A Decade of

Undergraduate

Student Aid: 

1989–90 to 1999–2000

Postsecondary Education

Descriptive Analysis Reports

U.S. Department of Education

Institute of Education Sciences

NCES 2004–158
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
U.S. Department of Education 

Institute of Education Sciences 

NCES 2004–158 

A Decade of 

Undergraduate 

Student Aid: 

1989–90 to 1999–2000 

Postsecondary Education 

Descriptive Analysis Reports 

September 2004 

 

Christina Chang Wei 

Xiaojie Li 

Lutz Berkner 

MPR Associates, Inc. 

C. Dennis Carroll 

Project Officer 

National Center for Education Statistics 
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

Rod Paige 

Secretary 

INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION SCIENCES

Grover J. Whitehurst 

Director 

NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS

Robert Lerner 

Commissioner 

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September 2004 

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Suggested Citation 

Wei, C.C., Li, X., and Berkner, L. (2004). A Decade of Undergraduate Student Aid: 1989–90 to 1999–2000 (NCES 

2004–158). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. 

Government Printing Office. 

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P.O. Box 1398 

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or call toll free 1–877–4ED–PUBS; or order online at http://www.edpubs.org

Content Contact: 

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(202) 502–7334 

Aurora.D’Amico@ed.gov
iii 

Executive Summary

The decade of the 1990s saw growth in tuition 

at the postsecondary level and in the amount of 

financial aid available, particularly student loans 

(U.S. General Accounting Office 1998; College 

Board 2002). Since public funding was 

constrained in the early part of the decade, tuition 

increases were of growing concern. At the same 

time, federal financial aid programs and policies 

as we know them today were being shaped by the 

1992 Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act 

(HEA-92). Growth in tuition, the increased 

availability of federal student loans (especially 

unsubsidized Stafford loans), and increases in 

grant aid from non-federal sources were among 

the major driving forces of change in 

undergraduate student financing during this 

decade. 

This study examines changes in many of the 

major aspects of undergraduate financing during 

the 1990s for full-time, full-year undergraduates 

enrolled in the four major institutional sectors 

located in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, 

and Puerto Rico: public 2-year, public 4-year, 

private not-for-profit 4-year, and private for-profit 

less-than-4-year. Tuition, total price of attendance, 

various net price measures, need, total aid, 

remaining need after aid, grants, loans, and workstudy1 are compared using data from the four 

National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies 

(NPSAS2) conducted in 1989–1990, 1992–1993, 

 

1Federal tax subsidies provided through the Hope and 

Lifetime Learning Credits are not included as financial aid. 

This study focuses only on the types of assistance that are 

offered as part of a student’s financial aid package. 

2NPSAS is a nationwide study conducted by the U.S. 

Department of Education’s National Center for Education 

1995–1996, and 1999–2000. The main purpose of 

this report is to provide a convenient and readily 

accessible reference to the data most frequently 

used for trend analysis from the NPSAS surveys. 

Overview 

During the 1990s, tuition increased faster than 

inflation and median household income (U.S. 

General Accounting Office 1996, 1998). Financial 

aid also increased, particularly in the form of 

federal loans. The 1992 Reauthorization of the 

Higher Education Act (HEA-92) was a defining 

moment in the history of federal financial aid 

because it established the direction in which the 

federal government would support postsecondary 

education in subsequent years.3 As a result of its 

passage, many middle-income students who were 

previously ineligible for need-based student aid 

were able to receive it, primarily in the form of 

subsidized student loans. HEA-92 also increased 

the amounts students were permitted to borrow 

and for the first time allowed dependent students 

to take out federally guaranteed unsubsidized 

loans. 

NPSAS data from 1989–90 and 1992–93 

reflect the federal financial aid policies in effect 

prior to HEA-92, while the 1995–96 and 1999–

 

Statistics (NCES) primarily to determine how undergraduate 

and graduate students and their families pay for postsecondary 

education. For more information on NPSAS surveys, consult 

the NPSAS website http://nces.ed.gov/npsas. 

3Reauthorization also took place in 1998 (HEA-98) with 

relatively minor changes. Reauthorization for 2004 was under 

consideration at the time of this publication. 
Executive Summary

iv 

2000 data reflect the changes introduced by that 

legislation. Between 1989–90 and 1999–2000, the 

average net tuition (tuition minus grant aid)4

increased at public 2-year, public 4-year, and 

private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, indicating 

that among those types of institutions, increases in 

grant aid did not keep pace with increases in 

tuition over time. As the decade progressed, the 

proportion of full-time5

 undergraduates who 

 

4Grants are not necessarily limited to paying for tuition, but 

may cover other educational expenses as well. If the grant 

amount is greater than the tuition charges, the excess is 

applied to room and board or other expenses. In calculating 

the average net tuition, negative values (when the grant 

amount exceeds tuition) were set to zero. 

5In this study, students were considered to have full-time, 

full-year status, if they were enrolled full time during the 

academic year for 8 or more months at public 2-year, public 

4-year, and private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, or 6 or 

more months at private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions. 

For ease of presentation the term “full time” will be used 

received any type of financial aid (grants, loans, 

work-study, or other) increased among all of the 

institutional sectors included in this study, from an 

overall average of 60 percent to 74 percent 

between 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (figure A). 

Among those who received aid, the percentage of 

the price of attendance that was covered by any 

type of aid also increased over time, from 47 

percent to 54 percent. Increases between 1989–90 

and 1999–2000 were seen in the percentage of 

students who received at least one of the two 

major types of aid: grants (51 percent to 60 

percent) and loans (36 percent to 47 percent) 

(figure B). 

Single parents, however, were one group of 

students for whom financial aid declined. While as

 

throughout the report to refer to students enrolled full-time for 

the full academic year. 

Figure A.—Among full-time, full-year undergraduates, percentage who received financial aid, and among those receiving

Figure A.—aid, average amount of aid received (in constant 1999 dollars) and the percentage of the price of attendance

Figure A.—that was covered by any type of aid: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the

District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico. Excluded are students enrolled at institutions other than the four major sectors (i.e., public 2-year, public

4-year, private not-for-profit 4-year, and private for-profit less-than 4-year) who constituted no more than 5 percent of the undergraduate

population across the four NPSAS years. To have full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time during the academic year for 8

or more months at public 2-year, public 4-year, and private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, or 6 or more months at private for-profit less-than4-year institutions. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–96 academic years were adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price

Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). “Total aid” includes all types of financial aid: grants, loans, work-study, and other (such as employer’s

benefits and veteran’s benefits). The price of attendance is equal to the total amount of tuition plus estimated living expenses for the academic

year.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National

Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NPSAS:90, NPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000).

Total aid

69 74 60 60

0

20

40

60

80

100

1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000

Percent

$6,200 $6,500 $7,600 $8,500

Percentage of price of attendance covered by 

any type of aid

47 47 54 54

0

20

40

60

80

100

1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000

Percent
Executive Summary 

v 

many as 94 percent of single parents who were 

enrolled full time received some form of financial 

aid in 1989–90, the proportion had dropped to 79 

percent by 1999–2000.6 This may have reflected 

several changes in the characteristics of single 

parents enrolled full time in postsecondary 

education. Between 1989–90 and 1999–2000, the 

average expected family contribution (EFC) 

among single parents had increased from $800 to 

$1,300 even though it had decreased among all 

independent students with incomes at or below the 

median. In 1989–90, about one-half (48 percent) 

of all single parents worked while they were 

enrolled full time; in 1999–2000 this proportion 

had increased to about three-fourths 

 

6These figures represent all institutions, including private forprofit less-than-4-year institutions where no measurable 

difference was detected in the rate at which single parents 

received aid in 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (table A-4.4). 

(77 percent).7 While 87 percent of single parents 

were females in 1989–90, this proportion had 

dropped to 76 percent in 1999–2000. The 

socioeconomic backgrounds of single parents also 

appear to have changed. In 1989–90 and 1995–96, 

about 35 to 38 percent had a parent with at least 

some postsecondary education; in 1999–2000 

about one-half (51 percent) of all single parents 

came from families with one or more parents who 

had some postsecondary education.8 In addition, 

the proportion of single parents receiving public 

 

71989–90 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study Data 

Analysis System and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary 

Student Aid Study Data Analysis System (data not shown in 

tables). 

81989–90 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study Data 

Analysis System, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study Data Analysis System, and 1999–2000 National 

Postsecondary Student Aid Study Data Analysis System (data 

not shown in tables). 

Figure B.—Among full-time, full-year undergraduates, percentage who received grants, percentage who received loans,

Figure B.—and the average amount of grant and loan aid received by those receiving grant and loan aid, respectively (in

Figure B.—constant 1999 dollars): 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the

District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico. Excluded are students enrolled at institutions other than the four major sectors (i.e., public 2-year, public

4-year, private not-for-profit 4-year, and private for-profit less-than 4-year) who constituted no more than 5 percent of the undergraduate

population across the four NPSAS years. To have full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time during the academic year for 8

or more months at public 2-year, public 4-year, and private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, or 6 or more months at private for-profit less-than4-year institutions. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–96 academic years were adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price

Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). “Grants” include all federal, state, institutional, and privately funded grants. “Loans” include all

federal, state, institutional, and privately funded loans, as well as Parent Loans for Undergraduate Students (PLUS), a federal loan that is taken

out by parents of dependent undergraduates, and do not include loans from friends or family. Students who received both grants and loans are

represented in both figures.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National

Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NPSAS:90, NPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000).

Grants

60 55 51 50

0

20

40

60

80

100

1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000

Percent

$4,000 $4,000 $4,300 $4,900

Loans

44 47 36 35

0

20

40

60

80

100

1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000

Percent

$4,100 $4,500

$5,500 $6,200
Executive Summary

vi 

assistance while enrolled full time decreased from 

34 percent in 1995–96 to 9 percent in 1999–2000. 

Compared to the earlier years, single parents 

enrolled full time at the end of the decade were 

less likely to be receiving public assistance, more 

likely to have parents with some postsecondary 

education, and more likely to be working while 

they were enrolled. These changes may have been 

related to a reduced eligibility for need-based 

financial aid among single parents. 

Among the different types of financial aid that 

are available to postsecondary students, the 

growth in federal unsubsidized loans has been 

most prominent.9 After the restriction on 

dependent students was lifted by HEA-92, the 

overall rate at which full-time undergraduates 

borrowed unsubsidized loans increased from 3 

percent to 23 percent between 1989–90 and 1999–

2000.10 However, the inclusion of dependent 

students was not the sole driving force behind this 

increase. Independent undergraduates also were 

more likely to borrow federal unsubsidized loans 

in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (35 percent vs.11 

percent). In addition to the increase in 

unsubsidized loans, the average annual total loan 

amount from all sources combined (both 

subsidized and unsubsidized loans from federal, 

state, institutional, and private agencies) also 

increased during this time for both independent 

and dependent loan recipients ($4,100 to $6,200). 

 

9Unsubsidized Stafford loans are available to students who 

are enrolled at least half time, and the amount borrowed may 

not exceed the price of attendance, minus any other aid. 

Unlike subsidized Stafford loans, the federal government does 

not pay any interest on the loans while the student is enrolled 

and eligibility for unsubsidized Stafford loans is not restricted 

by need. 

101989–90 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study Data 

Analysis System and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary 

Student Aid Study Data Analysis System (data not shown in 

tables). 

Key Definitions and Data Issues 

There are several components and types of 

price, net price, and financial need analyzed in this 

study. The definitions are as follows: “total price 

of attendance” (or “student budget”) is equal to 

tuition plus estimated living expenses; “net 

tuition” is defined as tuition minus total grants 

received (up to the tuition amount)11; “net price of 

attendance” is the total price of attendance minus 

all grants and loans received; “financial need” is 

equal to the total price of attendance minus the 

federal expected family contribution (EFC)—

which is the federal estimate of the student’s and 

family’s ability to pay based on the formula (need 

analysis) prescribed by law; and “remaining 

financial need” (or “unmet need”) is the amount of 

financial need that remains after all financial aid, 

including loans, is subtracted from the total 

financial need. 

The two net price variables used in this study—

net tuition and net price of attendance—measure 

the different levels of cost to students and 

families. The net tuition variable (tuition and fees 

minus grant aid) represents the amount of tuition 

paid after grants are received, while the net price 

of attendance (price of attendance minus all grant 

and loan aid) represents the amount paid for both 

tuition and living expenses after all aid is taken 

into account. 

Researchers who are interested in changes in 

tuition and grant aid can utilize the “net tuition” 

variables included in this report for further study. 

Because net tuition is equal to the amount of 

tuition that is paid after all grants have been 

 

11Grants are not necessarily limited to paying for tuition, but 

may cover other educational expenses as well. If the grant 

amount is greater than the tuition charges, the excess is 

applied to room and board or other expenses. In calculating 

the average net tuition, negative values (when the grant 

amount exceeds tuition) were set to zero. 
Executive Summary 

vii 

received, and does not subtract loans, it represents 

the amount of tuition for which students and 

families are responsible. In some cases, however, 

grants will exceed the amount of tuition (and 

would therefore be used to offset the cost of 

living), resulting in a negative net tuition amount. 

In calculating the average net tuition, all negative 

net tuition values were set to zero. In 1999–2000, 

the percentage of full-time, full-year 

undergraduates with zero net tuition was 5 percent 

at private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions, 

12 percent at private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions, 26 percent at public 4-year 

institutions, and 34 percent at public 2-year 

institutions. 

Analysis of changes in the net price of 

attendance can help determine whether total aid—

which includes loans that must be repaid—has 

kept up with changes in total price over time. 

However, the net price of attendance does not 

equal the actual price that must be paid for a 

postsecondary education because loans were 

subtracted from the total price to achieve this 

estimate. While grants reduce the amount to be 

paid, loans only postpone the actual cost since 

loans must be repaid eventually and with interest. 

The net price of attendance represents only the 

immediate, out-of-pocket costs upon enrollment. 

The actual cost of a postsecondary education over 

the lifetime of the student (or parent) who has 

taken out a loan will be higher. Any increases or 

decreases in average net price should be viewed 

with caution. A reduction in net price over time 

may only signify that students and/or parents have 

taken out more loans rather than received more 

grant aid or paid less in tuition. 

Dependency and income are important 

considerations when financial aid is awarded. 

Most students under age 24 are dependent, and 

their income quartiles are based on their parents’ 

income. Most independent students are 24 or 

older, and their income quartiles are based on their 

own income (and that of their spouse, if married). 

In addition, independent students are 

disaggregated by their marital status and whether 

they had children, factors that are also considered 

in determining financial aid eligibility. In this 

report, comparisons of average amounts over time 

are made using constant (1999) dollars. In most 

cases, comparisons in constant (1999) dollars were 

made only between the two survey years at the 

beginning and end of the decade (1989–90 and 

1999–2000), although estimates from the interim 

NPSAS years (1992–93 and 1995–96) are 

presented to provide the reader with complete 

information. Throughout the report, statistical 

conclusions are drawn at the p<0.05 significance 

level. 

Changes in Financial Aid by Type of 

Institution 

The wide variation in level of tuition charged 

by the different institutional sectors necessitates 

an analysis of trends by institution type. Following 

are summaries of the detailed findings from each 

of the institutional sectors in this study. 

Comparisons of average amounts are presented in 

constant (1999) dollars. 

Public 2-Year Institutions 

Among full-time undergraduates enrolled in 

public 2-year institutions, the average tuition 

increased from $1,100 to $1,500 and the average 

net tuition (tuition minus grants) increased from 

$700 to $900 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

The percentage of all full-time students receiving 

financial aid also grew (49 percent to 58 percent), 

as did the average amount of total aid received 

($3,300 to $3,900) (figure C). Middle-income
Executive Summary

viii 

dependent students were more likely to take out 

loans at the end of the decade than at the 

beginning (lower middle: 9 percent to 19 percent; 

upper middle: 6 percent to 13 percent), although 

no measurable change was detected in the overall 

rate of borrowing among all full-time students. 

The percentage of those who received 

unsubsidized Stafford loans increased from 1 

percent to 9 percent. Also contributing to the 

overall increase in aid between 1989–90 and 

1999–2000 was growth in the percentage of all 

full-time students receiving grants (44 percent to 

51 percent). The percentage of dependent students 

who received federal Supplemental Educational 

Opportunity Grants (SEOGs) increased for those 

in the lowest income quarter12 (7 percent to 16 

percent). Dependent students were more likely to 

receive state grants (12 percent vs. 18 percent), 

and both dependent and independent students 

were more likely to receive institutional grants (16 

percent vs. 9 percent). 

Public 4-Year Institutions 

Among full-time undergraduates enrolled in 

public 4-year institutions, the average tuition 

increased from $2,800 to $4,200 and the average 

net tuition (tuition minus grants) grew from 

$1,900 to $2,700 between 1989–90 and 1999–

2000. Gains during this period were seen in the 

 

12Hereafter referred to as “low-income students” for ease of 

presentation. 

Figure C.—Among full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled at public 2-year institutions, percentage who received aid

Figure C.—and average amount of aid received by those receiving aid (in constant 1999 dollars), by type of aid: 1989–90

Figure C.—and 1999–2000

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the

District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico. Excluded are students enrolled at institutions other than the four major sectors (i.e., public 2-year, public

4-year, private not-for-profit 4-year, and private for-profit less-than 4-year) who constituted no more than 5 percent of the undergraduate

population across the four NPSAS years. To have full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time during the academic year for 8

or more months to have full-time, full-year status. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were adjusted for inflation using the Consumer

Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). “Total aid” includes all types of financial aid: grants, loans, work-study, and other (such as

employer’s benefits and veteran’s benefits). “Loans” include all federal, state, institutional, and privately funded loans, as well as Parent Loans

for Undergraduate Students (PLUS), a federal loan that is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduates, and do not include loans from

friends or family. “Grants” include all federal, state, institutional, and privately funded grants. Figures include students who received both loans

and grants.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary

Student Aid Studies (NPSAS:90 and NPSAS:2000). 

Total aid

49

58

0

20

40

60

80

100

1989–90 1999–2000

Percent

$3,300

$3,900

Loans

15 18

0

20

40

60

80

100

1989–90 1999–2000

Percent

Grants

51 44

0

20

40

60

80

100

1989–90 1999–2000

Percent

$2,800 $3,900

$2,300 $2,600
Executive Summary 

ix 

percentage receiving any type of financial aid (52 

percent to 73 percent) and in the average amount 

of total financial aid received ($5,200 to $7,100) 

(figure D). Loans, in particular, became an 

increasingly important source of financing for 

students in this sector. In 1999–2000, one-half (50 

percent) of all full-time undergraduates in public 

4-year institutions were taking out loans, 

compared to about one-third (31 percent) 10 years 

earlier. The percentage receiving subsidized 

Stafford loans increased from 24 percent to 38 

percent and the percentage receiving unsubsidized 

Stafford loans increased from 1 percent to 25 

percent. There were gains in Parent Loans for 

Undergraduate Students (PLUS), a federal loan 

taken out by parents of dependent undergraduates, 

and non-federal loan borrowing as well. Increases 

in aid were also driven by growth in the 

percentage of undergraduates receiving grants (42 

percent to 55 percent). In 1999–2000 (compared 

with 1989–90), both dependent and independent 

low-income students were more likely to receive 

federal Pell Grants (low-income dependent 

students: 73 percent vs. 65 percent; low-income 

independent students: 76 percent vs. 63 percent); 

low-income independent students were more 

likely to receive federal SEOGs (16 percent vs. 24 

percent); and all full-time students were more 

likely to receive state or institutional grants. 

Private Not-for-Profit 4-Year Institutions 

Among full-time undergraduates enrolled in 

private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, the 

average tuition increased from $11,500 to $14,800 

and the average net tuition (tuition minus grants) 

grew from $7,600 to $8,800 between 1989–90 and 

1999–2000. The percentage of all full-time 

undergraduates receiving financial aid increased 

Figure D.—Among full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled at public 4-year institutions, percentage who received aid

Figure D.—and average amount of aid received by those receiving aid (in constant 1999 dollars), by type of aid: 1989–90

Figure D.—and 1999–2000

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the

District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico. Excluded are students enrolled at institutions other than the four major sectors (i.e., public 2-year, public

4-year, private not-for-profit 4-year, and private for-profit less-than 4-year) who constituted no more than 5 percent of the undergraduate

population across the four NPSAS years. To have full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time during the academic year for 8

or more months to have full-time, full-year status. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were adjusted for inflation using the Consumer

Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). “Total aid” includes all types of financial aid: grants, loans, work-study, and other (such as

employer’s benefits and veteran’s benefits). “Loans” include all federal, state, institutional, and privately funded loans, as well as Parent Loans

for Undergraduate Students (PLUS), a federal loan that is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduates, and do not include loans from

friends or family. “Grants” include all federal, state, institutional, and privately funded grants. Figures include students who received both loans

and grants.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary

Student Aid Studies (NPSAS:90 and NPSAS:2000). 

Total aid

52

73

0

20

40

60

80

100

1989–90 1999–2000

Percent

$5,200

$7,100

Loans

31

50

0

20

40

60

80

100

1989–90 1999–2000

Percent

Grants

55

42

0

20

40

60

80

100

1989–90 1999–2000

Percent

$3,600

$5,700 $3,300

$3,800
Executive Summary

x 

from 74 percent to 85 percent and the average 

amount of total aid received grew from $9,200 to 

$13,800 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (figure 

E). Changes in financial aid were related to 

dependency status, as dependent students had a 

higher average tuition than independent students 

in both 1989–90 and 1999–2000. The percentage 

of dependent students who received any type of 

financial aid increased from 71 percent to 85 

percent, but 85 percent of independent students 

were already receiving aid in 1989–90 and no 

measurable change from this percentage was 

detected in 1999–2000. Borrowing increased 

among dependent students during this period (45 

percent to 63 percent). Dependent students were 

also more likely to receive subsidized Stafford 

loans (50 percent vs. 37 percent) and their parents 

were more likely to take out PLUS loans (12 

percent vs. 6 percent) in 1999–2000 than in 1989– 

90. Although no change was detected in the 

overall rate of borrowing among independent 

students (58 percent in both years), both 

independent and dependent students were more 

likely to take out unsubsidized loans (24 percent 

vs. 2 percent), and non-federal loans (14 percent 

vs. 3 percent) in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90. 

Low-income dependent students were more likely 

to receive federal Pell Grants, and both dependent 

and independent low-income students were more 

likely to receive federal SEOGs in 1999–2000 

than in 1989–90. Dependent students were more 

likely to receive institutional grant aid in 1999–

2000 than in 1989–90, while no significant 

difference was found among independent students. 

The percentage of full-time dependent students 

who received work-study aid grew from 21 

percent to 29 percent between 1989–90 and 1999–

2000.

Figure E.—Among full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled at private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, percentage

Figure E.—who received aid and average amount of aid received by those receiving aid (in constant 1999 dollars), by type

Figure E.—of aid: 1989–90 and 1999–2000

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the

District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico. Excluded are students enrolled at institutions other than the four major sectors (i.e., public 2-year, public

4-year, private not-for-profit 4-year, and private for-profit less-than 4-year) who constituted no more than 5 percent of the undergraduate

population across the four NPSAS years. To have full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time during the academic year for 8

or more months to have full-time, full-year status. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were adjusted for inflation using the Consumer

Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). “Total aid” includes all types of financial aid: grants, loans, work-study, and other (such as

employer’s benefits and veteran’s benefits). “Loans” include all federal, state, institutional, and privately funded loans, as well as Parent Loans

for Undergraduate Students (PLUS), a federal loan that is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduates, and do not include loans from

friends or family. “Grants” include all federal, state, institutional, and privately funded grants. Figures include students who received both loans

and grants.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary

Student Aid Studies (NPSAS:90 and NPSAS:2000). 

Total aid

74

85

0

20

40

60

80

100

1989–90 1999–2000

Percent

$9,200

$13,800

Loans

47 62

0

20

40

60

80

100

1989–90 1999–2000

Percent

Grants

76

68

0

20

40

60

80

100

1989–90 1999–2000

Percent

$4,600

$7,700 $6,000

$8,400
Executive Summary 

xi 

Private for-Profit Less-Than-4-Year 

Institutions 

Among full-time undergraduates enrolled for 6 

or more months in private for-profit less-than-4-

year institutions, no statistical difference was 

detected in average tuition between 1989–90 and 

1999–2000 (about $7,400 in both years).13 The 

percentage of full-time undergraduates who 

received any type of financial aid increased from 

88 to 93 percent and the average amount they 

received grew from $6,300 to $8,000 between 

 

13The definition of full-time, full-year status is different for 

students enrolled in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions where certificates can be attained within a shorter 

time frame. Unlike those enrolled in other sectors where fulltime, full-year status was defined as full-time enrollment for 8 

or more months, students at private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions were considered to be enrolled full time, full year 

if they attended full time for 6 or more months. 

1989–90 and 1999–2000 (figure F). This study did 

not detect a difference in the overall percentage of 

full-time students who took out student loans in 

1989–90 and 1999–2000 (about 75 percent), but 

dependent students with incomes above the lowest 

quarter were more likely to take out loans in 

1999–2000 than in 1989–90. This study also did 

not detect a difference in the overall percentage of 

full-time students receiving grants in 1989–90 and 

1999–2000 (about 68 percent). However, lowincome students were more likely to receive grants 

in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (dependent 

students: 90 percent vs. 81 percent; independent 

students: 92 percent vs. 85 percent), including 

federal Pell Grants and state grants. Independent 

students with incomes at or below the median 

were more likely to receive federal SEOGs in 

1999–2000 compared to 1989–90 (30 percent vs. 

12 percent). 

Figure F.—Among full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled at private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions,

Figure F.—percentage who received aid and average amount of aid received by those receiving aid (in constant 1999

Figure F.—dollars), by type of aid: 1989–90 and 1999–2000

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the

District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico. Excluded are students enrolled at institutions other than the four major sectors (i.e., public 2-year, public

4-year, private not-for-profit 4-year, and private for-profit less-than 4-year) who constituted no more than 5 percent of the undergraduate

population across the four NPSAS years. To have full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time during the academic year for 6

or more months to have full-time, full-year status. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were adjusted for inflation using the Consumer

Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). “Total aid” includes all types of financial aid: grants, loans, work-study, and other (such as

employer’s benefits and veteran’s benefits). “Loans” include all federal, state, institutional, and privately funded loans, as well as Parent Loans

for Undergraduate Students (PLUS), a federal loan that is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduates, and do not include loans from

friends or family. “Grants” include all federal, state, institutional, and privately funded grants. Figures include students who received both loans

and grants.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary

Student Aid Studies (NPSAS:90 and NPSAS:2000). 

Total aid

88 93

0

20

40

60

80

100

1989–90 1999–2000

Percent

$6,300 $8,000

Loans

74 76

0

20

40

60

80

100

1989–90 1999–2000

Percent

$4,700 $6,400

Grants

67 69

0

20

40

60

80

100

1989–90 1999–2000

Percent

$2,800 $3,000
xii 

Foreword 

This study examines the trends in undergraduate financial aid occurring over a 10-year 

period, beginning in academic year 1989–90 and ending in 1999–2000. The analysis is based on 

data from four separate administrations of the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study 

(NPSAS). The surveys were conducted in 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000. NPSAS 

surveys are administered nationwide to gain information on how students and families pay for 

postsecondary education at institutions located in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and 

Puerto Rico. 

This report discusses the overall trends in undergraduate financing by major institutional 

sector: public 2-year, public 4-year, private not-for-profit 4-year, and private for-profit less-than4-year. Following the analysis are two appendixes containing data from the NPSAS studies. 

Appendix A includes detailed findings and a series of tables that are organized by institutional 

sector with data on prices, expected family contribution (EFC), need, and financial aid received 

during each of the NPSAS years. The tables in appendix A include dollar estimates that were 

adjusted for inflation (to 1999 constant dollars) and used to analyze the specific trends that 

occurred over the decade. 

For those who are interested in conducting further analyses of these trends, a compendium 

of tables with more comprehensive data from each of the four NPSAS surveys resides in 

appendix B. Estimates are presented in current dollars. As in appendix A, the tables in appendix 

B are organized by institution type. Tables provide data on tuition, price of attendance, various 

net price measures, expected family contribution (EFC), financial need, remaining financial need, 

total financial aid, grants, loans, and work-study aid received, all during the 10-year period. 

Appendix B also includes introductory tables showing the study population (i.e., full-time, fullyear students) as a proportion of the total undergraduate population in each sector and the 

average family income for the various categories of full-time, full-year students in each sector. 

The estimates presented in the report were produced using the NCES Data Analysis System 

(DAS), a microcomputer application that allows users to specify and generate tables for the 

NPSAS surveys. The DAS produces the design-adjusted standard errors necessary for testing the 

statistical significance of differences in the estimates. For more information on the DAS, readers 

should consult appendix D of this report. 
xiii 

Acknowledgments 

The authors wish to acknowledge the contribution of many individuals to the production of 

this report. At MPR Associates, Barbara Kridl, Andrea Livingston, Patti Gildersleeve, Wes 

Nations, and Francesca Tussing edited, proofed, and formatted the report. 

At NCES, Dennis Carroll guided the planning and development of the report at all stages of 

review and Paula Knepper and Marilyn Seastrom, Chief Statistician, provided a comprehensive 

technical and methodological review. In addition, Joan Burrelli (National Science Foundation), 

Michael P. Cohen (Bureau of Transportation Statistics), Dan Goldenberg (ED Planning and 

Evaluation Services), Ellie Greenberg (University of Colorado), Robin Gurley (Education 

Statistics Services Institute, ESSI), Dongbin Kim (National Association of Independent Colleges 

and Universities), Jaci King (American Council on Education), and Leslie Scott (ESSI) reviewed 

the first draft. Duc-Le To at NCES and two outside reviewers provided comments on the final 

draft of the report. 
xiv 

Table of Contents 

Page 

Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. iii

Foreword.................................................................................................................................... xii

Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................... xiii 

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. xv

List of Figures......................................................................................................................... xxxii

Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1 

Data and Key Variables......................................................................................................... 1 

Organization of the Report.................................................................................................... 5 

Overview of Trends................................................................................................................... 7 

Changes in Tuition Charged at Postsecondary Institutions................................................... 7 

Federal Need Analysis and the 1992 Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act ............ 9 

Total Financial Aid................................................................................................................ 12 

Grants .................................................................................................................................... 16 

Loans ..................................................................................................................................... 19 

Federal Campus-Based Programs ......................................................................................... 23 

Changes in Financial Aid by Institution Type........................................................................ 25 

Public 2-Year Institutions...................................................................................................... 25 

Public 4-Year Institutions...................................................................................................... 27 

Private Not-for-Profit 4-Year Institutions ............................................................................. 28 

Private for-Profit Less-Than-4-Year Institutions .................................................................. 30 

Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 33

References.................................................................................................................................. 35 

Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type ............................................................ 37 

Appendix B—Tables in Current Dollars ................................................................................ 113 

Appendix C—Glossary ............................................................................................................. 203 

Appendix D—Technical Notes and Methodology .................................................................. 211 
xv 

List of Tables 

Table Page 

1 Percentage distribution of undergraduates, by institution type and full-time, full-year 

status: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ................................................... 2 

2 Average expected family contribution (EFC) for full–time, full–year undergraduates 

(in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 

1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................... 11 

3 Percentage of full–time, full–year undergraduates who received financial aid and 

average amount received by those who received aid (in constant 1999 dollars), 

by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 13 

4 Among full–time, full–year undergraduates who received financial aid, average 

percentage of the price of attendance that was covered by aid, by dependency status 

and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000............................... 15 

5 Percentage of full–time, full–year undergraduates who received grants and average 

annual grant amount received (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and 

family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ..................................... 17 

6 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates receiving a Pell Grant and average 

amount received by those who received a Pell Grant, by dependency status and 

family income; and the maximum Pell Grant (in constant 1999 dollars): 1989–90, 

1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................... 18 

7 Percentage of full–time, full–year undergraduates who received loans and average 

annual loan amount received by those who took out a loan (in constant 1999 dollars), 

by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 22 

Appendix A 

A-1.1 Average tuition and net tuition (in constant 1999 dollars) after grants (if any) for fulltime, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions, by dependency status and 

family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ..................................... 42 
List of Tables

xvi 

Table Page 

A-1.2 Average price of attendance, net price of attendance after aid (if any), and expected 

family contribution (in constant 1999 dollars) for full-time, full-year undergraduates 

in public 2-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 

1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................... 43 

A-1.3 Average financial need and remaining need (in constant 1999 dollars) after receiving 

financial aid (if any) for full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year 

institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, 

and 1999–2000............................................................................................................... 44

A-1.4 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received financial aid and average amount of aid received (in constant 1999 dollars), 

by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 45 

A-1.5 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received financial aid, percentage of total price of attendance met by financial aid, 

and percentage of aid received in grants, by dependency status and family income: 

1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................... 46 

A-1.6 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received any student loan and average annual amount received (in constant 1999 

dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, 

and 1999–2000............................................................................................................... 47

A-1.7 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received federal and non-federal student loans, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90 and 1999–2000.................................................................................. 48 

A-1.8 Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) per recipient of federal 

and non-federal student loans among full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled in 

public 2-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 49 

A-1.9 Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) by all full-time, full-year 

undergraduates in public 2-year institutions through various federal and non-federal 

student loan programs, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 50 

A-1.10 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received any grants and average grant amount received (in constant 1999 dollars), 

by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 51 
List of Tables 

xvii 

Table Page 

A-1.11 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received various types of grant aid, by dependency status and family income: 

1989–90 and 1999–2000................................................................................................ 52 

A-1.12 Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) per recipient of federal 

and non-federal grant aid programs among full-time, full-year undergraduates in 

public 2-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 53 

A-1.13 Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) by all full-time, full-year 

undergraduates in public 2-year institutions through federal and non-federal grant aid 

programs, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 and 1999–2000............ 54 

A-1.14 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received work-study aid and average amount received (in constant 1999 dollars), 

by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 55 

A-2.1 Average tuition and net tuition (in constant 1999 dollars) after grants (if any) for fulltime, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions, by dependency status and 

family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ..................................... 61 

A-2.2 Average price of attendance, net price of attendance after aid (if any), and expected 

family contribution (in constant 1999 dollars) for full-time, full-year undergraduates 

in public 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 

1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................... 62 

A-2.3 Average financial need and remaining need (in constant 1999 dollars) after receiving 

financial aid (if any) for full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year 

institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, 

and 1999–2000............................................................................................................... 63

A-2.4 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received financial aid and average amount of aid received (in constant 1999 dollars), 

by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 64 

A-2.5 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received financial aid, percentage of total price of attendance met by financial aid, 

and percentage of aid received in grants, by dependency status and family income: 

1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................... 65 
List of Tables

xviii 

Table Page 

A-2.6 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received any student loan and average annual amount received (in constant 1999 

dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, 

and 1999–2000............................................................................................................... 66

A-2.7 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received federal and non-federal student loans, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90 and 1999–2000.................................................................................. 67 

A-2.8 Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) per recipient of federal 

and non-federal student loans among full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled in 

public 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 68 

A-2.9 Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) by all full-time, full-year 

undergraduates in public 4-year institutions through various federal and non-federal 

student loan programs, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 69 

A-2.10 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received any grants and average grant amount received (in constant 1999 dollars), 

by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, 

and 1999–2000............................................................................................................... 70

A-2.11 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received various types of grant aid, by dependency status and family income: 

1989–90 and 1999–2000................................................................................................ 71 

A-2.12 Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) per recipient of federal 

and non-federal grant aid programs among full-time, full-year undergraduates in 

public 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 72 

A-2.13 Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) by all full-time, full-year 

undergraduates in public 4-year institutions through federal and non-federal grant aid 

programs, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 and 1999–2000............ 73 

A-2.14 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received work-study aid and average amount received (in constant 1999 dollars), 

by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 74 
List of Tables 

xix 

Table Page 

A-3.1 Average tuition and net tuition (in constant 1999 dollars) after grants (if any) for 

full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, by 

dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 80 

A-3.2 Average price of attendance, net price of attendance after aid (if any), and expected 

family contribution (in constant 1999 dollars) for full-time, full-year undergraduates 

in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 

1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................... 81 

A-3.3 Average financial need and remaining need (in constant 1999 dollars) after receiving 

financial aid (if any) for full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 

4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 

1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................................... 82 

A-3.4 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received financial aid and average amount of aid received (in 

constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 

1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................................... 83 

A-3.5 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received financial aid, percentage of total price of attendance met by 

financial aid, and percentage of aid received in grants, by dependency status and 

family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ..................................... 84 

A-3.6 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received any student loan and average annual amount received (in 

constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 

1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................................... 85 

A-3.7 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received federal and non-federal student loans, by dependency status 

and family income: 1989–90 and 1999–2000................................................................ 86 

A-3.8 Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) per recipient of federal 

and non-federal student loans among full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled in 

private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 

1989–90 and 1999–2000................................................................................................ 87 

A-3.9 Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) by all full-time, full-year 

undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions through various federal 

and non-federal student loan programs, by dependency status and family income: 

1989–90 and 1999–2000................................................................................................ 88 
List of Tables

xx 

Table Page 

A-3.10 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received any grants and average grant amount received (in constant 

1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–

96, and 1999–2000......................................................................................................... 89 

A-3.11 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received various types of grant aid, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90 and 1999–2000.................................................................................. 90 

A-3.12 Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) per recipient of federal 

and non-federal grant aid programs among full-time, full-year undergraduates in 

private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 

1989–90 and 1999–2000................................................................................................ 91 

A-3.13 Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) by all full-time, full-year 

undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions through federal and nonfederal grant aid programs, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 92 

A-3.14 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received work-study aid and average amount received (in constant 

1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–

96, and 1999–2000......................................................................................................... 93 

A-4.1 Average tuition and net tuition (in constant 1999 dollars) after grants (if any) for fulltime, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions, by 

dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 98 

A-4.2 Average price of attendance, net price of attendance after aid (if any), and expected 

family contribution (in constant 1999 dollars) for full-time, full-year undergraduates 

in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000................................................. 99 

A-4.3 Average financial need and remaining need (in constant 1999 dollars) after receiving 

financial aid (if any) for full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit lessthan-4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–

93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000......................................................................................... 100 

A-4.4 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received financial aid and average amount of aid received (in 

constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 

1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................................... 101 
List of Tables 

xxi 

Table Page 

A-4.5 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received financial aid, percentage of total price of attendance met by 

financial aid, and percentage of aid received in grants, by dependency status and 

family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ..................................... 102 

A-4.6 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received any student loan and average annual amount received (in 

constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 

1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................................... 103 

A-4.7 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received federal and non-federal student loans, by dependency status 

and family income: 1989–90 and 1999–2000................................................................ 104 

A-4.8 Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) per recipient of federal 

and non-federal student loans among full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled in 

private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90 and 1999–2000.................................................................................. 105 

A-4.9 Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) by all full-time, full-year 

undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions through various 

federal and non-federal student loan programs, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90 and 1999–2000.................................................................................. 106 

A-4.10 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received any grants and average grant amount received (in constant 

1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–

96, and 1999–2000......................................................................................................... 107 

A-4.11 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received various types of grant aid, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90 and 1999–2000.................................................................................. 108 

A-4.12 Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) per recipient of federal 

and non-federal grant aid programs among full-time, full-year undergraduates in 

private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90 and 1999–2000.................................................................................. 109 

A-4.13 Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) by all full-time, full-year 

undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions through federal and 

non-federal grant aid programs, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 

and 1999–2000............................................................................................................... 110
List of Tables

xxii 

Table Page 

A-4.14 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received work-study aid and average amount received (in constant 

1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–

96, and 1999–2000......................................................................................................... 111 

Appendix B 

B-1.0 Percentage of undergraduates enrolled full-time, full-year, percentage distribution 

and average family income of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year 

institutions, by dependency status and family income : 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, 

and 1999–2000............................................................................................................... 114

B-1.1 Average tuition and net tuition after grants (if any) for full-time, full-year 

undergraduates in public 2-year institutions, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000................................................. 115 

B-1.2 Average price of attendance, net price of attendance after aid (if any), and expected 

family contribution (EFC) for full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year 

institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, 

and 1999–2000............................................................................................................... 116

B-1.3 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

had financial aid need and average amount of need, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000................................................. 117 

B-1.4 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

had remaining financial aid need after receiving financial aid (if any) and average 

amount of remaining need, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 

1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................... 118 

B-1.5 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received financial aid and average total amount of financial aid received, by 

dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 119 

B-1.6 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received grants and average grant amount received, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000................................................. 120 

B-1.7 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received federal grants and average federal grant amount received, by dependency 

status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 .................... 121 
List of Tables 

xxiii 

Table Page 

B-1.8 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received federal Pell Grants and average amount received, by dependency status and 

family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ..................................... 122 

B-1.9 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants (SEOG) and average amount 

received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 123 

B-1.10 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received grants from non-federal sources and average amount received, by 

dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 124 

B-1.11 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received state-funded grants and average amount received, by dependency status and 

family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ..................................... 125 

B-1.12 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received institutional grants and average amount received, by dependency status and 

family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ..................................... 126 

B-1.13 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received any student loan and average annual amount received, by dependency status 

and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000............................... 127 

B-1.14 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received federal student loans and average annual amount received, by dependency 

status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 .................... 128 

B-1.15 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received federal Perkins loans and average annual amount received, by dependency 

status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 .................... 129 

B-1.16 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received federal subsidized Stafford loans and average annual amount received, by 

dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 130 

B-1.17 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received federal unsubsidized Stafford loans or Supplemental Loans for Students 

(SLS) and average annual amount received, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000................................................. 131 
List of Tables

xxiv 

Table Page 

B-1.18 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions whose 

parents received a federal PLUS loan and average annual amount received, by 

dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 132 

B-1.19 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received student loans from non-federal sources and average annual amount 

received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 133 

B-1.20 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who 

received work-study aid and average amount received, by dependency status and 

family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ..................................... 134 

B-1.21 Among full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions, percentage of 

total price of attendance met by financial aid and percentage of total financial aid 

awarded in grants, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 

1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................................... 135 

B-2.0 Percentage of undergraduates enrolled full-time, full-year, percentage distribution 

and average family income of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year 

institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, 

and 1999–2000............................................................................................................... 136

B-2.1 Average tuition and net tuition after grants (if any) for full-time, full-year 

undergraduates in public 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000................................................. 137 

B-2.2 Average price of attendance, net price of attendance after aid (if any), and expected 

family contribution (EFC) for full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year 

institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, 

and 1999–2000............................................................................................................... 138

B-2.3 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

had financial aid need and average amount of need, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000................................................. 139 

B-2.4 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

had remaining financial aid need after receiving financial aid (if any) and average 

amount of remaining need, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 

1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................... 140 
List of Tables 

xxv 

Table Page 

B-2.5 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received financial aid and average total amount of financial aid received, by 

dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 141 

B-2.6 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received grants and average grant amount received, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000................................................. 142 

B-2.7 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received federal grants and average federal grant amount received, by dependency 

status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 .................... 143 

B-2.8 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received federal Pell Grants and average amount received, by dependency status and 

family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ..................................... 144 

B-2.9 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants (SEOG) and average amount 

received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 145 

B-2.10 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received grants from non-federal sources and average amount received, by 

dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 146 

B-2.11 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received state-funded grants and average amount received, by dependency status and 

family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ..................................... 147 

B-2.12 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received institutional grants and average amount received, by dependency status and 

family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ..................................... 148 

B-2.13 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received any student loan and average annual amount received, by dependency status 

and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000............................... 149 

B-2.14 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received federal student loans and average annual amount received, by dependency 

status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 .................... 150 
List of Tables

xxvi 

Table Page 

B-2.15 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received federal Perkins loans and average annual amount received, by dependency 

status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 .................... 151 

B-2.16 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received federal subsidized Stafford loans and average annual amount received, by 

dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 152 

B-2.17 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received federal unsubsidized Stafford loans or Supplemental Loans for Students 

(SLS) and average annual amount received, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000................................................. 153 

B-2.18 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions whose 

parents received a federal PLUS loan and average annual amount received, by 

dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 154 

B-2.19 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received student loans from non-federal sources and average annual amount 

received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, 

and 1999–2000............................................................................................................... 155

B-2.20 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who 

received work-study aid and average amount received, by dependency status and 

family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ..................................... 156 

B-2.21 Among full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions, percentage of 

total price of attendance met by financial aid and percentage of total financial aid 

awarded in grants, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 

1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................................... 157 

B-3.0 Percentage of undergraduates enrolled full-time, full-year, percentage distribution 

and average family income of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-forprofit 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–

93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000......................................................................................... 158 

B-3.1 Average tuition and net tuition after grants (if any) for full-time, full-year 

undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, by dependency status and 

family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ..................................... 159 
List of Tables 

xxvii 

Table Page 

B-3.2 Average price of attendance, net price of attendance after aid (if any), and expected 

family contribution (EFC) for full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-forprofit 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–

93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000......................................................................................... 160 

B-3.3 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who had financial aid need and average amount of need, by dependency 

status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 .................... 161 

B-3.4 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who had remaining financial aid need after receiving financial aid (if 

any) and average amount of remaining need, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000................................................. 162 

B-3.5 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received financial aid and average total amount of financial aid 

received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, 

and 1999–2000............................................................................................................... 163

B-3.6 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received grants and average grant amount received, by dependency 

status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 .................... 164 

B-3.7 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received federal grants and average federal grant amount received, 

by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 165 

B-3.8 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received federal Pell Grants and average amount received, by 

dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 166 

B-3.9 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants (SEOG) 

and average amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 

1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................... 167 

B-3.10 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received grants from non-federal sources and average amount 

received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, 

and 1999–2000............................................................................................................... 168
List of Tables

xxviii 

Table Page 

B-3.11 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received state-funded grants and average amount received, by 

dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 169 

B-3.12 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received institutional grants and average amount received, by 

dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 170 

B-3.13 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received any student loan and average annual amount received, by 

dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 171 

B-3.14 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received federal student loans and average annual amount received, 

by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 172 

B-3.15 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received federal Perkins loans and average annual amount received, 

by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 173 

B-3.16 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received federal subsidized Stafford loans and average annual 

amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 

1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................................... 174 

B-3.17 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received federal unsubsidized Stafford loans or Supplemental Loans 

for Students (SLS) and average annual amount received, by dependency status and 

family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ..................................... 175 

B-3.18 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions whose parents received a federal PLUS loan and average annual amount 

received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 176 

B-3.19 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received student loans from non-federal sources and average annual 

amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 

1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................................... 177 
List of Tables 

xxix 

Table Page 

B-3.20 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions who received work-study aid and average amount received, by 

dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 178 

B-3.21 Among full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions, percentage of total price of attendance met by financial aid and 

percentage of total financial aid awarded in grants, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000................................................. 179 

B-4.0 Percentage of undergraduates enrolled full-time, full-year, percentage distribution 

and average family income of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit 

less-than-4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 

1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................... 180 

B-4.1 Average tuition and net tuition after grants (if any) for full-time, full-year 

undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions, by dependency 

status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 .................... 181 

B-4.2 Average price of attendance, net price of attendance after aid (if any), and expected 

family contribution (EFC) for full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit 

less-than-4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 

1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................... 182 

B-4.3 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who had financial aid need and average amount of need, by dependency 

status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 .................... 183 

B-4.4 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who had remaining financial aid need after receiving financial aid 

(if any) and average amount of remaining need, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000................................................. 184 

B-4.5 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received financial aid and average total amount of financial aid 

received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 185 

B-4.6 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received grants and average grant amount received, by dependency 

status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 .................... 186 
List of Tables

xxx 

Table Page 

B-4.7 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received federal grants and average federal grant amount received, 

by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–

2000 ............................................................................................................................... 187 

B-4.8 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received federal Pell Grants and average amount received, by 

dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 188 

B-4.9 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants (SEOG) and 

average amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–

93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000......................................................................................... 189 

B-4.10 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received grants from non-federal sources and average amount 

received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 190 

B-4.11 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received state-funded grants and average amount received, by 

dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 191 

B-4.12 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received institutional grants and average amount received, by 

dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 192 

B-4.13 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received any student loan and average annual amount received, by 

dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 193 

B-4.14 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received federal student loans and average annual amount received, 

by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 194 

B-4.15 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received federal Perkins loans and average annual amount received, 

by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 195 
List of Tables 

xxxi 

Table Page 

B-4.16 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received federal subsidized Stafford loans and average annual 

amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 

1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................................... 196 

B-4.17 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received federal unsubsidized Stafford loans or Supplemental Loans 

for Students (SLS) and average annual amount received, by dependency status and 

family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ..................................... 197 

B-4.18 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions whose parents received a federal PLUS loan and average annual amount 

received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 198 

B-4.19 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions who received student loans from non-federal sources and average annual 

amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 

1995–96, and 1999–2000............................................................................................... 199 

B-4.20 Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than4-year institutions who received work-study aid and average amount received, 

by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... 200 

B-4.21 Among full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions, percentage of total price of attendance met by financial aid and 

percentage of total financial aid awarded in grants, by dependency status and family 

income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000................................................. 201 

Appendix D 

D-1 Standard errors for table 2: Average expected family contribution (EFC) for full–

time, full–year undergraduates (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and 

family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ..................................... 214 
xxxii 

List of Figures 

Figure Page 

Executive Summary 

A Among full-time, full-year undergraduates, percentage who received financial aid, 

and among those receiving aid, average amount of aid received (in constant 1999 

dollars) and the percentage of the price of attendance that was covered by any type of 

aid: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000........................................................ iv 

B Among full-time, full-year undergraduates, percentage who received grants, 

percentage who received loans, and the average amount of grant and loan aid 

received by those receiving grant and loan aid, respectively (in constant 1999 

dollars): 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ................................................ v 

C Among full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled at public 2-year institutions, 

percentage who received aid and average amount of aid received by those receiving 

aid (in constant 1999 dollars), by type of aid: 1989–90 and 1999–2000....................... viii 

D Among full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled at public 4-year institutions, 

percentage who received aid and average amount of aid received by those receiving 

aid (in constant 1999 dollars), by type of aid: 1989–90 and 1999–2000....................... ix 

E Among full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled at private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions, percentage who received aid and average amount of aid received by 

those receiving aid (in constant 1999 dollars), by type of aid: 1989–90 and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... x 

F Among full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled at private for-profit less-than-4-

year institutions, percentage who received aid and average amount of aid received by 

those receiving aid (in constant 1999 dollars), by type of aid: 1989–90 and 

1999–2000 ..................................................................................................................... xi 

Text 

1 Among full-time, full-year undergraduates, percentage who received grants, 

percentage who received loans, and the average amount of grant and loan aid 

received by those receiving grant and loan aid, respectively (in constant 1999 

dollars): 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 ................................................ 8 
1 

Introduction 

This study examines 10-year changes in many of the major aspects of undergraduate 

financing: tuition, price of attendance, grants and loans, various net price measures, need, and 

remaining need by presenting a comparison of the data from the last four National Postsecondary 

Student Aid Study (NPSAS) surveys (1989–1990, 1992–1993, 1995–1996, and 1999–2000).1 

As the NPSAS studies have evolved, revisions of variables were made to reconcile 

inconsistencies in definitions and to make retrospective corrections in the data. This has made it 

challenging for users of the Data Analysis System (DAS) to identify the variables that are 

appropriate for comparison across the surveys. The main purpose of this report is to provide a 

convenient and readily accessible reference to the data from the NPSAS surveys most frequently 

used for trend analysis. The study adds to the base of information by developing and utilizing 

variables that are comparable across time and integrated into a single report on trends in financial 

aid. A large compendium of tables is included in appendixes A and B, displaying the comparable 

financial aid data from each of the four NPSAS years for full-time, full-year undergraduates in 

each of the major sectors: public 2-year, public 4-year, private not-for-profit 4-year, and private 

for-profit less-than-4-year institutions. 

Data and Key Variables 

The tables in appendix A contain constant (1999) dollars and are used for the comparisons 

that are discussed in the text. (Current dollars are presented in the compendium of tables in 

appendix B.) All comparisons over time were made using the 1999–2000 NPSAS survey year as 

the base year to adjust for inflation. Dollar estimates from the first three surveys (1989–90, 

1992–93, and 1995–96) were converted into 1999 dollars using the average annual CPI-U indices 

as provided by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. The following 

multipliers were used to convert estimates to constant (1999) dollars for each of the three 

preceding NPSAS surveys: NPSAS 1989–90: 1.343548; NPSAS 1992–93: 1.187455; and 

NPSAS 1995–96: 1.093176. Standard errors were adjusted for inflation using the same 

conversion factors. 

 

1NPSAS is a nationwide study conducted by the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics 

(NCES) primarily to determine how undergraduate and graduate students and their families pay for postsecondary education. For 

more information on NPSAS surveys, consult the NPSAS website http://nces.ed.gov/npsas.
Introduction

2 

Comparisons over time were made within the four major sectors. Each section in this report 

contains basic information on financial aid for that sector. The group of students that is of 

greatest interest in the trend analysis is full-time, full-year undergraduates; thus, the comparative 

data in the report are limited to this group. Table 1 shows the distribution of full-time, full-year 

undergraduates by institution type compared to the distribution of all undergraduates who were 

enrolled. For public 2- and 4-year institutions and private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, fulltime, full-year status is defined as having enrolled full time in the institution for at least 8 

months. In the case of private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions where certificates can be 

completed within a shorter time frame, students are considered full year if they attended at least 6 

months. 

The comparisons are limited to full-time, full-year undergraduate students in the four major 

institutional sectors because these students are generally the focus of most studies in the area of 

undergraduate student financing and of most interest to researchers performing historical 

analyses. In each of the four NPSAS years, no more than 5 percent of all undergraduates were 

Table 1.—Percentage distribution of undergraduates, by institution type and full-time, full-year status:

Table 1.—1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Private not-for- Private for-profit

Academic year Public 2-year Public 4-year profit 4-year less-than-4-year

1989–1990 42.9 33.8 14.4 8.9

1992–1993 46.0 32.5 14.7 6.8

1995–1996 47.4 32.9 15.1 4.9

1999–2000 46.5 34.3 15.2 4.2

1989–1990 18.3 48.3 24.1 9.3

1992–1993 19.7 47.5 23.2 9.7

1995–1996 20.9 48.5 24.0 6.6

1999–2000 22.4 47.8 24.0 5.9

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the

50 states, the District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico. Excluded are students enrolled at institutions other than the four major

sectors (i.e., public 2-year, public 4-year, private not-for-profit 4-year, and private for-profit less-than 4-year) who constituted no

more than 5 percent of the undergraduate population across the four NPSAS years. To have full-time, full-year status, students

must be enrolled full time during the academic year for 8 or more months at public 2-year, public 4-year, and private not-forprofit 4-year institutions, or 6 or more months at private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions. Detail may not sum to totals

because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and

1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NPSAS:90, NPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

All undergraduates

Full-time, full-year undergraduates
Introduction 

3 

enrolled in institutions other than the four sectors covered in this report.2 As a percentage of all 

undergraduates, full-time, full-year students constituted about 16 to 19 percent of students at 

public 2-year institutions, 53 to 56 percent at public 4-year institutions, 57 to 66 percent at 

private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, and 52 to 55 percent at private for-profit less-than-4-

year institutions between 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (tables B-1.0, B-2.0, B-3.0, and B-4.0). It is 

important to note that because such a small percentage of students were enrolled full time for a 

full academic year at public 2-year institutions, this report does not represent the majority of 

undergraduates attending community colleges. 

Limiting the report to full-time, full-year undergraduates makes it possible for researchers 

to make comparisons over time and across different variables for a relatively homogeneous group 

of students. Also, full-time, full-year students have prices and aid packages that are more likely 

to exhibit measurable differences over time. The price of attendance for part-time students differs 

by the number of courses they take and the number of months they are enrolled, thereby creating 

a great deal of variation in the sample, making it difficult to find any differences. 

Because changes in financial aid eligibility during this decade were based in large part on 

income, dependency, and marital status, those variables were chosen for analysis in this study. 

The subgroups included in the tables are as follows: dependent students, dependent students by 

income quarter, independent students, independent students by income quarter, and independent 

students by marital status and whether they had children (or other dependents). 

Definitions of Price and Need 

The various net prices and types of financial need analyzed in this study are defined as 

follows: “total price of attendance” (or “student budget”) is equal to tuition and fees plus 

estimated living expenses; “net tuition” is defined as tuition and fees minus total grants received 

(up to the tuition amount),3 “net price of attendance” is the total price of attendance minus all 

grants and loans received and is the amount that students and families pay at the time of 

enrollment; “financial need” is equal to the total price of attendance minus the federal expected 

family contribution (EFC)—which is the federal estimate of the student’s and family’s ability to 

pay based on the formula (need analysis) as prescribed by law; and “remaining financial need” 

 

21989–90 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study Data Analysis System, 1992–93 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study 

Data Analysis System, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study Data Analysis System, and 1999–2000 National 

Postsecondary Student Aid Study Data Analysis System (data not shown in tables). 

3Grants are not necessarily limited to paying for tuition, but may cover other educational expenses as well. If the grant amount is 

greater than the tuition charges, the excess is applied to room and board or other expenses. In calculating the average net tuition, 

negative values (when the grant amount exceeds tuition) were set to zero. 
Introduction

4 

(or “unmet need”) is the amount of financial need that remains after all financial aid is subtracted 

from total financial need. 

The two net price variables used in this study—net tuition and net price of attendance—

measure the different levels of cost to students and families. The net tuition variable (tuition and 

fees minus grant aid) represents the amount of tuition paid after grants are received, while the net 

price of attendance (price of attendance minus all grant and loan aid) represents the amount paid 

for both tuition and living expenses after all aid is taken into account. 

Researchers who are interested in changes in tuition and grant aid can utilize the “net 

tuition” variables included in this report for further study. Because net tuition is equal to the 

amount of tuition that is paid after all grants have been received, and does not subtract loans, it 

represents the amount of tuition for which students and families are responsible. In some cases, 

however, grants will exceed the amount of tuition (and would therefore be used to offset the cost 

of living), resulting in a negative net tuition amount. In calculating the average net tuition, all 

negative net tuition values were set to zero. In 1999–2000, the percentage of full-time, full-year 

undergraduates with zero net tuition was 5 percent at private for-profit less-than-4-year 

institutions, 12 percent at private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, 26 percent at public 4-year 

institutions, and 34 percent at public 2-year institutions. 

