NBSIR 73-213 10

LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972

Volume IV: Alarms, Security Equipment,

Surveillance Equipment

J. L. Eldreth, E. D. Bunten, P. A. Klaus

Technical Analysis Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

Final Report

July 1971 -October 1973

Prepared for National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ)

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)

Department of Justice

Washington, D. C. 20530
REPORTS FROM THE LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY:

The present report is one in a series of reports produced from

data gathered by the LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972. Listed

below are the seven reports of that survey.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-213. (The Present

Report.) LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972,

Volume IV: Alarm Displays, Security Equipment, and

Surveillance Equipment.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-210. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume Is

The Need for Standards — Priorities for Police

Equipment

.

LEAA

II:

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-212. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume III:

Sirens and Emergency Warning Lights.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-214. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume V:

Handguns and Handgun Ammunition.

National Bureau of Standards Report 72-215. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume VI:

Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-216. LEAA

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume VII:

Patrolcars

.

National Bureau of Standards Report 73-211.

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume

Communications Equipment and Supplies.
NBSIR 73-213

LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972

VOLUME IV.: ALARMS, SECURITY EQUIPMENT,

SURVEILLANCE EQUIPMENT

J. L. Eldreth, E. D. Bunten, P. A. Klaus

Technical Analysis Division

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

Final Report

July 1971 -October 1973

Prepared for National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ)

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)

Department of Justice

Washington, D. C. 20530

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent. Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Richard W. Roberts. Director


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to the 447 police departments throughout the United

States who contributed their time and knowledge to make this report

possible. Special thanks go to the police departments whose officers

and administrators helped the survey team during the developmental and

testing phases of the work. In addition, we thank Marshall A. Isler

,

Program Manager in the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory of the

National Bureau of Standards, for his help in designing the questionnaire

and interpreting the data. The support and assistance of Lester Shubin,

NILECJ, project monitor and consultant, is also gratefully acknowledged.

Although there are only three authors for this report, the work could

not have been accomplished without the capable and conscientious efforts

of the many members of the Technical Analysis Division who provided

support for the whole survey effort:

William L. O'Neal for his help in computerizing the sample selection

and for helping design and programming an interactive record-keeping

system; P. Clare Peiser for helping maintain the computerized recordkeeping system; Sandra J. Mumford for supervising the coding/editing

of the questionnaires; June R. Cornog for her advice, support

and help with initial interviews; Gail B. Hare for conducting pretest

interviews; Diane R. Beall for the many typings of the various versions

of the questionnaires; Suellen Halpin, Mary L. Friend, Susan E. Bergsman

and Dwight F. Doxey, for making follow-up telephone calls ; Lorraine S.

Freeman for her administrative support; Karen Jackson, a summer employee

for her help with questionnaire coding and record-keeping; Cassandra

Streeter and Janice Davis, summer employees for their help with

record-keeping; and Jo A.E. Copeland for typing the report.

Michael R. Vogt receives special thanks for his help in carrying

out the computerized edit and tabulation of the data. We also

gratefully acknowledge the help of Robert J. Cunitz in

editing and reviewing the report.

iii
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

REPORTS FROM THE LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

LIST OF TABLES vi

EXECUTIVES* SUMMARY X

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Project Background 1 1.2 Sample Design 2 1.3 Questionnaire Administration 6

