PNNL-25018

Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy 

under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830

Cost-Effectiveness of 

ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013

for the State of Arizona

December 2015

R Hart M Halverson

R Athalye S Loper

Y Xie M Rosenberg

J Zhuge E Richman

PNNL-25018

Cost-Effectiveness of 

ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013

for the State of Arizona

R Hart M Halverson

R Athalye S Loper

Y Xie M Rosenberg

J Zhuge E Richman

December 2015

Prepared for

the U.S. Department of Energy

under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Richland, Washington 99352

PNNL-25018

Cost-Effectiveness of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 1 State of Arizona

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

BECP Building Energy Codes Program

BTO Building Technologies Office

DOE U.S. Department of Energy

EIA Energy Information Administration

FEMP Federal Energy Management Program

HVAC Heating, Ventilating, and Air‐Conditioning

LCC Life-Cycle Cost

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology

PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

UPV Uniform Present Value

SWH Service Water Heating
PNNL-25018

Cost-Effectiveness of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 2 State of Arizona

Highlights

Moving to the ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 (ASHRAE 2013) edition from Standard 90.1-2010

(ASHRAE 2010) is cost‐effective for the State of Arizona. The table below shows the state-wide 

economic impact of upgrading to Standard 90.1-2013 in terms of the annual energy cost savings in dollars 

per square foot, additional construction cost per square foot required by the upgrade, and life-cycle cost 

(LCC) per square foot. These results are weighted averages for all building types in all climate zones in 

the state, based on weightings shown in Table 4. The methodology used for this analysis is consistent 

with the methodology used in the national cost-effectiveness analysis1. Additional results and details on 

the methodology are presented in the following sections. 

Average Savings, Construction Cost and LCC

(Weighted by Climate Zone and Building Type)

Annual Cost Savings, $/ft2$0.120

Added Construction Cost, $/ft2($1.678)

Publicly-owned scenario LCC Savings, $/ft2$3.65

Privately-owned scenario LCC Savings, $/ft2$2.66

The report provides analysis of two LCC scenarios: 

 Scenario 1, representing publicly‐owned buildings, considers initial costs, energy costs, maintenance 

costs, and replacement costs—without borrowing or taxes.

 Scenario 2, representing privately‐owned buildings, adds borrowing costs and tax impacts.

Figure 1 compares annual energy cost savings, first cost for the upgrade, and net annualized LCC savings. 

The net annualized LCC savings per square foot is the annual energy savings plus the annualized value of 

first cost savings under scenario 1. Figure 2 shows overall state weighted net LCC results for both 

scenarios. When net LCC is positive, the updated code edition is considered cost‐effective.

Figure 1. State-wide Weighted Costs and Savings Figure 2. Overall Net Life-Cycle Cost Savings

 

1 National cost-effectiveness report: https://www.energycodes.gov/development/commercial/cost_effectiveness.

($2.00)

($1.50)

($1.00)

($0.50)

$0.00

$0.50

Annual

Energy

Savings

Added

First

Costs

Annual

Net LCC

Savings

$/ft2 of Building Area

$3.65 

$2.66 

$0.00

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

$2.00

$2.50

$3.00

$3.50

$4.00

Scenario 1:

Publicly-Owned

Scenario 2:

Privately-Owned

Net LCC Savings, $/ft

2
PNNL-25018

Cost-Effectiveness of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 3 State of Arizona

Cost‐Effectiveness Results for 

ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 in Arizona

This section summarizes the cost-effectiveness analysis results. Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) savings is the 

primary measure DOE uses to assess the economic impact of building energy codes. Savings are 

computed for two scenarios:

 Scenario 1 (publicly-owned) includes costs for initial equipment and construction, energy, 

maintenance and replacement and does not include loans or taxes.

 Scenario 2 (privately-owned) includes the same costs as scenario 1, plus the initial investment is 

financed through a loan amortized over 30 years with corresponding federal and state corporate 

income tax deductions for interest and depreciation. 

Both scenarios include the residual value of equipment with remaining useful life at the end of the 30 

years. Totals for building types, climate zones, and the state overall are averages based on Table 4

weightings. Factors such as inflation and discount rates are different between the two scenarios, as 

described in the Cost-Effectiveness Methodology section.

LCC is affected by many variables, including the applicability of individual measures in the code, 

measure costs, measure lives, replacement costs, state cost adjustment, energy prices, and so on. The LCC 

could be negative for a building type in a climate zone based on the interaction of these variables, but the 

code is considered cost-effective as long as the weighted state-wide LCC is positive. 

Table 1 shows that the value today of the total LCC savings over 30 years for buildings in scenario 1 

averages $3.65 per square foot for Standard 90.1-2013.

Table 1. LCC Savings for Arizona, Scenario 1 ($/ft2)

Table 2 shows that the LCC savings over 30 years averages $2.66 per square foot for scenario 2.