Analysis of changes in the net price of attendance can help determine whether total aid—

which includes loans that must be repaid—has kept up with changes in total price over time. 

However, the net price of attendance does not equal the actual price that must be paid for a 

postsecondary education because loans were subtracted from the total price to achieve this 

estimate. While grants reduce the amount to be paid, loans only postpone the actual cost since 

loans must be repaid eventually and with interest. The net price of attendance represents only the 

immediate, out-of-pocket costs upon enrollment. The actual cost of a postsecondary education 

over the lifetime of the student (or parent) who has taken out a loan will be higher. Any increases 

or decreases in average net price should be viewed with caution. A reduction in net price over 

time may only signify that students and/or parents have taken out more loans rather than received 

more grant aid or paid less in tuition. 

Grants and loans are the largest sources of aid; therefore, the focus is on the impact these 

two types of support have on net prices. Although work-study is also considered to be a form of 

need-based financial aid and is included as a component of “total financial aid” in this report, it is 

not included in the calculation of net price. There are several reasons not to include work-study 

in the definition of net price. Previous studies on postsecondary financing have generally 

included only grants and loans in their calculations of net price. From the perspective of the 
Introduction 

5 

student, a work-study award is income that must be earned from employment and is not a 

resource that can be drawn upon such as a grant or a loan, which can offset the immediate, outof-pocket costs of attendance. Including work-study earnings in the equation for net price also 

would necessitate inclusion of all other employment income and result in a lower net price for all 

students with earnings, as well as those not eligible for need-based aid. 

Definition of Financial Aid 

Financial aid is defined in this report as assistance in the form of grants, loans, work-study, 

or other support (such as veterans’ benefits, employer aid, and aid through job training 

programs). Although the federal tax subsidies provided through the Hope and Lifetime Learning 

Credits also help offset the price of attendance for many middle-income families, they were not 

analyzed in this study because they are not offered as part of a student’s financial aid package, 

and the data were not available through the Data Analysis System (DAS). The amount of the tax 

credit is not known nor is it available to the student (or parent) upon enrollment. In effect, the 

federal tax benefits do not offset the immediate, out-of-pocket cost of attendance to students and 

families who must first pay tuition before they can receive a credit for it the following year. 

Organization of the Report 

The report consists of two major sections: an overview of trends and a description of 

changes in financial aid by institution type. The first section begins by discussing the overall 

trends in undergraduate financing, how the 1992 Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act 

affected federal financial aid policies and programs, and the changes that occurred over time in 

the types and amounts of financial aid received by undergraduates. In the second section, the 10-

year trends are presented separately for each of the four major institutional sectors: public 2-year, 

public 4-year, private not-for-profit 4-year, and private for-profit less-than-4-year. 

Following the main body of the report are two appendixes, appendix A and appendix B, 

presenting data from the four NPSAS surveys. Appendix A includes detailed findings and a 

series of tables that are organized by institutional sector with data on tuition, net tuition, price 

and net price of attendance, expected family contribution (EFC), need, remaining need, and 

financial aid received during each of the four NPSAS years. The tables in appendix A include 

constant dollar (i.e., adjusted for inflation) estimates that were used to analyze the specific trends 

that are discussed in the report. The discussions in the report refer only to the data that are 

presented in tables 1 through 7, figures A through F, and most of the appendix A tables. They do 

not include any analysis of the estimates in appendix A tables A-1.9, A-1.13, A-2.9, A-2.13, A3.9, A-3.13, A-4.9, and A-4.13. These tables were excluded from the analysis because they 
Introduction

6 

include averages of grants and loans received by all full-time students. Only averages that were 

calculated per recipient of a particular aid type were discussed in this report. Averages among all 

full-time undergraduates can often be too small for meaningful analyses; therefore, only averages 

among recipients were tested for statistical significance. The averages for all full-time 

undergraduates are presented in appendix A for the benefit of those who would like to conduct 

further research in this area. These estimates allow for the addition and subtraction of grants, 

loans, and other aid types because they have the same denominator. 

Appendix B consists of a compendium of tables with more comprehensive data from each 

of the NPSAS surveys. Estimates are presented in current dollars (i.e., real or actual dollars). As 

in appendix A, the tables in appendix B are organized by institution type. Tables provide data on 

tuition, net tuition, price and net price of attendance, expected family contribution (EFC), 

financial need, remaining financial need, total financial aid, grants, loans, and work-study aid 

received, all during the 10-year period. Appendix B also includes introductory tables showing the 

study population (i.e., full-time, full-year students) as a proportion of the total undergraduate 

population in each sector and the average family income for the various categories of full-time, 

full-year students in each sector. 

The report ends with two additional appendixes that provide a detailed description of all the 

variables used (appendix C) and a technical appendix that gives an overview of the four NPSAS 

surveys, the Data Analysis System (DAS), an NCES micro-computer application that was used to 

produce all of the estimates presented in this report, and a very short briefing on statistical 

procedures used throughout the report (appendix D). 

Throughout this report, statistical conclusions are drawn at the p<0.05 significance level. 

The reader should note that in some cases, differences between estimates may not be statistically 

significant although they might appear to be different. This can occur because the sample sizes of 

the groups being compared are relatively small and/or the amount of variation as measured by the 

standard errors is too large to allow such differences to be detected by statistical testing. 
7 

Overview of Trends 

The decade of the 1990s saw growth in tuition at the postsecondary level but also in the 

amount of financial aid available, particularly student loans (U.S. General Accounting Office 

1998; College Board 2002). Public funding was constrained in the early part of the decade and 

tuition increases were of growing concern. At the same time, federal financial aid programs and 

policies as we know them today were being shaped by the 1992 Reauthorization of the Higher 

Education Act (HEA-92). Growth in tuition and the increased availability of federal student loans 

were the major driving forces in undergraduate student financing during this decade. 

While most of the discussion on trends in student financing has focused on the increasing 

use of student loans, grants are still the cornerstone of financial aid for students who receive 

need-based aid at public and private not-for-profit institutions. This remains the case even though 

there was tremendous growth in borrowing that took place during this decade (College Board 

2002). In 1999–2000, 60 percent of all full-time, full-year undergraduates received grants, up 

from 51 percent in 1989–90 (figure 1). Although the proportion receiving federal Pell Grants 

remained stable (about 32 percent),4 the percentage of full-time undergraduates who received 

grants funded by state (18 percent to 22 percent) and institutional sources have increased (21 

percent to 29 percent).5

Changes in Tuition Charged at Postsecondary Institutions 

To assess the real impact of tuition increases on students and families, growth in tuition and 

changes in total grant aid were analyzed in terms of constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. Horn, 

Wei, and Berker. (2002) found that between 1992–93 and 1999–2000, tuition had increased but

 

4 No changes were detected in the percentage receiving Pell Grants, but the average Pell Grant award amount changed over the 

decade in response to annual Congressional appropriations. In 1989–90, the average amount that Pell Grant recipients received 

was $2,200. This decreased to $2,100 in 1992–93 and $2,000 in 1995–96, and then increased to $2,300 in 1999–2000 (table 6). 

51989–90 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study Data Analysis System and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid 

Study Data Analysis System (data not shown in tables). 
Overview of Trends

8 

net tuition (tuition minus all grants received, up to the tuition amount6) had not. This finding 

indicated that grants were able to keep pace with tuition increases during those years.7

Going back further in time, the present report found that after adjusting for inflation, both 

average tuition and average net tuition grew between the years 1989–90 and 1999–2000 among 

full-time undergraduates enrolled at public 2-year, public 4-year, and private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions (tables A-1.1, A-2.1, and A-3.1).8 This suggests that increases in grant aid, therefore, 

did not keep pace with increases in tuition over the decade. 

 

6Grants are not necessarily limited to paying for tuition, but may cover other educational expenses as well. If the grant amount is 

greater than the tuition charges, the excess is applied to room and board or other expenses. In calculating the average net tuition, 

negative values (when the grant amount exceeds tuition) were set to zero. 

7Tuition and net tuition changes were compared for public 2-year, public 4-year, and private not-for-profit 4-year institutions 

from 1992–93 to 1999–2000. Private for-profit institutions were not included in that study. 

8No significant change in average tuition or net tuition was observed among private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions 

between 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (table A-4.1). 

Figure 1.—Among full-time, full-year undergraduates, percentage who received grants, percentage who

Figure 1.—received loans, and the average amount of grant and loan aid received by those receiving grant 

Figure 1.—and loan aid, respectively (in constant 1999 dollars): 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in 

the 50 states, the District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico. Excluded are students enrolled at institutions other than the four major 

public sectors (i.e., public 2-year, 4-year, private not-for-profit 4-year, and private for-profit less-than 4-year) who constituted no

more than 5 percent of the undergraduate population across the four NPSAS years. To have full-time, full-year status, students 

must be enrolled full time during the academic year for 8 or more months at public 2-year, public 4-year, and private 

not-for-profit 4-year institutions, or 6 or more months at private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions. Estimates for the 

1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–96 academic years were adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban 

Consumers (CPI-U). “Grants” include all federal, state, institutional, and privately funded grants. “Loans” include all federal, 

state, institutional, and privately funded loans, as well as Parent Loans for Undergraduate Students (PLUS), a federal loan that is 

taken out by parents of dependent undergraduates, and do not include loans from friends or family. Students who received both 

grants and loans are represented in both figures.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NPSAS:90, NPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000).

Grants

60 51 50 55

0

20

40

60

80

100

1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000

Percent

$4,000 $4,000 $4,300 $4,900

Loans

44 47 36 35

0

20

40

60

80

100

1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000

Percent

$4,100 $4,500 $5,500 $6,200
Overview of Trends 

9 

Although the average tuition among all of these institutional sectors rose, it is important to 

note that substantial variation in tuition levels exists. For example, in 1999–2000, average tuition 

ranged from $1,500 at public 2-year institutions (table A-1.1) to $15,000 at private not-for-profit 

4-year institutions (table A-3.1). A detailed discussion of changes in price by institution type is 

found later in this report. 

Federal Need Analysis and the 1992 Reauthorization of the Higher Education 

Act 

Federal need analysis is the method by which students are deemed eligible or ineligible to 

receive federal need-based aid such as the Pell Grant or subsidized Stafford loans. In need 

analysis, the basic formula for determining eligibility for need-based aid is the price of 

attendance (the student budget determined by the institution) minus the expected family 

contribution (EFC). The amount remaining is the amount of financial need that may be covered 

by aid. If a student has an EFC that is greater than the price of attendance, the student does not 

have any need and is not eligible for federal need-based aid. 

The price of attendance and the EFC are the two major components of federal need 

analysis. The price of attendance is equal to the entire amount that is required to attend a 

postsecondary institution. It includes tuition and fees, books and supplies, as well as living 

expenses. The expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount that students and families are 

expected to pay to attend any postsecondary institution. The EFC is calculated independently of 

the tuition or price of attendance of the postsecondary institution the student attends. The formula 

for calculating the EFC uses the student’s family income and assets (parent income for dependent 

students; student and spousal income for independent students), family size, number of siblings 

in college, and other related factors. Generally, low-income students have greater financial need 

than higher income students. However, the price of attendance also can affect the student’s level 

of need. Given similar incomes, those enrolled at higher priced institutions will have greater need 

than those at lower tuition institutions. 

In federal need analysis methodology, students are divided into two general categories: 

dependent and independent, with independent students further divided by whether or not they 

have dependents of their own. All undergraduates who are age 24 or over are considered to be 

independent for financial aid purposes. Undergraduates who are under the age of 24 are generally 

assumed to be financially dependent. However, undergraduates under the age of 24 may be 

considered to be independent if they are married, have children, are veterans, are orphans, or can 

demonstrate to a financial aid officer that they are self-supporting. 
Overview of Trends

10 

There are different assumptions and formulas for calculating the expected family 

contribution (EFC) for each of these three groups—dependent, independent with dependents, and 

independent without dependents. Among dependent students, the parents’ income and assets are 

the major considerations in determining need for financial aid. Among independent students, 

only the student’s and spouse’s income and assets are considered when determining financial aid 

eligibility. Independent students who have dependents have a different formula for calculating 

the EFC than independent students who have no dependents. As part of the periodic 

reauthorization of the Higher Education Act of 1965, Congress may require changes in program 

administration and may modify eligibility requirements for federal financial aid. The 

Reauthorization of 1992 (HEA-92) was a defining moment in the history of federal financial aid.9

As a result of its passage, many middle-income students who were previously ineligible for 

student aid were able to qualify for need-based support, primarily in the form of subsidized 

student loans. HEA-92 also increased the amounts students were permitted to borrow and for the 

first time allowed non-needy dependent students to take out federally guaranteed unsubsidized 

loans.10

HEA-92 made several amendments to federal need analysis methodology, which decreased 

the average EFC for undergraduates with family incomes at or below the median level after 

1992–93 (table 2). Between the years 1992–93 and 1995–96, immediately before and after the 

implementation of HEA-92, the average EFC among dependent students decreased from $2,800 

to $1,300 among low-income students and from $6,000 to $3,900 among those in the lower 

middle income quarter, with no observable change among those with incomes above the 

median.11 

Among the various HEA-92 policy changes affecting dependent students, the most notable 

include the following three: 

1. When calculating parents’ expected contribution from assets, home equity was now 

excluded; 

 

9Since the 1992 Reauthorization, another reauthorization of the Higher Education Act occurred in 1998. However, the 1998 

Reauthorization did not make any substantial changes to need analysis or to the federal financial aid programs. Therefore, this

report will only discuss the 1992 Reauthorization amendments in detail. For more information on both the 1992 and 1998 

Reauthorization acts, see the Encyclopedia of Student Financial Aid published by the National Association of Student Financial 

Aid Administrators (2002). 

10Students must demonstrate financial need to qualify for subsidized loans. Students taking out subsidized loans are not charged 

interest as long as they are enrolled; the interest is paid by the federal government during that time. Unsubsidized loans may be 

obtained without demonstrating financial need. The federal government does not pay any interest on unsubsidized loans; interest

accrues immediately and is added to the principal of the loan for as long as the student is enrolled. 

11By 1999–2000, the average EFC among dependent students in the upper middle income quarter also decreased from 1989–90 

levels (from $11,700 to $10,900), but no change was observed for this group between the years 1992–93 and 1995–96, when 

changes in need analysis as a result of HEA-92 would have been related to changes in average EFC. 
Overview of Trends 

11 

2. Parents who had incomes under $50,000 and filed a short federal tax form were no 

longer required to include any assets in the calculation of the EFC; and 

3. The annual minimum contribution from students ($700 for first-year students and $900 

for all others) was eliminated and the contribution from student earnings was reduced. 

Table 2.—Average expected family contribution (EFC) for full-time, full-year undergraduates (in constant

Table 2.—1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and

Table 2.—1999–2000

Dependency status

and family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000

 Total $9,247 $8,830 $8,080 $8,890

Dependency status

 Dependent 11,531 11,122 9,537 10,915

 Independent 3,367 3,461 3,716 3,409

 Unmarried, no dependents 5,442 5,174 3,437 3,335

 Married, no dependents 1,993 3,203 8,198 8,748

 Unmarried, with dependents 794 486 976 1,260

 Married, with dependents 2,115 2,453 3,680 3,317

Family income

 Dependent students

 Lowest quarter 2,813 2,818 1,293 1,288

 Lower middle quarter 6,453 5,999 3,858 5,076

 Upper middle quarter 11,740 8,994 9,129 10,881

 Highest quarter 24,018 22,748 21,991 24,956

 Independent students

 Lowest quarter 2,180 2,046 477 607

 Lower middle quarter 3,609 3,732 2,072 2,251

 Upper middle quarter 3,765 3,677 4,963 5,775

 Highest quarter 7,662 8,539 15,747 15,822

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the

50 states, the District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico. Excluded are students enrolled at institutions other than the four major

sectors (i.e., public 2-year, public 4-year, private not-for-profit 4-year, and private for-profit less-than 4-year) who constituted no

more than 5 percent of the undergraduate population across the four NPSAS years. To have full-time, full-year status, students

must be enrolled full time during the academic year for 8 or more months at public 2-year, public 4-year, and private not-forprofit 4-year institutions or 6 or more months at private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions. Estimates for the 1989–90,

1992–93, and 1995–96 academic years were adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers

(CPI-U). The federal expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students and families are expected to contribute to the

price of attendance at a postsecondary institution. The expected family contribution is calculated using federal need analysis

methodology and takes into account dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings also in college, and other related

factors. The federal methodology was similar in 1989–90 and 1992–93. The Reauthorization of 1992 introduced many changes

that are reflected in 1995–96 and 1999–2000.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and

1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NPSAS:90, NPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average expected family contribution
Overview of Trends

12 

HEA-92 amendments produced more mixed results for independent students. The average 

EFC decreased among those in the two lowest income quarters (lowest quarter: $2,200 to $600; 

lower middle quarter: $3,600 to $2,300), but increased among those in the two highest quarters 

(upper middle quarter: $3,800 to $5,800; highest quarter: $7,700 to $15,800). For independent 

students, the major changes implemented by HEA-92 include: 

1. The criteria for determining independent status was modified. Between 1986 and 

1992, students under 24 without dependents could qualify for independent status if 

they were not claimed as dependents on their parents’ tax returns and had resources of 

at least $4,000 in the 2 years prior to the award year. This was determined on the basis 

of the students’ responses to a series of questions on the financial aid application, 

which automatically qualified some students under the age of 24 for independent 

status. HEA-92 eliminated these questions on the Free Application for Federal Student 

Aid (FAFSA). Instead, financial aid officers at institutions were instructed to use their 

“professional judgment” and treat students under the age of 24 on a case-by-case basis 

if they wanted to claim financial independence from their parents. This change in 

policy might have resulted in fewer students qualifying for independent status if they 

were single, had no dependents, and were under the age of 24. 

2. The practice of counting spouses as dependents of students was discontinued. Before 

HEA-92, a student’s spouse was considered a dependent of the student, which favored 

married students because independent students who have dependents of their own are 

not expected to contribute as high a percentage of their income as those without 

dependents. As a result of this change, married students—especially married students 

with no children—experienced an increase in their average EFC between 1989–90 and 

1999–2000 (married with dependents: $2,100 to $3,300; married without dependents: 

$2,000 to $8,700); and 

3. The $1,200 minimum EFC required of all independent students with no dependents 

was eliminated. As a result of this change, the average EFC decreased between 1989–

90 and 1999–2000 for single independent students who had no dependents of their 

own, from $5,400 to $3,300. However, this new policy did not change the direction in 

which the average EFC moved among married students with no dependents (the 

average EFC increased from $2,000 to $8,700 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000). 

Married students with no dependents saw an increase in their average EFC because 

their spouses were no longer considered their dependents (a result of the policy change 

described above). 

Total Financial Aid 

The proportion of students receiving financial aid increased between 1989–90 and 1999–

2000 (table 3). The percentage of full-time undergraduates who received any type of aid—grants, 

loans, work-study, or other types of support such as veterans’ benefits, employer tuition benefits, 
Overview of Trends 

13 

Table 3.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates who received financial aid and average amount

Table 3.—received by those who received aid (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family 

Table 3.—income: 1989–90, 1992–93,1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency status and family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000

 Total 60.1 60.1 68.6 73.7

Dependency status

 Dependent students 53.8 53.1 64.6 71.1

 Independent students 75.8 77.8 80.4 80.7

 Unmarried, no dependents 72.5 76.5 77.8 81.2

 Married, no dependents 62.9 65.4 68.9 72.8

 Unmarried, with dependents 94.4 87.0 85.4 78.7

 Married, with dependents 76.4 80.4 87.3 86.8

Family income

 Dependent students

 Lowest quarter 81.1 84.6 85.3 86.8

 Lower middle quarter 58.3 62.0 72.9 73.4

 Upper middle quarter 49.5 47.2 59.2 68.0

 Highest quarter 29.4 35.4 44.5 57.9

 Independent students

 Lowest quarter 81.2 87.7 89.6 87.7

 Lower middle quarter 76.4 72.8 81.9 80.6

 Upper middle quarter 73.1 66.2 75.4 76.9

 Highest quarter 55.2 55.9 55.1 56.1

 Total $6,242 $6,482 $7,624 $8,451

Dependency status

 Dependent students 6,206 6,697 7,751 8,659

 Independent students 6,360 6,120 7,318 7,955

 Unmarried, no dependents 6,626 6,592 8,306 8,819

 Married, no dependents 6,249 6,197 6,546 7,321

 Unmarried, with dependents 6,520 5,701 6,811 7,392

 Married, with dependents 5,849 5,523 6,875 7,815

Family income

 Dependent students

 Lowest quarter 6,873 7,117 8,050 8,633

 Lower middle quarter 6,146 7,060 8,079 8,697

 Upper middle quarter 5,695 6,643 7,397 8,996

 Highest quarter 5,516 5,971 7,226 8,278

 Independent students

 Lowest quarter 6,673 6,394 7,823 8,628

 Lower middle quarter 6,217 5,975 7,188 7,515

 Upper middle quarter 5,802 5,512 6,738 7,498

 Highest quarter 5,445 5,649 6,320 6,318

NOTE: Includes all types of financial aid: grants, loans, work-study, and other (such as employer’s benefits and veteran’s benefits).

Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the

District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico. Excluded are students enrolled at institutions other than the four major sectors (i.e., public 2-year,

public 4-year, private not-for-profit 4-year, and private for-profit less-than 4-year) who constituted no more than 5 percent of the

undergraduate population across the four NPSAS years. To have full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time during

the academic year for 8 or more months at public 2-year, public 4-year, and private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, or 6 or more

months at private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–96 academic years were

adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NPSAS:90, NPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Percentage who received any financial aid

Average amount of financial aid received (in constant 1999 dollars)
Overview of Trends

14 

and job training funds12—grew from 60 percent to 74 percent, and the average amount received 

increased from $6,200 to $8,500. The percentage of the price of attendance (student budget) that 

was covered by aid also grew between those years, with financial aid covering an average of 54 

percent of the total price of attendance in 1999–2000, compared to 47 percent 10 years earlier 

(table 4). However, independent undergraduates who were unmarried and had one or more 

dependents were less likely to receive financial aid in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (table 3).13

This group typically consists of and is generally known as single parents. While as many as 94 

percent of single parents received some form of financial support in 1989–90, that proportion had 

dropped down to 79 percent by 1999–2000. 

One reason for this decline may lie in the changing demographics of single parents enrolled 

in postsecondary education. Between 1989–90 and 1999–2000, the average EFC among single 

parents had increased from $800 to $1,300 even though it had decreased among all independent 

students with incomes at or below the median (table 2). In addition, between 1995–96 and 1999–

2000, the proportion of single parents attending postsecondary institutions full time who were 

dependent on welfare assistance dropped from 34 percent to 9 percent.14 In 1996, the federal 

welfare program originally known as Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) was 

replaced by the state block grant program now being administered as Temporary Assistance for 

Needy Families (TANF). TANF requires recipients to work after 2 years of receiving federal 

assistance or face a reduction or termination of benefits. Beginning in 1997, single parents with 

school-age children were required to work for 20 or more hours per week; by 2000 this 

requirement had increased to 30 hours or more per week. Although vocational training is 

considered part of the work requirement, recipients may only enroll for a maximum of 12 

months.15 The work requirement for TANF may have made it difficult for single parents 

receiving public assistance to attend college full time, or to attend any postsecondary institution 

at all. 

In addition to the decline in those receiving public assistance, other demographic changes 

were observed among single parents enrolled during these years. In 1989–90, only about half (48 

percent) of all single parents worked while they were enrolled; in 1999–2000 this proportion 

 

12Federal tax subsidies provided through the Hope and Lifetime Learning Credits are not included as financial aid. This study 

focuses only on the types of assistance that are offered as part of a student’s financial aid package. 

13When analyzed by institution type, it was found that this was the case at public 2-year, public 4-year, and private not-for-profit 

4-year institutions (tables A-1.4 through A-3.4). No measurable change in the percentage receiving financial support was found 

among single parents enrolled in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions in 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (96 percent to 94 

percent) (table A-4.4). 

141995–96 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study Data Analysis System and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study Data Analysis System (data not shown in tables). 

15Eligibility requirements may vary by state. From the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Fact Sheet on Temporary 

Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), August 2001 (available at http://www.acf.dhhs.gov/programs/opa/facts/tanf.htm). 
Overview of Trends 

15 

grew to about three-fourths (77 percent).16 While 87 percent of single parents were females in 

1989–90, this proportion had dropped to 76 percent in 1999–2000. Socioeconomic characteristics 

also appear to have changed, as measured by parents’ level of education. In 1989–90 and 1995–

96, about 35 to 38 percent had a parent with at least some postsecondary education; by 1999–

2000 about one-half (51 percent) of all single parents came from families with one or more 

parents who had some postsecondary education. The decrease in the proportion receiving public 

 

161989–90 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study Data Analysis System, 1995–96 National Postsecondary Student Aid 

Study Data Analysis System, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study Data Analysis System (data not shown 

in tables). 

Table 4.—Among full-time, full-year undergraduates who received financial aid, average percentage of the

Table 4.—price of attendance that was covered by aid, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90,

Table 4.—1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency status and family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000

 Total 46.7 46.8 53.5 54.3

Dependency status

 Dependent students 45.5 45.7 52.4 52.9

 Independent students 49.3 48.7 56.3 57.6

 Unmarried, no dependents 50.5 50.1 61.4 61.5

 Married, no dependents 47.6 48.3 49.7 50.3

 Unmarried, with dependents 52.0 48.4 55.0 56.9

 Married, with dependents 45.8 46.5 54.2 56.9

Family income

 Dependent students

 Lowest quarter 55.6 54.8 61.5 62.0

 Lower middle quarter 45.3 48.6 54.5 53.3

 Upper middle quarter 38.1 41.1 47.0 50.1

 Highest quarter 32.9 33.3 40.9 43.4

 Independent students

 Lowest quarter 52.7 51.7 60.9 63.5

 Lower middle quarter 46.9 47.3 56.1 55.3

 Upper middle quarter 45.2 44.6 50.5 51.8

 Highest quarter 40.3 38.8 44.9 40.0

NOTE: The percentage of the price of attendance that is met by any type of financial aid. Calculations include only those who

received any type of financial aid. The price of attendance is equal to total tuition plus estimated living expenses for the

academic year. Financial aid includes all types of aid, such as: grants, loans, work-study, and other (such as employer’s benefits

and veteran’s benefits). Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one

institution in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico. Excluded are students enrolled at institutions other than the

four major sectors (i.e., public 2-year, public 4-year, private not-for-profit 4-year, and private for-profit less-than 4-year) who

constituted no more than 5 percent of the undergraduate population across the four NPSAS years. To have full-time, full-year

status, students must be enrolled full time during the academic year for 8 or more months at public 2-year, public 4-year, and

private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, or 6 or more months at private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–

2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NPSAS:90, NPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 
Overview of Trends

16 

assistance, as well as changes in socioeconomic background and increased levels of employment, 

point to differences in the types of single parents enrolled in 1999–2000 compared to those 

enrolled in 1989–90. These factors also may have been related to their eligibility for need-based 

financial aid. 

Grants 

The percentage of full-time undergraduates receiving grant aid from all sources increased 

from 51 percent to 60 percent between 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (table 5).17 The federal Pell 

Grant program funded about one-third of all full-time undergraduates throughout the decade 

under review (table 6), while grants funded by state (18 percent to 22 percent) and institutional 

(21 percent to 29 percent) sources increased overall.18 However, there were differences in the 

likelihood of receiving grants and in the percentage of aid awarded as grants based on 

dependency, income, and institution type. These changes are discussed in further detail in the 

sections describing the trends for each institutional sector. 

Federal Pell Grants 

The Pell Grant program is the federal government’s largest need-based grant program. 

While no measurable change over time was detected in the proportion of recipients among all 

full-time, full-year undergraduates, the likelihood of receiving a Pell Grant increased among 

those in the lowest income quarter (low-income dependent students: 66 percent to 73 percent; 

low-income independent students: 70 percent to 77 percent) (table 6). Those with incomes above 

the median, however, were less likely to receive a Pell Grant in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90. 

The maximum Pell Grant award is established during reauthorization of the Higher 

Education Act but the operational maximum is determined each year by the annual 

Congressional appropriation. The amount awarded to each Pell Grant recipient is calculated by 

subtracting the expected family contribution (EFC) from the maximum Pell Grant. In 1989–90, 

the maximum Pell Grant (in constant 1999 dollars) was $3,090; in 1992–93 it decreased to 

$2,850; in 1995–96 it decreased again to $2,560; and in 1999–2000 it was increased to $3,12519

(U.S. Department of Education 2001b). The average amount that Pell Grant recipients received 

 

17When analyzed by institution type, no change in likelihood of receiving grant aid was observed among those enrolled at private 

for-profit less-than-4-year institutions (table A-4.10). 

181989–90 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study Data Analysis System and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study Data Analysis System (data not shown in tables). 

19In current dollars, the maximum was $2,300 in 1989–90, $2,400 in 1992–93, and $2,340 in 1995–96. 
Overview of Trends 

17 

Table 5.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates who received grants and average annual grant

Table 5.—amount received by those who received grants (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status

Table 5.—and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency status and family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000

 Total 50.7 50.3 54.9 60.0

Dependency status

 Dependent students 44.8 43.5 51.1 56.9

 Independent students 65.5 67.4 66.1 68.3

 Unmarried, no dependents 62.6 65.0 59.5 64.2

 Married, no dependents 46.9 48.0 44.8 50.8

 Unmarried, with dependents 87.5 84.3 82.2 74.0

 Married, with dependents 65.9 70.8 75.5 75.9

Family income

 Dependent students

 Lowest quarter 77.0 79.7 80.7 83.8

 Lower middle quarter 48.8 50.3 60.8 60.1

 Upper middle quarter 36.6 33.9 39.8 47.5

 Highest quarter 20.3 25.3 27.7 38.5

 Independent students

 Lowest quarter 75.6 83.3 84.9 83.5

 Lower middle quarter 63.7 58.5 63.8 65.8

 Upper middle quarter 59.4 50.4 57.0 54.8

 Highest quarter 35.8 37.1 25.0 30.1

 Total $3,959 $4,043 $4,335 $4,908

Dependency status

 Dependent students 4,216 4,464 4,791 5,429

 Independent students 3,533 3,373 3,279 3,734

 Unmarried, no dependents 3,662 3,628 3,441 3,759

 Married, no dependents 3,364 3,356 3,152 3,173

 Unmarried, with dependents 3,768 3,349 3,448 4,018

 Married, with dependents 3,189 2,949 2,965 3,566

Family income

 Dependent students

 Lowest quarter 4,606 4,561 5,218 5,464

 Lower middle quarter 3,915 4,316 4,732 5,272

 Upper middle quarter 3,853 4,900 4,428 5,659

 Highest quarter 4,228 4,274 4,325 5,314

 Independent students

 Lowest quarter 3,847 3,613 3,570 4,136

 Lower middle quarter 3,212 3,044 3,079 3,522

 Upper middle quarter 3,052 2,694 2,652 2,960

 Highest quarter 3,089 3,470 3,416 2,530

NOTE: Grants are from all sources: federal, state, institutional, and private. Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens

or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico. Excluded are students

enrolled at institutions other than the four major sectors (i.e., public 2-year, public 4-year, private not-for-profit 4-year, and private forprofit less-than 4-year) who constituted no more than 5 percent of the undergraduate population across the four NPSAS years. To have

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time during the academic year for 8 or more months at public 2-year, public

4-year, and private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, or 6 or more months at private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions. Estimates for

the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–96 academic years were adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban

Consumers (CPI-U).

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NPSAS:90, NPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Percentage who received any grants

Average grant aid received (in constant 1999 dollars)
Overview of Trends

18 

Table 6.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates receiving a Pell Grant and average amount

Table 6.—received by those who received a Pell Grant, by dependency status and family income; and the

Table 6.—maximum Pell Grant program award (in constant 1999 dollars): 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and

Table 6.—1999–2000 

Dependency status and family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000

 Total 31.8 29.9 30.2 31.4

Dependency and marital status

 Dependent 22.6 19.9 22.6 23.1

 Independent 55.6 54.8 53.2 53.9

 Unmarried, no dependents 52.8 52.3 44.7 48.2

 Married, no dependents 28.0 28.3 25.3 26.9

 Unmarried, with dependents 84.8 79.6 75.8 64.2

 Married, with dependents 56.1 56.5 63.5 63.0

Family income

 Dependent students

 Lowest quarter 65.5 66.8 68.1 72.5

 Lower middle quarter 23.3 21.8 26.5 21.8

 Upper middle quarter 5.1 3.2 1.1 1.3

 Highest quarter 0.7 0.7 # 0.1

 Independent students

 Lowest quarter 69.8 75.5 79.6 77.1

 Lower middle quarter 51.8 45.6 46.4 47.8

 Upper middle quarter 46.2 33.2 39.5 35.1

 Highest quarter 16.0 8.8 4.2 1.1

 Total 2,215 2,112 1,958 2,309

Dependency status

 Dependent students 2,040 1,926 1,878 2,164

 Independent students 2,402 2,278 2,059 2,477

 Unmarried, no dependents 2,436 2,300 1,902 2,330

 Married, no dependents 2,417 2,251 1,650 1,993

 Unmarried, with dependents 2,530 2,372 2,295 2,682

 Married, with dependents 2,220 2,159 2,071 2,474

Family income

 Dependent students

 Lowest quarter 2,308 2,178 2,137 2,436

 Lower middle quarter 1,530 1,301 1,266 1,345

 Upper middle quarter 1,231 1,092 891 927

 Highest quarter ‡ 1,745 ‡ #

 Independent students

 Lowest quarter 2,600 2,430 2,152 2,569

 Lower middle quarter 2,245 2,123 2,053 2,545

 Upper middle quarter 1,980 1,664 1,760 1,730

 Highest quarter 1,807 1,559 ‡ #

 Total 3,090 2,850 2,560 3,125

#Rounds to zero.

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1

In nominal dollars, the maximum Pell Grant was $2,300 in 1989–90; $2,400 in 1992–93; $2,340 in 1995–96; and $3,125 in

1999–2000.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50

states, the District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico. Excluded are students enrolled at institutions other than the four major sectors (i.e.,

public 2-year, public 4-year, private not-for-profit 4-year, and private for-profit less-than 4-year) who constituted no more than 5

percent of the undergraduate population across the four NPSAS years. To have full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full

time during the academic year for 8 or more months (for public 2-year, public 4-year, and private not-for-profit 4-year institutions) and

6 or more months (for private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions). Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–96 academic

years were adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NPSAS:90, NPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Maximum Pell Grant (constant 1999 dollars)1

Percentage receiving a Pell Grant

Average Pell Grant (constant 1999 dollars)
Overview of Trends 

19 

between 1989–90 and 1999–2000 increased from $2,200 to $2,300, but it was lower during the 

intervening years ($2,100 in 1992–93 and $2,000 in 1995–96). 

HEA-92 changed the way the Pell Grant was administered in a number of ways.20

Previously, Pell Grants were awarded on the basis of a separate formula for determining 

eligibility, known as the Student Aid Index. The Student Aid Index was more advantageous for 

independent students. In 1989–90, independent students with incomes in the upper middle and 

highest income quarters received Pell Grants at the rates of 46 percent and 16 percent 

respectively, compared to dependent students in the same income quarters who had rates of 5 

percent and 1 percent. HEA-92 eliminated the Student Aid Index and instituted in its place the 

federal Expected Family Contribution (EFC) methodology currently used for calculating 

eligibility for all federal need-based aid. After 1992–93, the rate at which independent students 

with incomes above the median received Pell Grants decreased (upper middle quarter: 46 percent 

to 35 percent; highest quarter: 16 percent to 1 percent). Dependent students in the higher income 

quarters also were less likely to receive Pell Grants in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (upper middle 

quarter: 1 percent vs. 5 percent; highest quarter: 0.1 vs. 1 percent), but their rates were already 

low before the changes. In addition to eliminating the Student Aid Index, HEA-92 also removed 

the original three-part formula that determined the size of Pell Grants and limited them to 60 

percent of the student budget. Removal of the 60 percent cap brought additional Pell Grant 

dollars to undergraduates enrolled at the lower priced public 2-year institutions, and the average 

Pell Grant award among full-time students in this sector increased from $2,000 to $2,400 

between 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (table A-1.12). No measurable change was detected in the 

average Pell Grant award received by those enrolled at the other three institutional sectors 

included in this study: public 4-year, private not-for-profit 4-year, and private for-profit less-than4-year (tables A-2.12, A-3.12, and A-4.12). 

Loans 

Federal loans constitute the bulk of all loans taken out by postsecondary students. The two 

types of federal loans most commonly used are the subsidized Stafford loan and the unsubsidized 

Stafford loan. Depending on their eligibility for need-based aid, students may qualify for either 

type of loan or both. 

• Subsidized loans: Students receiving subsidized loans such as the subsidized Stafford 

(or Perkins) loans are not charged interest as long as they are students; the interest is 

 

20For more information, see “Need Analysis for the Federal Pell Grant Program,” Section 2.7 in the Encyclopedia of Student 

Financial Aid, National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators (2004), available at 

http://www.nasfaa.org/Apps/Eplus. 
Overview of Trends

20 

paid by the federal government during that time. Students must demonstrate financial 

need to qualify for this type of loan. 

• Unsubsidized loans: The federal government does not pay any interest on the 

unsubsidized Stafford (or PLUS) loans and interest begins to accrue immediately; the 

interest is added to the principal of the loan for as long as the student is enrolled and/or 

is not in repayment. These loans may be obtained without demonstrating financial 

need. 

The passage of HEA-92 resulted in substantial changes to the federal Stafford loan 

programs that generally went into effect after the 1992–93 academic year. These changes include 

the following: 

1. The Supplemental Loans for Students (SLS) program was phased out.21 Until 1993, 

unsubsidized loans were available through the Supplemental Loans for Students (SLS) 

program and were awarded to independent students who needed to supplement their 

subsidized Stafford loans. Only needy dependent undergraduates under exceptional 

circumstances could take out an unsubsidized loan through the SLS program, after they 

had reached the borrowing limit for subsidized loans. HEA-92 phased out this 

program. 

2. The unsubsidized Stafford loan program was instituted in place of the SLS program. 

The unsubsidized Stafford loan program allows dependent as well as independent 

students to take out unsubsidized loans separately or use them to supplement a 

subsidized Stafford loan. Eligibility for unsubsidized loans is not restricted by need, 

and the only major requirements for borrowers are that they: 1) must be enrolled at 

least half time (also a requirement for receiving subsidized Stafford loans); and 2) may 

borrow only up to the price of attendance, minus any other aid. After the restriction on 

dependent students was lifted, the overall rate at which all full-time, full-year 

undergraduates borrowed unsubsidized loans increased from 3 percent to 23 percent 

between 1989–90 and 1999–2000.22 However, it was not just the addition of dependent 

students that drove up this rate. Independent undergraduates also were more likely to 

borrow a federal unsubsidized loan in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (35 percent vs. 11 

percent).23

3. The annual and cumulative loan limits for subsidized and unsubsidized Stafford loans 

were raised for both dependent and independent students. Currently, for the subsidized 

Stafford loan program, both dependent and independent students can borrow up to 

$2,625 in the first year; $3,500 in the second year (previously $2,625); and $5,500 

thereafter (previously $4,000). For dependent students, the annual loan limits for 

unsubsidized Stafford loans are the same as the annual loan limits for subsidized 

Stafford loans. Independent students may take out up to $4,000 annually in 

unsubsidized Stafford loans (the same limit as prior to HEA-92) if they are first- or 

 

21Unsubsidized Stafford loans are now available through the FFEL and William D. Ford Federal Direct loan programs. 

221989–90 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study Data Analysis System and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study Data Analysis System (data not shown in tables). 

23Ibid. 
Overview of Trends 

21 

second-year students, and up to $5,000 annually (previously $4,000) if they are in their 

third to fifth years of study. The combined total loan limits for students taking out 

subsidized or unsubsidized loans, or both, are $23,000 for dependent students 

(previously $17,250) and $46,000 for independent students (previously $37,250). 

These changes may have had an effect on borrowing over time. Between 1989–90 and 

1999–2000, the average annual total loan amount (from both subsidized and 

unsubsidized loans) increased among undergraduates enrolled at all of the institution 

types included in this study.24

Over time, other structural changes were made to the Stafford loan programs. These 

changes only altered the way loans were administered by the federal government and individual 

institutions, and did not materially affect how students were to borrow in the future or how likely 

they were to receive a loan. Prior to 1994, funds for federal Stafford and SLS loans were 

provided only through private lenders. The federal government guaranteed against default 

through state and national guaranty agencies and paid interest on the loans while students were 

still enrolled. This system continues today under the Federal Family Education Loan Program 

(FFEL). However, the Student Loan Reform Act of 1993 also established the William D. Ford 

Federal Direct Loan Program in addition to FFEL, which allowed institutions to process Stafford 

loans on campus with funds for the loans provided directly from the U.S. Department of 

Education. Although these are two separate loan programs, there are no major differences in their 

terms and conditions and students are equally likely to qualify for a loan from either source. 

After HEA-92 raised loan limits, lowered the average EFC for many students, and opened 

up the Stafford unsubsidized program to dependent students, more students qualified for loans 

and were able to borrow larger amounts.25 From 1989–90 to 1999–2000, the average percentage 

receiving any loans increased from 36 percent to 47 percent overall (from 30 percent to 45 

percent among dependent students) (table 7). During this period, the average annual total loan 

amount increased for both dependent and independent loan recipients ($4,100 vs. $6,200, 

overall). However, only full-time students enrolled at 4-year institutions were more likely to 

borrow to finance their price of attendance in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (tables A-1.6, A-2.6, 

A-3.6, and A-4.6). The analysis did not detect a change in borrowing rates at public 2-year 

institutions (table A-1.6), where tuition is generally lower than that of 4-year institutions. The 

private for-profit less-than-4-year sector already had relatively high borrowing rates in 1989–90 

(74 percent) (table A-4.6). These dropped in the early part of the decade (e.g., to 54 percent in 

 

24Combined cumulative loan limits were also raised, for both subsidized and unsubsidized loans in total. Over the duration of 

their postsecondary education, dependent students could borrow up to a combined limit of $23,000 in total (previously $17,250).

Independent students can accumulate up to $46,000 in subsidized and unsubsidized loans (previously $37,250). 

25For more information, see Berkner, L. (2000). Trends in Undergraduate Borrowing: Federal Student Loans in 1989–90, 

1992–93, and 1995–96 (NCES 2000–151), and “Legislative History for the FFEL and Direct Loan Programs,” Section 6.1.1 in 

the Encyclopedia of Student Financial Aid, National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators (2004), available at 

http://www.nasfaa.org/Apps/Eplus. 
Overview of Trends

22 

Table 7.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates who received loans and average annual loan

Table 7.—amount received by those who took out a loan (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and

Table 7.—family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency status and family inco 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000

 Total 35.7 34.8 44.2 47.0

Dependency status

 Dependent students 30.1 30.7 41.4 45.4

 Independent students 50.3 45.2 52.5 51.2

 Unmarried, no dependents 49.6 46.6 58.1 58.9

 Married, no dependents 44.5 40.1 41.7 43.3

 Unmarried, with dependents 60.4 46.1 48.3 44.9

 Married, with dependents 47.9 44.3 55.4 52.9

Family income

 Dependent students

 Lowest quarter 46.0 50.4 49.4 48.9

 Lower middle quarter 35.8 41.1 50.9 50.0

 Upper middle quarter 27.5 27.1 40.6 49.3

 Highest quarter 13.1 17.4 27.1 34.5

 Independent students

 Lowest quarter 52.3 49.4 57.9 57.3

 Lower middle quarter 52.4 44.1 56.0 50.2

 Upper middle quarter 47.5 40.6 47.9 49.3

 Highest quarter 36.4 32.3 34.8 29.9

 Total $4,060 $4,536 $5,507 $6,238

Dependency status

 Dependent students 3,891 4,421 5,365 6,102

 Independent students 4,322 4,731 5,841 6,565

 Unmarried, no dependents 4,301 4,898 6,372 7,038

 Married, no dependents 4,633 5,019 6,059 7,206

 Unmarried, with dependents 4,192 4,065 5,113 5,554

 Married, with dependents 4,315 4,715 5,491 6,658

Family income

 Dependent students

 Lowest quarter 3,478 3,914 4,569 5,235

 Lower middle quarter 3,784 4,529 5,181 5,679

 Upper middle quarter 4,242 4,660 5,633 6,379

 Highest quarter 4,751 5,012 6,544 7,394

 Independent students

 Lowest quarter 4,123 4,427 5,668 6,329

 Lower middle quarter 4,521 5,100 6,065 6,437

 Upper middle quarter 4,411 4,915 5,769 7,147

 Highest quarter 4,551 5,268 6,121 7,732

NOTE: Loans are from all sources: federal, state, institutional, and private. Includes Parent Loans to Undergraduate Students (PLUS).

Does not include loans from family or friends. Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and

attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico. Excluded are students enrolled at institutions

other than the four major sectors (i.e., public 2-year, public 4-year, private not-for-profit 4-year, and private for-profit less-than 4-year)

who constituted no more than 5 percent of the undergraduate population across the four NPSAS years. To have full-time, full-year

status, students must be enrolled full time during the academic year for 8 or more months at public 2-year, public 4-year, and private

not-for-profit 4-year institutions, or 6 or more months at private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions. Estimates for the 1989–90,

1992–93, and 1995–96 academic years were adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NPSAS:90, NPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Percentage who received any loans

Average annual amount of loans received (in constant 1999 dollars)
Overview of Trends 

23 

1992–93) when institutions with high default rates were disqualified from participating in Title 

IV programs.26 The level of borrowing in this sector increased again in the second half of the 

nineties, and no significant difference was detected in the percentage who took out loans in 

1989–90 and 1999–2000 (about 75 percent). 

It should be emphasized that loan aid only helps relieve students and their families from the 

immediate financial burden of attending college. Unlike grants, loans are not free and must 

eventually be paid back, usually with interest. Increases in student loan aid may also imply 

increases in the amount of debt with which students leave college; however, it is not known how 

much of this increase in student loans only replaced other loans that students would have used to 

finance their education in the past (e.g., home equity loans, credit card debt, or personal loans). 

Federal Campus-Based Programs 

The amount that institutions may award from the three federal campus-based programs—

the Perkins loan program, the Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (SEOG), and the 

federal work-study program—are dependent on the funding level at each particular institution. 

There were few changes during this decade in the amounts students received from each of these 

programs. 

The Federal Perkins Loan program is a revolving loan fund in which the school is the 

lender and loans are available to exceptionally needy students at a low interest rate (5 percent). 

Each year, new capital contributions are funded by the federal government at a rate of 75 percent, 

with institutions contributing the remaining 25 percent. New capital contributions to the Perkins 

Loan program were $180 million in 1989–90 and $100 million in 1999–2000 (U.S. Department 

of Education 2002). The rate of borrowing from the Perkins loan program decreased at most of 

the institutional sectors included in the analysis; however, no significant change was observed 

among private not-for-profit 4-year institutions (tables A-1.7, A-2.7, A-3.7, and A-4.7). 

Under the federal SEOG program, federal funds provide 75 percent of the grants to 

students, with the institution providing the remaining 25 percent. The maximum SEOG award is 

$4,000 per year. The SEOG program does not function like an entitlement program such as the 

Pell Grant program, as there is no guarantee that institutions will have enough funding for all 

eligible students. Like the Perkins loan, the SEOG is available to exceptionally needy students, 

and priority is given to Pell Grant recipients. Full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled at 

 

26Currently, schools lose eligibility for Federal Family Educational Loans (FFEL), Direct Loans, and Pell Grants for the 

remainder of the fiscal year and the next 2 years if their three most recent official cohort default rates are 25 percent or greater 

(U.S. Department of Education 2001a). 
Overview of Trends

24 

public 2-year and private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions were more likely to receive an 

SEOG in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90, a pattern not observed at 4-year institutions (tables A1.11, A-2.11, A-3.11, and A-4.11). 

The federal government provides the bulk of funding for work-study awards. For 

employment on campus or with nonprofit agencies, federal funds provide up to 75 percent of the 

student’s wages. Federal funds provide up to 50 percent of matching funds for employment in the 

private for-profit sector. Between 1989–90 and 1999–2000, the percentage of undergraduates 

who received work-study support increased at 4-year institutions but not at public 2-year or 

private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions (tables A-1.14, A-2.14, A-3.14, and A-4.14). 
25 

Changes in Financial Aid by Institution Type 

This section summarizes findings from each institutional sector. Estimates discussed in the 

text are found in tables A-1.1 through A-4.14 and the results are described in detail in appendix 

A. In most cases, comparisons were made only between the two survey years: 1989–90 and 

1999–2000, although all four NPSAS years (1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000) were 

included in this study and are presented in most of the tables. All dollar estimates are in constant 

(1999) dollars. 

Public 2-Year Institutions 

Among full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled in public 2-year institutions, the 

average tuition increased from $1,100 to $1,500 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (table A-1.1). 

The average net tuition (tuition and fees minus grant aid) also increased ($700 to $900), as did 

the average total price of attendance ($8,200 to $9,000). However, once loans as well as grants 

were taken into account, no significant changes were observed in the average net price of 

attendance (price of attendance minus all grant and loan aid), which was about $6,900 in both 

years. Due to policy changes in need analysis enacted by HEA-92 and the resulting changes in 

average EFC by income, the average amount of financial need (price of attendance minus EFC) 

increased among independent students with incomes at or below the median and decreased 

among those with incomes above the median. Among dependent undergraduates, average need 

increased among those in the lowest income quarter but decreased for those with incomes above 

the median. The average remaining need after aid increased only among dependent students in 

the lowest income quarter (from $2,600 to $4,400) (tables A-1.1 through A-1.3).27 

Along with increases in the average price of attendance, the percentage of all full-time 

students receiving financial aid grew (49 percent to 58 percent) (table A-1.4) and among those 

who received financial aid, the average amount of total aid received was greater in 1999–2000 

than it was in 1989–90 ($3,900 vs. $3,300), as was the proportion of the student budget (price of 

attendance) that was covered by aid (43 vs. 39 percent) (table A-1.5). Among the categories of 

independent students, single parents were less likely to receive aid at the end of the decade than 

 

27Financial need and remaining financial need after aid are inversely related to levels of EFC. When the EFC increases, need and 

remaining financial need decrease. Remaining need after aid is also inversely related to the amount of financial aid received. 

When financial aid increases, remaining need decreases. 
Changes in Financial Aid by Institution Type

26 

at the beginning (table A-1.4). Their rates of receiving loan, grant, and work-study support all 

declined from 1989–90 to 1999–2000 (tables A-1.6, A-1.10, and A-1.14). 

Although no measurable change was detected in the overall rate of borrowing among all 

full-time students (table A-1.6), middle-income dependent students were more likely to take out 

loans at the end of the decade than at the beginning. Among all students who took out loans, the 

average amount borrowed increased from $2,800 to $3,900 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000.28

Dependent students were more likely to take out subsidized Stafford loans in 1999–2000 than in 

1989–90 (table A-1.7), but no measurable change was observed in the average amount borrowed 

through this program (table A-1.8). The percentage of full-time undergraduates taking out 

unsubsidized loans grew from a rate of 1 percent to 9 percent over the decade (table A-1.7). 

However, among dependent students in the lowest income quarter, no measurable change was 

detected in terms of their likelihood of taking out an unsubsidized Stafford loan. This study did 

not find differences in the percentages of dependent students whose parents took out PLUS loans 

or in the percentage of all full-time students who received non-federal loans in 1989–90 and 

1999–2000. 

Also contributing to the overall increase in aid was growth in the percentage of all full-time 

students receiving grants (44 percent to 51 percent) (table A-1.10). No measurable change was 

observed in the overall percentage of those receiving federal Pell Grants (about 32 percent in 

both years) (table A-1.11), but the average Pell Grant award increased from $2,000 to $2,400 

(table A-1.12). The percentage of dependent students who received grants through the federal 

SEOG program increased for those in the lowest income quarter (7 percent to 16 percent) (table 

A-1.11). However, the overall average SEOG award amount was lower in 1999–2000 than in 

1989–90 (table A-1.12). State grants also increased among dependent students, both in terms of 

the percentage who received them (12 percent to 18 percent) (table A-1.11) and the average 

amount awarded ($1,000 to $1,200) (table A-1.12). All full-time students were more likely to 

receive institutional grants in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (16 percent vs. 9 percent) (table A1.11), but this study did not find a difference in the average amounts received from institutional 

grant sources (about $900 in both years) (table A-1.12). 

No measurable difference was detected in the percentage of full-time students who received 

work-study support (6 percent to 4 percent) (table A-1.14) or in the average amounts that were 

received from work-study programs in 1989–90 and 1999–2000 ($1,500 to $1,700). 

 

28All averages are for students who received the particular type of aid discussed. The average loan (for those who received loans) 

can therefore be the same as or greater than the average amount of total aid, which includes students who received grants but no 

loans. 
Changes in Financial Aid by Institution Type 

27 

Public 4-Year Institutions 

Among full-time undergraduates enrolled in public 4-year institutions, the average tuition 

increased from $2,800 to $4,200 (table A-2.1) between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. Along with 

increases in tuition, there was growth in the average net tuition (tuition and fees minus grant aid) 

($1,900 to $2,700) and in the average total price of attendance ($10,200 to $12,500) (table A2.2). The average net price of attendance (price of attendance minus all grant and loan aid), 

decreased among students in the lowest income quarter (table A-2.2) but no change was observed 

in the average net price among all full-time undergraduates (about $7,600 in both years). This 

suggests that increased borrowing in addition to grant aid have kept out-of-pocket costs down in 

relation to the average total price. The average amount of financial need decreased among 

undergraduates in the highest income quarter even though the average for all full-time 

undergraduates had increased from $4,700 to $6,200 (table A-2.3). The average remaining need 

after aid increased among dependent students with incomes at or below the median and among 

independent students in the lower middle-income quarter. Changes in the average level of need 

and remaining need reflected, in part, changes in need analysis that were brought about by HEA92, which resulted in a lower average EFC for students with incomes at or below the median.29

Gains were seen in the percentage receiving any type of financial aid (52 to 73 percent) 

(table A-2.4), the average amount of aid received ($5,200 to $7,100), and the proportion of the 

student budget that was covered by financial aid among those who received any financial support 

(49 to 56 percent) (table A-2.4). Low-income students were more likely to receive federal Pell 

Grants in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (table A-2.11). However, single parents were less likely to 

receive aid in 1999–2000 than in the earlier part of the decade (table A-2.4). No measurable 

change was observed in their rates of borrowing (table A-2.6). (The percentage receiving 

unsubsidized Stafford loans increased, but this was apparently offset by a decrease in the rate 

receiving Perkins loans; no measurable changes were observed regarding any other types of loans 

(table A-2.7)). A smaller percentage of them received grants in 1989–90 than in 1999–2000 

(table A-2.10). 

Loans in particular became an increasingly important source of financing for this sector. In 

1999–2000, one-half (50 percent) of all full-time undergraduates in public 4-year institutions 

were taking out loans, compared to about one-third (31 percent) 10 years earlier (table A-2.6). At 

the beginning of the decade, grants constituted a larger part of the aid package than did loans (54 

percent) (table A-2.5). Over time, the proportion of aid that was awarded in grants dropped to 46 

 

29Financial need and remaining financial need after aid are inversely related to levels of EFC. When the EFC increases, need and 

remaining financial need decrease. Remaining need after aid is also inversely related to the amount of financial aid received. 

When financial aid increases, remaining need decreases. 
Changes in Financial Aid by Institution Type

28 

percent by 1999–2000. Full-time undergraduate students were more likely to take out federal 

subsidized (38 vs. 24 percent) and unsubsidized (25 vs. 1 percent) Stafford loans as well as nonfederal loans (5 vs. 2 percent) in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (table A-2.7). The percentage of 

dependent students whose parents took out a federal PLUS loan also increased. The percentage 

receiving federal Perkins loans, however, was lower in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90. With the 

exception of unsubsidized loans (in which no measurable difference was detected), the average 

amounts received from each loan program were greater in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (table A2.8). 

Increases in aid were also driven by growth in the percentage receiving grants (42 percent 

to 55 percent) (table A-2.10) and the average amount of grant aid received. Both dependent and 

independent students in the lowest income quarter were more likely to receive a Pell Grant in 

1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (73 vs. 65 percent for dependent and 76 vs. 63 percent for 

independent) (table A-2.11) even though no measurable change was observed among all full-time 

students and those in the highest income quarters were less likely to receive one in 1999–2000 

than in 1989–90. Among dependent Pell Grant recipients, the average award was greater in 

1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (table A-2.12) but the analysis found no measurable change in the 

average amounts awarded to independent students. No significant difference was detected in the 

percentage of full-time students receiving a SEOG in 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (table A-2.11), 

but low-income independent students were more likely to receive one in 1999–2000 than in 

1989–90. Among all SEOG recipients, the average amount received was lower at the end of the 

decade than at the beginning (table A-2.12). The percentages of full-time students receiving 

either state or institutional grant aid grew (table A-2.11), as did the average amounts received 

from both sources (table A-2.12). 

A slightly higher percentage of dependent students received work-study aid in 1999–2000 

than in 1989–90 (9 percent vs. 8 percent) (table A-2.14), and among those with work-study jobs, 

the average amount received increased from $1,500 to $1,700. No measurable change was 

observed in the percentage of independent students receiving work-study support or in the 

average amounts they received. 

