NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

2809

Laboratory Evaluation of Six Selected

Commercially Available Materials

as Stabilizers for Asphalt Roofing

By

Sidney H. Greenfeld

<j5|>

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Sinclair vS&s'm, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT MBS REPORT

1004-10-1017 September 23, 1953 2809

Laboratory Evaluation of Six Selected

Commercially Available Materials

as Stabilizers for Asphalt Roofing

Sidney H. Green feid

Research Associate

Asphalt Roofing Industry Bureau

Floor, Roof and Wall Coverings Section

Building Technology Division

Asphalt Roofing Industry Bureau

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

By

Sponsored by

The publication, re

unless permission ii

25, D.C, Such pei

cally prepared If t

iport has been specin- Standards and Technology (NIST) 9port for own uje. on October 9, 20 1 5.

own use.
LABORATORY EVALUATION OF SIX SELECTED COMMERCIALLY

AVAILABLE MATERIALS AS STABILIZERS FOR ASPHALT ROOFING

Page

ABSTRACT 1

1. INTRODUCTION 2

2. MATERIALS 3

2.1 Materials Tested as Stabilizers 3

2 0 2 Asphalts 4

3 . EQUIPMENT 4

3d Aluminum Panels 4

3*2 Panel Making 4

3 s 3 Panel Exposure 4

3°4 Panel Inspection 4

4 0 PROCEDURE 8

4.1 Panel Preparation 8

4„2 Panel Exposure 9

4o3 Panel Inspection 10

5. RESULTS 14

5.1 Accelerated Durability Test Data 14

5o2 Physical Test Data 20

6o DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 20

6.1 Accelerated Durability Tests 20

6.2 Physical Tests on Coatings 31

7 1 CONCLUSIONS 35

8 0 APPENDIX A„ 37

8.1 Volume Composition 38

8 0 2 Specific Gravity 38

803 Shatter Test 39

8 0 4 Water Absorption Tests 40

9. REFERENCES 48
TABLES

TABLE NO, PAGE

I. Physical and Chemical Data on Mineral

Materials 6

II. Properties of Asphalts 7

III. Dominant Spectral Lines in Asphalt Ash 8

IV. Failure Classification 11

V. PRINCIPAL SERIES - Durability Data

by Accelerated Test 15 -

VI. Repeat Tests 18

VII. Physical Tests of Unstabilized Asphalt

Coatings Used as Controls 21

VIII. Physical Tests of Coatings 23

IX. Physical Tests of Coatings 25

X. Physical Tests of Coatings 26

XI. Effect of Mineral Matter on Softening

Points and Shatter of Coatings 34

XII. Specific Gravities 39

XIII. Water Absorption Data

A. Water Absorbed in One Year

B. Weight Increase in 20 Months

C. Volume Increase in 20 Months

44

45

46
ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE NOo PAGE

1. Materials Tested as Stabilizers 5

2 0 Crack Patterns n An To n D" 12

3o Crack Patterns "E" To !? H

n 13

Durability Probability 19

5° Accelerated Durability Data - Black Slate

Blue

19

6. Accelerated Durability Data = Clay

Florida

19

7 o Accelerated Durability Data - Dolomite

Niagara

19

8 o Accelerated Durability Data - Carbon Fly Ash

Low

19

9o Accelerated Durability Data - Erie Silica

Lake

19

HO 0 Water Absorption Results 22

o

I

rH 1 Water Absorption Tests - Volume

Increase vs D Weight Increase 2k

12. Particle Size Distributions - Range

Sieve

k7

13. Particle Size Distributions - Range

Sub-Sieve

^7
LAB ORAT CRY EVALUATION OF SIX SELECTED COMMERCIALLY

AVAILABLE MATERIALS AS STABILIZERS FOR ASPHALT ROOFING

by

Sidney H. Greenfeld

ABSTRACT

The effect of six finely divided mineral materials

in three concentrations (35? 50 and 60$) on the

durability of three asphalts was determined in

accelerated durability machines . Numerous physical

tests were also made on the individual asphalts and

minerals and on their various blends . Although each

miner al-asphalt system had to have its characteristics

evaluated individually , the following generalizations

are valid?

(1) For every combination tested ? the durability of

the coating increased with film thickness

.

(2) Blue black slate and Tennessee mica increased the

durability of all three asphalts at all concentrations

and film thicknesses tested.

(3) Niagara dolomite increased the durability of the

coatings in many cases , but in others had no effect.

(4) Low carbon fly ash increased the durability of

the coatings in many cases , but did not affect it in

others; however ? because the coatings containing fly

ash could be rated only by visual inspection, the

durability reported may be high.

(5) Lake Erie silica and Florida clay increased the

durability only in some instances s primarily in the

thicker films with asphalts II and III.

(6) All the materials studied increased the softening

point 9 viscosity, water absorption, and impact resistance of the coatings progressively with increasing

concentration, but without a systematic relationship

with durability.
2 -

(7) There is some indication that plate-like par'

tides effect the greatest increase in durability

lo INTRODUCTION

During the late 1920 *s and 1930 5 s numerous investigators

were examining means of conducting accelerated tests of the

durabilities of bituminous materials 0 In 1928 Hickson and

Walker CO reported on the development of an accelerated

weathering machine to produce the rapid deterioration by

light and spray water of organic coating materials. In the

following year Shelley reported on the accelerated

weathering characteristics of Oklahoma asphalts , and in 1930

Striefer /_ published the first of a series of articles on

accelerated tests on roofing asphalts 0 Six years later two

more papers by Strieter dealt with the relation between the

chemical nature of asphalts and their weathering characteristics DO and the e. „tives on the durability.

and Strieter fjiJ ! t procedures for

asphalts o In February 193 8 , Research Paper No 0 1073 9 by

Dr 0 Oo Go Strieter £8J , was ' published as the final report on

this early work on the effects of finely divided mineral

matter on the durability of coatings used in the manufacture

of asphalt roofing 0 During the following few years great

strides were made in the petroleum Indus try , uncovering new

fields and developing new refining processes^ new asphalts,

became available for roofing manufacture , and many of the

older sources disappeared . New types of mineral material came

under consideration for blending with the asphalts to improve

their durability . Improved methods of manufacturing roofing

made possible higher concentrations of mineral stabilizer in

coating asphalt . In order to take full advantage of these

new materials and improved techniques , and to assist in the

choice of materials for stabilizer use ? the Research Committee

of the Asphalt Roofing Industry Bureau,with representatives of

the National Bureau of Standards, outlined a program to expand

the study of many of the factors involved in the durability

of coating asphalts and to find how these factors affect

the suitability of the available materials

of asphalts under Snake and Strieter £33
— 3 “

This program was specifically designed to answer a number of questions which always arise when a material is considered for use as a stabilizer in prepared roofing and

ultimately to provide a basis for a specification for the

selection of stabilizers. The work covered in this report

was planned to answer the following questions

:

(1) What is the effect of the concentration of the mineral

matter on the durability of the coating?

(2) What is the effect of the thickness of the coating on

its durability?

( 3 ) What is the effect of the mineral matter on the impact

resistance, or brittleness, of the coating?

( 4 ) What is the effect of the mineral matter on the adhesion

of the coating to the saturated felt base and the

granules?

Three concentrations of six materials in three different

asphalts at three coating thicknesses were evaluated in

accelerated durability machines® This series of exposures

is designated as the Principal Series® A number of tests

were also made on these materials, the individual asphalts

and the blended coatings in order to integrate the accelerated durability data with more fundamental concepts.

Although the scope of the project embraces all of these

questions, this report covers only the results of accelerated

tests of some coatings on aluminum panels and of the physical

tests made on these coatings and the materials that went into

them. Later reports will deal with the results of aluminumand felt-based specimens exposed outdoors and further accelerated durability tests of aluminum-based specimens.

2. MATERIALS

2.1 Materials Tested as Stabilizers

Six finely divided minerals were selected from the large

number of those currently available to the roofing industry.

These particular ones were chosen because they were believed

to cover the complete spectrum of performance, from very poor
If -

to excellent 9 and were available in convenient form® The

properties and attributes of these six minerals are tabulated in Table I G Figure 1 contains photomicrographs of

these materials; they are included to show the particle

shape only and because each is at a different magnification,

direct comparison for particle size cannot be made 0

2 0 2 Asphalts

The asphalts subjected to test were obtained from

three sources and are widely available for use in manufacturing prepared roofing in the United States 0 Each asphalt

was commercially processed from the crude oil into six

products 8 a flux and five different softening point materials,

as shown in Table II 0 Portions of Product 1 of each asphalt were ignited at

l800°F to determine the inorganic matter present 0 Speetrographic analyses of the ash are summarized in Table III0

3 o EQUIPMENT

3ol Aluminum Panels

Aluminum panels 2 3A- x 6 x 0 o 064 inD were used to

support the coatings during exposure „ These panel bases

were all made from Kaiser aluminum alloy 2S - 1/2 H 0

3 o 2 Panel Making

The exposed panels were made with the aid of a hydraulic press, as described elsewhere £jiOj 0 3o3 Panel Exposure

The panels were exposed in six accelerated durability

machines constructed at the National Bureau of Standards and

described In £±T]

3 A Panel Inspection

The panels were inspected weekly, both visually and with

a high-voltage probe £*1±J 0 Representative types of failures

were photographed wife a Speed Graphic View Camera containing

a 6-in 0 F6 C 8 Goerz Dagor lens Q
MATERIALS

TESTED

AS

STABILIZERS

(FOR

PARTICLE

SHAPE

ONLY)

FIG. I
TABLE

1.

