NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ALEXANDRIA MOSLEY, et al., 

Plaintiffs-Appellants, 

 v. 

WELLS FARGO & COMPANY; WELLS 

FARGO BANK, N.A., 

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 23-55478 

D.C. No. 

3:22-cv-01976-DMS-AHG 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of California

Dana M. Sabraw, Chief District Judge, Presiding

Submitted February 15, 2024**

Pasadena, California

Before: BOGGS,*** NGUYEN, and LEE, Circuit Judges.

Plaintiffs-Appellants Alexandria Mosley, Rejoyce Kemp, Berenice Cisneros, 

and Bruce Parker (“Claimants”) are four of nearly four thousand individuals who 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

*** The Honorable Danny J. Boggs, United States Circuit Judge for the 

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.

FILED

MAR 7 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
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filed near-identical individual demands against Wells Fargo with the American 

Arbitration Association (“AAA”). Claimants alleged in federal court that Wells 

Fargo breached their Arbitration Agreements by substituting class-wide arbitration 

procedures for what they claimed were bilateral arbitrations specified in the 

Agreements, and stated second and third causes of action in which they repeated 

the substantive claims against Wells Fargo that they described in their arbitration 

demands. The district court compelled claimants to return to arbitration, 

concluding that the parties “clearly and unmistakably” delegated questions about 

arbitrability to the arbitrator. We agree.

This court reviews de novo the decision to grant or deny a motion to compel 

arbitration. Bushey v. Credit Suisse First Boston, 360 F.3d 1149, 1152 (9th Cir. 

2004); Stover v. Experian Holdings, Inc., 978 F.3d 1082, 1085 (9th Cir. 2020). The 

district court’s underlying factual findings are reviewed for clear error, and the 

“interpretation and meaning of contract provisions” are reviewed de novo. 

Milenbach v. Comm’r, 318 F.3d 924, 930 (9th Cir. 2003); Balen v. Holland Am. 

Line Inc., 583 F.3d 647, 652 (9th Cir. 2009).

We affirm the district court. Because the parties are familiar with the factual 

and procedural history of this case, we need not recount it here.

1. The district court did not err in finding that the Process Arbitrator’s 

(“PA”) Order was interlocutory and not subject to judicial review. It is well-settled 
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that questions of procedure relating to arbitration are outside of the purview of the 

federal courts. Procedural questions involved in arbitration are “submitted to the 

arbitrator, either expressly or implicitly, along with the merits of the dispute.” 

McKesson Corp. v. Local 150 IBT, 969 F.2d 831, 834 (9th Cir. 1992). Likewise, 

procedural questions are “not for the judge, but for an arbitrator to decide.” StoltNielson S.A. v. AnimalFeeds In’t Corp., 559 U.S. 662, 685 (2010). 

“The basic purpose of arbitration is the speedy disposition of disputes 

without the expense and delay of extended court proceedings.” In re Sussex, 781 

F.3d 1065, 1072 (9th Cir. 2015). In Sussex, this court noted that most sister circuits 

“expressly preclude any mid-arbitration intervention” and that “review of an 

arbitration proceeding comes at the beginning or the end, but not in the middle.” 

Id. at 1073 (quoting Blue Cross Blue Shield of Mass. v. BCS Ins. Co., 671 F.3d 

635, 638 (7th Cir. 2011)). To “permit what is in effect an appeal from an 

interlocutory ruling of the arbitrator would frustrate” the purpose of arbitration. Id.

at 1072.

No Claimant has yet won or lost a claim against Wells Fargo; an arbitration 

award has not been given. Instead, Claimants have refused to comply with 

information requests from Wells Fargo after months of arbitration and a PA Order

and now seek to circumvent the PA Order in federal court. The PA Order is not a 
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final order that invites judicial review, as noted by the district court, and the 

“extreme case” exception does not apply. 

This court has reserved the “remote possibility” that a theoretical “extreme 

case” exists whereby “severe irreparable injury” and “manifest injustice” would be 

done if intermediate judicial review were to be withheld. Aerojet-Gen. Corp. v. 