Table 2. LCC Savings for Arizona, Scenario 2 ($/ft2)

Climate Zone Small Office Large Office Stand-Alone 

Retail

Primary 

School Small Hotel Mid-Rise Apartment

All Building 

Types

2B $2.97 $24.00 $2.53 $2.54 $2.15 $1.92 $3.81

3B $1.83 $5.78 $2.43 $4.36 $1.67 $0.67 $2.38

4B $0.83 $2.90 $1.92 $4.32 $1.51 $0.70 $2.02

5B $1.27 $0.96 $2.18 $4.18 $1.23 $0.66 $2.11

State Average $2.88 $24.00 $2.49 $2.67 $1.88 $1.92 $3.65

Climate Zone Small Office Large Office Stand-Alone 

Retail

Primary 

School Small Hotel Mid-Rise Apartment

All Building 

Types

2B $2.44 $15.37 $1.69 $2.40 $1.95 $1.68 $2.76

3B $1.55 $4.10 $1.65 $3.82 $1.52 $0.72 $1.75

4B $1.23 $2.30 $1.39 $3.98 $1.46 $0.70 $1.64

5B $1.45 $1.12 $1.60 $3.85 $1.28 $0.72 $1.84

State Average $2.38 $15.37 $1.67 $2.51 $1.74 $1.68 $2.66
PNNL-25018

Cost-Effectiveness of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 4 State of Arizona

Energy Cost Savings 

Table 3 shows that the primary benefit of Standard 90.1-2013—annual energy cost savings—averages 

$0.120 per square foot for both scenarios.

Table 3. Annual Energy Cost Savings for Arizona ($/ft2)

Construction Weighting of Results 

Energy and economic impacts were determined and reported separately for each building type and climate 

zone. Cost‐effectiveness results are also reported as averages for all prototypes and climate zones in the 

state. To determine these averages, results were combined across the different building types and climate 

zones using weighting factors shown in Table 4. These weighting factors are based on the floor area of 

new construction and major renovations for the six analyzed building prototypes in state‐specific climate 

zones. The weighting factors were developed from construction start data from 2003 to 2007 based on an 

approach developed by Jarnagin and Bandyopadhyay (McGraw Hill Construction 2007, Jarnagin and 

Bandyopadhyay 2010).

Table 4. Construction Weights by Building Type

Incremental Construction Cost 

Cost estimates were developed for the differences between Standard 90.1-2010 and Standard 90.1-2013

as implemented in the six prototype models. Costs for the initial construction include material, labor, 

commissioning, construction equipment, overhead and profit. These costs were developed using a 

commercial cost estimation firm, engineering design consultants and RS Means 2012 and 2014 cost data 

(RS Means 2012a,b,c, 2014a,b,c; Hart et al. 2015). The costs were developed at the national level and 

then adjusted for local conditions using a state construction cost index (Means 2014c). Table 5 shows 

incremental initial cost for individual building types in state‐specific climate zones and weighted average 

costs by climate zone and building type for moving to Standard 90.1-2013 from Standard 90.1-2010. 

The incremental cost is negative for some building types and climate zones because of fewer lighting 

fixtures, or due to the downsizing of heating, ventilating, and air‐conditioning (HVAC) equipment. 

 Fewer light fixtures are required when the allowed lighting power is reduced. 

Climate Zone Small Office Large Office Stand-Alone 

Retail

Primary 

School Small Hotel Mid-Rise Apartment

All Building 

Types

2B $0.097 $0.096 $0.125 $0.169 $0.123 $0.099 $0.119

3B $0.066 $0.062 $0.130 $0.181 $0.100 $0.057 $0.120

4B $0.105 $0.063 $0.129 $0.212 $0.106 $0.049 $0.133

5B $0.101 $0.063 $0.139 $0.203 $0.109 $0.056 $0.135

State Average $0.096 $0.096 $0.126 $0.171 $0.116 $0.099 $0.120

Climate Zone Small 

Office 

Large 

Office

Stand-Alone 

Retail

Primary 

School

Small 

Hotel

Mid-Rise 

Apartment

All Building 

Types

2B 23.8% 5.1% 39.7% 11.5% 2.0% 7.9% 90.1%

3B 0.8% 0.0% 3.5% 0.3% 0.5% 0.0% 5.1%

4B 0.2% 0.0% 1.6% 0.2% 0.2% 0.0% 2.2%

5B 0.5% 0.0% 1.2% 0.4% 0.6% 0.0% 2.6%

State Average 25.3% 5.1% 46.0% 12.4% 3.3% 7.9% 100.0%
PNNL-25018

Cost-Effectiveness of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 5 State of Arizona

 Smaller equipment sizes can result from the lowering of heating and cooling loads due to other 

efficiency measures, such as more wall insulation. 

The national cost-effectiveness report contains detailed descriptions of how costs were developed for 

individual efficiency upgrades (Hart et al. 2015). Where cost is negative it represents a reduction in first 

costs and a savings that is included in the net LCC savings.

Table 5. Incremental Construction Cost for Arizona ($/ft2)

Simple Payback

Simple payback is the total incremental first cost divided by the annual savings, where the annual savings 

is the annual energy cost savings less any incremental annual maintenance cost. Simple payback is not 

used as a measure of cost-effectiveness as it does not account for the time value of money, the value of 

energy cost savings that occur after payback is achieved, or any replacement costs that occur after the 

initial investment. However, it is included in the analysis for states who wish to use this information. 

Table 6 shows simple payback results in years for both scenarios.