PHYSICAL

AND

CHEMICAL

DATA

ON

MINERAL

MATERIALS

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TABLE II„ PROPERTIES OF ASPHALTS

ASPHALT I II III

Date 9A9 i/5ia b/52 9A9 l/.5l a 5/52 9A9 i/5la 5/52

PRODUCT 1

S 0 P 01 °Fb

Pen 0 d

18 7 189 192 185 190 196 185 190 195

31 28 2b 29 27 25 25 22 19

Sp Q Gr„ b lo013 0.995 loQl9

PRODUCT 2

S„Po 9 °Fb 197 201 205 196 26b 212 189 192 195

Pen 0 b 25 23 21 25 23 20 25 22 19

PRODUCT 3

C P O T71 b O o Jr o

^

-T 211 213 215 210 217 225 207 207 208

Pen, c 22 21 19 22 20 17 21 20 19

PRODUCT b

S o P„ °Fb

Pen* 6

213 218 22V 221 227 235 218 226 235

20 19 17 19 18 17 18 17 15

PRODUCT 5

S 0 P 0? °Fb 223 230 237 231 239e 239 22b 232 239

Pen 0 c 19 lb 15 17 15 15 17 16 15

Sp 0 Gr 0 b 1 0 0

1

7 lo003 lo021

FLUX

Viscosity

at 210°F

Flash Point< a 8^ F e S 0 286 Fo S 0 595 F.t^ 0 °F (COC) bb$ 580 620

clBecause of the progressive increase in the hardness of all of the

products , the softening points and penetrations changed progressively <, The time-weighted averages of the determinations of these properties

measured in 9/^9 and b/J2 were used in estimating them when the

. products were used Q

13 Softening Point 9 Ring and Bali - ASTM Method D36~26 0 ^Penetration at 77° F 9 100 g 9 9 sec D - ASTM Method D5-52<>

%he specific gravity at 77° F "was determined only on Products 1 and 5°

0This product was not used because of its high softening point

„
TABLE IIIo DOMINANT SPECTRAL LINES

IN ASPHALT ASH

ELEMENTS

Asphalt % Ash AX Ca Cu Fe Mg Na Ni Pb Ti V

I 0 o 2% S S w VS S S S W M S

II 0ol% s s w VS S S S W M s

III Oolfo s s w VS s M s W M s

VS = Very Strong M = Moderate

S = Strong W = Weak

4 0 PROCEDURE

4 0 1 Panel Preparation

All coatings were blended from adjacent asphalt

products (Table II) and the desired percentage of mineral

matter to have softening points in the range of 217-227°F 0 In some instances 227° F was exceeded even though only the

softest product was used ? because that particular concentration of that material" resulted in a very large softening point increase 0 Preliminary to preparing coating mixtures 9 the softening point increase for the minerals at

their test concentrations were determinedo These increases

were used to estimate the base softening point required for

a given mixture „ Suitable proportions of the asphalt products straddling this value were blended to form the base 0

This asphalt was melted

? the mineral matter added 9 and the mixture stirred continually by hand at about

420=430°F until the surface became free from foam and
- 9

-

bubbles „ The temperature was increased to 450°F and the

viscosity measured with a Brookfield viscometer 0 The

temperature was permitted to drop slowly to 190°F 5 and

viscosity measurements were made at about 10 degree

intervals after thorough stirring „ The mix was reheated

to its working range for the preparation of exposure

panels as described elsewhere flOj .

Just prior to making the first panels two specimens

for softening point determination on and one shatter

specimen were pouredo Halfway through the panel-making , procedure 9 another shatter specimen and a water -absorption^'

specimen were pouredo A third shatter and two additional

softening point specimens were poured at the completion

of the panel-making 8 On random occasions ash determinations

were made to assure uniform mineral distribution in the

molten coating asphalto

h 0 2 Panel Exposure

Thirteen aluminum-base and five felt-base panels

were made from each of the 48 coatings 0 The thirteen

aluminum-base panels comprised four each of three test

thicknesses , ioe 0? 13 , 2 5 and 4-3 mils 0 Of each group of

four two were subjected to accelerated durability tests

and two were exposed outdoors „ An additional panel , 25

mils thicks was retained as a reference specimen,. The

five felt-base panels comprised two of 13 and two of 25

mils thickness, all of which were exposed outdoors 9 and

an additional 25~mil panel retained as a reference specimen,, Felt-base , granule-surfaced specimens of 27 of

these coatings were also made for outdoor exposure 0 The

outdoor tests were set up to provide a basis for further

correlation of the accelerated durability results with

weather exposure performance (f9jo Accelerated durability

tests were conducted so that individual panels of each

1/

For a description of the water absorption and shatter

tests, refer to the appendix 0
10 -

duplicate pair were exposed in different accelerated durability machines in order to average possible machine differences® The panels were inverted in their supports

every other day and the supports were inverted on the

intervening days®

The accelerated durability machines were operated 22

hours a day, seven days a week, during the entire course

of exposures® The exposure cycle consisted of 51 minutes

of radiation followed by nine minutes of radiation and

cold (4o±2°F), demineralized water spray, delivered at

25±5 psigo This cycle was selected for its effectiveness,

based on a comparison of numerous combinations of light,

water spray, and refrigeration, reported elsewhere [12]®

This cycle provides the frequency and quantity of cold

water needed for removal of the water-soluble weathering

products, and also induces frequent thermal shocks, which

make a low temperature refrigeration period unnecessary®

It also has the advantage of yielding consistent results

regardless of the portion of the cycle in which the inspection is made, providing the panels are dry when inspected®

A temperature control thermostat was embedded in

an asphalt-coated panel and rotated with the test specimens® This thermostat operated forced air circulation

to maintain the panel in which it was mounted at 1^0-

l45°F,.for about half of each cycle® During the 30 minutes in which the panels were not between 1^0 and lV50 F,

their temperatures increased from 50°F at the end of the

spray period through about 20 minutes of warming up®

The precise length of each temperature period varied

with the number of panels in the machine and ambient

conditions®

h®3 Panel Inspection

The exposure panels were examined weekly, both

visually and with a high-voltage probe [12], and spark

pictures were taken whenever there was any break in the

coating® The patterns were examined through a transparent grid of 60 squares covering the central 2“ x 5-±n0 portion of the coating (1/8 in® around the edge of the
.11 -

coating was not counted). When exposed spark patterns

appeared on the photograph in a minimum of 30 of these

squares, i„e„, 50% of total test area, the panel was considered failed, removed from the machine, and filed away

for future reference. Each panel was classified into one

of eight types of crack patterns, as listed in Table

/ IV,

according to its appearance at the time of failure.^*' The

spark pattern classifications are typified by a series of

photographs of failed panels in Figures 2 and 3o For each

type of crack pattern, a photograph of the coating is on

the left and the corresponding spark picture of the crack

pattern is on the right. The spark pictures are the larger

of the two because they cover the entire aluminum base of

the panel. The spark pictures, which are normally mirror

images of the coatings, have been reversed to permit a

direct comparison of the crack patterns on them with those

on the photographs of the coatings.

TABLE IV. FAILURE CLASSIFICATION

FAILURE TYPE DESCRIPTION

A Little or no visible cracking.

B Fine map cracks - less than 3/16 " between intersection.

C Fine map cracks - 3/l6 n -3/8 H between

intersection.

D Coarse map cracks - 3A6I,'=3/SJ, between

intersection.

E Map cracks with large uncracked areas.

F Straight line cracks.

G Ordered cracks (cracks seem to follow

a definite pattern).

H Large principal crack with smaller

tributaries.

2/

Because coatings containing fly ash were conductive, only

visual inspection was used on them.
60

PERCENT

LAKE

ERIE

SILICA

IN

ASPHALT

III

-

25

MILS35

PERCENT

LCW

CARBON

FLY

ASH

IN

ASPHALT

1-13

MILS
35

PERCENT

FLCRIDA

CLAY

IN

ASPHALT

I

-

25

MILS

35

PERCENT

NIAGARA

DOLOMITE

IN

ASPHALT

I

- V3

MILS
ASPHALT

II1+3

MILS

FIGURE 3

CRACK

PATTERNS

"e"AND"F
50

PERCENT

BLUE

BLACK

SLATE

IN

ASPHALT I43

MILS

50

PERCENT

NIAGARA

DOLOMITE

IN

ASPHALT

II43

MILS cn

ozhi

S~

55

CLO<tro

ro

LlJ QC3

CD
- 14 -

RESULTS

The data obtained in this investigation ares (1)

accelerated durability machine test results, (2) results

of physical tests on the coatings, and (3) correlations,

where possible, between items (1) and (2) 0

5.1 Accelerated Durability Test Data

The results of the exposure of aluminum- base panels

in the accelerated durability machines are given in Tables

V and YIo The averages of the durability of duplicate

exposures are reproduced on graphs in Figures 5 to 9»

When the coatings had been removed from the machines and

the results tabulated, it was found that differences in

durability between the two panels of each thickness of each

coating never exceeded 22

,

5% of their average, as shown in

Figure h, (This graph is the failure probability distribution curve of all of the panels exposed in the Principal

Series, in which the number of panels that failed at any

particular percentage of their average, expressed as a

percentage of the total number of panels, is plotted

against that percentage,,) It was decided to make additional sets of the 8% of the coatings falling in the heels

of the curve, outside of the ±± 5% limits, in order to get

additional data for averaging. The results of these exposures are reported in Table VI, along with additional

exposures of all of the unstabilized asphalts and a few of

the coatings of which the durabilities seemed to be questionable, In these "check” exposures, four panels of each

coating were exposed, two in each of the two machines.

These results were used with the original exposures to

figure the average durability of the coatings plotted in

Figures 5 to 9°
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V-C.

PRINCIPAL

SERIES

DURABILITY

DATA

BY

ACCELERATED

TEST

17

1 j- ON CM

1 o 8 8 8 8 8 8 118 1 3(18 8 J- O' CVJ rH H CO (NON rH ITNCON

8 vO 8 18 8 8 1 1 8 8 1 10 18 3 OO CN.CO • CQ 00 On CO • < OOO *<

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Panel

No.

and

Days

to

Final

Failure.

See

“Repeat

Tests",

Table

VI,

for

average

used

in

calculating

ratios.
TABLE

VI.

