 7705 - 

Transportation System; Final Rule) 

Forest Supervisor. The official responsible for 

administering National Forest lands on an 

administrative unit, usually one or more National 

Forests. The Forest Supervisor reports to the 

Regional Forester. 

Forest transportation atlas. A display of the 

system of roads, trails, and airfields of an 

administrative unit. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 417

Forest transportation facility. A forest road or 

trail or an airfield that is displayed in a forest 

transportation atlas, including bridges, culverts, 

parking lots, marine access facilities, safety 

devices, and other improvements appurtenant to 

the forest transportation system. 

Forest transportation system. The system of 

National Forest System roads, National Forest 

System trails, and airfields on National Forest 

System lands. 

Forest Transportation System Management. 

The planning, inventory, analysis, classification, 

record keeping, scheduling, construction, 

reconstruction, maintenance, decommissioning, 

and other operations undertaken to achieve 

environmentally sound, safe, cost-effective, 

access for use, protection, administration, and 

management of National Forest System lands. 

This inclues documentation with a Forest 

Transportation Atlas to display the system of 

roads and trails within the Wasatch-Cache 

National Forest. (FSM 7705 - Transportation 

System) 

Forage Utilization. The proportion of current 

year's forage production that is consumed or 

destroyed by grazing animals. Forage is all 

browse and herbage that is available and 

acceptable to grazing animals. 

Fragmentation. The splitting or isolating of 

patches of similar habitat, typically forest cover, 

but including other types of habitat. Habitat can 

be fragmented naturally or from forest 

management activities, such as clearcut logging. 

Fuels - Vegetative matter, dead or alive, that 

burns in a fire. It is broadly characterized by the 

following categories: 1) Surface or ground fuels

are within a foot or so of the ground surface, 2) 

Ladder fuels exist when you have a continuous 

vertical arrangement of fuel that allows fire to 

easily go from ground level into the tree canopy. 

3) Crown fuels are the tree limbs and leave that 

can burn with enough heat and/or wind, or 4) Live 

fuels are the green (live) herbs and shrubs 

Fuel break – a natural or man-made barrier that 

lacks sufficient fuel to maintain a fire that may 

facilitate containment during wildland fires (Agee 

1993) 

Fuel model –collections of fuel properties that are 

used to calculate fire danger indices or fire 

behavior potential (Anderson 1982) 

Fuel Management. The treatment of fuels that 

would otherwise interfere with effective fire 

management or control. Fore instance, prescribed 

fire can reduce the amount of fuels that 

accumulate on the forest floor before the fuels 

become so heavy that a natural wildfire in the area 

would be explosive and impossible to control. 

Fuel Treatment. Manipulation or removal of 

fuels to reduce the likelihood of ignition and/or 

lessen potential damage and resistance to control 

(e.g. lopping, chipping, crushing, piling, and 

burning). 

Fuelwood. Wood cut into short lengths for 

burning. 

Function. All the processes within an ecosystem 

through which the elements interact, such as 

succession, the food chain, fire, weather, and the 

hydrologic cycle. 

240 Caribou Travel Plan Revision Final 

Environmental Impact Statement 

Functional Class. The way a road services land 

and resource management needs, and the 

character of service it provides. (FSH 7709.54, 

Forest Transportation Terminology Handbook, no 

longer in print) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 418

Game Species. Any species of wildlife or fish 

that is harvested according to prescribed limits 

and seasons. 

Geographical Information System (GIS) GIS is 

a computer technology that uses a geographic 

information system as an analytic framework for 

managing and integrating data; solving a problem; 

or understanding a past, present, or future 

situation. 

(http://www.gis.com/whatisgis/index.html, 2006) 

Goal. A concise statement that articulates a 

desired condition to be achieved sometime in the 

future. It is normally expressed in broad, general 

terms and is timeless in that it has no specific date 

by which it is to be completed. Goal statement 

form the principal basis from which objectives are 

developed. 

Government-to-Government Consultation. The 

active and continuous process of contacting tribal 

leadership, soliciting their participation, 

involvement, comments, concerns, contributions, 

and traditional knowledge that will assist the 

agency in making informed decisions in planning, 

managing and decision-making actions.

Grazing Period. The period of time livestock use 

a specific pasture or unit within a grazing 

allotment. 

Guidelines. An indication or outline (as by a 

government) of policy or conduct. 

Habitat. The area where a plant or animal lives 

and grows under natural conditions. 

Habitat Capability. The ability of a land area or 

plant community to support a given species of 

wildlife. 

Habitat Diversity. A number of different types of 

wildlife habitat within a given area. 

Habitat Diversity Index. A measure of 

improvement in habitat diversity. 

Habitat Type. A way to classify land area. A 

habitat can support certain climax vegetation, 

both trees and undergrowth species. Habitat 

typing can indicate the biological potential of a 

site. 

Hard Snag. See Snag. 

Health and Safety Need. A requirement that 

addresses a threat to human safety and health (e.g. 

violations of National Fire Protection Association 

101 Life Safety Code or appropriate Health Code) 

that requires immediate interim abatement and/or 

long-term permanent abatement. (Financial 

Health – Common Definitions for Maintenance 

and Construction Terms, July 22, 1998) 

Heritage Resources. See Cultural Resources 

Hiding Cover. The vegetation that will hide 

ninety percent of an elk from the view of a human 

at a distance of 200 feet or less. The distance 

which the animal is essentially hidden is called a 

sight distance. 

High Clearance Vehicle. Generally a truck, 

pickup truck, SUV or ATV with a road clearance 

that allows travel on low standard roads without 

vehicle damage and greater than the clearance of a 

standard passenger vehicle. (Local definition by 

Ogden Ranger District used for clarity in 

communication with this analysis.) 

Highway-Legal Vehicle. Any motor vehicle that 

is licensed or certified under state law for general 

operation on all public roads in the state. 

Operators of highway-legal vehicles are subject to 

state traffic law, including requirements for 

operator licensing. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 419

Historic. A term used to describe the time period 

for which written records are available (post 

European contact times in America). However, 

when speaking of cultural resources, generally a 

resource must be at least 50 years old to be 

considered historic.

Historic Property. Any prehistoric or historic 

district, site, building, structure, or object included 

in, or eligible for inclusion in, the National 

Register of Historic Places. This term includes 

artifacts, records, and remains that are related to 

and located within such properties. The term 

includes properties of traditional religious and 

cultural importance to an Indian tribe or Native 

Hawaiian organization and that meet the National 

Register of Historic Places criteria. 

Hydric Soils. Soils indicative of wetland areas, 

usually characterized by high organic contents 

that decay slowly due to lack of oxygen. They 

frequently contain zones of marked discoloration 

of varying types due to altered or changing 

oxygenation conditions. 

Hydrologically Disturbed. Changes in natural 

canopy cover (vegetation removal) or a change in 

surface soil characteristics (such as compaction) 

that may alter natural streamflow quantities and 

character. Acres of vegetation within a watershed 

that are in a non-stocked, seedling, sapling, or 

first entry category; acres in roads; acres from 

other types of mechanical treatments and burned 

acres are included in the calculation of 

hydrologically disturbed area. 

Hydrology. The science dealing with the study of 

water on the surface of the land, in the soil and 

underlying rocks and in the atmosphere. 

Hydrophytic (wetland) Vegetation. Plants that 

are adapted to wet conditions. Willows, sedges 

and rushes are common hydrophytic plants. Lists 

of plant species that occur in wetlands are at: 

http://www.nwi.fws.gov/plants.html 

Indicator Species. A plant or animal species 

related to a particular kind of environment. Its 

presence indicates that specific habitat conditions 

are also present. 

Indigenous (species). Any species of wildlife 

native to a given land or water area by natural 

occurrence. 

INFRA. The INFRA database (ORACLE) used 

by the U.S. Forest Service. This database records 

attributes for every system road, trail, and other 

Forest Service infrastructure. (Local definition by 

Ogden Ranger District used for clarity in 

communication with this analysis.) 

Initial Attack. The wildfire control efforts taken 

by resources that are first to arrive at a wildfire. 

Integrated Pest Management. A process for 

selecting strategies to regulate forest pests in 

which all aspects of a pest-host system are studies 

and weighed. The information considered in 

selecting appropriate strategies includes the 

impact of the unregulated pest population on 

various resource values, alternative regulatory 

tactics and strategies, and benefit/cost estimates 

for these alternative strategies. Regulatory 

strategies are based on sound silvicultural 

practices and ecology of the pest/host 

system and consist of a combination of tactics 

such as timber stand improvement plus selective 

use of pesticides. A basic principle in the choice 

of strategy is that it be ecologically compatible or 

acceptable. 

Interdisciplinary Team. A team of individuals 

with skills from different disciplines that focuses 

on the same task or project. 

Intermittent Stream. A stream that goes dry at 

some point each year but flows continuously at 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 420

least 30 days a year when it receives water, 

usually from a seasonal groundwater, but may 

also include some surface source more persistent 

than a rainstorm, such as melting snow. 

Invasive Species. A plant species moving into 

areas outside of its former range. 

Inventoried Roadless Area. (West of the 100th 

meridian) An area which meets the statutory 

definition of wilderness, does not contain 

improved roads maintained for travel by standard 

passenger-type vehicles, and meets one or more of 

the following criteria: 

1. Contains 5,000 acres or more. 

2. Contains less than 5,000 acres, but: 

• Due to physiography or vegetation, is 

manageable in a natural condition. 

• Is a self-contained ecosystem such as an island. 

• Is contiguous to existing wilderness, primitive 

area, Administration-endorsed wilderness, or 

roadless area in other Federal ownership, 

regardless of size. 

Irretrievable. Applies to losses of production, 

harvest or commitment of renewable natural 

resources. For example, some or all of the timber 

production from an area is irretrievably lost 

during the time an area is used as a winter sports 

site. If the use is changed, timber production can 

be resumed. The production lost is irretrievable, 

but the action is not irreversible. 

Irreversible. Applies primarily to the use of 

nonrenewable resources, such as minerals or 

cultural resources, or to those factors that are 

renewable only over long time spans, such as soil 

productivity. Irreversible also includes loss of 

future options. 