Private Not-for-Profit 4-Year Institutions 

Among full-time undergraduates enrolled in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, 

average tuition increased from $11,500 to $14,800 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (table A3.1). The average net tuition (tuition and fees minus grant aid) also increased ($7,600 to $8,800), 

as did the average price of attendance ($19,000 to $23,400) (table A-3.2). However, when loans 

as well as grants were taken into account, no measurable change was detected in the average net 
Changes in Financial Aid by Institution Type 

29 

price of attendance (price of attendance minus all grant and loan aid) (about $12,500), indicating 

that increased borrowing has helped to offset price increases. The average amount of financial 

need among all full-time undergraduates grew from $11,000 to $14,200 (table A-3.3), due in part 

to HEA-92 changes in need analysis, which lowered the average EFC for students with incomes 

at or below the median. However, average need decreased among independent students in the 

highest income quarter. The average amount of remaining need after aid increased among those 

with incomes at or below the median and, in particular, among single parent students ($5,500 to 

$10,400).30

Differences in the price of attendance and financial aid were associated with dependency 

status and income. Dependent students were more likely than independent students to attend 

higher-priced institutions throughout the decade (table A-3.2). The percentage of dependent 

students who received any type of financial aid increased from 71 percent to 85 percent (table A3.5), but among independent students 85 percent were already receiving aid in 1989–90 and no 

significant change from this percentage was detected in 1999–2000, resulting in an overall 

increase from 74 to 85 percent in the percentage of students who received any financial aid 

during the decade. Dependent aid recipients had a higher proportion of their student budget 

covered by aid in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (60 percent vs. 49 percent), but no measurable 

change was detected among independent aid recipients in this respect (58 percent vs. 55 percent). 

However, both dependent and independent students who received any financial aid received 

higher amounts, on average, in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (table A-3.4). Low-income 

dependent students were more likely to receive federal Pell Grants in 1999–2000 than in 1989–

90 (table A-3.11) and both dependent and independent low-income students were more likely to 

receive a federal SEOG. The analysis found a decrease in the percentage of single parents who 

received financial aid (table A-3.5). Single parents were less likely to take out loans (table A-3.6) 

or to receive grants (table A-3.10) in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90. 

The likelihood of borrowing increased among dependent students between 1989–90 and 

1999–2000 (45 percent to 63 percent) (table A-3.6), but no measurable change was detected in 

the overall rate of borrowing among independent students (about 58 percent in both years). 

However, single independent students with no dependents of their own were more likely to take 

out loans in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (71 percent vs. 57 percent), while single parents were 

less likely to do so (47 percent vs. 63 percent). Dependent students were more likely to take out 

federal subsidized Stafford loans (50 percent vs. 37 percent) (table A-3.7), and both dependent 

and independent students were more likely to take out federal unsubsidized loans in 1999–2000 

 

30Financial need and remaining financial need after aid are inversely related to levels of EFC. When the EFC increases, need and 

remaining financial need decrease. Remaining need after aid is also inversely related to the amount of financial aid received. 

When financial aid increases, remaining need decreases. 
Changes in Financial Aid by Institution Type

30 

than in 1989–90 (24 percent vs. 2 percent, overall). No measurable change was detected in the 

percentage of dependent students receiving federal Perkins loans but independent students were 

less likely to receive them in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (9 percent vs. 16 percent). Parents of 

dependent students were more likely to take out federal PLUS loans in 1999–2000 when 

compared to 1989–90 (12 percent vs. 6 percent). Both dependent and independent students had 

higher rates of borrowing from non-federal sources in 1999–2000 (14 percent vs. 3 percent, 

overall). Average annual loan amounts varied by loan program. Among those who borrowed, the 

average subsidized Stafford loan, PLUS loan, and non-federal loan increased while the average 

annual unsubsidized Stafford loan decreased, and no measurable change was detected in the 

average Perkins loan (table A-3.8). 

Changes in the likelihood of receiving grant aid varied by dependency status, income, and 

type of grant. A greater percentage of dependent students received grants in 1999–2000 than in 

1989–90 (76 percent vs. 65 percent) (table A-3.10), but close to 80 percent of independent 

students were already receiving a grant in 1989–90 and no measurable change from this 

percentage was found in 1999–2000. Low-income dependent students were more likely to 

receive Pell Grants (table A-3.11) and both dependent and independent low-income students 

were more likely to receive a SEOG in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90. No measurable change was 

observed in the percentage of either dependent or independent students receiving state-funded 

grants. Dependent students were more likely to receive institutional grant aid in 1999–2000 than 

in 1989–90 while no significant difference was found among independent students. Among those 

receiving grants from the various sources analyzed in this study, no measurable change was 

found in the average amounts received (table A-3.12), with the exception of those receiving 

institutional grants, in which case the average award increased from $4,700 to $7,200 between 

1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

The percentage of work-study participants among full-time dependent students grew from 

21 percent to 29 percent between 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (table A-3.14), and the average workstudy award overall increased from $1,400 to $1,600. The analysis did not find statistical 

differences in the rates at which full-time independent students received work-study (about 11 

percent), or in the average amounts that were awarded to them ($1,700) in 1989–90 and 1999–

2000. 

Private for-Profit Less-Than-4-Year Institutions 

Among full-time undergraduates enrolled for 6 or more months in private for-profit lessthan-4-year institutions in 1989–90 and 1999–2000, no measurable difference was detected in the 

average tuition (about $7,400) (table A-4.1). The analysis also did not find measurable changes 
Changes in Financial Aid by Institution Type 

31 

in the average net tuition (tuition and fees minus grant aid) ($5,500 in both years) or in the 

overall average price of attendance (about $15,700) (table A-4.2). However, after loans as well as 

grants were taken into account, the average net price of attendance (price of attendance minus all 

grant and loan aid) decreased over time to $9,000 in 1999–2000, down from $10,100 in 1989–90. 

Average financial need increased for dependent students with incomes at or below the median 

(table A-4.3) and decreased for both dependent and independent students in the highest income 

quarter, partly as a result of the HEA-92 changes in need analysis, which lowered the average 

EFC for students with incomes at or below the median. The average amount of remaining need 

after aid decreased from $7,100 to $5,900 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000 for all full-time 

students.31 

The percentage of full-time undergraduates who received any type of financial aid 

increased from 88 percent to 93 percent between 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (table A-4.4). Changes 

in the likelihood of receiving aid varied by dependency status. While dependent students were 

more likely to receive any type of aid in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (91 percent vs. 79 percent), 

a high percentage of full-time independent students were already receiving aid in 1989–90 (92 

percent) and no measurable change was detected from this percentage in 1999–2000. However, 

the average amount of total aid received increased for both dependent and independent aid 

recipients ($6,300 to $8,000, overall). The average proportion of the total student budget that was 

covered by financial aid also increased, growing from 41 to 49 percent (table A-4.5). When 

analyzed by income, low-income students were more likely to receive federal Pell Grants and 

state grants in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (table A-4.11), but no measurable change was 

detected in their likelihood of receiving loans (table A-4.6). 

The analysis did not find a significant difference in the overall percentage of full-time 

students who took out a student loan in 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (about three-fourths), but the 

rate of borrowing dropped in the early part of the decade (from 74 percent in 1989–90 to 54 

percent in 1992–93) when institutions with high default rates were disqualified from participating 

in Title IV programs. However, all full-time dependent students except those in the lowest 

income quarter were more likely to take out a loan in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90. Among all 

full-time students who took out a student loan, the average annual loan amount grew from $4,700 

in 1989–90 to $6,400 in 1999–2000. No measurable change was detected in the percentage of 

full-time students receiving a federal subsidized Stafford loan (69 percent to 71 percent) (table 

A-4.7), but the percentage taking out federal unsubsidized Stafford loans increased from 22 

percent to 59 percent. The percentage of dependent students whose parents took out federal 

 

31Financial need and remaining financial need after aid are inversely related to levels of EFC. When the EFC increases, need and 

remaining financial need decrease. Remaining need after aid is also inversely related to the amount of financial aid received. 

When financial aid increases, remaining need decreases. 
Changes in Financial Aid by Institution Type

32 

PLUS loans increased from 17 percent to 30 percent, and the percentage of all full-time students 

taking out loans from non-federal sources increased from 1 percent to 8 percent. However, the 

percentage of full-time students who received a federal Perkins loan decreased from 6 percent to 

2 percent. Changes in the average amount borrowed each year depended on the type of loan. The 

average subsidized Stafford and Perkins loans were smaller in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (table 

A-4.8) but the average amounts of PLUS and non-federal loans were greater, and no significant 

difference was observed in the average amount of unsubsidized Stafford loans taken out in 1989–

90 and 1999–2000. 

No significant difference was found in the overall percentage of full-time students receiving 

grants in 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (about two-thirds) (table A-4.10). However, low-income 

students were more likely to receive grants in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (among dependent 

students: 90 percent vs. 81 percent; among independent students: 92 percent vs. 85 percent), 

including Pell Grants and state grants (table A-4.11). Independent students with incomes at or 

below the median were also more likely to receive an SEOG in 1999–2000 when compared with 

1989–90 (30 percent vs. 12 percent). No measurable change was detected in the percentage of 

full-time students receiving institutional grants. No significant differences were observed in the 

rates at which full-time undergraduates in this sector received work-study aid in 1989–90 and 

1999–2000 (about 1 percent in both years) (table A-4.14). 
33 

Conclusion 

During the decade of the 1990s, while tuition at postsecondary institutions increased faster 

than inflation for full-time, full-year undergraduates, students also were more likely to receive 

financial aid, particularly in the form of federal student loans. It was in the course of this decade 

that the 1992 Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act (HEA-92) was enacted. This was a 

defining moment in the history of federal financial aid for postsecondary students because it 

established the direction in which the federal government would help support postsecondary 

education in the subsequent years. HEA-92 introduced changes in federal need analysis and these 

changes benefited students with incomes at or below the median by lowering their expected 

family contributions (EFC). HEA-92 also allowed more undergraduates to take out student loans 

and to take out larger amounts. Loan aid, however, only helps relieve students and their families 

from the immediate financial burden of attending college. Unlike grants, loans are not free and 

must eventually be paid back, usually with interest. 

Over the decade, full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled at all of the institution types 

examined in this study were more likely to receive any type of financial aid, and among those 

receiving aid, the average total amount of aid received increased as did the percentage of the 

price of attendance that was covered by financial aid. However, the average net tuition (tuition 

minus grant aid) increased at most of the institution types analyzed in this study (public 2-year, 

public 4-year, and private not-for-profit 4-year), indicating that grants alone could not keep pace 

with increases in tuition over time. 

Among the different types of aid available to undergraduate students, the growth in federal 

unsubsidized loans was most prominent and full-time students were more likely to take out 

unsubsidized Stafford loans at the end of the decade regardless of the type of institution attended. 

The percentage of those taking out subsidized Stafford loans increased among those enrolled at 

public 4-year institutions and among dependent students enrolled at public 2-year and private 

not-for-profit 4-year institutions. Grants also contributed to the growth in financial aid during this 

decade. Although the percentage of students receiving Pell Grants remained at just under onethird between 1989–90 and 1999–2000, there were increases in the proportions of students 

receiving state and institutional grant aid (increases were not statistically significant at private 

for-profit less-than-4-year institutions). Some changes also occurred with respect to financial aid 

that was distributed through the federal campus-based programs. The rate of borrowing from the 
Conclusion

34 

Perkins loan program decreased at most of the institutional sectors included in the analysis; 

however, no significant change was observed among private not-for-profit 4-year institutions. 

The percentage of undergraduates who received work-study support increased at 4-year 

institutions while the proportion receiving SEOGs increased at less-than-4-year institutions. 

Single parents enrolled in the public 2-year, public 4-year, and private not-for-profit 4-year 

sectors, however, were less likely to receive any financial aid at the end of the decade than at the 

beginning. This reflected, in part, changes in the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics 

of single parents enrolled full time. Compared to the earlier years, single parent undergraduates 

in 1999–2000 were more likely to be male and to have parents with at least some postsecondary 

education. More importantly, however, the percentage of those who worked while enrolled grew 

substantially and a proportion of those who in the past would have received welfare benefits 

while pursuing a postsecondary education were no longer enrolled full time. These changes may 

have been related to a reduced eligibility for need-based financial aid among single parents. 

 
35 

References 

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1992–93, and 1995–96 (NCES 2000–151). U.S. Department of Education, National Center 

for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 

The College Board. (2002). Trends in Student Aid: 2002. Washington, DC: The College Entrance 

Examination Board. 

Horn, L., Wei, C.C., and Berker, A. (2002). What Students Pay for College: Changes in Net 

Price of College Attendance Between 1992–93 and 1999–2000 (NCES 2002–174). U.S. 

Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. 

Government Printing Office. 

National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators. (2004). Encyclopedia of Student 

Financial Aid. Retrieved August 27, 2004, from http://www.nasfaa.org/Apps/Eplus. 

U.S. Department of Education. (2001a). Cohort Default Rate Guide. Washington, DC: U.S. 

Government Printing Office. 

U.S. Department of Education. (2001b). Pell Grant End-of-Year Report. Washington, DC: U.S. 

Government Printing Office. 

U.S. Department of Education. (2002). Federal Campus-Based Programs Data Book 

2002.Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved August 27, 2004, from 

http://www.ed.gov/finaid/prof/resources/data/databook2002/index.html?exp=0

U.S. General Accounting Office. (1996). Higher Education: Tuition Increasing Faster Than 

Household Income and Public Colleges’ Costs (GAO/HEHS-96-154). Washington, DC: U.S. 

Government Printing Office. 

U.S. General Accounting Office. (1998). Higher Education: Tuition Increases and Colleges’ 

Efforts to Contain Costs (GAO/HEHS-98-227). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing 

Office. 
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37 

Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type 

The tables in appendix A include constant dollar (i.e., inflation-adjusted) estimates used to 

analyze specific trends discussed in this report and are organized by institution type. Only 

averages calculated per recipient of a particular aid type were included in the report’s analysis. 

The discussion does not include any of the estimates in tables A-1.9, A-1.13, A-2.9, A-2.13, A3.9, A-3.13, A-4.9, A-4.13, and some dollar estimates found in other tables, all of which are 

averages calculated for all full-time undergraduates, and not limited to recipients only. The 

averages for all full-time undergraduates are presented in this report for the benefit of those who 

would like to conduct further research in this area. Researchers may add and subtract these 

amounts because the denominators are the same. 

Public 2-Year Institutions 

Table A-1.1. Tuition and net tuition 

• Between 1989–90 and 1999–2000, the average tuition (in constant 1999 dollars) 

among full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled at public 2-year institutions 

increased from $1,100 to $1,500. 

• Net tuition is defined in this study as total tuition minus all grant aid received. The 

average net tuition grew from $700 to $900 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000.1

Table A-1.2. Price of attendance and net price of attendance 

• The price of attendance is equal to total tuition and fees plus all living expenses. The 

average price of attendance increased from $8,200 to $9,000 between 1989–90 and 

1999–2000. 

• The net price of attendance was calculated by subtracting all grant and loan aid from 

the total price of attendance. In 1989–90 and 1999–2000, no measurable difference 

was detected in the average net price of attendance. However, the average net price 

 

1

Grants are not necessarily limited to paying for tuition, but may cover other educational expenses as well. If the grant amount is 

greater than the tuition charges, the excess is applied to room and board or other expenses. In calculating the average net tuition, 

negative values (when the grant amount exceeds tuition) were set to zero. In 1989–90, 34 percent of full-time, full-year 

undergraduates at public 2-year institutions had a negative or zero net tuition; in 1999–2000, it was 34 percent (1989–90 

National Postsecondary Student Aid Study Data Analysis System and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study 

Data Analysis System; data not shown in tables). 
Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type

38 

increased among dependent students in the two highest income quarters (upper middle 

quarter: $7,100 to $7,800; highest quarter: $6,700 to $8,100). 

Table A-1.3. Financial need and remaining financial need 

• Financial need is the amount of need-based financial aid for which the student is 

eligible, and is equal to the total price of attendance minus the expected family 

contribution (EFC). In 1989–90 and 1999–2000, no measurable difference was 

detected in the average amount of financial need among full-time students in this 

sector. However, the average level of financial need decreased among dependent 

undergraduates in the two highest income quarters and increased among those in the 

lowest income quarter ($4,600 to $7,200). The average amount of financial need also 

decreased among independent undergraduates in the two highest income quarters 

(upper middle quarter: $7,400 to $5,000; highest quarter: $4,300 to $900) while it 

increased among those in the two lowest income quarters (lowest quarter: $7,800 to 

$9,300; lower middle quarter: $6,600 to $7,800). Among the categories of independent 

students, the average financial need was higher in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 among 

single independent undergraduates with no children ($6,200 vs. $4,900). The 

elimination of the $1,200 minimum EFC by HEA-92 contributed to the increase in the 

average level of need among this particular group of students. 

• Remaining financial need (also known as unmet need) is the amount of financial need 

that remains after all financial aid is received. Remaining need is inversely related to 

levels of EFC and amounts of financial aid: when the EFC or the amount of aid 

received increases, the remaining need decreases. No measurable change was detected 

in the average amount of remaining need after aid, which was about $2,800 in both 

1989–90 and 1999–2000. However, the average increased among dependent students 

in the lowest income quarter ($2,600 to $4,400), but decreased among dependent 

students in the upper middle quarter ($900 to $400) (there were too few cases to yield 

an estimate for dependent students in the highest quarter in 1999–2000) and 

independent undergraduates in the two highest income quarters (upper middle quarter: 

$4,900 to $2,900; highest quarter: $3,300 to $500). The average amount of remaining 

need also decreased among married students, a group whose EFC had increased after 

HEA-92 went into effect (married with no dependents: $5,600 to $2,000; married with 

dependents: $5,600 to $3,700). 

Table A-1.4. Percentage receiving financial aid and average amount of total aid 

received 

• The total amount of financial aid received includes any grant, scholarship, loan, workstudy, or other type of aid. Full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled at public 2-year 

institutions were more likely to receive some type of financial aid in 1999–2000 than 

in 1989–90 (58 percent vs. 49 percent). However, single parents were less likely to 

receive aid at the end of the decade than at the beginning (77 percent vs. 94 percent). 
Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type 

39 

• Among those receiving financial aid, the average amount received increased from 

$3,300 to $3,900 (in constant 1999 dollars) between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

Table A-1.5. Percentage of total price met by financial aid and percentage of financial 

aid awarded as grants 

• Among those receiving some form of financial aid, the proportion of their total price of 

attendance (or student budget) that was covered by aid increased from 39 percent to 43 

percent between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

• No measurable difference was observed in the percentage of aid that was received in 

the form of grants in 1989–90 and in 1999–2000. About 70 percent of financial aid 

was awarded in the form of grants in both 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

Table A-1.6. Percentage receiving loans and average loan amounts 

• The analysis failed to find a difference in the overall rate of borrowing in this sector 

between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. However, dependent students were more likely to 

take out loans in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90, with increases in borrowing occurring 

among middle-income students in particular (lower middle: 19 percent vs. 9 percent; 

upper middle: 13 percent vs. 6 percent). A decrease in borrowing was detected among 

single parents between 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (36 percent to 24 percent), but no 

measurable difference was detected among the other categories of independent 

students. 

• Among all loan recipients, the average annual amount borrowed increased from $2,800 

to $3,900 (in constant 1999 dollars) between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

Table A-1.7. Percentage receiving various types of loans 

• Between 1989–90 and 1999–2000, the percentage receiving federal loans increased 

among all dependent students (lower middle income: 9 percent to 17 percent; upper 

middle income: 4 percent to 12 percent; highest income: 2 percent to 9 percent) except 

those in the lowest income quarter, in which no significant difference was detected. 

Single parents, on the other hand, were less likely to receive federal loan aid over time, 

with the proportion of borrowers falling from 35 percent to 22 percent between 1989–

90 and 1999–2000. 

• Dependent undergraduates were more likely to take out a subsidized Stafford loan in 

1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (9 percent vs. 5 percent). However, no measurable 

difference was detected in the rates at which independent students took out subsidized 

Stafford loans in 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (about 22 percent in both years). 

• The percentage of unsubsidized Stafford loan recipients increased from 1 percent to 9 

percent between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. No measurable difference was detected, 

however, in the rates at which the lowest income dependent students borrowed from 

the federal unsubsidized Stafford loan program (about 1 percent), whereas dependent 
Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type

40 

students in all of the other income categories were more likely to take out unsubsidized 

loans in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90. 

• No significant difference was observed in the percentage of dependent students whose 

parents took out PLUS loans in 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (1 percent in both years). 

• No measurable change was detected in the overall percentage of full-time, full-year 

undergraduates who received a non-federal loan in 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (about 2 

percent). 

Table A-1.8. Average amounts of various types of loans 

• Among those receiving any federal loans, the average annual amount borrowed 

increased from $3,000 to $3,400 (in constant 1999 dollars) between 1989–90 and 

1999–2000. 

• The average amount borrowed from the subsidized Stafford loan program decreased 

from $2,700 to $2,400 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. However, the analysis did 

not find a difference in the average amount received by dependent students who 

borrowed a subsidized Stafford loan in 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (about $2,200 in both 

years). 

Table A-1.10. Percentage receiving grant aid and average amount received 

• Between 1989–90 and 1999–2000, the proportion receiving any type of grant aid rose 

from 44 percent to 51 percent. However, there was insufficient evidence to show a 

change in the percentage of independent undergraduates who received grants (60 

percent to 63 percent), although single parents were less likely to receive grant aid in 

1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (75 percent vs. 92 percent). 

• Among all grant aid recipients, the average amount of total grant aid received also 

increased, rising from $2,300 to $2,600 (in constant 1999 dollars) between 1989–90 

and 1999–2000. 

Table A-1.11. Percentage receiving various types of grants 

• Thirty-two percent of full-time undergraduates received a Pell Grant in both 1989–90 

and 1999–2000. However, independent undergraduates in the two highest income 

quarters, dependent undergraduates in the upper middle income quarter, and single 

independent students were less likely to receive a Pell Grant in 1999–2000 than in 

1989–90. 

• The percentage receiving a Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (SEOG) 

increased from 6 percent to 9 percent between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. The increase 

was detected among dependent students in the lowest income quarter, whose 

likelihood of receiving an SEOG grew from 7 percent in 1989–90 to 16 percent in 
Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type 

41 

1999–2000 while no measurable change was observed among dependent students in 

the other income categories or among independent students. 

• The percentage of full-time dependent students receiving state grants increased from 

11 percent in 1989–90 to 18 percent in 1999–2000. No measurable change, however, 

was found in the percentage of independent students receiving state grants in 1989–90 

and 1999–2000. 

• The percentage receiving institutional grant aid increased from 9 percent in 1989–90 to 

16 percent in 1999–2000. 

Table A-1.12. Average amounts of various types of grants 

• The overall average Pell Grant amount increased from $2,000 to $2,400 between 

1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

• Among those receiving an SEOG, the average amount received decreased from $600 to 

$500 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

• Among those receiving state grant aid, the average amount received increased from 

$1,000 in 1989–90 to $1,200 in 1999–2000. 

• Among institutional aid recipients, no measurable change could be detected in the 

average amount received in 1989–90 and in 1999–2000 (about $900 in both years). 

Table A-1.14. Percentage receiving work-study and average work-study awards 

• This study did not find differences in the overall percentage of full-time students 

receiving work-study (about 5 percent in both years) or in the average amount of workstudy aid received (about $1,600). However, single parent undergraduates had a 

decreased likelihood of receiving work-study in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (7 percent 

vs. 17 percent). 
Table A-1.1.—Average tuition and net tuition (in constant 1999 dollars) after grants (if any) for full-time, full-year undergradu

Table A-1.1.—institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93  Total $1,100 $1,400 $1,500 $1,500 $700 $800 Dependency status Dependent students 1,100 1,300 1,400 1,600 800 1,000  Independent students 1,100 1,400 1,600 1,400 500 600  Unmarried, no dependents 1,200 1,300 1,800 1,500 600 600  Married, no dependents 900 1,400 1,900 1,400 600 1,000  Unmarried, with dependents 1,100 1,300 1,300 1,300 100 200  Married, with dependents 1,200 1,500 1,400 1,500 500 600 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 900 1,300 1,300 1,500 300 500  Lower middle quarter 1,200 1,400 1,400 1,700 900 1,000  Upper middle quarter 1,200 1,300 1,500 1,600 1,000 1,200  Highest quarter 1,100 1,400 1,400 1,500 1,000 1,300  Independent students Lowest quarter 1,200 1,400 1,500 1,400 400 300  Lower middle quarter 1,200 1,500 1,700 1,400 600 800  Upper middle quarter 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,500 400 700  Highest quarter 1,100 1,400 1,700 1,300 800 1,100 

1Includes all tuition and required fees charged by the institution. Averages include students charged out-of-district or out-of-state fees.2Equal to tuition and fees minus all grant aid received. Grants and scholarships are not necessarily limited to paying for tuition, but may cover other e

If the grant amount is greater than the tuition charges, the excess is applied to room and board or other expenses. In calculating the average of this me

values (when the grant amount exceeds tuition) were set to zero. The percentage of students with zero value for net tuition was 34 in 1989–90, 33 in 

and 36 in 1999–2000. NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the DistriRico. To have full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–9academic years were adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecon

(NPSAS:90, NPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average tuition1 Average net 

Public 2-year institutions

_______

42
Table A-1.2.—Average price of attendance, net price of attendance after aid (if any), and expected family contribution (in cons

Table A-1.2.—full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–

Table A-1.2.—and 1999–2000 

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total $8,200 $8,000 $7,900 $9,000 $6,800 $6,600 $6,400 $7,000 $7,000 $6

Dependency status Dependent students 7,300 7,600 7,400 8,500 6,500 6,800 6,300 7,000 9,300 8

 Independent students 9,600 8,600 9,000 9,900 7,200 6,400 6,600 7,000 3,500 3

 Unmarried, no dependents 9,400 8,700 9,300 9,900 7,300 6,900 7,000 7,400 6,700 5

 Married, no dependents 9,100 8,700 9,100 10,100 7,800 7,300 7,600 8,800 2,200 3

 Unmarried, with dependents 9,900 8,400 8,800 9,700 5,600 5,200 6,100 6,300 600 

 Married, with dependents 10,000 8,700 8,900 10,200 7,700 6,100 6,200 6,700 2,000 2

Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 7,200 7,600 7,000 8,300 5,400 5,700 4,800 5,600 2,900 2

 Lower middle quarter 7,600 7,400 7,500 8,600 6,900 6,500 6,600 7,200 6,600 5

 Upper middle quarter 7,400 8,100 7,600 8,600 7,100 7,800 7,000 7,800 12,000 7

 Highest quarter 6,900 7,500 7,500 8,700 6,700 7,400 7,200 8,100 19,100 24

 Independent students Lowest quarter 9,500 8,600 8,900 9,800 6,400 5,600 5,900 6,000 1,700 1

 Lower middle quarter 9,700 8,800 9,400 9,800 7,500 7,000 6,500 6,700 3,800 3 Upper middle quarter 9,700 8,300 8,900 10,400 7,400 6,400 7,100 8,400 3,200 3

 Highest quarter 8,700 8,600 10,100 8,100 9,300 7,800 7,900 9,100 8,200 8

1Average student budget estimated by the institutions. Includes tuition and fees, books and supplies, room and board, transportation and personal expenses.2Equal to the price of attendance minus all grant and loan aid received. Includes students who received no financial aid.3The federal expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students and families are expected to contribute to the price of attendance at a postsecondary in

contribution is calculated using federal need analysis methodology and takes into account dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings also in collegThe federal methodology was similar in 1989–90 and 1992–93. The Reauthorization of 1992 introduced many changes that are reflected in 1995–96 and 1999

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average price of attendance1 Average net price of attendance2 Average expe

Public 2-year institutions

_______

43
Table A-1.3.—Average financial need and remaining need (in constant 1999 dollars) after receiving financial aid (if any) for fu

Table A-1.3.—undergraduates in public 2-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93  Total $4,300 $4,100 $4,000 $4,700 $2,800 $2,700 Dependency status Dependent students 2,700 2,700 2,800 3,300 1,900 2,000  Independent students 7,000 6,100 6,100 7,000 4,400 3,600  Unmarried, no dependents 4,900 4,600 5,800 6,200 2,600 2,600  Married, no dependents 6,900 6,100 3,700 3,200 5,600 4,400  Unmarried, with dependents 9,200 8,000 7,700 8,900 4,700 4,500  Married, with dependents 8,200 6,700 6,300 7,400 5,600 3,900 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 4,600 5,100 5,900 7,200 2,600 3,200  Lower middle quarter 2,900 2,800 3,800 3,300 2,200 2,100  Upper middle quarter 1,200 2,300 800 600 900 2,200  Highest quarter 1,700 200 200 # 1,600 100  Independent students Lowest quarter 7,800 7,200 8,400 9,300 4,500 3,900  Lower middle quarter 6,600 5,800 7,400 7,800 4,200 3,700  Upper middle quarter 7,400 5,800 4,600 5,000 4,900 3,600  Highest quarter 4,300 3,700 500 900 3,300 2,900 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Financial need is equal to the student budget minus the expected family contribution (EFC). The expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students a

contribute to the price of attendance, and is calculated based on dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings in college, and other related factors. NeAverage is based on all full-time, full-year undergraduates, including those with zero need.

2Remaining financial need is equal to the student budget minus the expected family contribution (EFC) minus any financial aid received. Negative values were 

on all full-time, full-year undergraduates, including those with zero remaining need.NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

Average amount o

Average amount of financial need1 need after finan

_______

44
Table A-1.4.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received financial aid and ave

Table A-1.4.—received (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 19

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 48.8 49.0 52.7 57.9 $3,300 $3,100 $3,400 $3,900 $1,600 $1

Dependency status Dependent students 37.1 35.3 43.0 50.6 2,400 2,400 2,600 3,200 900  Independent students 66.1 70.9 71.4 70.5 4,200 3,600 4,300 4,800 2,800 2

 Unmarried, no dependents 58.6 65.1 60.7 63.3 4,200 3,400 4,800 5,000 2,400 2

 Married, no dependents 35.1 53.5 58.4 55.8 ‡ ‡ 3,600 3,200 1,400 1

 Unmarried, with dependents 94.2 82.1 79.2 77.2 4,800 4,300 4,200 4,800 4,600 3

 Married, with dependents 70.4 77.5 81.4 76.6 3,700 3,600 4,300 5,100 2,600 2Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 65.6 70.2 73.3 75.7 3,100 2,900 3,300 3,800 2,000 2

 Lower middle quarter 35.5 36.6 43.8 51.7 2,300 2,500 2,300 2,900 800  Upper middle quarter 31.4 20.1 31.2 33.9 1,300 1,700 2,000 2,500 400  Highest quarter 8.8 17.8 16.2 27.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ 2,200 200  Independent students Lowest quarter 77.3 85.1 85.0 81.3 4,400 4,000 4,400 5,300 3,400 3

 Lower middle quarter 63.0 62.9 75.5 74.3 4,000 3,500 4,600 4,900 2,500 2

 Upper middle quarter 67.2 61.3 66.4 61.3 3,900 3,300 4,000 4,100 2,600 2

 Highest quarter 43.0 44.5 38.2 41.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 1,400 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes all types of financial aid: grants, loans, work-study, and other (such as employer’s benefits and veterans’ benefits).2Includes zero values (i.e., those not receiving any financial aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

Percent who received any financial aid1

Average amount of financial aid

 received by those receiving aid among all fu

Average a

_______

45
Table A-1.5.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received financial aid, percen

Table A-1.5.—attendance met by financial aid, and percentage of aid received in grants, by dependency status and family incom

Table A-1.5.—1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 48.8 49.0 52.7 57.9 38.5 38.8 43.1 42.8 71.5 Dependency status Dependent students 37.1 35.3 43.0 50.6 33.9 33.1 39.4 39.0 75.5  Independent students 66.1 70.9 71.4 70.5 43.3 42.9 47.5 47.4 67.7 

 Unmarried, no dependents 58.6 65.1 60.7 63.3 42.1 39.1 49.1 48.5 61.5  Married, no dependents 35.1 53.5 58.4 55.8 ‡ ‡ 39.6 29.2 ‡  Unmarried, with dependents 94.2 82.1 79.2 77.2 51.4 50.6 48.3 51.4 76.2  Married, with dependents 70.4 77.5 81.4 76.6 38.6 43.3 48.7 48.5 70.7 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 65.6 70.2 73.3 75.7 45.5 40.6 51.3 48.2 81.5  Lower middle quarter 35.5 36.6 43.8 51.7 29.1 33.5 32.6 33.9 69.7  Upper middle quarter 31.4 20.1 31.2 33.9 17.9 21.8 27.8 28.5 74.6  Highest quarter 8.8 17.8 16.2 27.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ 27.6 ‡  Independent students Lowest quarter 77.3 85.1 85.0 81.3 47.1 47.5 50.6 53.3 71.9  Lower middle quarter 63.0 62.9 75.5 74.3 39.8 40.8 48.5 48.9 65.4  Upper middle quarter 67.2 61.3 66.4 61.3 38.4 41.4 43.6 38.2 66.6  Highest quarter 43.0 44.5 38.2 41.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes all types of financial aid: grants, loans, work-study, and other (such as employer’s benefits and veterans’ benefits).2Percentage of the total price of attendance (tuition and fees plus living expenses) that is met by any type of financial aid, among financial aid recipients.3Percentage of total financial aid that is awarded in the form of grants and scholarships among financial aid recipients.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

Percent who received any financial aid1

Percent of the total price of attendance

met by aid among financial aid recipients2 awarded 

Percen

_______

46
Table A-1.6.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received any student loans an

Table A-1.6.—amount received (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–9

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 15.2 12.5 15.8 17.5 $2,800 $2,800 $3,300 $3,900 $400 Dependency status Dependent students 8.2 6.5 11.8 14.2 2,200 2,300 2,500 3,200 200  Independent students 26.0 21.9 23.6 23.2 3,200 3,000 4,000 4,700 800  Unmarried, no dependents 24.6 16.2 24.2 26.4 3,300 2,900 ‡ 5,000 800  Married, no dependents 20.5 16.4 17.8 9.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 700  Unmarried, with dependents 36.3 24.6 20.9 23.7 3,100 3,200 ‡ 3,500 1,100  Married, with dependents 24.0 29.4 29.5 26.4 3,100 3,100 3,500 5,500 700 

Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 12.1 11.1 14.2 14.1 ‡ ‡ 2,100 3,100 300  Lower middle quarter 9.3 8.8 14.1 18.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ 3,500 200  Upper middle quarter 6.4 4.2 12.1 12.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 100  Highest quarter 3.3 1.9 4.7 8.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 100  Independent students Lowest quarter 30.6 24.5 21.1 27.0 3,000 3,000 4,000 4,300 900  Lower middle quarter 23.1 14.1 31.8 27.3 3,300 ‡ 4,600 4,600 800  Upper middle quarter 26.9 31.0 26.1 16.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 900 1 Highest quarter 17.2 15.5 10.2 10.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 500 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes all types of loans, including those funded by federal, state, institutional, or private sources. Also includes the Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students 

taken out by parents of dependent undergraduates.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

Average annual loan amount

Percent who received a student loan1 for those receiving loans Average annual l

_______

47
Table A-1.7.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received federal and non-fede

Table A-1.7.—dependency status and family income: 1989–90 and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2 Total 13.9 16.6 11.6 13.3 1.2 8.8 2.0 0.4 † Dependency status Dependent students 6.9 13.5 5.0 9.0 0.5 6.5 1.2 0.2 1.0  Independent students 25.1 22.1 22.0 20.6 2.3 12.7 3.4 0.8 †  Unmarried, no dependents 24.0 25.2 20.8 23.4 3.7 16.1 3.0 1.1 †  Married, no dependents 20.5 9.1 16.8 6.7 5.2 8.1 2.6 # †  Unmarried, with dependents 35.1 21.9 32.2 21.3 1.1 9.0 3.2 1.6 †  Married, with dependents 22.4 25.6 19.7 23.8 0.4 16.0 4.1 # † Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 10.3 13.6 9.0 13.2 0.7 1.8 0.6 0.4 1.4 

 Lower middle quarter 8.8 17.2 4.9 13.1 1.1 8.2 2.3 0.4 1.6 

 Upper middle quarter 4.5 12.2 3.8 5.0 # 8.9 1.2 # ‡  Highest quarter 2.4 8.8 1.5 0.6 # 8.8 # # 0.9  Independent students Lowest quarter 29.1 25.0 26.8 24.1 1.8 12.5 1.9 2.2 † 

 Lower middle quarter 23.1 26.7 19.7 25.2 3.2 16.2 4.7 0.1 †  Upper middle quarter 24.3 16.7 23.9 14.8 1.3 11.5 2.7 # †  Highest quarter 17.2 8.3 9.2 5.7 2.9 5.3 5.2 # † 

†Not applicable.#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Among dependent students only. The Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PLUS) is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduate students and is not s

not show financial need but must be creditworthy. Repayment of the loan begins immediately. The maximum amount of a PLUS loan can be as high as the tot

2Includes state, institutional, and private or commercial loans. Does not include loans from family or friends.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

Percent who received

Percent who received a subsidized Percent who received Percent who recei

Percent who received 

Stafford loan

or Supplemental

an unsubsidized 

Public 2-year institutions

 federal loans Loan for Students 

a Perkins loan a PLUS loan1 Stafford loan

_______

48
Table A-1.8.—Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) per recipient of federal and non-federal student loan

Table A-1.8.—year undergraduates enrolled in public 2-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 an

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2 Total $3,000 $3,400 $2,700 $2,400 ‡ $2,500 ‡ ‡ † Dependency status Dependent students 2,400 2,700 2,100 2,200 ‡ 2,100 ‡ ‡ ‡  Independent students 3,200 4,200 2,900 2,600 ‡ 2,900 ‡ ‡ †  Unmarried, no dependents 3,200 4,500 2,800 2,500 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ †  Married, no dependents ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ †  Unmarried, with dependents 3,200 3,400 3,100 2,500 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ †  Married, with dependents 3,200 4,700 3,100 2,900 ‡ 3,200 ‡ ‡ † Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter ‡ 2,800 ‡ 2,400 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡  Lower middle quarter ‡ 2,600 ‡ 2,200 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡  Upper middle quarter ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡  Highest quarter ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡  Independent students Lowest quarter 3,100 4,100 3,000 2,700 ‡ 2,700 ‡ ‡ †  Lower middle quarter 3,200 4,200 2,700 2,600 ‡ 3,000 ‡ ‡ †  Upper middle quarter ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ †  Highest quarter ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡†

†Not applicable.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Among dependent students only. The Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PLUS) is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduate students and is not s

not show financial need but must be creditworthy. Repayment of the loan begins immediately. The maximum amount of a PLUS loan can be as high as the tot

2Includes state, institutional, and private or commercial loans. Does not include loans from family or friends.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were aConsumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). The averages for each loan type were calculated by including only those who received the specific tSOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

Average annual

unsubsidized 

Average annual

 total federal subsidized Supplemental Loan 

Average annual Stafford loan or 

Average annual Average annua

Public 2-year institutions

 loans received for Students 

Perkins loan PLUS loan1 Stafford loan

_______

49
Table A-1.9.—Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) by all full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2

Table A-1.9.—through various federal and non-federal student loan programs, by dependency status and family income: 1989–

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2 Total $400 $600 $300 $300 # $200 # # † Dependency status Dependent students 200 400 100 200 # 100 # # #  Independent students 800 900 600 500 100 400 100 # †  Unmarried, no dependents 800 1,100 600 600 100 500 100 # †  Married, no dependents 700 400 400 200 200 200 # # †  Unmarried, with dependents 1,100 700 1,000 500 # 200 100 # †  Married, with dependents 700 1,200 600 700 # 500 100 # † Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 300 400 200 300 # # # # # 

 Lower middle quarter 200 400 100 300 # 200 # # 100  Upper middle quarter 100 300 100 100 # 200 # # #  Highest quarter 100 200 # # # 200 # # #  Independent students Lowest quarter 900 1,000 800 700 # 300 # # †  Lower middle quarter 700 1,100 500 600 100 500 100 # †  Upper middle quarter 800 700 700 400 100 300 # # †  Highest quarter 500 400 300 100 100 200 100 # † 

†Not applicable.#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Among dependent students only. The Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PLUS) is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduate students and is not s

not show financial need but must be creditworthy. Repayment of the loan begins immediately. The maximum amount of a PLUS loan can be as high as the tot

2Includes state, institutional, and private or commercial loans. Does not include loans from family or friends.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were aConsumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). These averages were calculated for all students, including those not receiving any loans.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

Average Perkins loan

 total federal Average subsidized

Public 2-year institutions

 Stafford loan

Average PLUS lo

Average annual

Stafford loan or 

 loans received for Students

Supplemental Loan 

unsubsidized 

Average annual

_______

50
Table A-1.10.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received any grants and ave

Table A-1.10.—received (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 43.8 44.2 44.7 50.6 $2,300 $2,300 $2,200 $2,600 $1,000 $1

Dependency status Dependent students 33.0 32.2 36.6 43.6 1,900 2,000 2,100 2,400 600  Independent students 59.8 63.5 60.3 62.5 2,700 2,500 2,400 2,900 1,600 1

 Unmarried, no dependents 51.4 55.9 42.1 50.1 2,400 2,300 2,000 2,400 1,200 1 Married, no dependents 26.3 38.1 34.4 45.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ 1,700 600  Unmarried, with dependents 92.3 82.1 77.0 74.6 3,400 3,000 2,600 3,400 3,100 2 Married, with dependents 63.5 70.5 76.0 68.5 2,500 2,300 2,300 3,000 1,600 1Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 62.2 67.0 70.2 73.1 2,500 2,500 2,700 3,100 1,600 1

 Lower middle quarter 31.3 32.9 35.9 43.3 1,500 1,800 1,700 1,700 500  Upper middle quarter 25.6 16.0 22.0 25.2 1,100 ‡ 900 1,600 300  Highest quarter 6.1 15.9 11.3 17.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 100  Independent students Lowest quarter 74.4 81.7 81.5 79.0 2,900 2,800 2,700 3,300 2,100 2

 Lower middle quarter 54.6 52.6 62.4 64.1 2,600 2,500 2,300 2,900 1,400 1

 Upper middle quarter 58.9 50.8 52.4 48.1 2,400 1,800 2,000 2,400 1,400  Highest quarter 32.7 32.9 17.6 30.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 700 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes grants and scholarships awarded by any source: federal, state, institutional, or private.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving grant aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

Average grant amount

Percent who received any grants1 for those who received grants Average gran

_______

51
Table A-1.11.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received various types of gra

Table A-1.11.—status and family income: 1989–90 and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000  Total 32.4 32.4 6.0 8.5 15.1 21.0 9.0 15.7 Dependency status Dependent students 19.6 23.7 2.5 5.6 11.5 18.2 9.9 16.1  Independent students 52.7 47.5 11.2 13.6 20.3 25.9 8.0 15.1  Unmarried, no dependents 43.5 31.2 7.4 5.3 14.2 24.0 6.2 15.2  Married, no dependents 19.1 18.2 1.6 1.6 7.4 16.8 3.7 15.8  Unmarried, with dependents 92.2 65.5 26.1 24.1 43.2 30.4 16.6 19.0  Married, with dependents 53.5 56.2 10.7 15.1 19.2 26.8 6.7 9.9 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 54.8 63.2 6.6 15.7 26.3 33.7 7.7 25.3  Lower middle quarter 14.3 14.7 1.7 2.4 9.4 18.2 12.0 14.9  Upper middle quarter 4.2 0.8 0.7 0.4 5.8 8.3 15.0 9.6  Highest quarter 2.3 # 0.7 # 2.4 4.5 1.9 10.6  Independent students Lowest quarter 70.0 70.1 16.8 22.2 26.5 30.6 10.8 24.2  Lower middle quarter 43.8 47.9 8.6 14.6 16.5 27.8 9.6 13.5  Upper middle quarter 53.2 33.3 11.8 3.2 21.9 24.2 1.4 5.2  Highest quarter 16.9 0.8 1.9 0.8 8.7 9.2 4.1 7.3 

#Rounds to zero.

1Includes grants from sources other than federal, state, or institutional.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

a Pell Grant (SEOG)

Percent who received Opportunity Grant

a Supplemental 

Educational

Public 2-year institutions

Percent who received

institutional grants

Percent who received

state-funded grants

Percent who received

_______

52
Table A-1.12.—Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) per recipient of federal and non-federal grant aid p

Table A-1.12.—time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000  Total $2,000 $2,400 $600 $500 $1,000 $1,200 $900 $900 Dependency status Dependent students 1,700 2,200 ‡ 500 1,000 1,200 900 900  Independent students 2,100 2,500 700 400 1,000 1,200 800 800  Unmarried, no dependents 2,100 2,100 ‡ ‡ ‡ 1,470 ‡ ‡  Married, no dependents ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡  Unmarried, with dependents 2,300 2,700 ‡ 400 1,200 1,100 ‡ 700  Married, with dependents 2,000 2,600 ‡ ‡ 800 1,100 ‡ ‡ Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 1,800 2,400 ‡ 500 1,200 1,300 ‡ 800  Lower middle quarter ‡ 1,400 ‡ ‡ ‡ 1,100 ‡ 1,000  Upper middle quarter ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡  Highest quarter ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡  Independent students Lowest quarter 2,200 2,600 800 400 900 1,300 ‡ 700  Lower middle quarter 2,200 2,600 ‡ 400 ‡ 1,100 ‡ ‡  Upper middle quarter 1,800 1,900 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡  Highest quarter ‡‡ ‡‡ ‡‡ ‡‡ 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes grants from sources other than federal, state, or institutional.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were aConsumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). The averages for each grant type were calculated by including only those who received the specific SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

Average 

Supplemental 

Public 2-year institutions

Average Pell Grant

Educational Opportunity Average state-funded Average institutional 

Grant (SEOG) grants grants

_______

53
Table A-1.13.—Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) by all full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 

Table A-1.13.—through federal and non-federal grant aid programs, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 and 19

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000  Total $600 $800 # # $100 $200 $100 $100 Dependency status Dependent students 300 500 # # 100 200 100 100  Independent students 1,100 1,200 100 100 200 300 100 100  Unmarried, no dependents 900 700 100 # 100 400 100 100  Married, no dependents 500 400 # # 100 100 # 200  Unmarried, with dependents 2,100 1,800 200 100 500 300 100 100  Married, with dependents 1,100 1,400 100 100 200 300 100 100 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 1,000 1,500 # 100 300 400 100 200  Lower middle quarter 200 200 # # 100 200 100 200  Upper middle quarter 100 # # # # 100 100 100  Highest quarter # # # # # 100 # 100  Independent students Lowest quarter 1,600 1,800 100 100 200 400 100 200  Lower middle quarter 1,000 1,200 100 100 200 300 100 100  Upper middle quarter 1,000 600 # # 300 300 # #  Highest quarter 300 # # # # 100 # 100 

#Rounds to zero.

1Includes grants from sources other than federal, state, or institutional.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were aConsumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). These averages were calculated for all students, including those not receiving grants.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

Public 2-year institutions

Average Pell Grant Grant (SEOG) grants grants

Average institutional 

Average 

Supplemental 

Educational Opportunity Average state-funded 

_______

54
Table A-1.14.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received work-study aid and 

Table A-1.14.—received (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 6.1 4.0 5.7 4.4 $1,500 $1,700 $1,400 $1,700 $100 Dependency status Dependent students 4.7 3.3 3.6 3.9 1,400 ‡ 1,000 1,600 100  Independent students 8.5 5.3 9.7 5.1 1,600 1,700 1,600 1,800 100  Unmarried, no dependents 7.8 5.4 5.3 3.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 100  Married, no dependents 7.3 1.7 1.8 1.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 100  Unmarried, with dependents 16.9 11.4 15.7 6.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 300  Married, with dependents 5.0 2.8 12.3 6.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 100 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 10.4 8.2 9.5 8.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 100  Lower middle quarter 4.4 3.5 2.4 3.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 100  Upper middle quarter 2.3 1.1 1.1 1.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Highest quarter 0.9 0.8 0.9 # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Independent students Lowest quarter 10.5 9.2 16.1 7.4 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 200  Lower middle quarter 10.7 3.7 9.1 4.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 100  Upper middle quarter 4.4 0.3 6.6 5.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 100  Highest quarter 2.0 # # 0.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ # 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes federal, state, and institutional work-study programs.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving work-study aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

Average work-study aid amount Average w

Percent who received work-study aid1 for those receiving work-study aid fo

_______

55
Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type

56 

Public 4-Year Institutions 

Table A-2.1. Tuition and net tuition 

• The average tuition (in constant 1999 dollars) among full-time, full-year 

undergraduates enrolled at public 4-year institutions increased from $2,800 to $4,200 

between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. These averages include out-of-state tuition charges, 

which are higher than the average in-state amounts. 

• Net tuition is defined in this study as the amount of tuition minus all grants received 

(up to the amount of tuition).2 The average net tuition increased from $1,900 to $2,700 

between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

Table A-2.2. Price of attendance and net price of attendance 

• The price of attendance is equal to the total amount of tuition and fees plus all living 

expenses. The average price of attendance among full-time, full-year undergraduates 

enrolled in public 4-year institutions increased from $10,200 to $12,500 (in constant 

1999 dollars) between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

• The net price of attendance is equal to the total price of attendance minus all grant and 

loan aid received. Between 1989–90 and 1999–2000, no measurable change was 

observed in the average net price of attendance (about $7,600 in both years) but this 

study found that the average had decreased among both dependent and independent 

undergraduates in the lowest income quarter (low-income dependent students: $5,700 

to $5,200; low-income independent students: $6,300 to $4,700) and increased for those 

in the highest income quarter (dependent: $9,600 to $10,200; independent: $9,200 to 

$10,400). Among categories of independent students, the average net price increased 

for single parents ($5,400 vs. $6,900) but decreased for all others, except those who 

were married with no dependents, in which case there was insufficient evidence to 

show there was a change. 

Table A-2.3. Financial need and remaining financial need 

• Financial need is the amount of need-based financial aid for which the student is 

eligible, and is equal to the total price of attendance minus the expected family 

contribution (EFC). The average amount of financial need for all full-time students 

increased from $4,700 to $6,200 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. However, for both 

dependent and independent undergraduates in the highest income quarters, the average 

 

2Grants are not necessarily limited to paying for tuition, but may cover other educational expenses as well. If the grant amount is 

greater than the tuition charges, the excess is applied to room and board or other expenses. In calculating the average net tuition, 

negative values (when the grant amount exceeds tuition) were set to zero. In 1989–90, 24 percent of full-time, full-year 

undergraduates at public 4-year institutions had a negative or zero net tuition; in 1999–2000, it was 26 percent (1989–90 

National Postsecondary Student Aid Study Data Analysis System and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study 

Data Analysis System; data not shown in tables). 
Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type 

57 

amount of financial need decreased during those years. Among categories of 

independent students, the average need decreased for married students without any 

dependents ($9,100 to $7,200) while it increased for all others. After HEA-92 went 

into effect, married students without any dependents could no longer claim a spouse as 

a dependent, which increased their expected family contribution (EFC), leading to a 

lower level of financial need.3

• Remaining financial need (also known as unmet need) is the amount of financial need 

that remains after all financial aid is received. Remaining need is inversely related to 

levels of EFC and amounts of financial aid: when the EFC or the amount of aid 

received increases, the remaining need decreases. The average amount of remaining 

need increased among dependent undergraduates in the two lowest income quarters 

(lowest quarter: $2,800 to $3,600; lower-middle quarter: $2,400 to $3,000) and 

decreased among those in the highest income quarter ($1,700 to $200). Among 

independent undergraduates, the average amount of remaining need increased among 

those in the lower middle-income quarter ($3,000 to $4,600) while it declined among 

those in the two highest income quarters (upper middle quarter: $4,400 to $2,500; 

highest quarter: $3,800 to $800). When analyzed by marital status, the average 

remaining need decreased among married students while it grew among those who 

were unmarried. 

Table A-2.4. Percentage receiving financial aid and average amount of total aid 

received 

• Financial aid includes any grant, scholarship, loan, work-study, or other type of aid. 

The proportion of full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled at public 4-year 

institutions who received any type of financial aid grew from 52 percent to 73 percent 

between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. However, the likelihood of receiving financial aid 

decreased for single parents. About 90 percent of single parents received some form of 

financial aid in 1989–90, but that proportion dropped to 72 percent in 1999–2000. 

• Among those receiving financial aid, the average amount received increased from 

$5,200 to $7,100 (in constant 1999 dollars) between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

Table A-2.5. Percentage of price met by financial aid and percentage of financial aid 

awarded as grants 

• Among those receiving some form of financial aid, the percentage of the total price of 

attendance that was covered by financial aid increased from 49 percent to 56 percent 

between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

• The percentage of total financial aid that was awarded in the form of grants decreased 

from 54 percent to 46 percent between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

 

3The average EFC increased for married undergraduates with no dependents from $1,800 to $7,100 between 1989–90 and 1999–

2000 (1989–90 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study Data Analysis System and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary 

Student Aid Study Data Analysis System; data not shown in tables). 
Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type

58 

Table A-2.6. Percentage receiving loans and average loan amounts 

• The percentage of those taking out loans increased from 31 percent to 50 percent 

between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. Rates of borrowing increased in particular among 

dependent undergraduates in the two highest income quarters (upper middle income: 

21 percent vs. 49 percent; highest income: 10 percent vs. 32 percent). However, no 

measurable change was detected in the rate of borrowing among single parents (about 

one-half in both years). 

• Among borrowers, the annual amount of loans taken out increased from an average of 

$3,600 to $5,700 (in constant 1999 dollars) between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

Table A-2.7. Percentage receiving various types of loans 

• The percentage taking out federal loans increased from 30 percent to 49 percent 

between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. However, no measurable change was detected in the 

percentage of single parents who took out federal loans in 1989–90 and 1999–2000 

(about one-half in both years). 

• The percentage taking out subsidized Stafford loans increased from 24 percent to 38 

percent between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. The analysis did not detect, however, a 

change in the percentage of single parents taking out subsidized Stafford loans (about 

45 percent). 

• The percentage of all full-time, full-year undergraduates taking out unsubsidized 

Stafford loans grew substantially between 1989–90 and 1999–2000, increasing from 1 

percent to 25 percent. 

• The percentage that received a federal Perkins loan decreased from 8 percent in 1989–

90 to 7 percent in 1999–2000. 

• The percentage of parents of dependent students who borrowed a PLUS loan increased 

from 3 percent to 7 percent between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

• The percentage that received a non-federal loan increased from 2 percent to 5 percent 

between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

Table A-2.8. Average amounts of various types of loans among borrowers 

• Among those taking out federal loans, the average amount borrowed increased from 

$3,500 to $5,400 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

• The average subsidized Stafford loan was higher in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 

($3,500 vs. $3,100), but this varied by income level. While the average increased for 

those with incomes at or below the median, no measurable change was detected in the 

average received by those with incomes above the median. 
Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type 

59 

• No measurable change was detected in the average amount borrowed from the 

unsubsidized Stafford loan program, which was about $3,500 in both 1989–90 and 

1999–2000. 

• Among borrowers, the average Perkins loan grew from $1,500 to $1,800 between 

1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

• Among dependent students whose parents took out a PLUS loan, the average loan 

amount increased from $4,400 to $6,400 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

• Among those receiving non-federal loans, the average amount borrowed grew from 

$2,800 to $3,900 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

Table A-2.10. Percentage receiving grant aid and average amount received 

• Between 1989–90 and 1999–2000, the percentage receiving any type of grant aid 

increased from 42 percent to 55 percent. Independent students in the lowest income 

quarter were more likely to receive grants in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 while no 

measurable changes were detected among independent students in the higher income 

categories. Also, the likelihood of receiving grant aid decreased among single parents, 

dropping from 84 percent to 64 percent. 

• Among grant recipients, the average amount received increased between 1989–90 and 

1999–2000 from $3,300 to $3,800. However, no measurable difference was detected in 

the average amount received by those in the highest income quarter. 

Table A-2.11. Percentage receiving various types of grants 

• No measurable change was observed in the overall percentage of full-time students 

receiving Pell Grants in 1989–90 and 1999–2000. However, the lowest income 

undergraduates (both dependent and independent) were more likely to receive Pell 

Grants in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 while the highest income students were less 

likely to do so. Single parents also were less likely to receive Pell Grants in 1999–2000 

than in 1989–90; their rate declined from 79 percent to 54 percent. 

• No measurable difference was detected in the overall percentage of full-time students 

receiving a Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (SEOG) in 1989–90 and 

1999–2000. However, independent students in the lowest income quarter were more 

likely to receive a SEOG in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (24 percent vs. 16 percent) 

while single parents were less likely to do so (16 percent vs. 34 percent). 

• The proportion receiving a state-funded grant grew from 17 percent in 1989–90 to 22 

percent in 1999–2000. However, single parents were less likely to receive a state grant, 

with recipients dropping from 47 percent to 25 percent between 1989–90 and 1999–

2000. 

• The percentage receiving institutional grant aid increased from 15 percent to 23 

percent between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. However, no measurable changes were 
Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type

60 

detected among single parents and independent students with incomes above the 

median. 

Table A-2.12. Average amounts of various types of grants 

• Among Pell Grant recipients, the average amount received increased for all full-time 

dependent students between 1989–90 and 1999–2000 ($2,100 to $2,200). While the 

analysis did not find a difference in the average Pell Grant received by independent 

undergraduates (about $2,500 in both years), it found that independent students who 

had no dependents of their own received lower Pell Grants, on average, in 1999–2000 

than in 1989–90. 

• Among SEOG recipients, the average amount received decreased from $900 to $800 

between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

• Among those receiving a state-funded grant, the amount received increased from 

$1,400 to $1,900 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

• Among those receiving an institutional grant, the average amount received increased 

from $2,300 to $2,700 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

Table A-2.14. Percentage receiving work-study and average work-study awards 

• The percentage receiving aid through work-study jobs increased from 8 percent to 9 

percent between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. Full-time dependent students were more 

likely to have a work-study job in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (9 percent vs. 8 

percent), but no measurable change was found in the percentage of independent 

students who received work-study support. 