REPEAT

TESTS

- 18

0 H CD J 'XX M X

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S I I I I R 8 I e

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CM H 1 CM r-\J-J- CM3" CM H CM CM H CM UNUNCM CM CMCMCMCMCMCMCMHHCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMH

CM CM ICMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM H O OH O O O O O O UN CM CM CM H CM H H CM H CM CM UN CM UNUNCM UNCM CM H CM UNH UNH UN H UNCM H CM UNCM H H\ rH UNH UNH UN UNltN UN OJ^llN UNUNliNrHVfN ^UN\\lfN\UNH'l/NUNlTN\UN\UN\UN\UNlfNUN\UN

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COH

COsCOriX

CO CO 2 2

UN UN

CO co CM CM 3

UN

CM

H H Jr J- M CO CO H X 1 i CO CO CO CO X 8 a

2

H

x

co

i 8 H M

H hQM CO H

M

s

co Jr H M 0 s s s i—

H

H IN s co UN

8 S S M H CO UN CO 1 S

1—

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& B

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w

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m pq a PQ Q X CO s

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VISUAL

INSPECTION

ONLY
TIME

TO

FINAL

FAILURE

(51-9

CYCLE),

DAYS

TIME

TO

FINAL

FAILURE

(51-9

CYCLE),

DAYS

FIG. 4

ASPHALT I ASPHALT H ASPHALT m

FIG. 5

ASPHALT I ASPHALT It ASPHALT HI ASPHALT I ASPHALT H ASPHALT HI

FIG. 6 FIG. 7

ASPHALT I ASPHALT H ASPHALT HI ASPHALT I ASPHALT H ASPHALT m

FIG. 8 <NBS>

FIG. 9
20

5® 2 Physical Test Data

(a) Measured Data

The results of the physical tests performed on the

coatings are reported in Tables Vll to X c Tabulations of

the water absorption data at 28 , yo ? 280 and 609 days are

in Tables VIII to X and compilation at 12 and 20 months are

in Table XV , while representative curves of 35% of each

mineral in each asphalt are in Figure 10 0 The temperatures of the molten coatings during panel

making are reported, under temperature of Preparation" 0

(b) Calculated Results

Several calculated quantities appear in Tables VII to

X® The methods of calculation are shown in the appendix*

6, DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

6*1 Accelerated Durability Tests

The data in Table VI show that even in the repeat exposures some duplicate panels failed widely apart, but except in six instances , the averages of the original exposures were not shifted over nine days® In one set of coatings,

which had apparently failed prematurely in both machines,

possibly because of some fault in the panel preparation, the

average durability was increased 4-9 days* It should be

noted that this coating was only 13 mils thick, as were

most of the coatings in which large differences in durability were present in duplicate exposures* Because the

top size of the mineral particles is of the same order of

magnitude as this film thickness, particle dispersion and

orientation are critical in determining the durability of

these thin coatings, and may be a partial explanation for

these few large discrepancies

„
- 21

TABLE VIII PHYSICAL TESTS OF UNSTABILIZED

ASPHALT COATINGS USED AS CONTROLS

ASPHALT : T

1 11 III

TEST

Softening Pointi/ P / Penetration at 32°F“/

223 224 227

10 11 11

" at 77°F 17 17 14

M at 115° F

Penetration Indexi/

30

4„7

26

4.7

21

4. 5

Susceptibility^/, 1.16 0.87 0. 73

Loss on Heating^/ 9

, Penetration after Heating—'

0.22 0*03 0. 10

17 17 14

Specific Gravity at 777E

Viscosity* cp at 400°F-!/

1.015 0.999 1. 018

280 420 375

" " at 450°

F

100 140 130

M " at 500°F 25 53 28

Water Absorption, g/sq 8 ft 0 af 28 days^/ 0*67 0.43 0. 3^

at 56 daysil/ 1.00 0.70 0. 52

at 280 daysM 3-00 2.20 1* 61

at 609 days^/ 4.62 2.97 2. 29

4 Vol. , cc/sq.ft. at 609 days 4.11 1.63 0 a 70

Shatter—/, inches (1) 5 8 2. 5

!! !! (2) 7 9 3. 0

" " (3

)

7 8 —-

" !l (Ave.) 6.3 8.3 2. 7

~.ASTM Method D36“°26 s —"ASTM Method D5-52. P.I. from Nomograph, and S = Pen. 115° F - Peru 32°F

Pen. 77°

F

[i>3 • y

4/“Brookfield Viscometer*

^Specimens. 3- x 3/l6~inch, submerged 1/4-inch in distilled

water at /0°F S See Appendix for method* ” A 1/2-lb. weight is dropped on a 3- x 3/16-inch specimen

in a mixed ice and water bath* See Appendix for method.

ASTM Method D6~39T»
18

14

12

10

©

6

4

2

0

1

1

8

6

4

2

0

12

so

8

6

4

2

0

FLY ASH

WATER ABSORPTION

RESULTS

35 PERCENT OF SiX MATERIALS

IN THREE ASPHALTS

100 200 300 400

TIME SUBMERGED, DAYS

500

DOLOMITE

CLAY

BLUE BLACK

MICA

ASPHALT

SILICA

FLY ASH

DOLOMITE

CLAY

BLUE BLACK

MICA

SILICA ASPHALT

DOLOMITE

BLUE BLACK

SILICA MICA

ASPHALT

600

SLATE

SLATE

SLATE

FIG. 10
TABLE

VIII.

PHYSICAL

TESTS

OF

COATINGS

- 23 - o

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Jr HO O ovJ J - - -

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CM H J r-i

CM O-rO

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O- i—I Its cm >0 O rH 'AO H

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rH i—I rH ' I

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O Hd- O-vG

O O tOHCO

CNHvOsO CM

rH rH rH rH O CM CM CM CM i-3

CO CO CO CO

rH rH rH rH

O H rOlTssQ CM CM CM CM

OsOs

Os JsOJI O Odd 0-0 O O ro

CM CM H H CM J Us

CM CM dd H

CM CO CO O O O

H• sO J OOO • I rH OSH

J- H O OsCO SO CO d" CO CM J H rO CM

CM H J H

mo O O-rO

d- O-CM OsvO O O CM CM H

CM irsH rOCM

OsIts H CM O- ~ 'r OH O-rOrO

CO

00 OSCO CO

O O

H H H H O

CM CM CM CM H

1

1 CO

1 H CM CM NH\D [>-

1 C'v-lrs d- CJnJ- 1^0 ro 1 UHnO

1 o . o 8 O ..... 8 • • H | US UsHsOCM roO H O O OH\OiMW | CO 00 00

1 CM CM O CM H CM COMD 1

1

1 1 1 H H H

a i d 1 CM CM J- iH lf\C\J d i P i CO a i CM CM 0~fX3 O

3!^ Jr O-H CMd- O o o o !

I ro 1AH W O H O O OCO O HJ-vO t>- CM CM H H

1 H CM H CM Hd co us H H H H

1

1 CM CM d- USH

1

1 irs CO

1 H CM 0-0 O CM H

1 O J UD O OsO H rO

l O 8

1 O H rorot^^o O rH mj- J- UsO-C^sO

l CM CM HMD CO O CM

l CM CM rOCM H

o\

d P| O ^ -a

nJ H Ho

p x d

d -H -H - o S o 0 o a ui d H 0

a) o topq a d

>>*H Ch 0 p d o § H 0

n p • H d Ch O. O 0 O • > Q r/3 r/3

txO

P a H

o a a a • ooo cT •O O O oi feCO lrso\

o Odd Us

O- *H N-PPPP

nJ nj cC tc P d

0 0 • a a

0 0 o w d

0 Oh r. CQ >> <M P H O -H O c/i • o

• a o daw 0 0 H a eh >

p

Cm

• CT O W s\o O o

CM

ITS CM

01

O-UD I I 1 I I I I • • I I I I 1 I I vO H I I I I I I I ro i i i i i i i

(-M IN- CO

00 Jr J • • l O O O

O-H 0-0 (MOOOds

CM CM OS(M d" O HCO

CM H Jr Its CM O JvOJi

CM CM d* Us CM i

co O- 00 H ro J CM H OsO H

O J rolod) CM O Us O 11 io O

1 • . 1J • O H Cs-O-d- H USOOO O O H CM O CM rO 11 CM O H ( CM CM H O O-rOCM < CM CM J rOH l

rO

sO 0-0 o O Os Qs H Usd- H Os

00 sO d- O UsUs Os USlisroro O rOlo

• • 1 Us H CO « • •

co Os CM US

Jr

I

Os

Os

Os

Jr

nO

Jr

i

till 118 1

I I I I

I I I I

OsO O O-CM

OscO-d* U\rO

H (M O O N

00 irso H O

oo ro £> co so

l I i I III!