Issue. A point, matter or question of public 

discussion or interest to be addressed or decided 

through the planning process. Preliminary issue is 

an issue identified early in the scoping phase and 

is sometimes referred to as a tentative issue. 

Significant issue is an issue within the scope of 

the proposed action which is used to formulate 

alternatives in an Environmental Analysis (EA) or 

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). 

Jurisdiction. The legal right to control or regulate 

use of a transportation facility. Jurisdiction 

requires authority, but not necessarily ownership. 

The authority to construct or maintain a road may 

be derived from fee title, an easement, or some 

other similar method. (FSM 7705 – 

Transportation System) 

Jurisdiction Over a Forest Transportation 

Facility. The legal right to control or regulate use 

of a forest transportation facility derived from 

title, an easement, an agreement, or other similar 

source. 

Legal Notice. A notice of a decision which can be 

appealed that is published in the Federal Register 

or in the legal notice section of a newspaper of 

general circulation. 

Lek. An area used habitually by grouse species 

where the males display for the females each 

spring. Number of males are counted on the lek 

each spring to establish general population trends. 

Leasable Minerals. 2822.11 - Leasable Minerals 

With Public Domain Status. The 1920 Mineral 

Lands Leasing Act, as amended (30 U.S.C. 181--

287), authorizes the leasing of coal, phosphate, 

sodium, potassium, oil, oil shale, gas, and (in 

Louisiana and New Mexico) sulphur. The 1970 

Geothermal Steam Act added geothermal 

resources to the list of leasable resources. The 

1920 and 1970 acts apply to minerals on the 

following lands: 

 1. Lands Reserved From Public Domain. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 421

 2. Lands Received in Exchange for 

Public Domain Lands or Timber. Under the 

General Exchange Act of March 20, 1922 (42 

Stat. 465; 16 U.S.C. 485), or special exchange 

acts. 

 3. Lands With Minerals Reserved Under 

Special Authority. Mineral estates reserved to the 

United States in the original patent remain public 

land minerals and continue to be leasable under 

the 1920 act unless their status is changed by 

specific act of Congress (30 U.S.C. 182). 

Reacquisition of the lands does not change the 

public domain status of the minerals. The 

following acts require a reservation of all minerals 

or of specified minerals to the United States: 

a. Acts of March 3, 1909, and June 22, 1910, as 

amended (30 U.S.C. 81, et seq.), providing for 

nonmineral entry of public lands (exclusive of 

Alaska) withdrawn, classified, or valuable for 

coal. 

b. Act of April 23, 1912 (37 Stat. 90; 30 U.S.C. 

77), providing for homestead entry of Alabama 

lands classified as coal lands. 

c. Acts of July 17, 1914, as amended, and of 

March 4, 1933 (30 U.S.C., 121-124), providing 

for agricultural entry of lands withdrawn or 

classified as containing phosphate, nitrate, potash, 

oil, gas, asphaltic minerals, sodium, and/or 

sulphur. (Title to these minerals may pass with 

patent to mining claims located prior to February 

25, 1920: Act of July 20, 1956 (70 Stat. 592; 30 

U.S.C. 122).) 

d. Stock Raising Homestead Act of December 29, 

1916 (39 Stat. 864; 43 U.S.C. 299). Providing for 

stockraising homestead entry of certain lands, 

subject to a reservation of coal and other minerals. 

e. Act of March 8, 1922 (42 Stat. 414; 43 U.S.C. 

912), providing for disposal of forfeited railroad 

right-of-way land and related sites with 

reservations to the United States of all oil, gas, 

and other minerals. 

f. Act of December 22, 1928, as amended (45 

Stat. 1069; 43 U.S.C. 1068), authorizing sale of 

lands held under color of title; reserves coal and 

all other minerals with exceptions under certain 

conditions. 

g. Act of February 23, 1932 (47 Stat. 53; 43 

U.S.C. 178), authorizing sale of lands adjacent to 

Spanish or Mexican land grants in New Mexico, 

reserving to the United States coal and all other 

minerals. 

2822.12 - Leasable Minerals With Acquired 

Status. The Mineral Leasing Act for Acquired 

Lands (Act of August 7, 1947) is the leasing 

authority for acquired federally owned deposits of 

coal, phosphate, sodium, potassium, oil, oil shale, 

gas, and sulphur. The 1970 Geothermal Steam 

Act added geothermal resources to the list of 

leasable resources. The 1947 and 1970 acts apply 

to the following lands: 

 1. Lands purchased under the provisions of the 

Weeks Law as amended, or received in exchange 

for such land or timber thereon (Act of March 1, 

1911, 36 Stat. 962, as amended; 16 U.S.C. 515-

516). 

2. Lands donated under section 7 of the ClarkeMcNary Act (Act of June 7, 1924, 43 Stat. 654; 

16 U.S.C. 569). 

3. Lands purchased or donated under the Act of 

March 3, 1925, as amended (43 Stat. 1133, 16 

U.S.C. 555). 

4. Lands purchased under any of the so-called 

receipts acts. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 422

5. Acquired lands administered under Title III, 

Bank-head-Jones Farm Tenant Act (Act of July 

22, 1937, 50 Stat. 525; 7 U.S.C. 1010-1012). 

6. Lands received in exchange for public domain 

land under Title III, Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant 

Act. Such lands attain "acquired land" status 

(Item 1, Executive Order 10175 of October 25, 

1950). 

7. Acquired lands added to the National Forest 

System by other acts of Congress. 

8. Acquired lands transferred to the Department 

of Agriculture by other agencies for 

administration by the Forest Service. 

9. Lands reacquired and added to the Carson and 

Santa Fe National Forests by the act of June 28, 

1952 (66 Stat. 284) (formerly comprising the 

North Half Lobato Grant and the El Pueblo 

Tract). Applies to minerals reserved in the 

original patent. 

10. Unpatented homestead or other entries 

purchased under the National Industrial Recovery 

Act (NIRA), the Emergency Relief Appropriation 

Act (ERA), or Title III of the Bank-head-Jones 

Farm Tenant Act and added to the Siuslaw 

National Forest by the act of November 25, 1940 

(54 Stat. 1210). 

Lentic. Wetlands that do not contain nor are 

affected by energy of flowing water, such as 

isolated ponds and wet meadows. 

Local Road. A forest road that connects terminal 

facilities with forest collector, forest arterial or 

public highways. Usually forest local roads are 

single purpose transportation facilities. (FSH 

7709.54 – Forest Transportation Terminology 

Handbook, no longer in print) 

Locatable Minerals. Locatable minerals are 

those minerals that may be located and removed 

from Federal lands under the authority of the 

General Mining Law of 1872, as amended. 

Low Standard Road. A road intended for travel 

by high clearance vehicles or ATVs, not standard 

passenger vehicles. (Local definition by Ogden 

Ranger District used for clarity in communication 

with this analysis.) 

Maintenance. The act of keeping fixed assets in 

acceptable condition. It includes preventive 

maintenance normal repairs; replacement of parts 

and structural components, and other activities 

needed to preserve a fixed asset so that it 

continues to provide acceptable service and 

achieves its expected life. Maintenance excludes 

activities aimed at expanding the capacity of an 

asset or otherwise upgrading it to serve needs 

different from, or significantly greater than those 

originally intended. Maintenance includes work 

needed to meet laws, regulations, codes, and other 

legal direction as long as the original intent or 

purpose of the fixed asset is not changed. 

(Financial Health - Common 

Definitions for Maintenance and Construction 

Terms, July 22, 1998) 

Maintenance Level. Defines the level of service 

provided by, and maintenance required for, a 

specific road, consistent with road management 

objectives and maintenance criteria. (FSH 

7709.58, Sec 12.3 – Transportation System 

Maintenance Handbook) 

Maintenance Level 1: Assigned to intermittent 

service roads during the time they are closed to 

vehicular traffic. The closure period must exceed 

1 year. Basic custodial maintenance is performed 

to keep damage to adjacent resource to an 

acceptable level and to perpetuate the road to 

facilitate future management activities. Emphasis 

is normally given to maintaining drainage 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 423

facilities and runoff patterns. Planned road 

deterioration may occur at this level. Appropriate 

traffic management strategies are "prohibit" and 

"eliminate". Roads receiving level 1 maintenance 

may be of any type, class or construction 

standard, and may be managed at any other 

maintenance level during the time they are open 

for traffic. However, while being maintained at 

level 1, they are closed to vehicular traffic, but 

may be open and suitable for non-motorized uses. 

Maintenance Level 2: Assigned to roads open for 

use by high clearance vehicles. Passenger car 

traffic is not a consideration. Traffic is normally 

minor, usually consisting of one or a combination 

of administrative, permitted, dispersed recreation, 

or other specialized uses. Log haul may occur at 

this level. Appropriate traffic management 

strategies are either (1) discourage or prohibit 

passenger cars or (2) accept or discourage high 

clearance vehicles. 

Maintenance Level 3: Assigned to roads open 

and maintained for travel by a prudent driver in a 

standard passenger car. User comfort and 

convenience are not considered priorities. Roads 

in this maintenance level are typically low speed, 

single lane with turnouts and spot surfacing. Some 

roads may be fully surfaced with either native or 

processed material. Appropriate traffic 

management strategies are either "encourage" or 

"accept." "Discourage" or "prohibit" strategies 

may be employed for certain classes of vehicles or 

users. 

Maintenance Level 4: Assigned to roads that 

provide a moderate degree of user comfort and 

convenience at moderate travel speeds. Most 

roads are double lane and aggregate surfaced. 

However, some roads may be single lane. Some 

roads may be paved and/or dust abated. The most 

appropriate traffic management strategy is 

"encourage." However, the "prohibit" strategy 

may apply to specific classes of vehicles or users 

at certain times. 

Maintenance Level 5: Assigned to roads that 

provide a high degree of user comfort and 

convenience. Normally, roads are double-lane, 

paved facilities. Some may be aggregate surfaced 

and dust abated. The appropriate traffic 

management strategy is "encourage." 

Management Concern. An issue, problem or a 

condition which constrains the range of 

management practices identified by the Forest 

Service in the planning process. 