1.4 Development and Design of the Alarms DQ 8

1.5 Characteristics of Subsample Groups 10

2.0 QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION 14

2.1 Advice to the Reader 14

2.2 Discussion 17

2.2.1 Characteristics of Respondents 17

2.2.2 "Direct- to-Police" Alarm Displays 19

2.2.3 Numbers of Alarms and False Alarms 30

2.2.4 Night Vision Equipment 36

2.2.5 Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) and Video

Tape Recorder (VTR) 43

2.2.6 Cameras 54

2.2.6.1 Problems with Movie Cameras 58

2.2.6.2 Problems with Still Cameras 59

2.2.6.3 Future Purchase of Cameras 63

2.2.7 Standards for Other Security Devices 65

2.2.8 Other Comments 67

2.2.8.1 Comments About "Direct-to-Police" Alarm Displays . 67

2.2.8.2 Comments About Night Vision Equipment 68

2.2.8.3 Comments About CCTV System 68

2.2.8.4 Comments About Cameras 69

2.2.8.5 Comments About Other Security Devices 70

Appendix A: Alarm Displeys, Security Equipment, and Surveillance

Equipment Questionnaire

Appendix B: Data Tables

v
LIST OF TABLES

1 . 0 INTRODUCTION

Table Number Page

1.2-1 Stratification Categories 3

1.2-2 Police Departments by Region and Type 5

1.2- 3 Departments Selected to Receive the Detailed

Questionnaire: Alarms, Security and Surveillance Systems 7

1.3- 1 Departments Returning Acceptable Detailed

Questionnaires: Alarms, Security, and

Surveillance Systems 9

1.5-1 Activities Handled by AT LEAST ONE-THIRD of

Each Department Type 11

1.5-2 Descriptive Data by Department Type 13

1.5-3 Descriptive Data by LEAA Region 13

2.0 QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION

Table Number Page

i City and Township Departments in Which the

Alarms DQ Was Completed by Officer With

Specified Rank/Title 18

ii Departments Whose Primary Respondent

Specified Years of Law Enforcement

Experience 19

1 Departments Which Had "Direct-to-Police" Alarm

Displays 20

2-1 Departments Which Specified Number of

Different Brands of Displays 21

vi
Table Number Page

2- 2 Departments Reporting at Least One

Display by Specified Manufacturer 22

5-1 Variety of Subscribers to Displays 24

5-2 Frequency Distribution of Subscribers

to Displays 25

6 Departments Which Limit/Might Have to

Limit Subscribers 26

6/1 Departments (a) Which Had "Direct-toPolice" Alarm Displays AND Did/Will Limit

Numbers of Subscribers, (b) Which Had

Such Displays AND Did Not/Will Not Limit

Subscribers, and (c) Which Did Not Have

Displays 27

7 Departments Specifying Reason for

Limitation of Subscribers 27

8-1 Departments Citing At Least One Problem

With Displays 28

8-2 Departments Specifying Problem With Displays. ... 29

9/1 Departments Which Will Provide "Directto-Police" Tie-ins Within the Next 5 Years 30

3- 1 Departments Reporting Numbers of

Alarms Received per Month 32

3-2 Median Number of Alarms (of All

Kinds) Per Month 33

3-3 Median Numbers of Alarms for Each

Means of Receiving 34

3/4 False Alarms for Each Alarm Receiving

System 35

10 Departments With Any Night Vision Equipment .... 36

11 Departments Specifying Type of Night

Vision Equipment 37

vii
Table Number Page

12 Departments Reporting At Least One

Problem With Night Vision Equipment 39

13/11 Departments Reporting "No Problem"

With Night Vision Equipment 39

13 Examples of Problems Mentioned for

Each Night Vision Device 40

14-1 Departments Which Will Buy Night

Vision Equipment in the Next 5 Years 41

14-2 Departments Specifying Night Vision Equipment

To Be Bought in the Next 5 Years 42

14/11 Departments Which Currently Had/Will Buy

and Which Currently Did Not Have/Will

Buy Specified Item of Night Vision

Equipment 44

15/18-1 Departments With CCTV and With VTR 45

15/18-2 Departments With Specified Combination of

CCTV and VTR 45

16/15 Departments Using CCTV for Specified

Purpose 47

19/18 Departments Using VTR for Specified

Purpose 49

17/15 and

20/18-1 Departments Citing at Least One Problem

With the CCTV or VTR 50

17/15 and

20/18-2 Departments Specifying Problem With

CCTV or VTR 51

21 Department Which Will Buy CCTV or VTR in the

Next 5 Years 53

22-1 Departments With at Least One Camera 54

22-2 Departments Specifying Kind of Camera 55

viii
Table Number Page

23 Departments Specifying "No Problem",

Giving No Answer, or Citing at Least

One Problem With Each Type of Camera 57

23A Departments Citing Problems With

Movie Camera 58

23 B/C/D/E Departments Citing Problems With Still

Cameras 60

23F Departments Mentioning Problems With

Camera Which Uses Special Film for

Rapid Automatic Processing of Pictures 62

24-1 Departments Which Will Buy a Camera

in the Next 5 Years 63

24- 2 Departments Specifying Type of

Cameras To Be Bought 64

25- 1 Departments Saying at Least One "Other"

Security Device Needed Performance

Standards 65

25-2 Departments Citing Need for Performance

Standards for Specified "Other"

Security Devices 66

ix
EXECUTIVES' SUMMARY

:

I. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY

A. Background (pp. 1-2)

• Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) was established

in 1970 and became part of the NILECJ Equipment Systems

Improvement Program (ESIP)

.

• NILECJ asked the Behavioral Sciences Group of the National

Bureau of Standards to develop and carry out a procedure

to get information from the users of law enforcement equipment .

• User information would aid NILECJ in setting priorities

for LESL programs and would provide some detailed information so that research to develop standards could begin.

• In addition, gathering information from the users would

help to make police agencies aware of LESL and ESIP.

• A nationwide mail sample survey was selected as the best

procedure to collect user information.

• An Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ) and six Detailed

Questionnaires (DQs) were developed and administered. A

separate report was prepared for each of these seven questionnaires .

B. Design of Questionnaires (pp. 8-10)

• Questionnaires were developed in conjunction with NILECJ, LESL,

and cooperating police departments. Questionnaires were pretested at various times with approximately 45 police departments.

