# Patent

## Title
Chattel management apparatus and methods

## Abstract

Apparatus and methods for tracking or otherwise accounting for chattel (e.g., personal property such as keys, pocket knives, and the like) at a point of departure such as an airport, bus station, train station, etc., or areas where people congregate (e.g., sporting events, concerts, etc.). In one exemplary embodiment, the apparatus comprises a kiosk adapted for use near a security checkpoint, wherein passengers or patrons can efficiently deposit their items for shipment to their home, travel destination, or third party.

## Background
PRIORITY
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/530,812 entitled POINT-OF-DEPARTURE CHATTEL MANAGEMENT APPARATUS AND METHODS filed Dec. 17, 2003, and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to improved methods and apparatus for the management, tracking and recovery of chattel at e.g., transportation facilities such as airports.
DESCRIPTION OF RELATED TECHNOLOGY
With the heightened level of security at airports and other facilities where large numbers of people gather, many passengers have personal or other items (“chattel”), such as pocket knives, tools, large belt buckles, wireless devices, personal security devices, etc., that are subject to confiscation by security personnel at the security checkpoint before proceeding further. Hence, the passengers or patrons are given the choice of either surrendering the items to the security personnel, or attempting to find some other mechanism for their safekeeping. Accordingly, airports and the like collect literally tons of such personal items each year since many people choose simply to surrender their items rather than having their progress impeded.
A number of different approaches to chattel (and baggage) tracking and management are present under the prior art. For example, United States Patent Publication No 20020163443 to Stewart, et al. published Nov. 7, 2002 entitled “Airport valet communication system” discloses an improved airport valet communication system. The system attaches a vehicle tag to a vehicle. A stall tag is also provided and is placed somewhere within the vicinity of a parking stall. To communicate with these two tags, a handheld computer is provided by the system for communicating with the vehicle tag via radio frequency communication to obtain an identification of the vehicle and for communicating with the stall tag via radio frequency communication to obtain an identification of the parking stall so as to correlate the vehicle and the parking stall in which the vehicle is parked.
United States Patent Publication No. 20030189094 to Trabitz, published Oct. 9, 2003 entitled “Baggage tracking system” discloses a passenger and baggage reconciliation system that employs non-programmable, passive transponder, radio frequency identification (RFID) tags attached to checked baggage, which enables continuity of reconciliation through any number of intra-air transfer points until the destination of the air travel is reached. If separation of the passenger and baggage occurs prior to the planned air travel destination, the system furnishes prompt notification to the airline. While enrollment of the passenger occurs upon payment for travel, checked baggage enrollment can occur variously outside the airport building (curbside), at the ticket counter, at the departure gate, on board the airplane, or along side the airplane prior to mounting the stairway or on the jet bridge. The interface to the airline carrier's computer reservation system (CRS) to obtain passenger and schedule data permits continuous tracking of passengers and baggage for the reconciliation process. The CRS creates a passenger name record (PNR) for each traveler, which contains fields for entering identification codes for checked baggage. Separate PNR fields and codes are used for each item of baggage that is checked. The PNR entry is obtained from reading the embedded identification number on the attached RFID tag when the baggage is checked in.
United States Patent Publication No. 20040010430 to Cinquini, et al. published Jan. 15, 2004 entitled “Method and apparatus for providing a personal item drop off/return service at security checkpoints” discloses an apparatus and method that provide a personal item return service to an owner of a personal item that is subject to confiscation before the owner is admitted through a security checkpoint and into a secure area downstream of the security checkpoint. The security checkpoint can be located at a transportation center (airport, bus or train) or any entrance to a secure area at a building or sports arena. The owner can purchase from a vending machine or kiosk a container having sufficient pre-paid postage based on the size or weight of the item, and mail the item to a destination selected by the owner. The service is located adjacent to the security checkpoint so that the owner need not lose his/her place in the security line.
United States Patent Publication No. 20040124982 to Kovach published Jul. 1, 2004 entitled “Method for tracking and processing passengers and their transported articles” discloses a method for tracking and handling people and articles at an airport using Radio-Frequency Identification (“RFID”) tags. The RFID tag contains an electronic microchip with a memory portion, permanently attached to a substrate having a planar antenna. Each RFID tag is tuned to operate at a specific frequency and includes a unique identifier number stored in the memory portion. Passenger-specific information, such as passenger name, address and flight itinerary may be sent to the microchip for storage in the memory portion by means of an RF field provided by an external “scanner” device. The scanner also provides a means for reading data stored in the memory portion of the microchip.
United States Patent Publication No. 20040243518 to Clifton, et al. published Dec. 2, 2004 entitled “Individual identity authentication system” discloses an individual identity authentication system for authenticating an identity of an individual includes a client computer system and a service provider computer system. The client computer system may be implemented at various locations, for example, airport terminals, so as to provide ready access for various users to authenticate the identity of a particular individual. The service provider computer system is in communication with the client computer system and executes code for causing the service provider computer system to perform a number of steps. One step includes receiving a personal identification number (PIN) and a social security number (SSN) of an individual that is entered into a secure terminal associated with the client computer system. Another step includes authenticating an identity of the individual when the entered PIN and the entered SSN correspond to a registered PIN and a registered SSN of the individual.
Despite the foregoing, there is still a salient need for flexible and efficient chattel management techniques and apparatus that provide the user (and in fact the facility operator) with a highly configurable and modular system that can be readily adapted to a number of different paradigms. Such improved techniques and apparatus would also ideally be compatible with existing and incipient personal electronics and networking technologies.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In a first aspect, the present invention provides a system for receiving and forwarding chattels from a public gathering place or point of departure (such as, e.g., an airport). In one embodiment, radio frequency ID (RFID) devices are used to quickly encode packaging material for delivery to the desired location. In another embodiment, a magnetic strip is utilized.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides improved container apparatus adapted for receiving, holding, and tracking/routing of the chattels. In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises an RFID-enabled envelope or other shipping container.
In a third aspect, the present invention provides an improved tracking element for use in a shipping container. In one embodiment, the element comprises a lightweight and pliable RFID “tag” that can be readily incorporated into a number of different shapes.
In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides an improved kiosk for facilitating registration, inventory, tracking, and control of shipped chattels.
In a fifth aspect of the invention, mobile apparatus adapted for chattel forwarding is disclosed. In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises: a processor; memory in data communication with said processor; and a client process operative to run on said processor, said client process configured to encoded and transmit user-specific information, said user-specific information enabling the encoding and forwarding of chattel from a first location to another location. Variant of the mobile apparatus comprise cellular telephones (e.g., 3G “smart-phones”), PDAs, handhelds, laptop computers, USB keys, and even portable gaming devices.
In a sixth aspect of the invention, a method of doing business is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises: providing apparatus adapted to receive chattels; selectively encoding the chattels; and transferring the chattels to a desired location specified by the user. In one variant, the apparatus is disposed at a point of departure (POD), and the act of transferring is based at least in part on information provided during the encoding process. In another embodiment, the user provides information to the encoding apparatus via a personal information device such as an RFID device (akin to the Mobil Corp. “Speed Pass”), USB key, or similar. In another embodiment, the user accesses an established account via an Internet connection or other data link, whereby information from the account can be directly transferred and encoded or otherwise used to validate the transaction. In another embodiment, the chattel itself (e.g., PDA or cellular telephone) can be configured to automatically register itself with the reader when deposited at the POD kiosk or other receptacle.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one exemplary embodiment of the chattel management system of the invention.
FIG. 1a is an elevational view of an exemplary hand-held interrogator/receiver/display device according to the invention.
FIG. 1b is a block diagram of one exemplary local network topology useful with the chattel management system FIG. 1.
FIGS. 2a-2c are perspective views of envelope, box, and tube embodiments, respectively, of the shipping elements of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of another exemplary embodiment of the chattel management system of the invention, adapted for wireless local interface and Internet access of a remote server and database.



DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Reference is now made to the drawings listed above, wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout.
As used herein, the terms “chattel” and “chattels” refers generally to any type of property or possession (regardless of ownership), which may generally be carried on or by a person (including within associated transport devices such as luggage, etc.). Chattel includes, without limitation, car keys, personal security devices (e.g., mace, pepper spray), knives, handguns, ammunition, tools, personal electronic devices, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, jewelry, belt buckles or other metallized apparel, wrist watches, hats, cellular telephones, USB keys, glasses, magnetic or optical media, electric razors, personal computers, cameras, film, pagers, electronic games, purses, currency, iPods, etc.
As used herein, the term “passenger” shall mean any entity, whether human or otherwise, who utilizes a transportation modality.
As used herein, the term “transportation modality” refers to any form of transportation for either person, animals, and/or inanimate objects including, without limitation, aircraft, ships, ferries, land vehicles (buses, trains, cars, etc.), shuttles, etc.
As used herein, the term “computer program” is meant to include any sequence of human or machine cognizable steps which perform a function. Such program may be rendered in virtually any programming language or environment including, for example, C/C++, Fortran, COBOL, PASCAL, assembly language, markup languages (e.g., HTML, SGML, XML, VoXML), and the like, as well as object-oriented environments such as the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), JavaTM (including J2ME, Java Beans, etc.) and the like.
As used herein, the term “application” refers generally to a unit of executable software that implements theme-based functionality The themes of applications vary broadly across any number of disciplines and functions (such as e-commerce transactions, shipping transactions, entertainment, calculator, Internet access, etc.), and one application may have more than one theme. The unit of executable software generally runs in a predetermined environment; for example and without limitation, the unit could comprise a downloadable Java XletTM that runs within the JavaTVTM environment.
As used herein, the term “database” refers generally to one or more tangible or virtual data storage locations, which may or may not be physically co-located with each other or other system components.
As used herein, the term “network” refers generally to data or communications networks regardless of type, including without limitation, LANs, WANs, intranets, internets, the Internet, cable systems, telecommunications networks, satellite networks, and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), or collections or combinations thereof, whether based on wired, wireless, or matter wave modalities. Such networks may utilize literally any physical architectures and topologies (e.g. ATM, IEEE-802.3, X.25, Token Ring, SONET, 3G/3GPP/UMTS, 802.11, Hybrid fiber-coax (HFC), etc.) and protocols (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, WAP, GPRS, RTP/RTCP, WiFi, 3G, IEEE 802.11, etc.).
As used herein, the term “service provider” refers generally to services provided remotely to the user including, for example, data streaming, data analysis, financial account management and trading, data archiving and storage, Internet access, content delivery, telecommunications, etc.
As used herein, the term “speech recognition” refers to any methodology or technique by which human or other speech can be interpreted and converted to an electronic or data format or signals related thereto. It will be recognized that any number of different forms of spectral analysis (such as MFCC (Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients) or cochlea modeling, may be used. Phoneme/word recognition, if used, may be based on HMM (hidden Markov modeling), although other processes such as, without limitation, DTW (Dynamic Time Warping) or NNs (Neural Networks) may be used. Myriad speech recognition systems and algorithms are available, all considered within the scope of the invention disclosed herein.
As used herein, the term “CELP” is meant to include any and all variants of the CELP family such as, but not limited to, ACELP, VCELP, and QCELP. It is also noted that non-CELP compression algorithms and techniques, whether based on companding or otherwise, may be used. For example, and without limitation, PCM (pulse code modulation) or ADPCM (adaptive delta PCM) may be employed, as may other forms of linear predictive coding (LPC).
As used herein, the term “digital processor” is meant generally to include all types of digital processing devices including, without limitation, digital signal processors (DSPs), reduced instruction set computers (RISC), general-purpose (CISC) processors, microprocessors, gate arrays (e.g., FPGAs), PLDs, reconfigurable compute fabrics (RCFs), array processors, and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Such digital processors may be contained on a single unitary IC die, or distributed across multiple components.
As used herein, the term “integrated circuit (IC)” refers to any type of device having any level of integration (including without limitation ULSI, VLSI, and LSI) and irrespective of process or base materials (including, without limitation Si, SiGe, CMOS and GAs). ICs may include, for example, memory devices (e.g., DRAM, SRAM, DDRAM, EEPROM/Flash, ROM), digital processors, SoC devices, FPGAs, ASICs, ADCs, DACs, transceivers, memory controllers, and other devices, as well as any combinations thereof.
As used herein, the term “display” means any type of device adapted to display information, including without limitation CRTs, LCDs, TFTs, plasma displays, LEDs, and fluorescent devices.
Overview
The present invention allows users at a POD or other location to rapidly and easily ship their chattels to another location, such as to their travel destination or public gathering place (concert, amusement park, sporting event, etc.), to their home, or even a third party. As is known, millions of personal prohibited items are collected each year at airport security points alone. Faced with the choice of discard or abandoning the item(s) or canceling their travel, the great majority of people choose to abandon the chattel, or perhaps attempt to recover it later. Massive amounts of such items are collected each day throughout the nation's airports.
In its simplest form, the mechanism for shipment comprises a human agent and/or drop box akin to those used for Fedex or other comparable courier services, that is disposed adjacent to the security checkpoint of the POD. Standard courier methods are used, which may be aided through the use of more sophisticated apparatus and techniques so as to facilitate rapid and cost effective use by the customer. A variety of coding and/or tracking methods may be used, including bar codes, magnetic strips, and RFID tags of the general type well known in the art. These techniques may also be used in conjunction with one another, such as to perform different functions at different points throughout the processing or transit chain of the chattels.
In more sophisticated embodiment, personal electronics ranging from user-specific RFID devices, USB keys, PDAs, handhelds, cell phones or the like are used to transfer information to and/or from the kiosk or other processing entity associated with the service.
DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
It is noted that while the system and methods of the invention disclosed herein are described with respect to point-of-departure (POD) management of chattels, such as might occur at an airport or other transportation facility, certain aspects of the invention may be useful in other applications, including, without limitation, other types of transaction relating to chattels, such as insuring or valuation thereof, courier services between two non-POD locations, etc.
Referring now to FIG. 1, a first embodiment of a system utilizing radio frequency identification (RFID) tags is described. The system 100 comprises generally one or more shipping elements 104 with associated tags 106, and a parent device 102 (e.g., kiosk). The kiosk 102 contains an RF antenna 105, as well as interrogator/reader module 108 and analysis/display module 110. It will be recognized by those of ordinary skill that the various components and modules being part of the system 100 may be combined or integrated into one physical device as applicable, or separated, modularized, or any combination thereof, the illustrated embodiment being merely exemplary.
The tags 106 of each shipping element comprise radio frequency ID tags (RFID). RFID tags are well known in the communications art. The main advantages of an RFID sensor and tag system over other forms of ID tagging include (a) the orientation of the tag with respect to the sensor is not critical for a correct read of the tag information; (b) communication can occur within comparatively harsh operating environments; and (c) the communication range between the sensor and tag can be significant even when the RF frequencies used are within the power limitations of Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules concerning unlicensed transmitters. Accordingly, RFID technology is useful for several applications, especially those relating to asset inventory and management. RFID tags or various configurations are now ubiquitous and available at extremely low cost, thereby further enhancing the economic viability of the present invention.
The process of “reading” and communicating with an RFID tag such as that used in the system 100 of FIG. 1 comprises bringing a RFID tag within proximity to an RFID sensor (“reader”) 108 which emanates a radio frequency or electric wake-up field having a limited range. The RFID tag 106 detects the presence of the wakeup field of the reader 108, and subsequently various forms or protocols of handshake occur between the tag 106 and the reader 108 in order to exchange data. All of this communication between the tag and the sensor is performed using, e.g., RF carriers (or even wideband waveforms) of one or more prescribed frequencies. As is well known in the art, so-called “low-frequency” systems operate in the kHz (e.g., 125 kHz) to low-MHz range (unlicensed). Low frequency systems are generally low cost and complexity and have comparatively limited range, but are attractive since the low frequency energy tends to suffer low losses from materials like metal, polymers, tissue, and the like. High-frequency systems operate in the low-MHz to GHz range (sometimes licensed). High-frequency systems in general have greater range, but are more directional. Additionally, the performance of these high frequency tags may be adversely affected by electromagnetic radiation or proximate metallic objects.
Additionally, RFID tags are generally categorized as being “active” (i.e., carry an associated power source for operation of the on-tag integrated circuit, and are capable of spontaneous transmission after reader interrogation), or “passive” which utilizes incident RF energy or electric field (from the reader, for example) to generate electrical energy for use by the IC, and transmission. Passive tags are highly energy efficient, and require only an extremely small amount of electrical power to function.
In the present application, due to the premium on space and desire for ultra-light weight and low cost, a small antenna and package form factor is desired. This also avoids disincentives to the disposability of the device (and its parent shipping element). Based on the foregoing considerations, the present embodiment of the invention utilizes a low frequency (e.g., 125 kHz nominal) miniature passive tag having a miniature monopole antenna 109 of the type well known in the art, although it will be recognized that active tag architectures, lower or higher frequency systems, and alternate antenna configurations (such as “FIG. 8” loop, etc.) may be used depending on the particular application and desired attributes. Passive tags are a preferred mode, yet active tags are a utilitarian and desirable mode as well for certain applications.