Management Direction. A statement of multipleuse and other goals and objectives, the associated 

management prescriptions, and standards and 

guidelines for attaining them. 

Management Prescription. Management 

practices and intensity selected and scheduled for 

application on a specific area to attain multipleuse and other goals and objectives. 

 

Mass Movement/Wasting. A general term for 

the dislodgement and downslope transport of soil 

and rock material under the direct application of 

gravitational body stresses. Mass wasting 

includes slow displacements, such as creep and 

solifluction and rapid movements such as 

rockfalls, rockslides and debris flows. 

Mass Stability. The existing condition of the soil 

mantel related to the potential for land mass 

failure such as landslides, mud flows and debris 

slides. 

Matrix. The least fragmented, most continuous 

pattern element of a landscape; the vegetation 

type that is most continuous over a landscape. 

Mesic – characterized by or adopted to a wet 

environment 

Mineral Soil. Soil that consists mainly of 

inorganic material, such as weathered rock, rather 

than organic matter. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 424

MIS (management indicator species). A wildlife 

species whose population indicate the health of 

the ecosystem in which it lives and, consequently, 

the effects of forest management activities to that 

ecosystem. MIS are selected by land management 

agencies. (See indicator species.) 

Mission Need. A requirement that addresses a 

threat or risk to carrying out the mission of the 

organization. Needs related to administration and 

providing services (transportation, recreation, 

grazing, etc.). Needs not covered by health and 

safety or natural resource protection. (Financial 

Health – Common Definitions for Maintenance 

and Construction Terms, July 22, 1998) 

Mitigate/mitigation. To lessen the severity. 

Actions taken to avoid, minimize or rectify the 

impact of a land management practice. 

Mixed Use Analysis. An evaluation done by the 

Forest Service to consider the probabilities and 

consequences of accidents associated with the use 

of licensed street legal vehicles and operators with 

vehicles and operators that are not licensed use, 

whether it be mixed use or sole use. (See FS 

Handbook 7709.52). 

Monitoring. The determination of how well 

project or plan objectives have been met and how 

closely management practices should be adjusted. 

(See adaptive management.) 

Motorcycle. A two-wheeled motor vehicle on 

which the two wheels are not side-by-side but in 

line.

Motorized Access for Dispersed Camping 

(MADC) 

Motorized Mixed Use. Designation of an NFS 

road for use by both highway-legal and nonhighway-legal motor vehicles. 

Motorized Trail. A Forest development trail 

intended for use by motorized vehicles 50 inches 

or less in width, having a dry weight of 600 

pounds or less that travels on three or more lowpressure tires with a seat designed for straddling 

by the operator. These trails may also be used by 

motorcycles and are open for use to nonmotorized trail users. (Local definition by Ogden 

Ranger District used for clarity in communication 

with this analysis.) 

Motor vehicle. Any vehicle which is selfpropelled, other than: (1) A vehicle operated on 

rails; and (2) Any wheelchair or mobility device, 

including one that is batterypowered, that is 

designed solely for use by a mobilityimpaired 

person for locomotion, and that is suitable for use 

in an indoor pedestrian area. 

Motor vehicle use map. A map reflecting 

designated roads, trails, and areas on an 

administrative unit or a Ranger District of the 

National Forest System. 

Mountain Brush. Vegetation characterized by 

woody species usually found between 

sagebrush/grasslands and coniferous forests at 

upper elevations. Prominent species include 

mountain mahogany, mountain maple, 

chokecherry, serviceberry, etc. 

Multiple-Use. The management of all the various 

renewable surface resources of the National 

Forest System lands for a variety of purposes such 

as recreation, range, timber, wildlife and fish 

habitat, and watershed. 

Municipal Watershed. A watershed that serves a 

public water system as defined in Public Law 93- 

523 (Safe Drinking Water Act); or as defined in 

State safe drinking water regulations. The 

definition does not include communities served by 

a well or confined ground water unaffected by 

Forest Service activities. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 425

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). 

This is the basic national charter for protection of 

the environment. It establishes policy, sets goals 

and provides means for carrying out the policy. 

National Forest Management Act (NFMA). 

These are rules that require an integration of 

planning for National Forests and Grasslands, 

including the planning for timber, range, fish and 

wildlife, water, wilderness, recreation resources, 

together with resource protection activities, such 

as fire management, and the use of other 

resources, such as minerals. 

National Forest System (NFS) Land. Federal 

lands that have been designated by Executive 

Order or statute as National Forests, National 

Grasslands, Purchase Units, and other lands under 

the administration of the Forest Service, including 

Experimental Areas and Bankhead-Jones Title III 

lands. 

National Forest System Road. A forest road 

other than a road which has been authorized by a 

legally documented right-of-way held by a State, 

county, or other local public road authority. A 

classified forest road under the jurisdiction of the 

Forest Service. The term "National Forest System 

roads" is synonymous with the term "forest 

development roads" as used in 23 U.S.C. 205. 

(FSM 7705 - Transportation System) 

National Forest System trail. A forest trail other 

than a trail which has been authorized by a legally 

documented right-of-way held by a State, county, 

or other local public road authority. 

National Interagency Fire Management 

Integrated Database (NIFMID)- database that 

stores data on wildland fire occurrence from US 

Forest Service fire reports 

Native Species. A species of flora or fauna 

occurring naturally in the United States and that 

not introduced by humans. 

Natural Resource. A feature of the natural 

environment that is of value in serving human 

needs. 

245 Final Environmental Impact Statement 

Caribou Travel Plan Revision 

Nest Survey. A way to estimate the size of a bird 

population by counting the number of nests in a 

given area. 

New Road Construction. Activity that results in 

the addition of forest classified or temporary road 

miles. (36 CFR 212.1, FSM 7705 – 

Transportation System) 

No Action Alternative. The No Action 

Alternative describes the current management 

direction related to motorized access off of 

designated routes and motorized access for 

dispersed camping that is proposed to be changed

by Alternatives 2 and 3. 

Nongame. Species of animals not managed for 

sport hunting. 

Non-Highway-Legal Vehicle. Any motor 

vehicle that is not licensed or certified under state 

law for general operation on all public roads 

within the state. Operators of non-highway-legal 

vehicles are subject to state requirements, if any, 

for licensing and operation of the vehicle in 

question. 

Non-motorized Trail. A Forest development trail 

intended for non-motorized users. These trails are 

also open to bicycles, except in areas 

recommended for Wilderness designation by the 

revised forest plan. (Local definition by Ogden 

Ranger District used for clarity in communication 

with this analysis.) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 426

Nonnative Species. A species introduced into an 

ecosystem through human activities. 

Nonpoint Source Pollution. Pollution whose 

source is not specific in location. The sources of 

discharge are dispersed, not well-defined, or 

constant. Rain storms and snow melt often make 

this type of pollution worse. Examples include 

sediments from logging activities, and runoff 

from agricultural chemicals. 

Non-renewable Resource. A resource whose 

total quantity does not increase measurably over 

time, so that each use of the resource diminishes 

the supply. 

Notice of Intent. A notice printed in the Federal 

Register announcing that an Environmental 

Impact Statement (EIS) will be prepared. 

Noxious Weeds. A plant recognized by law as 

being especially undesirable, troublesome, and 

difficult to control. 

NWI. National Wetlands Inventory, maintained 

by the US Fish and Wildlife Service and currently 

on the WWW at: http://www.nwi.fws.gov 

Objective. A clear and quantifiable statement of 

planned results to be achieved within a stated time 

period. Something aimed at or striven for within a 

predetermined time period. An objective must be 

achievable, be measurable, have a stated time 

period for completion, be quantifiable, be clear 

and its results must be described. 

Objective Maintenance Level. The maintenance 

level to be assigned at a future date considering 

future road management objectives, traffic needs, 

budget constraints, and environmental concerns. 

The objective maintenance level may be the same 

as, or higher or lower than, the operational 

maintenance level. (FSH 7709.58, Sec12.3 - 

Transportation System Maintenance Handbook) 

Off Highway Vehicle (OHV). Any motor vehicle 

designed for or capable of cross country travel on 

or immediately over land, water, sand, snow, ice, 

marsh, swampland, or other natural terrain. 

“OHVs include any snowmobile, ATV, 

motorcycle, or other off-highway vehicles capable 

of travel over unimproved terrain.” 

(www.stateparks.utah.gov/ohv/faq.htm, 2004). 

Off-Road Vehicles (ORV's). Vehicles such as 

motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles, four-wheel drive 

vehicles and snowmobiles. 

Open for Public Travel. The road section is 

available and passable by four-wheeled standard 

vehicles, and open to the general public for use 

without restrictive gates, prohibitive signs, or 

regulation other than restrictions based on size, 

weight or class of registration, except during 

scheduled periods, extreme weather or emergency 

conditions. (23 CFR 460.2(c)). (Local definition 

by Ogden Ranger District used for clarity in 

communication with this analysis.) 

Open Motorized Route Density (OMRD). 

Includes all open roads and open 

motorized trails. Density may be displayed in 

miles per square mile for a specified analysis area. 

246 Caribou Travel Plan Revision Final 

Environmental Impact Statement 

Operational Maintenance Level. The 

maintenance level currently assigned to a road 

considering today's needs, road condition, budget 

constraints, and environmental concerns. It 

defines the level to which the road is currently 

being maintained. (FSH 7709.58, Sec 12.3 - 

Transportation System Maintenance Handbook) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 427

Opportunities. Ways to address or resolve public 

issues or management concerns in the land and 

resource management planning process. 

Other System. Additional network(s) of travel 

ways serving a common need or purpose, 

managed by an entity with the authority to 

finance, build, operate and maintain the routes. 

(U.S.C. 101 23 CFR 660, FSM 7740.5 – Federal 

Lands Highway Programs) 

Output. One of the ways functions are described; 

resources which leave a system, i.e., animals 

migrating out of an area, mass erosion, removal of 

commercial timber from an area. 

Overland Flow. Surface flow resulting when 

rainfall (or snow melt) exceeds the infiltration rate 

and depression storage is filled. Often referred to 

as Horton or Hortonian overland flow.