• Among those receiving work-study aid, the average amount received increased from 

$1,600 to $1,800 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. Full-time dependent students 

received an average of $1,700 from work-study programs in 1999–2000, an increase 

from $1,500 in 1989–90. This study did not find a difference in the average work-study 

award received by independent students in 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 
Table A-2.1.—Average tuition and net tuition (in constant 1999 dollars) after grants (if any) for full-time, full-year undergradu

Table A-2.1.—institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93  Total $2,800 $3,500 $4,100 $4,200 $1,900 $2,500 Dependency status Dependent students 2,900 3,700 4,200 4,300 2,100 2,800  Independent students 2,500 3,000 3,400 3,500 1,100 1,500  Unmarried, no dependents 2,500 3,100 3,600 3,800 1,200 1,500  Married, no dependents 2,400 2,900 3,200 3,400 1,500 1,900  Unmarried, with dependents 2,500 2,900 3,300 3,500 500 600  Married, with dependents 2,400 2,700 3,300 3,300 1,200 1,400 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 2,700 3,200 3,900 3,800 1,000 1,300  Lower middle quarter 2,800 3,400 3,900 4,100 2,000 2,400  Upper middle quarter 2,900 3,500 4,100 4,400 2,400 3,000  Highest quarter 3,100 4,200 4,900 4,900 2,800 3,800  Independent students Lowest quarter 2,500 3,100 3,500 3,600 900 1,000  Lower middle quarter 2,400 3,000 3,300 3,600 1,200 1,800  Upper middle quarter 2,400 2,800 3,600 3,300 1,300 1,800  Highest quarter 2,400 3,100 3,300 3,500 2,000 2,600 

1Includes all tuition and required fees charged by the institution. Averages include students charged out-of-state fees.2Equal to tuition and fees minus all grant aid received. Grants and scholarships are not necessarily limited to paying for tuition, but may cover other e

If the grant amount is greater than the tuition charges, the excess is applied to room and board or other expenses. In calculating the average of this me

values (when the grant amount exceeds tuition) were set to zero. The percentage of students with zero value for net tuition was 24 in 1989–90, 21 in 

26 in 1999–2000. NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the DistriRico. To have full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–9academic years were adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecon

(NPSAS:90, NPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average tuition1 Average net tuition f

Public 4-year institutions

_______

61
Table A-2.2.—Average price of attendance, net price of attendance after aid (if any), and expected family contribution (in cons

Table A-2.2.—full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–

Table A-2.2.—and 1999–2000 

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total $10,200 $11,400 $11,800 $12,500 $7,700 $8,600 $7,800 $7,600 $10,000 $9Dependency status Dependent students 10,000 11,200 11,700 12,400 8,000 9,000 8,100 8,000 11,800 11

 Independent students 11,000 11,900 12,400 12,800 6,900 7,300 6,500 6,200 3,800 3

 Unmarried, no dependents 10,900 11,900 12,200 12,900 6,800 7,300 6,200 5,800 5,300 5

 Married, no dependents 10,900 11,900 12,300 13,000 7,500 8,200 8,300 7,200 1,800 2

 Unmarried, with dependents 11,300 12,000 12,400 12,700 5,400 5,800 5,100 6,900 1,000 

 Married, with dependents 11,200 11,700 12,800 12,800 7,200 7,400 6,300 5,100 2,500 2

Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 9,800 10,600 11,100 11,600 5,700 6,100 5,400 5,200 2,800 3

 Lower middle quarter 9,700 10,900 11,300 12,000 7,500 7,900 6,900 7,400 6,500 6

 Upper middle quarter 9,900 11,100 11,500 12,600 8,500 9,400 8,700 8,600 12,000 9 Highest quarter 10,400 11,900 12,700 13,200 9,600 10,800 10,700 10,200 23,800 21

 Independent students Lowest quarter 10,900 11,800 12,200 12,800 6,300 6,200 5,100 4,700 2,700 2 Lower middle quarter 11,000 12,000 12,200 12,700 6,900 8,100 6,000 7,000 4,500 4

 Upper middle quarter 11,100 11,700 12,700 13,100 7,400 8,500 8,500 7,100 4,600 3 Highest quarter 11,100 12,400 12,800 13,400 9,200 10,200 9,700 10,400 7,000 9

1Average student budget estimated by the institutions. Includes tuition and fees, books and supplies, room and board, transportation and personal expenses.2Equal to the price of attendance minus all grant and loan aid received. Includes students who received no financial aid.3The federal expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students and families are expected to contribute to the price of attendance at a postsecondary in

family contribution is calculated using federal need analysis methodology and takes into account dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings also in factors. The federal methodology was similar in 1989–90 and 1992–93. The Reauthorization of 1992 introduced many changes that are reflected in 1995–96 a

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average price of attendance1 Average net price of attendance2 Average expe

Public 4-year institutions

_______

62
Table A-2.3.—Average financial need and remaining need (in constant 1999 dollars) after receiving financial aid (if any) for fu

Table A-2.3.—undergraduates in public 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93  Total $4,700 $5,200 $6,000 $6,200 $2,300 $2,500 Dependency status Dependent students 3,800 4,200 5,100 5,100 2,000 2,100  Independent students 7,900 8,600 9,500 10,200 3,600 3,800  Unmarried, no dependents 6,700 7,600 9,600 10,400 2,700 2,900  Married, no dependents 9,100 9,600 6,700 7,200 5,600 5,500  Unmarried, with dependents 10,300 11,600 12,000 11,400 3,900 4,800  Married, with dependents 8,900 9,600 10,100 10,200 4,700 5,200 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 7,200 7,900 10,000 10,300 2,800 3,200  Lower middle quarter 4,600 5,500 7,500 7,200 2,400 2,700  Upper middle quarter 2,200 3,200 3,300 3,200 1,300 2,000  Highest quarter 2,100 1,400 900 700 1,700 1,000  Independent students Lowest quarter 8,500 9,500 11,700 12,100 3,700 3,700  Lower middle quarter 7,200 8,000 10,100 10,300 3,000 3,800  Upper middle quarter 8,100 8,400 7,500 7,800 4,400 5,000  Highest quarter 5,800 6,400 2,800 2,200 3,800 4,400 

1Financial need is equal to the student budget minus the expected family contribution (EFC). The expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students a

contribute to the price of attendance, and is calculated based on dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings in college, and other related factors. NeAverage is based on all full-time, full-year undergraduates, including those with zero need.

2Remaining financial need is equal to the student budget minus the expected family contribution (EFC) minus any financial aid received. Negative values were 

on all full-time, full-year undergraduates, including those with zero remaining need.NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

Average amount o

Average amount of financial need1 need after finan

_______

63
Table A-2.4.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received financial aid and ave

Table A-2.4.—received (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 19

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 52.3 55.4 66.8 73.0 $5,200 $5,400 $6,600 $7,100 $2,700 $3

Dependency status Dependent students 47.5 49.7 63.4 70.8 4,700 4,900 6,100 6,600 2,200 2

 Independent students 69.1 76.3 80.3 80.9 6,500 6,500 8,200 8,900 4,500 4

 Unmarried, no dependents 69.1 76.3 78.9 84.2 6,400 6,500 8,400 9,200 4,400 5

 Married, no dependents 60.8 67.4 69.0 77.8 5,900 6,200 6,600 8,100 3,600 4

 Unmarried, with dependents 89.0 91.1 89.2 71.5 7,300 7,400 8,800 8,500 6,500 6 Married, with dependents 65.7 75.2 87.2 89.6 6,500 6,000 8,400 9,100 4,300 4Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 79.6 83.9 86.8 88.0 5,700 5,800 7,000 7,700 4,500 4

 Lower middle quarter 54.5 63.6 74.4 75.4 4,400 5,100 6,300 6,500 2,400 3

 Upper middle quarter 40.8 44.4 57.8 68.4 3,900 4,200 5,200 6,100 1,600 1

 Highest quarter 21.9 29.4 41.2 55.3 3,800 3,900 5,300 5,700 800 1

 Independent students Lowest quarter 73.3 85.7 90.1 87.5 6,800 7,000 8,700 9,800 5,000 6

 Lower middle quarter 72.4 68.7 81.8 77.6 6,100 6,100 8,300 7,900 4,400 4

 Upper middle quarter 63.5 67.0 70.6 80.2 6,200 5,200 7,300 8,200 3,900 3

 Highest quarter 44.7 48.1 53.5 51.8 4,900 4,700 6,200 6,200 2,200 2

1Includes all types of financial aid: grants, loans, work-study, and other (such as employer’s benefits and veterans’ benefits).2Includes zero values (i.e., those not receiving any financial aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

Percent who received any financial aid1

Average amount of financial aid

 received by those receiving aid among all fu

Average a

_______

64
Table A-2.5.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received financial aid, percen

Table A-2.5.—attendance met by financial aid, and percentage of aid received in grants, by dependency status and family incom

Table A-2.5.—1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 52.3 55.4 66.8 73.0 48.8 47.3 55.7 56.4 54.3 Dependency status Dependent students 47.5 49.7 63.4 70.8 45.5 44.1 52.5 52.7 54.7  Independent students 69.1 76.3 80.3 80.9 57.0 54.9 65.9 68.4 53.0 

 Unmarried, no dependents 69.1 76.3 78.9 84.2 56.6 54.5 68.6 70.4 53.4  Married, no dependents 60.8 67.4 69.0 77.8 52.4 53.7 53.8 61.7 44.3  Unmarried, with dependents 89.0 91.1 89.2 71.5 63.4 61.9 71.1 67.1 63.1  Married, with dependents 65.7 75.2 87.2 89.6 56.9 52.6 65.1 70.2 51.1 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 79.6 83.9 86.8 88.0 57.4 55.4 63.1 66.2 66.0  Lower middle quarter 54.5 63.6 74.4 75.4 43.6 45.8 55.0 52.6 51.0  Upper middle quarter 40.8 44.4 57.8 68.4 36.3 36.2 44.7 47.5 45.8  Highest quarter 21.9 29.4 41.2 55.3 33.6 31.6 41.0 41.4 48.8  Independent students Lowest quarter 73.3 85.7 90.1 87.5 60.9 59.4 70.9 75.4 59.4  Lower middle quarter 72.4 68.7 81.8 77.6 54.0 51.3 66.8 63.0 45.4  Upper middle quarter 63.5 67.0 70.6 80.2 53.1 45.1 57.1 61.4 50.9  Highest quarter 44.7 48.1 53.5 51.8 41.1 38.4 47.5 42.9 39.5 

1Includes all types of financial aid: grants, loans, work-study, and other (such as employer’s benefits and veterans’ benefits).2Percentage of the total price of attendance (tuition and fees plus living expenses) that is met by any type of financial aid, among financial aid recipients.3Percentage of total financial aid that is awarded in the form of grants and scholarships among financial aid recipients.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

Percent who received any financial aid1

Percent of the total price of attendance

met by aid among financial aid recipients2 awarded 

Percen

_______

65
Table A-2.6.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received any student loans an

Table A-2.6.—amount received (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–9

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 30.6 33.7 45.7 49.7 $3,600 $4,100 $5,400 $5,700 $1,100 $1

Dependency status Dependent students 26.0 28.6 41.6 46.6 3,300 3,900 5,000 5,300 900 1

 Independent students 47.3 52.4 62.0 60.7 4,100 4,600 6,200 6,700 1,900 2

 Unmarried, no dependents 48.6 53.0 65.1 65.9 3,900 4,600 6,300 7,000 1,900 2

 Married, no dependents 43.1 47.5 46.0 58.8 4,500 4,600 6,200 7,000 1,900 2

 Unmarried, with dependents 52.6 62.1 65.7 49.6 4,400 4,400 5,700 6,000 2,300 2 Married, with dependents 44.5 49.3 67.5 67.7 4,400 4,800 6,300 6,900 2,000 2Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 45.2 52.2 51.9 55.6 3,000 3,500 4,300 4,600 1,300 1

 Lower middle quarter 32.3 42.6 54.6 52.5 3,200 3,900 5,000 5,000 1,000 1

 Upper middle quarter 20.9 24.0 39.7 49.2 3,800 4,100 5,200 5,700 800 1 Highest quarter 9.9 13.3 24.7 32.0 4,100 4,700 6,100 6,100 400  Independent students Lowest quarter 48.4 58.1 69.6 68.4 3,900 4,500 5,900 6,700 1,900 2

 Lower middle quarter 53.1 49.9 66.8 54.2 4,300 4,900 6,600 6,500 2,300 2

 Upper middle quarter 41.4 43.2 49.8 62.3 4,400 4,700 6,100 7,100 1,800 2

 Highest quarter 30.7 32.7 40.4 33.4 4,300 4,600 6,300 7,200 1,300 1

1Includes all types of loans, including those funded by federal, state, institutional, or private sources. Also includes the Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students 

taken out by parents of dependent undergraduates.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

Average annual loan amount

Percent who received a student loan1 for those receiving loans Average annual l

_______

66
Table A-2.7.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received federal and non-fede

Table A-2.7.—dependency status and family income: 1989–90 and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2 Total 29.9 48.7 24.4 37.9 1.4 24.7 8.1 6.7 † Dependency status Dependent students 25.2 45.5 19.7 33.0 0.2 21.1 6.5 5.9 3.3  Independent students 46.7 60.2 41.3 55.8 5.8 37.4 13.7 9.6 †  Unmarried, no dependents 48.1 65.5 43.2 61.5 7.5 41.8 12.5 10.1 †  Married, no dependents 42.7 57.4 37.2 51.4 4.3 40.3 12.7 3.6 †  Unmarried, with dependents 52.2 49.4 44.5 44.0 4.0 28.5 24.5 10.9 †  Married, with dependents 43.3 66.9 37.5 64.1 2.9 39.6 12.2 10.8 † Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 44.7 54.8 36.0 52.0 0.4 9.1 15.6 12.2 1.5  Lower middle quarter 31.8 51.3 26.0 47.8 0.2 15.5 9.0 9.4 2.7  Upper middle quarter 19.7 48.0 15.0 29.6 0.1 30.7 2.8 2.8 4.9  Highest quarter 8.9 30.8 5.3 8.2 0.1 27.0 0.7 0.6 3.8  Independent students Lowest quarter 47.7 68.0 42.5 64.1 6.2 41.4 14.6 13.2 †  Lower middle quarter 52.8 53.5 45.8 49.9 7.2 33.5 15.6 7.9 †  Upper middle quarter 40.7 61.7 35.4 57.0 4.5 38.7 10.9 5.1 †  Highest quarter 30.0 32.4 28.1 22.0 0.6 24.7 6.2 0.9 † 

†Not applicable.

1Among dependent students only. The Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PLUS) is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduate students and is not s

not show financial need but must be creditworthy. Repayment of the loan begins immediately. The maximum amount of a PLUS loan can be as high as the tot

2Includes state, institutional, and private or commercial loans. Does not include loans from family or friends.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

a PLUS loan1 

 federal loans Stafford loan Loan for Students a Perkins loan

or Supplemental Percent who received Percent who recei

Public 4-year institutions

Percent who received 

an unsubsidized 

Percent who received Stafford loan

Percent who received a subsidized 

_______

67
Table A-2.8.—Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) per recipient of federal and non-federal student loan

Table A-2.8.—year undergraduates enrolled in public 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 an

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2 Total $3,500 $5,400 $3,100 $3,500 $3,500 $3,400 $1,500 $1,800 † Dependency status Dependent students 3,200 5,000 2,800 3,200 ‡ 3,300 1,400 1,700 4,400 6 Independent students 4,100 6,500 3,500 4,200 3,400 3,600 1,700 1,900 †  Unmarried, no dependents 3,800 6,800 3,200 4,300 3,100 3,800 1,500 2,000 †  Married, no dependents 4,400 6,800 3,800 4,200 ‡ 4,000 1,900 ‡ †  Unmarried, with dependents 4,300 5,700 3,600 4,100 ‡ 3,000 1,900 1,600 †  Married, with dependents 4,400 6,500 3,900 4,100 ‡ 3,700 2,000 2,100 † Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 2,900 4,300 2,800 3,400 ‡ 2,300 1,500 1,700 ‡ 5

 Lower middle quarter 3,100 4,700 2,800 3,200 ‡ 2,400 1,300 1,700 3,800 5 Upper middle quarter 3,500 5,300 2,800 2,900 ‡ 3,300 1,500 1,500 4,600 6

 Highest quarter 3,900 5,800 2,800 2,500 ‡ 3,900 ‡ ‡ 4,800 7

 Independent students Lowest quarter 3,900 6,500 3,400 4,300 3,000 3,300 1,600 1,900 † 

 Lower middle quarter 4,200 6,400 3,500 4,100 3,700 3,500 1,900 1,900 †  Upper middle quarter 4,300 6,600 3,700 3,900 ‡ 4,500 2,000 ‡ †  Highest quarter 4,200 6,700 3,700 3,500 ‡ 5,600 ‡ ‡ † 

†Not applicable.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Among dependent students only. The Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PLUS) is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduate students and is not s

not show financial need but must be creditworthy. Repayment of the loan begins immediately. The maximum amount of a PLUS loan can be as high as the tot

2Includes state, institutional, and private or commercial loans. Does not include loans from family or friends.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were aConsumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). The averages for each loan type were calculated by including only those who received the specific tSOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

Average annual

unsubsidized 

Stafford loan or 

Public 4-year institutions

Supplemental Loan Average annual

 loans received Stafford loan for Students Perkins loan

subsidized

Average annual

PLUS loan1 

 total federal Average annua

Average annual

_______

68
Table A-2.9.—Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) by all full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4

Table A-2.9.—through various federal and non-federal student loan programs, by dependency status and family income: 1989–

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2 Total $1,000 $2,600 $700 $1,300 # $800 $100 $100 † Dependency status Dependent students 800 2,300 600 1,000 # 700 100 100 100  Independent students 1,900 3,900 1,400 2,300 200 1,400 200 200 †  Unmarried, no dependents 1,800 4,400 1,400 2,700 200 1,600 200 200 †  Married, no dependents 1,900 3,900 1,400 2,200 200 1,600 200 100 †  Unmarried, with dependents 2,200 2,800 1,600 1,800 100 800 500 200 †  Married, with dependents 1,900 4,400 1,500 2,600 100 1,500 200 200 † Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 1,300 2,400 1,000 1,800 # 200 200 200 100  Lower middle quarter 1,000 2,400 700 1,500 # 400 100 200 100  Upper middle quarter 700 2,600 400 800 # 1,000 # # 200  Highest quarter 300 1,800 200 200 # 1,100 # # 200  Independent students Lowest quarter 1,900 4,400 1,400 2,800 200 1,300 200 300 †  Lower middle quarter 2,200 3,400 1,600 2,100 300 1,200 300 100 †  Upper middle quarter 1,700 4,100 1,300 2,200 200 1,800 200 100 †  Highest quarter 1,300 2,200 1,000 800 # 1,400 100 # † 

#Rounds to zero.†Not applicable.

1Among dependent students only. The Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PLUS) is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduate students and is not s

not show financial need but must be creditworthy. Repayment of the loan begins immediately. The maximum amount of a PLUS loan can be as high as the tot

2Includes state, institutional, and private or commercial loans. Does not include loans from family or friends.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were aConsumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). These averages were calculated for all students, including those not receiving any loans.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

Average annual

Stafford loan or 

 loans received for Students Stafford loan

unsubsidized 

Average annual

Public 4-year institutions

 total federal Average subsidized Supplemental Loan 

Average Perkins loan Average PLUS lo

_______

69
Table A-2.10.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received any grants and ave

Table A-2.10.—received (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 41.9 44.0 49.8 55.2 $3,300 $3,100 $3,300 $3,800 $1,400 $1

Dependency status Dependent students 36.5 38.0 45.8 51.7 3,200 3,000 3,300 3,800 1,200 1

 Independent students 60.7 65.9 65.6 67.7 3,600 3,300 3,200 3,800 2,200 2

 Unmarried, no dependents 61.7 65.4 63.6 69.1 3,500 3,400 3,000 3,700 2,200 2

 Married, no dependents 47.3 51.6 44.5 52.1 2,900 2,900 2,600 3,300 1,400 1

 Unmarried, with dependents 83.6 89.4 88.8 64.4 4,400 4,000 4,100 4,300 3,600 3 Married, with dependents 56.8 66.4 72.2 79.8 3,600 2,900 3,200 3,700 2,000 1Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 75.3 77.7 81.8 85.0 3,700 3,500 4,300 4,600 2,800 2

 Lower middle quarter 42.8 48.6 59.4 58.0 2,700 2,700 2,900 3,400 1,100 1

 Upper middle quarter 24.5 27.8 31.3 38.6 2,500 2,600 2,400 3,100 600  Highest quarter 12.0 17.8 19.6 31.7 3,100 2,600 2,700 3,200 400  Independent students Lowest quarter 68.8 80.6 85.5 81.4 3,900 3,700 3,500 4,300 2,700 3

 Lower middle quarter 60.6 53.5 62.6 61.5 3,000 2,800 3,000 3,500 1,800 1

 Upper middle quarter 53.3 51.4 49.4 54.6 3,500 2,300 2,500 2,800 1,900 1

 Highest quarter 26.8 29.7 20.4 25.8 2,500 2,200 2,200 2,200 700 

1Includes grants and scholarships awarded by any source: federal, state, institutional, or private.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving grant aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

Average grant amount

Percent who received any grants1 for those who received grants Average gran

_______

70
Table A-2.11.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received various types of gra

Table A-2.11.—status and family income: 1989–90 and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000  Total 26.9 28.9 7.5 8.0 16.5 21.8 14.9 23.4 Dependency status Dependent students 20.5 21.8 5.6 5.8 14.2 20.6 15.1 24.0  Independent students 49.8 54.8 14.1 16.1 25.0 26.1 14.5 21.2  Unmarried, no dependents 53.1 55.7 12.0 16.7 24.7 28.9 12.6 20.5  Married, no dependents 22.6 33.7 8.1 9.4 17.7 17.0 16.7 26.5  Unmarried, with dependents 78.9 53.8 34.5 15.9 46.7 25.2 20.1 19.5 

 Married, with dependents 47.3 68.1 14.3 19.7 20.6 28.1 15.3 21.4 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 65.1 72.6 17.5 20.0 34.9 40.4 20.7 31.6  Lower middle quarter 22.0 21.8 6.1 5.0 17.6 26.2 16.9 26.9  Upper middle quarter 4.2 1.2 1.4 0.6 6.3 12.4 15.7 21.4  Highest quarter 0.5 0.1 0.1 # 2.4 7.5 8.1 17.7  Independent students Lowest quarter 62.7 76.0 16.2 24.2 27.3 32.3 15.0 24.9  Lower middle quarter 47.0 42.4 14.0 10.7 27.3 23.7 14.8 20.3  Upper middle quarter 34.4 35.1 11.8 7.4 21.4 18.6 14.7 14.8  Highest quarter 10.3 0.3 4.3 1.0 10.5 8.9 10.4 11.8 

#Rounds to zero.

1Includes grants from sources other than federal, state, or institutional.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

Percent who received

Percent who received Opportunity Grant

a Pell Grant (SEOG)

Percent who received

state-funded grants

Percent who received

institutional grants

Public 4-year institutions

a Supplemental 

Educational

_______

71
Table A-2.12.—Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) per recipient of federal and non-federal grant aid p

Table A-2.12.—time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000  Total $2,200 $2,300 $900 $800 $1,400 $1,900 $2,300 $2,700 Dependency status Dependent students 2,100 2,200 1,000 900 1,400 2,000 2,400 2,900  Independent students 2,500 2,500 800 700 1,400 1,700 1,900 2,100  Unmarried, no dependents 2,500 2,400 700 700 1,400 1,800 2,000 2,000  Married, no dependents 2,400 2,000 ‡ 800 1,400 1,600 2,000 1,900  Unmarried, with dependents 2,700 2,800 1,000 700 1,300 1,700 1,500 2,500  Married, with dependents 2,300 2,500 800 800 1,200 1,700 1,800 2,100 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 2,300 2,400 1,000 900 1,500 2,200 2,000 2,500  Lower middle quarter 1,500 1,400 900 800 1,200 2,000 2,300 2,700  Upper middle quarter 1,300 ‡ ‡ ‡ 1,300 1,800 2,500 3,100  Highest quarter ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 2,000 1,700 3,300 3,300  Independent students Lowest quarter 2,800 2,600 800 700 1,400 1,800 2,100 2,100  Lower middle quarter 2,100 2,500 800 700 1,300 1,700 1,300 1,900  Upper middle quarter 2,100 1,600 900 ‡ 1,500 1,500 2,400 3,200  Highest quarter ‡‡ ‡‡ ‡‡ ‡‡ 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes grants from sources other than federal, state, or institutional.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were aConsumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). The averages for each grant type were calculated by including only those who received the specific SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

Public 4-year institutions

Average Pell Grant

Educational Opportunity Average state-funded Average institutional 

Grant (SEOG) grants grants

Average 

Supplemental 

_______

72
Table A-2.13.—Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) by all full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 

Table A-2.13.—through federal and non-federal grant aid programs, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 and 19

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000  Total $600 $700 $100 $100 $200 $400 $300 $600 Dependency status Dependent students 400 500 100 # 200 400 400 700  Independent students 1,300 1,400 100 100 300 500 300 400  Unmarried, no dependents 1,400 1,300 100 100 400 500 300 400  Married, no dependents 500 700 100 100 300 300 300 500  Unmarried, with dependents 2,100 1,500 400 100 600 400 300 500  Married, with dependents 1,100 1,700 100 200 300 500 300 400 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 1,500 1,800 200 200 500 900 400 800  Lower middle quarter 300 300 100 # 200 500 400 700  Upper middle quarter 100 # # # 100 200 400 700  Highest quarter # # # # # 100 300 600  Independent students Lowest quarter 1,700 2,000 100 200 400 600 300 500  Lower middle quarter 1,000 1,100 100 100 300 400 200 400  Upper middle quarter 700 600 100 100 300 300 400 500  Highest quarter 200 # # # 100 200 100 200 

#Rounds to zero.

1Includes grants from sources other than federal, state, or institutional.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were aConsumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). These averages were calculated for all students, including those not receiving grants.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

Average institutional 

Average 

Supplemental 

Educational Opportunity Average state-funded 

Public 4-year institutions

Average Pell Grant Grant (SEOG) grants grants

_______

73
Table A-2.14.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received work-study aid and 

Table A-2.14.—received (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 7.8 8.2 8.4 9.3 $1,600 $1,600 $1,500 $1,800 $100 Dependency status Dependent students 7.5 7.7 8.3 9.4 1,500 1,600 1,400 1,700 100  Independent students 8.9 10.3 8.6 8.7 1,800 1,600 1,800 1,900 200  Unmarried, no dependents 8.3 8.9 8.6 10.3 1,600 1,600 2,000 2,100 100  Married, no dependents 8.1 13.4 4.4 6.6 ‡ 1,900 ‡ ‡ 100  Unmarried, with dependents 15.5 18.7 16.4 9.2 ‡ 1,800 1,600 1,900 300  Married, with dependents 8.0 8.1 6.4 6.3 ‡ 1,200 ‡ 1,800 100 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 17.3 16.3 14.1 17.3 1,600 1,600 1,400 1,700 300  Lower middle quarter 9.6 12.3 11.2 13.4 1,500 1,500 1,400 1,700 100  Upper middle quarter 4.0 4.5 6.0 6.0 1,400 1,700 1,500 1,600 100  Highest quarter 1.3 2.7 3.5 2.7 ‡ 1,300 1,400 1,800 #  Independent students Lowest quarter 11.6 13.5 14.2 14.1 1,900 1,700 1,900 1,800 200  Lower middle quarter 6.8 8.0 4.5 3.8 1,600 1,500 ‡ 2,200 100  Upper middle quarter 7.9 6.5 4.7 4.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 100  Highest quarter 1.3 2.3 2.5 0.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ # 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes federal, state, and institutional work-study programs.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving work-study aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

Average work-study aid amount Average w

Percent who received work-study aid1 for those receiving work-study aid fo

_______

74
Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type 

75 

Private Not-for-Profit 4-Year Institutions 

Table A-3.1. Tuition and net tuition 

• The average tuition (in constant 1999 dollars) for full-time, full-year undergraduates 

enrolled in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions increased between 1989–90 and 

1999–2000, from $11,500 to $14,800. Independent undergraduates had lower levels of 

tuition than dependent undergraduates in both years (in 1989–90: $8,800 vs. $12,000; 

in 1999–2000: $9,700 vs. $15,900). 

• Net tuition is defined in this study as the amount of tuition minus all grants received 

(up to the amount of tuition).4 The average net tuition increased between 1989–90 and 

1999–2000, from $7,600 to $8,800. 

Table A-3.2. Price of attendance and net price of attendance 

• The price of attendance is equal to the total amount of tuition and fees plus all living 

expenses. The average price of attendance (in constant 1999 dollars) among full-time, 

full-year undergraduates enrolled in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions was 

$23,400 in 1999–2000, an increase from $19,000 in 1989–90.

• The net price of attendance is equal to the total price of attendance minus all grant and 

loan aid received. No measurable change was detected in the overall average net price 

of attendance between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. However, the average net price of 

attendance grew among single parents from $6,700 in 1989–90 to $11,700 in 1999–

2000.

Table A-3.3. Financial need and remaining financial need 

• Financial need is the amount of need-based financial aid for which the student is 

eligible, and is equal to the total price of attendance minus the expected family 

contribution (EFC). Among full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled in private notfor-profit 4-year institutions, the average amount of financial need was greater in 

1999–2000 than in 1989–90 ($14,200 vs. $11,000). However, among those in the 

highest income quarter, the average need dropped among independent students 

($11,300 to $7,800) and no measurable change was observed among dependent 

students. The average level of need also decreased among married students without 

dependents ($14,300 to $11,100). After HEA-92 went into effect, married students 

without any dependents could no longer claim a spouse as a dependent, which 

 

4Grants are not necessarily limited to paying for tuition, but may cover other educational expenses as well. If the grant amount is 

greater than the tuition charges, the excess is applied to room and board or other expenses. In calculating the average net tuition, 

negative values (when the grant amount exceeds tuition) were set to zero. In 1989–90, 11 percent of all full-time, full-year 

undergraduates enrolled at private not-for-profit 4-year institutions had a negative or zero net tuition; in 1999–2000, it was 12 

percent (1989–90 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study Data Analysis System and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary 

Student Aid Study Data Analysis System; data not shown in tables). 
Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type

76 

increased their expected family contribution (EFC), and lead to a lower level of 

financial need.5

• Remaining financial need (also known as unmet need) is the amount of financial need 

that remains after all financial aid is received. Remaining need is inversely related to 

levels of EFC and amounts of financial aid: when the EFC or the amount of aid 

received increases, the remaining need decreases. Between 1989–90 and 1999–2000, 

increases in the average amount of remaining financial need were found among 

undergraduates with incomes at or below the median. The average amount of unmet 

need decreased among married students, but increased among single parents ($5,500 to 

$10,400). 

Table A-3.4. Percentage receiving financial aid and average amount received 

• Financial aid includes any grant, scholarship, loan, work-study, or other type of aid. 

Full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions 

were more likely to receive financial aid in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (85 percent to 

74 percent). While dependent students were more likely to receive aid in 1999–2000 

(85 vs. 71 percent), no measurable change was detected among independent students. 

Single parents were less likely to receive financial aid in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 

(80 percent vs. 100 percent). 

• Among aid recipients, between 1989–90 and 1999–2000, the average amount of total 

aid received grew among both dependent and independent students, increasing from 

$9,200 to $13,800 overall. 

Table A-3.5. Percentage of price met by financial aid and percentage of financial aid 

awarded as grants 

• Among those who received any type of financial support, the proportion of the price of 

attendance that was covered by financial aid increased between 1989–1990 and 1999–

2000, from 50 percent to 59 percent. No measurable change, however, was detected 

among independent undergraduates.

• Grants constituted a smaller proportion of the financial aid package received in 1999–

2000 than in 1989–1990 (62 percent to 56 percent). 

Table A-3.6. Percentage receiving loans and average amount received 

• Full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions 

were more likely to take out loans in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (62 percent vs. 47 

percent). Dependent students were more likely to take out a loan in 1999–2000 than in 

1989–90 (63 percent vs. 45 percent), but no measurable change was detected in the rate 

 

5The average EFC increased for married undergraduates with no dependents from $2,100 to $7,800 between 1989–90 and 1999–

2000 (1989–90 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study Data Analysis System and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary 

Student Aid Study Data Analysis System; data not shown in tables). 
Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type 

77 

of borrowing among independent undergraduates (about 58 percent in both years). 

Single parents were less likely to borrow in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (47 percent 

vs. 63 percent). 

• Among those who took out a loan, the average amount borrowed increased between 

1989–90 and 1999–2000, from $4,600 to $7,700 (in constant 1999 dollars).

Table A-3.7. Percentage receiving various types of loans 

• Full-time dependent undergraduates were more likely to take out federal loans in 

1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (62 percent vs. 43 percent). However, no measurable 

change was observed in the percentage of independent students who received such 

loans and the percentage of single parents who borrowed in 1999–2000 (46 percent) 

was lower than the percentage of borrowers in 1989–90 (63 percent). 

• Regardless of income, full-time dependent undergraduates were more likely to take out 

subsidized Stafford loans in 1999–2000 than in 1989–1990 (50 percent vs. 37 percent). 

However, no measurable change was detected among independent students (about 51 

percent in both years), except that single parents (42 percent vs. 60 percent) and 

independent undergraduates in the highest income quarter (32 percent vs. 48 percent) 

were less likely to borrow a subsidized Stafford loan in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90. 

• Both dependent and independent students were more likely to take out an unsubsidized 

loan in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (24 vs. 2 percent, overall). 

• Independent undergraduates were less likely to receive a Perkins loan in 1999–2000 

than in 1989–90 (9 percent vs. 16 percent). However, no measurable change was 

detected among dependent students in their likelihood of receiving a Perkins loan 

during this time (about 15 percent). 

• Parents of dependent students were more likely to take out PLUS loans in 1999–2000 

than in 1989–90 (12 vs. 6 percent). 

• Both dependent and independent undergraduates were more likely to take out nonfederal loans in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (14 vs. 3 percent, overall). 

Table A-3.8. Average amounts of various types of loans among borrowers 

• Among those who took out federal loans, the average amount borrowed (in constant 

1999 dollars) increased between 1989–90 and 1999–2000, from $4,400 to $6,500. 

• The average subsidized Stafford loan amount increased between 1989–90 and 1999–

2000, from $3,600 to $3,800. 

• Among students who took out unsubsidized Stafford loans, the average amount 

decreased from $4,200 in 1989–90 to $3,600 in 1999–2000. However, no measurable 

change was detected in the average amount borrowed by independent undergraduates 

(about $4,500). 
Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type

78 

• No measurable difference was detected in the average Perkins loan, which was about 

$1,800 in both 1989–90 and 1999–2000 among students who took out such loans. 

• The average PLUS loan increased from $4,600 to $9,000 between 1989–90 and 1999–

2000. 

• The average amount of non-federal loans was higher in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 

($5,800 vs. $3,900). 

Table A-3.10. Percentage receiving grant aid and average amount received 

• Among full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled in private not-for-profit 4-year 

institutions, the percentage who received grants increased between 1989–90 and 1999–

2000, from 67 to 76 percent. While dependent students were more likely to receive 

grants in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (76 percent vs. 65 percent), the analysis failed to 

find a difference in the percentage of independent undergraduates receiving grants (just 

under 80 percent in both years). Also, single parents (77 percent vs. 97 percent) and 

independent undergraduates in the highest income quarter (47 percent vs. 61 percent) 

were less likely to receive a grant in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90. 

• Between 1989–90 and 1999–2000, the average amount of total grant aid received 

increased from $6,000 to $8,400. Among dependent undergraduates, the average grew 

from $6,200 to $9,000. However, no significant difference in the average grant amount 

was detected among independent students. 

Table A-3.11. Percentage receiving various types of grants 

• In 1999–2000, the percentage of Pell Grant recipients increased among dependent 

students in the lowest income quarter (69 percent to 79 percent) and decreased among 

those in the two highest income quarters. Among independent undergraduates, the 

percentage receiving Pell Grants decreased among all but those in the lowest income 

quarter, in which no significant difference in the proportion receiving Pell Grants was 

detected. 

• Both dependent (40 percent vs. 29 percent) and independent (33 percent vs. 23 

percent) undergraduates in the lowest income quarter were more likely to receive a 

Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (SEOG) in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90. 

• No measurable change was detected in the rate at which full-time undergraduates 

received state grants in 1989–90 and 1999–2000. However, independent 

undergraduates were less likely to receive a state-funded grant in 1999–2000 if they 

were in the highest income quarter (12 percent vs. 22 percent) or if they were single 

parents (27 percent vs. 50 percent). 

• Between 1989–1990 and 1999–2000, the percentage of undergraduates receiving 

institutional grants increased from 48 to 60 percent. Dependent students were more 

likely to receive institutional grant aid in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (65 percent vs. 

49 percent), but no measurable change was detected among independent students 
Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type 

79 

(about 40 percent in both years). However, the likelihood of receiving an institutional 

grant among independent students in the highest income quarter decreased from 40 

percent to 19 percent. 

Table A-3.12. Average amount of various types of grants received among those 

receiving grant aid 

• Between 1989–90 and 1999–2000, a decrease in the average Pell Grant award was 

detected among independent undergraduates ($2,600 to $2,400) but no measurable 

change was detected in the average amount received by dependent undergraduates, 

who received about $2,100 in both years. 

• Among undergraduates receiving SEOG grants, no significant difference was found in 

the average amount received between 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (about $1,200). 

• Among all recipients of state grants, no measurable change was detected in the average 

amount received between 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (about $2,500). 

• Among undergraduates receiving institutional grants, the average amount increased 

between 1989–1990 and 1999–2000, from $4,700 to $7,200.

Table A-3.14. Percentage receiving work-study aid and average amount received 

• Among full-time, full-year undergraduates, a higher percentage participated in a workstudy program in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (26 percent vs. 20 percent). While 

dependent students were more likely to receive work-study aid in 1999–2000 than in 

1989–90 (29 percent vs. 21 percent), no measurable change was detected among the 

lowest income dependent students, whose participation rates were at 30 percent in 

1989–90. The analysis did not find a difference in the percentage of independent 

students with work-study employment in 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (about 10 percent).

• On average, work-study participants received $1,600 from the program in 1999–2000, 

higher than the amount awarded in 1989–90, which was $1,400. However, no 

measurable change in the average work-study award was detected among independent 

students.
Table A-3.1.—Average tuition and net tuition (in constant 1999 dollars) after grants (if any) for full-time, full-year undergradu

Table A-3.1.—profit 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93  Total $11,500 $13,100 $13,900 $14,800 $7,600 $8,900 Dependency status Dependent students 12,000 13,900 14,600 15,900 8,200 9,700  Independent students 8,800 9,400 10,200 9,700 4,700 5,300  Unmarried, no dependents 9,600 10,700 11,500 10,900 5,400 6,100  Married, no dependents 8,300 8,200 9,700 8,500 4,700 5,100  Unmarried, with dependents 7,400 8,400 9,300 11,000 2,300 3,700  Married, with dependents 7,800 7,800 8,500 7,700 4,200 4,100 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 10,000 11,400 12,900 13,000 4,200 4,500  Lower middle quarter 11,400 13,200 13,900 15,600 6,500 7,300  Upper middle quarter 11,900 14,000 14,700 16,100 8,000 8,500  Highest quarter 13,900 15,300 16,100 17,800 12,200 13,100  Independent students Lowest quarter 9,200 10,100 10,400 10,100 4,300 4,900  Lower middle quarter 8,100 9,800 9,500 10,000 4,200 6,100  Upper middle quarter 8,100 7,700 10,400 8,500 4,900 5,500  Highest quarter 9,400 8,800 10,300 9,400 6,600 5,700 

1Includes all tuition and required fees charged by the institution.2Equal to tuition and fees minus all grant aid received. Grants and scholarships are not necessarily limited to paying for tuition, but may cover other e

If the grant amount is greater than the tuition charges, the excess is applied to room and board or other expenses. In calculating the average of this me

values (when the grant amount exceeds tuition) were set to zero. The percentage of students with zero value for net tuition was 11 in 1989–90, 11 in 

12 in 1999–2000. NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the DistriRico. To have full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–9academic years were adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecon

(NPSAS:90, NPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average tuition1 Average net tuition f

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

_______

80
Table A-3.2.—Average price of attendance, net price of attendance after aid (if any), and expected family contribution (in cons

Table A-3.2.—full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family Table A-3.2.—1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total $19,000 $20,800 $21,400 $23,400 $12,800 $13,900 $12,400 $12,200 $11,600 $11

Dependency status Dependent students 19,400 21,500 22,000 24,400 13,400 14,700 12,900 12,800 13,200 13

 Independent students 16,900 18,200 18,300 18,700 9,600 10,200 9,500 9,800 3,700 4

 Unmarried, no dependents 17,700 19,100 19,300 19,800 10,200 10,800 9,800 8,800 5,000 5

 Married, no dependents 16,400 17,500 17,400 17,900 9,800 10,700 9,300 10,100 2,100 4

 Unmarried, with dependents 15,400 17,100 18,300 19,600 6,700 9,000 9,600 11,700 900 

 Married, with dependents 16,300 16,900 16,900 16,800 9,500 9,000 8,900 8,700 3,000 3

Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 17,000 18,500 20,000 20,700 8,400 8,000 8,700 7,400 3,000 2

 Lower middle quarter 18,600 20,700 21,000 24,200 10,800 11,000 9,300 10,800 6,400 5

 Upper middle quarter 19,300 21,500 22,000 24,700 12,900 13,000 12,800 12,200 11,300 9 Highest quarter 21,800 23,100 23,900 26,700 19,000 19,400 18,400 17,900 25,900 23

 Independent students Lowest quarter 17,200 18,500 18,100 18,600 9,100 9,500 7,700 8,600 2,300 2 Lower middle quarter 16,200 18,500 17,700 18,900 9,100 10,800 9,200 10,000 3,100 4

 Upper middle quarter 16,300 16,700 19,200 18,000 10,000 11,100 11,500 9,500 4,700 4 Highest quarter 18,100 18,400 18,400 19,400 12,400 11,500 11,900 13,500 8,700 8

1Average student budget estimated by the institutions. Includes tuition and fees, books and supplies, room and board, transportation and personal expenses.2Equal to the price of attendance minus all grant and loan aid received. Includes students who received no financial aid.3The federal expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students and families are expected to contribute to the price of attendance at a postsecondary in

family contribution is calculated using federal need analysis methodology and takes into account dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings also in factors. The federal methodology was similar in 1989–90 and 1992–93. The Reauthorization of 1992 introduced many changes that are reflected in 1995–96 a

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average price of attendance1 Average net price of attendance2 Average expe

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

_______

81
Table A-3.3.—Average financial need and remaining need (in constant 1999 dollars) after receiving financial aid (if any) for fu

Table A-3.3.—undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, Table A-3.3.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93  Total $11,000 $11,800 $13,500 $14,200 $4,800 $4,700 Dependency status Dependent students 10,400 11,100 13,300 13,900 4,600 4,300  Independent students 13,700 14,500 14,700 15,300 6,100 6,100  Unmarried, no dependents 13,200 14,200 16,000 16,600 5,500 5,400  Married, no dependents 14,300 14,500 10,400 11,100 7,500 7,600  Unmarried, with dependents 14,500 16,300 16,900 18,300 5,500 7,700  Married, with dependents 13,700 13,900 13,500 13,000 6,700 6,100 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 14,100 15,800 18,600 19,400 4,900 4,800  Lower middle quarter 12,900 14,900 17,400 19,400 4,800 5,000  Upper middle quarter 9,500 12,300 13,600 14,500 3,500 4,200  Highest quarter 7,000 6,600 6,600 6,400 5,000 3,900  Independent students Lowest quarter 15,000 15,800 17,500 18,000 6,400 6,300  Lower middle quarter 13,100 14,400 15,400 16,300 5,800 6,300  Upper middle quarter 12,200 13,100 14,200 12,400 5,900 6,800  Highest quarter 11,300 11,900 6,400 7,800 5,800 5,600 

1Financial need is equal to the student budget minus the expected family contribution (EFC). The expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students a

contribute to the price of attendance, and is calculated based on dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings in college, and other related factors. NeAverage is based on all full-time, full-year undergraduates, including those with zero need.

2Remaining financial need is equal to the student budget minus the expected family contribution (EFC) minus any financial aid received. Negative values were 

on all full-time, full-year undergraduates, including those with zero remaining need.NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Average amount o

Average amount of financial need1 need after finan

_______

82
Table A-3.4.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received finan

Table A-3.4.—amount of aid received (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 73.6 71.2 80.6 85.3 $9,200 $10,600 $12,100 $13,800 $6,800 $7

Dependency status Dependent students 71.3 68.1 79.3 84.8 9,200 10,800 12,300 14,400 6,600 7

 Independent students 85.0 85.2 87.1 87.5 9,200 10,000 11,000 10,800 7,800 8

 Unmarried, no dependents 82.7 83.8 86.0 90.9 9,800 10,700 12,200 12,700 8,100 8

 Married, no dependents 82.7 78.8 83.5 81.7 8,500 9,200 10,600 10,300 7,000 7

 Unmarried, with dependents 99.6 89.8 89.8 80.4 9,100 9,600 10,300 10,200 9,000 8 Married, with dependents 84.2 90.4 89.7 94.4 8,500 9,200 9,700 9,600 7,200 8Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 89.9 93.8 90.2 94.2 10,400 12,000 13,400 14,800 9,400 11

 Lower middle quarter 83.4 86.6 92.8 87.8 10,200 12,200 13,600 16,100 8,500 10

 Upper middle quarter 78.4 79.1 82.5 88.7 8,900 11,500 12,300 14,800 7,000 9

 Highest quarter 45.9 48.6 60.5 73.6 7,000 8,300 10,000 12,400 3,200 4

 Independent students Lowest quarter 87.1 91.2 92.5 90.0 10,100 10,700 12,200 11,600 8,800 9

 Lower middle quarter 86.5 81.1 86.6 87.0 8,800 10,000 10,700 11,000 7,600 8

 Upper middle quarter 85.7 72.0 86.6 89.7 7,800 8,300 9,600 10,300 6,700 6

 Highest quarter 72.9 82.0 73.6 77.7 8,200 8,900 9,500 8,600 6,000 7

1Includes all types of financial aid: grants, loans, work-study, and other (such as employer’s benefits and veterans’ benefits).2Includes zero values (i.e., those not receiving any financial aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Percent who received any financial aid1

Average amount of financial aid

 received by those receiving aid among all fu

Average a

_______

83
Table A-3.5.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received finan

Table A-3.5.—total price of attendance met by financial aid, and percentage of aid received in grants, by dependency status an

Table A-3.5.—1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 73.6 71.2 80.6 85.3 50.2 52.8 57.8 59.4 61.7 Dependency status Dependent students 71.3 68.1 79.3 84.8 49.2 52.3 57.5 59.7 62.0  Independent students 85.0 85.2 87.1 87.5 54.8 54.8 59.7 58.0 60.2 

 Unmarried, no dependents 82.7 83.8 86.0 90.9 55.0 55.9 63.7 63.2 59.7  Married, no dependents 82.7 78.8 83.5 81.7 51.6 51.6 56.7 55.5 57.2  Unmarried, with dependents 99.6 89.8 89.8 80.4 58.9 55.1 57.3 56.5 68.2  Married, with dependents 84.2 90.4 89.7 94.4 54.1 53.9 56.3 54.6 58.5 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 89.9 93.8 90.2 94.2 60.7 64.4 67.2 68.4 68.1  Lower middle quarter 83.4 86.6 92.8 87.8 54.3 59.5 63.3 65.5 59.4  Upper middle quarter 78.4 79.1 82.5 88.7 45.0 52.6 56.3 59.4 58.2  Highest quarter 45.9 48.6 60.5 73.6 32.8 36.8 42.5 48.2 60.7  Independent students Lowest quarter 87.1 91.2 92.5 90.0 58.8 57.4 66.9 62.0 65.2  Lower middle quarter 86.5 81.1 86.6 87.0 53.4 55.6 57.7 56.9 60.4  Upper middle quarter 85.7 72.0 86.6 89.7 49.6 50.2 52.0 57.2 54.0  Highest quarter 72.9 82.0 73.6 77.7 46.3 47.2 50.6 47.0 49.1 

1Includes all types of financial aid: grants, loans, work-study, and other (such as employer’s benefits and veterans’ benefits).2Percentage of the total price of attendance (tuition and fees plus living expenses) that is met by any type of financial aid, among financial aid recipients.3Percentage of total financial aid that is awarded in the form of grants and scholarships among financial aid recipients.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Percent who received any financial aid1

Percent of the total price of attendance

met by aid among financial aid recipients2 awarded 

Percen

_______

84
Table A-3.6.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received any s

Table A-3.6.—average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1Table A-3.6.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 46.7 48.0 58.8 62.1 $4,600 $5,200 $6,300 $7,700 $2,200 $2

Dependency status Dependent students 44.7 45.6 57.5 63.1 4,500 4,900 6,200 7,600 2,000 2

 Independent students 57.8 58.6 65.7 57.6 5,000 6,000 7,100 8,100 2,900 3

 Unmarried, no dependents 56.9 59.0 69.6 70.7 5,100 5,900 7,400 8,900 2,900 3

 Married, no dependents 52.9 49.8 58.6 55.2 5,300 6,700 7,600 8,500 2,800 3

 Unmarried, with dependents 63.4 63.7 64.3 46.9 5,000 5,000 6,300 7,100 3,200 3 Married, with dependents 60.3 60.9 64.5 54.4 4,800 6,500 6,700 7,800 2,900 3Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 59.6 69.4 67.0 68.3 4,100 4,500 5,300 6,600 2,400 3

 Lower middle quarter 60.3 67.5 70.8 70.7 4,400 5,000 5,800 7,200 2,700 3

 Upper middle quarter 51.3 53.0 62.5 71.9 4,700 5,100 6,500 7,400 2,400 2

 Highest quarter 20.0 26.9 38.4 47.7 5,300 5,300 7,200 9,100 1,100 1

 Independent students Lowest quarter 58.7 62.8 72.2 60.5 4,900 5,600 6,900 7,300 2,900 3

 Lower middle quarter 56.1 60.8 64.6 56.8 5,300 6,300 7,100 8,800 3,000 3

 Upper middle quarter 58.9 48.0 65.4 62.9 5,100 6,300 7,200 8,700 3,000 3

 Highest quarter 53.6 50.7 49.4 42.3 5,100 6,800 7,500 8,600 2,700 3

1Includes all types of loans, including those funded by federal, state, institutional, or private sources. Also includes the Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students 

taken out by parents of dependent undergraduates.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Average annual loan amount

Percent who received a student loan1 for those receiving loans Average annual l

_______

85
Table A-3.7.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received feder

Table A-3.7.—student loans, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2 Total 45.6 60.7 39.2 50.3 1.9 24.2 15.6 14.1 † Dependency status Dependent students 43.4 61.7 36.9 50.1 0.5 20.8 15.6 15.4 6.1  Independent students 57.3 56.4 51.4 51.1 9.0 39.9 15.8 8.6 †  Unmarried, no dependents 56.3 69.7 49.8 63.9 10.2 52.8 16.4 11.9 †  Married, no dependents 52.3 53.1 46.9 43.8 7.2 38.8 15.6 3.9 †  Unmarried, with dependents 63.3 45.8 60.1 41.7 10.9 26.9 17.2 9.6 †  Married, with dependents 59.7 53.7 53.7 49.8 6.8 38.8 14.0 6.3 † Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 59.2 67.0 49.1 63.2 0.5 11.1 25.0 24.7 4.7  Lower middle quarter 58.5 70.3 51.8 65.1 0.4 16.1 24.0 25.1 6.1  Upper middle quarter 50.0 70.3 43.0 59.6 0.8 24.5 15.7 13.7 9.5  Highest quarter 18.5 45.5 14.9 24.1 0.3 26.9 3.6 4.3 4.8  Independent students Lowest quarter 58.1 59.0 51.2 55.5 7.1 34.8 17.2 13.3 †  Lower middle quarter 55.6 55.3 51.7 51.7 9.6 40.5 16.5 7.8 †  Upper middle quarter 58.2 62.5 51.4 53.3 11.9 53.2 13.8 4.7 †  Highest quarter 53.3 42.3 47.6 31.8 11.2 37.4 10.8 0.6 † 

†Not applicable.

1Among dependent students only. The Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PLUS) is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduate students and is not s

not show financial need but must be creditworthy. Repayment of the loan begins immediately. The maximum amount of a PLUS loan can be as high as the tot

2Includes state, institutional, and private or commercial loans. Does not include loans from family or friends.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

a PLUS loan1 

 federal loans Stafford loan Loan for Students a Perkins loan

or Supplemental Percent who received Percent who recei

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Percent who received 

an unsubsidized 

Percent who received Stafford loan

Percent who received a subsidized 

_______

86
Table A-3.8.—Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) per recipient of federal and non-federal student loan

Table A-3.8.—year undergraduates enrolled in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family incoTable A-3.8.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2 Total $4,400 $6,500 $3,600 $3,800 $4,200 $3,600 $1,800 $1,800 † Dependency status Dependent students 4,300 6,300 3,500 3,700 3,900 3,300 1,800 1,800 4,600 9

 Independent students 4,900 7,400 4,000 4,300 4,400 4,500 1,800 1,700 †  Unmarried, no dependents 4,900 7,600 3,900 4,300 4,300 4,500 1,800 1,500 † 

 Married, no dependents 5,200 8,000 4,200 4,700 ‡ 5,300 2,000 ‡ †  Unmarried, with dependents 4,900 6,700 3,900 4,200 ‡ 4,000 1,800 1,800 †  Married, with dependents 4,700 7,300 4,200 4,000 ‡ 4,600 1,700 ‡ † Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 4,000 5,600 3,400 4,000 ‡ 3,300 1,800 1,800 3,800 6

 Lower middle quarter 4,400 6,000 3,500 3,700 ‡ 2,800 1,800 1,900 4,500 7 Upper middle quarter 4,500 6,100 3,400 3,600 ‡ 2,900 1,800 1,800 4,600 7 Highest quarter 4,700 7,600 3,500 3,500 ‡ 3,700 1,900 1,900 5,200 12 Independent students Lowest quarter 4,700 6,800 4,000 4,200 4,000 4,000 1,900 1,700 † 

 Lower middle quarter 5,200 7,600 4,100 4,400 4,500 4,500 1,700 ‡ † 

 Upper middle quarter 5,000 7,800 4,000 4,200 ‡ 4,800 1,800 ‡ † 

 Highest quarter 4,900 8,300 3,900 4,000 ‡ 5,900 ‡ ‡ † 

†Not applicable.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Among dependent students only. The Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PLUS) is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduate students and is not s

not show financial need but must be creditworthy. Repayment of the loan begins immediately. The maximum amount of a PLUS loan can be as high as the tot

2Includes state, institutional, and private or commercial loans. Does not include loans from family or friends.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were aConsumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). The averages for each loan type were calculated by including only those who received the specific tSOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

Average annual

unsubsidized 

Stafford loan or 

 total federal subsidized Supplemental Loan 

Average annual Average annual

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

 loans received Stafford loan for Students Perkins loan PLUS loan1 

Average annual Average annua

_______

87
Table A-3.9.—Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) by all full-time, full-year undergraduates in private n

Table A-3.9.—institutions through various federal and non-federal student loan programs, by dependency status and family inTable A-3.9.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2 Total $2,000 $4,000 $1,400 $1,900 $100 $900 $300 $300 † Dependency status Dependent students 1,900 3,900 1,300 1,800 # 700 300 300 300 1 Independent students 2,800 4,200 2,100 2,200 400 1,800 300 100 †  Unmarried, no dependents 2,800 5,300 1,900 2,700 400 2,400 300 200 †  Married, no dependents 2,700 4,200 2,000 2,100 400 2,100 300 100 †  Unmarried, with dependents 3,100 3,100 2,300 1,800 400 1,100 300 200 †  Married, with dependents 2,800 3,900 2,200 2,000 300 1,800 200 100 † Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 2,300 3,800 1,700 2,500 # 400 500 400 200  Lower middle quarter 2,600 4,200 1,800 2,400 # 500 400 500 300  Upper middle quarter 2,200 4,300 1,500 2,100 # 700 300 200 400 1 Highest quarter 900 3,500 500 800 # 1,000 100 100 300 1 Independent students Lowest quarter 2,700 4,000 2,000 2,300 300 1,400 300 200 †  Lower middle quarter 2,900 4,200 2,100 2,300 400 1,800 300 100 †  Upper middle quarter 2,900 4,900 2,000 2,200 500 2,600 200 100 †  Highest quarter 2,600 3,500 1,900 1,300 500 2,200 200 # † 

#Rounds to zero.†Not applicable.