Am. Arb. Ass’n, 478 F.2d 248, 251 (9th Cir. 1973). In Sussex, this court stated, 

over 40 years after Aerojet, that the Ninth Circuit has never approved a federal 

court intervening in mid-arbitration, before holding that it refused to do so in that 

case too. 781 F.3d at 1073. Claimants have not argued that their case falls within 

the Aerojet exception in their opening brief and, thus, it has been waived. TriValley CAREs v. U.S. Dep’t of Energy, 671 F.3d 1113, 1129–30 (9th Cir. 2012). 

2. The district court did not err in concluding that the parties “clearly and 

unmistakably” delegated arbitrability. The authority of an arbitrator to “determine 

the validity or application of any of the provisions of the arbitration clause” is a 

threshold issue. See Momot v. Mastro, 652 F.3d 982, 988 (9th Cir. 2011). When the 

parties have “clearly and unmistakably” delegated such issues, the validity of the 

arbitration agreement is for the arbitrator, not the court, to decide. AT&T Techs., 

Inc. v. Commc’ns Workers of America, 475 U.S. 643, 649 (1986). Even where 

parties agree to delegate gateway issues to the arbitrator, a court may decline to 

compel arbitration in some extreme cases where one party defaults or entirely 
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refuses to cooperate in arbitration. Sink v. Aden Enters. Inc., 352 F.3d 1197, 1201–

02 (9th Cir. 2003). In such an instance, compelling arbitration would be

“inconsistent with the structure and purpose of the FAA.” Id. at 1200.

Here, the Arbitration Agreement provides that AAA will “hear the dispute 

between Wells Fargo and you” and defines “dispute” as “any unresolved 

disagreement with Wells Fargo and you” including the “Arbitration Agreement’s 

meaning, application, or enforcement.” According to the Arbitration Agreement, 

disputes about the agreement itself are to go to the “arbitrator” who “will decide 

whether it is enforceable.” 

This is not an extreme case. Unlike in Sink, Wells Fargo did not act 

improperly or otherwise breach the agreement. In fact, Wells Fargo simply sought 

information establishing that each Claimant had a legitimate dispute with them. 

Wells Fargo complied with the Arbitration Agreement and paid more than half a 

million dollars in arbitration fees over several months of arbitration before 

Claimants filed their case in federal court. 

As noted by the district court, the provisions in the Arbitration Agreement 

“clearly and unmistakably” delegated the gateway issue of arbitrability to the 

arbitrator and the district court was correct in compelling arbitration.

3. The district court did not err in compelling Claim I. When an arbitration 

agreement delegates meaning, application, enforcement, or scope to the arbitrator, 
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the delegation is considered “a mini-arbitration agreement, nestled within a larger 

one.” Caremark LLC v. Chickasaw Nation, 43 F.4th 1021, 1029 (9th Cir. 2022). In 

Caremark, this court held that “all arguments going to the scope or enforceability 

of the arbitration provision are for the arbitrator to decide in the first instance,” and 

compelled arbitration.

In Oracle America, Inc. v. Myriad Group A.G., the question for the court 

was whether the parties had “clearly and unmistakably” agreed to delegate 

authority to the arbitrator. 724 F.3d 1069, 1076 (9th Cir. 2013). This court held that 

they did, even against Oracle’s argument that “a carve-out provision in the parties’ 

arbitration clause expresses their intent that a court would decide arbitrability.” Id.

In fact, this court noted that “Oracle’s argument conflates the scope of the 

arbitration clause, i.e., which claims fall within the carve-out provision, with the 

question of who decides arbitrability.” Id. Oracle’s argument concerned certain 

categories of claims to be exempted from arbitration and this court held that “the 

decision that a claim [falls within the carve-out provision] constitutes an 

arbitrability determination, which the parties have clearly and unmistakably 

delegated to the arbitrator.”

Here, the language of the Arbitration Agreement is clear—all disputes, 

including those pertaining to the Arbitration Agreement itself, go to the arbitrator. 

Questions about its scope, including whether the carve-out provision applies to 
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Count I, also go to the arbitrator. Even if Claimants are right and the carve-out 

provision did apply to Count I, the Arbitration Agreement still delegates to the 

arbitrator, not the federal court, the authority to make that decision in the first 

instance. 

We therefore AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.