Over-Snow Vehicle. A motor vehicle that is 

designed for use over snow and that runs on a 

track or tracks and/or a ski or skis, while in use 

over snow (36 CFR 212.1). 

Palustrine. Palustrine systems include wetlands 

which lack flowing water. See Lentic. 

Perennial Stream. A stream that flows 

throughout the year and from source to mouth. 

Perlite. A volcanic glass containing water that 

expands or “pops” when heated to form a 

lightweight aggregate. 

Permitted Grazing. Grazing on a National Forest 

range allotment under the terms of a grazing 

permit. 

Permittee. A person or persons who utilize the 

National Forest System lands under a permit, 

usually a Special Use Permit or livestock grazing 

permit. 

Personal Use. Normally used to describe the type 

of permit issued for removal of wood products 

(firewood, posts, poles, and Christmas trees) from 

National Forest land when the product is for home 

use and not to be resold for profit. 

Plant association group - Plant communities can 

be classified by a variety of factors such as 

vegetation structure, site moisture, and overstory 

and understory plant species composition. 

Similar plant associations are aggregated and 

grouped by their climax species, site potential, 

and moisture similarities into Plant Association 

Groups 

Plant Community. A group of one or more 

populations of plants in a common spatial 

arrangement. 

Plant Species. The major subdivision of a genus 

or subgenus of a plant being described or 

measured. 

Potential Natural Vegetation. The vegetation 

that would exist today if man were removed from 

the scene and if the plant succession after his 

removal were telescoped into a single moment. 

The time compression eliminates the effects of 

future climatic fluctuations, while the effects of 

man's earlier activities are permitted to stand. 

Prescription. Management practices selected to 

accomplish specific land and resource 

management objectives. 

Primitive Area. An area within the NFS 

classified as primitive on the effective date of the 

Wilderness Act, September 3, 1964 (36 CFR 

261.2). 

Primitive ROS (Recreation Opportunity 

Spectrum). A classification of wilderness and 

recreation opportunity. It is characterized by an 

essentially unmodified environment, where trails 

mail be present but structures are rare, and where 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 428

it is highly probable to be isolated from the sights 

and sounds of people. (See ROS.) 

Private Road. A road under private ownership 

authorized by easement to a private party, or a 

road which provides access pursuant to a reserved 

or private right. (FS-643, Roads Analysis; 

Informing Decisions About Managing the 

National Forest Transportation System, August 

1999.). 

Programmatic Direction. Sideboards for 

management which are usually general in nature 

and designed to be applied over a large area. In 

the Forest Service, generally referring to Forest 

Plan direction. 

Properly Functioning Condition (PFC). The 

condition of a resource or ecosystem at any 

temporal or spatial scale when they are dynamic 

and resilient to disturbances to structure, 

composition and processes of their biological or 

physical components. 

Proposal. Exists at the stage in the development 

of an action when an agency is actively preparing 

to make a decision on one or more alternative 

means of accomplishing a goal and the effects can 

be meaningfully evaluated. 

Proposed Action. A proposal by the Forest 

Service to authorize, recommend or implement an 

action. 

Protocol. A specific way of conducting 

monitoring or analysis. 

Public Access. An indication if the property is 

posted or restricted from public use. 

Public Authority. A Federal, State, county, town 

or township, Indian tribe, municipal or other local 

government or instrumentality thereof, with 

authority to finance, build, operate or maintain 

toll or toll-free highway facilities. (23 CFR 

460.2(b)) 

Public Forest Service Road. A designated public 

road under Forest Service jurisdiction that meets 

the definition of 23 U.S.C. Section 101. 

Public Issue. A subject or questions of 

widespread public interest relating to management 

of the National Forest System. 

Public Land. Land for which title and control 

rests with a government - federal, state, regional, 

county or municipal. 

Public Participation. Meeting, conferences, 

seminars, workshops, tours, written comments, 

responses to survey questionnaires, and similar 

activities designed and held to obtain comments 

from the public about Forest Service planning and 

decision making. 

Public Road. Any road or street under the 

jurisdiction of and maintained by a public 

authority and open to public travel. (23 U.S.C. 

101(a), 23 CFR 460.2(a), FSM 7705 - 

Transportation System) 

Pumice. A light-colored, lightweight volcanic 

rock consisting mostly of volcanic glass. 

Purpose and Need. A statement which briefly 

specifies the underlying purpose and need to 

which the agency is responding in proposing the 

alternatives including the proposed action. 

Qualified Engineer. An engineer who by 

experience, certification, education, or license is 

technically trained and experienced to perform the 

engineering tasks specified and who is designated 

by the Regional Office Director of Engineering. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 429

Quickflow. Quickflow is overland flow plus 

interflow that together forms storm flow. 

Comprises storm runoff to streams from both flow 

over the surface (Horton overland flow), and 

water that finds preferential pathways such as 

“pipes” and bedding planes in the shallow 

subsurface (interflow). Quickflow does not 

include infiltrating water that percolates further 

down to the water table and then travels to 

streams. 

Range (Rangeland). Land on which the principle 

natural plant cover is composed of native grasses, 

forbs, and shrubs that area available as forage for 

big game and livestock. 

Range Development. An activity or structure 

used to improve livestock distribution, rangeland 

conditions, or otherwise improve range 

management. Can be structural (fence, water 

development, etc.) or nonstructural (seeding, 

vegetation manipulation, etc.). 

Range Management. The art and science of 

planning and directing range use intended to yield 

the sustained maximum animal production and 

perpetuation of the natural resources. 

Ranger District. The administrative sub-unit of a 

National Forest that is supervised by a District 

Ranger who reports directly to the Forest 

Supervisor. 

Raptor. A bird of prey, such as an eagle or hawk. 

RARE II. Roadless Area Review and Evaluation. 

The national inventory of roadless and 

undeveloped areas within the National Forests and 

Grasslands. 

Reclamation. The process of restoring disturbed 

areas, usually consisting of reshaping, replacing 

topsoil, and seeding the area. 

Recreation Opportunities Spectrum (ROS). – 

A planning device used to describe and allocate 

(map) outdoor recreation settings. ROS identifies 

a number of classes of outdoor recreation settings 

along a spectrum ranging from Primitive (with 

almost no development or modification of natural 

settings - P) to Urban (with the highest possible 

developed character - U.) Other Classes in ROS 

from less to more developed include: SemiPrimitive Non- Motorized (SPNM), SemiPrimitive Motorized (SPM) Roaded Natural (RN) 

and Rural(R). (More detail on ROS can be found 

in the Wasatch-Cache National Forest Plan (2003) 

which has applied ROS in its planning.) 

Recreation Types: Developed Recreation. The 

type of recreation that occurs where modifications 

(improvements) enhance recreation opportunities 

and accommodate intensive recreation activities 

in a defined area. Dispersed Recreation. That 

type of recreation use that requires few, if any, 

improvements and may occur over a wide area. 

This type of recreation involves activities related 

to roads and trails. The activities do not 

necessarily take place on or adjacent to a road or 

trail, only in conjunction with it. Activities tend to 

be day-use oriented and include hunting, fishing, 

berry picking, off-road vehicle use, hiking, 

horseback riding, picnicking, camping, viewing 

scenery, snowmobiling, and many others. 

Regional Forester. The official of the USDA 

Forest Service responsible for administering an 

entire region of the Forest Service. 

Regulations. Generally refers to the Code of 

Federal Regulations, Title 36, Chapter II, which 

covers management of the Forest Service. 

Research Natural Area (RNA). Designated 

areas of land, usually more than 300 acres in size 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 430

having characteristics concerning ecological 

processes that are of scientific or educational 

interest. These areas are valuable for conducting 

observation and research activities on plant and 

animal succession, habitat 

249 Final Environmental Impact Statement 

Caribou Travel Plan Revision 

requirements of species, insect and fungus 

depredations, soil microbiology, phenology, and 

other related subjects. 

Resource Protection Need. A requirement that 

addresses a threat or risk of damage, obstruction, 

or negative impact to a natural resource. 

(Financial Health – Common Definitions for 

Maintenance and Construction Terms, July 22, 

1998) 

Responsible Official. The Forest Service 

employee who has been delegated the authority to 

carry out a specific planning action. 

RHCA. Resource Habitat Conservation Area. 

Term used to describe riparian areas developed by 

the agency for INFISH and PACFISH. RHCA 

width definitions are mostly the same as the 

“default buffer widths” in the Revised Forest 

Plan. 

Riffle. A shallow rapids where the water flows 

swiftly over completely or partially submerged 

obstructions to produce surface agitation, but 

standing waves are absent. 

Right-of-Way. An accurately located strip of land 

with defined width, point of beginning, and point 

of ending. It is the area within which the user has 

authority to conduct operations approved or 

granted by the landowner in an authorizing 

document, such as a permit, easement, lease, 

license, or Memorandum of Understanding 

(MOU). 

Riparian Area. They are along a watercourse or 

around a lake or pond. 

Riparian Ecosystem. The ecosystems around or 

next to water areas that support unique vegetation 

and animal communities as a result of the 

influence of water. 

Risk (Fire). The probability that potential harm or 

undesirable consequences will be realized. 

Road. A motor vehicle route over 50 inches wide, 

unless identified and managed as a trail. A road 

may be classified, unclassified, or temporary. (36 

CFR 212.1, FSM 7705 - Transportation System) 

Road Construction or Reconstruction. 

Supervising, inspecting, actual building, and 

incurrence of all costs incidental to the 

construction or reconstruction of a road. Activity 

that results in a Road Improvement or Road 

Realignment of an existing classified road. (FSM 

7700 - Transportation System) 

Roadless Area (or inventoried roadless areas) – 

Areas of land on the Wasatch-Cache National 

Forest that have been inventoried and described 

and are presented in Appendix C of the FEIS for 

Wasatch-Cache National Forest Plan Revision 

(2003). Inventoried roadless areas have a number 

of recognized values and are generally over 5,000 

acres 

in extent. There is an absence of constructed roads 

or other imposing man-made features or structures 

in these areas. 