1Among dependent students only. The Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PLUS) is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduate students and is not s

not show financial need but must be creditworthy. Repayment of the loan begins immediately. The maximum amount of a PLUS loan can be as high as the tot

2Includes state, institutional, and private or commercial loans. Does not include loans from family or friends.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were aConsumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). These averages were calculated for all students, including those not receiving any loans.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

 total federal Average subsidized Supplemental Loan 

Average annual

Stafford loan or 

 loans received for Students

unsubsidized 

Average annual

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Average Perkins loan Average PLUS lo

 Stafford loan

_______

88
Table A-3.10.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received any 

Table A-3.10.—grant amount received (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 67.5 64.1 72.1 76.1 $6,000 $7,000 $7,300 $8,400 $4,100 $4

Dependency status Dependent students 65.2 61.2 71.2 75.7 6,200 7,400 7,700 9,000 4,000 4

 Independent students 79.2 77.4 76.9 77.7 5,600 5,700 5,400 5,400 4,400 4

 Unmarried, no dependents 76.9 75.9 74.1 80.0 6,000 6,300 6,000 5,900 4,600 4

 Married, no dependents 73.8 67.6 68.9 68.0 5,100 5,100 5,300 4,600 3,800 3

 Unmarried, with dependents 96.8 87.8 86.4 77.3 5,700 5,600 5,500 5,900 5,600 4 Married, with dependents 79.2 82.0 79.9 81.3 5,000 4,900 4,500 4,800 4,000 4Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 87.3 90.8 86.2 91.5 7,100 8,100 9,000 9,600 6,200 7

 Lower middle quarter 77.7 80.9 86.7 81.6 6,500 7,800 8,700 10,100 5,100 6

 Upper middle quarter 72.0 71.1 73.3 79.7 5,500 8,100 7,100 8,900 4,000 5

 Highest quarter 37.0 39.4 48.8 58.6 4,900 5,700 5,700 7,600 1,800 2

 Independent students Lowest quarter 83.9 87.9 89.1 88.4 6,300 6,300 6,100 6,300 5,300 5

 Lower middle quarter 81.4 73.5 73.1 77.8 5,100 5,200 5,400 5,100 4,200 3

 Upper middle quarter 75.9 59.2 75.1 74.6 4,400 4,300 4,000 4,100 3,400 2

 Highest quarter 61.0 64.4 50.4 46.9 4,900 5,400 5,400 4,700 3,000 3

1Includes grants and scholarships awarded by any source: federal, state, institutional, or private.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving grant aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Average grant amount

Percent who received any grants1 for those who received grants Average gran

_______

89
Table A-3.11.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received vari

Table A-3.11.—by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000  Total 29.9 27.5 13.1 12.8 26.2 27.0 47.7 59.8 Dependency status Dependent students 24.3 22.6 12.1 11.8 24.7 26.2 49.1 64.6  Independent students 57.9 50.2 18.2 17.5 33.9 30.8 41.0 37.7  Unmarried, no dependents 55.8 52.4 17.6 21.7 31.5 36.8 41.3 46.6  Married, no dependents 40.6 26.0 14.3 6.2 26.0 20.9 50.5 42.6  Unmarried, with dependents 89.2 57.5 27.0 22.4 49.8 26.9 33.2 33.4 

 Married, with dependents 58.5 54.0 17.4 13.8 36.3 33.7 37.9 28.7 

Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 69.0 79.3 29.1 40.3 41.5 44.3 53.3 63.0  Lower middle quarter 31.7 27.8 16.3 13.5 33.9 37.8 60.8 71.2  Upper middle quarter 6.9 1.6 7.5 2.2 24.4 25.3 61.2 73.8  Highest quarter 0.5 0.1 0.7 0.3 7.6 7.6 30.4 53.6  Independent students Lowest quarter 70.9 77.0 22.7 33.2 37.2 37.1 45.1 44.7  Lower middle quarter 60.5 43.0 17.2 9.4 34.9 31.7 38.1 40.7  Upper middle quarter 46.4 33.1 14.5 5.4 29.3 28.4 32.9 29.0  Highest quarter 18.6 2.5 7.3 1.2 22.5 11.7 39.6 19.4 

1Includes grants from sources other than federal, state, or institutional.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

a Pell Grant (SEOG)

Percent who received Opportunity Grant

a Supplemental 

Educational

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Percent who received

institutional grants

Percent who received

state-funded grants

Percent who received

_______

90
Table A-3.12.—Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) per recipient of federal and non-federal grant aid p

Table A-3.12.—time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family inTable A-3.12.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000  Total $2,300 $2,200 $1,300 $1,200 $2,500 $2,600 $4,700 $7,200 Dependency status Dependent students 2,100 2,100 1,300 1,300 2,500 2,700 4,900 7,600  Independent students 2,600 2,400 1,100 1,200 2,700 2,400 3,400 4,000 

 Unmarried, no dependents 2,700 2,500 1,300 1,400 2,800 2,700 3,800 3,800 

 Married, no dependents 2,500 1,800 900 ‡ 2,700 2,400 3,200 3,500  Unmarried, with dependents 2,800 2,600 1,100 1,100 2,700 2,500 3,000 5,100  Married, with dependents 2,400 2,400 900 900 2,400 2,000 2,700 3,700 

Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 2,400 2,500 1,300 1,200 3,000 2,900 4,700 7,400  Lower middle quarter 1,600 1,200 1,300 1,300 2,500 3,000 5,100 8,400 

 Upper middle quarter 1,100 ‡ 1,300 ‡ 2,000 2,400 4,900 7,800  Highest quarter ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 1,700 1,700 4,800 6,900  Independent students Lowest quarter 2,900 2,600 1,200 1,200 2,700 2,600 3,500 4,200  Lower middle quarter 2,500 2,500 1,000 1,100 2,700 2,300 3,300 4,000 

 Upper middle quarter 2,200 1,600 ‡ ‡ 2,600 2,200 2,800 3,500  Highest quarter 1,800 ‡ ‡ ‡ 2,100 ‡ 3,400 4,300 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes grants from sources other than federal, state, or institutional.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were aConsumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). The averages for each grant type were calculated by including only those who received the specific SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

grants

Average state-funded Average institutional 

grants

Average 

Supplemental 

Average Pell Grant

Educational Opportunity 

Grant (SEOG)

_______

91
Table A-3.13.—Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) by all full-time, full-year undergraduates in private 

Table A-3.13.—institutions through federal and non-federal grant aid programs, by dependency status and family income: 198

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000  Total $700 $600 $200 $200 $700 $700 $2,200 $4,300 Dependency status Dependent students 500 500 200 100 600 700 2,400 4,900  Independent students 1,500 1,200 200 200 900 800 1,400 1,500  Unmarried, no dependents 1,500 1,300 200 300 900 1,000 1,600 1,800  Married, no dependents 1,000 500 100 100 700 500 1,600 1,500  Unmarried, with dependents 2,500 1,500 300 200 1,300 700 1,000 1,700  Married, with dependents 1,400 1,300 200 100 900 700 1,000 1,100 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 1,700 2,000 400 500 1,200 1,300 2,500 4,600  Lower middle quarter 500 300 200 200 900 1,100 3,100 6,000  Upper middle quarter 100 # 100 # 500 600 3,000 5,800  Highest quarter # # # # 100 100 1,500 3,700  Independent students Lowest quarter 2,100 2,000 300 400 1,000 1,000 1,600 1,900  Lower middle quarter 1,500 1,100 200 100 1,000 700 1,300 1,600  Upper middle quarter 1,000 500 100 100 800 600 900 1,000  Highest quarter 300 # 100 # 500 300 1,300 800 

#Rounds to zero.

1Includes grants from sources other than federal, state, or institutional.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were aConsumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). These averages were calculated for all students, including those not receiving grants.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Average Pell Grant Grant (SEOG) grants grants

Average institutional 

Average 

Supplemental 

Educational Opportunity Average state-funded 

_______

92
Table A-3.14.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received wor

Table A-3.14.—amount received (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 20.0 23.5 26.8 25.6 $1,400 $1,500 $1,500 $1,600 $300 Dependency status Dependent students 21.4 25.2 28.9 29.1 1,400 1,500 1,500 1,600 300  Independent students 13.0 16.3 15.7 9.2 1,600 1,700 1,300 1,700 200  Unmarried, no dependents 17.8 20.3 18.9 13.3 1,600 1,600 1,200 1,900 300  Married, no dependents 9.1 10.1 12.7 8.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 100  Unmarried, with dependents 10.4 17.5 16.7 9.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ 1,100 100  Married, with dependents 6.3 9.7 11.0 4.3 ‡ 1,600 ‡ ‡ 100 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 29.9 43.6 36.7 34.7 1,400 1,500 1,500 1,500 400  Lower middle quarter 28.4 39.1 39.7 37.6 1,400 1,500 1,600 1,600 400  Upper middle quarter 24.8 27.2 31.7 33.7 1,300 1,600 1,500 1,700 300  Highest quarter 8.8 11.9 14.1 16.3 1,500 1,500 1,600 1,600 100  Independent students Lowest quarter 18.8 23.7 24.1 15.3 1,500 1,500 1,300 1,600 300  Lower middle quarter 11.1 16.2 14.1 6.3 1,900 1,800 ‡ ‡ 200  Upper middle quarter 4.3 6.2 8.5 4.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 100  Highest quarter 5.5 2.8 5.0 1.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 100 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes federal, state, and institutional work-study programs.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving work-study aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Average work-study aid amount Average w

Percent who received work-study aid1 for those receiving work-study aid fo

_______

93
Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type

94 

Private for-Profit Less-Than 4-Year Institutions 

Table A-4.1. Tuition and net tuition 

• Among full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled in private for-profit less-than-4-

year institutions, no measurable change was detected in the average tuition from 1989–

90 to 1999–2000 (about $7,400). 

• Net tuition is defined in this study as the amount of tuition minus all grants received 

(up to the amount of tuition).6 The average net tuition amount was about $5,500 in 

both 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

Table A-4.2. Price of attendance and net price of attendance 

• The price of attendance is equal to the total amount of tuition and fees plus all living 

expenses. No measurable change was observed in the overall average price of 

attendance, but the average increased among dependent undergraduates in all but the 

lowest income quarter (in which no measurable change was detected). No significant 

difference was found in the overall average price of attendance among independent 

students. 

• The net price of attendance is equal to the total price of attendance minus all grant and 

loan aid received. Between 1989–1990 and 1999–2000, the overall net price of 

attendance decreased from $10,100 to $8,900. 

Table A-4.3. Financial need and remaining financial need 

• Financial need is the amount of need-based financial aid for which the student is 

eligible, and is equal to the price of attendance minus the expected family contribution 

(EFC). Dependent undergraduates with incomes at or below the median had a greater 

average need in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90. Independent undergraduates with 

incomes at or below the median also appeared to have more need in 1999–2000 than in 

1989–90 but those differences were not statistically significant. Decreases in the 

average financial need between 1989–90 and 1999–2000 were detected among both 

dependent and independent students in the highest income quarter and among students 

who were married and had no dependents. 

• Remaining financial need (also known as unmet need) is the amount of financial need 

that remains after all financial aid is received. Remaining need is inversely related to 

 

6Grants are not necessarily limited to paying for tuition, but may cover other educational expenses as well. If the grant amount is 

greater than the tuition charges, the excess is applied to room and board or other expenses. In calculating the average net tuition, 

negative values (when the grant amount exceeds tuition) were set to zero. In 1989–90, 4 percent of full-time, full-year 

undergraduates at private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions had a negative or zero net tuition; in 1999–2000, it was 5 percent 

(1989–90 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study Data Analysis System and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid 

Study Data Analysis System; data not shown in tables). 
Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type 

95 

levels of EFC and amounts of financial aid: when the EFC or the amount of aid 

received increases, the remaining need decreases. The average amount of remaining 

need decreased from $7,100 to $5,900 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

Table A-4.4. Percentage receiving financial aid and average amount of total aid 

received 

• Between 1989–1990 and 1999–2000, the percentage of full-time, full-year 

undergraduate students enrolled in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who 

received any financial aid increased from 88 to 93 percent. 

• Among students who received financial aid, the average amount received was $6,300 

in 1989–1990 and increased to $8,000 in 1999–2000. 

Table A-4.5. Percentage of price met by financial aid and percentage of financial aid 

awarded as grants 

• Among financial aid recipients, the amount of financial aid received covered a greater 

proportion of the price of attendance in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (49 percent vs. 41 

percent). 

• No measurable change was detected in the proportion of aid that was awarded in 

grants, but the average decreased among full-time students in the highest income 

quarters (both dependent and independent) between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

Table A-4.6. Percentage receiving loans and average loan amounts 

• The analysis did not find a difference in the overall percentage of full-time students 

who took out a student loan in 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (about 75 percent), but 

dependent students with incomes above the lowest quarter were more likely to take out 

a loan in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90. 

• Among students who took out any loans, the average amount increased from $4,700 to 

$6,400 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

Table A-4.7. Percentage receiving various types of loans 

• The overall percentage of students receiving federal loans was 73 percent in 1989–90 

and 75 percent in 1999–2000. However, a decrease in the rate of borrowing was 

detected among single parents during this decade, in which 82 percent took out a loan 

in 1989–90 while 72 percent did so in 1999–2000. 

• No measurable change was detected in the overall rate at which full-time 

undergraduates took out a subsidized Stafford loan in 1989–90 and 1999–2000 (about 

70 percent). However, middle-income independent undergraduates were more likely to 

take out a subsidized Stafford loan in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90. Independent 
Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type

96 

students in the highest income quarter had a lower rate of borrowing from the 

subsidized Stafford loan program in 1999–2000. 

• The percentage of undergraduates taking out unsubsidized loans increased between 

1989–90 and 1999–2000, from 22 to 59 percent. 

• The percentage of undergraduates who received a Perkins loan decreased from 6 

percent in 1989–90 to 2 percent in 1999–2000. 

• Parents of dependent students were more likely to take out PLUS loans in 1999–2000 

than in 1989–90 (30 percent vs. 17 percent). 

• About 8 percent of students borrowed non-federal loans in 1999–2000, compared with 

1 percent in 1989–90. 

Table A-4.8. Average amount of various types of loans received among borrowers 

• Among students who took out federal loans, the average amount increased between 

1989–90 and 1999–2000, from $4,600 to $5,900. 

• Among students who took out subsidized Stafford loans, the average amount decreased 

between 1989–90 and 1999–2000, from about $3,300 to $2,700. 

• No measurable difference was detected in the average amount received by students 

who took out unsubsidized Stafford loans, which was about $3,400 in 1989–90 and 

1999–2000. 

• Among students who received a Perkins loan, the average amount decreased between 

1989–90 and 1999–2000, from $2,100 to $1,500. 

• Parents of dependent students took out, on average, larger amounts of PLUS loans in 

1999–2000 than in 1989–90 ($4,300 to $5,700). 

• Among borrowers of non-federal loans, the average amount increased between 1989–

90 and 1999–2000, from $2,800 to $5,700. 

Table A-4.10. Percentage receiving grant aid and average amount received 

• Both dependent and independent undergraduates in the lowest income quarter were 

more likely to receive grants in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (low-income dependent 

students: 90 percent vs. 81 percent; low-income independent students: 92 percent vs. 

85 percent). However, no measurable difference was detected in the overall percentage 

of students receiving grants. 

• Among those who received grants, no measurable change was detected in the average 

amount received between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 
Appendix A—Detailed Findings by Institution Type 

97 

Table A-4.11. Percentage receiving various types of grants 

• Dependent and independent undergraduates in the lowest income quarter were more 

likely to receive a Pell Grant in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (low-income dependent 

students: 87 percent vs. 77 percent; low-income independent students: 91 percent vs. 

82 percent). The rates also increased among independent students who had children (or 

other dependents). The percentage of Pell Grant recipients decreased, however, among 

independent students who had incomes that were above the median. 

• The percentage of students receiving Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants 

(SEOG) increased between 1989–90 and 1999–2000, from 11 percent to about 23 

percent. In particular, independent students with incomes at or below the median level 

were more likely to receive a SEOG in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (30 percent vs. 12 

percent). 

• Dependent and independent undergraduates in the lowest income quarter were more 

likely to receive a state-funded grant in 1999–2000 than in 1989–90 (low-income 

dependent students: 24 percent vs. 12 percent; low-income independent students: 14 

percent vs. 7 percent). 

• No measurable change was detected in the percentage of students receiving 

institutional grants (about 5 percent in both years). 

Table A-4.12. Average amount of various types of grants received among those who 

received grants 

• No measurable change was detected in the average Pell Grant award, which was about 

$2,300 in both 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

• Although the percentage of SEOG recipients increased, the average SEOG award 

decreased, dropping from $600 to $300 between the years 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

• Among students who received state grants, a decrease in the average award amount 

was detected among dependent students ($2,800 to $1,900). 

• Among institutional grant aid recipients, the average amount received dropped from 

$2,300 to $1,000 between 1989–90 and 1999–2000. 

Table A-4.14. Percentage receiving work-study aid and average amount received 

• No measurable change was observed between 1989–90 and 1999–2000 in the 

percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates enrolled at private for-profit lessthan-4-year institutions who received work-study support (about 2 percent in both 

years). 
Table A-4.1.—Average tuition and net tuition (in constant 1999 dollars) after grants (if any) for full-time, full-year undergradu

Table A-4.1.—less-than-4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–20Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93  Total $7,300 $6,200 $7,200 $7,500 $5,500 $4,700 Dependency status Dependent students 7,300 6,600 7,800 8,000 5,700 5,600  Independent students 7,300 6,100 6,900 7,300 5,400 4,300  Unmarried, no dependents 7,800 6,200 7,000 8,000 6,100 4,500  Married, no dependents 7,600 6,300 6,500 7,600 6,400 5,400  Unmarried, with dependents 6,800 5,700 7,000 6,800 4,300 3,600  Married, with dependents 7,100 6,200 7,000 7,100 5,200 4,400 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 7,000 6,500 7,700 7,100 4,500 4,400  Lower middle quarter 7,700 6,500 7,600 8,700 6,700 6,200  Upper middle quarter 7,500 7,400 8,100 9,100 7,100 7,300  Highest quarter 8,000 6,300 8,000 9,500 7,800 6,200  Independent students Lowest quarter 7,100 5,700 6,800 6,900 4,600 3,500  Lower middle quarter 7,600 6,100 7,100 7,600 5,900 4,400  Upper middle quarter 7,000 6,500 7,000 7,600 5,600 5,400  Highest quarter 7,800 6,900 7,100 7,600 7,000 6,100 

1Includes all tuition and required fees charged by the institution.2Equal to tuition and fees minus all grant aid received. Grants and scholarships are not necessarily limited to paying for tuition, but may cover other e

If the grant amount is greater than the tuition charges, the excess is applied to room and board or other expenses. In calculating the average of this me

values (when the grant amount exceeds tuition) were set to zero. The percentage of students with zero value for net tuition was 4 in 1989–90, 5 in 199

in 1999–2000. NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the DistriRico. To have full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–9academic years were adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecon

(NPSAS:90, NPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average tuition1 Average net tuition f

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

_______

98
Table A-4.2.—Average price of attendance, net price of attendance after aid (if any), and expected family contribution (in cons

Table A-4.2.—full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions, by dependency status and fTable A-4.2.—1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total $15,400 $13,300 $14,100 $15,900 $10,100 $9,000 $8,700 $8,900 $3,500 $3

Dependency status Dependent students 14,700 13,300 13,900 16,000 10,000 8,900 8,300 8,800 5,700 6

 Independent students 15,800 13,300 14,200 15,900 10,200 9,000 8,900 9,000 2,400 2

 Unmarried, no dependents 16,200 13,400 14,100 16,700 10,700 8,500 8,700 9,500 4,900 5

 Married, no dependents 16,100 13,800 13,700 16,300 11,100 10,500 9,400 10,600 2,100 3

 Unmarried, with dependents 15,300 12,800 14,200 15,100 9,100 8,800 8,900 8,300 700 

 Married, with dependents 15,600 13,500 14,500 16,100 10,300 9,100 9,000 9,000 1,400 2

Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 14,200 13,000 13,500 14,600 8,700 7,700 7,000 7,400 2,100 2 Lower middle quarter 15,100 12,900 13,700 16,700 10,300 8,800 7,500 9,300 5,300 5 Upper middle quarter 15,300 14,800 14,300 17,200 11,500 11,000 9,300 9,700 9,400 8 Highest quarter 15,400 14,400 14,700 18,600 13,500 11,800 11,300 12,800 19,800 25

 Independent students Lowest quarter 15,600 12,700 13,900 15,100 9,600 8,300 8,400 8,100 1,600 1 Lower middle quarter 16,100 13,400 14,200 16,300 10,600 8,600 8,900 9,000 2,600 3

 Upper middle quarter 15,400 14,000 14,600 17,100 10,300 10,300 9,200 10,200 2,700 3 Highest quarter 16,200 14,700 14,500 16,900 11,800 11,100 10,500 11,800 6,700 8

1Average student budget estimated by the institutions. Includes tuition and fees, books and supplies, room and board, transportation and personal expenses.2Equal to the price of attendance minus all grant and loan aid received. Includes students who received no financial aid.3The federal expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students and families are expected to contribute to the price of attendance at a postsecondary in

family contribution is calculated using federal need analysis methodology and takes into account dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings also in factors. The federal methodology was similar in 1989–90 and 1992–93. The Reauthorization of 1992 introduced many changes that are reflected in 1995–96 a

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average price of attendance1 Average net price of attendance2 Average expe

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

_______

99
Table A-4.3.—Average financial need and remaining need (in constant 1999 dollars) after receiving financial aid (if any) for fu

Table A-4.3.—undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989Table A-4.3.—1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93  Total $12,400 $10,000 $11,000 $12,700 $7,100 $5,800 Dependency status Dependent students 10,000 8,400 9,100 11,000 5,500 4,400  Independent students 13,500 10,800 11,800 13,500 7,800 6,500  Unmarried, no dependents 11,800 8,700 10,700 13,100 6,500 4,200  Married, no dependents 14,100 10,900 8,500 9,100 8,700 7,400  Unmarried, with dependents 14,500 12,400 13,600 14,400 8,200 8,300  Married, with dependents 14,200 11,500 12,300 14,000 8,700 7,000 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 12,100 10,800 12,900 13,800 6,500 5,600  Lower middle quarter 10,300 7,700 10,200 12,300 5,600 4,000  Upper middle quarter 7,100 6,900 6,400 7,000 3,900 3,600  Highest quarter 2,900 2,600 1,700 1,600 2,000 1,200  Independent students Lowest quarter 14,100 11,400 13,600 14,800 8,000 7,000  Lower middle quarter 13,500 10,500 12,400 14,500 7,900 5,800  Upper middle quarter 12,900 10,800 11,000 11,600 7,600 7,100  Highest quarter 10,900 8,200 4,900 5,000 6,700 4,900 

1Financial need is equal to the student budget minus the expected family contribution (EFC). The expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students a

contribute to the price of attendance, and is calculated based on dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings in college, and other related factors. NeAverage is based on all full-time, full-year undergraduates, including those with zero need.

2Remaining financial need is equal to the student budget minus the expected family contribution (EFC) minus any financial aid received. Negative values were 

on all full-time, full-year undergraduates, including those with zero remaining need.NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Average amount o

Average amount of financial need1 need after finan

_______

100
Table A-4.4.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who received 

Table A-4.4.—average amount of aid received (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 19

Table A-4.4.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 87.7 78.8 87.8 92.9 $6,300 $5,700 $6,600 $8,000 $5,500 $4

Dependency status Dependent students 78.8 70.2 85.1 91.1 6,100 6,300 6,700 8,000 4,800 4

 Independent students 91.9 83.4 89.1 93.6 6,300 5,500 6,500 8,000 5,800 4

 Unmarried, no dependents 88.7 84.8 90.4 93.5 6,300 6,100 6,700 8,200 5,600 5

 Married, no dependents 90.1 63.1 75.0 90.3 6,000 5,900 6,200 7,800 5,400 3

 Unmarried, with dependents 96.3 87.8 88.2 94.3 6,600 4,700 6,400 7,700 6,400 4 Married, with dependents 91.8 84.5 94.1 94.1 6,100 5,500 6,500 8,200 5,600 4Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 90.4 92.0 97.2 96.7 6,200 5,900 6,800 7,600 5,600 5

 Lower middle quarter 77.5 57.8 93.3 89.7 6,300 7,200 6,600 8,500 4,900 4

 Upper middle quarter 64.0 57.5 74.9 86.2 6,100 6,700 6,700 8,700 3,900 3

 Highest quarter 45.7 45.2 55.8 74.7 4,200 5,700 6,300 7,900 1,900 2

 Independent students Lowest quarter 96.5 92.0 92.1 95.9 6,400 5,000 6,300 7,700 6,200 4

 Lower middle quarter 88.8 86.0 88.4 95.0 6,400 5,800 6,500 8,200 5,700 5

 Upper middle quarter 89.6 66.8 91.1 92.5 6,300 6,200 7,000 8,400 5,600 4

 Highest quarter 82.3 59.8 75.5 77.1 5,600 6,700 6,300 8,100 4,600 4

1Includes all types of financial aid: grants, loans, work-study, and other (such as employer’s benefits and veterans’ benefits).2Includes zero values (i.e., those not receiving any financial aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Percent who received any financial aid1

Average amount of financial aid

 received by those receiving aid among all fu

Average a

_______

101
Table A-4.5.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who received 

Table A-4.5.—percentage of total price of attendance met by financial aid, and percentage of aid received in grants, by depend

Table A-4.5.—family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 87.7 78.8 87.8 92.9 41.4 42.5 46.6 49.2 37.4 Dependency status Dependent students 78.8 70.2 85.1 91.1 42.6 45.6 47.9 49.1 37.4  Independent students 91.9 83.4 89.1 93.6 41.0 41.3 46.0 49.3 37.5 

 Unmarried, no dependents 88.7 84.8 90.4 93.5 39.7 44.9 47.4 48.8 34.3  Married, no dependents 90.1 63.1 75.0 90.3 38.2 42.4 44.7 46.3 27.3  Unmarried, with dependents 96.3 87.8 88.2 94.3 44.3 37.0 45.4 50.0 43.8  Married, with dependents 91.8 84.5 94.1 94.1 40.1 41.1 45.9 49.8 37.7 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 90.4 92.0 97.2 96.7 44.5 45.3 50.4 49.6 50.9  Lower middle quarter 77.5 57.8 93.3 89.7 43.0 49.3 48.5 50.0 22.7  Upper middle quarter 64.0 57.5 74.9 86.2 39.4 45.7 44.7 49.4 12.0  Highest quarter 45.7 45.2 55.8 74.7 26.8 34.8 41.2 42.8 29.9  Independent students Lowest quarter 96.5 92.0 92.1 95.9 42.1 39.2 45.7 49.4 46.2  Lower middle quarter 88.8 86.0 88.4 95.0 40.2 43.3 46.2 49.9 33.4  Upper middle quarter 89.6 66.8 91.1 92.5 41.2 43.4 47.8 48.2 28.1  Highest quarter 82.3 59.8 75.5 77.1 36.5 45.5 43.0 47.0 17.9 

1Includes all types of financial aid: grants, loans, work-study, and other (such as employer’s benefits and veterans’ benefits).2Percentage of the total price of attendance (tuition and fees plus living expenses) that is met by any type of financial aid, among financial aid recipients.3Percentage of total financial aid that is awarded in the form of grants and scholarships among financial aid recipients.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Percent who received any financial aid1

Percent of the total price of attendance

met by aid among financial aid recipients2 awarded 

Percen

_______

102
Table A-4.6.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who received 

Table A-4.6.—average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1Table A-4.6.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 73.7 53.5 69.8 76.0 $4,700 $5,200 $5,400 $6,400 $3,400 $2

Dependency status Dependent students 66.1 56.5 76.8 74.4 4,700 5,900 5,700 7,200 3,100 3

 Independent students 77.1 52.3 66.5 76.7 4,600 4,800 5,200 6,100 3,600 2

 Unmarried, no dependents 75.5 58.1 71.7 83.7 4,900 5,400 5,800 6,600 3,700 3

 Married, no dependents 75.9 43.7 60.0 68.8 4,900 5,100 5,900 6,700 3,700 2

 Unmarried, with dependents 81.8 49.4 62.3 73.4 4,300 3,800 4,800 5,300 3,500 1 Married, with dependents 75.0 51.0 69.0 76.7 4,500 4,900 4,900 6,300 3,400 2Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 70.9 65.5 83.6 67.4 4,100 4,800 5,000 6,500 2,900 3

 Lower middle quarter 72.3 52.5 87.7 85.7 5,200 7,000 6,000 7,200 3,800 3

 Upper middle quarter 60.6 56.4 69.7 83.5 5,700 6,600 6,600 8,300 3,400 3

 Highest quarter 31.2 42.8 51.4 69.9 ‡ 5,700 6,500 8,100 1,700 2

 Independent students Lowest quarter 77.5 53.1 68.6 71.4 4,400 4,200 4,700 5,700 3,400 2

 Lower middle quarter 77.5 59.8 65.4 84.7 4,800 5,200 5,500 6,000 3,700 3

 Upper middle quarter 78.8 43.6 68.0 83.6 4,700 5,600 5,700 6,700 3,700 2

 Highest quarter 69.0 41.2 59.2 63.4 5,100 5,900 5,700 7,700 3,500 2

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes all types of loans, including those funded by federal, state, institutional, or private sources. Also includes the Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students 

taken out by parents of dependent undergraduates.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Average annual loan amount

Percent who received a student loan1 for those receiving loans Average annual l

_______

103
Table A-4.7.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who received 

Table A-4.7.—student loans, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2 Total 73.3 75.2 69.4 71.0 21.8 58.5 5.9 1.7 † Dependency status Dependent students 65.6 73.4 61.8 64.6 4.2 38.8 6.2 3.0 17.5  Independent students 76.9 75.9 73.0 73.7 30.1 66.8 5.7 1.1 †  Unmarried, no dependents 75.2 83.0 71.1 81.7 34.1 79.4 6.4 1.4 †  Married, no dependents 75.4 67.8 68.4 60.6 29.3 63.6 10.9 2.3 †  Unmarried, with dependents 81.6 72.3 78.2 71.4 27.4 59.2 3.8 0.6 †  Married, with dependents 74.9 76.0 71.7 73.3 28.3 65.0 5.1 1.0 † Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 70.8 66.2 68.7 65.3 4.3 32.8 6.3 4.0 10.1  Lower middle quarter 72.0 85.7 68.8 81.5 5.5 44.0 9.1 4.6 23.5  Upper middle quarter 59.6 81.8 54.2 65.0 2.9 39.2 3.7 # 29.6  Highest quarter 28.9 69.3 15.5 25.5 2.4 57.8 2.8 # 16.9  Independent students Lowest quarter 77.5 70.6 74.3 70.3 28.6 58.6 4.7 0.1 †  Lower middle quarter 77.0 84.4 74.2 83.7 30.9 75.3 6.5 1.8 †  Upper middle quarter 78.3 81.9 71.4 80.5 31.4 78.2 7.1 3.1 †  Highest quarter 69.0 61.9 62.4 41.8 31.9 59.5 5.2 # † 

†Not applicable.#Rounds to zero.

1Among dependent students only. The Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PLUS) is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduate students and is not s

not show financial need but must be creditworthy. Repayment of the loan begins immediately. The maximum amount of a PLUS loan can be as high as the tot

2Includes state, institutional, and private or commercial loans. Does not include loans from family or friends.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Percent who received Percent who recei

 federal loans Stafford loan Loan for Students a Perkins loan a PLUS loan1 

Percent who received Stafford loan

Percent who received a subsidized or Supplemental

Percent who received 

an unsubsidized 

_______

104
Table A-4.8.—Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) per recipient of federal and non-federal student loan

Table A-4.8.—year undergraduates enrolled in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions, by dependency status and family 

Table A-4.8.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2 Total $4,600 $5,900 $3,300 $2,700 $3,400 $3,400 $2,100 $1,500 † Dependency status Dependent students 4,700 6,700 3,300 2,900 3,800 3,300 1,900 ‡ 4,300 5 Independent students 4,600 5,600 3,200 2,600 3,400 3,400 2,300 ‡ †  Unmarried, no dependents 4,900 6,000 3,200 2,700 3,500 3,500 1,800 ‡ †  Married, no dependents 4,900 6,100 3,200 2,700 3,800 3,800 ‡ ‡ †  Unmarried, with dependents 4,300 5,100 3,300 2,500 2,900 3,100 ‡ ‡ †  Married, with dependents 4,500 5,600 3,200 2,600 3,400 3,400 2,200 ‡ † Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 4,100 6,200 3,200 2,800 ‡ 3,200 1,700 ‡ 3,800 5

 Lower middle quarter 5,200 6,700 3,400 2,800 ‡ 3,500 ‡ ‡ 4,100 5

 Upper middle quarter 5,600 7,500 3,200 3,200 ‡ 3,400 ‡ ‡ 4,700 6 Highest quarter ‡ 7,200 ‡ ‡ ‡ 3,000 ‡ ‡ ‡ 

 Independent students Lowest quarter 4,400 5,300 3,300 2,600 3,000 3,200 2,100 ‡ † 

 Lower middle quarter 4,700 5,800 3,200 2,700 3,500 3,300 2,000 ‡ † 

 Upper middle quarter 4,700 5,900 3,200 2,600 3,500 3,400 ‡ ‡ †  Highest quarter 5,100 6,400 3,200 2,700 4,200 4,700 ‡ ‡ † 

†Not applicable.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Among dependent students only. The Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PLUS) is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduate students and is not s

not show financial need but must be creditworthy. Repayment of the loan begins immediately. The maximum amount of a PLUS loan can be as high as the tot

2Includes state, institutional, and private or commercial loans. Does not include loans from family or friends.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were aConsumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). The averages for each loan type were calculated by including only those who received the specific tSOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

Average annual

unsubsidized 

Stafford loan or 

 total federal Average subsidized Supplemental Loan 

Average annual

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

 loans received Stafford loan for Students Average Perkins loan Average PLUS lo

_______

105
Table A-4.9.—Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) by all full-time, full-year undergraduates in private f

Table A-4.9.—4-year institutions through various federal and non-federal student loan programs, by dependency status and faTable A-4.9.—and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2 Total $3,400 $4,500 $2,300 $1,900 $700 $2,000 $100 # † Dependency status Dependent students 3,100 4,900 2,000 1,900 200 1,300 100 # 800 1 Independent students 3,500 4,300 2,400 1,900 1,000 2,300 100 # †  Unmarried, no dependents 3,700 5,000 2,300 2,200 1,200 2,800 100 # †  Married, no dependents 3,700 4,100 2,200 1,600 1,100 2,400 400 # †  Unmarried, with dependents 3,500 3,700 2,600 1,800 800 1,800 100 # †  Married, with dependents 3,400 4,200 2,300 1,900 1,000 2,200 100 # † Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 2,900 4,100 2,200 1,900 100 1,100 100 100 400 1

 Lower middle quarter 3,700 5,700 2,400 2,200 200 1,500 200 100 1,000 1

 Upper middle quarter 3,300 6,100 1,700 2,100 100 1,300 100 # 1,400 2 Highest quarter 1,400 5,000 400 700 100 1,700 100 # 800 2

 Independent students Lowest quarter 3,400 3,700 2,400 1,800 900 1,900 100 # †  Lower middle quarter 3,700 4,900 2,400 2,300 1,100 2,500 100 # †  Upper middle quarter 3,700 4,800 2,300 2,100 1,100 2,700 200 # †  Highest quarter 3,500 4,000 2,000 1,100 1,300 2,800 200 # † 

†Not applicable.#Rounds to zero.

1Among dependent students only. The Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PLUS) is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduate students and is not s

not show financial need but must be creditworthy. Repayment of the loan begins immediately. The maximum amount of a PLUS loan can be as high as the tot

2Includes state, institutional, and private or commercial loans. Does not include loans from family or friends.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were aConsumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). These averages were calculated for all students, including those not receiving any loans.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

Average annual

Stafford loan or 

 loans received for Students Stafford loan

unsubsidized 

Average annual

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

 total federal Average subsidized Supplemental Loan 

Average Perkins loan Average PLUS lo

_______

106
Table A-4.10.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who receive

Table A-4.10.—average grant amount received (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1

Table A-4.10.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 66.5 60.4 61.9 69.2 $2,800 $2,600 $2,600 $3,000 $1,900 $1

Dependency status Dependent students 57.1 45.3 49.5 63.4 2,900 2,300 2,300 2,900 1,700 1

 Independent students 71.1 68.0 67.7 71.6 2,800 2,700 2,600 3,100 2,000 1

 Unmarried, no dependents 65.2 65.0 52.0 55.6 2,600 2,700 2,500 2,900 1,700 1

 Married, no dependents 49.2 33.9 41.7 32.5 2,500 3,100 1,900 3,400 1,200 1 Unmarried, with dependents 83.9 82.2 80.9 89.5 3,200 2,600 2,800 3,200 2,700 2 Married, with dependents 72.6 70.1 76.6 78.1 2,700 2,700 2,600 3,000 1,900 1Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 81.0 85.4 84.7 90.4 3,300 2,500 2,700 3,200 2,700 2

 Lower middle quarter 49.4 25.7 50.4 47.9 2,100 1,600 1,700 2,600 1,000  Upper middle quarter 21.2 6.9 19.0 33.9 2,000 ‡ ‡ 1,500 400  Highest quarter 16.7 5.1 3.4 12.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 300  Independent students Lowest quarter 84.5 86.7 84.6 91.7 3,100 2,600 2,600 3,100 2,600 2

 Lower middle quarter 66.4 64.8 62.5 67.9 2,600 2,600 2,800 3,200 1,700 1

 Upper middle quarter 61.2 43.1 64.0 47.7 2,300 3,000 2,500 2,700 1,400 1

 Highest quarter 32.2 26.6 23.6 10.2 2,600 4,500 ‡ ‡ 800 1

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes grants and scholarships awarded by any source: federal, state, institutional, or private.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving grant aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Average grant amount

Percent who received any grants1 for those who received grants Average gran

_______

107
Table A-4.11.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who receive

Table A-4.11.—aid, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90 and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–200 Total 61.1 63.4 10.6 22.7 7.0 12.8 4.3 5.7 Dependency status Dependent students 49.2 50.9 10.5 17.9 9.3 18.4 6.0 10. Independent students 67.0 68.7 10.7 24.7 6.0 10.4 3.5 3. Unmarried, no dependents 60.3 49.9 9.0 15.6 5.3 8.9 3.7 4. Married, no dependents 43.4 30.1 6.1 11.1 3.5 5.6 1.3 2.4  Unmarried, with dependents 81.8 88.5 13.7 37.6 7.9 11.4 4.7 3. Married, with dependents 67.8 75.5 11.2 22.4 5.7 12.2 2.7 3.Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 77.0 86.6 16.2 24.2 11.7 23.7 6.4 9. Lower middle quarter 37.5 29.3 9.4 16.9 10.3 19.1 5.5 8. Upper middle quarter 11.2 4.2 1.5 8.4 5.5 13.2 5.2 16. Highest quarter 2.6 # # 5.7 # # 6.7 2. Independent students Lowest quarter 82.4 90.6 12.2 30.1 7.2 14.5 4.8 4. Lower middle quarter 61.3 65.2 11.5 29.9 5.0 7.7 3.0 3. Upper middle quarter 55.3 41.8 8.7 8.8 4.9 7.4 1.3 4. Highest quarter 22.8 1.8 2.9 1.5 5.2 2.1 1.9 3.

#Rounds to zero.

1Includes grants from sources other than federal, state, or institutional.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

Percent who received

Percent who received Opportunity Grant

a Pell Grant (SEOG)

Percent who received

state-funded grants

Percent who received

institutional grants

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

a Supplemental 

Educational

_______

108
Table A-4.12.—Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) per recipient of federal and non-federal grant aid p

Table A-4.12.—time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions, by dependency status and fam

Table A-4.12.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000  Total $2,300 $2,400 $600 $300 $2,800 $2,100 $2,300 $1,000 Dependency status Dependent students 2,200 2,200 600 400 2,800 1,900 2,100 1,000  Independent students 2,300 2,400 600 300 2,800 2,300 2,500 1,000  Unmarried, no dependents 2,200 2,200 600 300 2,600 ‡ ‡ ‡  Married, no dependents 2,400 2,200 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡  Unmarried, with dependents 2,600 2,600 600 400 3,100 2,000 ‡ 600  Married, with dependents 2,200 2,400 500 300 2,700 2,200 ‡ ‡ Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 2,500 2,400 700 400 3,100 1,800 ‡ ‡  Lower middle quarter 1,400 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡  Upper middle quarter ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡  Highest quarter ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡  Independent students Lowest quarter 2,500 2,500 600 300 2,900 2,100 2,600 800  Lower middle quarter 2,300 2,600 500 400 2,900 ‡ ‡ ‡  Upper middle quarter 2,000 1,700 600 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡  Highest quarter ‡‡ ‡‡ ‡‡ ‡‡ 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes grants from sources other than federal, state, or institutional.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were aConsumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). The averages for each grant type were calculated by including only those who received the specific SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Average Pell Grant

Educational Opportunity Average state-funded Average institutional 

Grant (SEOG) grants grants

Average 

Supplemental 

_______

109
Table A-4.13.—Average annual amount received (in constant 1999 dollars) by all full-time, full-year undergraduates in private 

Table A-4.13.—year institutions through federal and non-federal grant aid programs, by dependency status and family incomeTable A-4.13.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000 1989–90 1999–2000  Total $1,400 $1,500 $100 $100 $200 $300 $100 $100 Dependency status Dependent students 1,100 1,100 100 100 300 400 100 100  Independent students 1,600 1,700 100 100 200 200 100 #  Unmarried, no dependents 1,300 1,100 100 # 100 200 100 #  Married, no dependents 1,000 700 # # 100 200 # 100  Unmarried, with dependents 2,100 2,300 100 100 200 200 100 #  Married, with dependents 1,500 1,800 100 100 200 300 # # Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 1,900 2,100 100 100 400 400 200 100  Lower middle quarter 500 400 # 100 300 500 100 100  Upper middle quarter 100 # # # 100 200 100 200  Highest quarter 100 # # # # # 100 #  Independent students Lowest quarter 2,100 2,200 100 100 200 300 100 #  Lower middle quarter 1,400 1,700 100 100 100 200 100 #  Upper middle quarter 1,100 700 100 # 100 300 # 100  Highest quarter 300 100 # # 100 # # 100 

#Rounds to zero.

1Includes grants from sources other than federal, state, or institutional.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90 academic year were aConsumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). These averages were calculated for all students, including those not receiving grants.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90 and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NP

Average 

Supplemental 

Educational Opportunity Average state-funded Average institutional 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Average Pell Grant Grant (SEOG) grants grants

_______

110
Table A-4.14.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who receive

Table A-4.14.—average amount received (in constant 1999 dollars), by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–9

Table A-4.14.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 1.5 0.7 0.4 1.6 $1,300 $3,400 ‡ ‡ # Dependency status Dependent students 1.4 0.5 0.3 2.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Independent students 1.6 0.7 0.4 1.5 1,400 ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Unmarried, no dependents 2.3 0.4 0.2 2.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Married, no dependents 3.5 0.9 0.6 # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Unmarried, with dependents 1.1 1.1 0.5 1.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Married, with dependents 0.5 0.8 0.3 1.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ # Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 0.6 1.0 0.3 2.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Lower middle quarter 1.6 0.3 0.7 3.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Upper middle quarter 2.1 # # 1.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Highest quarter 3.5 # # # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Independent students Lowest quarter 1.8 0.9 0.5 2.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Lower middle quarter 1.6 0.4 0.2 1.4 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Upper middle quarter 1.4 0.7 0.6 # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Highest quarter 0.6 0.6 # # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ # 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (those not receiving grant aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U).SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Average work-study aid amount Average w

Percent who received work-study aid1 for those receiving work-study aid fo

_______

111
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113 

Appendix B—Tables in Current Dollars

The tables in appendix B contain comprehensive data from each of the four NPSAS 

surveys and are provided here as a reference for researchers interested in conducting further study 

or in cross-checking and comparing DAS output. The estimates are presented in current dollar 

format (i.e., real or actual dollars that were not adjusted for inflation) and the figures have not 

been rounded. Tables are organized by institution type and include data on tuition, net tuition, 

price and net price of attendance, expected family contribution (EFC), financial need, remaining 

financial need, total financial aid, grants, loans, and work-study aid received, all during the 10-

year period. This appendix also includes tables showing the study population (i.e., full-time, fullyear students) as a proportion of the total undergraduate population in each sector and the 

average family income for the various categories of full-time, full-year students in each sector.
Table B-1.0.—Percentage of undergraduates enrolled full-time, full-year, percentage distribution of full-time, full-year underg

Table B-1.0.—family income of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions, by dependency and family inco

Table B-1.0.—1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 16.7 15.6 16.8 19.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 $30,366 $36

Dependency status Dependent students 30.7 25.7 29.4 33.5 61.6 61.3 66.1 63.1 40,248 49

 Independent students 9.9 9.7 9.1 11.1 38.4 38.7 33.9 36.9 15,125 17 Unmarried, no dependents 11.4 10.6 8.3 10.6 13.8 15.3 9.2 9.8 9,036 11 Married, no dependents 7.7 5.5 7.5 8.5 4.8 4.0 5.5 5.0 22,150 31 Unmarried, with dependents 15.2 15.2 11.3 15.1 7.0 7.0 10.0 12.0 11,078 8

 Married, with dependents 8.0 9.1 9.2 10.0 12.8 12.4 9.2 10.2 21,260 26Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 28.0 23.0 28.9 36.3 24.8 23.4 26.3 30.7 11,913 17

 Lower middle quarter 32.8 21.4 29.4 33.8 31.8 31.0 28.0 27.9 30,048 37 Upper middle quarter 33.3 33.6 30.9 32.4 25.6 27.4 27.2 24.1 46,507 51 Highest quarter 28.2 32.2 28.0 30.5 17.9 18.2 18.4 17.4 88,704 107 Independent students Lowest quarter 22.1 23.4 16.1 21.1 40.0 45.5 35.1 35.6 4,268 5 Lower middle quarter 11.2 10.7 10.2 15.7 27.2 25.2 28.6 34.3 11,890 15 Upper middle quarter 6.6 5.4 6.7 7.2 19.7 15.9 21.5 17.9 21,517 26 Highest quarter 4.3 4.4 5.3 4.6 13.1 13.5 14.8 12.2 44,196 51

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colufull-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Detail may not sum to totals because of roundingSOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

enrolled full-time, full-year of full-time, full-year students

Percent distribution

Avera

Percent of students

_______

114
Table B-1.1.—Average tuition and net tuition after grants (if any) for full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year instit

Table B-1.1.—status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93  Total $830 $1,148 $1,353 $1,515 $496 $705 Dependency status Dependent students 823 1,135 1,313 1,580 584 840  Independent students 846 1,168 1,431 1,404 364 485  Unmarried, no dependents 882 1,115 1,639 1,502 449 515  Married, no dependents 676 1,209 1,752 1,422 468 835  Unmarried, with dependents 797 1,112 1,212 1,254 65 200  Married, with dependents 900 1,254 1,268 1,478 398 495 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 707 1,121 1,202 1,540 226 414  Lower middle quarter 880 1,164 1,315 1,686 650 846  Upper middle quarter 891 1,132 1,416 1,588 743 1,040  Highest quarter 788 1,182 1,314 1,469 734 1,100  Independent students Lowest quarter 860 1,157 1,414 1,364 265 244  Lower middle quarter 876 1,286 1,511 1,429 421 671  Upper middle quarter 760 999 1,282 1,512 313 581  Highest quarter 810 1,191 1,537 1,289 585 912 

1Includes all tuition and required fees charged by the institution. Averages include students charged out-of-district or out-of-state fees.2Equal to tuition and fees minus all grant aid received. Grants and scholarships are not necessarily limited to paying for tuition, but may cover other education

amount is greater than the tuition charges, the excess is applied to room and board or other expenses. In calculating the average of this measure of net tuition, 

amount exceeds tuition) were set to zero. The percentage of students with zero value for net tuition was 34 in 1989–90, 33 in 1992–93, 31 in 1995–96, and 36 

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average tuition1 Average net tuition f

Public 2-year institutions

_______

115
Table B-1.2.—Average price of attendance, net price of attendance after aid (if any), and expected family contribution (EFC) f

Table B-1.2.—undergraduates in public 2-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total $6,108 $6,733 $7,261 $9,041 $5,038 $5,593 $5,878 $7,020 $5,208 $5

Dependency status Dependent students 5,459 6,399 6,757 8,526 4,860 5,741 5,792 7,015 6,898 7

 Independent students 7,161 7,252 8,241 9,922 5,344 5,358 6,043 7,028 2,572 2 Unmarried, no dependents 6,972 7,298 8,467 9,860 5,458 5,800 6,438 7,371 4,952 4

 Married, no dependents 6,760 7,297 8,286 10,101 5,790 6,179 6,940 8,774 1,662 3

 Unmarried, with dependents 7,338 7,071 8,064 9,676 4,170 4,371 5,560 6,331 476 

 Married, with dependents 7,420 7,285 8,181 10,180 5,700 5,102 5,635 6,652 1,506 2

Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 5,363 6,361 6,373 8,307 4,006 4,774 4,353 5,572 2,146 2

 Lower middle quarter 5,660 6,194 6,883 8,608 5,143 5,510 6,013 7,225 4,885 4

 Upper middle quarter 5,533 6,830 6,954 8,611 5,251 6,558 6,425 7,833 8,895 6 Highest quarter 5,133 6,350 6,821 8,667 4,983 6,207 6,567 8,095 14,207 20

 Independent students Lowest quarter 7,056 7,234 8,133 9,751 4,780 4,732 5,356 6,000 1,291 1 Lower middle quarter 7,230 7,399 8,620 9,773 5,597 5,854 5,957 6,663 2,830 2

 Upper middle quarter 7,243 7,025 8,183 10,414 5,523 5,393 6,466 8,388 2,411 2 Highest quarter 6,951 7,317 7,852 10,117 6,063 6,550 7,228 9,065 6,115 7

1Average student budget estimated by the institutions. Includes tuition and fees, books and supplies, room and board, transportation and personal expenses.2Equal to the price of attendance minus all grant and loan aid received. Includes students who received no financial aid.3The federal expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students and families are expected to contribute to the price of attendance at a postsecondary in

family contribution is calculated using federal need analysis methodology and takes into account dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings also in factors. The federal methodology was similar in 1989–90 and 1992–93. The Reauthorization of 1992 introduced many changes that are reflected in 1995–96 a

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average price of attendance1 Average net price of attendance2 Average expe

Public 2-year institutions

_______

116
Table B-1.3.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who had financial aid need and av

Table B-1.3.—by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 71.7 76.2 67.3 70.2 $4,512 $4,501 $5,395 $6,638 $3,235 $3

Dependency status Dependent students 59.5 65.4 59.9 60.7 3,353 3,527 4,351 5,442 1,994 2

 Independent students 90.8 92.8 81.5 86.5 5,744 5,544 6,886 8,071 5,218 5

 Unmarried, no dependents 79.1 86.7 80.4 91.7 4,567 4,472 6,594 6,810 3,614 3

 Married, no dependents 94.9 93.7 54.9 48.8 5,395 5,509 6,171 6,536 5,122 5

 Unmarried, with dependents 100.0 100.0 96.8 97.4 6,862 6,697 7,262 9,109 6,862 6 Married, with dependents 96.8 95.0 82.1 87.5 6,276 5,901 6,977 8,404 6,077 5Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 90.8 95.6 98.0 100.0 3,771 4,489 5,514 7,228 3,422 4

 Lower middle quarter 65.9 75.9 89.6 81.0 3,287 3,062 3,838 4,105 2,165 2

 Upper middle quarter 40.5 64.4 28.4 29.9 2,270 3,063 2,545 2,165 920 1 Highest quarter 32.0 7.8 7.2 1.3 3,912 ‡ ‡ ‡ 1,251  Independent students Lowest quarter 97.8 98.4 100.0 100.0 5,950 6,123 7,711 9,310 5,822 6

 Lower middle quarter 87.6 91.9 100.0 98.5 5,624 5,306 6,790 7,895 4,927 4

 Upper middle quarter 86.9 89.8 71.0 76.6 6,342 5,431 5,911 6,509 5,513 4

 Highest quarter 81.9 79.4 17.4 28.1 3,942 3,888 ‡ ‡ 3,227 3

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Financial need is equal to the student budget minus the expected family contribution (EFC). The expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students a

contribute to the price of attendance, and is calculated based on dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings in college, and other related factors.

2Includes zero values (that is, those without financial need). Negative values were set to zero.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

 fo

Average amount of financial aid need Average amo

Percent who had financial aid need1 for those who had financial aid need

_______

117
Table B-1.4.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who had remaining financial aid n

Table B-1.4.—financial aid (if any) and average amount of remaining need, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 

Table B-1.4.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 63.4 67.4 61.5 60.9 $3,335 $3,320 $3,674 $4,471 $2,113 $2

Dependency status Dependent students 52.9 58.1 55.3 52.7 2,646 2,918 3,219 3,898 1,400 1

 Independent students 79.7 81.6 73.5 74.9 4,089 3,727 4,340 5,160 3,259 3

 Unmarried, no dependents 62.7 70.0 68.1 75.6 3,130 3,111 4,752 4,458 1,964 2

 Married, no dependents 93.2 87.1 43.7 38.6 4,464 4,300 ‡ ‡ 4,159 3

 Unmarried, with dependents 83.6 92.1 92.3 86.5 4,176 4,126 4,392 5,977 3,491 3

 Married, with dependents 90.8 86.2 76.6 78.4 4,614 3,826 3,665 4,772 4,187 3Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 81.2 84.5 91.3 92.6 2,392 3,176 3,550 4,735 1,942 2

 Lower middle quarter 55.7 65.9 82.1 68.3 2,985 2,627 3,233 3,204 1,663 1

 Upper middle quarter 36.7 59.8 26.2 21.7 1,920 3,056 2,273 1,878 705 1 Highest quarter 32.0 6.9 6.4 # 3,687 ‡ ‡ ‡ 1,179  Independent students Lowest quarter 84.6 87.2 91.8 87.4 3,959 3,768 4,830 5,809 3,347 3

 Lower middle quarter 76.5 77.4 89.2 84.6 4,113 3,975 4,264 5,120 3,147 3

 Upper middle quarter 80.8 82.8 62.6 66.1 4,490 3,690 3,839 4,329 3,626 3

 Highest quarter 69.8 69.6 16.1 23.8 3,498 3,487 ‡ ‡ 2,442 2

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Remaining financial need is equal to the student budget minus the expected family contribution (EFC) minus any financial aid received. The student budget is 

which includes tuition, fees, and living expenses. The expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students and their parents are expected to contribute tand is calculated based on dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings in college, and other related factors.