I I I I

usirsro OUD UsMD

NHHUSONO^N CM O CM rOOSrOH

CM CM d" OsroH

OrO J

CM CM H O (OrOCM

CM CM Jr roH

I I I I I I I vDH I I I I I I J ro I I I I I I I

CM Us CO Uvd J • • I O O O

O-H O H O-vO O lAO

CM CM OsCMd" sO USOCM H J- rOH

H CM d OSO- O CO O Os

d CM H OSO

rouso cm o- O O H CM O

i i i e i

i i i i i

i i i i i

i i i i t

00 0-0 CO CM H H sO O- H

irsO I O • • I • CM m I CM

till

I I I I

UD H H sO rOCO O O Us H CM O CM CM mJ ro

CM CM J CO COH

O Odd 0-0 O O ro

CM CM H H CMd- US

cm cm d-d- H

• • I I 1 I I I I sOH I I I I I 0 I ro I I I I I 8 J

O00 d-

• • ooo NH'-O OsCO tNOO N

CM CM CO CM CO Od" Us

CM H d

- ro H

CO O CM rorK J • «H| I O-H OsOsd- O O UNd H H Os CM H Os CM Os

CM H d- Us CM

Us CO

«—I CM O Jr

• l O H rorONlAO OUs

CM CM HMD CO O CM

CM CM rOCM H

CM fOtNtNO

CM CM O CM Od- o Us O-CM H OvJd- USlfS

fOO O OrO J O-CM OSsO O O CM CM H

J CM O Us\D O ro COCO

CM roO Os Os

i—

1

vO roO O-d- OSOOO Od

H rOt^CM O

CM OSO OSrO roOsOscO CO H H Us O- irs

0-0 O CM H

MD O OMD O H rod* Jr

ITMAUSCS

ITS CO roUs

ro GOOD OsCO

rr» 00 OsCO CO

I I o

I I *

I CM I CM

I H I H

O

O OsCO Os

00 H C^CO

Us 0-0- Us

O 0 0

•h cn ui oi x! p tn w Ms0 o a>>>»0000 r >H

fn 0 0^-0 Pt H P d 0^0 O 0 C H

W O Os M 0 o

P CO vQ CO O H OI 0 P

d CM US CM MD Pn H 0 d

0 0 0 O p PhPPP-P S PHCM CO r* O H

0 0 0 0 0 d 0^ P H 0 Ph O

0 OP HP 5 > CO d Ph

Ph

1 0 \

\ h3 ^-a

0| P Po

p « c a h h

0 s O 0

o aw

h a 0

0 O ClOP a 0

rS*H a

0 p c o

a h o d w -p • h d a a

o 0 o • > Q CO GO

P p

a a a

o a a a • ^ • o o o cr • cr *<D O O W o w a douso\ B\

o Odd Us lo O- *H o o o o-a p a p ^ CM

1 0 0 0 0 d ^ 01 p d o 0 0

0 0 • *H w w C/1 p r a a p w w o o 0 o

0 0 O

w pH 0 a ~

pq >> a p a o h

o w

• o

• a o d a w

0 0 H

a a >

a >> >> 0 0 o d

Ph 0 0 P H PhH O H H

01 o- os

- cxr PCOMDCO O Hu| d CM Us CM sO d

0 0 Ui d p p p p a P H CM m >

0 0 0 0 0 dP^^fcd P H 0 ^

0 OP

^ > co

\

\

'cSl

Calculated.

“"Estimated.

u

3-X

3/16-in.

disk.

—'Rate

slow
INCREASE

IN

VOLUME,

CUBIC

CENTIMETERS/

SQUARE

FOOT

OF

SURFACE

FIGURE II
25

a

UN (N- ft UN ft UN i—1 rOft O CM O O O CO ft NO O

O-ft j CM ONCM O ft O CO ft UNO O O OJ- rOft IN o-

• 0

! O O O « 0 • • • a • a i O UNCN. • a a a a • J-rHj-J-CMNOCOUNm ft ft ft ON O COrH OJ <M ft ft ft O CM On ~ ^ ^ ft ft ON ON CM CM ro rOCM

ro CM ONCM rOCM J- CM ro \D Q\C\J O roJ- ft CM ft ft i—If—

1

CM ft J *—

i

CM ft UNrOft

CM UN O CO iTNft- CJNft ft ft CN roj- rotD^-ii—1 UN ft" ft N-CO ft ft ro oj- J- OmCHCOsO O-

• e 1 1 O O UN • • • a a a ft ft C\J CM ft ft O UN O ft ft ft- N'CO O C^coco 00 Hi i—

i

CM N-O ft ft O ft co ft ft CM O O O

CM CM O CM ft" O Cmft- ft CM CM ONCM UN CM 00 rO ft CM ft ft ft ft

OJ CM ft- ONCM ft CM ft J- CM

ft- ft

ft ft CM ITNft- ft ON i

O ON ONft O

o m ft

- ONrOO-rOON rO rOCM NO NUnO UN UNCO

ft ft ft ft- o c O CM o O i-H mUNO- O X> N-N- (N-ft H- UNO ONO OJ- O ft J- ONCM ft UNJ- UN

ft CM O CM ro ON CM CO ft CM O CM ft CM CM ON ft

CM CM J UNCM CM CM J-OO or,

CO Cn. J-<MH CNO 03 (N- ro rOUNft CM N- ft ro J- CM rH ONO o ft- • • 0 • • UNO 1 N- O J- rOCTNHD C\J C-. UNO 1 N • 1 O O ft CM O • • 1 • » 1 e o a a a • e ! • O ft O-CMft- rH UNO CO CM rO 1 CM O ft N- CNJ- ft UNO co OOHCMO CM o") 1 CM

CM CM ft O CMrOCM 1 CM CM ft O CN rO CM 1 CM CM ft- rO ft CM CM i mH

ON CN

ft- ft On i—| CM UN CO rO nOcdi Cn. rOft 1 J ft- ft ONrOC^ rOO J Wr J- 1 i 1 CM CO CM J- ON

• • 1 1 o o o • • >119 a • • • o ft- ft | (N- IT's ft CO UNft ft CMft O ft J- O ft co O ft ftroO CN-CO 1 1 1 ft ft ft J* ON ft ft ft ft m i oc\j O mUNCM H rH ft CM CM ft ft ro UN ON CM CM 1 1 1 ft rOro CM CM CM CM ft J H CM ft -X o UN

CO '^'J'Nm-i O UN 03 O ONCO CO COJ ft- ft O-ft CM UN 1 UN -i l i l O N-rOrOft o

1 118 8 UNft CN ft rO C\J O O O H H UNOO Os ft Un | UN tr^ft unnunn i i i ft ft O Nft p- CM O CM CM ft O CM ONCO ft CO ft ft i ft CM CM ONCM ro 1 1 1 ft CM ro ft ft ft ft

CM CM rOCO rO ft CM ft Jft- JON ft ft CM ft On ON IN- ft CO UNUNO ft CO CM ft- CO mmrH CN Cm O CM J- CO coco OnnO UNUNrO

1 1 lAftlANOCOOOO O ft ft- ft cm (N-UnUnUN IN- ft ONUN rN UNO O O O H CCNCM HD C^IOtOOft CM ft CM CM ONft- O ft ft ft ft ft ft O CM rOft O CM ft ft

CM CM ft- ft C\J ft CM CM J- UN CM ft

ON ft" On J- ON ft moo c--m On ft mo O c^m

ON j- ft- O- CM ONft rO On J- J- CN-CM ONft ro

8 1 OOiJ-NOOOM O O CM CM ft CO ONCO co o oj-j r-o oom O O CM CM ft CO ONCO oo

CM CM ft ft CM ft- UN CM CM ft ft CM J- UN

CM CM ft- ft" ft CM CM ii H

ft" CM ft ft O UNUNCO ft- o CO o O O J- HOlcNO

CMft ft" rO ft ft ft On o co ft J OlAO ft ft CO UNCO 1 UN

• • 1 O UnUn c • • • • . a • a • • • • 1 • ft- ft ft CO UNUNCO CO CM ft CM co ft- CO HD CM J-J- XDrHvDO'COJ- - - - ft CM UN CM UN CM ft i ft m CM ONCMlTNrv, + c\J ft ft ft ft ft ro ITHCO C\J HD CO CtJ- roUNUN ft «—1 1

1—

1

CM ft ft- ft CM ft J" ft

UN Un O lr\ O-CM J- J- rH ft UN CM O Oft O

ft IT\ ft- O COCO ft ft UNUN UNCO o\j- j- ft CM UN CM J- 1 1 1 1 • • l • • • • • a a e •

1 OOlA a • • • a 1 1 1 I ft ft ft- UN CM ON O UNUN ft ft ft ft CM UNHD lA»T\ CNft ON ONCO 0-0 ON UN rH CM LfNCM 1HN 1111

CM CM O CM ft 00 ONCM ft ft cm H co CM mtr\\r\cm J- CnCn 1 1 1 1 CM CM ft- IN- CM ft CM ft J M

IN- ro

ft ro CO o CM ft rO ON IN UnNO O O

O rO ft- CO iTNUNfOO CO CM CM J- CN ON O rO ft Un co

1 ! ftftOONCMCOOUNO O ft UnOnO UNCO ft ft CN~ i—1 rOUNCM O O UNft O ft ft CNrO NOnNN

ft CM O OJ CM o Cm On ft CM O CM ft ONO On J-nOCNt

CM CM CM CM J J CM

UN co UN co

i—

1

CM CN-CO O CM ft ft CM 0-0 O CM ft o ft- ft O Oft ft ro o J* ft O Oft ft O- O H mmO-UNO O Un O ft rOJ- J" UNO-tN-ft ohhicomcvOOiid o rH mii UnO-O-UN

CM CM ft ft CO O CM CM CM ft ft CO O CM

CM CM rOCM ft CM CM rOCM ft

1

1 ft

1 K

1 ^ ft

1 o

ft

1 u o

.a| g

1 5

EH 1 ft

ft 1 ft pz < 1 ft 2 K i P9 o

p-f 1 ^ A

CQ 1 ft < 1 0) ft

ft

51

ct)| -P +j o

-P X C

0 ft ft •" 0 2 O <D o a, 0

p ft 0 o o &opq

ft 0

>i*H ft 0 -p a o e *h 0 p 0 -P • rH p Cm a, O 0 O • > Q CQ OQ

0

-p

ft «h

O ft ft ft • o o o O* ~0 O O 0

ft como\ O O J- J- Un tu) O- ft O. +j -P -P 0 0 0

-P P

0 0 • ft ft 0 0 O

0 P 0ftCQ >>

ft -p

ft O ft O 0

• O

• ft o

0 E 0

0 0ft

ft EH >

O

CM

• 0

O 0 0

ft 0 0 0 x

|

-P 0 0 >> >» 0 O

ft >> >> 0 0 0 CJ c 0 (fl-d-d c h

O ft ft O

ft CO m3 CO O <tj CM UNCM M3 P

0 0 ^ 42> ft -P -P PS J-> 0 0 0 0 0

ft . . 0 O £

3: > co

. cm co

ft 2^. 5^2 0

0 0

&0 0

0 ft P 0

0 O

P

=>: pi

0J ft P ftl \ 3 -ft, 0| ft ft O

-p x a

a ft ft - 0SO0 O ft 0 P ft 0

0 o tocq

ft a

>>ft ft 0 -p a o

S ft 0 P 0 ft • ft 0 ft ft o 0 o • > Q CO CO

-p -P

ft ft ft

o ft ft ft • •'"'n a O O 0 o* a &

•O O O 0 O 0

ft 0 O UNO\ s\ O OJ-J- UN tU) o Nft O o [SP4J+J+J ~ 0 0 0 0 0

ft p

0 0 •

• ft ft 0 0 O

0 P

0 ft —

CQ >> ft ft

ft O ft O 0

• o

• ft o

0 E 0

0 0ft

ft EH >

^ - 0

0 0

ft 0 0 0 ,0

ft 0 0 >» >> 0 O

ft >> >> 0 0 0 0

P 0 0 ft ft P l-H O ft ft 0 O ON 0\-

ft CO M3 co o ft ol J CM UN CM \D 0

p ft ft ft ft § 0 0 0 0 0 P

ft ft 0 O>

0

p0

ft ft CM rO >

0

ft

co

Calculated

—'Estimated.