The RFID tag 106 of the present invention further optionally includes an integrated circuit (IC) device (not shown) including a transceiver section and processing logic, as well as an integrated random access memory (RAM) device of the type commonly available with such devices adapted to store a plurality of data bytes such as data correlating to the identity of a given user, its date of deposit, its location (i.e., Terminal A at Airport B), destination, urgency/priority, contents classification (e.g., metallic, hazardous, etc.), weight as deposited, user's destination (if different from the shipping destination), contact information, etc. and the like. The memory device may also comprise, without limitation, PROMS, EPROMS, EEPROMs, UVEPROMS, SRAMs, DRAMs, SDRAMS, “flash” memory, and ferroelectric memory devices. In this capacity, the construction of the parent shipping element 104 is simplified, and less complex “off the shelf” RFID devices meeting the physical space limitations may be used with little or no adaptation.
In an exemplary embodiment, the RFID tag is distributed on one or more surfaces of the shipping element using a capacitive type substrate tag. See for example the “BistatixTM” RFID devices previously manufactured by Motorola/Indala Corporation (now ASSA ABLOY). These devices utilize a very thin, lightweight and low cost substrate employing non-metallic printed circuit technology. They are also extremely rugged, allowing for bending, crumpling, folding, etc., and can be printed on many different types of dielectric substrates. They also utilize an extremely small IC, capable of storing a limited amount of data (e.g., 96 bits), thereby mitigating the costs associated with the shipping element 104, and its overall form factor. It will also be recognized that the shipping element surface(s) may be used as the substrate itself, thereby further reducing cost. In short, the “tag” can be printed and/or embedded onto or in the shipping element (box, envelope, carton, canister, etc.) at manufacture or thereafter in a highly cost-efficient manner. It will be recognized that capacitive or inductive tags may be used consistent with the invention.
Hence, by employing this (e.g., Bistatix) technology within the element 104 of the present invention, the RFID tag may be disposed on any surface at extremely low cost and low profile. A complementary Motorola Bistatix reader may be used as the reader 108 of FIG. 1, although other configurations may be used as described elsewhere herein.
In operation, the tag “reader” 108 of FIG. 1 interrogates the element(s) 104 and RFID device 106 at its designated frequency, causing the tag to “wake” and initiate communications protocols disposed within the tag IC/memory. Once such protocols are established, the reader transmits preformatted data representative of the parameters desired to be loaded into the RFID memory device. For, example, a box of “smart” envelopes 200 (described below with respect to FIG. 2a) can be swiped by the interrogator/reader 108 before use in the kiosk and encoded with identifying information, such as for example the airport/POD identification code, date of coding, etc. The envelopes or other elements 200 can optionally be sequentially encoded with numbers (e.g., envelope No. 1, 2, 3, etc.) to distinguish one from another. Alternatively, the tags 106 associated with the elements 200 can be pre-coded at manufacture, such as via slightly variant frequency of emission, etc. A variety of different approaches for distinguishing between two similarly situated shipping elements are well known to those of ordinary skill in the RFID arts, and accordingly are not described further herein.
As can be readily appreciated, the ability to uniquely identify a plurality of different shipping elements 104 using RF technology has great implications for, inter alia, accounting for such elements during use, security scanning and shipment. Herein lies a primary attribute or feature of the present invention; i.e., tracking and control of a number of different parcels or elements 104. For example, the present invention allows the system operator to rapidly inventory and specifically identify particular elements 104 before shipment, and afterwards (i.e., during delivery to the user or designated recipient), thereby easily and efficiently accounting for all elements 104. This is also useful during security scanning, and inventory before loading on the selected transportation mode (aircraft, etc.); e.g. to verify that no one such as a terrorist has surreptitiously inserted a “dummy” package into the transport bin or other mechanism between unloading of the kiosk and loading onto the aircraft. It will also be recognized, however, that the kiosk or other receptacle (or portion thereof) may simply be made mobile and securable such that it can be directly transferred to the aircraft without having to load or unload, thereby potentially frustrating attempts to gain unauthorized access thereto.
The RFID tags 106 of the embodiment of FIG. 1 has further utility for conducting inventory of “smart” shipping elements after manufacture. Since each element carries it's own tag, each capable of uniquely identifying itself (whether by unique frequency assignment, or data encoded on the tag memory and transmitted to the reader), rapid reading of a plurality of tags disposed in close proximity to one another is possible. For example, a manufacturer, distributor or POD could also use the system 100 of the present invention to control inventory (such as by placing a reader at a “choke point” of a storage facility, thereby knowing precisely when each “smart” element 104 was brought in or out of the facility), or determine when a re-order of supplies is needed. Using the wireless data interface capabilities described subsequently herein, the kiosk can even automatically alert a supplier that it needs more shipping elements, akin to well known prior art CDPD approaches used for, inter alia, vending machines.
In yet another embodiment, the tag reader 108 is placed at the door or portal to the room or space (e.g., airport ingress/egress) by which a subject must pass, thereby necessarily exposing the subject to the interrogation field generated by the reader 108. Hence, where someone such as a terrorist attempts to obtain one or more elements 104 for unauthorized use (such as to try to sneak a package into a bin of authorized elements 104) from the kiosk, a security perimeter is established and interrogation automatically conducted. This security perimeter can be quite small, such that anyone attempting to steal or smuggle in coded envelopes or containers 104 from the kiosk will trigger a proximity sensor based on the aforementioned interrogation.
Another feature of the present invention is coordination of the type of tag used, its frequency, its radiated power, etc., thereby allowing the user to control the range at which the interrogation field generated by the reader 108 will elicit a response from the tag 106. It is undesirable to have the tags 106 respond at too great a distance, since this would necessitate removing the shipping elements in question and the reader 108 from the proximity of other devices in order to perform an inventory (i.e., the user would not be able to spatially differentiate between various tagged shipping elements 104). Hence, the aforementioned low-power low-frequency passive tag is well suited to such applications. In the exemplary embodiment, the foregoing parameters are controlled such that the tag reader 108 has an effective “wake up” range of 1-3 ft., thereby allowing sufficient spatial resolution; however, this value can clearly be adjusted as need in the particular application. For example, in the “exit door” reader embodiment described elsewhere herein, a wake-up field lobe having a main axis of 5-10 feet may be needed to ensure adequate tag coverage as personnel ingress/egress.
The RFID tag 106 and reader 108 of the present invention, as well as other wireless or wired data links associated with the apparatus 100, may also optionally utilize an encrypted data protocol, such that any transmissions from the tag 106 are encrypted, and accordingly must be decrypted by the authorized reader 108 before processing of the tag data, and/or writing of the tag 106 by the reader 108, is permitted. Such encryption may be applied using any number of well known techniques instituted at the protocol level, or even at the air interface. For example, in one embodiment, the RFID tag 106 and reader 108 comprise more complex variant having a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) communication system incorporating a PN (pseudo-noise) spreading code of the type well known in the communications art. In another embodiment, a frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) having a hopping sequence is used to enhance security. The use of multi-bit encryption/encrypted data protocols and spread spectrum techniques for security is well known in the art, and accordingly will not be described further herein. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,775 entitled “Modulated spread spectrum in RF identification systems method” issued Jul. 23, 1996, and 5,629,981 entitled “Information management and security system” issued May 13, 1997, both incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
In addition or instead of the air interface, encryption may also be applied at the protocol level, such as where public/private key methods, IKE, IPSec, or other techniques may be used to frustrate surreptitious interception or alteration of data transmitted to/from the RFID device, or between other components. Furthermore, well known VPN or other tunneling protocols for encapsulating data during transmission across an untrusted network may be used between various entities of the present system, such as between a kiosk and a local distribution or management node.
Additionally, well known secure socket layer (SSL) or equivalent approaches may be employed across one or more links of the network(s), so as to enhance security.
It will be appreciated that many different variations and combinations of the foregoing radio frequency communications apparatus and methods may be employed consistent with the invention; such different variations and combinations being too numerous to describe herein. All such variations and combinations, however, are easily recognized and within the possession of those of ordinary skill.
As shown in FIG. 1, the receptacle module 110 takes the data obtained from the tags 106 via reader 108 and analyzes it according to one or more algorithms. In the illustrated embodiment, the module 110 comprises a CISC or RISC processor having one or more computer programs running thereon, the programs analyzing the digitized tag data and for example, comparing it to stored data representing a series of allowed or authorized ID values for shipping elements 104, hence enhancing security. The receptacle can also be selectively locked until the reader 108 and module 110 validate the authenticity or other information associated with the particular transaction (including, e.g., user payment authorization, maximum allowed weight, size restrictions, etc.). To this end, the kiosk can be configured with an electronic scale integrated with the tag reader 108, or other complementary systems. In terms of size, the code of each shipping element 104 advantageously helps the system automatically determine the maximum size of the package; i.e., the family designation of each element 104, when read by the reader 108, tells the central processor that the package cannot physically be larger than certain dimensions.
It will further be recognized that each item of inventory or shipment can have associated with it other descriptive data, as shown in the example below:















ID


Owning
Transaction
Routing


Code
Category
Description
entity
date
Number







0001
Airport
10 × 12
PHL/A
Dec. 25, 2003
0000-1111-



Pod
Envelope


2222-3333



Shipping









This descriptive data can, in whole or part, also be produced during a discrepancy alert (or when merely performing a normal transaction) to help identify the item in question.

As can be appreciated, the analysis/display functionality of the module 110 may also be provided by or integrated with another device. For example, so as to reduce clutter or space requirements, an existing device such as a Fedex or Airborne drop box, ATM machine, Internet or WiFi kiosk, flight insurance kiosk, etc. may be used as the parent platform for the reader 108 and/or module 110. Many existing devices include sufficient processing and storage capacity to perform the transaction processing function(s) along with those normally required by that equipment, and hence can be readily programmed or otherwise adapted by those of ordinary skill to accommodate the functionality described herein. As yet another alternative, a standard desktop or laptop PC, or airport boarding gate terminal may be used to provide the desired analysis/display functionality, such as where the user gets the item through security, yet none-the-less desires to ship the item rather than carry it on the aircraft.
As yet another alternative, the reader 108 and analysis/display module 110 may be integrated into a single device 170 (FIG. 1a), such as a handheld device akin to portable GPS receivers now ubiquitous. The user (which may be an employee, or even the shipper) may simply then pick up the unit, interrogate the items to be shipped (thereby encoding the package and retrieving ID data for the database in data communication with the handheld), and then deposit the package in a one-way access receptacle (which may also be interlocked with the handheld via wired or wireless link if desired).
As previously referenced, it will be recognized that the methods of the invention (as exemplified in FIG. 1) are ideally embodied in the form of one or more computer programs. Such program(s) may be rendered in virtually any programming language/environment including for example C, C++, Java, Fortran, Basic, Visual Basic, Unix, Perl, CORBA, or any other medium capable of reasonably implementing such a functionality.
In one exemplary embodiment, the reader module 108 comprises an antenna portion with embedded antenna 105, the latter being either monopole or dipole as desired to interface with the antenna structure of the tag 106 at the selected centerline frequency(ies). The antenna 105 of the module of the exemplary embodiment generates the wakeup or interrogation field needed to elicit a response from the tag 106 when the module is brought in sufficient proximity to the tag or vice-versa. The interrogation field intensity can also be made adjustable by the user, such that each facility can “tune” its module to the desired range/sensitivity. This adjustment can also be accomplished automatically and/or algorithmically (such as under control of the kiosk's central processor previously described herein, or an associated microcontroller).
The reader module 108 is also optionally equipped with a RF transceiver, such as a Bluetooth 2.4 GHz or IEEE-802.11a/b/g device, for communications with other entities, such as a local server or wireless gateway to another network. For example, the SiW1502 Radio Modem IC manufactured by Silicon Wave Corporation of San Diego, Calif., is a low-power consumption device with integrated RF logic and Bluetooth protocol stack adapted for Bluetooth applications. The chip is a fully integrated 2.4 GHz radio transceiver with a GFSK modem contained on a single chip. The SiW1502 chip is offered as a stand alone IC or, may be obtained with the Silicon Wave Odyssey SiW1601 Link Controller IC. The SiW1502 form factor is 7.0×7.0×1.0 mm package which is readily disposed within the interior volume of the kiosk described herein, or even a portable reader or “wand” which may be used by the carrier, such as for providing hand scans of chattels. An RF transceiver and modulator device is adapted to generally comply with the well known “BluetoothTM” wireless interface standard, IEEE-802.11, UWB, or alternatively, so-called “3G” (third generation) communications technologies. The Bluetooth wireless technology allows users to make wireless and instant connections between various communication devices, such as mobile devices (e.g., cellular telephones, PDAs, notebook computers, remote monitoring stations, and the like) and desktop computers or other fixed devices. Since Bluetooth uses radio frequency transmission, transfer of data is in real-time. The Bluetooth topology supports both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections. Multiple ‘slave’ devices can be set to communicate with a ‘master’ device. The devices are authenticated (optionally) using a RAND-based bonding or pairing process of the type well known in the art (e.g., in Mode 3 link layer security, or Mode 2 “L2CAP” or service-based security). In this fashion, the kiosk/reader of the present invention, when outfitted with a Bluetooth wireless suite, may communicate directly with other Bluetooth compliant mobile or fixed devices including a subject's cellular telephone, PDA, notebook computer, desktop computer, or other kiosks. Alternatively, a number of different RF-enabled “wands” performing chattel scanning may be monitored in real time at a centralized location, such as the kiosk or even a remote location using the kiosk or a local wireless gateway as a proxy node.
Bluetooth-compliant devices, inter alia, operate in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. The ISM band is dedicated to unlicensed users, including airports, thereby advantageously allowing for unrestricted spectral access. The exemplary modulator uses one or more variants of frequency shift keying, such as Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK) or Gaussian Minimum Shift keying (GMSK) of the type well known in the art to modulate data onto the carrier(s), although other types of modulation (such as phase modulation or amplitude modulation) may be used.
Spectral access of the device is accomplished via frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), although other approaches such as frequency divided multiple access (FDMA), direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS, including code division multiple access) using a pseudo-noise spreading code, or even time division multiple access may be used depending on the needs of the user. For example, devices complying with IEEE Std. 802.11 a/b/f/g may be substituted for the Bluetooth transceiver/modulator arrangement previously described if desired. Literally any wireless interface capable of accommodating the bandwidth and/or other requirements of the system may be used.
For example, in the case of an airport, the UWB system described below may be considered optimal, due to its low radiated power level, e.g., less than −41.3 dBm/MHz according the FCC unlicensed spectral UWB mask issued circa late 2003. This low power reduces the chance of deleterious interference with, e.g., aircraft communications systems, IFF systems, or other instrumentation or control functions.
In yet another embodiment of the invention, the module 400 utilizes an ultra wide-band (e.g., TM-UWB, OFDM, etc.) protocol for communication with other entities. Specifically, in one embodiment, the module 400 is fitted with a TM-UWB SoC device which utilizes pulse-position modulation (PPM), wherein short duration Gaussian pulses (nanosecond duration) of radio-frequency energy are transmitted at random or pseudo-random intervals and frequencies to convey coded information. Information is coded (modulated) onto the short duration carrier pulses by, inter alia, time-domain shifting of the pulse. For example, a pulse encodes a bit by being temporal shifting of the pulse with respect to a reference, such that a “late” pulse encodes a “0”, while an early pulse encodes a “1”. This scheme is somewhat akin to the well known frequency shift keying (FSK), wherein two (or more) side-band frequencies are utilized to encode data; e.g., 67 kHz down-shift=0; 67 kHz up-shift=1. TM-UWB devices have the advantage of ready penetration of various mediums, as well as ultra-low power consumption and low spectral density, thereby reducing power requirements and potential interference with other device, respectively. In one exemplary variant, the TM-UWB device of the invention comprises a half duplex, 2.0 GHz with variable data rate in excess of 1 Mbps with no forward error correction (FEC). The Gaussian monopulse is of the form:

V(t)=(t/τ)e−(t/τ)2 

Where τ is a time decay constant related to the Gaussian monopulse duration, and center frequency fc=k/τ. The monopulse's bandwidth and center frequency are therefore directly related to the monopulse's temporal width or duration. This approach also shifts the transmission time of each monopulse over a significant time interval in accordance with a pseudo-nose (pn) “hopping” code of the type well known in the art, thereby advantageously distributing spectral density to make the spread. This approach is roughly comparable to frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) except in the time domain. Exemplary devices incorporating TM-UWB components including the timer, correlator, and digital baseband signal processor and controller units (not shown) are available from IBM Corporation (SiGe or silicon germanium-based) in the form of a chip set, although it will be recognized that an integrated single device is optimal for the invention. Additional detail on the implementation of TM-UWB systems is found in, e.g., “Time Modulated Ultra-Wideband for Wireless Applications”; Time-Domain Corporation; 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

By using ISM or UWB communications, the RF module can also advantageously communicate with its parent device (e.g., a central node or gateway, another kiosk 110 with transceiver, etc.) without mutual interference with the RF signal of the tags 106, the latter operating at 125 kHz in the nominal embodiment.
In another exemplary embodiment of the system, an object-oriented distributed program having client and server portions distributed on respective client and server devices is utilized (FIG. 1b). As used herein, the terms “client device” and “personal electronic device” (PED) include, but are not limited to, personal computers (PCs), whether desktop, laptop, or otherwise, personal digital assistants (PDAs) such as the Apple Newton®, “Palm®” family of devices, handheld computers such as the Hitachi “e-Plate” or Dell Axim, personal communicators such as the Motorola Accompli devices, Motorola EVR-8401, J2ME equipped devices, cellular telephones, set-top boxes, or literally any other device capable of interchanging data with a network. Such devices may interface using wired or optical fiber mechanisms such as an IEEE Std. 802.3 Ethernet interface, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), V.90 modem, DOCSIS modem, hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) cable, or alternatively via wireless mechanisms and protocols such as IS-95/CDMA-2000, BluetoothTM, IrDA interface, IEEE Std. 802.11(a) or (b), Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)/WTLS, GPRS, GSM, third-generation or “3G” systems (3GPP/UMTS), or any other of myriad data communication systems and protocols well known to those of skill in the communications arts. Creation of such computer programs is readily accomplished by those of ordinary skill in the programming arts, and accordingly is not described further herein.
As shown in FIG. 1b, the distributed software embodiment of the architecture 150 utilizes a server portion 152 and client portion 154 distributed on respective server 156 and client devices 158, ostensibly disposed at different physical locations, and in data communication with each other via a network 160. The client portion 154 of the software can be made “thin” to accommodate the comparatively lower hardware capabilities associated with many client devices 158. This architecture 150 is especially well suited to an object oriented programming environment (e.g., CORBA), as will be recognized by those of ordinary skill. In use, the user manually or automatically establishes communication between the client device and the sever portion, thereby allowing for transfer of data relevant to the impending transaction, such as the user's home address, credit card or payment information, etc. This approach obviates the user having to (i) stand at the kiosk and enter the information manually, and (ii) saves time since the link can be established while the user is performing other tasks, such as walking to the security checkpoint, parking their car, etc. Hence, the user merely need walk to the kiosk, insert their chattel into a shipping element 104, and deposit it on the reader 108. When authenticated and encoded, the receptacle will open to allow the element 104 to gravity feed into the locked receptacle. Alternatively, the encoding can be performed after entry into the receptacle (so as to frustrate surreptitious encoding and removal).
The aforementioned communication channel between the client device and module/server can also be used for two-way (i.e., forward and reverse channel) traffic, such as where transaction information is transmitted back to the client device for storage thereon. Alternatively, such information may be transmitted to a third party or proxy, such as to an e-mail server or URL, wherein the information is directly or indirectly provided to the user (such as via a direct confirmatory e-mail, or as a line item on a monthly statement). The transmitted information may optionally include date/time, user ID, location, routing or tracking number, payment method, and even other information such as the weight of the shipment, results of a security scan (e.g., by an installed e-beam, X-ray, neutron, magnetometer, or chemical “sniffer” device co-located with the kiosk), an image of the tracking label, estimated time/date of delivery, addressee, listing of contents, etc. The transfer of information to the client device may be fully automated, conditional upon assent from the user, or fully manual as desired.
The foregoing architecture may also be used to remotely initiate processes on other devices, such as PEDs, “smart” phones, network agents, or home PCs. For example, in one exemplary variant, the client device software is programmed to initiate an O/S window or Java applet running on a J2ME or equivalent equipped distant (e.g., PED) device upon transmission of a prompt corresponding to a given event. The window or applet includes a user name/password feature, wherein the distant user may instruct their client software to initiate certain algorithms or actions, such as transmission of personal information. In one embodiment, a WAP 2.0 client and proxy are utilized. Alternatively, of course, the distant end user may access the desired target IP address or other network node via the Internet or comparable network directly via the PED, thereby effectuating the desired transaction.
In another embodiment of the invention, a SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) enabled device or comparable is used to establish a secure user session to transmit the required information. In one variant, a “PoC” (push-to-talk {PTT} over cellular) approach is used, wherein the user's mobile device includes an architecture that supports instantaneous communications via, e.g., the aforementioned SIP protocol layered over a UMTS IMS architecture of the type well known in the communications arts. For example, the user's client process can be configured to instigate a PoC session upon the user selecting the chattel proxy or application server as a “buddy” and invoking a PTT transmission. So-called “PTx” or “push-to-anything” technology may be used for this purpose; e.g., pre-formatted packages of data necessary to perform chattel management or related functions can be immediately transmitted to the desired receiver via a one-button transmit functionality. These packets may be encapsulated for security purposes, e.g., via an application layer or other protocol such as Digest, IPSec, MIKEY, etc. Alternatively, where Bluetooth is utilized, the proxy or application server can conduct a (e.g., user-permissive) object pull according to the K-11 or OBEX profiles.
The proxy or application server may also require authentication of the user (or mutual authentication) before any data push or pull is allowed, such as via a RAND challenge-based approach or the like. This helps mitigate “spoofing” or surreptitious denial of service to the user, and substitution of an unauthorized device in place of the true chattel owner, or reception of the user's personal data by an unauthorized device.
In another embodiment, the user's cellular telephone equipped with Assisted GPS (A-GPS) or other such locating system can be used to provide forwarding information. Specifically, in one variant, the user's A-GPS system is prompted to save the coordinates of a particular location where the package must be delivered. For example, a user may want his chattel shipped to a third party where he/she is presently located. The user can merely push a soft function key on their client process, the soft function key either saving the coordinate for a later time/date, or transmitting it to a designated agent (such as the chattel management proxy) described elsewhere herein. That way, the user can merely specify the saved/transmitted location as the destination, without having to remember addresses, zip codes, etc. for the destination. Alternatively, the user can maintain a log or listing of saved GPS coordinates (and or address information) for easy recall at a later date.
In a manner somewhat analogous to the A-GPS, the user can also use their client process to exchange information with other user's devices (such as via a Bluetooth “discovery” process or OBEX object exchange). For example, a user may want their chattel shipped to a friend they are traveling with; the user can then handshake with their friend's device to pull/receive an electronic business card with the required delivery information. Such an approach may be useful where the chattel is rented out or intended for temporary use. Consider, for example, where the user rents a car, drives to the airport, leaves the car, and approaches the security checkpoint. The user can (while at the car rental agency) use either GPS location or “pushed/pulled” data as the basis for a communication to the chattel management system, the data instructing the latter as to where to return the car keys. Myriad other configurations will be recognized by those of ordinary skill provided the present disclosure.
In yet another exemplary embodiment, a user can utilize a more simplified device for communicating with the kiosk or module 110. For example, a coded RFID device (to be distinguished from that in the shipping element 104) may be used to automatically provide the kiosk/module 110 with the user's information, much in the way the prior art Mobil “Speed Pass” provides fueling station pumps with payment information, or the MasterCard Paypass system allows for commercial transactions. As another option, a USB key of the type well known in the art can be simply plugged into an accessible USB port of the module 110, thereby potentially both (i) transferring the user's information, and (ii) saving a user record of the transaction within the user's key. This approach can be coupled with the rapid drop capability described elsewhere herein, such that the kiosk associates a given chattel passed through its aperture or slot with a given user. For example, in one variant, the user simply places the chattel in a holding slot or receptacle, this action which prompts the user via a CRT, LCD, TFT, LEDs, audio prompt, or other UI to scan their RFID device past a sensor. After the kiosk controller/processor module and reader interrogates and retrieves the desired information from the RFID device (and also another entity or database, if desired, such as a pay authorization entity), the user is presented with a visual or other display of the shipping information, at which point the user may confirm or cancel. If confirmed, the kiosk then automatically opens the aperture or slot to receive the user's device. Internal mechanisms within the kiosk then either (i) tag the chattel as belonging to a particular user, such as via attachment of a tag or label, insertion in a “tagged” shipping element 104, diversion to a segregated chute or container, etc. Alternatively, the user can be prompted to affix a bar code, label, tag, or other identifying device, such as may be issued by the kiosk. Hand sorting of the various chattels may then be accomplished by personnel emptying the kiosk receptacle. In another embodiment, computer-readable purchase receipts using multi-dimensional bar codes of the type well known in the art, or other comparable mechanisms, may be used consistent with the invention for encoding the chattels and/or shipping elements 104.
As yet another alternative, the user may simply affix their personal RFID device to the chattel, scan as previously described (such as where the receptacle holding slot/aperture is integrated with or proximate the personal RFID reader), and authorize, at which point their chattel and their personal RFID device are collectively shipped to the destination. This variant obviates use of the second RFID device within the shipping element, since the user's RFID device contains all of the necessary information, some of which can be encoded onto the device at the time of scan at the kiosk. For example, the user's RFID device can be equipped to have sufficient storage capacity and to receive data from the kiosk reader/interrogator such that this encoding of additional information occurs seamlessly.