2Includes zero values (that is, those without financial need). Negative values were set to zero.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

Percent Average amount of remaining need Average am

who had remaining need after financial aid1 after financial aid for those who had need after financ

_______

118
Table B-1.5.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received financial aid and ave

Table B-1.5.—financial aid received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 48.8 49.0 52.7 57.9 $2,476 $2,607 $3,110 $3,906 $1,208 $1

Dependency status Dependent students 37.1 35.3 43.0 50.6 1,815 2,023 2,422 3,185 674  Independent students 66.1 70.9 71.4 70.5 3,114 3,042 3,917 4,791 2,058 2

 Unmarried, no dependents 58.6 65.1 60.7 63.3 3,102 2,842 4,401 5,030 1,818 1

 Married, no dependents 35.1 53.5 58.4 55.8 ‡ ‡ 3,310 3,171 1,068 1

 Unmarried, with dependents 94.2 82.1 79.2 77.2 3,604 3,591 3,847 4,847 3,396 2

 Married, with dependents 70.4 77.5 81.4 76.6 2,778 3,005 3,892 5,121 1,955 2Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 65.6 70.2 73.3 75.7 2,312 2,459 2,991 3,829 1,517 1

 Lower middle quarter 35.5 36.6 43.8 51.7 1,689 2,069 2,111 2,873 600  Upper middle quarter 31.4 20.1 31.2 33.9 988 1,429 1,840 2,456 310  Highest quarter 8.8 17.8 16.2 27.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ 2,244 158  Independent students Lowest quarter 77.3 85.1 85.0 81.3 3,278 3,384 4,040 5,262 2,534 2

 Lower middle quarter 63.0 62.9 75.5 74.3 2,977 2,940 4,163 4,892 1,875 1

 Upper middle quarter 67.2 61.3 66.4 61.3 2,899 2,800 3,620 4,076 1,949 1

 Highest quarter 43.0 44.5 38.2 41.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 1,062 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1May consist of any type of aid, including grants (or scholarships), loans, work-study, employer aid, federal veterans’ benefits, Parent Loans to Undergraduate 

private aid.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving financial aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

fo

Average total amount of financial aid Average tota

Percent who received any financial aid1 for those who received financial aid

_______

119
Table B-1.6.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received grants and average g

Table B-1.6.—by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 43.8 44.2 44.7 50.6 $1,708 $1,903 $2,042 $2,637 $748 Dependency status Dependent students 33.0 32.2 36.6 43.6 1,408 1,646 1,890 2,427 465  Independent students 59.8 63.5 60.3 62.5 2,004 2,088 2,222 2,888 1,197 1

 Unmarried, no dependents 51.4 55.9 42.1 50.1 1,778 1,963 1,874 2,356 915 1

 Married, no dependents 26.3 38.1 34.4 45.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ 1,718 467  Unmarried, with dependents 92.3 82.1 77.0 74.6 2,494 2,523 2,417 3,377 2,302 2

 Married, with dependents 63.5 70.5 76.0 68.5 1,844 1,967 2,128 3,022 1,170 1Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 62.2 67.0 70.2 73.1 1,856 2,077 2,484 3,142 1,154 1

 Lower middle quarter 31.3 32.9 35.9 43.3 1,120 1,542 1,550 1,681 351  Upper middle quarter 25.6 16.0 22.0 25.2 813 ‡ 855 1,576 208  Highest quarter 6.1 15.9 11.3 17.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 79  Independent students Lowest quarter 74.4 81.7 81.5 79.0 2,126 2,327 2,459 3,276 1,582 1

 Lower middle quarter 54.6 52.6 62.4 64.1 1,928 2,108 2,126 2,911 1,053 1

 Upper middle quarter 58.9 50.8 52.4 48.1 1,791 1,507 1,789 2,356 1,055  Highest quarter 32.7 32.9 17.6 30.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 488 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes grants and scholarships awarded by any source: federal, state, institutional, or private.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving grant aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

Average gran

Average grant amount

Percent who received grants1 for those who received grants

_______

120
Table B-1.7.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received federal grants and a

Table B-1.7.—amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 33.4 32.1 29.8 32.9 $1,517 $1,735 $1,996 $2,475 $506 Dependency status Dependent students 20.4 18.1 20.5 23.9 1,245 1,470 1,869 2,312 254  Independent students 53.6 54.3 47.9 48.3 1,691 1,849 2,103 2,613 906 1

 Unmarried, no dependents 45.0 49.1 27.0 31.2 1,618 1,614 ‡ 2,172 728  Married, no dependents 19.1 27.5 24.9 18.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 363  Unmarried, with dependents 92.2 79.7 67.8 67.4 1,868 2,143 2,313 2,816 1,723 1 Married, with dependents 54.6 55.2 60.9 57.2 1,562 1,856 2,036 2,654 852 1Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 55.5 54.8 60.5 63.6 1,373 1,678 2,001 2,489 762  Lower middle quarter 15.8 17.4 16.2 14.7 949 1,132 1,403 1,512 150  Upper middle quarter 4.2 1.8 0.2 0.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 46  Highest quarter 3.2 1.1 # 0.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 32  Independent students Lowest quarter 71.3 78.9 73.8 70.7 1,773 2,005 2,207 2,715 1,264 1

 Lower middle quarter 44.7 45.4 46.2 49.5 1,752 1,746 2,159 2,683 784  Upper middle quarter 53.6 35.4 39.1 33.8 1,413 1,402 1,726 1,995 757  Highest quarter 18.8 7.3 2.6 0.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 257 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes the Pell Grant, Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (SEOG), Robert Byrd Scholarships, and all other federal grants, fellowships, and traine

federal veterans’ benefits or military aid.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving federal grant aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

fo

Average federal grant amount Average 

Percent who received a federal grant1 for those who received federal grants

_______

121
Table B-1.8.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received federal Pell Grants a

Table B-1.8.—received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 32.4 31.1 29.8 32.4 $1,457 $1,639 $1,890 $2,367 $472 Dependency status Dependent students 19.6 17.6 20.5 23.7 1,239 1,384 1,800 2,195 243  Independent students 52.7 52.7 47.9 47.5 1,596 1,772 1,965 2,514 841  Unmarried, no dependents 43.5 47.3 27.0 31.2 1,552 1,618 ‡ 2,096 675  Married, no dependents 19.1 24.9 24.9 18.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 349  Unmarried, with dependents 92.2 79.7 67.8 65.5 1,689 1,976 2,130 2,713 1,558 1 Married, with dependents 53.5 53.3 60.9 56.2 1,515 1,760 1,904 2,557 811 

Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 54.8 53.2 60.5 63.2 1,338 1,557 1,943 2,354 734  Lower middle quarter 14.3 17.4 16.2 14.7 ‡ 1,080 1,295 1,450 140  Upper middle quarter 4.2 1.8 0.2 0.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 45  Highest quarter 2.3 # # # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 26  Independent students Lowest quarter 70.0 76.6 73.8 70.1 1,653 1,899 2,074 2,588 1,157 1

 Lower middle quarter 43.8 43.4 46.2 47.9 1,660 1,647 2,002 2,612 726  Upper middle quarter 53.2 33.7 39.1 33.3 1,356 1,324 1,624 1,943 721  Highest quarter 16.9 7.3 2.6 0.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 238 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving Pell Grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

Average Pell Grant amount Average 

Percent who received a Pell Grant for those who received Pell Grants fo

_______

122
Table B-1.9.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received Supplemental Educa

Table B-1.9.—Grants (SEOG) and average amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 6.0 6.4 7.6 8.5 $459 $447 $397 $452 $28 Dependency status Dependent students 2.5 2.3 3.2 5.6 ‡ ‡ 414 460 6  Independent students 11.2 13.1 16.3 13.6 535 485 390 447 60  Unmarried, no dependents 7.4 6.7 3.5 5.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 41  Married, no dependents 1.6 6.9 5.1 1.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 13  Unmarried, with dependents 26.1 24.4 28.3 24.1 ‡ ‡ 439 405 164  Married, with dependents 10.7 16.6 22.8 15.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 41 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 6.6 8.1 8.5 15.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ 472 15  Lower middle quarter 1.7 1.2 3.3 2.4 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 5  Upper middle quarter 0.7 # # 0.4 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 1  Highest quarter 0.7 1.1 # # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 3  Independent students Lowest quarter 16.8 17.2 23.4 22.2 605 491 387 445 102  Lower middle quarter 8.6 15.2 20.4 14.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ 436 41  Upper middle quarter 11.8 6.2 8.5 3.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 36  Highest quarter 1.9 1.4 2.6 0.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 19 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average SEOG amount 

for those who received Supplemental

Public 2-year institutions

 Educational Opportunity Grant Educational Opportunity Grants Average SEOG 

Percent who received a Supplemental

_______

123
Table B-1.10.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received grants from non-fed

Table B-1.10.—average amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 29.3 26.3 29.1 38.5 $826 $1,079 $1,087 $1,351 $242 Dependency status Dependent students 24.9 23.4 26.3 36.0 845 1,125 1,175 1,407 211  Independent students 35.4 31.3 34.8 42.7 825 1,025 958 1,270 292  Unmarried, no dependents 28.2 23.7 25.5 39.3 662 1,283 ‡ 1,275 187  Married, no dependents 11.6 21.5 22.5 38.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 104  Unmarried, with dependents 65.1 42.7 41.9 48.0 889 851 697 1,293 578  Married, with dependents 35.7 37.4 43.6 41.7 891 970 864 1,324 318 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 40.8 41.1 41.5 53.4 960 1,150 1,283 1,341 392  Lower middle quarter 24.9 25.9 26.1 37.9 806 1,199 1,262 1,333 201  Upper middle quarter 23.3 14.3 21.8 25.2 696 ‡ 845 1,503 162  Highest quarter 5.3 14.9 11.3 16.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 46  Independent students Lowest quarter 43.9 35.6 41.4 52.5 722 894 909 1,271 317  Lower middle quarter 34.2 23.5 40.9 42.1 789 1,344 808 1,281 270  Upper middle quarter 31.2 28.7 27.7 32.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ 1,408 298  Highest quarter 21.9 30.0 17.6 30.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 232 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes state, institutional, and privately-funded grants.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving non-federal grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

Average non-federal grant amount Average non

Percent who received a non-federal grant1 for those receiving non-federal grants fo

_______

124
Table B-1.11.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received state-funded grants 

Table B-1.11.—received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 15.1 13.5 13.9 21.0 $725 $886 $968 $1,188 $109 Dependency status Dependent students 11.5 9.9 11.4 18.2 748 999 1,077 1,205 86  Independent students 20.3 19.6 18.9 25.9 722 796 841 1,167 147  Unmarried, no dependents 14.2 12.1 11.6 24.0 ‡ 883 ‡ 1,475 86  Married, no dependents 7.4 8.3 11.3 16.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 47  Unmarried, with dependents 43.2 39.4 25.7 30.4 908 828 735 1,084 392  Married, with dependents 19.2 21.5 23.4 26.8 598 699 ‡ 1,129 115 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 26.3 23.8 26.4 33.7 886 1,064 1,138 1,272 233  Lower middle quarter 9.4 11.6 10.0 18.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ 1,087 60  Upper middle quarter 5.8 4.3 4.9 8.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 25  Highest quarter 2.4 # 1.4 4.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 13  Independent students Lowest quarter 26.5 27.0 25.3 30.6 662 844 842 1,310 175  Lower middle quarter 16.5 15.7 23.3 27.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ 1,071 113  Upper middle quarter 21.9 15.3 15.7 24.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 205  Highest quarter 8.7 4.5 # 9.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 26 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving state-funded grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

Average state-funded grant amount Average sta

Percent who received a state-funded grant for those receiving state-funded grants fo

_______

125
Table B-1.12.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received institutional grants 

Table B-1.12.—received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 9.0 9.1 13.7 15.7 $651 $994 $970 $864 $59 Dependency status Dependent students 9.9 10.6 13.8 16.1 694 1,149 1,029 915 69  Independent students 8.0 6.8 13.5 15.1 566 609 853 771 45  Unmarried, no dependents 6.2 7.4 8.5 15.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 40  Married, no dependents 3.7 11.6 12.3 15.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 30  Unmarried, with dependents 16.6 6.2 18.3 19.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ 689 73  Married, with dependents 6.7 4.8 14.0 9.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 40 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 7.7 16.0 17.6 25.3 ‡ ‡ 983 751 48  Lower middle quarter 12.0 11.2 13.6 14.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ 1,026 91  Upper middle quarter 15.0 8.1 14.7 9.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 102  Highest quarter 1.9 7.3 7.5 10.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 9  Independent students Lowest quarter 10.8 8.5 18.7 24.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ 727 59  Lower middle quarter 9.6 2.4 13.6 13.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 50  Upper middle quarter 1.4 4.4 6.2 5.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 13  Highest quarter 4.1 11.3 11.5 7.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 30 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving institutional grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

Percent who received Average institutional grant amount Average ins

an institutional grant for those receiving institutional grants fo

_______

126
Table B-1.13.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received any student loan an

Table B-1.13.—amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 15.2 12.5 15.8 17.5 $2,110 $2,385 $2,980 $3,928 $320 Dependency status Dependent students 8.2 6.5 11.8 14.2 1,622 1,972 2,314 3,189 133  Independent students 26.0 21.9 23.6 23.2 2,361 2,558 3,630 4,699 614  Unmarried, no dependents 24.6 16.2 24.2 26.4 2,445 2,415 ‡ 4,954 601  Married, no dependents 20.5 16.4 17.8 9.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 502  Unmarried, with dependents 36.3 24.6 20.9 23.7 2,299 2,709 ‡ 3,488 835  Married, with dependents 24.0 29.4 29.5 26.4 2,290 2,594 3,158 5,523 549 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 12.1 11.1 14.2 14.1 ‡ ‡ 1,950 3,089 200  Lower middle quarter 9.3 8.8 14.1 18.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ 3,472 163  Upper middle quarter 6.4 4.2 12.1 12.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 74  Highest quarter 3.3 1.9 4.7 8.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 71  Independent students Lowest quarter 30.6 24.5 21.1 27.0 2,261 2,511 3,658 4,309 691  Lower middle quarter 23.1 14.1 31.8 27.3 2,470 ‡ 4,202 4,561 571  Upper middle quarter 26.9 31.0 26.1 16.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 659  Highest quarter 17.2 15.5 10.2 10.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 390 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes all types of loans, including those funded by federal, state, institutional, or private sources. Also includes the Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students 

taken out by parents of dependent undergraduates.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

Average annual l

Average annual loan amount

Percent who received a student loan1 for those receiving loans

_______

127
Table B-1.14.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received federal student loan

Table B-1.14.—amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 13.9 12.1 15.4 16.6 $2,209 $2,426 $3,056 $3,418 $308 Dependency status Dependent students 6.9 6.1 11.1 13.5 1,798 2,071 2,425 2,665 124  Independent students 25.1 21.8 23.6 22.1 2,383 2,560 3,635 4,204 598  Unmarried, no dependents 24.0 15.7 24.2 25.2 2,397 2,448 ‡ 4,477 576  Married, no dependents 20.5 16.4 17.8 9.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 502  Unmarried, with dependents 35.1 24.6 20.9 21.9 2,353 2,709 ‡ 3,372 826  Married, with dependents 22.4 29.4 29.4 25.6 2,369 2,575 3,167 4,702 531 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 10.3 11.1 11.6 13.6 ‡ ‡ 2,261 2,828 187  Lower middle quarter 8.8 7.8 14.0 17.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ 2,605 161  Upper middle quarter 4.5 4.2 12.1 12.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 64  Highest quarter 2.4 0.8 4.7 8.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 57  Independent students Lowest quarter 29.1 24.1 21.1 25.0 2,333 2,531 3,663 4,118 679  Lower middle quarter 23.1 14.1 31.8 26.7 2,382 ‡ 4,206 4,226 551  Upper middle quarter 24.3 31.0 26.1 16.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 628  Highest quarter 17.2 15.5 10.1 8.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 390 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes Perkins, Stafford (subsidized and unsubsidized), federal loans through the Public Health Service, and the Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PL

taken out by parents.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving federal loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

Average annual federal loan amount Average ann

Percent who received a federal loan1 for those receiving federal loans fo

_______

128
Table B-1.15.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received federal Perkins loan

Table B-1.15.—amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 2.0 1.5 0.8 0.4 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ $25 Dependency status Dependent students 1.2 0.7 0.1 0.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 12  Independent students 3.4 2.8 2.3 0.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 48  Unmarried, no dependents 3.0 1.3 0.7 1.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 43  Married, no dependents 2.6 3.7 # # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 34  Unmarried, with dependents 3.2 2.5 4.9 1.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 38  Married, with dependents 4.1 4.6 2.5 # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 64 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.4 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 3  Lower middle quarter 2.3 1.8 # 0.4 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 28  Upper middle quarter 1.2 # # # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 9  Highest quarter # # # # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Independent students Lowest quarter 1.9 2.9 3.7 2.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 23  Lower middle quarter 4.7 2.4 1.3 0.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 67  Upper middle quarter 2.7 4.3 2.9 # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 34  Highest quarter 5.2 1.4 # # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 98 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving Perkins loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

 fo

Average annual Perkins loan amount

Percent who received a Perkins loan for those receiving Perkins loans

Average ann

_______

129
Table B-1.16.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received federal subsidized S

Table B-1.16.—average annual amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 19

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 11.6 10.3 12.1 13.3 $2,036 $2,112 $2,312 $2,446 $237 Dependency status Dependent students 5.0 4.8 7.8 9.0 1,589 1,782 1,959 2,209 80  Independent students 22.0 18.9 20.5 20.6 2,188 2,240 2,571 2,623 481  Unmarried, no dependents 20.8 13.7 24.2 23.4 2,047 2,037 ‡ 2,514 425  Married, no dependents 16.8 14.3 9.4 6.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 329  Unmarried, with dependents 32.2 24.0 16.8 21.3 2,273 ‡ ‡ 2,458 732  Married, with dependents 19.7 23.9 27.6 23.8 2,342 2,289 ‡ 2,855 461 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 9.0 10.6 11.4 13.2 ‡ ‡ 2,191 2,408 155  Lower middle quarter 4.9 5.3 12.8 13.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ 2,174 75  Upper middle quarter 3.8 3.5 3.2 5.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 56  Highest quarter 1.5 # 1.7 0.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 20  Independent students Lowest quarter 26.8 22.7 17.7 24.1 2,255 2,155 ‡ 2,721 604  Lower middle quarter 19.7 12.4 31.7 25.2 2,022 ‡ ‡ 2,561 397  Upper middle quarter 23.9 24.0 19.7 14.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 541  Highest quarter 9.2 11.0 6.9 5.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 201 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving subsidized Stafford loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

Average annual subsidized Stafford

Average ann

loan amo

Percent who received loan amount for those 

a subsidized Stafford loan receiving subsidized Stafford loans

_______

130
Table B-1.17.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received federal unsubsidize

Table B-1.17.—Supplemental Loans for Students (SLS) and average annual amount received, by dependency status and family Table B-1.17.—1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 1.2 1.3 6.4 8.8 ‡ ‡ $2,637 $2,536 $28 Dependency status Dependent students 0.5 # 4.9 6.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ 2,089 8  Independent students 2.3 3.1 9.4 12.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ 2,929 62  Unmarried, no dependents 3.7 2.9 15.2 16.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 107  Married, no dependents 5.2 # 10.4 8.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 140  Unmarried, with dependents 1.1 3.5 6.1 9.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 24  Married, with dependents 0.4 4.1 6.7 16.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ 3,245 5 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 0.7 # 0.9 1.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 6 

 Lower middle quarter 1.1 # 5.1 8.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 19  Upper middle quarter # # 9.7 8.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Highest quarter # # 3.4 8.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Independent students Lowest quarter 1.8 3.1 9.0 12.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ 2,658 36  Lower middle quarter 3.2 3.0 12.8 16.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ 2,970 87  Upper middle quarter 1.3 4.7 9.2 11.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 53  Highest quarter 2.9 2.0 4.1 5.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 91 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1The Supplemental Loans for Students (SLS) program was in effect during the 1989–90 and 1992–93 NPSAS survey years. Normally, only students who were 

independent were eligible to receive loans through this program but dependents could qualify under unusual circumstances. The Supplemental Loans for Studeand replaced by the unsubsidized Stafford loan program in 1994 as a result of the 1992 Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act. The main difference betwthat the unsubsidized Stafford loan program allows dependent as well as independent students to receive unsubsidized student loans.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving unsubsidized Stafford loans or loans through the Supplemental Loans for Students program).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colufull-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

Average annual u

 unsubsidized Stafford or SLS loans1 unsubsidized Stafford or SLS loans loan amo

Percent who received 

Average annual unsubsidized Stafford or SLS

loan amount for those receiving

_______

131
Table B-1.18.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions whose parents received a federal 

Table B-1.18.—annual amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total † † † † † † † † † Dependency status Dependent students 1.0 1.1 0.4 0.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ $25  Independent students † † † † † † † † †  Unmarried, no dependents † † † † † † † † †  Married, no dependents † † † † † † † † †  Unmarried, with dependents † † † † † † † † †  Married, with dependents † † † † † † † † † Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 1.4 0.1 # 0.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 24  Lower middle quarter 1.6 1.6 0.1 # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 40  Upper middle quarter # 1.2 1.3 1.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Highest quarter 0.9 0.8 # # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 37  Independent students Lowest quarter † † † † † † † † †  Lower middle quarter † † † † † † † † †  Upper middle quarter † † † † † † † † †  Highest quarter †††† †††† †

†Not applicable.#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Among dependent students only. The Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PLUS) is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduate students and is not s

not show financial need but must be creditworthy. Repayment of the loan begins immediately. The maximum amount of a PLUS loan can be as high as the tot

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving PLUS loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

fo

Average annual PLUS loan amount

Percent who received a PLUS loan1 for those receiving PLUS loans

Average ann

_______

132
Table B-1.19.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received student loans from 

Table B-1.19.—and average annual amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, an

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 1.6 0.6 0.5 2.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ $4,207 $12 Dependency status Dependent students 1.5 0.6 0.7 3.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ 3,005 9  Independent students 1.7 0.5 # 2.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 17  Unmarried, no dependents 2.5 0.4 # 2.4 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 25  Married, no dependents # # # 1.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Unmarried, with dependents 1.2 # # 3.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 9  Married, with dependents 1.6 1.1 0.1 1.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 19 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 2.5 0.1 2.7 1.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 13  Lower middle quarter 0.5 1.0 0.1 6.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 2  Upper middle quarter 1.9 0.5 # 2.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 9  Highest quarter 0.9 1.1 # 1.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 14  Independent students Lowest quarter 2.6 0.4 # 2.4 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 13  Lower middle quarter 0.9 # # 2.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 20  Upper middle quarter 2.6 # # 1.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 31  Highest quarter # 2.6 0.1 1.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ # 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes loans from state, institutional, and private/other sources. Does not include loans from family or friends.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving non-federal loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

Average annual non-federal loan amount Average annua

Percent who received a non-federal loan1 for those receiving non-federal loans fo

_______

133
Table B-1.20.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions who received work-study aid and 

Table B-1.20.—received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 6.1 4.0 5.7 4.4 $1,098 $1,425 $1,252 $1,680 $67 Dependency status Dependent students 4.7 3.3 3.6 3.9 1,020 ‡ 924 1,609 48  Independent students 8.5 5.3 9.7 5.1 1,168 1,448 1,492 1,773 99  Unmarried, no dependents 7.8 5.4 5.3 3.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 101  Married, no dependents 7.3 1.7 1.8 1.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 65  Unmarried, with dependents 16.9 11.4 15.7 6.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 196  Married, with dependents 5.0 2.8 12.3 6.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 56 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 10.4 8.2 9.5 8.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 97  Lower middle quarter 4.4 3.5 2.4 3.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 60  Upper middle quarter 2.3 1.1 1.1 1.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 20  Highest quarter 0.9 0.8 0.9 # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 2  Independent students Lowest quarter 10.5 9.2 16.1 7.4 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 134  Lower middle quarter 10.7 3.7 9.1 4.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 108  Upper middle quarter 4.4 0.3 6.6 5.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 56  Highest quarter 2.0 # # 0.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 18 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes federal, state, and institutional work-study programs.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving work-study aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

fo

Average work-study aid amount

Percent who received work-study aid1 for those receiving work-study aid

Average w

_______

134
Table B-1.21.—Among full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 2-year institutions, percentage of total price of attendance 

Table B-1.21.—and percentage of total financial aid awarded in grants, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 199

Table B-1.21.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 48.8 49.0 52.7 57.9 38.5 38.8 43.1 42.8 71.5 Dependency status Dependent students 37.1 35.3 43.0 50.6 33.9 33.1 39.4 39.0 75.5  Independent students 66.1 70.9 71.4 70.5 43.3 42.9 47.5 47.4 67.7 

 Unmarried, no dependents 58.6 65.1 60.7 63.3 42.1 39.1 49.1 48.5 61.5  Married, no dependents 35.1 53.5 58.4 55.8 ‡ ‡ 39.6 29.2 ‡  Unmarried, with dependents 94.2 82.1 79.2 77.2 51.4 50.6 48.3 51.4 76.2  Married, with dependents 70.4 77.5 81.4 76.6 38.6 43.3 48.7 48.5 70.7 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 65.6 70.2 73.3 75.7 45.5 40.6 51.3 48.2 81.5  Lower middle quarter 35.5 36.6 43.8 51.7 29.1 33.5 32.6 33.9 69.7  Upper middle quarter 31.4 20.1 31.2 33.9 17.9 21.8 27.8 28.5 74.6  Highest quarter 8.8 17.8 16.2 27.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ 27.6 ‡  Independent students Lowest quarter 77.3 85.1 85.0 81.3 47.1 47.5 50.6 53.3 71.9  Lower middle quarter 63.0 62.9 75.5 74.3 39.8 40.8 48.5 48.9 65.4  Upper middle quarter 67.2 61.3 66.4 61.3 38.4 41.4 43.6 38.2 66.6  Highest quarter 43.0 44.5 38.2 41.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes all types of financial aid: grants, loans, work-study, and other (such as employer’s benefits and veterans’ benefits).2Percentage of the total price of attendance (tuition and fees plus living expenses) that is met by any type of financial aid, among financial aid recipients.3Percentage of total financial aid that is awarded in the form of grants and scholarships among financial aid recipients.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 2-year institutions

Percent of total price met Percent of to

who received financial aid2

Percent who received by financial aid for students in gr

 any financial aid1 who rec

_______

135
Table B-2.0.—Percentage of undergraduates enrolled full-time, full-year, percentage distribution of full-time, full-year underg

Table B-2.0.—family income of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions, by dependency and family inco

Table B-2.0.—1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 56.1 53.2 56.2 55.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 $37,818 $45

Dependency status Dependent students 68.4 66.0 71.4 69.3 78.2 78.4 80.0 78.4 45,146 54

 Independent students 34.6 31.4 30.5 32.2 21.8 21.6 20.0 21.6 11,800 14 Unmarried, no dependents 43.0 37.1 32.1 33.5 12.0 12.7 9.2 8.3 7,060 9 Married, no dependents 31.0 26.7 31.2 27.2 3.3 2.9 3.8 2.9 16,946 24 Unmarried, with dependents 38.3 31.9 30.6 39.5 2.2 2.0 3.1 6.1 10,702 10 Married, with dependents 23.1 22.9 26.5 26.5 4.3 3.9 3.9 4.3 21,564 27Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 67.6 63.7 70.0 68.4 20.9 21.8 22.4 22.2 10,492 16 Lower middle quarter 67.4 63.9 71.3 69.7 25.5 21.7 23.3 24.5 30,325 36 Upper middle quarter 70.6 61.4 69.7 68.8 27.6 24.7 26.0 25.3 46,710 53 Highest quarter 67.8 74.1 74.2 70.1 26.0 31.8 28.3 28.0 85,864 94 Independent students Lowest quarter 54.4 49.0 46.1 50.5 49.8 52.3 44.1 49.1 3,876 5 Lower middle quarter 34.8 32.3 33.0 37.1 26.2 26.2 26.9 29.9 10,765 14 Upper middle quarter 24.0 19.3 23.4 20.0 15.4 13.1 17.5 13.6 21,867 27 Highest quarter 14.0 13.6 15.3 11.5 8.6 8.4 11.5 7.4 43,618 53

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colufull-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Detail may not sum to totals because of roundingSOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

Percent of students Percent distribution

enrolled full-time, full-year of full-time, full-year students Avera

_______

136
Table B-2.1.—Average tuition and net tuition after grants (if any) for full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year instit

Table B-2.1.—status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93  Total $2,076 $2,975 $3,733 $4,154 $1,420 $2,130 Dependency status Dependent students 2,142 3,100 3,881 4,324 1,580 2,381  Independent students 1,846 2,520 3,143 3,535 855 1,221  Unmarried, no dependents 1,881 2,626 3,317 3,756 860 1,274  Married, no dependents 1,816 2,454 2,969 3,352 1,113 1,573  Unmarried, with dependents 1,840 2,408 3,014 3,520 352 521  Married, with dependents 1,774 2,281 3,002 3,253 890 1,140 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 1,996 2,687 3,550 3,805 724 1,092  Lower middle quarter 2,092 2,891 3,607 4,069 1,496 2,017  Upper middle quarter 2,144 2,978 3,717 4,431 1,806 2,489  Highest quarter 2,305 3,505 4,518 4,863 2,111 3,193  Independent students Lowest quarter 1,879 2,599 3,172 3,560 680 880  Lower middle quarter 1,806 2,490 3,046 3,580 910 1,532  Upper middle quarter 1,808 2,325 3,288 3,348 973 1,544  Highest quarter 1,802 2,594 3,038 3,531 1,463 2,169 

1Includes all tuition and required fees charged by the institution. Averages include students charged out-of-state fees.2Equal to tuition and fees minus all grant aid received. Grants and scholarships are not necessarily limited to paying for tuition, but may cover other education

amount is greater than the tuition charges, the excess is applied to room and board or other expenses. In calculating the average of this measure of net tuition, 

amount exceeds tuition) were set to zero. The percentage of students with zero value for net tuition was 24 in 1989–90, 21 in 1992–93, 21 in 1995–96, and 26 

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average tuition1 Average net tuition f

Public 4-year institutions

_______

137
Table B-2.2.—Average price of attendance, net price of attendance after aid (if any), and expected family contribution (EFC) f

Table B-2.2.—undergraduates in public 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total $7,583 $9,584 $10,831 $12,492 $5,746 $7,252 $7,093 $7,593 $7,455 $7

Dependency status Dependent students 7,420 9,465 10,708 12,396 5,922 7,555 7,390 7,988 8,755 9

 Independent students 8,169 9,995 11,324 12,838 5,115 6,134 5,902 6,156 2,795 3 Unmarried, no dependents 8,094 10,012 11,170 12,932 5,094 6,122 5,708 5,797 3,915 4

 Married, no dependents 8,081 10,015 11,286 13,026 5,603 6,910 7,583 7,186 1,332 2

 Unmarried, with dependents 8,436 10,137 11,319 12,672 3,993 4,847 4,630 6,906 753 

 Married, with dependents 8,312 9,855 11,726 12,768 5,356 6,243 5,730 5,124 1,826 2

Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 7,302 8,949 10,173 11,610 4,215 5,116 4,904 5,174 2,097 2

 Lower middle quarter 7,230 9,164 10,331 12,039 5,614 6,638 6,290 7,442 4,871 5

 Upper middle quarter 7,366 9,345 10,502 12,595 6,316 7,888 7,918 8,580 8,925 7 Highest quarter 7,760 9,982 11,629 13,155 7,180 9,072 9,775 10,165 17,731 18

 Independent students Lowest quarter 8,110 9,915 11,182 12,766 4,698 5,236 4,657 4,709 2,007 2 Lower middle quarter 8,161 10,125 11,200 12,700 5,144 6,828 5,466 7,030 3,313 3

 Upper middle quarter 8,251 9,835 11,645 13,103 5,495 7,123 7,731 7,138 3,420 3 Highest quarter 8,296 10,434 11,673 13,386 6,813 8,612 8,913 10,404 5,217 7

1Average student budget estimated by the institutions. Includes tuition and fees, books and supplies, room and board, transportation and personal expenses.2Equal to the price of attendance minus all grant and loan aid received. Includes students who received no financial aid.3The federal expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students and families are expected to contribute to the price of attendance at a postsecondary in

family contribution is calculated using federal need analysis methodology and takes into account dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings also in factors. The federal methodology was similar in 1989–90 and 1992–93. The Reauthorization of 1992 introduced many changes that are reflected in 1995–96 a

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average price of attendance1 Average net price of attendance2 Average expe

Public 4-year institutions

_______

138
Table B-2.3.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who had financial aid need and av

Table B-2.3.—by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 69.7 73.4 73.1 71.8 $5,034 $6,001 $7,491 $8,592 $3,508 $4

Dependency status Dependent students 63.0 67.0 68.3 65.7 4,520 5,264 6,840 7,693 2,848 3

 Independent students 93.6 94.6 92.6 93.9 6,267 7,695 9,409 10,877 5,868 7

 Unmarried, no dependents 89.7 92.9 95.5 96.3 5,591 6,908 9,218 10,802 5,016 6

 Married, no dependents 98.5 96.2 81.0 82.1 6,885 8,394 7,593 8,772 6,778 8

 Unmarried, with dependents 100.0 100.0 99.2 96.2 7,683 9,743 11,033 11,849 7,683 9 Married, with dependents 97.7 95.8 91.8 94.2 6,793 8,465 10,050 10,840 6,633 8Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 97.3 98.2 98.6 99.4 5,496 6,781 9,300 10,365 5,349 6

 Lower middle quarter 81.2 89.8 96.9 95.8 4,195 5,153 7,087 7,544 3,407 4

 Upper middle quarter 49.2 68.3 68.9 62.4 3,386 3,962 4,409 5,086 1,665 2

 Highest quarter 32.3 27.9 20.1 15.6 4,788 4,234 3,981 4,408 1,544 1 Independent students Lowest quarter 96.5 98.9 99.8 98.9 6,551 8,071 10,760 12,192 6,324 7

 Lower middle quarter 92.5 94.6 100.0 99.1 5,772 7,123 9,209 10,414 5,341 6

 Upper middle quarter 87.6 88.5 94.2 93.4 6,871 7,953 7,318 8,330 6,015 7

 Highest quarter 88.0 78.2 45.1 41.9 4,928 6,873 5,640 5,176 4,336 5

1Financial need is equal to the student budget minus the expected family contribution (EFC). The expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students a

contribute to the price of attendance, and is calculated based on dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings in college, and other related factors.

2Includes zero values (that is, those without financial need). Negative values were set to zero.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

 fo

Average amount of financial aid need Average amo

Percent who had financial aid need1 for those who had financial aid need

_______

139
Table B-2.4.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who had remaining financial aid n

Table B-2.4.—financial aid (if any) and average amount of remaining need, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 

Table B-2.4.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 52.9 57.7 55.2 48.6 $3,302 $3,675 $4,012 $4,609 $1,748 $2

Dependency status Dependent students 47.5 51.3 51.8 44.6 3,115 3,417 3,843 4,215 1,479 1

 Independent students 72.4 78.3 69.2 63.4 3,744 4,139 4,518 5,615 2,711 3

 Unmarried, no dependents 63.0 70.6 69.7 62.1 3,145 3,406 4,495 5,119 1,980 2

 Married, no dependents 87.7 88.1 58.1 45.1 4,741 5,282 4,733 4,620 4,158 4

 Unmarried, with dependents 81.3 91.3 81.4 75.8 3,572 4,473 4,697 7,202 2,903 4 Married, with dependents 82.5 88.3 69.3 60.4 4,284 4,931 4,232 4,299 3,534 4Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 74.0 77.3 84.2 78.5 2,790 3,488 4,443 4,642 2,064 2

 Lower middle quarter 62.3 67.6 76.4 69.2 2,855 3,341 3,879 4,292 1,779 2

 Upper middle quarter 33.7 51.8 46.0 33.2 2,848 3,202 3,008 3,369 959 1 Highest quarter 26.3 21.3 11.2 6.3 4,808 3,774 3,237 3,276 1,266  Independent students Lowest quarter 73.8 79.0 77.2 66.0 3,712 3,940 4,723 5,538 2,740 3

 Lower middle quarter 67.4 79.5 73.6 71.8 3,354 4,047 4,709 6,389 2,261 3

 Upper middle quarter 72.3 81.0 71.3 57.2 4,517 5,192 3,944 4,282 3,267 4

 Highest quarter 78.5 70.9 25.4 23.4 3,627 5,233 3,281 3,480 2,847 3

1Remaining financial need is equal to the student budget minus the expected family contribution (EFC) minus any financial aid received. The student budget is 

which includes tuition, fees, and living expenses. The expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students and their parents are expected to contribute tand is calculated based on dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings in college, and other related factors.

2Includes zero values (that is, those without remaining financial need). Negative values were set to zero.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

Percent Average amount of remaining need Average am

who had remaining need after financial aid1 after financial aid for those who had need after financ

_______

140
Table B-2.5.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received financial aid and ave

Table B-2.5.—financial aid received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 52.3 55.4 66.8 73.0 $3,851 $4,517 $6,012 $7,110 $2,012 $2

Dependency status Dependent students 47.5 49.7 63.4 70.8 3,470 4,121 5,548 6,560 1,648 2

 Independent students 69.1 76.3 80.3 80.9 4,802 5,451 7,479 8,859 3,320 4

 Unmarried, no dependents 69.1 76.3 78.9 84.2 4,728 5,470 7,694 9,169 3,267 4

 Married, no dependents 60.8 67.4 69.0 77.8 4,416 5,196 6,076 8,125 2,684 3

 Unmarried, with dependents 89.0 91.1 89.2 71.5 5,432 6,245 8,023 8,487 4,837 5 Married, with dependents 65.7 75.2 87.2 89.6 4,869 5,076 7,658 9,134 3,201 3Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 79.6 83.9 86.8 88.0 4,256 4,920 6,389 7,732 3,385 4

 Lower middle quarter 54.5 63.6 74.4 75.4 3,295 4,288 5,750 6,482 1,796 2

 Upper middle quarter 40.8 44.4 57.8 68.4 2,867 3,501 4,757 6,131 1,170 1

 Highest quarter 21.9 29.4 41.2 55.3 2,796 3,299 4,872 5,654 613  Independent students Lowest quarter 73.3 85.7 90.1 87.5 5,068 5,891 7,977 9,787 3,712 5

 Lower middle quarter 72.4 68.7 81.8 77.6 4,566 5,165 7,548 7,903 3,306 3

 Upper middle quarter 63.5 67.0 70.6 80.2 4,609 4,396 6,653 8,193 2,927 2

 Highest quarter 44.7 48.1 53.5 51.8 3,648 3,962 5,679 6,167 1,630 1

1May consist of any type of aid, including grants (or scholarships), loans, work-study, employer aid, federal veterans’ benefits, Parent Loans to Undergraduate 

private aid.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving financial aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

fo

Average total amount of financial aid Average tota

Percent who received any financial aid1 for those who received financial aid

_______

141
Table B-2.6.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received grants and average g

Table B-2.6.—by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 41.9 44.0 49.8 55.2 $2,444 $2,609 $3,021 $3,770 $1,023 $1

Dependency status Dependent students 36.5 38.0 45.8 51.7 2,347 2,532 3,056 3,751 857  Independent students 60.7 65.9 65.6 67.7 2,660 2,777 2,923 3,825 1,614 1

 Unmarried, no dependents 61.7 65.4 63.6 69.1 2,621 2,826 2,718 3,673 1,616 1

 Married, no dependents 47.3 51.6 44.5 52.1 2,195 2,448 2,417 3,328 1,038 1

 Unmarried, with dependents 83.6 89.4 88.8 64.4 3,248 3,334 3,707 4,309 2,714 2 Married, with dependents 56.8 66.4 72.2 79.8 2,647 2,435 2,887 3,744 1,502 1Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 75.3 77.7 81.8 85.0 2,788 2,957 3,931 4,596 2,101 2

 Lower middle quarter 42.8 48.6 59.4 58.0 1,995 2,295 2,611 3,411 854 1

 Upper middle quarter 24.5 27.8 31.3 38.6 1,887 2,223 2,218 3,081 460  Highest quarter 12.0 17.8 19.6 31.7 2,340 2,201 2,511 3,235 281  Independent students Lowest quarter 68.8 80.6 85.5 81.4 2,913 3,097 3,222 4,254 2,005 2

 Lower middle quarter 60.6 53.5 62.6 61.5 2,215 2,331 2,710 3,458 1,342 1

 Upper middle quarter 53.3 51.4 49.4 54.6 2,635 1,947 2,268 2,835 1,405 1

 Highest quarter 26.8 29.7 20.4 25.8 1,881 1,891 2,040 2,232 505 

1Includes grants and scholarships awarded by any source: federal, state, institutional, or private.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving grant aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

Average gran

Average grant amount

Percent who received grants1 for those who received grants

_______

142
Table B-2.7.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received federal grants and a

Table B-2.7.—amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 27.7 27.3 29.3 29.5 $1,818 $1,969 $1,949 $2,485 $504 Dependency status Dependent students 21.3 20.0 23.0 22.5 1,682 1,767 1,872 2,351 358  Independent students 50.8 54.3 54.7 55.2 2,021 2,235 2,078 2,682 1,027 1

 Unmarried, no dependents 53.7 53.8 52.9 56.1 2,005 2,230 1,863 2,590 1,076 1 Married, no dependents 25.5 35.4 24.4 34.4 1,760 2,112 1,641 2,226 448  Unmarried, with dependents 79.4 82.7 87.0 54.1 2,350 2,496 2,523 2,984 1,867 2 Married, with dependents 48.2 55.4 62.6 69.0 1,905 2,112 2,185 2,645 919 1Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 66.3 67.9 69.4 73.0 1,930 2,008 2,138 2,683 1,279 1

 Lower middle quarter 23.7 25.1 29.6 23.0 1,257 1,249 1,325 1,534 299  Upper middle quarter 4.4 4.2 1.7 1.9 1,045 1,032 1,153 921 46  Highest quarter 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 6  Independent students Lowest quarter 63.0 72.2 83.2 76.3 2,212 2,373 2,167 2,826 1,393 1

 Lower middle quarter 49.1 39.5 43.9 43.1 1,704 2,016 2,015 2,631 836  Upper middle quarter 36.3 35.4 32.2 35.2 1,705 1,706 1,739 1,736 619  Highest quarter 10.3 8.9 4.7 1.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 192 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes the Pell Grant, Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (SEOG), Robert Byrd Scholarships, and all other federal grants, fellowships, and traine

federal veterans’ benefits or military aid.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving federal grant aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

fo

Average federal grant amount Average 

Percent who received a federal grant1 for those who received federal grants

_______

143
Table B-2.8.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received federal Pell Grants a

Table B-2.8.—received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 26.9 26.4 28.7 28.9 $1,671 $1,808 $1,771 $2,296 $450 Dependency status Dependent students 20.5 19.1 22.3 21.8 1,531 1,627 1,705 2,165 314  Independent students 49.8 53.2 54.5 54.8 1,875 2,043 1,879 2,486 935 1

 Unmarried, no dependents 53.1 52.9 52.8 55.7 1,896 2,073 1,697 2,399 1,006 1 Married, no dependents 22.6 33.2 24.4 33.7 1,749 1,945 1,521 2,035 395  Unmarried, with dependents 78.9 81.4 86.9 53.8 2,019 2,179 2,225 2,774 1,593 1 Married, with dependents 47.3 54.9 62.3 68.1 1,738 1,891 1,995 2,453 822 1Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 65.1 66.9 68.7 72.6 1,746 1,843 1,955 2,449 1,137 1

 Lower middle quarter 22.0 23.2 28.6 21.8 1,147 1,090 1,160 1,390 253  Upper middle quarter 4.2 3.2 1.0 1.2 931 1,008 ‡ ‡ 39  Highest quarter 0.5 0.7 # 0.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 5  Independent students Lowest quarter 62.7 71.6 83.1 76.0 2,057 2,175 1,960 2,604 1,290 1

 Lower middle quarter 47.0 38.6 43.8 42.4 1,568 1,824 1,780 2,482 736  Upper middle quarter 34.4 32.3 32.2 35.1 1,576 1,505 1,628 1,586 542  Highest quarter 10.3 8.3 4.1 0.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 164 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving Pell Grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

Average Pell Grant amount Average 

Percent who received a Pell Grant for those who received Pell Grants fo

_______

144
Table B-2.9.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received Supplemental Educa

Table B-2.9.—Grants (SEOG) and average amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 7.5 7.1 7.6 8.0 $682 $723 $747 $789 $51 Dependency status Dependent students 5.6 4.9 5.4 5.8 731 730 806 853 41  Independent students 14.1 15.0 16.4 16.1 612 713 669 704 86  Unmarried, no dependents 12.0 12.4 12.6 16.7 541 666 709 677 65  Married, no dependents 8.1 8.7 5.4 9.4 ‡ 985 ‡ 759 53  Unmarried, with dependents 34.5 36.8 37.5 15.9 777 747 667 674 268  Married, with dependents 14.3 17.3 19.3 19.7 561 684 647 763 80 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 17.5 16.6 17.1 20.0 772 716 782 875 135  Lower middle quarter 6.1 6.4 6.0 5.0 687 793 876 809 42  Upper middle quarter 1.4 1.0 0.6 0.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 7  Highest quarter 0.1 0.2 # # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 1  Independent students Lowest quarter 16.2 20.2 24.8 24.2 605 691 691 690 98  Lower middle quarter 14.0 10.7 15.4 10.7 609 733 665 747 85  Upper middle quarter 11.8 9.2 7.1 7.4 640 836 ‡ ‡ 76  Highest quarter 4.3 3.4 0.5 1.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 28 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average SEOG 

Public 4-year institutions

Percent who received a Supplemental

Average SEOG amount 

for those who received Supplemental

 Educational Opportunity Grant Educational Opportunity Grants

_______

145
Table B-2.10.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received grants from non-fed

Table B-2.10.—average amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 31.7 32.0 38.9 45.3 $1,635 $1,908 $2,398 $2,973 $518 Dependency status Dependent students 29.5 29.7 38.3 45.0 1,692 2,056 2,538 3,142 499  Independent students 39.3 40.5 41.5 46.5 1,492 1,524 1,879 2,380 586  Unmarried, no dependents 37.0 40.1 39.7 47.0 1,460 1,611 1,872 2,314 540  Married, no dependents 36.8 34.0 34.2 42.1 1,603 1,518 1,970 2,303 590  Unmarried, with dependents 62.1 57.2 54.7 44.5 1,365 1,601 2,000 2,608 848 

 Married, with dependents 36.5 38.1 42.1 51.4 1,601 1,173 1,702 2,262 584 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 53.3 50.1 59.5 62.0 1,542 1,865 2,912 3,139 822  Lower middle quarter 35.2 37.9 49.1 51.8 1,580 2,120 2,361 3,143 556  Upper middle quarter 23.0 25.9 30.8 38.2 1,800 2,216 2,189 3,066 414  Highest quarter 11.8 17.2 19.5 31.6 2,341 2,192 2,511 3,226 275  Independent students Lowest quarter 41.4 48.9 49.7 52.2 1,478 1,599 1,918 2,504 612  Lower middle quarter 40.4 33.1 44.2 45.2 1,255 1,366 1,840 2,200 506  Upper middle quarter 39.8 30.1 31.9 40.4 1,975 1,311 1,755 2,314 785  Highest quarter 24.1 25.7 18.1 25.6 1,298 1,621 ‡ 2,180 313 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes state, institutional, and privately-funded grants.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving non-federal grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

Average non-federal grant amount Average non

Percent who received a non-federal grant1 for those receiving non-federal grants fo

_______

146
Table B-2.11.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received state-funded grants 

Table B-2.11.—received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 16.5 15.2 18.8 21.8 $1,047 $1,330 $1,782 $1,948 $173 Dependency status Dependent students 14.2 12.7 17.2 20.6 1,059 1,395 1,868 2,017 150  Independent students 25.0 24.5 25.1 26.1 1,024 1,212 1,547 1,749 256  Unmarried, no dependents 24.7 24.7 24.1 28.9 1,056 1,299 1,619 1,801 261  Married, no dependents 17.7 17.0 16.0 17.0 1,063 1,226 1,476 1,596 188  Unmarried, with dependents 46.7 39.2 39.6 25.2 992 1,148 1,569 1,719 463  Married, with dependents 20.6 22.2 24.9 28.1 928 947 1,400 1,746 191 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 34.9 32.2 34.3 40.4 1,145 1,450 2,159 2,188 399  Lower middle quarter 17.6 17.9 24.5 26.2 906 1,281 1,684 1,975 160  Upper middle quarter 6.3 6.9 9.8 12.4 944 1,337 1,395 1,791 60  Highest quarter 2.4 3.2 4.6 7.5 1,490 1,651 1,884 1,748 36  Independent students Lowest quarter 27.3 31.0 31.8 32.3 1,038 1,278 1,600 1,832 283  Lower middle quarter 27.3 20.8 27.7 23.7 953 1,131 1,485 1,653 260  Upper middle quarter 21.4 14.6 16.0 18.6 1,093 950 1,399 1,485 234  Highest quarter 10.5 8.2 7.5 8.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 111 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving state-funded grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

Average state-funded grant amount Average sta

Percent who received a state-funded grant for those receiving state-funded grants fo

_______

147
Table B-2.12.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received institutional grants 

Table B-2.12.—received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 14.9 16.3 19.3 23.4 $1,712 $1,905 $2,362 $2,711 $256 Dependency status Dependent students 15.1 16.5 19.6 24.0 1,794 2,049 2,538 2,854 270  Independent students 14.5 15.7 18.0 21.2 1,417 1,371 1,595 2,123 205  Unmarried, no dependents 12.6 15.5 19.0 20.5 1,491 1,480 1,461 1,979 187  Married, no dependents 16.7 15.8 16.4 26.5 1,513 1,123 1,818 1,873 252  Unmarried, with dependents 20.1 22.6 18.5 19.5 1,130 1,637 1,982 2,516 227  Married, with dependents 15.3 12.8 16.8 21.4 1,356 940 1,407 2,089 207 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 20.7 23.1 29.9 31.6 1,479 1,549 2,688 2,478 306  Lower middle quarter 16.9 20.9 23.4 26.9 1,728 2,190 2,536 2,750 291  Upper middle quarter 15.7 15.6 17.0 21.4 1,852 2,528 2,185 3,074 290  Highest quarter 8.1 11.3 10.8 17.7 2,451 2,092 2,726 3,283 200  Independent students Lowest quarter 15.0 20.0 23.1 24.9 1,567 1,417 1,575 2,076 235  Lower middle quarter 14.8 11.7 17.2 20.3 1,002 1,290 1,812 1,946 149  Upper middle quarter 14.7 9.9 14.6 14.8 1,790 1,299 1,393 3,157 264  Highest quarter 10.4 9.2 5.6 11.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 91 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving institutional grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

Percent who received Average institutional grant amount Average ins

an institutional grant for those receiving institutional grants fo

_______

148
Table B-2.13.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received any student loan an

Table B-2.13.—amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 30.6 33.7 45.7 49.7 $2,672 $3,488 $4,895 $5,676 $819 $1Dependency status Dependent students 26.0 28.6 41.6 46.6 2,472 3,287 4,611 5,294 643  Independent students 47.3 52.4 62.0 60.7 3,064 3,884 5,657 6,742 1,451 2

 Unmarried, no dependents 48.6 53.0 65.1 65.9 2,876 3,866 5,737 6,978 1,397 2

 Married, no dependents 43.1 47.5 46.0 58.8 3,347 3,877 5,716 6,985 1,442 1

 Unmarried, with dependents 52.6 62.1 65.7 49.6 3,284 3,723 5,185 6,040 1,728 2 Married, with dependents 44.5 49.3 67.5 67.7 3,296 4,050 5,799 6,878 1,468 1Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 45.2 52.2 51.9 55.6 2,204 2,934 3,951 4,550 997 1

 Lower middle quarter 32.3 42.6 54.6 52.5 2,367 3,292 4,561 4,984 764 1 Upper middle quarter 20.9 24.0 39.7 49.2 2,815 3,470 4,767 5,740 589  Highest quarter 9.9 13.3 24.7 32.0 3,023 3,924 5,565 6,148 298  Independent students Lowest quarter 48.4 58.1 69.6 68.4 2,936 3,769 5,418 6,715 1,421 2

 Lower middle quarter 53.1 49.9 66.8 54.2 3,177 4,110 6,048 6,542 1,687 2

 Upper middle quarter 41.4 43.2 49.8 62.3 3,254 3,971 5,616 7,095 1,348 1

 Highest quarter 30.7 32.7 40.4 33.4 3,184 3,862 5,804 7,200 978 1

1Includes all types of loans, including those funded by federal, state, institutional, or private sources. Also includes the Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students 

taken out by parents of dependent undergraduates.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

Average annual l

Average annual loan amount

Percent who received a student loan1 for those receiving loans

_______

149
Table B-2.14.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received federal student loan

Table B-2.14.—amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 29.9 32.9 45.4 48.7 $2,597 $3,407 $4,859 $5,382 $776 $1Dependency status Dependent students 25.2 27.8 41.3 45.5 2,374 3,182 4,564 4,987 598  Independent students 46.7 51.5 61.9 60.2 3,026 3,844 5,646 6,469 1,414 1

 Unmarried, no dependents 48.1 52.3 64.9 65.5 2,850 3,817 5,723 6,776 1,371 1

 Married, no dependents 42.7 47.1 46.0 57.4 3,256 3,807 5,716 6,761 1,391 1

 Unmarried, with dependents 52.2 61.5 65.7 49.4 3,188 3,692 5,158 5,715 1,663 2 Married, with dependents 43.3 47.5 67.5 66.9 3,301 4,069 5,799 6,506 1,428 1Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 44.7 51.8 51.7 54.8 2,188 2,902 3,925 4,341 978 1

 Lower middle quarter 31.8 41.9 54.5 51.3 2,276 3,234 4,498 4,740 723 1 Upper middle quarter 19.7 23.3 39.3 48.0 2,619 3,322 4,720 5,321 517  Highest quarter 8.9 12.0 24.1 30.8 2,888 3,667 5,537 5,788 258  Independent students Lowest quarter 47.7 57.3 69.4 68.0 2,922 3,718 5,400 6,457 1,393 2

 Lower middle quarter 52.8 49.6 66.8 53.5 3,108 4,057 6,037 6,379 1,640 2

 Upper middle quarter 40.7 41.2 49.8 61.7 3,194 4,018 5,616 6,629 1,301 1

 Highest quarter 30.0 31.4 40.4 32.4 3,155 3,839 5,804 6,681 946 1

1Includes Perkins, Stafford (subsidized and unsubsidized), federal loans through the Public Health Service, and the Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PL

taken out by parents.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving federal loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

Average annual federal loan amount Average ann

Percent who received a federal loan1 for those receiving federal loans fo

_______

150
Table B-2.15.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received federal Perkins loan

Table B-2.15.—amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 8.1 5.9 7.5 6.7 $1,152 $1,258 $1,462 $1,750 $93 Dependency status Dependent students 6.5 4.7 6.4 5.9 1,068 1,207 1,453 1,682 69  Independent students 13.7 10.7 12.1 9.6 1,293 1,339 1,482 1,903 177  Unmarried, no dependents 12.5 8.3 12.4 10.1 1,144 1,329 1,542 1,999 143  Married, no dependents 12.7 11.2 5.1 3.6 1,403 1,519 ‡ ‡ 177  Unmarried, with dependents 24.5 23.0 16.8 10.9 1,437 1,267 1,412 1,621 352  Married, with dependents 12.2 11.7 14.2 10.8 1,487 1,303 1,417 2,086 182 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 15.6 11.5 12.2 12.2 1,094 1,171 1,399 1,734 171  Lower middle quarter 9.0 7.7 9.5 9.4 994 1,214 1,532 1,656 89  Upper middle quarter 2.8 2.4 4.1 2.8 1,151 1,350 1,441 1,541 32  Highest quarter 0.7 1.0 1.2 0.6 ‡ ‡ 1,421 ‡ 8  Independent students Lowest quarter 14.6 12.8 17.9 13.2 1,195 1,364 1,519 1,906 175  Lower middle quarter 15.6 9.2 9.3 7.9 1,398 1,309 1,396 1,865 219  Upper middle quarter 10.9 8.0 7.4 5.1 1,477 1,253 ‡ ‡ 161  Highest quarter 6.2 4.0 3.2 0.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 81 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving Perkins loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

 fo

Average annual Perkins loan amount

Percent who received a Perkins loan for those receiving Perkins loans

Average ann

_______

151
Table B-2.16.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received federal subsidized S

Table B-2.16.—average annual amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 19

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 24.4 29.0 37.3 37.9 $2,274 $2,766 $3,495 $3,484 $554 Dependency status Dependent students 19.7 23.9 32.2 33.0 2,088 2,604 3,236 3,152 410  Independent students 41.3 47.7 57.6 55.8 2,593 3,054 4,073 4,198 1,070 1

 Unmarried, no dependents 43.2 48.4 60.5 61.5 2,409 2,966 4,155 4,311 1,040 1

 Married, no dependents 37.2 44.0 39.2 51.4 2,819 3,098 3,974 4,241 1,047 1

 Unmarried, with dependents 44.5 53.7 62.9 44.0 2,715 3,011 3,942 4,080 1,209 1 Married, with dependents 37.5 45.2 64.4 64.1 2,937 3,352 4,051 4,080 1,103 1Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 36.0 47.1 48.0 52.0 2,066 2,586 3,314 3,427 743 1

 Lower middle quarter 26.0 37.4 51.1 47.8 2,103 2,604 3,439 3,200 546  Upper middle quarter 15.0 19.2 27.7 29.6 2,097 2,562 2,959 2,863 314  Highest quarter 5.3 8.4 8.3 8.2 2,117 2,734 2,703 2,468 113  Independent students Lowest quarter 42.5 52.3 64.6 64.1 2,524 2,992 4,048 4,341 1,073 1

 Lower middle quarter 45.8 46.5 65.6 49.9 2,590 3,119 4,274 4,125 1,186 1

 Upper middle quarter 35.4 38.6 46.3 57.0 2,784 3,251 3,872 3,901 985 1 Highest quarter 28.1 29.9 28.8 22.0 2,730 3,079 3,715 3,511 766 

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving subsidized Stafford loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

Average annual subsidized Stafford

Average ann

loan amo

Percent who received loan amount for those 

a subsidized Stafford loan receiving subsidized Stafford loans

_______

152
Table B-2.17.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received federal unsubsidize

Table B-2.17.—Supplemental Loans for Students (SLS) and average annual amount received, by dependency status and family Table B-2.17.—1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 1.4 2.8 17.3 24.7 $2,582 $2,856 $3,019 $3,377 $36 Dependency status Dependent students 0.2 0.7 14.1 21.1 ‡ 2,560 2,905 3,256 6  Independent students 5.8 10.6 30.0 37.4 2,532 2,910 3,232 3,624 146  Unmarried, no dependents 7.5 11.7 31.8 41.8 2,296 3,033 3,171 3,761 172 

 Married, no dependents 4.3 8.8 28.6 40.3 ‡ 2,658 3,485 4,031 151  Unmarried, with dependents 4.0 11.6 23.5 28.5 ‡ 2,677 2,859 2,961 99  Married, with dependents 2.9 7.7 32.1 39.6 ‡ 2,701 3,374 3,740 92 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 0.4 1.4 5.4 9.1 ‡ 2,360 2,408 2,277 8 

 Lower middle quarter 0.2 0.8 10.7 15.5 ‡ ‡ 2,126 2,360 7  Upper middle quarter 0.1 0.3 19.7 30.7 ‡ ‡ 2,799 3,319 6  Highest quarter 0.1 0.4 18.5 27.0 ‡ ‡ 3,496 3,907 3  Independent students Lowest quarter 6.2 10.7 30.8 41.4 2,259 2,771 2,794 3,250 141 

 Lower middle quarter 7.2 12.0 30.4 33.5 2,726 3,105 3,618 3,538 197  Upper middle quarter 4.5 8.7 26.4 38.7 ‡ 2,945 3,320 4,550 140 

 Highest quarter 0.6 6.5 31.2 24.7 ‡ ‡ 3,904 5,555 26 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1The Supplemental Loans for Students (SLS) program was in effect during the 1989–90 and 1992–93 NPSAS survey years. Normally, only students who were 

independent were eligible to receive loans through this program but dependents could qualify under unusual circumstances. The Supplemental Loans for Studeand replaced by the unsubsidized Stafford loan program in 1994 as a result of the 1992 Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act. The main difference betwthat the unsubsidized Stafford loan program allows dependent as well as independent students to receive unsubsidized student loans.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving unsubsidized Stafford loans or loans through the Supplemental Loans for Students program).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colufull-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

Percent who received 

Average annual unsubsidized Stafford or SLS

loan amount for those receiving Average annual u

 unsubsidized Stafford or SLS loans1 unsubsidized Stafford or SLS loans loan amo

_______

153
Table B-2.18.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions whose parents received a federal 

Table B-2.18.—annual amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total † † † † † † † † † Dependency status Dependent students 3.3 5.5 6.2 6.8 $3,308 $3,341 $5,517 $6,445 $110  Independent students † † † † † † † † †  Unmarried, no dependents † † † † † † † † †  Married, no dependents † † † † † † † † †  Unmarried, with dependents † † † † † † † † †  Married, with dependents † † † † † † † † † Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 1.5 4.0 3.1 3.3 ‡ 2,662 4,341 5,254 45 

 Lower middle quarter 2.7 8.1 6.8 6.9 2,840 3,190 4,686 5,476 77  Upper middle quarter 4.9 6.5 7.5 10.1 3,412 3,549 5,627 6,388 165  Highest quarter 3.8 4.9 6.9 6.5 3,578 3,706 6,490 7,909 134  Independent students Lowest quarter †††† †††† † Lower middle quarter †††† †††† † Upper middle quarter †††† †††† † Highest quarter †††† †††† †

†Not applicable.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Among dependent students only. The Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PLUS) is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduate students and is not s

not show financial need but must be creditworthy. Repayment of the loan begins immediately. The maximum amount of a PLUS loan can be as high as the tot

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving PLUS loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

fo

Average annual PLUS loan amount

Percent who received a PLUS loan1 for those receiving PLUS loans

Average ann

_______

154
Table B-2.19.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received student loans from 

Table B-2.19.—and average annual amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, an

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 2.1 2.5 1.1 5.2 $2,055 $2,196 $2,688 $3,858 $43 Dependency status Dependent students 2.1 2.5 1.2 5.3 2,188 2,218 2,900 3,766 45  Independent students 2.3 2.5 0.8 4.7 1,620 2,138 ‡ 4,231 37  Unmarried, no dependents 1.7 2.5 1.4 4.1 ‡ 2,167 ‡ 3,991 26  Married, no dependents 3.1 2.5 # 5.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 51  Unmarried, with dependents 3.9 1.4 0.9 3.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 66  Married, with dependents 2.5 3.2 # 6.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ 4,627 39 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 1.9 2.5 1.1 5.3 ‡ 1,195 ‡ 2,881 19  Lower middle quarter 1.9 2.9 1.5 6.1 ‡ 1,669 2,648 3,065 41  Upper middle quarter 2.7 2.8 1.2 6.1 2,732 2,168 ‡ 4,417 72  Highest quarter 1.8 2.6 0.9 3.8 ‡ 3,063 ‡ 4,772 41  Independent students Lowest quarter 2.3 2.7 1.3 4.8 ‡ 2,153 ‡ 4,190 28  Lower middle quarter 2.1 2.1 0.8 3.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ 3,246 46  Upper middle quarter 1.9 2.6 # 6.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 48  Highest quarter 3.0 2.5 # 3.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 32 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes loans from state, institutional, and private/other sources. Does not include loans from family or friends.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving non-federal loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