-'3-

X

3/16-in.

disk
TABLE

X.

PHYSICAL

TESTS

OF

COATINGS

2b § J 3 ON CM P ONMD MOD

O 1 PP CM P Jr UNPJ- H ON un

m 0 O ••IP I ! 1 1 I 0 0 8 9 ! 8 i 8 i 8(90 • i • 0 P ro i—

8 l ! i i i a 0 ! 0 1 i 1 t i 1 P H CM H CMP 1 9 0 O O CM CM CM PP IP 081

co i i ( i 1 1 1 1 1 0 118 0 0 0 0 9 8 1 1 1 J 8 0 8 0 A 9 1 80 CO CM ON CM JJ 0 1 CM H 3-881 00 18 p 8 CM O- J- ON CM POP i CM UN 8 8 • 1 1 1 1 3 8 8 8 0 0 1 9 8 UNJ- Unco co lO-O' pO M| O • • 8 J J 1 1 0 5 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 | i ouno .....

Ml UN UNH 5 1 8 9 0 1 1 0 9 0 8 9 9 9 9 0 O-H O-UNO ON^- CO o O

O CM CM CM O'P 0- 0*-

M | CM 0 8 0 0 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 1 i 6 0 i CM CM

O CM

H Hi CM 0 CM CM Jr H

EH 8 hJ! < 1 CO

O

ffil rO

H

O

H rO^OU>J- ro

CL, 8 ph co UN | , | CM rOCM PP 6 1 ON CO J- PP

H

O On CO

CO I its 9 8 18 Unco

H

O co 3 0 • o 8 • . o e c ^ 1 rM UNH O O CM H 8 0 y « • • . 0 H 8 8 H P H P P O H O UNUN O O CM co H P O'P P 8 H O- CJNCM ON 8 8 i O O CM coLtn CM 0 8 CM H CMOCMOOHP 11 CM H Jr CM CM -iPC\j 81 CO O' co Cn. 8 i—

CO J- CMH ONO

H rO

J CM

H ONO 6 o Jr cOUNP CM O'- UNO 1 O J- (-O'-CnvD cm cr UNO 1 O' 0 O 0 o o | G • Of, 1 O H HLNOCO O O H CM O CM CO i CM OHOtO-J- H UN O CO O O H CM O CM rO 1 CM 1 CM CM H O O'fOCM 1 C\J CM H O IRrotM 0 88 CM CM -d' rOrH CM CM J- MH 8y ON 0 0> O U-NOO H COMD 8 CM P 8 ! 8 19 0 8 Ii 993 8 1 i i COP J- i i f p ON H UN CM O' P O ® • 1 i 0 6 S 3 i 0 8 0 8 9 J S 8 8 6 6 0 0 0 \Q rOH J 1 0 19 8 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 l f 0 UNH CM O' UN cO 8 1 0 O O rOJ-CO O ONCO C' 0 co * 0 0 9 0 9 1 18 0 0 6 9 5 P 0 rO CM On CM CO * 1 H i—

i—

H H 88 CM H CO 11 UN o 8 o H CM CM J- O CM 8 ON UN g o 9 0 8 8 1 1 9 ! 8 6 6 6 9 9 CM. -d J P ONO-P CM o mb o • •01 1 9 9 0 8 110 8 8 9 0 9 8 » 0 « . o Mj UN J- H 1 1 0 9 8 3 9 8 9(96 £ 6 0 6 O' H NOi CM O O O O O CM MM H HP O 8 CM 8 1 9 0 9 8 3 9 9 0 8 0 l 9 0 0 CM HO CM ONP O ON CM CM H CM

Eh S ph

CM CM rico onH

Wl

HH

CM ON COH O-J- CM CO o pOHPlfN

CO ! ^ 0 UNCM cO Jr 1 1 l 18 11

CO

H ON ONO C^CM\ . * J UNP UNJ- P O' 8 cO U-n H O O O' CM 0 0 6 OHOIfON H H r— H NOr-lt'C'-rOroOOCM docm’mj CM CM H H 3 H O-ONCM CO 8 b 1 CM CM CM CM H HO CMCOCOOJO'' H H H H 18 CM H J- CM CM rOJ- CM 88 On J- ON Jr 0 ON P COO O O' cO ON P MO O 0-00 3 ON j- Jr O^ CM OnP CO ON J J- O' CM ONP CO 0 o 9 o • a e • 0 8 O OJ-J- NOOO(^l O O CM CM H CO OnCOCO OOJ-i (ROOOon O O CM CM H P ONPP 8 CM CM H H CM J" UN CM CM H H C\\Jr UN 11 CM CM J- J- H CM CM J J H 08 P 0 ON CM 3- 0 1 i 10 8 1

roO'CM O' CM

fl1 o PP 1 0 ..II S 0 0 3 0 B 9 fi fl fl 9 8 0 8 1 0 0 B i 8 9 9 e 8 i 1 0 .2 ^4

C'O O'J- o O' 8 P COM 8 1 9 0 8 9 8 9 6 8 9 0 e a y 8 P H O-P IxnQn i | j o h d-j-’ j- UMSCOMD 3 rO 0 f 9 0 0 6 9 6 8 18 1 6 0 0 i rO H ON CM H 8 0 1 H H i—

i—I H i—

80 CM H J- G8 CO- c CM to- CO rOONCMP C\J 8 CM UN | J 0 0 9 1 0 0 9 9 0 8 8 9 0 9 UNJ- J C'O J- COU' O' e c • c 0 2 0 0 0 i 0 9 6 3 6 ] 9 0 6 8 i M | UN UNM 6 1 I 0 0 1 8 8 8 10 0 0 0 9 1 O-HPCOCMOOOO' O HJ-PP UNUNJ- j 5 CM 1 8 8 0 S J 0 9 9 0 8 0 8 9 9 8 CM CM O CM H ONUNIR i—

1—

rl

H

EH 8 CM CM

J O' CM ^ 8 Ml P ON

Oi 1 m j- i t i UNP UNJ-CO

O

H jco o Hi CO 1 J rO O'AINrO'A ONrO 1 J P ONroOON CO ^ i u-\ 8 8 6 8 .(too. • • 0 ..... • y co LtnMOOnoOCO 8 1 0 CM CM J-PCO H H H H P H 8 rOH O O O O O O romCM P O' O' O' 8 H O-CO CM CM 0 0 0 CM CM CM CM H 1 H CM H O O UN C8 CM H Jr CM J-MD CM 88 UN co UN CO H CM NOOPI i—

H CM C^O O CM H t o J P O OP H co o 3" P O OP H O- 3 O • . 8 • J O H roo") tslAO O lr\ O H roj- J- UnO" 0«P OrlroroC'U-NDOUN O H OiJ~ UnOINUn J CM CM MPCO O CM CM CM H PCO O CM 1 CM CM CO CM H CM CM cO CM H i •• I SR 11 «• B |

EH t M

^0

d

W 1 cq

a, i p i EH < i p (3)6 o\ \a3] P-Po ^ ^ P X C G *H H «* CD S O <D O CL, in

Ph <h 03 <d o uopq a

>>H <h

a) -p

a o 0-H (D P in -P • H a ch PL, O CD O • > Q CO CO

-p -P

&H Lh «H o • o o o o* • C? *<D o O to o tn Ph coinox a\ o o3" J- Un tuD o

OH

O o

O- -P -P -P -P ~ CM

aJ ciJ a3 03

a »» -P P O <D 03 03 ® H tn tn tn P, CL

CD 0 O

tn P

03 PL, ~

PQ >>

Ch -P <h O H O W • O • PL O a a to

CD CD *H

CL, EH > P to to >> 03 PL >> >» 03 03 0 P L (C Ifl-dti L H O 03 'O O 0 O ON PCOnDODOHo] < C\J UNCMP p 0 0

Ph -p -p -p -p e 0 0 0 03 03 p P H 0 O ‘3: > 0l 0 o\ P ^ \ P

0] P PO P X P

Ci

H *H * 0 S O 0 O PU CO P ch 0 0 O ClOPQ

CL,

p

!>»*H Ch 0 P P O a *h 0 p to P * H a<HCL O 0 o • > Q p p

-p -P

«H o pH, ptH • « O O O o4 • cr *€) O O tn o tn Ph C O U\ o \ a\ O O^- J Un tvD o

O- *H o o O-P-PP-P ^ CM p p 0 0 • PL PL 0 0 O 0 P 0 Ph -

pq > to

>>

Ch P

<h

OH

O 10 • O « p, O

p;

a to 0 0 H

P-. EH > O 0 0 H tO 0 10 XJ P 0 to >> >> 0 O

PL >> >» 0 0 0 q p 0 0 'O X3 P H OPP O o on

o|

to

w - ^ PCOsOCO O M

<J C\J ITNCvJnO 0

l-p-p-pl*a 0 0 0 0 0 P P0

tx£) 0 . . 0 O *C! > co

Pi 0 0 P H C\J m > II P0

>> HP0P0

PiPL1§

'PJI

•H

03\rOt co

030P0ap

to0o^5|
- 27 -

Of course , the nature of the method by which failure

is judged is another important factor affecting the reported durability of a coating and possible differences in

duplicate coatings 0 Inspection periods were seven days

apart and a difference of as little as one pin hole in the

entire panel area might make that much (seven days) difference in the reported durability of two panels 0 The random

nature of the cracking of the coating , just as in the

breaking of a sheet of glass, in many instances will relieve the strains in one panel with greater than 50% of the

area showing cracks and in its duplicate with somewhat less

than that number. It may require several days before additional strain sufficient to induce more cracking is produced.