As yet another alternative, the kiosk may be fitted with a card reader adapted to receive cards pre-encoded (“pre-paid”) with a given monetary value. For example, as is well known, cards bearing magnetic media may be encoded at a remote terminal after the user deposits a given amount of currency. Such cards are currently employed, for example, in libraries where photocopy machines are present, or for telecommunications services. In the present context, the user might deposit a comparatively large amount of currency at the encoding terminal to encode or pre-pay for the deposited amount. Subsequent insertions of the card into the card reader read the encoded data (correlating to a currency balance remaining), subtract the amount of the current transaction, and then recode the card commensurate with the remaining balance. In this fashion, the user may avoid having to carry currency or change each time they wish to use the terminal; rather, they simply swipe or insert/retract the card from the reader/encoder, thereby automatically debiting the card.
As yet another alternative, a user's pre-paid cellular device can be exchanged for services in shipping their chattel. In one exemplary embodiment, the prepaid cellular device is configured to interface with the kiosk (such as via direct physical or wired connection, or wireless link such as RF, inductive, IRdA, or other) such that the service provider for the prepaid device authorizes payment of the chattel shipping via the cell phone/kiosk interface.
As even another alternative, the user who travels frequently can pre-code their devices using apparatus disposed at the POD, their home, or other locations. For example, in one embodiment, the user can attach an RFID devices to their chattels of any significant worth (e.g., cell phone, PDA, car keys, etc.) and encode them with their personal information. Alternatively, these devices may be disposed within the chattels at time of manufacture, and then encoded at or after purchase by the user. Once encoded, these devices can then be immediately scanned when placed in proximity to the reader 108 at the kiosk or other location. This obviates having to carry another currency source or personal RFID device.
In another embodiment, user-specific biometric data can be used alone or in conjunction with other data sources to authenticate or provide the required input to the kiosk. For example, in one variant, the user's fingerprint, retinal scan, facial recognition software scan, or voiceprint are used in a two-of-two, three-of-three, etc. coincidence circuit; i.e., when all inputs can be authenticated and correlated to one individual, the user's data is accessed (such as may be kept in a secure data facility in data communication with the kiosk or its proxy) and used as the basis for payment, shipping destination, etc.
In another embodiment, the system 100 can be coupled to the passenger reservation system operated by the relevant transportation agent (e.g., airline or travel agent), such that upon entry of the user's personal information, the reservation system is accessed to retrieve the user's destination and/or routing information. The option of “route to destination” can then be presented to the user, such as via a touch screen display on the kiosk, thereby allowing one-touch destination selection. Other options may include “home”, “office”, or any parties designated by the user either manually or via download of information from the personal RFID device or client device (e.g., PDA or cell phone).
The foregoing approaches also have the added benefit (to varying degrees) of reducing overhead costs associated with setting up and managing the trust, since electronic transactions/reporting are often more cost efficient that manual performance (such as by employees interacting with various entities in person or over the telephone or via mail).
It will also be recognized that use of the invention in a POD application may also carry certain economies of scale which can be exploited to the advantage of the carrier or others. For example, where many people traveling on an aircraft utilize the services described herein to forward their chattel to their travel destination, that same aircraft on which they are traveling can be used as the carrier mechanism for these chattels. Hence, if the shipping and security scanning procedures of the chattels can be accomplished rapidly enough, the chattels can optionally be loaded on the very same aircraft (or another traveling to that same destination), and provided to the traveler upon their egress from the aircraft using procedures which are in effect substantially the inverse of those described herein for registering/shipping the chattel.
In yet another embodiment, the shipping service provided to the user can be virtual in nature either in place of or in conjunction with the tangible services previously described. For example, where the user has an electronic device with important information (e.g., laptop, PDA, etc.), yet they are not allowed to take the device or magnetic media on the aircraft or other modality, they can (i) download the relevant information to a proxy agent (e.g., software process) running on the kiosk or its proxy, and direct the proxy agent to forward the information to a designated real or virtual storage location (such as an e-mail account, accessible URL, third party storage facility, etc.), and (ii) utilize the kiosk to physically transfer the device to a designated location. Hence, where the user simply needs a few data files from their PDA, they can download these using, e.g., a Bluetooth, WiFi, or other wireless link and encrypted protocols to the proxy, which then forwards the files via e-mail to an account accessible by the user at the destination. They then contemporaneously ship the device to their home for later retrieval.
It will also be recognized that depending on the configuration of the tag 106, it may be encoded at time of deposit (or before/after, such as via the user's PDA which can transmit data to the kiosk module 110 or a connected device) with various other types of information, including visual or voice data. Hence, the shipping element can carry audible instructions or information when decoded at the destination using an appropriate reader with audio capability. Hence, the package can also be authenticated to some degree by the recipient before opening it. Other types of information, including images, data, etc. can also be encoded into the shipping element.
In another variant, the kiosk may be equipped to generate photographic, IR, X-ray, spectrographic, or even holographic images of the chattel for, e.g., (i) electronic transmission to the user at the destination, such as where merely the appearance or other attribute of the device is important or sufficient; (ii) for a security or “purchase receipt” record of what was actually deposited at the kiosk, e.g., for insurance policy claim use or loss claims against the carrier; or (iii) use by the carrier in sorting a bin of chattels. In the case of option (iii), users may simply swipe their personal RFID device, which after authorization, results in the kiosk generating the image of the chattel, one (tactile or electronic) copy being provided to the user either directly or indirectly, such as via paper copy or e-mail to the user's designated account, and one for use by the carrier in sorting the receptacle. Other data relating to the chattel may also be obtained and encoded/transmitted, such as the item's weight, ferrous content/magnetization, electric field, luminance, fluorescence, or phosphorescence, fast neutron activation (FNA) signature, etc.
Referring now to FIGS. 2a-2c, various embodiments of the “smart” shipping element 104 of the invention are described. In these embodiments, the RFID tag 106 is disposed within a soft, pliable substrate (which may be part of the shipping element 104 itself or otherwise mated thereto, such as using an adhesive). Ideally, the tag 106 is made as discreet as possible, thereby not alerting users to its presence. An envelope (FIG. 2a), box (FIG. 2b), and tube (FIG. 2c) are shown, although other forms may be used. The envelope pouch of FIG. 2a is ideally formed from a flexible material such as a polymer (e.g., polyethylene), Tyvek, or even paper, although other materials such as aramid fibers, elastomers, shrink-wrap or thermally responsive polymers, or flexible composites may be used as well. In yet another embodiment (not shown) the non-metallic conductive inks of the tag 106 are printed directly on the pliable material during manufacture (and the IC mated accordingly). The exemplary “Bistatix” tag 106 is generally substrate-agnostic, and therefore will operate suitably using the materials listed above or others.
It will be apparent from the foregoing discussion that myriad different types of shipping element 104 and tag 106 configurations may be used, the foregoing embodiment being merely exemplary. The receptacle/kiosk may be adapted to accept only certain shapes and/or sizes of element 104, thereby limiting what can be deposited therein.
In yet another embodiment, the kiosk can be configured to automatically package the chattel for the user, the latter merely depositing down a sized slot or aperture. The slot or aperture (in conjunction with other mechanical elements) creates an upper bound on the size of chattel that can be inserted. The user then merely swipes their personal RFID device past the reader, which encodes the tag 106 on the shipping element, seals the element 104, and charges the user's account based on the prevailing cost structure (e.g., weight/destination/priority/special handling). If for whatever reason the item cannot be processed, such as where it is too heavy or the user's payment method is refused, the kiosk merely activates a chute at the bottom of the kiosk to eject the user's chattel into a tray, much akin to a vending machine. Again, the slot or aperture can be actuated only upon conditions precedent if desired, such as authentication of the user's payment source, etc.
In another embodiment, the kiosk includes an LCD display and magnetic card reader of the type well known in the art e.g., similar to those commonly found on gasoline pumps. Such terminal also includes a “soft” keypad having a plurality of fixed or soft (programmable or software controlled) function keys. Such soft keypad may comprise, for example, a capacitive keypad, CRT-based “touch screen”, LCD, TFT, or any other similar technology. It will be recognized that mechanical keys or button assemblies may also be used; however, such devices are generally less weather and foreign-matter resistant, and require greater maintenance. The function keys provide a number of different functions to the user, including a “print receipt” function (which may be coupled to a paper or electronic receipt functionality), debit/credit select keys, transaction acknowledgement key, as well as an alpha-numeric keypad for entering data such as passwords, Y/N inputs, etc. Such functions and technology are well known to those of ordinary skill in the electronic arts, and accordingly not described further herein.
Once the commands for the desired transactions have been received by the kiosk, the user is prompted and then selects their payment mode (e.g., debit card) via a fixed function key, and then swipes their card through the card reader. When the magnetic strip (or smart card) is read by the reader, the user's debit information is transferred to the processor of the terminal, wherein the algorithm running thereon next initiates a request for the user's password or “PIN” code via the display device (or alternatively via an audio interface driven by e.g., stored CELP voice data file, not shown). After the user enters the PIN code or password via the keypad, the authorization is obtained from the user's CCA or financial institution using any number of existing commercial financial transaction secure links well known in the industry. Once authorized, the controller of the controller issues a command to enable the reader 108 and, optionally unlock the locking device to allow insertion of the shipping element 104.
In yet another embodiment, the chattels of two or more users can be aggregated into a common shipment or shipping element 104 in order to reduce costs. For example, where a number of passengers in a security checkpoint are traveling to the same destination, and a plurality of them have chattels which cannot be taken on board, the users can pair up in groups of two or more and utilize a common shipping element. To this end, the POD facility, air carrier, etc. can also provide or facilitate such a service, such as where the air carrier provides a kiosk whereby all user's with rejected chattels can deposit their chattels for shipment to the destination via the passenger's aircraft or another aircraft/mode. This service may be provided either gratuitously or for a fee.
