Opinion filed June 18, 2009

In The

Eleventh Court of Appeals

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No. 11-08-00019-CR

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WALTER BOOKER A/K/A WALTER WILSON 

BOOKER A/K/A STEPHEN WILSON TAYLOR 

A/K/A WALTER W. BOOKER, Appellant

V.

STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 252nd District Court

Jefferson County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 93628

O P I N I O N

The jury convicted Walter Booker a/k/a Walter Wilson Booker a/k/a Stephen Wilson Taylor

a/k/a Walter W. Booker of the first degree felony offense of aggravated robbery, found enhancement

allegations charging him as a habitual offender to be true, and assessed his punishment at forty years
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confinement. In two issues, appellant contends that the trial court erred in allowing in-court

identifications of him by two witnesses. We affirm.

Background Facts

The record shows that, on October 13, 2004, Lakeshia Little was working as a carhop at the

Sonic Drive-In located at 1340 Washington Boulevard in Beaumont. Betty Jefferson and Ireca

Stewart were working inside the Sonic. At about 8:00 p.m. on that date, a man placed an order by

using the speaker box at the walk-up window at that Sonic. After the order was prepared, Little took

it outside to the man. Little testified that she came face-to-face with the man when she brought him

the order. She also testified that the man was not wearing anything to obstruct the view of his face.

Little said that the man had acne on his face, had braids in his hair, and had red beads at the bottom

of the braids. The man asked Little if she had change for a $20 bill, and she told him that she did.

At that time, the man stuck his right hand in his right pocket and pulled out a gun. The man grabbed

Little’s left arm with his left hand, put the gun to her stomach, and told her to “give him all the

money.” Little was standing against the walk-up window. She was terrified and in fear for her life.

 From inside the Sonic, Stewart looked through the walk-up window and saw that the man

had Little and was holding a gun to herstomach. Stewart said, “Oh, my God, Ms. Betty [Jefferson],

Lakeshia’s getting robbed.” Jefferson ran to the window and saw the man robbing Little. Jefferson

testified that she got a good look at the man’s face. Jefferson testified that the man’s face was

scruffy, that he had acne on his face, and that he had braids in his hair.

Little gave appellant the money that she had in her change apron. Appellant then ran away

through a broken fence that was behind the Sonic. The lighting in the area where the robbery

occurred was good. A fluorescent light was located above the walk-up window.

The police were called to the scene. Beaumont Police Officer Staci Patrice Landor received

a dispatch that a robbery had occurred at the Sonic. Little testified that she told the police that the

man had acne marks on his face. Jefferson testified that she told the police about the man’s scruffy

face and acne. Officer Landor testified that, after arriving at the scene, she received the following

description of the suspect: “[l]ight-skinned black male with acne, 5' 9" to 6' 1", 30, 35 years of age,

wearing a black shirt, long-sleeve shirt, black pants, black tennis shoes.”
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On October 22, 2004, the police showed Jefferson a photographic lineup. The lineup

contained six photographs, and a photograph of appellant was included in the lineup. Jefferson

identified appellant from the lineup as the man who had committed the robbery. On October 25,

2004, the police showed Little the same lineup. Little also identified appellant from the lineup as

the man who had committed the robbery.

Appellant filed a pretrial motion to suppress photographic identifications that had been made

by “potential witnesses” in this cause. In the motion, appellant contended (1) that the pretrial

photographic identification procedure was impermissibly suggestive and (2) that the impermissible

procedure gave rise to a substantial likelihood of misidentification of him at trial. Appellant sought

to suppress an in-court identification of him by any witness who had seen the “impermissibly

suggestive photographs.” After the hearing, the trial court denied appellant’s motion to suppress.

During trial, Little and Jefferson identified appellant as the man who had committed the robbery.

In-Court Identifications

Appellant asserts that the trial court erred in allowing Little’s and Jefferson’s in-court

identifications. Little and Jefferson told the police that the robber had acne on his face. Appellant

contends that the photographic lineup procedure was impermissibly suggestive because his

photograph was the only photograph in the lineup that depicted a person with facial blemishes or

acne marks on his face.