Average annual non-federal loan amount Average annua

Percent who received a non-federal loan1 for those receiving non-federal loans fo

_______

155
Table B-2.20.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions who received work-study aid and 

Table B-2.20.—received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 7.8 8.2 8.4 9.3 $1,166 $1,345 $1,374 $1,756 $91 Dependency status Dependent students 7.5 7.7 8.3 9.4 1,113 1,326 1,293 1,709 84  Independent students 8.9 10.3 8.6 8.7 1,320 1,388 1,686 1,943 118  Unmarried, no dependents 8.3 8.9 8.6 10.3 1,200 1,366 1,869 2,082 100  Married, no dependents 8.1 13.4 4.4 6.6 ‡ 1,596 ‡ ‡ 111  Unmarried, with dependents 15.5 18.7 16.4 9.2 ‡ 1,533 1,433 1,876 258  Married, with dependents 8.0 8.1 6.4 6.3 ‡ 1,038 ‡ 1,825 104 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 17.3 16.3 14.1 17.3 1,160 1,370 1,300 1,747 201  Lower middle quarter 9.6 12.3 11.2 13.4 1,088 1,296 1,251 1,668 105  Upper middle quarter 4.0 4.5 6.0 6.0 1,046 1,406 1,357 1,641 42  Highest quarter 1.3 2.7 3.5 2.7 ‡ 1,059 1,279 1,824 13  Independent students Lowest quarter 11.6 13.5 14.2 14.1 1,392 1,420 1,747 1,825 161  Lower middle quarter 6.8 8.0 4.5 3.8 1,209 1,272 ‡ 2,247 82  Upper middle quarter 7.9 6.5 4.7 4.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 99  Highest quarter 1.3 2.3 2.5 0.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 8 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes federal, state, and institutional work-study programs.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving work-study aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

fo

Average work-study aid amount

Percent who received work-study aid1 for those receiving work-study aid

Average w

_______

156
Table B-2.21.—Among full-time, full-year undergraduates in public 4-year institutions, percentage of total price of attendance 

Table B-2.21.—and percentage of total financial aid awarded in grants, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 199

Table B-2.21.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 52.3 55.4 66.8 73.0 48.8 47.3 55.7 56.4 54.3 Dependency status Dependent students 47.5 49.7 63.4 70.8 45.5 44.1 52.5 52.7 54.7  Independent students 69.1 76.3 80.3 80.9 57.0 54.9 65.9 68.4 53.0 

 Unmarried, no dependents 69.1 76.3 78.9 84.2 56.6 54.5 68.6 70.4 53.4  Married, no dependents 60.8 67.4 69.0 77.8 52.4 53.7 53.8 61.7 44.3  Unmarried, with dependents 89.0 91.1 89.2 71.5 63.4 61.9 71.1 67.1 63.1  Married, with dependents 65.7 75.2 87.2 89.6 56.9 52.6 65.1 70.2 51.1 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 79.6 83.9 86.8 88.0 57.4 55.4 63.1 66.2 66.0  Lower middle quarter 54.5 63.6 74.4 75.4 43.6 45.8 55.0 52.6 51.0  Upper middle quarter 40.8 44.4 57.8 68.4 36.3 36.2 44.7 47.5 45.8  Highest quarter 21.9 29.4 41.2 55.3 33.6 31.6 41.0 41.4 48.8  Independent students Lowest quarter 73.3 85.7 90.1 87.5 60.9 59.4 70.9 75.4 59.4  Lower middle quarter 72.4 68.7 81.8 77.6 54.0 51.3 66.8 63.0 45.4  Upper middle quarter 63.5 67.0 70.6 80.2 53.1 45.1 57.1 61.4 50.9  Highest quarter 44.7 48.1 53.5 51.8 41.1 38.4 47.5 42.9 39.5 

1Includes all types of financial aid: grants, loans, work-study, and other (such as employer’s benefits and veterans’ benefits).2Percentage of the total price of attendance (tuition and fees plus living expenses) that is met by any type of financial aid, among financial aid recipients.3Percentage of total financial aid that is awarded in the form of grants and scholarships among financial aid recipients.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Public 4-year institutions

Percent of total price met Percent of to

who received financial aid2

Percent who received by financial aid for students in gr

 any financial aid1 who rec

_______

157
Table B-3.0.—Percentage of undergraduates enrolled full-time, full-year, percentage distribution of full-time, full-year underg

Table B-3.0.—family income of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, by dependency Table B-3.0.—1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 66.0 57.4 60.5 62.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 $46,005 $53

Dependency status Dependent students 82.5 76.6 78.7 81.5 83.6 81.7 84.5 82.2 52,458 62

 Independent students 33.2 27.2 26.9 30.9 16.4 18.3 15.5 17.8 13,786 18 Unmarried, no dependents 41.8 34.1 32.1 31.8 8.2 9.8 6.7 5.6 8,584 9 Married, no dependents 30.1 23.4 23.0 26.2 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.7 16,904 34 Unmarried, with dependents 39.3 30.9 30.6 40.8 1.9 2.2 2.9 4.9 11,133 13 Married, with dependents 22.7 18.5 20.6 26.1 3.8 3.8 3.5 4.7 24,398 30Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 82.5 70.0 75.5 78.4 23.3 20.9 22.1 20.4 9,997 15 Lower middle quarter 82.4 77.3 80.9 80.3 20.4 18.8 21.9 21.4 29,947 36 Upper middle quarter 82.5 73.5 77.9 82.6 23.1 18.0 23.7 26.1 47,099 53 Highest quarter 82.5 81.5 80.2 83.5 33.2 42.3 32.3 32.2 99,841 101 Independent students Lowest quarter 62.4 52.0 47.6 54.2 44.8 48.4 41.3 41.0 3,896 4 Lower middle quarter 43.1 28.1 30.5 36.9 29.2 21.1 22.9 29.6 11,039 14 Upper middle quarter 19.4 18.2 22.7 23.0 13.6 16.0 21.4 17.0 22,205 26 Highest quarter 13.2 13.4 12.4 13.1 12.4 14.4 14.4 12.4 46,506 56

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colufull-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Detail may not sum to totals because of roundingSOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Percent of students Percent distribution

enrolled full-time, full-year of full-time, full-year students Avera

_______

158
Table B-3.1.—Average tuition and net tuition after grants (if any) for full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-pro

Table B-3.1.—by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93  Total $8,540 $11,039 $12,704 $14,814 $5,668 $7,463 Dependency status Dependent students 8,945 11,747 13,330 15,919 6,105 8,146  Independent students 6,521 7,955 9,297 9,725 3,480 4,450  Unmarried, no dependents 7,169 8,985 10,563 10,880 4,024 5,169  Married, no dependents 6,190 6,905 8,852 8,506 3,496 4,266  Unmarried, with dependents 5,498 7,040 8,533 10,983 1,732 3,149  Married, with dependents 5,832 6,561 7,816 7,719 3,151 3,474 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 7,460 9,632 11,826 12,958 3,145 3,795  Lower middle quarter 8,450 11,134 12,696 15,618 4,808 6,129  Upper middle quarter 8,844 11,814 13,438 16,127 5,978 7,199  Highest quarter 10,363 12,858 14,709 17,825 9,071 11,035  Independent students Lowest quarter 6,837 8,514 9,471 10,120 3,225 4,094  Lower middle quarter 6,018 8,247 8,665 10,013 3,130 5,178  Upper middle quarter 6,020 6,522 9,554 8,518 3,684 4,614  Highest quarter 7,004 7,384 9,420 9,386 4,922 4,779 

1Includes all tuition and required fees charged by the institution.2Equal to tuition and fees minus all grant aid received. Grants and scholarships are not necessarily limited to paying for tuition, but may cover other education

amount is greater than the tuition charges, the excess is applied to room and board or other expenses. In calculating the average of this measure of net tuition, 

amount exceeds tuition) were set to zero. The percentage of students with zero value for net tuition was 11 in 1989–90, 11 in 1992–93, 8 in 1995–96, and 12 i

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average tuition1 Average net tuition f

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

_______

159
Table B-3.2.—Average price of attendance, net price of attendance after aid (if any), and expected family contribution (EFC) f

Table B-3.2.—undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 

Table B-3.2.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total $14,152 $17,557 $19,561 $23,385 $9,523 $11,685 $11,337 $12,232 $8,653 $9

Dependency status Dependent students 14,468 18,073 20,082 24,403 9,996 12,377 11,828 12,764 9,831 11

 Independent students 12,583 15,315 16,725 18,698 7,143 8,605 8,666 9,783 2,720 3 Unmarried, no dependents 13,167 16,088 17,660 19,806 7,626 9,135 8,928 8,802 3,755 4

 Married, no dependents 12,191 14,711 15,952 17,913 7,288 8,997 8,544 10,137 1,547 3

 Unmarried, with dependents 11,440 14,420 16,754 19,635 4,974 7,610 8,741 11,734 683 

 Married, with dependents 12,135 14,261 15,445 16,834 7,073 7,542 8,182 8,697 2,245 2

Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 12,620 15,540 18,271 20,694 6,217 6,725 7,952 7,365 2,213 2

 Lower middle quarter 13,822 17,445 19,202 24,171 8,055 9,296 8,552 10,849 4,728 4

 Upper middle quarter 14,335 18,078 20,125 24,686 9,601 10,955 11,669 12,222 8,421 8 Highest quarter 16,257 19,414 21,886 26,679 14,118 16,309 16,817 17,896 19,297 19

 Independent students Lowest quarter 12,777 15,580 16,556 18,604 6,746 7,995 7,059 8,610 1,741 2 Lower middle quarter 12,066 15,565 16,228 18,940 6,760 9,119 8,446 9,978 2,294 3

 Upper middle quarter 12,125 14,045 17,533 18,015 7,412 9,318 10,496 9,536 3,468 3 Highest quarter 13,440 15,521 16,801 19,365 9,217 9,663 10,902 13,530 6,458 6

1Average student budget estimated by the institutions. Includes tuition and fees, books and supplies, room and board, transportation and personal expenses.2Equal to the price of attendance minus all grant and loan aid received. Includes students who received no financial aid.3The federal expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students and families are expected to contribute to the price of attendance at a postsecondary in

family contribution is calculated using federal need analysis methodology and takes into account dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings also in factors. The federal methodology was similar in 1989–90 and 1992–93. The Reauthorization of 1992 introduced many changes that are reflected in 1995–96 a

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average price of attendance1 Average net price of attendance2 Average expe

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

_______

160
Table B-3.3.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who had financial a

Table B-3.3.—amount of need, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 82.8 85.7 87.7 87.0 $9,862 $11,566 $14,087 $16,316 $8,162 $9

Dependency status Dependent students 79.8 83.2 86.7 85.1 9,734 11,261 14,021 16,386 7,768 9

 Independent students 97.7 96.3 93.5 95.4 10,416 12,645 14,422 16,024 10,172 12

 Unmarried, no dependents 96.3 94.0 97.5 98.8 10,243 12,760 15,038 16,766 9,862 11

 Married, no dependents 98.9 97.1 81.6 85.1 10,784 12,590 11,634 13,077 10,668 12

 Unmarried, with dependents 100.0 100.0 98.6 98.7 10,758 13,689 15,697 18,580 10,758 13 Married, with dependents 98.7 99.2 89.9 94.0 10,373 11,827 13,740 13,806 10,233 11Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 98.7 99.1 98.4 99.3 10,625 13,436 17,316 19,568 10,488 13

 Lower middle quarter 94.9 98.0 99.4 98.9 10,106 12,827 16,021 19,663 9,586 12

 Upper middle quarter 84.7 93.9 95.8 94.4 8,332 10,990 12,945 15,388 7,055 10

 Highest quarter 53.9 63.9 63.2 59.5 9,718 8,665 9,577 10,695 5,239 5

 Independent students Lowest quarter 99.2 98.1 99.1 99.7 11,271 13,539 16,184 18,101 11,175 13 Lower middle quarter 99.7 98.7 99.1 99.1 9,813 12,290 14,213 16,438 9,783 12

 Upper middle quarter 94.6 90.1 98.4 96.7 9,609 12,232 13,242 12,820 9,091 11

 Highest quarter 91.1 93.8 61.3 71.0 9,264 10,634 9,611 10,980 8,437 9

1Financial need is equal to the student budget minus the expected family contribution (EFC). The expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students a

contribute to the price of attendance, and is calculated based on dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings in college, and other related factors.

2Includes zero values (that is, those without financial need). Negative values were set to zero.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

 fo

Average amount of financial aid need Average amo

Percent who had financial aid need1 for those who had financial aid need

_______

161
Table B-3.4.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who had remaining 

Table B-3.4.—receiving financial aid (if any) and average amount of remaining need, by dependency status and family income: 

Table B-3.4.—1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 64.6 65.6 66.7 58.9 $5,580 $6,035 $6,851 $7,825 $3,605 $3

Dependency status Dependent students 61.0 62.0 64.8 55.0 5,612 5,875 6,847 7,607 3,422 3

 Independent students 82.7 80.7 76.9 76.4 5,469 6,412 6,866 8,547 4,522 5

 Unmarried, no dependents 77.4 75.2 80.5 78.0 5,282 6,030 6,731 7,256 4,088 4

 Married, no dependents 89.6 85.3 55.3 60.3 6,214 7,475 5,706 7,402 5,569 6

 Unmarried, with dependents 89.8 95.9 85.6 88.9 4,529 6,754 8,290 11,663 4,064 6 Married, with dependents 86.1 82.4 78.0 70.8 5,812 6,258 6,392 6,690 5,005 5Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 81.8 79.9 87.9 81.2 4,482 5,012 7,010 6,999 3,667 4

 Lower middle quarter 74.1 69.7 79.7 71.7 4,813 5,982 5,994 8,578 3,567 4

 Upper middle quarter 56.0 62.3 64.0 50.0 4,683 5,670 7,018 7,667 2,623 3

 Highest quarter 41.8 49.4 39.6 31.5 8,901 6,610 7,559 7,059 3,718 3

 Independent students Lowest quarter 85.1 86.0 84.6 87.0 5,589 6,209 6,886 8,874 4,756 5

 Lower middle quarter 85.6 73.2 85.6 80.3 5,011 7,301 6,776 9,038 4,287 5

 Upper middle quarter 77.3 79.0 82.6 70.5 5,709 7,216 7,148 6,334 4,411 5

 Highest quarter 73.7 75.6 32.5 40.4 5,894 6,192 6,029 9,175 4,346 4

1Remaining financial need is equal to the student budget minus the expected family contribution (EFC) minus any financial aid received. The student budget is 

which includes tuition, fees, and living expenses. The expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students and their parents are expected to contribute tand is calculated based on dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings in college, and other related factors.

2Includes zero values (that is, those without remaining financial need).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year. Negative values were set to zero.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Percent Average amount of remaining need Average am

who had remaining need after financial aid1 after financial aid for those who had need after financ

_______

162
Table B-3.5.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received finan

Table B-3.5.—total amount of financial aid received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 73.6 71.2 80.6 85.3 $6,862 $8,923 $11,069 $13,756 $5,049 $6

Dependency status Dependent students 71.3 68.1 79.3 84.8 6,872 9,072 11,275 14,407 4,899 6

 Independent students 85.0 85.2 87.1 87.5 6,861 8,436 10,045 10,849 5,831 7

 Unmarried, no dependents 82.7 83.8 86.0 90.9 7,286 8,987 11,127 12,702 6,028 7

 Married, no dependents 82.7 78.8 83.5 81.7 6,339 7,711 9,676 10,335 5,240 6

 Unmarried, with dependents 99.6 89.8 89.8 80.4 6,756 8,053 9,406 10,187 6,725 7 Married, with dependents 84.2 90.4 89.7 94.4 6,350 7,780 8,831 9,560 5,348 7Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 89.9 93.8 90.2 94.2 7,753 10,132 12,271 14,792 6,967 9

 Lower middle quarter 83.4 86.6 92.8 87.8 7,577 10,308 12,399 16,082 6,318 8

 Upper middle quarter 78.4 79.1 82.5 88.7 6,604 9,698 11,225 14,752 5,178 7

 Highest quarter 45.9 48.6 60.5 73.6 5,191 6,962 9,142 12,431 2,380 3

 Independent students Lowest quarter 87.1 91.2 92.5 90.0 7,483 8,995 11,179 11,581 6,515 8

 Lower middle quarter 86.5 81.1 86.6 87.0 6,539 8,447 9,760 10,967 5,659 6

 Upper middle quarter 85.7 72.0 86.6 89.7 5,838 6,979 8,788 10,284 5,000 5

 Highest quarter 72.9 82.0 73.6 77.7 6,108 7,505 8,691 8,626 4,453 6

1May consist of any type of aid, including grants (or scholarships), loans, work-study, employer aid, federal veterans’ benefits, Parent Loans to Undergraduate 

private aid.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving financial aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

fo

Average total amount of financial aid Average tota

Percent who received any financial aid1 for those who received financial aid

_______

163
Table B-3.6.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received grant

Table B-3.6.—amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 67.5 64.1 72.1 76.1 $4,496 $5,890 $6,702 $8,386 $3,036 $3

Dependency status Dependent students 65.1 61.2 71.2 75.7 4,580 6,201 7,047 9,043 2,985 3

 Independent students 79.2 77.4 76.9 77.7 4,165 4,831 4,965 5,441 3,299 3

 Unmarried, no dependents 76.9 75.9 74.1 80.0 4,447 5,277 5,453 5,920 3,417 4

 Married, no dependents 73.8 67.6 68.9 68.0 3,816 4,311 4,857 4,569 2,814 2

 Unmarried, with dependents 96.8 87.8 86.4 77.3 4,275 4,684 5,006 5,930 4,138 4 Married, with dependents 79.2 82.0 79.9 81.3 3,716 4,160 4,118 4,806 2,943 3Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 87.3 90.8 86.2 91.5 5,298 6,827 8,225 9,641 4,629 6

 Lower middle quarter 77.7 80.9 86.7 81.6 4,870 6,559 7,921 10,086 3,797 5

 Upper middle quarter 72.0 71.1 73.3 79.7 4,105 6,784 6,487 8,934 2,957 4

 Highest quarter 37.0 39.4 48.8 58.6 3,655 4,821 5,187 7,605 1,351 1

 Independent students Lowest quarter 83.9 87.9 89.1 88.4 4,707 5,277 5,564 6,279 3,950 4

 Lower middle quarter 81.4 73.5 73.1 77.8 3,822 4,402 4,916 5,076 3,112 3

 Upper middle quarter 75.9 59.2 75.1 74.6 3,299 3,656 3,648 4,059 2,504 2

 Highest quarter 61.0 64.4 50.4 46.9 3,620 4,579 4,951 4,676 2,209 2

1Includes grants and scholarships awarded by any source: federal, state, institutional, or private.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving grant aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Average gran

Average grant amount

Percent who received grants1 for those who received grants

_______

164
Table B-3.7.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received feder

Table B-3.7.—federal grant amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 32.8 27.6 28.4 28.7 $1,948 $2,311 $2,302 $2,713 $639 Dependency status Dependent students 27.4 21.7 24.0 23.9 1,842 2,237 2,309 2,648 505  Independent students 59.9 53.6 52.4 50.9 2,190 2,436 2,284 2,852 1,313 1

 Unmarried, no dependents 57.4 54.7 47.1 52.6 2,320 2,547 2,319 3,064 1,331 1

 Married, no dependents 43.6 23.5 28.9 27.3 1,979 2,427 1,844 2,146 863  Unmarried, with dependents 91.7 82.3 76.2 59.1 2,264 2,518 2,410 2,997 2,075 2 Married, with dependents 60.5 55.2 59.1 54.0 1,967 2,088 2,245 2,643 1,190 1Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 71.5 74.2 71.0 80.6 2,152 2,532 2,672 3,066 1,538 1

 Lower middle quarter 37.1 30.0 32.8 29.6 1,467 1,619 1,679 1,745 545  Upper middle quarter 12.1 7.5 3.8 3.1 1,070 1,635 1,205 1,521 130  Highest quarter 1.1 1.1 0.8 1.0 1,406 1,548 ‡ ‡ 16  Independent students Lowest quarter 71.7 74.3 77.7 77.8 2,451 2,653 2,444 3,119 1,759 1

 Lower middle quarter 63.2 47.9 46.3 43.7 1,974 2,233 2,218 2,706 1,247 1

 Upper middle quarter 48.6 35.8 43.3 34.0 1,789 1,740 1,840 1,743 870  Highest quarter 22.9 10.4 3.0 2.5 1,608 ‡ ‡ ‡ 368 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes the Pell Grant, Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (SEOG), Robert Byrd Scholarships, and all other federal grants, fellowships, and traine

federal veterans’ benefits or military aid.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving federal grant aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

fo

Average federal grant amount Average 

Percent who received a federal grant1 for those who received federal grants

_______

165
Table B-3.8.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received feder

Table B-3.8.—average amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 29.9 25.8 27.1 27.5 $1,711 $1,847 $1,771 $2,228 $511 Dependency status Dependent students 24.3 19.8 22.6 22.6 1,587 1,730 1,711 2,124 386  Independent students 57.9 51.6 51.6 50.2 1,972 2,039 1,915 2,444 1,142 1

 Unmarried, no dependents 55.8 52.1 46.5 52.4 2,037 2,115 1,849 2,464 1,136 1 Married, no dependents 40.6 22.9 26.8 26.0 1,897 1,993 1,649 1,813 769  Unmarried, with dependents 89.2 79.7 75.2 57.5 2,073 2,065 2,114 2,612 1,849 1 Married, with dependents 58.5 54.3 59.1 54.0 1,794 1,844 1,889 2,405 1,049 1Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 69.0 71.4 70.6 79.3 1,813 1,974 1,990 2,488 1,251 1

 Lower middle quarter 31.7 26.1 30.2 27.8 1,213 1,145 1,112 1,222 385  Upper middle quarter 6.9 4.4 1.7 1.6 830 849 ‡ ‡ 57  Highest quarter 0.5 0.8 # 0.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 7  Independent students Lowest quarter 70.9 71.0 77.5 77.0 2,166 2,215 2,011 2,583 1,534 1

 Lower middle quarter 60.5 47.6 44.8 43.0 1,836 1,951 1,890 2,477 1,111  Upper middle quarter 46.4 34.7 41.8 33.1 1,642 1,315 1,656 1,622 762  Highest quarter 18.6 9.5 3.0 2.5 1,318 ‡ ‡ ‡ 246 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving Pell Grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Average Pell Grant amount Average 

Percent who received a Pell Grant for those who received Pell Grants fo

_______

166
Table B-3.9.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received Supp

Table B-3.9.—Opportunity Grants (SEOG) and average amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1

Table B-3.9.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 13.1 12.9 13.7 12.8 $934 $1,125 $1,197 $1,237 $122 Dependency status Dependent students 12.1 10.9 12.8 11.8 957 1,195 1,231 1,251 116  Independent students 18.2 21.8 19.2 17.5 854 967 1,074 1,192 155  Unmarried, no dependents 17.6 22.7 21.4 21.7 991 970 1,087 1,391 175  Married, no dependents 14.3 7.3 8.8 6.2 651 ‡ ‡ ‡ 93  Unmarried, with dependents 27.0 43.1 20.7 22.4 821 987 1,140 1,065 222  Married, with dependents 17.4 17.3 20.9 13.8 688 861 1,009 866 120 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 29.1 37.3 38.3 40.3 968 1,211 1,230 1,235 282  Lower middle quarter 16.3 15.0 17.0 13.5 945 1,146 1,227 1,266 154  Upper middle quarter 7.5 4.2 2.4 2.2 946 1,202 1,266 ‡ 71  Highest quarter 0.7 0.4 # 0.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 6  Independent students Lowest quarter 22.7 32.5 31.6 33.2 926 1,002 1,077 1,237 210  Lower middle quarter 17.2 14.8 15.0 9.4 758 887 1,146 1,061 130  Upper middle quarter 14.5 14.9 11.9 5.4 ‡ 897 ‡ ‡ 105  Highest quarter 7.3 3.0 0.9 1.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 64 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Percent who received a Supplemental

Average SEOG amount 

for those who received Supplemental

 Educational Opportunity Grant Educational Opportunity Grants Average SEOG 

_______

167
Table B-3.10.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received gran

Table B-3.10.—sources and average amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, an

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 60.9 57.0 66.6 70.3 $3,937 $5,498 $6,269 $7,970 $2,397 $3

Dependency status Dependent students 60.5 56.6 67.6 72.0 4,101 5,841 6,596 8,629 2,480 3

 Independent students 63.2 59.3 61.0 62.3 3,145 4,102 4,296 4,460 1,986 2

 Unmarried, no dependents 61.2 57.8 63.1 67.2 3,410 4,520 4,672 4,644 2,086 2

 Married, no dependents 61.2 58.1 58.5 60.4 3,189 4,034 4,811 4,175 1,952 2

 Unmarried, with dependents 72.6 59.0 61.3 57.0 2,842 3,457 4,063 4,932 2,063 2 Married, with dependents 64.1 64.2 58.5 63.0 2,734 3,517 3,352 3,933 1,753 2Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 73.1 73.3 73.9 77.3 4,229 5,898 7,025 8,221 3,091 4

 Lower middle quarter 73.0 76.1 83.3 78.1 4,455 6,335 7,585 9,879 3,253 4

 Upper middle quarter 70.6 70.6 73.1 79.5 4,004 6,657 6,446 8,888 2,827 4

 Highest quarter 36.9 39.1 48.7 58.6 3,623 4,815 5,170 7,577 1,335 1

 Independent students Lowest quarter 65.8 62.9 67.8 65.6 3,332 4,244 4,513 4,757 2,191 2

 Lower middle quarter 61.8 55.7 57.3 64.7 3,016 3,885 4,487 4,270 1,865 2

 Upper middle quarter 59.3 47.0 59.1 61.9 2,756 3,282 3,291 3,935 1,634 1

 Highest quarter 58.2 63.9 50.4 45.8 3,163 4,376 4,859 4,674 1,841 2

1Includes state, institutional, and privately-funded grants.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving non-federal grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Average non-federal grant amount Average non

Percent who received a non-federal grant1 for those receiving non-federal grants fo

_______

168
Table B-3.11.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received state

Table B-3.11.—average amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 26.2 22.9 28.6 27.0 $1,887 $1,979 $2,165 $2,627 $495 Dependency status Dependent students 24.7 20.8 27.2 26.2 1,866 1,977 2,125 2,675 461  Independent students 33.9 32.4 35.9 30.8 1,973 1,983 2,327 2,440 668  Unmarried, no dependents 31.5 30.2 35.8 36.8 2,077 2,106 2,494 2,715 655  Married, no dependents 26.0 26.3 26.1 20.9 1,973 1,909 1,799 2,405 512  Unmarried, with dependents 49.8 42.1 44.5 26.9 2,000 2,024 2,572 2,511 996 

 Married, with dependents 36.3 36.7 36.0 33.7 1,759 1,733 2,023 2,032 639 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 41.5 43.3 42.4 44.3 2,220 2,347 2,466 2,859 921 1

 Lower middle quarter 33.9 33.6 41.3 37.8 1,894 1,907 2,299 3,016 642  Upper middle quarter 24.4 22.4 25.8 25.3 1,505 1,706 1,672 2,352 367  Highest quarter 7.6 5.5 8.3 7.6 1,230 1,314 1,382 1,740 93  Independent students Lowest quarter 37.2 38.3 43.8 37.1 2,012 2,136 2,486 2,615 748  Lower middle quarter 34.9 31.2 35.1 31.7 2,028 1,821 2,285 2,289 707  Upper middle quarter 29.3 25.0 34.3 28.4 1,930 1,861 2,043 2,177 565  Highest quarter 22.5 20.4 17.0 11.7 1,596 1,574 ‡ ‡ 358 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving state-funded grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Average state-funded grant amount Average sta

Percent who received a state-funded grant for those receiving state-funded grants fo

_______

169
Table B-3.12.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received insti

Table B-3.12.—average amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 47.7 47.9 56.0 59.8 $3,486 $4,974 $5,701 $7,223 $1,662 $2

Dependency status Dependent students 49.1 50.0 59.0 64.6 3,645 5,247 5,981 7,626 1,788 2

 Independent students 41.0 39.0 39.5 37.7 2,499 3,447 3,430 4,044 1,024 1

 Unmarried, no dependents 41.3 41.6 44.9 46.6 2,811 4,204 4,010 3,772 1,162 1

 Married, no dependents 50.5 37.4 41.1 42.6 2,358 3,074 3,339 3,524 1,190 1

 Unmarried, with dependents 33.2 32.7 32.3 33.4 2,249 2,381 3,052 5,125 746 

 Married, with dependents 37.9 37.3 34.1 28.7 1,990 2,075 2,340 3,693 754 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 53.3 60.0 58.4 63.0 3,523 5,096 6,381 7,365 1,877 3

 Lower middle quarter 60.8 68.2 75.9 71.2 3,785 5,493 6,537 8,422 2,302 3

 Upper middle quarter 61.2 66.4 66.2 73.8 3,665 5,955 5,902 7,792 2,242 3

 Highest quarter 30.4 34.8 42.7 53.6 3,597 4,622 5,027 6,934 1,094 1

 Independent students Lowest quarter 45.1 44.3 47.4 44.7 2,623 3,805 3,673 4,155 1,184 1

 Lower middle quarter 38.1 41.9 41.9 40.7 2,471 3,315 3,650 4,029 942 1 Upper middle quarter 32.9 26.5 33.3 29.0 2,119 2,005 2,526 3,542 697  Highest quarter 39.6 27.8 22.4 19.4 2,530 3,268 ‡ 4,291 1,002 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving institutional grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Percent who received Average institutional grant amount Average ins

an institutional grant for those receiving institutional grants fo

_______

170
Table B-3.13.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received any 

Table B-3.13.—average annual amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 19

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 46.7 48.0 58.8 62.1 $3,438 $4,360 $5,776 $7,683 $1,607 $2

Dependency status Dependent students 44.7 45.6 57.5 63.1 3,358 4,160 5,634 7,593 1,499 1

 Independent students 57.8 58.6 65.7 57.6 3,747 5,070 6,456 8,141 2,166 2

 Unmarried, no dependents 56.9 59.0 69.6 70.7 3,784 4,992 6,739 8,873 2,153 2

 Married, no dependents 52.9 49.8 58.6 55.2 3,952 5,625 6,935 8,454 2,089 2

 Unmarried, with dependents 63.4 63.7 64.3 46.9 3,708 4,235 5,737 7,073 2,350 2 Married, with dependents 60.3 60.9 64.5 54.4 3,575 5,442 6,165 7,787 2,156 3Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 59.6 69.4 67.0 68.3 3,029 3,767 4,823 6,589 1,805 2

 Lower middle quarter 60.3 67.5 70.8 70.7 3,296 4,201 5,341 7,199 1,986 2

 Upper middle quarter 51.3 53.0 62.5 71.9 3,475 4,334 5,930 7,441 1,782 2

 Highest quarter 20.0 26.9 38.4 47.7 3,952 4,467 6,611 9,076 790 1

 Independent students Lowest quarter 58.7 62.8 72.2 60.5 3,621 4,694 6,288 7,347 2,124 2

 Lower middle quarter 56.1 60.8 64.6 56.8 3,930 5,287 6,483 8,829 2,206 3

 Upper middle quarter 58.9 48.0 65.4 62.9 3,767 5,339 6,565 8,668 2,219 2

 Highest quarter 53.6 50.7 49.4 42.3 3,780 5,738 6,886 8,617 2,024 2

1Includes all types of loans, including those funded by federal, state, institutional, or private sources. Also includes the Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students 

taken out by parents of dependent undergraduates.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Average annual l

Average annual loan amount

Percent who received a student loan1 for those receiving loans

_______

171
Table B-3.14.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received fede

Table B-3.14.—average annual amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 19

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 45.6 46.6 58.2 60.7 $3,301 $4,155 $5,654 $6,513 $1,506 $1

Dependency status Dependent students 43.4 44.1 56.9 61.7 3,207 3,929 5,498 6,339 1,392 1

 Independent students 57.3 58.0 65.3 56.4 3,658 4,929 6,395 7,389 2,095 2

 Unmarried, no dependents 56.3 58.3 69.3 69.7 3,669 4,805 6,719 7,644 2,065 2

 Married, no dependents 52.3 49.8 56.7 53.1 3,881 5,524 6,738 7,963 2,030 2

 Unmarried, with dependents 63.3 63.5 64.3 45.8 3,622 4,155 5,726 6,727 2,294 2 Married, with dependents 59.7 60.1 64.5 53.7 3,525 5,360 6,073 7,257 2,104 3Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 59.2 68.9 66.6 67.0 2,954 3,645 4,751 5,637 1,749 2

 Lower middle quarter 58.5 65.9 69.5 70.3 3,252 4,064 5,257 5,978 1,901 2

 Upper middle quarter 50.0 51.1 62.0 70.3 3,319 4,048 5,761 6,127 1,661 2

 Highest quarter 18.5 24.7 38.0 45.5 3,478 4,047 6,375 7,628 643 1

 Independent students Lowest quarter 58.1 62.0 72.2 59.0 3,508 4,534 6,264 6,818 2,038 2

 Lower middle quarter 55.6 60.4 64.0 55.3 3,861 5,183 6,446 7,646 2,146 3

 Upper middle quarter 58.2 48.0 64.1 62.5 3,733 5,285 6,410 7,847 2,174 2

 Highest quarter 53.3 49.7 49.4 42.3 3,671 5,556 6,806 8,292 1,958 2

1Includes Perkins, Stafford (subsidized and unsubsidized), federal loans through the Public Health Service, and the Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PL

taken out by parents.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving federal loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Average annual federal loan amount Average ann

Percent who received a federal loan1 for those receiving federal loans fo

_______

172
Table B-3.15.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received fede

Table B-3.15.—average annual amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 19

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 15.6 14.6 15.5 14.1 $1,356 $1,393 $1,444 $1,832 $212 Dependency status Dependent students 15.6 14.7 16.5 15.4 1,356 1,395 1,455 1,847 211  Independent students 15.8 14.2 10.2 8.6 1,357 1,385 1,343 1,705 215  Unmarried, no dependents 16.4 15.8 9.5 11.9 1,361 1,312 1,396 1,531 223  Married, no dependents 15.6 9.4 10.1 3.9 1,501 ‡ ‡ ‡ 235  Unmarried, with dependents 17.2 12.8 12.6 9.6 1,308 ‡ ‡ 1,767 225  Married, with dependents 14.0 14.2 9.5 6.3 1,268 1,351 ‡ ‡ 178 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 25.0 27.0 23.7 24.7 1,365 1,420 1,488 1,803 342  Lower middle quarter 24.0 25.5 25.6 25.1 1,347 1,444 1,471 1,898 324  Upper middle quarter 15.7 18.0 16.5 13.7 1,340 1,305 1,421 1,799 211  Highest quarter 3.6 4.5 5.5 4.3 1,398 1,350 1,383 1,937 50  Independent students Lowest quarter 17.2 17.3 12.2 13.3 1,412 1,329 1,382 1,730 243  Lower middle quarter 16.5 12.7 12.4 7.8 1,274 1,402 1,307 ‡ 210  Upper middle quarter 13.8 11.0 8.6 4.7 1,311 ‡ ‡ ‡ 180  Highest quarter 10.8 7.3 2.9 0.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 158 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving Perkins loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

 fo

Average annual Perkins loan amount

Percent who received a Perkins loan for those receiving Perkins loans

Average ann

_______

173
Table B-3.16.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received fede

Table B-3.16.—loans and average annual amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 39.2 43.2 51.0 50.3 $2,661 $2,977 $3,657 $3,789 $1,043 $1

Dependency status Dependent students 36.9 40.5 49.1 50.1 2,574 2,889 3,508 3,686 949 1

 Independent students 51.4 55.3 61.4 51.1 2,983 3,261 4,307 4,250 1,534 1

 Unmarried, no dependents 49.8 54.3 66.8 63.9 2,909 3,225 4,410 4,272 1,448 1

 Married, no dependents 46.9 48.6 49.4 43.8 3,142 3,409 4,390 4,697 1,473 1

 Unmarried, with dependents 60.1 62.7 62.8 41.7 2,893 2,946 3,932 4,211 1,738 1 Married, with dependents 53.7 58.2 58.3 49.8 3,091 3,455 4,372 4,024 1,659 2Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 49.1 64.0 61.5 63.2 2,549 2,787 3,593 3,969 1,252 1

 Lower middle quarter 51.8 61.6 66.6 65.1 2,609 2,913 3,579 3,684 1,351 1

 Upper middle quarter 43.0 46.6 55.0 59.6 2,544 2,962 3,480 3,567 1,093 1

 Highest quarter 14.9 22.4 24.3 24.1 2,615 2,939 3,274 3,461 389  Independent students Lowest quarter 51.2 58.8 69.0 55.5 2,956 3,149 4,255 4,225 1,514 1

 Lower middle quarter 51.7 57.5 62.1 51.7 3,046 3,247 4,324 4,383 1,574 1

 Upper middle quarter 51.4 45.7 61.5 53.3 2,965 3,476 4,366 4,189 1,523 1

 Highest quarter 47.6 48.8 38.4 31.8 2,934 3,483 4,391 4,021 1,396 1

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving subsidized Stafford loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Average annual subsidized Stafford

Average ann

loan amo

Percent who received loan amount for those 

a subsidized Stafford loan receiving subsidized Stafford loans

_______

174
Table B-3.17.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received fede

Table B-3.17.—Stafford loans or Supplemental Loans for Students (SLS) and average annual amount received, by dependency 

Table B-3.17.—income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 1.9 4.3 15.8 24.2 $3,157 $3,439 $3,338 $3,650 $60 Dependency status Dependent students 0.5 0.9 12.2 20.8 2,869 3,214 3,052 3,280 14  Independent students 9.0 19.7 35.8 39.9 3,260 3,492 3,868 4,534 293  Unmarried, no dependents 10.2 18.0 40.9 52.8 3,189 3,388 3,843 4,460 324 

 Married, no dependents 7.2 21.9 38.3 38.8 ‡ 3,639 3,912 5,310 262  Unmarried, with dependents 10.9 17.6 28.8 26.9 ‡ 3,223 3,562 3,990 314 

 Married, with dependents 6.8 23.6 30.2 38.8 ‡ 3,712 4,140 4,604 238 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 0.5 1.4 7.4 11.1 ‡ ‡ 3,299 3,335 12 

 Lower middle quarter 0.4 1.4 7.6 16.1 ‡ ‡ 2,588 2,797 11  Upper middle quarter 0.8 1.1 14.0 24.5 ‡ ‡ 2,853 2,950 28  Highest quarter 0.3 0.4 17.2 26.9 ‡ ‡ 3,237 3,701 8  Independent students Lowest quarter 7.1 16.8 39.2 34.8 2,996 3,143 3,601 3,985 213 

 Lower middle quarter 9.6 24.8 34.1 40.5 3,370 3,725 3,705 4,452 323  Upper middle quarter 11.9 17.0 31.4 53.2 ‡ 3,814 4,138 4,802 395 

 Highest quarter 11.2 22.5 35.6 37.4 ‡ 3,673 4,603 5,914 396 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1The Supplemental Loans for Students (SLS) program was in effect during the 1989–90 and 1992–93 NPSAS survey years. Normally, only students who were 

independent were eligible to receive loans through this program but dependents could qualify under unusual circumstances. The Supplemental Loans for Studeand replaced by the unsubsidized Stafford loan program in 1994 as a result of the 1992 Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act. The main difference betwthat the unsubsidized Stafford loan program allows dependent as well as independent students to receive unsubsidized student loans.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving unsubsidized Stafford loans or loans through the Supplemental Loans for Students program).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colufull-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Percent who received 

Average annual unsubsidized Stafford or SLS

loan amount for those receiving

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Average annual u

 unsubsidized Stafford or SLS loans1 unsubsidized Stafford or SLS loans loan amo

_______

175
Table B-3.18.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions whose parents rec

Table B-3.18.—loan and average annual amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–9

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total † † † † † † † † † Dependency status Dependent students 6.1 8.9 10.1 12.1 $3,425 $3,480 $7,783 $9,041 $210  Independent students † † † † † † † † †  Unmarried, no dependents † † † † † † † † †  Married, no dependents † † † † † † † † †  Unmarried, with dependents † † † † † † † † †  Married, with dependents † † † † † † † † † Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 4.7 10.2 6.0 7.1 2,821 2,902 5,772 6,247 133 

 Lower middle quarter 6.1 13.2 11.3 11.9 3,357 3,427 6,094 7,220 205 

 Upper middle quarter 9.5 10.5 13.5 15.5 3,420 3,754 7,546 7,849 323 

 Highest quarter 4.8 6.7 9.7 12.6 3,899 3,756 10,205 12,382 188  Independent students Lowest quarter †††† †††† †

 Lower middle quarter †††† †††† † Upper middle quarter †††† †††† † Highest quarter †††† †††† †

†Not applicable.

1Among dependent students only. The Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PLUS) is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduate students and is not s

not show financial need but must be creditworthy. Repayment of the loan begins immediately. The maximum amount of a PLUS loan can be as high as the tot

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving PLUS loans).3Dependent students only.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

fo

Average annual PLUS loan amount

Percent who received a PLUS loan1 for those receiving PLUS loans

Average ann

_______

176
Table B-3.19.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received stud

Table B-3.19.—non-federal sources and average annual amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1

Table B-3.19.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 3.5 4.8 3.1 14.0 $2,896 $3,230 $3,427 $5,836 $101 Dependency status Dependent students 3.6 5.1 3.3 15.0 3,018 3,271 3,432 5,870 107  Independent students 3.2 3.7 2.0 9.2 2,211 2,997 ‡ 5,578 71  Unmarried, no dependents 3.8 4.5 1.6 14.8 2,335 3,280 ‡ 6,358 88  Married, no dependents 2.5 2.0 1.8 8.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 59  Unmarried, with dependents 2.5 4.5 1.0 6.4 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 56  Married, with dependents 2.9 2.5 3.8 5.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 52 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 2.6 4.0 2.6 15.1 2,153 2,497 2,620 4,814 57  Lower middle quarter 4.1 5.6 4.8 14.8 2,059 2,792 2,646 6,004 85  Upper middle quarter 4.5 7.5 4.1 18.4 2,681 3,063 3,313 5,639 121  Highest quarter 3.2 5.1 2.2 12.5 4,620 3,938 5,383 6,848 147  Independent students Lowest quarter 3.9 4.5 1.1 9.4 2,231 3,034 ‡ 4,483 86  Lower middle quarter 3.2 3.2 2.9 12.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ 6,104 60  Upper middle quarter 3.2 1.8 2.9 7.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 45  Highest quarter 0.9 3.5 1.8 1.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 67 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes loans from state, institutional, and private/other sources. Does not include loans from family or friends.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving non-federal loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

Average annual non-federal loan amount Average annua

Percent who received a non-federal loan1 for those receiving non-federal loans fo

_______

177
Table B-3.20.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions who received wor

Table B-3.20.—amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 20.0 23.5 26.8 25.6 $1,043 $1,298 $1,390 $1,597 $209 Dependency status Dependent students 21.4 25.2 28.9 29.1 1,025 1,280 1,414 1,590 220  Independent students 13.0 16.3 15.7 9.2 1,198 1,403 1,153 1,695 155  Unmarried, no dependents 17.8 20.3 18.9 13.3 1,221 1,340 1,106 1,893 217  Married, no dependents 9.1 10.1 12.7 8.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 95  Unmarried, with dependents 10.4 17.5 16.7 9.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ 1,105 111  Married, with dependents 6.3 9.7 11.0 4.3 ‡ 1,337 ‡ ‡ 81 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 29.9 43.6 36.7 34.7 1,039 1,237 1,396 1,458 310  Lower middle quarter 28.4 39.1 39.7 37.6 1,036 1,303 1,440 1,612 294  Upper middle quarter 24.8 27.2 31.7 33.7 959 1,351 1,387 1,657 237  Highest quarter 8.8 11.9 14.1 16.3 1,103 1,228 1,443 1,624 98  Independent students Lowest quarter 18.8 23.7 24.1 15.3 1,135 1,288 1,149 1,642 214  Lower middle quarter 11.1 16.2 14.1 6.3 1,443 1,538 ‡ ‡ 160  Upper middle quarter 4.3 6.2 8.5 4.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 38  Highest quarter 5.5 2.8 5.0 1.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 54 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes federal, state, and institutional work-study programs.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving work-study aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

fo

Average work-study aid amount

Percent who received work-study aid1 for those receiving work-study aid

Average w

_______

178
Table B-3.21.—Among full-time, full-year undergraduates in private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, percentage of total pric

Table B-3.21.—financial aid and percentage of total financial aid awarded in grants, by dependency status and family income: 

Table B-3.21.—1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 73.6 71.2 80.6 85.3 50.2 52.8 57.8 59.4 61.7 Dependency status Dependent students 71.3 68.1 79.3 84.8 49.2 52.3 57.5 59.7 62.0  Independent students 85.0 85.2 87.1 87.5 54.8 54.8 59.7 58.0 60.2 

 Unmarried, no dependents 82.7 83.8 86.0 90.9 55.0 55.9 63.7 63.2 59.7  Married, no dependents 82.7 78.8 83.5 81.7 51.6 51.6 56.7 55.5 57.2  Unmarried, with dependents 99.6 89.8 89.8 80.4 58.9 55.1 57.3 56.5 68.2  Married, with dependents 84.2 90.4 89.7 94.4 54.1 53.9 56.3 54.6 58.5 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 89.9 93.8 90.2 94.2 60.7 64.4 67.2 68.4 68.1  Lower middle quarter 83.4 86.6 92.8 87.8 54.3 59.5 63.3 65.5 59.4  Upper middle quarter 78.4 79.1 82.5 88.7 45.0 52.6 56.3 59.4 58.2  Highest quarter 45.9 48.6 60.5 73.6 32.8 36.8 42.5 48.2 60.7  Independent students Lowest quarter 87.1 91.2 92.5 90.0 58.8 57.4 66.9 62.0 65.2  Lower middle quarter 86.5 81.1 86.6 87.0 53.4 55.6 57.7 56.9 60.4  Upper middle quarter 85.7 72.0 86.6 89.7 49.6 50.2 52.0 57.2 54.0  Highest quarter 72.9 82.0 73.6 77.7 46.3 47.2 50.6 47.0 49.1 

1Includes all types of financial aid: grants, loans, work-study, and other (such as employer’s benefits and veterans’ benefits).2Percentage of the total price of attendance (tuition and fees plus living expenses) that is met by any type of financial aid, among financial aid recipients.3Percentage of total financial aid that is awarded in the form of grants and scholarships among financial aid recipients.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 8 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Percent of total price met Percent of to

Private not-for-profit 4-year institutions

who received financial aid2

Percent who received by financial aid for students in gr

 any financial aid1 who rec

_______

179
Table B-4.0.—Percentage of undergraduates enrolled full-time, full-year, percentage distribution of full-time, full-year underg

Table B-4.0.—family income of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions, by depend

Table B-4.0.—1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 54.5 52.2 51.7 55.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 $16,616 $21

Dependency status Dependent students 59.4 56.8 57.5 63.6 32.0 33.5 31.6 29.6 26,838 33

 Independent students 52.5 50.6 49.4 52.3 68.0 66.5 68.4 70.4 11,894 15 Unmarried, no dependents 53.6 54.8 49.5 51.8 22.5 22.6 17.2 19.2 8,771 11 Married, no dependents 51.2 47.4 48.4 59.1 6.3 6.6 8.0 6.7 15,603 29 Unmarried, with dependents 56.1 48.2 48.0 51.5 18.9 17.9 21.6 24.4 8,710 8 Married, with dependents 48.9 49.5 51.3 52.0 20.3 19.4 21.6 20.2 17,163 23Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 62.6 50.5 49.2 67.0 49.2 39.7 37.4 50.8 10,627 13 Lower middle quarter 51.8 63.1 64.5 58.4 24.4 38.0 26.8 20.8 28,958 36 Upper middle quarter 64.9 64.1 66.7 59.6 18.3 14.3 19.8 18.3 45,897 50 Highest quarter 56.4 64.2 60.3 67.2 8.1 8.0 16.0 10.1 75,713 92 Independent students Lowest quarter 55.9 50.7 49.0 54.9 44.4 47.1 40.3 46.4 3,990 5 Lower middle quarter 54.6 50.2 54.0 53.8 32.1 26.9 31.3 31.5 11,359 14 Upper middle quarter 47.2 49.9 47.5 47.4 16.4 16.7 18.0 14.3 21,845 27 Highest quarter 39.6 49.0 43.2 43.9 7.2 9.4 10.4 7.8 40,144 52

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colufull-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year. Detail may not sum to totals because of roundingSOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Percent of students Percent distribution

enrolled full-time, full-year of full-time, full-year students Avera

_______

180
Table B-4.1.—Average tuition and net tuition after grants (if any) for full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit l

Table B-4.1.—institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93  Total $5,437 $5,256 $6,592 $7,505 $4,094 $3,992 Dependency status Dependent students 5,440 5,569 7,123 8,049 4,275 4,720  Independent students 5,429 5,104 6,345 7,277 3,996 3,631  Unmarried, no dependents 5,804 5,200 6,415 7,986 4,559 3,773  Married, no dependents 5,649 5,334 5,945 7,643 4,745 4,538  Unmarried, with dependents 5,052 4,791 6,371 6,802 3,178 3,036  Married, with dependents 5,297 5,201 6,415 7,057 3,904 3,702 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 5,183 5,479 7,016 7,125 3,322 3,727  Lower middle quarter 5,694 5,514 6,947 8,696 4,957 5,182  Upper middle quarter 5,555 6,228 7,405 9,087 5,257 6,126  Highest quarter 5,972 5,299 7,316 9,493 5,784 5,182  Independent students Lowest quarter 5,268 4,806 6,188 6,884 3,430 2,971  Lower middle quarter 5,682 5,116 6,474 7,624 4,417 3,708  Upper middle quarter 5,204 5,482 6,401 7,639 4,176 4,533  Highest quarter 5,818 5,848 6,461 7,556 5,230 5,114 

1Includes all tuition and required fees charged by the institution.2Equal to tuition and fees minus all grant aid received. Grants and scholarships are not necessarily limited to paying for tuition, but may cover other education

amount is greater than the tuition charges, the excess is applied to room and board or other expenses. In calculating the average of this measure of net tuition, 

amount exceeds tuition) were set to zero. The percentage of students with zero value for net tuition was 4 in 1989–90, 5 in 1992–93, 4 in 1995–96, and 5 in 19

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average tuition1 Average net tuition f

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

_______

181
Table B-4.2.—Average price of attendance, net price of attendance after aid (if any), and expected family contribution (EFC) f

Table B-4.2.—undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions, by dependency status and family income: 1989Table B-4.2.—and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total $11,496 $11,192 $12,915 $15,931 $7,545 $7,546 $7,995 $8,940 $2,581 $3

Dependency status Dependent students 10,963 11,174 12,727 15,954 7,422 7,511 7,594 8,757 4,220 5

 Independent students 11,727 11,204 13,001 15,922 7,583 7,546 8,180 9,016 1,813 2 Unmarried, no dependents 12,030 11,277 12,944 16,675 7,991 7,172 7,918 9,503 3,630 4

 Married, no dependents 11,964 11,655 12,529 16,268 8,270 8,883 8,585 10,563 1,569 2

 Unmarried, with dependents 11,382 10,802 13,005 15,080 6,791 7,413 8,168 8,258 556 

 Married, with dependents 11,639 11,335 13,222 16,109 7,657 7,647 8,252 8,959 1,054 1

Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 10,576 10,908 12,373 14,645 6,456 6,453 6,406 7,370 1,591 1 Lower middle quarter 11,238 10,853 12,492 16,743 7,655 7,431 6,900 9,329 3,913 5 Upper middle quarter 11,414 12,477 13,098 17,213 8,552 9,226 8,532 9,747 7,033 7 Highest quarter 11,465 12,118 13,480 18,643 10,032 9,931 10,340 12,772 14,736 21

 Independent students Lowest quarter 11,591 10,712 12,734 15,102 7,128 6,989 7,717 8,149 1,155 1 Lower middle quarter 11,961 11,270 13,018 16,329 7,900 7,240 8,161 9,049 1,912 2

 Upper middle quarter 11,496 11,821 13,386 17,134 7,675 8,672 8,415 10,216 2,003 2 Highest quarter 12,039 12,358 13,302 16,932 8,784 9,322 9,595 11,844 4,997 6

1Average student budget estimated by the institutions. Includes tuition and fees, books and supplies, room and board, transportation and personal expenses.2Equal to the price of attendance minus all grant and loan aid received. Includes students who received no financial aid.3The federal expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students and families are expected to contribute to the price of attendance at a postsecondary in

family contribution is calculated using federal need analysis methodology and takes into account dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings also in factors. The federal methodology was similar in 1989–90 and 1992–93. The Reauthorization of 1992 introduced many changes that are reflected in 1995–96 a

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average price of attendance1 Average net price of attendance2 Average expe

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

_______

182
Table B-4.3.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who had fina

Table B-4.3.—average amount of need, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 96.0 94.5 92.8 94.7 $9,600 $8,916 $10,804 $13,454 $9,217 $8

Dependency status Dependent students 91.1 89.8 87.2 90.3 8,159 7,891 9,507 12,224 7,431 7

 Independent students 98.3 96.7 95.4 96.6 10,225 9,385 11,353 13,937 10,054 9

 Unmarried, no dependents 95.5 94.3 95.6 97.4 9,215 7,785 10,249 13,474 8,800 7

 Married, no dependents 99.5 95.5 83.0 83.4 10,530 9,614 9,353 10,941 10,480 9

 Unmarried, with dependents 99.7 100.0 99.5 99.7 10,861 10,452 12,470 14,470 10,827 10 Married, with dependents 99.8 96.7 95.7 96.3 10,608 10,034 11,733 14,572 10,587 9Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 100.0 99.5 100.0 99.9 8,986 9,147 11,757 13,847 8,986 9

 Lower middle quarter 96.5 93.0 98.9 97.1 7,929 6,955 9,475 12,677 7,650 6

 Upper middle quarter 81.8 85.5 86.1 85.8 6,482 6,757 6,768 8,217 5,304 5

 Highest quarter 41.7 34.4 39.0 36.4 5,165 ‡ 3,874 ‡ 2,153 2 Independent students Lowest quarter 99.6 99.6 100.0 100.0 10,558 9,674 12,434 14,755 10,516 9

 Lower middle quarter 99.4 98.1 100.0 99.5 10,145 8,992 11,389 14,524 10,079 8

 Upper middle quarter 95.9 94.7 96.9 97.5 10,015 9,642 10,345 11,949 9,608 9

 Highest quarter 91.3 82.0 61.3 62.3 8,881 8,461 7,250 8,041 8,110 6

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Financial need is equal to the student budget minus the expected family contribution (EFC). The expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students a

contribute to the price of attendance, and is calculated based on dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings in college, and other related factors.

2Includes zero values (that is, those without financial need). Negative values were set to zero.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

 fo

Average amount of financial aid need Average amo

Percent who had financial aid need1 for those who had financial aid need

_______

183
Table B-4.4.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who had rem

Table B-4.4.—after receiving financial aid (if any) and average amount of remaining need, by dependency status and family incTable B-4.4.—1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 90.6 83.6 82.6 83.2 $5,811 $5,849 $6,241 $7,141 $5,263 $4

Dependency status Dependent students 82.1 74.7 72.9 75.2 4,954 4,970 5,124 6,398 4,065 3

 Independent students 94.6 87.8 87.1 86.6 6,157 6,203 6,673 7,412 5,822 5

 Unmarried, no dependents 88.5 74.8 81.7 83.6 5,433 4,679 5,720 6,929 4,810 3

 Married, no dependents 99.0 88.6 65.3 59.7 6,569 7,033 6,560 6,586 6,503 6

 Unmarried, with dependents 98.4 98.7 97.3 95.7 6,217 7,085 7,459 7,604 6,115 6 Married, with dependents 96.3 92.1 89.6 87.4 6,706 6,442 6,550 7,783 6,458 5Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 94.4 88.6 98.2 95.4 5,144 5,359 5,772 6,840 4,857 4

 Lower middle quarter 87.5 76.2 84.5 87.1 4,802 4,416 4,714 5,833 4,204 3

 Upper middle quarter 63.0 63.5 56.3 41.3 4,617 4,832 4,250 5,394 2,907 3

 Highest quarter 33.6 16.8 15.3 10.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 1,455 1 Independent students Lowest quarter 97.2 95.1 98.2 95.5 6,141 6,178 7,198 7,757 5,968 5

 Lower middle quarter 95.7 82.2 93.2 92.1 6,178 5,972 6,632 7,389 5,911 4

 Upper middle quarter 90.7 88.0 79.9 72.5 6,223 6,800 5,911 6,422 5,642 5

 Highest quarter 82.5 68.5 39.5 37.5 6,028 6,040 4,674 5,918 4,972 4

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Remaining financial need is equal to the student budget minus the expected family contribution (EFC) minus any financial aid received. The student budget is 

which includes tuition, fees, and living expenses. The expected family contribution (EFC) is the amount students and their parents are expected to contribute tand is calculated based on dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings in college, and other related factors.