Road Management Objectives (RMO). Defines 

the intended purpose of an individual road based 

on management area direction and access 

management objectives. Road management 

objectives contain design criteria, operation 

criteria, and maintenance criteria. (FSH 7709.55, 

Sec 33 - Transportation Planning Handbook) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 431

Roads Analysis. A Forest Service evaluation of a 

roads system for transportation planning used to 

inform management decisions about the benefits 

and risks inherent in National Forest road 

systems. Roads analysis does not make decisions 

about building, decommissioning , closing or 

opening roads, but creates information for 

decision 

makers to provide a more knowledgeable context 

on roads for decision making. The objective of 

roads analysis is to provide line officers with 

information to develop road systems that are safe, 

responsive to public needs and desires, affordable 

and efficiently managed, have minimal ecological 

impacts, and are in balance with available 

funding. 

Roads Analysis: Informing Decisions about 

Managing the National Forest Transportation 

System. FS-643, August 1999.) 

Road Decommissioning. Activities that result in 

the stabilization and restoration of unneeded roads 

to a more natural state. (36 CFR 212.1, FSM 7705 

– Transportation System) 

Road Density. The miles of road per square mile. 

Road Improvement. Activity that results in an 

increase of an existing road’s traffic service level, 

expands its capacity, or changes its original 

design function. (FSM 7705 – Transportation 

System) 

Road Maintenance. The ongoing upkeep of a 

road necessary to retain or restore the road to the 

approved road management objective. (FSM 7705 

– Transportation System) 

Road Reroute or Realignment. Activity that 

results in a new location of an existing road or 

portions of an existing road and treatment of the 

old roadway. (FSM 7705 - Transportation 

System) 

Road Subject to the Highway Safety Act. An 

NFS road that is open to public use in a standard 

passenger car, including a road with access 

restricted on a seasonal basis and a road closed 

during extreme weather conditions or for 

emergencies, but which is otherwise open to 

public travel. 

Road System. An alpha code indicating primary 

systems designation where primary indicates the 

system under which principle funding and 

management criteria for operation and 

maintenance of a road is derived. 

ROD. Record of Decision. An official document 

in which a deciding official states the alternative 

that will be implemented from a prepared EIS. 

ROS. Recreation Opportunity Spectrum. The land 

classification system that categorizes land by its 

setting and the probable recreation experiences 

and activities it affords. (See Recreation 

Opportunity Class.) 

Route. A road or trail that is signed and managed 

as a unique entity. Management can change along 

its length but it is singularly identified. This term 

is also used in GIS to denote a linear feature 

composed of one or more arcs or parts of arcs. 

Route System. A GIS term for a collection of 

routes, representing a logical collection of linear 

features. 

RPA. The Forest and Rangeland Renewable 

Resources Planning Act of 1974. Also refers to 

the National Assessment and Recommended 

Program developed to fulfill the requirements of 

this Act. 

RS 2477. Revised Statute 2477; legislation that 

allows counties to assert that they have access 

rights on roads and/or trails that existed prior to 

the establishment of the Forest. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 432

Run-off. The portion of precipitation that flows 

over the land surface or in open channels. 

SaleableMinerals: Often referred to as mineral 

materials, are identified in the Materials Act of 

1947 (30 USC 601) as petrified wood, common 

varieties of sand, gravel, stone, pumice, pumicite, 

cinders, clay, peat. They are used for: 

Agricultural supply and animal husbandry 

(limestone) 

Building materials (Flagstone, sandstone) 

Abrasive materials (pumice) 

Construction materials (cinders) 

Landscaping materials (granite boulders) 

36CFR 228.41 (c) 

Scale. In ecosystem management, scale refers to 

the degree of resolution at which ecosystems are 

observed and measured. 

Scoping. The on-going process to determine 

public opinion, receive comments and 

suggestions, and determine issues during the 

environmental analysis process. It may involve 

public meetings, telephone conversations or 

letters. 

Sediment. Solid material, both mineral and 

organic, transported from its site of origin by air, 

water, gravity, or ice. 

Sensitive Species. Plant or animal species which 

are susceptible to habitat changes or impacts from 

activities. The official designation is made by the 

USDA Forest Service at the Region level and is 

not part of the designation of Threatened or 

Endangered Species made by the U.S. Fish & 

Wildlife Service. 

Service Life. The length of time that a facility is 

expected to provide a specified service. (FSH 

7709.56b, Sec 05 – Transportation Structures 

Handbook) 

Similar Actions. Actions, which when viewed 

with other reasonable foreseeable or proposed 

agency actions, have similarities that provide a 

basis for evaluating their environmental 

consequences together, such as timing or 

geography. 

Single-track Motorized Trail. A Forest 

development trail intended for use by motorized 

vehicles that produce a single track on the ground 

18 inches or less in width, essentially 

motorcycles. These vehicles have a dry weight of 

600 pounds or less with a seat designed for 

straddling by the operator. These trails are also 

open for use to non-motorized trail users. (USDAForest Service. 2004. 36 CFR Part 212, 251, 261, 

and 295. Travel Management; Designated Routes 

and Areas for Motor Vehicle Use.) 

Slash. The residue left on the ground after timber 

cutting and/or accumulating there as a result of 

storm, fire, or other damage. It includes unused 

logs, uprooted stumps, broken or uprooted stems, 

branches, twigs, leaves, bark and chips. 

Slump. A landslide characterized by a shearing 

and rotary movement of a generally independent 

mass of rock or earth along a curved slip surface 

(concave upward) and about an axis parallel to the 

slope from which it descends, and by a backward 

tilting of the mass with respect to that slope so 

that the slump surface often exhibits a reversed 

slope facing uphill.

Small Game. Birds and small mammals typically 

hunted or trapped. 

Smoke Management. Application of fire 

intensities and meteorological processes to 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 433

minimize degradation of air quality during 

prescribed fires. 

Snag. A standing dead tree important as habitat 

for a variety of wildlife species and their prey. 

Soil Compaction. A physical change in soil 

properties that results in a decrease in porosity 

and increase in soil bulk density and soil strength. 

Soil Cover. The type of cover on the soil surface, 

i.e. live vegetation, litter, rock, pavement, 

exposed. 

Soil Displacement. The movement of the forest 

floor (litter, duff, and humus layers) and surface 

soil from one place to another by mechanical 

forests such as a blade used in piling or 

windrowing. Mining of surface soil layers by 

chopping, or bedding operation are not considered 

displacement. 

Soil Erosion Type. A classification system that 

further defines erosion by running water, wind or 

gravitational creep that is used to determine 

watershed condition. 

Soil Quality. Long term soil productivity and soil 

hydrologic function. 

Soil Map Unit. A named portion of a landscape 

shown by a closed delineation and symbol on a 

soil map. Generally used to assess or monitor 

watershed condition, site productivity, and site 

capability. 

Soil Puddling. A physical change in soil 

properties due to shearing forces that alters soil 

structure and porosity. Puddling occurs when the 

soil is at or near liquid limit. 

Soil Structure. Structure is described by grade, 

class and type. Terms are used to describe the 

natural aggregates in the soil called peds in 

contrast to clods caused by disturbance, fragments 

by rupture of peds, and concentrations by local 

concentrations of compounds that irreversibly 

cement the soil grains together. The six structures, 

each with its own distinctive shape and 

arrangement, are: granular, platy, prismatic, 

columnar, angular blocky, sub-angular blocky, 

and structureless. 

Soil Texture. Texture refers to the relative 

proportions of clay, silt and sand (less than 2mm 

in diameter). Clay particles are the smallest, silt 

particles are intermediate and sand particles are 

the largest. Loams contain various mixtures of the 

three basic particle sizes. 

Soil and Water Conservation Practices 

(SWCPs). See BMP. 

Soil Compaction. The reduction of soil volume. 

For instance, the weight of heavy equipment on 

soils can compact the soil and thereby change it in 

some ways, such as its ability to absorb water. 

Soil Productivity. The capacity of a soil to 

produce a specific crop. Productivity depends on 

adequate moisture and soil nutrients, as well as 

favorable climate. 

Special Forest Products. Non-timber renewable 

plant products such as mushrooms, berries, 

flowers, etc. 

Special Use Permit. A permit issued to an 

individual or group by the USDA Forest Service 

for use of National Forest land for a special 

purpose. Examples might be a Boy Scout 

Jamboree or a mountain bike race. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 434

Species at Risk. Species which demonstrate a 

potential for loss of resilience or sustainability if 

disturbed. 

Stability. The resistance of a slope or 

embankment to failure by sliding or collapsing 

under normal conditions for which it was 

designed; e.g. bank stability, slope stability. 

Standards and Guidelines. Requirements found 

in a Forest Plan which impose limits on natural 

resource management activities, generally for 

environmental protection. 

State Air Quality Regulations. The legal base 

for control of air pollution sources in that State. 

Prescribed burning is generally covered under 

these regulations. 

State Implementation Plan. A State plan that 

covers implementation, maintenance, and 

enforcement of primary and secondary standards 

in each air quality control Region, pursuant to 

section 110 of the Clean Air Act. 

Stewardship. Caring for land and associated 

resources and passing healthy ecosystems to 

future generations. 

Stream Channel. The defined bed and bank of a 

watercourse down which water travels. 

Stream Order. A numbering scheme used to 

characterize the relative position of stream 

channels within a drainage. First-order streams 

are those which have no tributaries. Second-order 

streams are those which have as tributaries only 

first-order channels. Third-order streams are 

formed when two second-order channels come 

together. Stream order is used to analyze 

hydrologic response and fisheries. 

Stream Type. Alpha-numeric identification given 

to reoccurring stream channel types based on 

measurable morphological features such as 

channel gradient, width/depth ratio, dominant 

particle size of bed and bank materials, 

entrenchment of channel and confinement of 

channel in valley, and landform features, soil 

erodibility, and stability. 

Stream Width. The width of streams or rivers. 

Generally used to determine stream type, flood 

hazard, instream flows, and riparian management. 

Streamflow. A measure of the volume of water 

passing a given point in a stream channel at a 

given point in time. 

Subject to the Highway Safety Act. National 

Forest System roads that are open to use by the 

public for standard passenger cars. This includes 

roads with access restricted on a seasonal basis 

and roads closed during extreme weather 

conditions or for emergencies, but which are 

otherwise open for general public use. (FSM 7705 

– Transportation System) 

Subwatershed. A drainage delineated for one of 

the streams within a National Forest System 

(NFS) watershed, often to analyze the effects of a 

proposed action. The subwatershed chosen for 

analysis may depend on the size and anticipated 

effects of a proposal. 