A pretrial identification procedure, such as a photographic lineup, may be so suggestive and

conducive to mistaken identification that subsequent use of that identification at trial would deny the

accused due process of law. Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 384 (1968); Barley v. State,

906 S.W.2d 27, 32-33 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). An in-court identification is inadmissible when it

has been tainted by an impermissibly suggestive pretrial photographic identification. Luna v. State,

268 S.W.3d 594, 605 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Ibarra v. State, 11 S.W.3d 189, 195 (Tex. Crim. App.

1999). The test is whether, under the totality of the circumstances, the photographic identification

procedure was so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of

irreparable misidentification. Ibarra, 11 S.W.3d at 195. Reliability is the linchpin in determining

the admissibility of identification testimony. Luna, 268 S.W.3d at 605. The defendant has the
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burden to show by clear and convincing evidence that the in-court identification is inadmissible.

Delk v. State, 855 S.W.2d 700, 706 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). 

In assessing reliability under the totality of the circumstances, the following five nonexclusive factors should be “weighed against the corrupting effect of any suggestive identification

procedure”: (1) the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime; (2) the

witness’s degree of attention; (3) the accuracy of the witness’s prior description of the criminal; (4)

the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation; and (5) the length of time

between the crime and the confrontation. Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 199-200 (1972); Ibarra, 11

S.W.3d at 195; Loserth v. State, 963 S.W.2d 770, 772 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). Because the five

Biggers factors are all issues of historical fact, we must consider them deferentially in a light

favorable to the trial court’s ruling. Ibarra, 11 S.W.3d at 195; Loserth, 963 S.W.2d at 773. The

factors, viewed in this light, must then be weighed de novo against “the corrupting effect” of the

suggestive pretrial identification procedure. Ibarra, 11 S.W.3d at 195-96; Loserth, 963 S.W.2d at

773-74.

Appellant introduced a copy of the photographic lineup into evidence during the hearing on

the motion to suppress. Appellant’s counsel questioned Little and Jefferson about the lineup. Little

testified that appellant’s photograph was the only photograph in the lineup that showed a man with

acne marks on his face. Jefferson testified that appellant’s photograph was the only photograph in

the lineup that showed a man with a scruffy face and acne on his face. Because appellant was the

only person in the lineup with acne marks on his face, the photographic identification procedure may

have been impermissibly suggestive. However, this conclusion does not end our analysis. Rather,

the issue for determination is whether the procedure was so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise

to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification of appellant. Luna, 268 S.W.3d

at 605.

The record shows that Little and Jefferson had clear opportunities to view the robber. They

both testified that they got a clear look at the robber’s face. Little was standing face-to-face with the

robber during the robbery. She said that she was probably less than two feet away from him.

Jefferson saw the robber through the walk-up window. Jefferson said that the robber was directly

in front of her. The robbery occurred in a well-lighted area, and nothing obstructed the view of the
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robber’s face. Little and Jefferson both focused on the robber’s face. They were both confident in

their identification of appellant as the robber during their trial testimony. Little testified that she had

“no doubt” that appellant was the man who robbed her. Jefferson testified that she was “positive”

that appellant was the man who committed the robbery. Little and Jefferson testified that, had they

never seen the photographic lineup, they would have been able to identify appellant as the man who

committed the robbery. The evidence supports the conclusion that Little’s and Jefferson’s in-court

identifications of appellant were based on their memories of appellant from the night of the robbery.

Considering the totality of the circumstances, the pretrial photographic identification procedure did

not give rise to a very substantial likelihood of misidentification of appellant by Little and Jefferson.

Therefore, we overrule appellant’s issues.

This Court’s Ruling

We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

TERRY McCALL

JUSTICE

June 18, 2009

Publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

Panel consists of: Wright, C.J.,

McCall, J., and Strange, J.