2Includes zero values (that is, those without remaining financial need).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year. Negative values were set to zero.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Percent Average amount of remaining need Average am

who had remaining need after financial aid1 after financial aid for those who had need after financ

_______

184
Table B-4.5.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who received 

Table B-4.5.—average total amount of financial aid received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 87.7 78.8 87.8 92.9 $4,654 $4,819 $5,999 $7,984 $4,083 $3

Dependency status Dependent students 78.8 70.2 85.1 91.1 4,553 5,312 6,090 8,005 3,586 3

 Independent students 91.9 83.4 89.1 93.6 4,700 4,626 5,958 7,975 4,317 3

 Unmarried, no dependents 88.7 84.8 90.4 93.5 4,725 5,104 6,162 8,208 4,193 4

 Married, no dependents 90.1 63.1 75.0 90.3 4,443 4,949 5,675 7,818 4,002 3

 Unmarried, with dependents 96.3 87.8 88.2 94.3 4,916 3,922 5,863 7,660 4,732 3 Married, with dependents 91.8 84.5 94.1 94.1 4,539 4,658 5,977 8,187 4,166 3Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 90.4 92.0 97.2 96.7 4,614 4,931 6,186 7,584 4,171 4

 Lower middle quarter 77.5 57.8 93.3 89.7 4,700 6,064 6,050 8,543 3,643 3

 Upper middle quarter 64.0 57.5 74.9 86.2 4,520 5,682 6,094 8,734 2,891 3

 Highest quarter 45.7 45.2 55.8 74.7 3,162 4,839 5,799 7,889 1,444 2

 Independent students Lowest quarter 96.5 92.0 92.1 95.9 4,744 4,196 5,792 7,697 4,580 3

 Lower middle quarter 88.8 86.0 88.4 95.0 4,739 4,870 5,975 8,168 4,206 4

 Upper middle quarter 89.6 66.8 91.1 92.5 4,674 5,244 6,407 8,427 4,189 3

 Highest quarter 82.3 59.8 75.5 77.1 4,204 5,609 5,752 8,077 3,461 3

1May consist of any type of aid, including grants (or scholarships), loans, work-study, employer aid, federal veterans’ benefits, Parent Loans to Undergraduate 

private aid.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving financial aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

fo

Average total amount of financial aid Average tota

Percent who received any financial aid1 for those who received financial aid

_______

185
Table B-4.6.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who received 

Table B-4.6.—grant amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 66.5 60.4 61.9 69.2 $2,110 $2,175 $2,341 $3,032 $1,404 $1

Dependency status Dependent students 57.1 45.3 49.5 63.4 2,155 1,906 2,147 2,889 1,231 

 Independent students 71.1 68.0 67.7 71.6 2,095 2,268 2,406 3,085 1,490 1

 Unmarried, no dependents 65.2 65.0 52.0 55.6 1,960 2,299 2,321 2,904 1,278 1

 Married, no dependents 49.2 33.9 41.7 32.5 1,880 2,590 1,708 3,395 925  Unmarried, with dependents 83.9 82.2 80.9 89.5 2,352 2,176 2,569 3,239 1,973 1 Married, with dependents 72.6 70.1 76.6 78.1 1,995 2,280 2,421 2,953 1,449 1Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 81.0 85.4 84.7 90.4 2,437 2,089 2,454 3,172 1,973 1

 Lower middle quarter 49.4 25.7 50.4 47.9 1,565 1,331 1,582 2,562 773  Upper middle quarter 21.2 6.9 19.0 33.9 1,466 ‡ ‡ 1,497 311  Highest quarter 16.7 5.1 3.4 12.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 189  Independent students Lowest quarter 84.5 86.7 84.6 91.7 2,275 2,163 2,385 3,113 1,923 1

 Lower middle quarter 66.4 64.8 62.5 67.9 1,962 2,176 2,518 3,191 1,302 1

 Upper middle quarter 61.2 43.1 64.0 47.7 1,727 2,540 2,254 2,711 1,057 1

 Highest quarter 32.2 26.6 23.6 10.2 1,941 3,760 ‡ ‡ 624 1

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes grants and scholarships awarded by any source: federal, state, institutional, or private.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving grant aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Average gran

Average grant amount

Percent who received grants1 for those who received grants

_______

186
Table B-4.7.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who received 

Table B-4.7.—average federal grant amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, an

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 62.5 55.6 54.1 64.5 $1,784 $1,908 $1,849 $2,475 $1,115 $1

Dependency status Dependent students 49.7 39.9 40.8 54.3 1,743 1,758 1,780 2,249 866  Independent students 68.7 63.5 60.3 68.8 1,799 1,955 1,871 2,550 1,236 1

 Unmarried, no dependents 62.0 59.4 40.7 49.9 1,698 1,933 1,684 2,267 1,053 1 Married, no dependents 46.9 28.3 28.6 30.1 1,701 1,928 1,473 2,350 798  Unmarried, with dependents 83.1 79.9 76.4 88.5 1,967 1,981 2,012 2,712 1,635 1 Married, with dependents 69.4 65.1 71.5 75.9 1,732 1,953 1,862 2,524 1,202 1Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 77.5 83.7 82.0 87.0 1,939 1,874 2,000 2,515 1,502 1

 Lower middle quarter 38.4 14.9 35.9 34.6 1,098 1,125 1,141 1,343 422  Upper middle quarter 11.2 4.5 2.7 12.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 111  Highest quarter 2.6 1.2 # 5.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 59  Independent students Lowest quarter 83.1 86.0 82.1 90.6 1,945 2,002 1,939 2,562 1,617 1

 Lower middle quarter 63.7 59.3 52.7 65.2 1,711 1,899 1,952 2,763 1,090 1

 Upper middle quarter 58.4 35.3 53.7 42.3 1,505 1,756 1,621 1,746 878  Highest quarter 24.9 12.7 9.4 2.6 1,360 2,071 ‡ ‡ 339 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes the Pell Grant, Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (SEOG), Robert Byrd Scholarships, and all other federal grants, fellowships, and traine

federal veterans’ benefits or military aid.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving federal grant aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

fo

Average federal grant amount Average 

Percent who received a federal grant1 for those who received federal grants

_______

187
Table B-4.8.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who received 

Table B-4.8.—average amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 61.1 54.2 53.9 63.4 $1,718 $1,793 $1,733 $2,387 $1,050 Dependency status Dependent students 49.2 38.8 40.8 50.9 1,640 1,677 1,618 2,245 808  Independent students 67.0 61.9 59.9 68.7 1,745 1,828 1,769 2,432 1,169 1

 Unmarried, no dependents 60.3 57.7 40.3 49.9 1,638 1,786 1,576 2,178 988 1

 Married, no dependents 43.4 27.1 27.6 30.1 1,753 1,758 1,382 2,210 760  Unmarried, with dependents 81.8 78.4 76.2 88.5 1,911 1,892 1,902 2,563 1,564 1

 Married, with dependents 67.8 63.4 71.3 75.5 1,660 1,810 1,769 2,435 1,125 1Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 77.0 81.1 81.8 86.6 1,828 1,808 1,826 2,407 1,407 1

 Lower middle quarter 37.5 14.6 35.9 29.3 1,006 948 1,016 ‡ 377  Upper middle quarter 11.2 4.5 2.7 4.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 104  Highest quarter 2.6 1.2 # # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 59  Independent students Lowest quarter 82.4 84.3 81.4 90.6 1,877 1,907 1,824 2,461 1,546 1

 Lower middle quarter 61.3 58.2 52.6 65.2 1,692 1,796 1,865 2,580 1,038 1 Upper middle quarter 55.3 32.8 53.5 41.8 1,453 1,421 1,535 1,697 804  Highest quarter 22.8 11.4 9.4 1.8 ‡ 1,455 ‡ ‡ 241 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving Pell Grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Average Pell Grant amount Average 

Percent who received a Pell Grant for those who received Pell Grants fo

_______

188
Table B-4.9.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who received 

Table B-4.9.—Educational Opportunity Grants (SEOG) and average amount received, by dependency status and family incomTable B-4.9.—1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 10.6 12.9 15.6 22.7 $457 $520 $432 $347 $49 Dependency status Dependent students 10.5 8.1 14.0 17.9 479 558 479 397 50  Independent students 10.7 15.4 16.3 24.7 448 502 414 332 48  Unmarried, no dependents 9.0 13.1 10.6 15.6 450 515 472 292 41  Married, no dependents 6.1 5.8 9.1 11.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 31  Unmarried, with dependents 13.7 21.2 21.9 37.6 483 442 405 351 66  Married, with dependents 11.2 16.0 18.0 22.4 394 480 393 311 44 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 16.2 18.0 29.1 24.2 526 570 499 424 85  Lower middle quarter 9.4 2.7 10.7 16.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 30  Upper middle quarter 1.5 0.4 1.3 8.4 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 7  Highest quarter # # # 5.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Independent students Lowest quarter 12.2 21.0 24.5 30.1 457 484 435 304 56  Lower middle quarter 11.5 14.0 13.4 29.9 396 582 363 372 46  Upper middle quarter 8.7 9.1 12.2 8.8 470 526 408 ‡ 41  Highest quarter 2.9 2.2 0.7 1.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 27 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Percent who received a Supplemental

Average SEOG amount 

for those who received Supplemental

 Educational Opportunity Grant Educational Opportunity Grants Average SEOG 

_______

189
Table B-4.10.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who received 

Table B-4.10.—federal sources and average amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 13.9 10.1 20.8 21.1 $2,081 $2,499 $2,157 $2,367 $289 Dependency status Dependent students 18.8 11.2 19.8 28.6 1,942 1,454 1,697 2,133 364  Independent students 11.6 9.8 21.3 18.0 2,186 3,100 2,354 2,524 254  Unmarried, no dependents 10.9 12.0 20.5 18.5 2,071 2,887 2,545 2,602 225  Married, no dependents 6.8 6.7 16.3 10.4 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 127  Unmarried, with dependents 14.2 9.6 24.7 20.8 2,390 2,136 2,189 2,397 338  Married, with dependents 11.6 8.2 20.4 16.5 2,133 3,992 2,570 2,364 247 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 20.8 12.9 23.0 32.1 2,265 1,667 1,905 2,126 471  Lower middle quarter 20.4 14.1 26.5 27.9 1,715 1,246 1,463 ‡ 351  Upper middle quarter 13.1 3.9 17.8 30.4 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 200  Highest quarter 14.2 4.0 3.4 9.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 130  Independent students Lowest quarter 14.4 8.8 22.4 22.2 2,135 1,731 1,901 2,401 306  Lower middle quarter 9.7 8.4 20.2 15.7 2,190 3,371 2,696 2,337 212  Upper middle quarter 8.6 10.6 23.8 14.6 2,078 ‡ 2,399 3,796 179  Highest quarter 9.8 14.4 15.5 7.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 286 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes state, institutional, and privately-funded grants.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving non-federal grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Average non-federal grant amount Average non

Percent who received a non-federal grant1 for those receiving non-federal grants fo

_______

190
Table B-4.11.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who received 

Table B-4.11.—and average amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 7.0 3.5 11.9 12.8 $2,093 $2,166 $2,738 $2,133 $147 Dependency status Dependent students 9.3 4.8 10.6 18.4 2,096 1,798 2,000 1,904 194  Independent students 6.0 2.9 12.5 10.4 2,092 2,463 3,029 2,303 125  Unmarried, no dependents 5.3 3.8 13.1 8.9 1,962 ‡ 3,206 ‡ 103  Married, no dependents 3.5 2.2 6.2 5.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 70  Unmarried, with dependents 7.9 3.0 14.5 11.4 2,298 ‡ 2,830 2,015 182  Married, with dependents 5.7 1.9 12.3 12.2 1,979 ‡ 3,145 2,160 113 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 11.7 6.3 13.3 23.7 2,310 ‡ 2,409 1,763 271  Lower middle quarter 10.3 4.7 12.4 19.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 192  Upper middle quarter 5.5 2.8 11.6 13.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 77  Highest quarter # 2.6 # # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ #  Independent students Lowest quarter 7.2 4.0 12.7 14.5 2,128 2,228 2,546 2,065 153  Lower middle quarter 5.0 1.7 10.8 7.7 2,156 ‡ 3,583 ‡ 107  Upper middle quarter 4.9 2.8 16.7 7.4 ‡ ‡ 3,114 ‡ 90  Highest quarter 5.2 0.6 9.3 2.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 108 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving state-funded grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Average state-funded grant amount Average sta

Percent who received a state-funded grant for those receiving state-funded grants fo

_______

191
Table B-4.12.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who received 

Table B-4.12.—average amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 4.3 4.0 7.9 5.7 $1,716 $1,381 $763 $1,021 $73 Dependency status Dependent students 6.0 4.7 7.8 10.0 1,548 900 981 1,047 93  Independent students 3.5 3.6 7.9 3.8 1,853 1,698 663 992 64  Unmarried, no dependents 3.7 4.9 6.2 4.9 ‡ 1,396 ‡ ‡ 67  Married, no dependents 1.3 1.2 7.6 2.4 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 13  Unmarried, with dependents 4.7 4.4 9.2 3.6 ‡ ‡ 768 554 107  Married, with dependents 2.7 2.2 8.0 3.5 ‡ ‡ 713 ‡ 37 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 6.4 4.9 9.6 9.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 117  Lower middle quarter 5.5 6.6 10.3 8.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 69  Upper middle quarter 5.2 0.3 5.8 16.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 65  Highest quarter 6.7 3.3 2.1 2.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 85  Independent students Lowest quarter 4.8 3.6 9.4 4.2 1,937 836 767 755 93  Lower middle quarter 3.0 2.9 7.2 3.0 ‡ ‡ 582 ‡ 57  Upper middle quarter 1.3 4.5 8.9 4.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 13  Highest quarter 1.9 3.6 2.3 3.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 30 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving institutional grants).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Percent who received Average institutional grant amount Average ins

an institutional grant for those receiving institutional grants fo

_______

192
Table B-4.13.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who received 

Table B-4.13.—average annual amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 19

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 73.7 53.5 69.8 76.0 $3,462 $4,363 $4,935 $6,439 $2,550 $2

Dependency status Dependent students 66.1 56.5 76.8 74.4 3,500 4,966 5,259 7,215 2,315 2

 Independent students 77.1 52.3 66.5 76.7 3,443 4,049 4,762 6,123 2,656 2

 Unmarried, no dependents 75.5 58.1 71.7 83.7 3,661 4,522 5,321 6,641 2,765 2

 Married, no dependents 75.9 43.7 60.0 68.8 3,650 4,334 5,373 6,691 2,769 1

 Unmarried, with dependents 81.8 49.4 62.3 73.4 3,206 3,198 4,364 5,346 2,621 1 Married, with dependents 75.0 51.0 69.0 76.7 3,376 4,097 4,461 6,315 2,533 2Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 70.9 65.5 83.6 67.4 3,028 4,075 4,553 6,542 2,148 2

 Lower middle quarter 72.3 52.5 87.7 85.7 3,900 5,913 5,470 7,220 2,820 3

 Upper middle quarter 60.6 56.4 69.7 83.5 4,233 5,586 6,070 8,334 2,563 3

 Highest quarter 31.2 42.8 51.4 69.9 ‡ 4,828 5,983 8,052 1,244 2

 Independent students Lowest quarter 77.5 53.1 68.6 71.4 3,282 3,507 4,296 5,740 2,545 1

 Lower middle quarter 77.5 59.8 65.4 84.7 3,562 4,344 4,986 6,034 2,760 2

 Upper middle quarter 78.8 43.6 68.0 83.6 3,507 4,717 5,192 6,726 2,764 2

 Highest quarter 69.0 41.2 59.2 63.4 3,814 4,944 5,255 7,709 2,630 2

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes all types of loans, including those funded by federal, state, institutional, or private sources. Also includes the Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students 

taken out by parents of dependent undergraduates.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Average annual l

Average annual loan amount

Percent who received a student loan1 for those receiving loans

_______

193
Table B-4.14.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who received 

Table B-4.14.—and average annual amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, an

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 73.3 53.1 67.5 75.2 $3,439 $4,305 $4,895 $5,926 $2,521 $2

Dependency status Dependent students 65.6 56.2 75.2 73.4 3,466 4,875 5,137 6,692 2,274 2

 Independent students 76.9 51.7 63.9 75.9 3,425 4,006 4,764 5,616 2,635 2

 Unmarried, no dependents 75.2 57.8 68.0 83.0 3,647 4,499 5,406 6,045 2,742 2

 Married, no dependents 75.4 43.2 57.1 67.8 3,632 4,328 5,271 6,081 2,739 1

 Unmarried, with dependents 81.6 49.0 60.9 72.3 3,181 3,124 4,373 5,147 2,596 1 Married, with dependents 74.9 50.1 66.1 76.0 3,364 4,046 4,436 5,571 2,520 2Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 70.8 65.1 80.1 66.2 3,024 4,063 4,465 6,235 2,140 2

 Lower middle quarter 72.0 52.2 87.7 85.7 3,868 5,697 5,272 6,674 2,783 2

 Upper middle quarter 59.6 56.4 69.7 81.8 4,170 5,546 5,971 7,483 2,485 3

 Highest quarter 28.9 42.8 49.8 69.3 ‡ 4,732 5,827 7,247 1,078 2

 Independent students Lowest quarter 77.5 53.0 65.1 70.6 3,272 3,448 4,384 5,263 2,534 1

 Lower middle quarter 77.0 58.9 63.2 84.4 3,529 4,324 4,975 5,797 2,717 2

 Upper middle quarter 78.3 43.3 65.6 81.9 3,489 4,665 5,106 5,871 2,732 2

 Highest quarter 69.0 39.2 58.2 61.9 3,805 5,008 5,059 6,393 2,624 1

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes Perkins, Stafford (subsidized and unsubsidized), federal loans through the Public Health Service, and the Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PL

taken out by parents.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving federal loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Average annual federal loan amount Average ann

Percent who received a federal loan1 for those receiving federal loans fo

_______

194
Table B-4.15.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who received 

Table B-4.15.—and average annual amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, an

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 5.9 3.0 3.8 1.7 $1,593 $1,668 $1,656 $1,460 $93 Dependency status Dependent students 6.2 3.3 6.7 3.0 1,400 1,534 1,822 ‡ 87  Independent students 5.7 2.7 2.5 1.1 1,692 1,711 1,450 ‡ 97  Unmarried, no dependents 6.4 3.1 3.8 1.4 1,352 ‡ ‡ ‡ 87  Married, no dependents 10.9 0.7 4.4 2.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 273  Unmarried, with dependents 3.8 2.1 1.8 0.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 63  Married, with dependents 5.1 3.6 1.5 1.0 1,670 ‡ ‡ ‡ 85 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 6.3 5.7 8.6 4.0 1,289 ‡ ‡ ‡ 81  Lower middle quarter 9.1 2.6 10.3 4.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 133  Upper middle quarter 3.7 0.4 3.5 # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 57  Highest quarter 2.8 0.7 # # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 54  Independent students Lowest quarter 4.7 2.9 2.9 0.1 1,567 1,696 ‡ ‡ 74  Lower middle quarter 6.5 4.1 2.9 1.8 1,480 ‡ ‡ ‡ 96  Upper middle quarter 7.1 2.2 2.0 3.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 149  Highest quarter 5.2 # 0.6 # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 119 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving Perkins loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

 fo

Average annual Perkins loan amount

Percent who received a Perkins loan for those receiving Perkins loans

Average ann

_______

195
Table B-4.16.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who received 

Table B-4.16.—Stafford loans and average annual amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–9

Table B-4.16.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 69.4 50.5 62.1 71.0 $2,423 $2,834 $2,583 $2,689 $1,682 $1

Dependency status Dependent students 61.8 52.1 65.1 64.6 2,441 2,981 2,733 2,880 1,508 1

 Independent students 73.0 50.0 60.8 73.7 2,417 2,759 2,509 2,619 1,764 1

 Unmarried, no dependents 71.1 56.0 64.8 81.7 2,413 2,809 2,591 2,702 1,716 1

 Married, no dependents 68.4 42.2 49.3 60.6 2,350 2,919 2,567 2,715 1,608 1

 Unmarried, with dependents 78.2 46.8 59.7 71.4 2,463 2,536 2,467 2,517 1,926 1 Married, with dependents 71.7 48.4 62.9 73.3 2,393 2,842 2,466 2,626 1,715 1Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 68.7 63.9 75.3 65.3 2,415 2,831 2,718 2,833 1,659 1

 Lower middle quarter 68.8 47.4 79.3 81.5 2,562 3,120 2,730 2,756 1,763 1

 Upper middle quarter 54.2 52.9 58.4 65.0 2,390 3,146 2,870 3,205 1,295 1

 Highest quarter 15.5 24.2 25.7 25.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 301  Independent students Lowest quarter 74.3 51.6 63.9 70.3 2,424 2,612 2,476 2,551 1,801 1

 Lower middle quarter 74.2 56.8 60.9 83.7 2,406 2,767 2,520 2,697 1,786 1

 Upper middle quarter 71.4 40.1 62.5 80.5 2,417 2,988 2,577 2,612 1,725 1

 Highest quarter 62.4 38.9 45.2 41.8 2,414 3,281 2,489 2,702 1,507 1

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving subsidized Stafford loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Average annual subsidized Stafford

Average ann

loan amo

Percent who received loan amount for those 

a subsidized Stafford loan receiving subsidized Stafford loans

_______

196
Table B-4.17.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who received 

Table B-4.17.—Stafford loans or Supplemental Loans for Students (SLS) and average annual amount received, by dependency 

Table B-4.17.—income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 21.8 14.8 39.1 58.5 $2,531 $2,936 $3,202 $3,364 $553 Dependency status Dependent students 4.2 6.7 23.4 38.8 2,855 2,982 3,243 3,284 119  Independent students 30.1 19.0 46.4 66.8 2,502 2,937 3,193 3,383 753  Unmarried, no dependents 34.1 27.4 58.9 79.4 2,640 3,111 3,290 3,517 900 

 Married, no dependents 29.3 17.4 49.7 63.6 2,796 3,077 3,381 3,847 820  Unmarried, with dependents 27.4 8.9 38.7 59.2 2,187 2,415 3,003 3,103 600 

 Married, with dependents 28.3 19.2 42.9 65.0 2,510 2,825 3,176 3,387 711 

Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 4.3 6.2 20.5 32.8 ‡ ‡ 2,990 3,213 108  Lower middle quarter 5.5 8.5 17.4 44.0 ‡ ‡ 3,465 3,504 170  Upper middle quarter 2.9 6.1 29.3 39.2 ‡ ‡ 3,254 3,422 92  Highest quarter 2.4 2.8 32.7 57.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ 2,969 94  Independent students Lowest quarter 28.6 12.7 41.1 58.6 2,237 2,777 2,994 3,177 641  Lower middle quarter 30.9 26.5 48.7 75.3 2,631 2,984 3,211 3,332 813  Upper middle quarter 31.4 23.2 51.9 78.2 2,641 3,001 3,291 3,428 829  Highest quarter 31.9 19.7 50.5 59.5 3,104 3,041 3,592 4,748 990 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1The Supplemental Loans for Students (SLS) program was in effect during the 1989–90 and 1992–93 NPSAS survey years. Normally, only students who were 

independent were eligible to receive loans through this program but dependents could qualify under unusual circumstances. The Supplemental Loans for Studeand replaced by the unsubsidized Stafford loan program in 1994 as a result of the 1992 Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act. The main difference betwthat the unsubsidized Stafford loan program allows dependent as well as independent students to receive unsubsidized student loans.

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving unsubsidized Stafford loans or loans through the Supplemental Loans for Students program).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colufull-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Percent who received 

Average annual unsubsidized Stafford or SLS

loan amount for those receiving Average annual u

 unsubsidized Stafford or SLS loans1 unsubsidized Stafford or SLS loans loan amo

_______

197
Table B-4.18.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions whose paren

Table B-4.18.—PLUS loan and average annual amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total † † † † † † † † † Dependency status Dependent students 17.5 26.7 25.4 30.3 $3,192 $3,451 $4,740 $5,708 $558  Independent students † † † † † † † † †  Unmarried, no dependents † † † † † † † † †  Married, no dependents † † † † † † † † †  Unmarried, with dependents † † † † † † † † †  Married, with dependents † † † † † † † † † Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 10.1 17.8 19.2 22.9 2,855 3,147 3,943 5,077 288  Lower middle quarter 23.5 32.6 36.9 33.3 3,053 3,560 4,486 5,520 717 1 Upper middle quarter 29.6 36.8 26.8 43.0 3,511 3,431 5,547 6,267 1,041 1

 Highest quarter 16.9 30.2 19.2 38.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 629 1 Independent students Lowest quarter † † † † † † † † †  Lower middle quarter † † † † † † † † †  Upper middle quarter † † † † † † † † †  Highest quarter †††† †††† †

†Not applicable.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Among dependent students only. The Parent Loan to Undergraduate Students (PLUS) is taken out by parents of dependent undergraduate students and is not s

not show financial need but must be creditworthy. Repayment of the loan begins immediately. The maximum amount of a PLUS loan can be as high as the tot

2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving PLUS loans).3Dependent students only.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

fo

Average annual PLUS loan amount

Percent who received a PLUS loan1 for those receiving PLUS loans

Average ann

_______

198
Table B-4.19.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who received 

Table B-4.19.—non-federal sources and average annual amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1

Table B-4.19.—1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 1.4 1.8 6.9 7.8 $2,074 $2,753 $2,022 $5,692 $29 Dependency status Dependent students 2.0 2.3 6.8 8.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ 5,245 41  Independent students 1.1 1.6 7.0 7.4 ‡ 2,717 1,778 5,912 21  Unmarried, no dependents 1.5 1.3 7.9 8.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 23  Married, no dependents 0.9 0.5 10.6 9.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 30  Unmarried, with dependents 0.9 1.7 3.9 4.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 25  Married, with dependents 0.8 2.2 8.1 8.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ 7,066 14 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 1.2 1.2 8.9 6.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 8  Lower middle quarter 1.9 3.6 7.5 9.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 37  Upper middle quarter 3.8 2.9 3.0 12.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 78  Highest quarter 3.4 1.4 5.4 10.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 167  Independent students Lowest quarter 0.7 1.3 5.2 5.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ 6,661 10  Lower middle quarter 1.8 2.1 6.2 5.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 42  Upper middle quarter 1.5 1.3 12.6 13.4 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 31  Highest quarter 0.4 2.3 6.8 12.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 6 

‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes loans from state, institutional, and private/other sources. Does not include loans from family or friends.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving non-federal loans).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

Average annual non-federal loan amount Average annua

Percent who received a non-federal loan1 for those receiving non-federal loans fo

_______

199
Table B-4.20.—Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions who received 

Table B-4.20.—average amount received, by dependency status and family income: 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 1.5 0.7 0.4 1.6 $948 $2,849 ‡ ‡ $14 Dependency status Dependent students 1.4 0.5 0.3 2.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 11  Independent students 1.6 0.7 0.4 1.5 1,024 ‡ ‡ ‡ 16  Unmarried, no dependents 2.3 0.4 0.2 2.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 20  Married, no dependents 3.5 0.9 0.6 0.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 37  Unmarried, with dependents 1.1 1.1 0.5 1.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 14  Married, with dependents 0.5 0.8 0.3 1.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 7 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 0.6 1.0 0.3 2.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 8  Lower middle quarter 1.6 0.3 0.7 3.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 13  Upper middle quarter 2.1 # # 1.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 13  Highest quarter 3.5 # # # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 11  Independent students Lowest quarter 1.8 0.9 0.5 2.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 18  Lower middle quarter 1.6 0.4 0.2 1.4 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 16  Upper middle quarter 1.4 0.7 0.6 # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 14  Highest quarter 0.6 0.6 # # ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 5 

#Rounds to zero.‡Reporting standards not met. (Too few cases.)

1Includes federal, state, and institutional work-study programs.2Includes zero values (that is, those not receiving work-study aid).

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

fo

Average work-study aid amount

Percent who received work-study aid1 for those receiving work-study aid

Average w

_______

200
Table B-4.21.—Among full-time, full-year undergraduates in private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions, percentage of tota

Table B-4.21.—met by financial aid and percentage of total financial aid awarded in grants, by dependency status and family i

Table B-4.21.—1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency statusand family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 1989–90 199 Total 87.7 78.8 87.8 92.9 41.4 42.5 46.6 49.2 37.4 Dependency status Dependent students 78.8 70.2 85.1 91.1 42.6 45.6 47.9 49.1 37.4  Independent students 91.9 83.4 89.1 93.6 41.0 41.3 46.0 49.3 37.5 

 Unmarried, no dependents 88.7 84.8 90.4 93.5 39.7 44.9 47.4 48.8 34.3  Married, no dependents 90.1 63.1 75.0 90.3 38.2 42.4 44.7 46.3 27.3  Unmarried, with dependents 96.3 87.8 88.2 94.3 44.3 37.0 45.4 50.0 43.8  Married, with dependents 91.8 84.5 94.1 94.1 40.1 41.1 45.9 49.8 37.7 Family income Dependent students Lowest quarter 90.4 92.0 97.2 96.7 44.5 45.3 50.4 49.6 50.9  Lower middle quarter 77.5 57.8 93.3 89.7 43.0 49.3 48.5 50.0 22.7  Upper middle quarter 64.0 57.5 74.9 86.2 39.4 45.7 44.7 49.4 12.0  Highest quarter 45.7 45.2 55.8 74.7 26.8 34.8 41.2 42.8 29.9  Independent students Lowest quarter 96.5 92.0 92.1 95.9 42.1 39.2 45.7 49.4 46.2  Lower middle quarter 88.8 86.0 88.4 95.0 40.2 43.3 46.2 49.9 33.4  Upper middle quarter 89.6 66.8 91.1 92.5 41.2 43.4 47.8 48.2 28.1  Highest quarter 82.3 59.8 75.5 77.1 36.5 45.5 43.0 47.0 17.9 

1Includes all types of financial aid: grants, loans, work-study, and other (such as employer’s benefits and veterans’ benefits).2Percentage of the total price of attendance (tuition and fees plus living expenses) that is met by any type of financial aid, among financial aid recipients.3Percentage of total financial aid that is awarded in the form of grants and scholarships among financial aid recipients.

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the 50 states, the District of Colu

full-time, full-year status, students must be enrolled full time for 6 or more months during the academic year.SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000 National Postsecondary StuNPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Percent of total price met Percent of to

Private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions

who received financial aid2

Percent who received by financial aid for students in gr

 any financial aid1 who rec

_______

201
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203 

Appendix C—Glossary 

This glossary describes the variables used in this report. The variables were taken directly from the NCES 

NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000 Data Analysis System (DAS), an NCES software application that generates tables from the 

NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000 data. A description of the DAS software can be found in appendix D. 

In the index below, the variables are organized by general topic and, within topic, listed in the order in which they 

appear in the tables. The glossary is in alphabetical order by variable name (displayed in capital letters to the right of 

the label). 

Glossary Index 

STUDENT/INSTITUTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Attendance status and institution type 

 NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000..........................ATTNINST 

Dependency and marital status 

 NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000.........................DEPEND5A 

Dependent student income percentile 

 NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000...............................PCTDEP 

Independent student income percentile 

 NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000.......................... PCTINDEP 

Tuition and fees 

 NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000........................... TUITION2 

Price of attendance 

NPSAS:90...............................................BUDGETFT 

NPSAS:93..............................................BUDGETAR 

NPSAS:96...............................................BUDGETAJ 

NPSAS:2000...........................................BUDGETA2 

Citizenship 

NPSAS:90..................................................CTZNSHP 

NPSAS:93................................................CTZNSHP2 

NPSAS:96, 2000........................................ CITIZEN2 

TOTAL FINANCIAL AID

Total financial aid 

NPSAS:90............................................... TOTAIDRR 

NPSAS:93................................................ TOTAIDR2 

NPSAS:96, 2000...........................................TOTAID 

Total grants 

NPSAS:90, 93........................................... TOTGRTR 

NPSAS:96, 2000..........................................TOTGRT 

Total loans 

NPSAS:90, 96, 2000...............................TOTLOAN2 

NPSAS:93..................................................TOTLN2R 

Work-study 

 NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000.......................... TOTWKST 

Ratio of total aid to price of attendance 

NPSAS:90................................................... AIDCST2 

NPSAS:93 ...................................................AIDCST5 

NPSAS:96, 2000 .........................................AIDCST1 

Ratio of grant aid to total aid 

NPSAS:90, 93 ...........................................GRTPCTR 

NPSAS:96, 2000 ..........................................GRTPCT 

FEDERAL AID 

Total federal grants 

 NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000 ...........................TFEDGRT 

Pell Grants 

 NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000 ...........................PELLAMT 

SEOG 

 NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000 ..........................SEOGAMT 

Total federal loans (including PLUS) 

NPSAS:90 ............................................... TFEDLN2R 

NPSAS:93, 96, 2000 ..................................TFEDLN2 

Stafford subsidized loans 

NPSAS:90, 93 .............................................. STAFFR 

NPSAS:96, 2000 ........................................STAFSUB 

Stafford unsubsidized loans 

NPSAS:90, 93 ....................................................SLSR 

NPSAS:96, 2000 .....................................STAFUNSB 

Perkins loans 

 NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000 ..........................PERKAMT 

PLUS loans 

NPSAS:90 ..............................................PLUSAMTR 

NPSAS:93, 2000 ...................................... PLUSAMT 

NPSAS:96 .............................................. PLUSAMT3 

NON-FEDERAL AID 

Institutional grants 

NPSAS:90 ............................................... INSTGRTR 

NPSAS:93, 96, 2000 ..............................INGRTAMT 

State-funded grants 

NPSAS:90 ....................................................STGRTR 

NPSAS:93, 96, 2000 ................................ STGTAMT 
Appendix C—Glossary

204 

Other grant aid 

NPSAS:90.................................................OTHGRTR 

NPSAS:93.................................................OTHGTAR 

NPSAS:96, 2000................................... OTHGTAMT 

Total non-federal grants 

NPSAS:90...............................................TNFEDGRR 

NPSAS:93, 96, 2000...............................TNFEDGRT 

Total non-federal loans 

NPSAS:90...............................................TNFEDLNR 

NPSAS:93, 96, 2000................................. TNFEDLN 

NET PRICE AND NEED

Expected Family Contribution (EFC) 

 NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000.................................... EFC4 

Need for financial aid 

NPSAS:90.................................................. FTNEED1 

NPSAS:93................................................ SNEED3R2 

NPSAS:96, 2000...........................................SNEED1 

Remaining need after financial aid 

NPSAS:90 ..................................................FTNEED2 

NPSAS:93 ................................................SNEED5R2 

NPSAS:96, 2000 .......................................... SNEED2 

Net price of attendance 

 NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000 ..........................NETCST20 

Net tuition 

NPSAS:90, 96, 2000 ..................................NETCST9 

NPSAS:93 ............................................... NETCST7R 
Appendix C—Glossary 

Data Variable 

205 

Ratio of total aid to price of attendance AIDCST2 (NPSAS:90) 

AIDCST5 (NPSAS:93) 

AIDCST1 (NPSAS:96, 2000) 

Indicates the ratio of total aid to the full-time, full-year student budget during the NPSAS year for full-time, full-year 

students. This is equal to the total of all aid, divided by the full-time, full-year student budget.

Attendance status and institution type ATTNINST (NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000)

Full-time/full-year status for each of the four types of title IV eligible institutions listed below. Only includes 

students who attended one institution and did not become graduate/first-professional students during the NPSAS 

year. At public (2- and 4-year) and private not-for-profit 4-year institutions, students are considered to have enrolled 

for a full year if they were enrolled 8 or more months full time during the NPSAS year. For private for-profit-lessthan-4-year institutions, however, students meet the full-year requirement if they enrolled at least 6 months full time. 

Months did not have to be contiguous and students did not have to be enrolled for a full month in order to be 

considered enrolled for that month. 

Public 2-year 

Public 4-year 

Private not-for-profit 

Private for-profit less-than-4-year 

Price of attendance BUDGETFT (NPSAS:90) 

BUDGETAR (NPSAS:93) 

BUDGETAJ (NPSAS:96) 

BUDGETA2 (NPSAS:2000) 

Indicates total student budget for full-time, full-year students at the NPSAS institutions. Students attending more than 

one institution were not included. The student budget includes tuition and fees and the total non-tuition expense 

allowances. Non-tuition expenses include books and supplies, room and board (or housing and food allowances), 

transportation, and personal expenses.

Citizenship CTZNSHP (NPSAS:90) 

CTZNSHP2 (NPSAS:93) 

CITIZEN2 (NPSAS:96, 2000) 

Indicates student’s citizenship status. All tables excluded ineligible non-citizens. 

U.S. citizen Student was a U.S. citizen. 

Resident alien Student was not a U.S. citizen but was eligible for financial 

aid. 

Foreign/international student Student was not a U.S. citizen and was not eligible for 

financial aid (includes those holding student or exchange 

visitor visas). 
Appendix C—Glossary 

Data Variable

206 

Dependency and marital status DEPEND5A (NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000) 

Identifies independent students by marital status and whether they had dependents of their own. Married but 

separated students were classified as married. Students were considered to be independent if they met any of the 

following criteria: 

1) Student was 24 or older on December 31 of the current academic year; 

2) Student was a veteran of the U.S. Armed Forces; 

3) Student was enrolled in a graduate or professional program; 

4) Student was married; 

5) Student was an orphan or ward of the court; or 

6) Student had legal dependents other than spouse. 

Dependent 

Independent, no dependents, unmarried 

Independent, no dependents, married/separated 

Independent, with dependents, unmarried 

Independent, with dependents, married/separated 

Expected Family Contribution (EFC) EFC4 (NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000) 

Composite estimate of the federal Expected Family Contribution used in need analysis. For Pell Grant recipients, the 

EFC on the Pell Grant record in NSLDS was used; for other federal financial aid applicants, the primary EFC from 

the most recent CPS record was used if available; otherwise, the EFC reported by the NPSAS institution in CADE 

was used. Imputed by regression for students who did not apply for federal financial aid.

Need for financial aid FTNEED1 (NPSAS:90) 

SNEED3R2 (NPSAS:93) 

SNEED1 (NPSAS:96, 2000) 

The student’s total need for need-based financial aid. Equal to the price of attendance (student budget) minus the 

federal expected family contribution (EFC). When the EFC is greater than the price of attendance (and therefore the 

student has no need) this results in a negative number that has been set to zero. 

Remaining need after financial aid FTNEED2 (NPSAS:90) 

SNEED5R2 (NPSAS:93) 

SNEED2 (NPSAS:96, 2000) 

The remaining need after all financial aid, also known as “unmet need.” Equal to the price of attendance (student 

budget) minus the expected family contribution (EFC) minus total financial aid. For students who have no need or 

those who receive financial aid that is not need-based (such as unsubsidized Stafford loans, PLUS loans, or meritonly grants), this may result in a negative value that has been set to zero. 

Ratio of grant aid to total aid GRTPCTR (NPSAS:90, 93) 

GRTPCT (NPSAS:96, 2000) 

Indicates the percentage of total aid that was grant aid during the NPSAS year. The ratio is equal to the total amount 

of grant aid, divided by total aid amount, and multiplied by 100. This variable is only computed for those who had 

some aid.
Appendix C—Glossary 

Data Variable 

207 

Institutional grants INSTGRTR (NPSAS:90) 

INGRTAMT (NPSAS:93, 96, 2000) 

Indicates the total grant aid from institutional funds received in the NPSAS year. Includes all institutional grants, 

scholarships, and tuition waivers received during the NPSAS year. Includes need-based and merit-only awards. At 

public institutions in some states the distinction between state and institutional grant funds is not always clear 

because grants are funded by the state but are allocated by the institutions. The California Community College Board 

of Governor’s Grants, California State University Grants, and Educational Opportunity Grants are classified as 

institutional grants.

Net tuition NETCST9 (NPSAS:90, 96, 2000) 

NETCST7R (NPSAS:93) 

Tuition and fees minus all grants and scholarship. Grants and scholarships are not necessarily limited to paying for 

tuition, but may cover other educational expenses as well. If the grant amount is greater than the tuition charges, the 

excess is applied to room and board or other expenses. In calculating the average of this measure of net tuition, 

negative values (when the grant amount exceeds tuition) were set to zero. Across the four NPSAS years covered in 

this report, the percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates who had negative or zero net tuition ranged from 

31–36 percent at public 2-year, 21–26 percent at public 4-year, 8–12 percent at private not-for-profit 4-year, and 4–5 

percent at private for-profit less-than-4-year institutions. 

Net price of attendance NETCST20 (NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000) 

The total student budget minus all grants and loans received by the student. 

Other grant aid OTHGRTR (NPSAS:90) 

OTHGTAR (NPSAS:93) 

OTHGTAMT (NPSAS:96, 2000) 

Indicates the amount of grants that were not federal, state, or institutional, including National Merit Scholarships, 

other private aid, and employee tuition reimbursements received during the NPSAS year. 

Dependent student income percentile PCTDEP (NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000) 

Percentile rank of family income of dependent student parents, based on all dependent students in the NPSAS survey 

year. The annual income is for the calendar year prior to the NPSAS survey year, as reported on the financial aid 

application or estimated by students and parents in the telephone interview. Approximately one-fourth of the values 

are imputed. The cut-off points (in current dollars) for the income quarters are as follows (see page 1 of the report 

for inflation adjustment factors for conversion to 1999 constant dollars). 

 NPSAS years 

 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 

Lowest quarter <=$20,148 <=$27,000 <=$25,000 <=$31,1116 

Lower middle quarter $20,149–$37,046 $27,001–$45,000 $25,001–$46,408 $31,117–$54,189 

Upper middle quarter $37,047–$57,540 $45,001–$59,096 $46,409–$70,112 $54,190–$ 83,333 

Highest quarter >=$57,541 >=$59,097 >=$70,113 >=$83,334 
Appendix C—Glossary 

Data Variable

208 

Independent student income percentile PCTINDEP (NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000) 

Percentile rank of independent student’s annual income, including the income of a spouse, based on all independent 

students in the NPSAS survey year. The annual income is for the prior calendar year, as reported on the financial aid 

application or in the survey of students. Approximately one-fourth of the values are imputed. The cut-off points (in 

current dollars) for the income quarters are as follows (see page 1 of the report for inflation adjustment factors for 

conversion to 1999 constant dollars). 

 NPSAS years 

 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000 

Lowest quarter <=$7,048 <=$10,000 <=$8,088 <=$11,999 

Lower middle quarter $7,049–$15,948 $10,001–$20,737 $8,089–$18,644 $12,000–$25,987 

Upper middle quarter $15,949–$28,944 $20,738–$35,129 $18,645–$35,000 $25,988–$47,991 

Highest quarter >$28,945 >=$35,130 >=$35,001 >=$47,992 

Pell Grants PELLAMT (NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000) 

Indicates the federal Pell Grant amount received at all institutions attended during the NPSAS year. 

Perkins loans PERKAMT (NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000) 

Indicates the federal Perkins loan amount received during the NPSAS year. The Perkins loan is a campus-based (i.e., 

administered by each institution) low-interest loan for students who show exceptional financial need. 

PLUS loans PLUSAMTR (NPSAS:90) 

PLUSAMT (NPSAS:93, 2000) 

PLUSAMT3 (NPSAS:96) 

Total amount of federal PLUS loans to parents in the NPSAS year. Federal Parent Loans to Undergraduate Students 

are available to the parents of the undergraduates, in addition to any federal Stafford loans for which students are 

eligible. PLUS loans are not based on need and may be used to cover the federal EFC. There is no fixed limit to the 

amount of a PLUS loan, but the PLUS loan may not exceed the student budget minus any other financial aid. PLUS 

loans are only available to parents who can meet certain credit-worthiness criteria; if they cannot do so, the 

dependent student for whom the loan is intended may apply to receive an unsubsidized Stafford loan up to the higher 

limit normally available only to independent students.

SEOG SEOGAMT (NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000) 

Indicates the SEOG (Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant) received in the NPSAS year. The SEOG is a 

federal, campus-based (administered by each institution) grant for undergraduates who have not yet received a 

bachelor’s degree or first-professional degree, and who show exceptional financial need. It is intended to supplement 

the Pell grant (priority is given to Pell grant recipients), and awards a maximum of $4,000 per year. However, unlike 

the Pell grants, eligibility does not guarantee an SEOG award, as the funds available to a particular institution may 

be limited. 
Appendix C—Glossary 

Data Variable 

209 

Stafford unsubsidized loans SLSR (NPSAS:90, 93) 

STAFUNSB (NPSAS:96, 2000) 

Indicates the amount of unsubsidized Stafford loans received in the NSPAS year. Unsubsidized Stafford loans are 

available to students enrolled at least half time (usually taking at least 2 courses) without demonstrating need. 

Students are charged interest on the loan while they are enrolled, and the interest is added to the original loan 

principal. 

Stafford subsidized loans STAFFR (NPSAS:90, 93) 

STAFSUB (NPSAS:96, 2000) 

Indicates the amount of federal subsidized Stafford loans received in the NPSAS year. Subsidized Stafford loans are 

need-based and the federal government pays the interest while the student is enrolled and for 6 months after leaving 

postsecondary education. 

State-funded grants STGRTR (NPSAS:90) 

STGTAMT (NPSAS:93, 96, 2000) 

Total amount of state grants and scholarships received by the student in the NPSAS year. 

Total federal grants TFEDGRT (NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000) 

Total amount of federal grants received by a student in the NPSAS year. Includes Pell grants, SEOG grants, and a 

small number of Robert Byrd Scholarships. Does not include federal veteran’s benefits or military education aid. 

Total federal loans (including PLUS) TFEDLN2R (NPSAS:90) 

TFEDLN2 (NPSAS:93, 96, 2000) 

Indicates the total amount of federal loans received during the NPSAS year, including PLUS loans to parents. 

Includes Perkins, Stafford, other federal loans through the Public Health Service, and PLUS. 

Total non-federal grants TNFEDGRR (NPSAS:90) 

TNFEDGRT (NPSAS:93, 96, 2000) 

Indicates the total amount of non-federal grants received during the NPSAS year. Total of state, institutional, and 

other grants and scholarships. 

Total non-federal loans TNFEDLNR (NPSAS:90) 

TNFEDLN (NPSAS:93, 96, 2000) 

Loans from sources other than the federal government. The sum of state, institutional, and private or commercial 

loans. Does not include loans from family or friends.
Appendix C—Glossary 

Data Variable

210 

Total financial aid TOTAIDRR (NPSAS:90) 

TOTAIDR2 (NPSAS:93) 

TOTAID (NPSAS:96, 2000) 

Total amount of financial aid received by a student. Includes grants, loans, work-study, or any other types of aid, as 

well as loans to parents under the PLUS program and veterans’ benefits and military education aid. 

Total grants TOTGRTR (NPSAS:90, 93) 

TOTGRT (NPSAS:96, 2000) 

Total amount of grant and scholarship aid received from any source for the NPSAS year. Grants are a type of student 

financial aid that do not require repayment or employment. Grants include merit-only scholarships, tuition waivers, 

and employer tuition reimbursements. 

Total loans TOTLOAN2 (NPSAS:90, 96, 2000) 

TOTLN2R (NPSAS:93) 

Indicates the total amount of all student loans (federal, state, institutional, and private sector) and federal PLUS loans 

to parents received during the NPSAS year. Does not include loans from family or friends to the student or 

commercial loans to parents (such as home equity loans). 

Work-study TOTWKST (NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000) 

Indicates the total amount of all work-study awards received during the NPSAS year. 

Tuition and fees TUITION2 (NPSAS:90, 93, 96, 2000) 

Tuition and fees charged at the sampled NPSAS institution for students who attended only one institution during the 

NPSAS year. 
211 

Appendix D—Technical Notes and Methodology 

The National Postsecondary Student Aid Study 

The National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS) is a comprehensive nationwide 

study conducted by the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics 

(NCES) to determine how students and their families pay for postsecondary education.1 It also 

describes demographic and other characteristics of students enrolled in the 50 states, the District 

of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The NPSAS study is based on a nationally representative sample 

of all students in postsecondary education institutions, including undergraduate, graduate, and 

first-professional students. Information is collected from institutions, student interviews, and 

government data files. For this study, data were analyzed for undergraduates from four 

administrations of the NPSAS survey: NPSAS:1990, NPSAS:1993, NPSAS:1996 and 

NPSAS:2000. These surveys each represent more than 16 million undergraduates who were 

enrolled at some point between July 1 and June 30 of the survey years. The institutional weighted 

response rates for these NPSAS administrations all exceeded 85 percent as discussed in the next 

sections. 

Overall Weighted Response Rates 

The NPSAS:1990 survey achieved an overall weighted response rate of 86 percent among 

institutions. For the student Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATI), the response rate 

was 76 percent.2 The overall weighted response rates for the NPSAS:1993 study were 88 percent 

 

1For more information on the NPSAS survey, consult the methodology reports for each survey: U.S. Department of Education, 

National Center for Education Statistics, Methodology Report for the 1990 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NCES 

92–080) (Washington, DC: 1992), Methodology Report for the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1992–93 (NCES 95–

211) (Washington, DC: 1995), National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1995–96 (NPSAS:96), Methodology Report (NCES 

98–073) (Washington, DC: 1997), and National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1999–2000 (NPSAS:2000), Methodology 

Report (NCES 2002–152) (Washington, DC: 2002). Additional information is also available at the NPSAS website 

http://nces.ed.gov/npsas. 

2U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Methodology Report for the 1990 National 

Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NCES 92–080) (Washington, DC: 1992). 
Appendix D—Technical Notes and Methodology 

212 

among institutions and 67 percent among students.3 NPSAS:1996 had an institutional response 

rate of 91 percent and a student CATI response rate of 76 percent.4

For NPSAS:2000, the institutional response rate was 95 percent and the weighted overall 

student interview response rate was 66 percent.5 Because the student telephone interview 

response rate for NPSAS:2000 was less than 70 percent in some institutional sectors, an analysis 

was conducted to determine if estimates were significantly biased due to CATI nonresponse. 

Considerable information was known for CATI nonrespondents and these data were used to 

analyze and reduce the bias. The distributions of several variables using the design-based, 

adjusted weights for study respondents (study weights) were found to be biased before CATI 

nonresponse adjustments. The CATI nonresponse and poststratification procedures, however, 

reduced the bias for these variables; and the remaining relative bias ranged from 0 to 0.35 

percent.6 

The overall institutional response rate could be interpreted as the estimated percentage of 

eligible institutions that would provide a student enrollment list or database that could be used 

for sample selection. The overall CATI response rate is computed as the product of the weighted 

CATI response rate and the institutional response rate. 

The weight variable used for analysis of this report is PSKEEPWT, NP93WT, DASWT1 

and STUDYWT for NPSAS:1990, NPSAS:1993, NPSAS:1996 and NPSAS:2000, respectively, 

which includes all undergraduates in the NPSAS surveys, including those without a telephone 

interview. 

Item Response Bias 

All the variables used in this report and defined in appendix C had item response rates 

above 85 percent. Therefore, a bias analysis for individual survey items was not necessary. 

 

3U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Methodology Report for the National Postsecondary 

Student Aid Study, 1992–93 (NCES 95–211) (Washington, DC: 1995). 

4U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1995–96 

(NPSAS:96), Methodology Report (NCES 98–073) (Washington, DC: 1997). 

5U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1999–2000 

(NPSAS:2000), Methodology Report (NCES 2002–152) (Washington, DC: 2002).

6For nonresponse bias analysis, see U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National 

Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1999–2000 (NPSAS:2000), CATI Nonresponse Bias Analysis Report (NCES 2002–03) 

(Washington, DC: 2002), available at http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=200203. 
Appendix D—Technical Notes and Methodology 

213 

Accuracy of Estimates 

The statistics in this report are estimates derived from a sample. Two broad categories of 

error occur in such estimates: sampling and nonsampling errors. Sampling errors occur because 

observations are made only on samples of students, not entire populations. Nonsampling errors 

occur not only in sample surveys but also in complete censuses of entire populations. 

Nonsampling errors can be attributed to a number of sources: inability to obtain complete 

information about all students in all institutions in the sample (some students or institutions 

refused to participate, or students participated but answered only certain items); ambiguous 

definitions; differences in interpreting questions; inability or unwillingness to give correct 

information; mistakes in recording or coding data; and other errors of collecting, processing, 

sampling, and imputing missing data. Readers interested in efforts to minimize non-sampling 

errors for estimates used in this report should consult the corresponding NPSAS survey 

methodology reports mentioned in the footnotes for the first two pages of this appendix. 

Data Analysis System 

The estimates presented in this report were produced using the NPSAS undergraduate Data 

Analysis Systems (DAS) for all four administrations of NPSAS (90, 93, 96, 2000). The DAS 

software makes it possible for users to specify and generate their own tables. With the DAS, 

users can replicate or expand upon the tables presented in this report. In addition to the table 

estimates, the DAS calculates proper standard errors7 and weighted sample sizes for these 

estimates. For example, table D-1 contains standard errors that correspond to estimates in table 2 

in the report. If the number of valid cases is too small to produce a reliable estimate (fewer than 

30 cases), the DAS prints the message “low-N” instead of the estimate. All standard errors for 

estimates presented in this report can be viewed at http://nces.ed.gov/das/library/reports.asp. In 

addition to tables, the DAS will also produce a correlation matrix of selected variables to be used 

for linear regression models. Included in the output with the correlation matrix are the design 

effects (DEFTs) for each variable in the matrix. Since statistical procedures generally compute 

regression coefficients based on simple random sample assumptions, the standard errors must be 

adjusted with the design effects to take into account the stratified sampling method used in the 

NPSAS surveys. 

 

7The NPSAS samples are not simple random samples, and therefore, simple random sample techniques for estimating sampling 

error cannot be applied to these data. The DAS takes into account the complexity of the sampling procedures and calculates 

standard errors appropriate for such samples. The method for computing sampling errors used by the DAS involves 

approximating the estimator by the linear terms of a Taylor series expansion. The procedure is typically referred to as the Taylor 

series method. 
Appendix D—Technical Notes and Methodology 

214 

The DAS can be accessed electronically at http://nces.ed.gov/DAS. For more information 

about the NPSAS Data Analysis System, contact: 

Aurora D’Amico 

Postsecondary Studies Division 

National Center for Education Statistics 

1990 K Street NW 

Washington, DC 20006–5652 

(202) 502–7334 

Aurora.D’Amico@ed.gov 

Table D-1.—Standard errors for table 2: Average expected family contribution (EFC) for full–time, full–year

Table D-1.—undergraduates (in constant 1999 dollars) by dependency status and family income: 1989–90,

Table D-1.—1992–93, 1995–96, and 1999–2000

Dependency status

and family income 1989–90 1992–93 1995–96 1999–2000

 Total $213.9 $190.3 $163.1 $125.7

Dependency status

 Dependent 263.5 224.6 191.8 136.5

 Independent 137.9 126.0 184.9 131.2

 Unmarried, no dependents 262.7 196.8 221.1 159.2

 Married, no dependents 140.9 394.8 567.2 448.0

 Unmarried, with dependents 49.2 39.3 230.4 132.5

 Married, with dependents 142.7 186.9 374.3 236.7

Family income

 Dependent students

 Lowest quarter 76.6 114.4 124.8 58.7

 Lower middle quarter 166.1 136.0 82.9 80.9

 Upper middle quarter 243.1 186.1 109.9 117.9

 Highest quarter 513.4 369.3 317.7 251.8

 Independent students

 Lowest quarter 91.9 85.4 59.7 48.7

 Lower middle quarter 204.0 172.5 115.6 93.8

 Upper middle quarter 287.8 248.7 265.3 235.8

 Highest quarter 915.5 690.7 651.2 522.5

NOTE: Limited to undergraduate students who were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and attended only one institution in the

50 states, the District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico. To have full–time, full–year status, students must be enrolled full time during

the academic year for 8 or more months at public 2-year, public 4-year, and private not-for-profit 4-year institutions or 6 or more

months at private for-profit less-than-4–year institutions. Estimates for the 1989–90, 1992–93, and 1995–96 academic years

were adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). The federal expected family

contribution (EFC) is the amount students and families are expected to contribute to the price of attendance at a postsecondary

institution. The expected family contribution is calculated using federal need analysis methodology and takes into account

dependency status, income, assets, number of siblings also in college, and other related factors. The federal methodology was

similar in 1989–90 and 1992–93. The Reauthorization of 1992 introduced many changes that are reflected in 1995–96 and

1999–2000.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1995–96, and

1999–2000 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NPSAS:90, NPSAS:93, NPSAS:96, and NPSAS:2000). 

Average expected family contribution
Appendix D—Technical Notes and Methodology 

215 

Statistical Procedures 

Differences Between Means 

The descriptive comparisons were tested in this report using Student’s t statistic. 

Differences between estimates are tested against the probability of a Type I error,8 or significance 

level. The significance levels were determined by calculating the Student’s t values for the 

differences between each pair of means or proportions and comparing these with published tables 

of significance levels for two-tailed hypothesis testing. 

Student’s t values may be computed to test the difference between estimates with the 

following formula: 

2

2

2

1

1 2

se se

E E

t

+

− = (1) 

where E1 and E2 are the estimates to be compared and se1 and se2 are their corresponding 

standard errors. This formula is valid only for independent estimates. When estimates are not 

independent, a covariance term must be added to the formula: 

 t =

E -E

se + se - 2(r)se se

1 2

1

2

2

2

1 2

 (2) 

where r is the correlation between the two estimates.9 This formula is used when comparing two 

percentages from a distribution that adds to 100. If the comparison is between the mean of a 

subgroup and the mean of the total group, the following formula is used: 

 t =

2

sub

2

tot

2

sub

sub tot

se se 2p se

E E

+ −

− (3) 

where p is the proportion of the total group contained in the subgroup.10 The estimates, standard 

errors, and correlations can all be obtained from the DAS. 

There are hazards in reporting statistical tests for each comparison. First, comparisons 

based on large t statistics may appear to merit special attention. This can be misleading since the 

magnitude of the t statistic is related not only to the observed differences in means or percentages 

 

8A Type I error occurs when one concludes that a difference observed in a sample reflects a true difference in the population 

from which the sample was drawn, when no such difference is present. 

9U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, A Note from the Chief Statistician, no. 2, 1993. 

10Ibid. 
Appendix D—Technical Notes and Methodology 

216 

but also to the number of respondents in the specific categories used for comparison. Hence, a 

small difference compared across a large number of respondents would produce a large t statistic. 

A second hazard in reporting statistical tests is the possibility that one can report a “false 

positive” or Type I error. In the case of a t statistic, this false positive would result when a 

difference measured with a particular sample showed a statistically significant difference when 

there is no difference in the underlying population. Statistical tests are designed to control this 

type of error, denoted by alpha. The alpha level of .05 selected for findings in this report 

indicates that a difference of a certain magnitude or larger would be produced no more than one 

time out of twenty when there was no actual difference in the quantities in the underlying 

population. When we test hypotheses that show t values at the .05 level or smaller, we treat this 

finding as rejecting the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the two quantities. 

However, there are other cases when exercising additional caution is warranted. When there are 

significant results not indicated by any hypothesis being tested or when we test a large number of 

comparisons in a table, Type I errors cannot be ignored. For example, when making paired 

comparisons among different fields of study, the probability of a Type I error for these 

comparisons taken as a group is larger than the probability for a single comparison.