Table 6. Simple Payback for Arizona (Years)

Climate Zone Small Office Large Office Stand-Alone 

Retail

Primary 

School Small Hotel Mid-Rise Apartment

All Building 

Types

2B ($0.541) ($21.319) ($1.409) $0.974 $0.428 $0.165 ($1.828)

3B ($0.163) ($3.681) ($1.215) $0.159 $0.390 $0.618 ($0.807)

4B $2.032 ($0.918) ($0.527) $0.960 $0.715 $0.423 ($0.015)

5B $1.392 $1.018 ($0.577) $0.924 $0.962 $0.613 $0.334

State Average ($0.470) ($21.319) ($1.342) $0.952 $0.533 $0.165 ($1.678)

Climate Zone Small 

Office 

Large 

Office

Stand-Alone 

Retail

Primary 

School

Small 

Hotel

Mid-Rise 

Apartment

All Building 

Types

2B Immediate Immediate Immediate 5.7 3.4 1.6 Immediate

3B Immediate Immediate Immediate 0.8 3.8 10.4 Immediate

4B 19.4 Immediate Immediate 4.3 6.6 8.3 Immediate

5B 13.8 16.2 Immediate 4.3 8.7 10.7 5.0

State Average Immediate Immediate Immediate 5.5 4.6 1.6 Immediate
PNNL-25018

Cost-Effectiveness of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 6 State of Arizona

Overview of the Cost-Effectiveness Methodology

This analysis was conducted by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in support of the U.S. 

Department of Energy’s (DOE) Building Energy Codes Program. DOE supports the development and 

implementation of energy efficient and cost-effective residential and commercial building energy codes. 

These codes help adopting states and localities establish minimum requirements for energy-efficient 

building design and construction, as well as ensure significant energy savings and avoided greenhouse gas 

emissions. LCC savings is the primary measure DOE uses to assess the cost‐effectiveness of building 

energy codes. 

Cost‐Effectiveness 

DOE uses standard economic LCC cost‐effectiveness analysis methods in comparing Standard 90.1-2013 

and Standard 90.1-2010. A detailed cost‐effectiveness methodology was used as described in detail in the 

national report (Hart et al. 2015). Under this methodology, two metrics are used:

 LCC Savings: LCC is the calculation of the present value of costs over a 30‐year period including 

initial equipment and construction costs, energy savings, maintenance and replacement costs, and 

residual value of components at the end of the 30-year period. A separate LCC is determined for 

Standard 90.1-2010 and for Standard 90.1‐2013. The LCC savings is the Standard 90.1-2010 LCC 

minus the Standard 90.1‐2013 LCC.

 Simple Payback: While not a true cost‐effectiveness metric, simple payback is also calculated. 

Simple payback is the number of years required for accumulated annual energy cost savings to exceed 

the incremental first costs of a new code. 

Two cost scenarios are analyzed: 

 Scenario 1 includes the costs and savings listed above without borrowing or tax impacts. 

 Scenario 2 incudes the same costs as scenario 1 plus financing of the incremental first costs through 

increased borrowing with tax impacts including mortgage interest and depreciation deductions. 

Corporate tax rates are applied. Economic analysis factors such as discount rates are also different, as 

described in Table 8. 

The cost‐effectiveness analysis compares the cost for new buildings meeting Standard 90.1‐2013 

compared to new buildings meeting Standard 90.1‐2010. The analysis includes energy savings estimates 

from building energy simulations and LCC and simple payback calculations using standard economic 

analysis parameters. The analysis builds on work documented in ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1‐2013 

Determination of Energy Savings: Quantitative Analysis (Halverson et al. 2014), and the cost‐

effectiveness analysis documented in National Cost‐effectiveness of ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1‐

2013 (Hart et al. 2015). 

Building Prototypes and Energy Modeling 

The cost‐effectiveness analysis uses six building types represented by six prototype building energy 

models. These six are a subset of 16 prototype building energy models and represent 80% of commercial 

floor space. These models provide coverage of the significant changes in ASHRAE Standard 90.1 from 

2010 to 2013 and are used to show the impacts of the changes on energy savings. The prototypes 

represent common construction practice and include the primary conventional HVAC systems most 

commonly used in commercial buildings. More information on the prototype buildings and savings 

analysis can be found at: www.energycodes.gov/development/commercial/90.1_models. 
PNNL-25018

Cost-Effectiveness of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 7 State of Arizona

Each prototype building is analyzed for each of the climate zones found within the state. Using the U.S. 

DOE EnergyPlusTM software, the six building prototypes summarized in Table 7 are simulated with 

characteristics meeting the requirements of Standard 90.1‐2010 and then modified to meet the 

requirements of the next edition of the code (Standard 90.1‐2013). The energy use and cost are then 

compared between the two sets of models.

Table 7. Building Prototypes

Building Prototype Floor Area (ft2) Number of Floors

Small Office 5,500 1

Large Office 498,640 13

Stand-Alone Retail 24,690 1

Primary School 73,970 1

Small Hotel 43,210 4

Mid-Rise Apartment 33,740 4

Climate Zones 

Climate zones are defined in ASHRAE Standard 90.1 and include eight primary climate zones, the hottest 

being climate zone 1 and the coldest being climate zone 8. Letters A, B, and C are applied in some cases 

to denote the level of moisture, with A indicating moist or humid, B indicating dry, and C indicating 

marine. Figure 3 shows the national climate zones. For this state analysis, savings are analyzed for each 

climate zone in the state using weather data from a selected city within the climate zone and state, or 

where necessary, a city in an adjoining state with more robust weather data.