In another embodiment, the user, carrier or service provider can provide “stick-on” or otherwise selectively attachable RFID, bar code, magnetic strips, or even printed tags which the user can apply to their chattels for tracking. For example, in one case, the user can apply a number of pre-coded bar code labels to each of their chattels before travel (or even at the POD once they know that the chattel cannot be transported via the selected modality). The user then simply scans the label with a bar code reader provided a the kiosk (akin to a prior art supermarket checkout kiosk), and deposits the chattel in the receptacle (whether in a shipping element 104 or not) for subsequent handling by the carrier.
To this end, users can establish pre-existing accounts, much like a prior art Fedex or UPS account, whereby the payment, shipment, etc. information is already known by the carrier. Multiple different options can also be selected by the user such as, e.g., at time of scanning, wherein the CRT or other kiosk display device prompts the user to select a shipping destination, etc. The carrier can also utilize the aforementioned economies regarding co-location to make the service more cost efficient. For example, a kiosk at San Diego Airport is likely to receive a large number of chattels from people in the greater San Diego area requesting that the chattels be returned to their home address, thereby allowing for grouping of deliveries for greater economy.
Furthermore, “intelligent” kiosk management can be utilized, whether in operation and/or construction, so as to increase economies. For example, the kiosk or subsequent handling mechanisms can be configured to selectively sort the deposited shipping elements or chattels based on destination. Furthermore, the controller module of the kiosk can be programmed to alert a parent or proxy node of the need for unloading of the receptacle under certain conditions, such as when a sufficient number of items for a given destination are received. In order to reduce cost to the user, the latter may also be given the option to trade cost for latency; i.e., if a user can wait longer to get their chattel back, their cost of shipment can be lowered. This dynamic is particularly relevant to the present invention, since many travelers won't arrive back home for several days anyway, thereby increasing their tolerance to longer shipping delays.
This metric can also be managed by the kiosk or carrier, such as where kiosks are preferentially distributed (or alternatively are equipped with receptacles equating to different shipping priorities or delays) such that their users are skewed towards the relevant portion of the population. For example, a “long delay” shipment kiosk may be placed at the international terminal, a shorter latency kiosk may be suited better to the domestic or commuter flight terminals.
Also, the carrier or provider of the kiosk can coordinate with other carriers (such as Fedex or UPS) so as to intelligently schedule and manage distribution of the chattels to their destinations. For example, with data coupling of the kiosk carrier system with that of other carriers, and coordination there between, duplication of routes can be minimized, such as through a cross-carrier distribution agreement.
As shown in FIG. 3, the Internet or other internet/intranet is used as the basis for one embodiment of the “backbone” of the system 300. The system 300 includes, for example, a backend server 306, a plurality of “front end” kiosk devices 308, including one or more mobile WAP-enabled wireless devices 310, the kiosks interfaced through a wireless base station 312 and WAP gateway 314 of the type well known in the art, the latter being in data communication with the Internet 302. The WAP associated WTLS security protocols may also be employed if desired. Clearly, the use of WAP and a wireless topology in this embodiment is merely illustrative.
The Internet 302 advantageously makes use of the well known and generally ubiquitous TCP/IP protocol, thereby assuring compatibility and access by a wide variety of existing client devices. The server 306 is coupled to a database 307 which provides, inter alia, storage of user-related data and information such as personal information, statistics, security information, credit card information, etc. It will be recognized that multiple database entities may be used, such multiple entities being either co-located or disparate. The database 307 may also be functionally (as opposed to physically) partitioned and firewalled, such that various types of data are restricted from access by certain entities. Additionally, the POD kiosks 308 may coupled directly to the Internet, LAN, WAN, MAN, intranet, etc. via a service provider 332 (dedicated or otherwise).
The kiosks 308 may include for example audio-visual apparatus such as an H.323-compliant protocol suite adapted for transfer of audio-visual data between the user and a customer service agent 336, whereby the user and agent can communicate audibly (such as via VoIP software installed on the Kiosk and agent terminal) and visually to complete the transaction. Alternatively, the kiosk 308 can be configured with speech recognition software of the type now well known in the art to convert audible speech by the user to text or other data which is then utilized by the distant end to accomplish any number of functions such as chattel deposit and routing, providing on-demand information, etc. A text-to-speech (TTS) capability may also be employed, wherein pre-stored or dynamically generated data files may be converted to audible speech at the kiosk. Alternatively, pre-stored CELP or similar compressed speech data files may be decompressed and played at the Kiosk to provide audio information.
A capacitive or other type of touch screen is optionally provided as an input device, with the display of the kiosk 308 (not shown) acting as both a display device and an input device, thereby simplifying the user interface.
In another embodiment, a peer-to-peer arrangement (either aided by a network agent or server, or true P2P) may be used as the model for communications between entities, whether customer-to-carrier, customer-to-customer, carrier-to-carrier, etc.). It is even envisioned that a user-based bidding or barter system may be established, such as where users may place bids on unclaimed chattels (somewhat akin to the prior art “eBay” paradigm), or barter between themselves via P2P to exchange chattels. For example, a user unable to carry a given chattel on an aircraft may invoke a P2P session over their WiFi link, and solicit a bid for the chattel form another party on say, an incoming aircraft or waiting to pick up a passenger in the terminal. The selling user can then deposit the chattel in a nearby kiosk as described elsewhere herein, and the purchaser can be electronically enabled to access the chattel after payment is made. Hence, the kiosk can act as an electronic transaction arbiter and temporary storage location, for a fee to be extracted from the seller or buyer (or both). The particular kiosk where the chattel is deposited can also be readily identified to the purchaser via their PED or other means, such as a page to their cell phone, etc. A user can also reroute their chattel to another location after deposit. These transactions can also be conducted via cell phone if desired, again with the kiosk or system 100 acting as the intermediary for the transaction.
It will be recognized that myriad different audio, display, and input technologies may be utilized consistent with the invention to transfer information between the user and the “agent” of the carrier.
Furthermore, the term “kiosk” is not limited to any particular physical layout, location, or arrangement. For example, a kiosk may be fixed or mobile, stand-alone or as part of another structure or component, indoor or outdoor, etc.
Also, the kiosks or their components also need not be in one physical location; rather a “virtual” kiosk scattered at various locations throughout the POD for example is envisaged, acting electronically as one kiosk. In this fashion, data received and actions taken by various different physical kiosks can be coordinated and/or analyzed as desired.
Furthermore, the kiosks of the present invention(s) need not be fixed, but may also be mobile, such as where they are mounted on vehicles which are roving in nature. In one variant, an airport cart is configured with a mobile kiosk with secure WiFi or UWB link; the driver drives the cart to different security locations periodically to pick up chattels from users (or merely allow them to interact with the kiosk as previously described herein), or even for incidental user contact, much the way one waves down a taxicab.
As yet another option, the interface between the shipping agent or its proxy and the user may be implemented using a virtual private network (VPN) of the type well known in the art, which provided secure end-to-end communications between two or more points via an untrusted network such as the Internet. This embodiment may be implemented via the aforementioned WAP/WTLS technology suite and associated protocol stacks, through a dedicated or shared RADIUS server and tunneled packets, or any other comparable arrangement capable of restricting access to the transmissions, database or other repositories of information to only authorized personnel. Use of such security technology may be an important criteria in certain contexts, since users may want to have their personal data (i.e., identity, place of residence, credit card information, etc.) maintained in strict confidence to avoid any fear of surreptitious theft and use of this information without authorization (e.g., “identity theft”), or attempts to interfere with the delivery of the shipping element at or near its destination.
The Internet may also advantageously be used as a medium for receipt of shipment requests or solicitation of new prospective participants, in that a URL (e.g., designating a worldwide website) may be used to provide information, receive data, requests for additional information, etc. Furthermore, meta-tags embedded in the site will key Internet search engines to locate the site upon the initiation of an appropriate search using an Internet search engine (such as Yahoo!, GoogleTM, etc.). In one embodiment, an applet or comparable browser mechanism is initiated upon such search, the applet being configured to alert the user to the existence of the URL/website when a search having appropriate parameters is initiated.
It will be appreciated that the chattel transport services described herein may also be provided in conjunction with other services, whether related or not. For example, chattels may be stored (either at the POD or another location) for a finite period of time at the user's request, somewhat like an airport or bus terminal locker. In one variant, the transport destination may be designated as OPOD (original POD), such that the user can merely pay for the storage of his/her chattel, and then recover it at a later time, such as upon the completion of their return flight. Others may also be authorized to access the storage facility/receptacle, such as family members, etc.
Other services may comprise, e.g., cleaning, repair, maintenance, testing, etc. of the chattel, registration in a database, etc. The user may also be presented with POS (point of sale) options at the POD for these or other goods/services, such as flight insurance, chattel shipment insurance, MP3 or music downloads, or even carrier-authorized replacement chattels for those being surrendered by the user.
It is also noted that the various tracking or marking mechanisms described herein (i.e., RFID, bar codes, magnetic strips, etc.) are not exclusive of one another, and in fact may be used together to advantage, such as to perform different functions at different points throughout the processing or transit chain of the chattels. For example, the RFID tagging approach may be more suitable to one portion of the chain (such as user interface at the kiosk), whereas magnetic media may be more desirable for other processing tasks. These different media may also be made selectively removable if desired, so that a chattel or shipping element 104 can be “marked” and “unmarked” if desired during processing, delivery, security scanning, etc. Encodings used on the shipping elements can also be made human readable if desired to facilitate such processing.
It should be recognized that while the foregoing discussion of the various aspects of the invention has described specific sequences of steps necessary to perform the methods of the present invention, other sequences of steps may be used depending on the particular application. Specifically, additional steps may be added, and other steps deleted as being optional. Furthermore, the order of performance of certain steps may be permuted, and/or performed in parallel with other steps. Hence, the specific methods disclosed herein are merely exemplary of the broader methods of the invention.
While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointed out novel features of the invention as applied to various embodiments, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the device or process illustrated may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description. All changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalence of the claims are to embraced within their scope.