Succession. The natural replacement, in time, of 

one plant community with another. Conditions of 

the prior plant community (or successional stage) 

create conditions that are favorable for the 

establishment of the next stage. 

Successional Stage. A stage of development of a 

plant community as it moves from bare ground to 

climax. The grass-forb stage of succession 

precedes the woody shrub stage and so on. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 435

Surface Resources. Renewable resources that are 

on the surface of the earth, such as timber and 

forage, in contrast to ground water and minerals 

which are located beneath the surface. 

Suspended Sediment. Sediment which remains 

in suspension in the water for a considerable 

period of time without contact with the bottom of 

the water source and is generally recorded in parts 

per million or milligrams per liter. 

Sustainability. The ability of an ecosystem to 

maintain ecological processes and functions, 

biological diversity, and productivity over time. 

 

Sustainable. The yield that a renewable resource 

can produce continuously at a given intensity of 

management is said to be sustainable. 

Target. A National Forest's annual goal for 

accomplishment for natural resource programs. 

Targets represent the commitment of the Forest 

Service has with Congress to accomplish the work 

Congress has funded, and are often used as a 

measure of the agency's performance. 

Temporary road or trail. A road or trail 

necessary for emergency operations or authorized 

by contract, permit, lease, or other written 

authorization that is not a forest road or trail and 

that is not included in a forest transportation atlas. 

Terminal Facility. A transfer point between the 

forest transportation system and forest resources 

served by the system, or between different 

transportation modes, including parking areas, 

turnouts, boat ramps and docks, trailheads, marine 

access facilities, airfields, and heliports. 

Terrestrial. Pertaining to the land. 

Thermal Cover. Cover used by animals to 

ameliorate effects of weather; for elk, a stand of 

coniferous trees 40 feet or more tall with an 

average crown closure of 70 percent or more. 

Threatened and Endangered Species Habitat. 

Those areas currently or potentially occupied or 

utilized by threatened and endangered species. 

T&E Species habitat generally falls into one of 

several categories: critical habitat, proposed 

critical habitat, occupied habitat, or potential 

habitat. 

Threatened Species. Those plant or animal 

species likely to become endangered species 

throughout all or a significant portion of their 

range within the foreseeable future as designated 

by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service under the 

Endangered Species Act of 1973. 

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL). From the 

Clean Water Act, an amount of a given pollutant 

that is allowed in a Water Quality Limited 

Stream. 

Traditional Cultural Areas. Those areas of the 

forest used by Native American Indian tribes for 

traditional activities and often referred to as 

“religious use areas” or “sacred areas.” They may 

include areas traditionally used for gathering of 

special forest products.

Traffic Service Level. Describes the significant 

characteristics and operating conditions of a road. 

(FSH 7709.56, Ch 4 – Road Preconstruction 

Handbook, FSM 7705 – Transportation System) 

Trail. A route 50 inches or less in width or a route 

over 50 inches wide that is identified and 

managed as a trail. A trail may be a forest trail, a 

temporary trail, or an unauthorized or unclassified 

trail. (Derived from FS Manual 2353.05, 2004 and 

FS Handbok 2309.18 – Trails Management, 

1991.) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 436

Transportation Facility Jurisdiction. The legal 

right to control or regulate use of a transportation 

facility derived from fee title, an easement, an 

agreement, or other similar method. While 

jurisdiction requires authority, it does not 

necessarily reflect ownership. (FSM 7705 – 

Transportation System) 

Transportation System. All existing and 

proposed roads, trails, airfields, and other 

transportation facilities wholly or partly within or 

adjacent to and serving the National Forests and 

other areas administered by the Forest Service or 

intermingled private lands. 

Travel management atlas. An atlas that consists 

of a forest transportation atlas and a motor vehicle 

use map or maps. (USDA-Forest Service. 2004. 

36 CFR Part 212, 251, 261, and 295. Travel 

Management; Designated Routes and Areas for 

Motor Vehicle Use.) 

Travelways. Term used to describe a variety of 

routes, trails, roads, and driveways. The term is 

generally used for motorized routes. (Local 

definition by Ogden Ranger District used for 

clarity in communication with this analysis.) 

Treatment – A term used to broadly refer to the 

vegetative changes made to meet management 

objectives. It may include thinning, cutting of 

undesirable trees, prescribed fire, salvage, or any 

manipulation of the vegetative conditions (Five 

Buttes EIS).

Treaty Resource. A resource associated with the 

language in a specific treaty, usually interpreted to 

include collections or association of species; not 

limited to a single species. For example: “fish” 

may include all fish species (some treaties 

included rights to erect temporary houses for 

curing fish); “roots and berries” may include a 

wide variety of plants that will encompass the 

nature of the plants as they were used historically; 

grasses are necessarily included for the treaty 

reserved right to graze cattle or livestock. Hunting 

rights may include all species of animals hunted 

in historic and prehistoric times. As these apply to 

the FS, they are public natural resources on 

national forest lands, to which American Indian 

tribes have reserved certain rights for taking or 

gathering. 

Trend. The direction of change in ecological 

status of a plant community usually expressed as 

moving "toward", "away from", or "not apparent". 

Tribal Consultation. The designated process 

required for informing and consulting with all 

relevant Native American tribes prior to any 

undertaking on federal, state, or municipally 

owned lands.

Tribal/Treaty Resources. These resources 

include any cultural resources with ties to a given 

tribe, as well as current natural resources for 

which various Native American tribes have been 

granted specific rights under treaties with the U.S. 

government.

Tribe. Term used to designate any Native 

American Indian tribe, band, nation, or other 

organized group or community which is 

recognized as eligible for the special programs 

and services provided by the United States to 

Indians because of their status as Indians. 

Turbidity. A measure of the optical property that 

causes light to be scattered and absorbed rather 

than transmitted in straight lines. 

Unauthorized road or trail. A road or trail that 

is not a forest road or trail or a temporary road or 

trail and that is not included in a forest 

transportation atlas. (USDA-Forest Service. 2004. 

36 CFR Part 212, 251, 261, and 295. Travel 

Management; Designated Routes and Areas for 

Motor Vehicle Use.) Also known as an 

unclassified road or trail. (Local definition by 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 437

Ogden Ranger District used for clarity in 

communication with this analysis.) 

Unclassified Roads. Roads on National Forest 

System lands that are not managed as part of the 

forest transportation system, such as unplanned 

roads, abandoned travelways, and off-road vehicle 

tracks that have not been designated and managed 

as a trail; and those roads that were once under 

permit or other authorization and were not 

decommissioned upon the termination of the 

authorization (36 CFR 212.1, FSM 7705 – 

Transportation System). Unclassified roads are 

categorized into two types and recorded in the 

SYSTEM linear event. The two types are: UND – 

UNDETERMINED – Roads where long term 

purpose and need has yet to be determined NOT – 

NOT NEEDED – Roads not needed for long term 

management of national forest resources as 

determined through an appropriate planning 

document. 

Upland Habitat. Habitat located outside of 

riparian areas or wetlands. Soils are not saturated 

throughout the growing season. 

Unplanned Ignitions – a fire started at random 

by either natural or human causes, or a deliberate 

incendiary fire (Deschutes LRMP) 

Vegetation Type. A plant community with 

distinguishable characteristics. 

Vertebrate. Species having a backbone or spinal 

column. 

Water Quality Limited Segment (WQLS). A 

stream or segment of a stream which has been 

listed by the State as water quality limited for one 

or more parameters such as temperature, 

sediment, contaminants, etc. Required by section 

303(d) of the Clean Water Act. 

Water Quality Limited Stream (WQLS). Water 

bodies (or segments of water bodies) listed by 

EPA as not meeting State water quality standards. 

They are to be monitored to determine if water 

quality standards are, or are not, being met. On 

those not meeting standards, TMDLs may be 

assigned. 

Water Table. The upper surface of groundwater. 

Below it, the soil is saturated with water. 

Water Uses. The status of water uses subject to 

State water laws that is used to determine the 

water uses and legal status of waters on the 

National Forests. 

Water Yield. The run-off from a watershed, 

including groundwater outflow. 

Watershed. The entire region drained by a 

waterway (or into a lake or reservoir). More 

specifically, a watershed is an area of land above 

a given point on a stream that contributes water to 

the stream flow at that point. 

Wet Areas. Often referred to as "moist sites," 

they are very important components of elk 

summer range. These sites, often occurring at the 

heads of drainages, may be wet sedge meadows, 

bogs, or seeps. 

Wetland. Those areas that are inundated or 

saturated by surface or ground water at a 

frequency and duration sufficient to support, and 

that under normal circumstances do support, a 

prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life 

in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally 

include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas 

(USACE, 1987). Wetlands are mapped based on 

hydrologic indicators, hydric soils, and 

hydrophytic vegetation that are characteristic and 

indicative of frequently wetted areas. 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 438

Wetlands. Areas that are permanently wet or are 

intermittently covered with water. 

Wilderness (Wilderness Area). Undeveloped 

federal land retaining its primeval character, 

without permanent human habitation or 

improvements; It is protected and managed to 

preserve its natural condition. Wilderness Areas 

are designated by Congress. 

Wildland Fire. Any non-structure fire, other than 

agency- ignited Prescribed Fire, which occurs in 

the wildland. This includes Wildland Fire Use and 

Unwanted Wildland Fire. 

Wildland Fire Use. The management of naturally 

ignited wildland fires to accomplish specific, prestated resource management objectives in 

predefined geographic areas outlined in Fire 

Management Plans. 

Wildland/Urban Interface. The line, area, or 

zone where structures and other human 

development meet or intermingle with 

undeveloped wildland or vegetative fuels. The 

area where humans and their development meet or 

intermingle with undeveloped wildland or 

vegetative fuels. 

Wildlife Habitat Diversity. The distribution and 

abundance of different plant and animal 

communities and species within a specific area. 

Windthrow. Trees that have been uprooted by the 

wind. 