Thus, if the final failure' crack level had been selected at

some other degree, the concordance would have been reported

differently.

The type of cracking also entered into the determination of final failure. In the coatings in which types A

to C crack patterns appeared, the exact failure level was

of little consequence, for cracks appeared simultaneously

throughout the major portion of the coating^ but in those

coatings which show types E through H crack' patterns,

cracking was slow and progressive, and the durability would

be very closely related to the fractional area affected and

adjudged to be final failure. All of the above considerations must be kept in mind when reviewing the durability

data.

Some mineral additives do not lend themselves to being

spark photographed when in asphalt, because they are electrically conductive. Those coatings containing fly ash

had to be inspected visually for this reason, and any type

A failures were thus precluded. The lack of correlation

between the spark photograph and panel appearance is illustrated in the type B failure in Figure 6, which is 35% fly

ash in Asphalt I,
- 28 -

In interpreting the durability data there are several

ways in which they must be considered 0 The relative durability is the primary consideration—What is the relative

life of each coating? Secondly , the way the durability of

an asphalt is modified by the addition of stabilizer—What

is the ratio of the durability of a stabilized coating to

that of a film of the same thickness of the same unstabilized

asphalt? And finally, the film thickness must be considered—

Will thinner films perform as satisfactorily as a thicker film?

These points will be discussed for each stabilizer and its

effects on each asphalt. '

The three asphalts used in this investigation came

from widely separated sources and varied considerably in

durability o Asphalt I was a shorter lived material than

II and III, which were of approximately the same durability . Only in the 43 -mil thick films did Asphalt III

prove to be appreciably more durable than II 0 When

stabilizers were added to these asphalts , the same order

of spread was maintained 0

In terms of relative durability as determined in the

Accelerated Durability Machines , the coatings stabilized

with 35% mica have proved to be best. After more than

650 days , all of the 25-mil and 43-mil films, except for

the 25-mil ones containing Asphalt I, show no signs of

failing; the 13-mil , mica-stabilized films with Asphalt I

failed in 1 75 days, with Asphalt II failed in 369 days,

and with Asphalt III failed in 402 days. These are greater

than the durability of any other coating of the corresponding asphalts tested even in the 43 mil thickness range,

except for the thicker films containing mica, of course.

Asphalt I coating, 25 mils thick, with 35% mica,

failed in 572 days, which is more than 13 times the durability of the unstabilized asphalt of equivalent thickness. The 13-mil coating lasted only 5°4 times as long

as the unstabilized Asphalt I, indicating that not only
- 29 -

was the durability greatly increased by doubling the coating thickness , but the increase in durability was more than

proportional to the increase in thickness 0 All of the

mica-stabilized coatings that have failed did so in the

Type A pattern, with no visible signs of cracking

»

The stabilizer that produced the next greatest durability was blue black slate; the magnitude of the durabilities of the coatings made with blue black slate can

be seen in Table V and Figure 5? and the ratios of these

durabilities to that of the corresponding straight asphalts

and the failure crack patterns are also reported in Table V Q Again the Asphalt I-base coatings were the least durable

and the coatings with Asphalts II and III about the same 0 However, in all instances, the stabilizer increased the

durability of the coating » The smallest ratio was 1„4

for 50% blue black slate in Asphalt I, 13 mils thick;

the greatest ratio was 3o2, with blue black slate in Asphalt

II, 25 mils thicko

Blue black slate and mica are the only two stabilizers that increased the durability of all three asphalts

under all of the test conditions 0 The behavior of clay,

dolomite, fly ash and silica varied somewhat among the

three asphalts 0 They will be considered in descending

order of their general effects

»

Dolomite and fly ash were about equivalent in their

effects on the durability of the three asphalts 0 However,

because of the large number of type A fiiaures and because fly ash had to be inspected visually only (precluding the possibility of a type A failure and thus

prolonging the reported life of the coating), dolomite

was probably more effective than fly ash in increasing

the durability of the asphalts

„
- 30

Dolomite in many instances showed marked improvement

in the durability of Asphalt II (Ratios from l®4-2®3) and

Asphalt III (Ratios from loS-l®?^ However , in one instance (13 mils)

? the durability of Asphalt III with 35%

of dolomite was increased only 15% and only one combination

of Asphalt I and dolomite exceeded the durability of unstabilized asphalt more than 3Q%> (Ratio l 0 4)o

The low carbon fly ash improved the durability of

both Asphalts II and III, but did not alter it for Asphalt

I, when the results are compared on the basis of equal film

thickness®'- In all instances the durability increased with

film thickness for any given stabilizer concentration^ but

went through a maximum around 5®%> stabilizer® When compared

on an equal weight basis , Asphalt I coatings with fly ash

reacted similarly to those containing dolomite , but the

durability of both Asphalts II and III coatings decreased

with increasing stabilizer concentration0 The clay and silica , although vastly different in

properties , behaved similarly in influencing the durability of asphalt coatings ® While the durability in all

cases increased with film thickness

? only in the *+3 -mil

coatings with Asphalts II and III did it increase appreciably® For these two materials ^ except in the thickest

films, durability was almost independent of stabilizer

concentration

The above discussion Indicates quite clearly that

these data do not lend themselves to precise conclusions Q However , a rough listing of the materials' tested would

place them in the following descending order of their

merits as stabilizers?

Good (1) Tennessee Mica

(2) Blue Black Slate

Fair (4) Low Carbon Fly Ash

) Niagara Dolomite

(53 Lake Erie Silica

(6) Florida Clay Poor
- 31 -

No matter how the results of the accelerated durability

tests are considered, the mica and blue black slate were

always beneficial in all three asphalts 0 The dolomite and

fly ash increased the durability in most instances, but in

some did not affect it. Their relative order is opposite

to that in the above listing in some combinations. Similarly,

the order of clay and silica varied with their various combinations with asphalt.

6.2 Physical Tests on Coatings

These accelerated durability data must be considered in

their relation to the materials from which the coatings were

made and to the properties of the coatings.

(a) Stabilizers

The materials which were blended with the asphalts for

these studies were examined rather thoroughly and the results reported in Table I. All of these materials were

selected on the basis of past experience to include stabilizers which were known to perform well, materials which had

caused trouble,

to be variable,

(b) Asphalts

and materials whose performance was reported

The asphalts were obtained from three roofing plants,

where each had been processed into five different products

from the fluxes described in Table II. These products,

differing only in the length of time the asphalt was blown,

were classified according to their softening points, as

shown in Table II.

The spectral analyses reported in Table III show that

all three asphalts had strong lines present for such metals

as nickel and vanadium. However, the effect of these

catalytically active metals on the durability of asphalts

is not known.
- 32 -

The physical properties of each of the unstabilized

asphalt coatings exposed are listed in Table VII. These

show that all three asphalts are of the normal air blown

coating grade . The penetration indices of all three are

about the same and greater than 2, testifying to the fact

that they are highly blown. 'The lowest susceptibility,

shown by the Asphalt III, indicates that it should withstand temperature variations best, followed by Asphalt II

and Asphalt I, in order

Asphalt I had the greatest heat loss at 163°C; none

of the penetrations changed appreciably during the fivehour heating period®

Although the viscosity measurements do not indicate

it, Asphalt I had a sharper melting point than the other

two® However, Asphalt II was the most tacky as well as

the most viscous®

Asphalt III had the lowest water absorption during

any particular time interval and also the smallest increase in volume during submersion. The shatter tests

showed it to be the most brittle of the three. However,

while Asphalt II fell between III and I on most determinations, it was the least brittle as well as the most

viscous of the three. In general, the properties of the

unstabilized asphalts do not align themselves in a manner

that would be a positive indication of their relative

durabilities.

(c ) Effects of the Addition of Mineral Materials

When finely divided mineral matter is added to an

asphalt it stiffens the asphalt and increases the temperature to which it must be heated to induce flow.

These materials behave differently in each asphalt and

in the different asphalts. In Tables VIII to X are

listed the softening points of the coatings and the
33 -

estimated softening points of the base asphalts. By subtracting the two (See Table XI) it can be seen that the

softening point rise increased with concentration for each

material « However, the effect was different in each asphalt,

being least pronounced in II and most in III. The viscosity data show that all of the materials are influential

in making the coatings progressively more viscous as their

concentration is increased, but the effect is not so systematic as for the softening point rise Q To state this

condition differently, the temperature coefficient of viscosity is a function of the stabilizer-asphalt combination.

The same stiffening effect can be seen upon examination of

the increase in shatter reported in Table XI» In all but

four instances the materials increased the shatter resistance of the coating; but again, no quantitative correlation

is apparent.

The water absorptions, determined on 3” by 3/lb-ino

specimens of each coating immersed beneath one-quarter

inch of distilled water, revealed that all the materials

increased the water absorption of the asphalts progressively with increasing concentration, but not always in

direct proportion to the concentration. Asphalt III, itself, absorbed water at the lowest rate and all of its

coatings absorbed water more slowly than the corresponding

coatings made from the other asphalts. Asphalt II fell

between the low rate of III and the high rate of Asphalt I.

For comparison purposes, the water absorption curves

of the coatings containing mineral matter are shown

in Figure 10, the complete data on water absorptions

being in Tables VIII to X and XIII. Although the water

absorption in all cases increased progressively with

increasing proportions of mineral matter, there was no

relation between this increase and the results obtained

in the accelerated durability machines.
- 34

TABLE XI o EFFECT OF MINERAL MATTER ON SOFTENING

POINTS AND SHATTER OF COATINGS

Softening , Shatter Resistance

Point 'RiseS/ Increased

Asphalts I

Coating °F

35/ Blue Black Slate 12

50/ Blue Black Slate 24

60/ Blue Black Slate 51

35/ Clay 20

50/ Clay 37

35/ Dolomite 11

50/ Dolomite 19

60/ Dolomite 28

35/ Fly Ash 18

50/ Fly Ash 30

60/ Fly Ash 6

35/ Mica 80

35/ Silica

50/ Silica 18

60/ Silica 21

II III I II III

op op in® in. in.