## Claims

1. A method of forwarding chattel from a first location to another location, comprising:
receiving using a mobile device of a temporary possessor of said chattel information from the owner of said chattel as to said another location;
placing said mobile device in communication with a receptacle apparatus at said first location, said receptacle apparatus being adapted to receive said chattel;
communicating said information from said mobile device to said receptacle apparatus; and
electronically encoding said chattel or packaging of said chattel with at least a portion of said information, said at least portion facilitating delivery of said chattel to said another location.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said chattel comprises a rental vehicle key, and said temporary possessor comprises a renter of a vehicle associated with said key, and said first location comprises a location at or near a security screening station at an airport.

3. Apparatus for receiving and forwarding chattel from an originating point of departure to another location, comprising:
a receptacle configured to receive said chattel;
first apparatus configured to receive information from the possessor of said chattel; and
second apparatus configured to encode said chattel or packaging of said chattel with at least a portion of said information after said chattel is deposited in said receptacle, said at least portion facilitating delivery of said chattel to another location; and
apparatus adapted to cause insurance coverage to be issued for or applied to said chattel.

4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein said first apparatus comprises a touch-screen user interface, said apparatus further comprising one of (i) a magnetic card reader, or (ii) radio frequency device, said card reader or radio frequency device being used to provide at least payment information.

5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein said second apparatus comprises:
a radio frequency device attached to said chattel or packaging and adapted to store a plurality of data; and
a radio frequency encoder adapted to encode a data representation of said information onto said radio frequency device.

6. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein said first apparatus comprises a radio frequency interface adapted to communicate with a mobile device.

7. Apparatus for receiving and forwarding chattel from an originating point of departure to another location, comprising:
a receptacle configured to receive said chattel;
first apparatus configured to receive information from the possessor of said chattel; and
second apparatus configured to encode said chattel or packaging of said chattel with at least a portion of said information after said chattel is deposited in said receptacle, said at least portion facilitating delivery of said chattel to another location;
wherein said first apparatus comprises a USB (universal serial bus) key portable device.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said second apparatus comprises:
a radio frequency device attached to said chattel or packaging and adapted to store a plurality of data; and
a radio frequency encoder adapted to encode a data representation of said information onto said radio frequency device.

9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said first apparatus comprises a radio frequency interface adapted to communicate with a mobile device.

10. Apparatus for receiving and forwarding chattel from an originating point of departure to another location, comprising:
a receptacle configured to receive said chattel;
first apparatus configured to receive information from the possessor of said chattel; and
second apparatus configured to encode said chattel or packaging of said chattel with at least a portion of said information after said chattel is deposited in said receptacle, said at least portion facilitating delivery of said chattel to another location;
wherein said first apparatus comprises apparatus adapted to receive payment information from a billing account associated with a cellular telephone placed in data communication with said apparatus.

11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said second apparatus comprises:
a radio frequency device attached to said chattel or packaging and adapted to store a plurality of data; and
a radio frequency encoder adapted to encode a data representation of said information onto said radio frequency device.

12. Apparatus for receiving and forwarding chattel from an originating point of departure to another location, comprising:
a receptacle configured to receive said chattel;
first apparatus configured to receive information from the possessor of said chattel; and
second apparatus configured to encode said chattel or packaging of said chattel with at least a portion of said information after said chattel is deposited in said receptacle, said at least portion facilitating delivery of said chattel to another location;
wherein said second apparatus comprises:
a radio frequency device attached to said chattel or packaging after said chattel is deposited in said receptacle, and adapted to store a plurality of data; and
a radio frequency encoder adapted to encode a data representation of said information onto said radio frequency device.

13. Cellular telephone apparatus adapted for chattel forwarding from an originating location, comprising:
a processor;
memory in data communication with said processor; and
a client process operative to run on said processor, said client process configured to process and transmit user-specific information, said user-specific information enabling the encoding and forwarding of chattel from a first originating location to another location, said another location comprising a travel destination for said user, said travel destination being obtained from a computerized travel reservation system.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said transmission of said user-specific information is conducted via a cellular telephony air interface of said apparatus.

15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said transmission of said user-specific information is conducted via a Wi-Fi wireless interface of said apparatus.

16. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said transmission of said user-specific information is conducted via a Bluetooth wireless interface of said apparatus.