Xeric – characterized by or adopted to a dry 

environment (Deschutes LRMP) 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 439

INDEX 

air quality, 4, 25, 59, 66, 67, 68, 125, 128, 352, 

372, 433, 434 

analysis, 2, 4, 8, 9, 11, 16, 17, 21, 26, 29, 31, 32, 

44, 49, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 

75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 

90, 100, 103, 113, 116, 118, 120, 121, 122, 

124, 126, 131, 135, 139, 149, 150, 151, 152, 

153, 154, 160, 169, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 

182, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 199, 201, 

202, 204, 205, 209, 235, 237, 260, 266, 274, 

275, 276, 277, 281, 298, 299, 300, 307, 308, 

312, 313, 319, 321, 325, 328, 329, 331, 332, 

335, 336, 340, 342, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 

358, 360, 361, 362, 363, 367, 368, 369, 370, 

371, 373, 379, 386, 393, 401, 403, 410, 412, 

414, 415, 417, 418, 419, 420, 422, 424, 425, 

426, 428, 431, 432, 434, 436, 437 

aquatic habitat, 121, 410 

Clean Water Act, 151, 365, 366, 435, 437 

contributors, 5, 370 

cultural resources, 418 

economics, 240 

effects 

cumulative, 5, 351, 413 

detrimental, 66, 117, 119, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 

141, 142, 309, 414 

erosion, 20, 22, 25, 89, 103, 112, 117, 119, 120, 

125, 126, 133, 134, 135, 136, 141, 142, 153, 

154, 160, 161, 162, 163, 170, 176, 178, 179, 

180, 182, 188, 209, 228, 233, 262, 308, 309, 

328, 330, 331, 332, 334, 335, 338, 339, 340, 

346, 349, 350, 360, 388, 391, 415, 427, 433 

fire, 2, 4, 13, 24, 37, 59, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 

73, 74, 75, 128, 133, 157, 168, 175, 186, 191, 

193, 196, 204, 212, 213, 262, 263, 267, 273, 

302, 308, 338, 352, 353, 355, 371, 372, 390, 

391, 398, 401, 408, 409, 411, 414, 416, 417, 

418, 425, 430, 432, 436, 437, 438 

fire behavior, 417 

fuels, 19, 23, 31, 70, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 204, 

252, 327, 353, 355, 371, 372, 404, 417, 438 

management, 417, 425 

suppression, 59, 191, 353, 371 

wildfire, 23, 45, 67, 68, 89, 191, 263, 271, 279, 

338, 351, 356, 358, 392, 401, 414, 417, 419 

heritage resources, 4, 25, 60, 112, 418 

interdisciplinary team, 3, 16, 61, 63, 359, 370, 

419 

inventoried roadless areas, 4, 13, 16, 18, 35, 46, 

52, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 231, 

232, 234, 237, 273, 352, 430 

issues, 4, 16, 17, 18, 27, 28, 47, 49, 51, 251, 281, 

363, 412, 420, 423, 428 

indicators, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 

88, 252, 261, 262, 263, 266, 335, 340, 437 

key, 16, 17 

litter, 433 

livestock grazing, 24, 59, 321, 325, 427 

management direction, 134, 423 

minerals, 4, 22, 56, 57, 176, 177, 180, 181, 186, 

189, 205, 374, 406, 414, 420, 421, 422, 425, 

435 

mining, 27, 28, 113, 114, 134, 177, 181, 264, 309, 

310, 394, 421, 422, 433 

mitigation, 77, 160, 363, 404, 415, 424 

monitoring, 151, 215, 216, 217, 219, 222, 255, 

256, 275, 302, 352, 369, 372, 381, 383, 387, 

394, 409, 424, 428 

motorized access for dispersed camping, 17, 35, 

36, 39, 41, 42, 43, 49, 51, 62, 64, 92, 93, 96, 

97, 99, 103, 104, 107, 109, 110, 111, 119, 136, 

139, 141, 142, 143, 155, 158, 159, 165, 166, 

167, 173, 174, 176, 182, 185, 202, 208, 226, 

227, 229, 230, 232, 233, 268, 270, 273, 311, 

312, 313, 317, 318, 319, 320, 333, 337, 424 

no action alternative, 34, 39, 67, 68, 126, 177, 

276, 425 

Northwest Forest Plan, 87, 153, 342, 381, 387, 

404 

Notice of Intent, 13, 14, 275, 369, 426 

noxious weeds, 199, 426 

OHVs, 53, 63, 70, 77, 135, 139, 170, 210, 211, 

213, 221, 249, 252, 254, 257, 260, 263, 267, 

272, 274, 284, 363, 366, 426 

overstory, 192, 299, 347, 427 

public involvement, 4, 14, 235, 275, 368, 369 

purpose and need, 4, 8, 10, 46, 49, 51, 428, 437 

recreation, 4, 9, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 27, 28, 

29, 30, 31, 36, 42, 47, 53, 54, 55, 59, 61, 62, 

63, 67, 68, 71, 74, 76, 79, 81, 82, 86, 87, 88, 
Draft Environmental Impact Statement Travel Management Project Page 440

89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 100, 102, 103, 

104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 

113, 115, 116, 117, 121,122, 124, 125, 129, 

130, 131, 137, 154, 155, 160, 163, 164, 173, 

176, 182, 186, 188, 189, 190, 202, 204, 205, 

209, 210, 211, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221, 

222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 

231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 239, 241, 242, 246, 

248, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 

258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 266, 267, 

269, 271, 274, 289, 300, 310, 311, 319, 324, 

331, 334, 351, 357, 363, 365, 366, 367, 370, 

374, 376, 377, 378, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 

387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 

396, 400, 401, 402, 406, 409, 412, 414, 423, 

424, 425, 427, 429, 431 

recreation opportunity spectrum, 427, 431 

restoration, 29, 42, 65, 119, 140, 141, 195, 357, 

372, 382, 431 

riparian, 2, 17, 18, 22, 23, 25, 29, 42, 43, 45, 49, 

50, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 65, 71, 85, 90, 97, 99, 

111, 112, 113, 117, 118, 119, 120, 135, 136, 

139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 151, 153, 154, 155, 

160, 163, 164, 165, 168, 173, 174, 175, 176, 

181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188, 191, 195, 203, 

208, 218, 229, 231, 233, 234, 236, 262, 271, 

278, 279, 280, 288, 298, 300, 301, 309, 311, 

317, 318, 321, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 

336, 337, 338, 340, 341, 347, 348, 349, 350, 

352, 353, 365, 367, 371, 388, 394, 395, 410, 

411, 430, 434, 437 

scenery, 4, 25, 60, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 121, 216, 