Figure 3. National Climate Zones
PNNL-25018

Cost-Effectiveness of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 8 State of Arizona

Cost-Effectiveness Method and Parameters 

The DOE cost-effectiveness methodology accounts for the benefits of energy-efficient building 

construction over a multi-year analysis period, balancing initial costs against longer term energy savings. 

DOE evaluates energy codes and code proposals based on LCC analysis over a multi-year study period, 

accounting for energy savings, incremental investment for energy efficiency measures, and other 

economic impacts. The value of future savings and costs are discounted to a present value, with 

improvements deemed cost-effective when the net LCC savings (present value of savings minus cost) is 

positive.

The U.S. DOE Building Energy Codes Program uses an LCC analysis similar to the method used for 

many federal building projects, as well as other public and private building projects (Fuller and Petersen 

1995). The LCC analysis method consists of identifying costs (and revenues if any) and in what year they 

occur; then determining their value in today’s dollars (known as the present value). This method uses 

economic relationships about the time value of money (money today is normally worth more than money 

tomorrow, which is why we pay interest on a loan and earn interest on savings). Future costs are 

discounted to the present based on a discount rate. The discount rate may reflect the interest rate at which 

money can be borrowed for projects with the same level of risk or the interest rate that can be earned on 

other conventional investments with similar risk.

The LCC for both scenarios includes incremental initial costs, repairs, maintenance and replacements. 

Scenario 2 also includes loan costs and tax impacts including mortgage interest and depreciation 

deductions. The residual value of equipment (or other component such as roof membrane) that has 

remaining useful life at end of the 30-year study period is also included for both scenarios. The residual 

value is calculated by multiplying the initial cost of the component by the years of useful life remaining 

for the component at year 30 divided by the total useful life, a simplified approach included in the Federal 

Energy Management Program (FEMP) LCC method (Fuller and Petersen 1995). A component will have 

zero residual value at year 30 only if it has a 30-year life, or if it has a shorter than 30-year life that 

divides exactly into 30 years (for example, a 15-year life). 

The financial and economic parameters used for the LCC calculations are shown in Table 8. 
PNNL-25018

Cost-Effectiveness of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 9 State of Arizona

Table 8. LCC Economic Parameters

Economic Parameter Scenario 1 Scenario 2

Study Period – Years130 30

Nominal Discount Rate23.10% 5.50%

Real Discount Rate23.00% 3.53%

Effective Inflation Rate30.10% 1.90%

Electricity Prices4(per kWh) $0.1005 $0.1005

Natural Gas Prices4(per therm) $0.8509 $0.8509

Energy Price Escalation Factors5 Uniform present value factors Uniform present value factors

Electricity Price UPV520.68 17.71

Natural Gas Price UPV523.60 20.21

Loan Interest Rate6 NA 5.50%

Federal Corporate Tax Rate7 NA 34.00%

State Corporate Tax Rate8 NA 6.50%

Combined Income Tax Impact9 NA 38.29%

State and Average Local Sales Tax10 8.17% 8.17%

State Construction Cost Index

11

0.882 0.882

1 A 30‐year study period captures most building components useful lives and is a commonly used study period for building project economic 

analysis. This period is consistent with previous and related national 90.1 cost‐effectiveness analysis (Hart et al. 2015). It is also consistent with 

the cost‐effectiveness analysis that was done for the residential energy code as described in multiple state reports and a summary report (DOE 

2012). The federal building LCC method uses 25 years and the ASHRAE Standard 90.1 development process uses up to 40 years for building 

envelope code improvement analysis. Because of the time value of money, results are typically similar for any study periods of 20 years or more. 

2 The scenario 1 real and nominal discount rates are from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 2014 annual LCC update for 

the federal LCC method (Rushing et al. 2014). The scenario 2 nominal discount rate is assumed to be the marginal cost of capital, which is set 

equal to the loan interest rate (see footnote 6). The real discount rate for scenario 2 is calculated from the nominal discount rate and inflation. 

3 The scenario 1 effective inflation rate is from the NIST 2014 annual LCC update for the federal LCC method (Rushing et al. 2014). The 

scenario 2 inflation rate is the Producer Price Index for non‐residential construction, June 1984 to June 2014 (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2015). 

4 Scenario 1 and 2 electricity and natural gas prices are state average annual prices for 2014 from the United States Energy Information 

Administration (EIA) Electricity Power Monthly (EIA 2015a) and Natural Gas Monthly (EIA 2015b). 

5 Scenario 1 energy price escalation rates are from the NIST 2014 annual update for the FEMP LCC method (Rushing et al. 2014). The NIST 

uniform present value (UPV) factors are multiplied by the first year annual energy cost to determine the present value of 30 years of energy costs 

and are based on a series of different annual escalation rates for 30 years. Scenario 2 UPV factors are based on NIST UPVs with an adjustment 

made for the scenario difference in discount rates. 

6 The loan interest rate is estimated from multiple online sources listed in the references (Commercial Loan Direct 2015; Watts 2015). 

7 The highest federal marginal corporate income tax rate is assumed to apply. 

8 The highest marginal state corporate income tax rate is assumed to apply from the Federation of Tax Administrators (FTA 2015). 