11 13 5.4 3.7 6. 5

15 30 12.0 9.8 12.8

47 66 14.7 12.7 18.3

15 16 3.0 0 6.6

29 37 3.3 7.4 3.6

8 17 0 7 A 4.6

13 20 "0.5 7.2 5.6 — 30 7.7 10.0 9.3

14 19 2.1 -1®0 2.6

28 33 —<=— 3.7 8.0

63 76 5.8 12.7 10.0

80 80 14.7 12.7 18.3

10 20 1.6 3 .4 3«6

17 22 9.0 11.7 4.

25 31 IloO 9 ®4 5.6

a/The softening point rise is the difference between the

softening point of the coating and that of the base asphalt,

4he shatter resistance increase is the difference between

the shatter of the coating and that of the corresponding

unstabilized asphalt. The shatter of the unstabilized

asphalts ares I = 6,3? II = 8,3; III = 2.7,
In attempting to predict the performance of coatings

made with these asphalts and minerals , any properties or

combination of properties of the minerals which would

separate them into the three categories on page 27 would

be useful in estimating the value of a new material which

might become available . The only characteristic that fulfills this requirement is particle shape 0 The materials

designated as "good" both have flat, plate-like particles;

the "fair" materials have sharp 9 blocky particles; and the

"poor" materials have rounded corners and edges 0 This

would indicate that a satisfactory new material would be

expected to have sharp, irregular to flat, platy particles

to be considered for use as a stabilizer « Of course, the

other properties would have to be considered as well®

The particle size and size distribution would have to be

considered as would the moisture and free alkali content,

loss on ignition, and solubility; for, obviously, an

inert material of suitable firmness is required,, Further

work, to be reported later, will deal with these characteristics,,

7 o CONCLUSIONS

Because the materials tested behaved differently in

each asphalt, it is not possible to draw definite conclusions on the effects of these six materials on the three

asphalts tested «, However, the following broad generalizations are indicated by the results of these accelerated

testss

(1) For every combination tested ? the durability of

the coating increased with film thickness

„

(2) Blue black slate and Tennessee mica increased

the durability of all three asphalts at all concentrations and film thicknesses tested,,

(3) Niagara dolomite increased the durability of the

coatings in many cases, but in others had no

effect®
- 36

(4) Low carbon fly ash Increased the durability of the

coatings in many cases , but did not affect it in

others; however 9 because the coatings containing

fly ash could be rated only by visual inspection^

the durability reported may be higho

(5) Lake Erie silica and Florida clay increased the

durability only in some instances, primarily in

the thicker films with asphalts Ii and III.

(6) All the materials studied increased the softening

point 9 viscosity 9 water absorption^ and impact

resistance of the coatings progressively with increasing concentration^ but without a systematic

relationship with durability

(7) There is some indication that plate-like particles

effect the greatest increase in durability
- 37 -

8 0 APPENDIX A
- 38 -

8 0 1 Volume Composition

Several calculated quantities are reported in Tables

VIII to X along with the measured data 0 The volume composition was calculated from the weight composition and the

specific gravity of the components as follows

W = weight Subscripts

V = volume A = asphalt

d = specific gravity S = stabilizer

C = coating

100 W

s

w

s = % S by weight

^S \ = y

d

s VS A

100 vs = % S by volume

V A

V S

8 0 2 Specific Gravity

The specific gravity of each stabilized asphalt coating

was calculated from the composition of the coating and the

specific gravity of the individual components 0

W

A

* WS

w

A

+ w s dA

d

S

In order to check these calculations , for they are again

used in determining the volume changes taking place in the waterabsorption specimens 9 a number of specific gravity measurements

were actually made on some of the stabilized coatings 0 Table

XII compares the calculated and observed specific gravity for

13 coatings

W

A

+ W

S

VA

+ V

S
- 39 -

table xii. specific gravities

COMPOSITION SPEC IF IC GRAVITY

Calculated Observed

Asphalt i - 50$ Blue Black Slate 1, 51 1,50

it Clay 1*30 1,30

ii - 50% Clay lo47 1,48

it - 60$ Dolomite lo 66 1 0 66

ii - 3 5% Silica lo30 1,29

n - 50% Silica 1,47 lo4?

Asphalt ii - 50$ Blue Black Slate i,4p lo50

1! Fly Ash 1 0 44 lo39

II - 35$ Silica 1 0 28 1,24

II - 50$ Silica 1,45 1,43

Asphalt in - 50$ Clay 1,47 1,47

it - 50$ Dolomite 1,50 1.49

ti - 60$ Silica I062 1,62

8o3 Shatter Test

SHATTER TEST ON COATINGS

Preparation of Specimen s Several disks of asphalt 3 inches in diameter and 3/18-

inch thick are cast using a suitable glycerine-coated brass

mould o (See section 8,4 for specimen preparation

)

Test Method s The test apparatus consists of a means for dropping a

constant weight from a variable and measured height on the

cast disk as prepared above, recording the height of drop

required to split the specimen in one or more places, each

split extending from the center to the edge of the specimen
*+0 -

The apparatus consists of a 21-inch vertical brass tube,

1 inch in internal diameter, a solenoid sliding within the

tube and adjustable to any height up to 21 inches, an electrical connection to a standard 110 volt line (either A*C* or

D*C*) with the solenoid in series with a 60 watt lamp and a switch for shorting the solenoid, a falling steel weight 15/16

inch in diameter and weighing exactly 1/2 ib 0 , and a stationary

steel contact rod 15/16 inch in diameter, weighing exactly 1/2

Ibo and having a hemispherical end contacting the asphalt*

In operation the specimen is brought to a temperature of

about 4-0°F by submersion in a bath of ice and water for a

period of not less than one hour* It is then placed under

the vertical brass tube, being submerged in water at *+0°?

during the test, and the contact rod placed in the tube and

in contact with the center of the specimen* The circuit is

closed to the solenoid and the falling l/2~lb* weight raised

to a height of 1 inch by raising the solenoid holding it*

The solenoid is then shorted, the weight allowed to drop ? the

specimen removed and quickly examined for fracture* If it has

not split, it is replaced, the weight raised to 1-1/2 inches

and the drop again made* This procedure is repeated with

1/2-inch increments in height until the specimen fails* Subsequent specimens should be started at a height 1 inch below

the failing height of the first test* At least three determinations shall be made on each asphalt*

Results s Failure is recorded when the specimen splits, in one or

more places, from the center to the edge* Fractures that do

not extend to the edge of the disk are ignored* The average

height of drop required to break the specimen is recorded as

its impact resistance*

8A Water Absorption Tests

WATER ABSORPTION OF ASPHALT

DISK METHOD [157

Application s This method is applicable to all asphalts having Softening Points (R & B) of 170°F or over*
- 41 -

Apparatus and Materials Required ?

lo Brass mould 3/16 inch thick , 3 inch diameter hole 0 2 0 Brass plate - 4- x 4~inehes,

3 o Glycerine

o

4 0 Hot plate

o

Red marking pencil

,

6, 100 grams of asphalt to be tested

»

7, Pyrex glass tray, 11/2 inch deep ? any convenientlength and width,

8 0 Distilled water 0 Preparation of Specimen s Apply glycerine to the surface of the clean brass plate

and mould which, will come in contact with the asphalt

»

Assemble the mould and place it on the brass plate. Carefully

heat the sample of asphalt to be tested until fluid and free

from air bubbles. If the sample contains mineral matter ? the

sample should be stirred slowly with a piece of stiff wire

to keep the matter properly suspended without incorporating

air bubbles.

Pour a sufficient amount of the sample to fill the

mould. The pouring must be done with care in order that

air bubbles are not occluded. The surface may be flamed

lightly to remove a few which might form. Not more than

1/16 inch of the sample should show above the top of the

mould. After the specimen has cooled thoroughly , remove

it from the mould and wash it to remove the attached

glycerine. Allow the specimen to dry and mark identification on both sides with the red marking pencil.

Procedure ? Weigh the specimen to 0,001 gram and record the weight.

Place the specimen in the glass tray and fill with suffi~

cient distilled water to submerge the specimen at least

1/4 inch. Place the glass tray and specimen in a dark

cabinet at room temperature.
Procedure ( continued) ? Make periodic weighings to determine the amount of

water absorbed as follows

First 3 months •== Weekly

Next 3 months — Monthly

Thereafter — Each 6 months

Remove the specimen from the water at the end of each

specified period 0 Do not wipe but blot both sides and

edges carefully until each surface is as uniformly dry as

possible o Weigh the specimen and record the weight „ Rectum the specimen to the distilled water tray Q Renew with

fresh water at each weighing

Compute the water absorbed and convert the result to

grams of water absorbed per square foot of asphalt surface

exposedo

NQTE s The water absorption measurements were made on specimens three inches in diameter and approximately 3/16= inch

thieko The exact thickness was subject to slight variation

because the specimens were cast in an open-top mold and were

not trimmed o The specimens were submerged in distilled water

to a depth of 1/h inch and were weighed weekly for three

months , monthly for three months, and then quarterly until

the test was discontinued at 20 months 0 The specific

gravity also was determined at the final weighing of each

speeimen.o

From the physical dimensions of each specimen the surface area was calculated and the absorption data reported

as grams of water absorbed per square foot of specimen surface at 28, 2S0, and 609 days 0 The change in volume for

the 609 days (20 months) of immersion was calculated from

the final measured volume and the original volume which was

calculated from the original weight and specific gravity 0 For comparison purposes the water absorptions at one

year have been listed in Table XIII-A along with ratio

figures to indicate the increase in absorption produced by the

addition of the stabilizer „ These data show that although

Asphalt III coatings continued to have the lowest water

absorption when stabilizers were mixed with it, the increase
- -

in absorption produced by the addition of stabilizer was

greater than for the other two asphalts in the case of

blue black slate, clay and dolomite , less in fly ash, and

equivalent in mica and silica Q These data also show the

difficulty involved in trying to draw generalized conclusions for all stabilizers and asphalts ; each system

must be considered on its own merits,.