217, 220, 222, 223, 229, 249, 250, 251, 255, 

258, 260, 352, 363, 429 

sediment, 22, 46, 55, 120, 134, 135, 136, 138, 

139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 151, 152, 154, 160, 

162, 163, 164, 169, 170, 173, 174, 175, 176, 

178, 180, 187, 188, 328, 330, 331, 332, 334, 

335, 336, 338, 339, 340, 347, 349, 350, 366, 

399, 432, 435, 437 

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL), 435 

turbidity, 22, 55, 151, 152, 154, 175, 328, 332, 

334, 335, 336, 338, 339, 340, 366 

soils, 4, 17, 22, 25, 42, 45, 47, 56, 67, 103, 112, 

117, 118, 119, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138, 

139, 141, 142, 143, 162, 178, 180, 212, 213, 

214, 262, 267, 301, 302, 308, 309, 310, 311, 

331, 342, 350, 352, 360, 365, 371, 395, 407, 

411, 419, 433, 437 

treatment, 191, 192, 417, 436 

tribes, consultation, 436 

water quality, 55, 56, 135, 143, 150, 151, 152, 

154, 169, 174, 175, 188, 335, 339, 350, 360, 

365, 372, 399, 407, 435, 437 

watersheds, 16, 121, 134, 143, 150, 152, 160, 161, 

169, 173, 174, 210, 225, 248, 328, 329, 330, 

333, 335, 337, 340, 341, 344, 350, 391 

wetlands, 13, 22, 23, 41, 43, 46, 55, 120, 135, 

136, 142, 143, 154, 160, 164, 175, 176, 177, 

180, 187, 229, 249, 287, 298, 300, 301, 319, 

328, 330, 332, 333, 334, 337, 338, 339, 349, 

350, 352, 366, 419, 422, 426, 427, 437, 438 

wilderness potential, 18 

wildlife, 4, 24, 47, 48, 59, 67, 101, 194, 217, 223, 

224, 250, 257, 258, 259, 261, 271, 275, 281, 

282, 356, 365, 367, 373, 374, 375, 380, 381, 

382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 

391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 400, 

401, 402, 404, 405, 406, 407, 415, 426, 432, 

435, 438 
Bend

Redmond

Prineville

Madras

Culver

Tumalo

La Pine

Chemult

Alfalfa

Sisters

Crescent

Metolius

Gilchrist

Terrebonne

Silver Lake

Diamond Lake

Powell Butte

Crescent Lake

McKenzie Bridge

Legend

Forest Boundary

Available to Travel Off of Designated Routes

Closed to Travel Off of Designated Routes

Highways

£¤20

£¤97

UV31

Cascade Lakes Highway

£¤20

UV126

£¤26

£¤97

UV242

Overview - Motorized Access Off of Designated Routes

Alternative 1 - Existing Condition

Map A-1

Travel Management DEIS - Deschutes National Forest

0 2.5 5 7.5 10 F Miles
Bend

Redmond

Prineville

Madras

Culver

Tumalo

La Pine

Chemult

Alfalfa

Sisters

Crescent

Metolius

Gilchrist

Terrebonne

Silver Lake

Diamond Lake

Powell Butte

Crescent Lake

McKenzie Bridge

Legend

Forest Boundary

Available to Travel Off of Designated Routes

Highways

Closed to Travel Off of Designated Routes

£¤20

£¤97

UV31

Cascade Lakes Highway

£¤20

UV126

£¤26

£¤97

UV242

Overview - Motorized Access Off of Designated Routes

Alternative 2/3

Map A-2

Travel Management DEIS - Deschutes National Forest

0 2.5 5 7.5 10 F Miles
Madras

Culver

Mitchell

Metolius

Terrebonne

Warm Springs

Bend

Redmond

Prineville

Paulina

Alternative 1 - Existing C

Overview - Motorized Access O

Travel Management DEISOchoco National Forest and Crooked River Natio

Legend

Forest BoundHighwaysAvailable to MClosed to Mo

£¤26

UV126

£¤97

£¤20

UV27 UV380

UV126

£¤26
Madras

Culver

Mitchell

Metolius

Terrebonne

Warm Springs

Bend

Redmond

Prineville

Paulina

Alternative 2/3 - Map A-4

Overview - Motorized Access O

Travel Management DEISOchoco National Forest and Crooked River Natio

£¤26

UV126

£¤97

£¤20

UV27 UV380

UV126

£¤26

Legend

Forest BHighwayAvailable Closed t
Bend

Redmond

Prineville

Madras

Culver

Tumalo

La Pine

Chemult

Alfalfa

Sisters

Crescent

Metolius

Gilchrist

Terrebonne

Silver Lake

Diamond Lake

Powell Butte

Crescent Lake

McKenzie Bridge

Overview - Motorized Access For Dispersed Camping

Alternative 1 - Existing Condition

Legend

Forest Boundary

Available to Motorized Access For Dispersed Camping

Closed to Motorized Access For Dispersed Camping

Highways

£¤20

£¤97

UV31

Cascade Lakes Highway

£¤20

UV126

£¤26

£¤97

UV242

Map A-5

Travel Management DEIS - Deschutes National Forest

0 2.5 5 7.5 10 F Miles
Bend

Redmond

Prineville

Madras

Culver

Tumalo

La Pine

Chemult

Alfalfa

Sisters

Crescent

Metolius

Gilchrist

Terrebonne

Silver Lake

Diamond Lake

Powell Butte

Crescent Lake

McKenzie Bridge

Overview - Motorized Access For Dispersed Camping

Alternative 2/3

Legend

Forest Boundary

Closed to Motorized Access For Dispersed Camping

Available to Motorized Access For Dispersed Camping

Highways

£¤20

£¤97

UV31

Cascade Lakes Highway

£¤20

UV126

£¤26

£¤97

UV242

Travel Management DEIS - Deschutes National Forest

Map A-6 0 2.5 5 7.5 10

Miles F
Madras

Culver

Mitchell

Metolius

Terrebonne

Warm Springs

Bend

Redmond

Prineville

Paulina

Alternative 1 - Existing C

Overview - Motorized Access F

Travel Management DEISOchoco National Forest and Crooked River Natio

Legend

Forest HighwaAvailabClosed 

£¤26

UV126

£¤97

£¤20

UV27 UV380

UV126

£¤26
Madras

Culver

Mitchell

Metolius

Terrebonne

Warm Springs

Bend

Redmond

Prineville

Paulina

Alternative 2/3 - Map A-8

Overview - Motorized Access F

Travel Management DEISOchoco National Forest and Crooked River Natio

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UV126

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UV27 UV380

UV126

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Legend

Forest HighwaAvailabClosed 
20

46

97

31

58

42

21

126

64

61

43

45

18

242

40

23

4601

16

LAK-5-10

2015

14

LAK-6159

900

2050

60

2017

2610

4205

1102

LAK-5-12

22

1419

4143

27TH STREET

9745

GOSNEY RD

25

700

1815

23

24

22

4525

4250

9735

4380

4050

4614

390

1150

15

1018

1190

1514

2067 1110

4660

5825

6230

5814

18

22

11

40

44

62

60

41

12

16

14

42

15

4270

9710

4260

9720

25

1170

1234

1420

1210

2017

850

1012

4660

500

4625

5830

4635

2120

2415

2070

980

4669

6005

400

94

100

280

5810

700

600

600

500

400

Deschutes NF

Mixed Use Analysis

Existing Highway Legal (HSA)

Existing Highway Legal (NNVM)

Existing Highway Legal (EFR)

New Highway Legal Only

Roads Available for Mixed Use

State / County Roads

/
OCH

OCH

OCH

OCH

OCH

OCH

OCH

OCH

OCH

OCH

OCH

OCH

OCH

Prineville Reservoir

Ochoco Reservoir

Crooked River

Watson Reservoir

Antelope Reservoir

North Fork Crooked River

US

OR

33

23

27

16

22

2150

BEAR CR. RD

CAMP CREEK RD

2210

PUETT RD

IZEE HWY.

050

WEBERG RD

SE PAULINA VALLEY RD

555

000

TACKMAN RD

4230

OR

OR

42

27

22

58

12

30

38

17

16

33

2630

2730

4260

4250

5840

1750

5810

4215

4235

4230

4270

5820

3810

5870

4220

5850

4240

2710

1610

4225

2210

5830

3010

4280

1680

2735

2610

4254

2230

4274

2720

1670

3370

2725

4290

4210

2620

4258

3380

3350

4272

3320

2705

1250

2745

1620

3360

4256

1640

4276

2740

4205

2630

1750

42

22

12

30

27

17

58

33

16

2210

3010

250

2730

1640

500

27

58

38

16

5810

4270

3810

2730

450

4250

2610

3320

2630

2710

2730

2630

Ochoco NF

Mixed Use Analysis

Existing Highway Legal Only

New Highway Legal Only

Roads Available for Mixed Use

State / County Roads /
Volume 2—Maps Roadless Area Conservation

#

#

#

#

Three Sisters 

Wilderness

Mount Jefferson 

Wilderness

Waldo Lake 

Wilderness

Mount Washington

Wilderness

Diamond Peak 

Wilderness

Mount Thielsen 

Wilderness

Mill Creek 

Wilderness

Middle Santiam 

Wilderness

Deschutes N.F.

Willamette N.F.

Ochoco 

N.F.

Crooked River

N.G.

Wickiup 

Reservoir

Waldo 

Lake

Crescent Lake

Davis 

Lake

Crane Prairie 

Reservoir

Lake 

Billy 

Chinook

Madras

Prineville

Redmond

Bend

(/20

(/26

(/97

(/97

!"22

!"126

!"242

!"126

!"31

!"31

(/20

!"58

Lake 

Simtustus

#

#

Sisters

 La 

Pine

#Crescent

Prineville

Lake

Winema N.F. Fremont N.F. Umpqua 

N.F.

Newberry National Volcanic 

Monument

Metolius

WSR

Squaw Creek

WSR

Deschutes

WSR

McKenzie

WSR

Categories of National Forest System Lands within the Deschutes

DESCHUTES NATIONAL FOREST

Inventoried Roadless Areas

4% (58,000 acres)

5% (79,000 acres)

0% (0 acres)

18% (288,000 acres)

74% (1,178,000 acres)

IRA, allows road construction

and reconstruction

All Other National Forest

System Lands

IRA, does not allow

road construction & reconstruction

IRA, recommended wilderness

Designated Areas outside of IRAs

0 50% 100%

The USDA Forest Service uses the most current and complete 

data available. GIS data and product accuracy may vary. Using 

GIS products for purposes other than those for which they 

were intended may yield inaccurate or misleading results. 

The USDA Forest Service reserves the right to correct, update, 

modify, or replace GIS products without notification.

September 15, 2000

Data Supplied by Deschutes National Forest

Contact: Deschutes N.F.

1645 Highway 20 East

Bend, OR 97701

(541) 383-5300

S C A L E in M I L E S

10 0 10 Miles

OREGON

National Forest System lands outside of Inventoried Roadless Areas - not all private land is 

shown on the map

Designated Areas outside of Inventoried Roadless Areas

Inventoried Roadless Area where road construction or reconstruction is allowed

Inventoried Roadless Area where road construction or reconstruction is not allowed

Inventoried Roadless Area where road construction or reconstruction is not allowed,

and the forest plan recommends as wilderness

Interstate Highway Other Highways County boundaries

Oregon Deschutes National Forest
#

#

#

#

Bend

Madras

Redmond

Prineville

(Administered by Ochoco N.F.) Crooked River N.G.

Ochoco N.F.

Ochoco N.F.

Deschutes

N.F.

MetoliusWSR

Three Sisters

Wilderness

Mill Creek Wilderness

Bridge Creek Wilderness

Black Canyon Wilderness

Prineville Reservoir

Chickahominy

(/97

(/97

(/97

(/20

(/20

(/26

(/26

(/26

!"126

!"380

!"207

(/26

!"19

Ochoco N.F.

!"126

Squaw CreekWSR

Deschutes WSR

North Fork Crooked River WSR

Dry MRNA

Lake Billy Chinook

10

0 10 Miles S C A L E in M I L E S

September 15, 2000 Data Supplied by Ochoco National Forest Contact: Ochoco N.F. 3160 NE 3rd Street, Box 490 Prineville, OR 97754 (541) 416-6500

The USDA Forest Service uses the most current and complete data available. GIS data and product accuracy may vary. Using GIS products for purposes other than those for which they were intended may yield inaccurate or misleading results. The USDA Forest Service reserves the right to correct, update, modify, or replace GIS products without notification.

IRA, allows road construction and reconstruction

All Other National Forest System Lands

IRA, does not allow road construction & reconstruction IRA, recommended wilderness

Designated Areas outside of IRAs

Categories of National Forest System Lands within the Ochoco N.F.

OCHOCO NATIONAL FOREST Inventoried Roadless Areas

3% (32,000 acres)3% (29,000 acres)

0% (0 acres)

5% (45,000 acres)

89% (858,000 acres)

0 50% 100%

OREGON 

Inventoried Roadless Area where road construction or reconstruction is noand the forest plan recommends as wilderness

Inventoried Roadless Area where road construction or reconstruction is no

Inventoried Roadless Area where road construction or reconstruction is a

Designated Areas outside of Inventoried Roadless Areas

National Forest System lands outside of Inventoried Roadless Areas - not aland is shown on the map

Ochoco National Forest 


Deschutes, Jefferson, Crook, Klamath, Lake, Grant and Wheeler Counties, Oregon

Deschutes National Forest, Ochoco National Forest, and Crooked River National GrasslandTravel Management Project Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Spine Text