9 The combined tax impact is based on state tax being a deduction for federal tax, and is applied to depreciation and loan interest. 

10 The combined state and average local sales tax is included in material costs in the cost estimate (Tax Foundation 2015).

11 The state construction cost index based on weighted city indices from the state (Means 2014c).
PNNL-25018

Cost-Effectiveness of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 10 State of Arizona

Detailed Energy Use and Cost 

On the following pages, specific detailed results for Arizona are included: 

 Table 9 shows the average energy rates used. 

 Tables 10.A and 10.B show the per square foot energy costs for Standard 90.1-2010 and Standard 

90.1-2013 and the cost savings from Standard 90.1-2013.

 Tables 11.A and 11.B show the per square foot energy use for Standard 90.1-2010 and Standard 90.1-

2013 and the energy use savings from Standard 90.1-2013.

 Tables 12.A through 12.D show the energy end use by energy type for each climate zone in the state.

Table 9. Energy Rates for Arizona, Average $ per unit

Electricity $0.1005 kWh

Gas $0.8509 Therm

Source: Energy Information Administration, 

annual average prices for 2014 (EIA 

2015a,b)
Cost-Effectiveness of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 11 State of Arizona

Table 10.A. Energy Cost Saving Results in Arizona, $ per Square Foot

Climate Zone: 2B 3B 4B

Code: 90.1-2010 90.1-2013 Savings 90.1-2010 90.1-2013 Savings 90.1-2010 90.1-2013 Savings

Small Office

Electricity $1.018 $0.921 $0.097 9.5% $0.938 $0.871 $0.066 7.0% $0.947 $0.843 $0.104 11.0%

Gas $0.000 $0.000 $0.000 - $0.001 $0.001 $0.000 0.0% $0.001 $0.001 $0.000 0.0%

Totals $1.018 $0.921 $0.097 9.5% $0.938 $0.872 $0.066 7.0% $0.948 $0.843 $0.105 11.1%

Large Office

Electricity $2.164 $2.069 $0.095 4.4% $2.061 $1.997 $0.064 3.1% $2.028 $1.970 $0.058 2.9%

Gas $0.010 $0.009 $0.001 10.0% $0.018 $0.020 -$0.002 -11.1% $0.024 $0.020 $0.005 20.8%

Totals $2.174 $2.078 $0.096 4.4% $2.078 $2.017 $0.062 3.0% $2.052 $1.989 $0.063 3.1%

Stand-Alone Retail

Electricity $1.454 $1.334 $0.120 8.3% $1.312 $1.187 $0.124 9.5% $1.249 $1.133 $0.115 9.2%

Gas $0.045 $0.040 $0.005 11.1% $0.072 $0.066 $0.006 8.3% $0.086 $0.072 $0.014 16.3%

Totals $1.499 $1.375 $0.125 8.3% $1.384 $1.254 $0.130 9.4% $1.334 $1.205 $0.129 9.7%

Primary School

Electricity $1.432 $1.266 $0.166 11.6% $1.260 $1.064 $0.196 15.6% $1.224 $0.994 $0.230 18.8%

Gas $0.074 $0.071 $0.003 4.1% $0.092 $0.106 -$0.015 -16.3% $0.104 $0.122 -$0.018 -17.3%

Totals $1.506 $1.337 $0.169 11.2% $1.351 $1.170 $0.181 13.4% $1.328 $1.116 $0.212 16.0%

Small Hotel

Electricity $1.244 $1.120 $0.123 9.9% $1.144 $1.043 $0.101 8.8% $1.103 $0.997 $0.106 9.6%

Gas $0.166 $0.166 $0.000 0.0% $0.181 $0.182 $0.000 0.0% $0.194 $0.195 $0.000 0.0%

Totals $1.410 $1.287 $0.123 8.7% $1.325 $1.225 $0.100 7.5% $1.298 $1.192 $0.106 8.2%

Mid-Rise Apartment

Electricity $1.336 $1.237 $0.099 7.4% $1.221 $1.161 $0.060 4.9% $1.216 $1.170 $0.045 3.7%

Gas $0.002 $0.002 $0.000 0.0% $0.015 $0.018 -$0.003 -20.0% $0.020 $0.016 $0.004 20.0%

Totals $1.338 $1.239 $0.099 7.4% $1.237 $1.179 $0.057 4.6% $1.235 $1.186 $0.049 4.0%
Cost-Effectiveness of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 12 State of Arizona

Table 10.B. Energy Cost Saving Results in Arizona, $ per Square Foot

Climate Zone: 5B

Code: 90.1-2010 90.1-2013 Savings

Small Office

Electricity $0.945 $0.845 $0.101 10.7%

Gas $0.001 $0.001 $0.000 0.0%

Totals $0.946 $0.845 $0.101 10.7%

Large Office

Electricity $2.037 $1.981 $0.057 2.8%

Gas $0.029 $0.023 $0.006 20.7%

Totals $2.066 $2.003 $0.063 3.0%

Standalone Retail

Electricity $1.268 $1.144 $0.124 9.8%

Gas $0.092 $0.077 $0.015 16.3%

Totals $1.360 $1.221 $0.139 10.2%

Primary School

Electricity $1.229 $1.002 $0.227 18.5%

Gas $0.106 $0.131 -$0.024 -22.6%

Totals $1.336 $1.133 $0.203 15.2%

Small Hotel

Electricity $1.121 $1.013 $0.109 9.7%

Gas $0.203 $0.204 $0.000 0.0%

Totals $1.325 $1.216 $0.109 8.2%

Mid-Rise Apartment

Electricity $1.247 $1.197 $0.050 4.0%

Gas $0.024 $0.018 $0.006 25.0%

Totals $1.271 $1.215 $0.056 4.4%
Cost-Effectiveness of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 13 State of Arizona