When the water absorption data at 20 months are examined

(Table XIII-B), it is found that while the absorption generally

had increased, the ratio of absorptions of the stabilized

coatings to unstabilized asphalt had remained the same, The

exceptions to this rule were the fly ash- stabilized coatings,

in which the ratio increased for Asphalts II and III and decreased for Asphalt I,

Table XIII-C shows the volume changes involved for the

20-month immersion and the ratio of the changes in the

stabilized coatings to those of the straight asphalts.

Again, though the volume changes in Asphalt III coatings

tended to be lower than in the coatings containing the

other two asphalts, because of the extremely low volume

increase of the unstabilized Asphalt III, the relative

volume changes in these stabilized coatings were highest.

During the last 100-200 days of immersion several

of the specimens underwent a loss in weight, while the remainder continued to gain. Three of these contained clay

and four, silica. There was no apparent reason for the

deviation of these specimens from the general trend.

To summarize the results of the water absorption

tests, it must be noted that despite the fact that all

the mineral additives increased the water absorption of

the asphalts, many of them also increased the durability

as well and, there is no correlation between durability

and water absorption.
TABLE XUX, WATER ABSORPTION DATA

A. WATER ABSORBED IN ONE YEAR

ASPHALT s I II III

Unstabilized

35% Blue Black Slate

50%> Blue Black Slate

60% Blue Black Slate

3 5% Clay

50%o Clay

60% Clay

3 5%> Dolomite

50%> Dolomite

60% Dolomite

35% Fly Ash

50

Fly Ash

60% Fly Ash

35% Mica

3 5%> Silica

50% Silica

60% Silica

g/ft^ ratio g/ft^

3.38 1 2.50

5.25 1.

4.28

7.96 2.4 5° 55

8.64 2.6 8.05

6.80 2.0 4.84

8067 2.6 7.52

11.33 3 o4 O C33 6 » 60 2.0 4.94

7.96 2.4 6.31

10.15 3.0 7.86

51.70 15.3 7.45

57.30 17.0 14.30

42.90 12 .7 23.60

5.21 1.5 3 d9

3 081 l.l 2.80

60 28 1.9 3 .02

II .29 3.3 3o45

atio g/ft^ ratio

1 1.85 1

1.7 3o72 2.0

2.2 5*44 2.9

3o2 6,75 3,7

1.9 5,01 2.7

3.0 6.90 3,7

2.0 4.29 2.3

2,5 5*54 3,0

3-1 7, 00 3,8

3.0 6.00 3*2

5*7 lie 05 6.0

9*4 12.20 6.

1.3 2.46 1.3

1.1 2.47 1.3

1.2 2. 66 1.4

1.4 2.97 1.6
- ^5 -

TABLE XIII, WATER ABSORPTION DATA

B 0 WEIGHT INCREASE IN 20 MONTHS

ASPHALT

:

I II III

.... a can tna . . g/ft2 ratio g/f t

2 ratio g/ft2 ratio

Unstabilized 4,62 1 2-^7 1 2,29 1

55% Blue Black Slate 6,49 1

0

4 5 - 61 1-9 4,86 2,1

50% Blue Black Slate 12 0 06 2,6 7-65 2,6 6-93 3-0

60% Blue Black Slate 13-23 , 7o89^/1.9 12,35 4,2 10,27 4-5

55% Clay 1.7 5-72 1.9 9 -Si 4-3

50% Clay 12 o 0'7 /

9-35^

1.6 7 , 78s/ 2,6 10,57 4 ,

6

60% Clay 2,0 ==> -*= -= == 55% Dolomite 9-36 2,0 6,19 2,1 5-34 2,3

50% Dolomite 11, 14 1.4 8,24 2,8 7,16 3-1

60% Dolomite 14,68 3-2 10,32 3-5 9-03 4,0

55% Fly Ash 69,30 15.0 12.90 4,3 9-56 4,2

5°% Fly Ash 72,26 15-6 27-38 5-9 16,87 7-4

60% Fly Ash 52.55 11.4 34,44 11.6 19-60 8,6

55% Mica 6«34 / 3 • 71~/

1.4 3-94 1-3 3-06 1-3

55% Silica 0,3 3 -^+8 1.2 3 - 04 1-3

50% Silica 8,36-2/ 1.8 3-80 1-3 2 , 70^/ 1.2

60% Silica lbobya/ 3.1 4,53 1-5 2,18 1,0

a/rnderwent a weight loss during the last 100=200 days of immersion

H

O

Irsro^Q

OrOHOCM^vOrOrOCMO
TABLE XEII, WATER ABSORPTION DATA

C„ VOLUME INCREASE IN 20 MONTHS

ASPHALT s I III

Unstabilized

35% Blue Black Slate

50% Blue Black Slate

60% Blue Black Slate

35% Clay

50% Clay

60% Clay

35% Dolomite

50% Dolomite

60% Dolomite

35% Fly Ash

50% Fly Ash

60%o Fly Ash

35% Mica

35% Silica

50% Silica

60%> Silica

cc/ft2 ratio c c/ft2

Voll 1 lo63

7.07 1.7 6 0 28

12o37 3 o 0 60 10

13 0 72 7 3°3 lh a 3b

5 083^/ lob- 5o27 . 10 0 b-b- / 205 10 0 123/

9 o 86^7 2 c b- C=> CD 10o03 iob- 7o99

12 0 11 2o9 9o59

80 94- 2 0 2 11.75

73ol0 17 o 8 16061

75ob-0 18o3 3 io 68

55o80 13 06 39o97

80 98 , 2 d 7 ° 02

2o9^/ Oo 7 b-085

60 52^/ I 06 3 o 22

lb o 02& 3 <>b- 8 0 26

ratio cc/ft2 ratio

1 Oo 70 1

3 °9 5 o3b- 7o6

3 o7 7° 68 IloO

808 11 069 l6o7

3o2 7o 60 10 0 9

6 0 2 7°32 I0o5

^o9 7o?l li e 3

5o9 8066 12 0 b- 7o2 IO 0 I6 14 0 5

10 0 2 12 o 00 17.1

19o4 21 0 6b- 30o9

2b- o 5 22 0 70 32 0 4

b-o3 5c38 7o 7

3 o0

2 o 0

1 « 93 _ / 3o76^/

2 0 8

3*9

5 ol 2 e 90 b-ol

a

Underwent a weight loss during the last 100-200 days of immersion,,
SIEVE

OPENINGS,

MILS

FIG. 12

CUMULATIVE TOTAL SMALLER THAN SIZE, PERCENT

FIG. 13
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

48

9. REFERENCES

"Accelerated Tests of Organic Protective Coatings'1 , P. Ho Walker and E. F. Hickson. B.S. J. Res c 1, 1,

(1928); Ind. Eng. Chem. 20, 591, (1928).

"Accelerated Weathering Properties of Oklahoma Asphalts”,

P, G. Shelley , Circ. #19 , Oklahoma Geological Survey,

Norman, Oklahoma.

"Accelerated Tests of Asphalts", 0. G. Strieter, B.S,

J. Res. 2.,

2it- 7 , (1930) (RP 197).

"The Accelerated Weathering Test and the Chemical Nature

of Asphalts", 0. G, Strieter, B.S. J. Res, 16, 481,

(1936).

"The Effect of Mineral Fillers on the Serviceability

of Coating Asphalts", 0 o G. Stricter, Proc, A.S.T.M.

16, Part II, 486, (1936)

"A Modified Accelerated Weathering Test for Asphalts

and Other Materials", 0, G, S trie ter and H. R. Snoke,

B.S. J. Res. 16, (1936).

"Method of Test for Evaluating Asphalts", 0. G. Strieter,

B.S. J. ReSo 12, 276 , (1937)o

"Weathering Tests of Filled Coating Asphalts", 0. G.

Strieter, B.S. J e Res. 20, 159-171, (1938) (RP 1073)*

"Mineral Stabilizers in Asphalt Roofing", L. Kirschbraun,

R. H. Cubberley, F 0 W. Yeager. A.S.T.M. Symposium on

Accelerated Durability Testing of Bituminous Materials

(Spec. Tech. Pub. #94) (1949)*

"A Method of Preparing Uniform Films of Bituminous

Materials", S. H. Greenfeld. Presented at the A.S.ToM.

1953 Annual Meeting.

"The Effects of Refrigeration on the Accelerated Testing of the Durability of Asphalts", S e H. Greenfeld.

Progress Report of July 12, 1950,
- 49 -

12 "Effects of Thermal Shock on the Durability of Asphalt

Coatings Under Accelerated Test", S® H e Greenfeld 0 Presented at the A.S.T.M. 1953 Annual Meeting.,

13 "A New Method for Evaluating Failure of Bituminous

Materials Due to Weathering", J. B 0 Hunter

? F„ C c Gzemski, and L e .Laskaris, A 0 S«T 0 M. Symposium on

Accelerated Durability Testing of Bituminous

Materials, 19^9°

Ik "The Properties of Asphaltic Bitumen", J® P» Pfeiffer,

Elsevier Publishing Co®, New York, 1950? 157“158 0

15 Test Methods 1713k and WA-2 of the Johns -Manville Co®

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and

maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods

for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials,

devices, and structures; advisory services to Government Agencies on scientific and technical

problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the

development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied

research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and

various consultation and information services. A major portion of the Bureau’s work is performed

for other Government Agencies, particularly the Department of Defense and the Atomic Energy

Commission. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the

inside of the front cover.

Reports and Publications

The results of the Bureau’s work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers and reports. Reports are issued to the sponsoring agency of a particular project or program. Published papers appear either in the Bureau’s own series of publications or in the

journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three monthly periodicals, available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, which presents

complete papers reporting technical investigations; the Technical News Bulletin, which presents

summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions,

which provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout

the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: The Applied Mathematics

Series, Circulars, Handbooks, Building Materials and Structures Reports, and Miscellaneous

Publications.

Information on the Bureau’s publications can be found in NBS Circular 460, Publications of

the National Bureau of Standards ($1.00). Information on calibration services and fees can be

found in NBS Circular 483, Testing by the National Bureau of Standards (25 cents). Both are

available from the Government Printing Office. Inquiries regarding the Bureau’s reports and

publications should be addressed to the Office of Scientific Publications, National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25, D. C.
NBS