Table 11.A. Energy Use Saving Results in Arizona, Energy Use per Square Foot

Climate Zone: 2B 3B 4B

Code: 90.1-2010 90.1-2013 Savings 90.1-2010 90.1-2013 Savings 90.1-2010 90.1-2013 Savings

Small Office

Electricity, kWh/ft2

10.127 9.163 0.965 9.5% 9.329 8.668 0.662 7.1% 9.425 8.386 1.038 11.0%

Gas, therm/ft2

0.000 0.000 0.000 - 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.0% 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.0%

Totals, kBtu/ft2

34.566 31.274 3.292 9.5% 31.903 29.674 2.229 7.0% 32.260 28.683 3.577 11.1%

Large Office

Electricity, kWh/ft2

21.536 20.589 0.948 4.4% 20.505 19.871 0.634 3.1% 20.178 19.598 0.580 2.9%

Gas, therm/ft2

0.012 0.010 0.001 8.3% 0.021 0.023 -0.002 -9.5% 0.029 0.023 0.005 17.2%

Totals, kBtu/ft2

74.658 71.291 3.367 4.5% 72.059 70.120 1.939 2.7% 71.744 69.219 2.525 3.5%

Stand-Alone Retail

Electricity, kWh/ft2

14.469 13.279 1.190 8.2% 13.053 11.815 1.238 9.5% 12.427 11.278 1.149 9.2%

Gas, therm/ft2

0.053 0.048 0.006 11.3% 0.085 0.078 0.007 8.2% 0.101 0.084 0.016 15.8%

Totals, kBtu/ft2

54.712 50.071 4.641 8.5% 53.042 48.133 4.909 9.3% 52.464 46.916 5.548 10.6%

Primary School

Electricity, kWh/ft2

14.247 12.594 1.652 11.6% 12.535 10.582 1.953 15.6% 12.180 9.887 2.293 18.8%

Gas, therm/ft2

0.087 0.084 0.003 3.4% 0.108 0.125 -0.017 -15.7% 0.122 0.144 -0.022 -18.0%

Totals, kBtu/ft2

57.365 51.377 5.988 10.4% 53.539 48.614 4.925 9.2% 53.780 48.126 5.655 10.5%

Small Hotel

Electricity, kWh/ft2

12.375 11.149 1.226 9.9% 11.379 10.376 1.003 8.8% 10.980 9.923 1.057 9.6%

Gas, therm/ft2

0.195 0.195 0.000 0.0% 0.213 0.214 -0.001 -0.5% 0.228 0.229 -0.001 -0.4%

Totals, kBtu/ft2

61.757 57.567 4.190 6.8% 60.143 56.772 3.371 5.6% 60.311 56.754 3.557 5.9%

Mid-Rise Apartment

Electricity, kWh/ft2

13.291 12.304 0.986 7.4% 12.151 11.551 0.601 4.9% 12.095 11.643 0.452 3.7%

Gas, therm/ft2

0.003 0.002 0.000 0.0% 0.018 0.021 -0.003 -16.7% 0.023 0.019 0.004 17.4%

Totals, kBtu/ft2

45.632 42.224 3.409 7.5% 43.270 41.559 1.711 4.0% 43.620 41.643 1.977 4.5%
Cost-Effectiveness of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 14 State of Arizona

Table 11.B. Energy Use Saving Results in Arizona, Energy Use per Square Foot

Climate Zone: 5B

Code: 90.1-2010 90.1-2013 Savings

Small Office

Electricity, kWh/ft2

9.405 8.404 1.001 10.6%

Gas, therm/ft2

0.001 0.001 0.000 0.0%

Totals, kBtu/ft2

32.236 28.776 3.460 10.7%

Large Office

Electricity, kWh/ft2

20.272 19.707 0.565 2.8%

Gas, therm/ft2

0.034 0.027 0.007 20.6%

Totals, kBtu/ft2

72.599 69.950 2.649 3.6%

Standalone Retail

Electricity, kWh/ft2

12.615 11.385 1.230 9.8%

Gas, therm/ft2

0.108 0.090 0.018 16.7%

Totals, kBtu/ft2

53.858 47.869 5.989 11.1%

Primary School

Electricity, kWh/ft2

12.232 9.974 2.258 18.5%

Gas, therm/ft2

0.125 0.153 -0.028 -22.4%

Totals, kBtu/ft2

54.261 49.384 4.877 9.0%

Small Hotel

Electricity, kWh/ft2

11.159 10.075 1.084 9.7%

Gas, therm/ft2

0.239 0.239 0.000 0.0%

Totals, kBtu/ft2

61.999 58.328 3.671 5.9%

Mid-Rise Apartment

Electricity, kWh/ft2

12.404 11.908 0.496 4.0%

Gas, therm/ft2

0.028 0.022 0.007 25.0%

Totals, kBtu/ft2

45.176 42.807 2.369 5.2%
Cost-Effectiveness of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 15 State of Arizona

Table 12.A. Annual Energy Usage for Buildings in Arizona in Climate Zone 2B

Energy 

End-Use Electric Gas Electric Gas Electric Gas Electric Gas Electric Gas Electric Gas

kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/

ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

Heating, Humidification 0.033 0.000 0.894 0.004 0.000 0.020 0.000 0.029 0.074 0.001 0.000 0.003

Cooling 1.990 0.000 3.781 0.000 3.835 0.000 3.911 0.000 3.537 0.000 2.759 0.000

Fans, Pumps, Heat Recovery 1.358 0.000 1.922 0.000 2.704 0.000 1.806 0.000 1.881 0.000 2.289 0.000

Lighting, Interior & Exterior 3.352 0.000 2.540 0.000 5.740 0.000 3.286 0.000 3.083 0.000 1.438 0.000

Plugs, Refrigeration, Other 2.484 0.000 12.401 0.000 2.190 0.000 5.147 0.046 3.799 0.092 4.210 0.000

Service Water Heating (SWH) 0.910 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.000 0.033 0.097 0.012 0.000 0.102 2.594 0.000

Total 10.127 0.000 21.536 0.012 14.469 0.053 14.247 0.087 12.375 0.195 13.291 0.003

ASHRAE 90.1-2013

Heating, Humidification 0.032 0.000 0.787 0.002 0.000 0.014 0.000 0.025 0.076 0.001 0.000 0.002

Cooling 1.652 0.000 3.410 0.000 3.537 0.000 3.392 0.000 3.130 0.000 2.273 0.000

Fans, Pumps, Heat Recovery 1.189 0.000 1.729 0.000 2.680 0.000 1.619 0.000 1.841 0.000 1.990 0.000

Lighting, Interior & Exterior 2.941 0.000 2.276 0.000 4.876 0.000 2.865 0.000 2.517 0.000 1.241 0.000

Plugs, Refrigeration, Other 2.439 0.000 12.388 0.000 2.186 0.000 4.621 0.046 3.585 0.092 4.208 0.000

Service Water Heating (SWH) 0.910 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.000 0.033 0.097 0.012 0.000 0.102 2.592 0.000

Total 9.163 0.000 20.589 0.010 13.279 0.048 12.594 0.084 11.149 0.195 12.304 0.002

Total Savings 0.965 0.000 0.948 0.001 1.190 0.006 1.652 0.003 1.226 0.000 0.986 0.000

Small Office Large Office Stand-Alone Retail Primary School Small Hotel Mid-Rise Apartment
Cost-Effectiveness of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 16 State of Arizona

Table 12.B. Annual Energy Usage for Buildings in Arizona in Climate Zone 3B

Energy 

End-Use Electric Gas Electric Gas Electric Gas Electric Gas Electric Gas Electric Gas

kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/

ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

Heating, Humidification 0.155 0.001 1.290 0.012 0.000 0.050 0.000 0.048 0.323 0.005 0.000 0.018

Cooling 1.217 0.000 2.553 0.000 2.365 0.000 2.270 0.000 2.311 0.000 1.612 0.000

Fans, Pumps, Heat Recovery 1.227 0.000 1.750 0.000 2.655 0.000 1.790 0.000 1.873 0.000 1.987 0.000

Lighting, Interior & Exterior 3.337 0.000 2.511 0.000 5.843 0.000 3.233 0.000 3.073 0.000 1.438 0.000

Plugs, Refrigeration, Other 2.484 0.000 12.401 0.000 2.190 0.000 5.146 0.046 3.799 0.092 4.210 0.000

Service Water Heating (SWH) 0.910 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.000 0.035 0.097 0.014 0.000 0.116 2.904 0.000

Total 9.329 0.001 20.505 0.021 13.053 0.085 12.535 0.108 11.379 0.213 12.151 0.018

ASHRAE 90.1-2013

Heating, Humidification 0.171 0.001 1.175 0.014 0.000 0.043 0.000 0.065 0.380 0.005 0.000 0.021

Cooling 1.048 0.000 2.401 0.000 2.176 0.000 2.007 0.000 2.020 0.000 1.339 0.000

Fans, Pumps, Heat Recovery 1.150 0.000 1.628 0.000 2.474 0.000 0.949 0.000 1.858 0.000 1.859 0.000

Lighting, Interior & Exterior 2.950 0.000 2.279 0.000 4.979 0.000 2.909 0.000 2.533 0.000 1.242 0.000

Plugs, Refrigeration, Other 2.439 0.000 12.388 0.000 2.186 0.000 4.620 0.046 3.585 0.092 4.208 0.000

Service Water Heating (SWH) 0.910 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.000 0.035 0.097 0.014 0.000 0.116 2.903 0.000

Total 8.668 0.001 19.871 0.023 11.815 0.078 10.582 0.125 10.376 0.214 11.551 0.021

Total Savings 0.662 0.000 0.634 -0.002 1.238 0.007 1.953 -0.017 1.003 -0.001 0.601 -0.003

Small Office Large Office Stand-Alone Retail Primary School Small Hotel Mid-Rise Apartment
Cost-Effectiveness of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 17 State of Arizona

Table 12.C. Annual Energy Usage for Buildings in Arizona in Climate Zone 4B

Energy 

End-Use Electric Gas Electric Gas Electric Gas Electric Gas Electric Gas Electric Gas

kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/

ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

Heating, Humidification 0.205 0.001 1.442 0.019 0.000 0.065 0.000 0.061 0.441 0.007 0.000 0.023

Cooling 1.172 0.000 1.986 0.000 1.629 0.000 1.900 0.000 1.801 0.000 1.234 0.000

Fans, Pumps, Heat Recovery 1.345 0.000 1.864 0.000 2.856 0.000 1.892 0.000 1.874 0.000 2.012 0.000

Lighting, Interior & Exterior 3.309 0.000 2.485 0.000 5.752 0.000 3.146 0.000 3.064 0.000 1.438 0.000

Plugs, Refrigeration, Other 2.484 0.000 12.401 0.000 2.190 0.000 5.146 0.046 3.799 0.092 4.210 0.000

Service Water Heating (SWH) 0.910 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.036 0.097 0.015 0.000 0.129 3.201 0.000

Total 9.425 0.001 20.178 0.029 12.427 0.101 12.180 0.122 10.980 0.228 12.095 0.023

ASHRAE 90.1-2013

Heating, Humidification 0.160 0.001 1.358 0.013 0.000 0.048 0.000 0.082 0.463 0.007 0.000 0.019

Cooling 0.822 0.000 1.805 0.000 1.417 0.000 1.406 0.000 1.537 0.000 1.064 0.000

Fans, Pumps, Heat Recovery 1.154 0.000 1.777 0.000 2.743 0.000 1.002 0.000 1.857 0.000 1.931 0.000

Lighting, Interior & Exterior 2.902 0.000 2.271 0.000 4.932 0.000 2.762 0.000 2.481 0.000 1.242 0.000

Plugs, Refrigeration, Other 2.439 0.000 12.388 0.000 2.186 0.000 4.621 0.046 3.585 0.092 4.208 0.000

Service Water Heating (SWH) 0.910 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.036 0.097 0.015 0.000 0.129 3.198 0.000

Total 8.386 0.001 19.598 0.023 11.278 0.084 9.887 0.144 9.923 0.229 11.643 0.019

Total Savings 1.038 0.000 0.580 0.005 1.149 0.016 2.293 -0.022 1.057 -0.001 0.452 0.004

Small Office Large Office Stand-Alone Retail Primary School Small Hotel Mid-Rise Apartment
Cost-Effectiveness of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 18 State of Arizona

Table 12.D. Annual Energy Usage for Buildings in Arizona in Climate Zone 5B

Energy 

End-Use Electric Gas Electric Gas Electric Gas Electric Gas Electric Gas Electric Gas

kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/ kWh/ therms/

ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr ft2·yr

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

Heating, Humidification 0.240 0.001 1.412 0.023 0.000 0.071 0.000 0.063 0.572 0.009 0.000 0.028

Cooling 1.156 0.000 2.100 0.000 1.770 0.000 1.951 0.000 1.847 0.000 1.308 0.000

Fans, Pumps, Heat Recovery 1.305 0.000 1.872 0.000 2.907 0.000 1.881 0.000 1.874 0.000 2.054 0.000

Lighting, Interior & Exterior 3.310 0.000 2.488 0.000 5.749 0.000 3.156 0.000 3.065 0.000 1.438 0.000

Plugs, Refrigeration, Other 2.484 0.000 12.401 0.000 2.190 0.000 5.146 0.046 3.799 0.092 4.210 0.000

Service Water Heating (SWH) 0.910 0.000 0.000 0.011 0.000 0.037 0.097 0.016 0.000 0.138 3.393 0.000

Total 9.405 0.001 20.272 0.034 12.615 0.108 12.232 0.125 11.159 0.239 12.404 0.028

ASHRAE 90.1-2013

Heating, Humidification 0.193 0.001 1.312 0.016 0.000 0.053 0.000 0.091 0.561 0.009 0.000 0.022

Cooling 0.825 0.000 1.917 0.000 1.540 0.000 1.475 0.000 1.590 0.000 1.133 0.000

Fans, Pumps, Heat Recovery 1.133 0.000 1.817 0.000 2.716 0.000 1.004 0.000 1.855 0.000 1.935 0.000

Lighting, Interior & Exterior 2.905 0.000 2.274 0.000 4.942 0.000 2.777 0.000 2.485 0.000 1.242 0.000

Plugs, Refrigeration, Other 2.438 0.000 12.388 0.000 2.186 0.000 4.621 0.046 3.585 0.092 4.208 0.000

Service Water Heating (SWH) 0.910 0.000 0.000 0.011 0.000 0.037 0.097 0.016 0.000 0.138 3.390 0.000

Total 8.404 0.001 19.707 0.027 11.385 0.090 9.974 0.153 10.075 0.239 11.908 0.022

Total Savings 1.001 0.000 0.565 0.007 1.230 0.018 2.258 -0.028 1.084 0.000 0.496 0.007

Small Office Large Office Stand-Alone Retail Primary School Small Hotel Mid-Rise Apartment
Cost-Effectiveness of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 19 State of Arizona

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