• The EPQ was designed to provide information about priority

needs for standards for various types of equipment.

• In addition, the EPQ asked for data about numbers of fulland part-time officers, activities performed in the department,

budget, size of jurisdiction, etc.

• The six DQs ( Alarms, Security and Surveillance Equipment ; Communications Equipment and Supplies; Handguns and Handgun

Ammunition; Sirens and Lights; Body Armor and Confiscated

Weapons; and Patrolcars) were each developed separately.

x
• The DQs asked about kinds and quantities of equipment in

use, problems with existing equipment, suggestions for

improving equipment, needs for standards related to the

equipment, etc. Although entitled Detailed Questionnaires,

these questionnaires were designed to give an overview of the use of specific items of equipment.

Sample (pp. 2-6 )

• The population sampled was made up of all police departments

listed in a computerized file compiled and maintained by the

LEAA Statistical Service.

• Courts, correctional institutions, forensic labs, special

police agencies, etc., were excluded.

• The sample was stratified by LEAA Geographic Region (10 Regions)

and by Department Type (7 Department Types: State Police; County

Police and Sheriffs; City Departments with 1-9 Officers; City

Departments with 10-49 Officers; City Departments with 50 or more officers, excluding the Fifty Largest Cities; the Fifty

Largest U.S. Cities by population; and Township Departments),

• Overall, approximately 10% of the 12,836 departments in the

population were selected as respondents (see Table 1.2-2).

• The Equipment Priorities Questionnaire was sent to every

sample department (1386) . Each Detailed Questionnaire

was sent to all States, to all of the Fifty Largest Cities,

and to a randomly selected subsample of the main sample

(about 530 departments received each DQ)

.

• Thus, States and the Fifty Largest Cities were asked to

fill in all seven questionnaires. Each of the remaining

1286 departments were asked to fill in the EPQ and two

of the DQs.

• The sample for the Alarms DQ consisted of 529 departments

(see Table 1.2-3)

.

Questionnaire Administration (pp. 6-8)

• Stringent control of administration was required.

• Introductory letters were sent to heads of departments

asking cooperation.

• On June 1, 1972 questionnaire packages were mailed.

• In July 1972, follow-up by self-return postcard was begun

.

xi
• In August 1972, follow-up by telephone was begun.

Departments which had not returned questionnaires were

called. Also, calls were made to clear up ambiguities in the

returned questionnaires. About 1300 calls were made. About

70% of the sample departments were called at least once.

• Each questionnaire was edited and coded by a specialized team

to ensure consistency; the questionnaires were then keypunched

and tabulated.

• Completed questionnaires were accepted for tabulation

through January 7, 1973.

Rates of Return (pp. 8-9)

• 83% of the 1386 departments returned usable EPQs.

• 84% of the 529 departments returned usable Alarms DQs.

• 81 - 85% of the other DQ_ subsamples returned usable

questionnaires

.

• Highest rates of return (90% or more) were from States,

the Fifty Largest Cities, and Cities (50+).

• Lowest rates of return were from Counties and Townships

(less than 75%)

Characteristics of Responding Departments (pp.10-13)

to The activities most commonly carried out by the respondents

(to the EPQ) were Serving Traffic and Criminal Warrants

(88%) , Traffic Safety and Traffic Control (87%) , and Intradepartmental Communications (87%)

.

• All of the responding Fifty Largest Cities said they provided

In-House Training and Criminal Investigations. This compared

to 68% and 86%, respectively, of all responding departments.

• Only 13% of all respondents had Crime Laboratories. 73% of

the Fifty Largest Cities and 55% of the States had Crime

Laboratories

.

• About three-fifths of the departments in all Department

Types were providing Emergency Aid and Rescue , ranging

from 60% of the Cities with 50 or More Officers to 67% of the

Counties

.

• Overall, the reported Equipment Budg ets represented somewhat

over 10% of the Total Budgets reported.

xii
• Among Department Types there was a wide range of total

equipment expenditures, from a mean of about $10,000

for Cities with 1-9 Officers to a mean of almost $2.6

million for the Fifty Largest Cities.

• One of the Fifty Largest Cities reported an Equipment

Budget of $40 million.

• Overall, the Fifty Largest Cities reported a mean of

2491 Full-Time Sworn Officers. However, one of the

Fifty Largest Cities had 27% of all the Full-Time

Officers reported by that Department Type and another

had about 12%.

G. Presentation of Data (14-17)

• Data in this report are presented in two forms : Text tables

and full tables (Appendix B) . Text tables do not always

present a complete break out of the data.

« All tables (text and full) present the data in unweighted

form, (i.e., numbers and percentages of the responding departments from the sample for this questionnaire, not figures that

have been weighted to expand the data to the total population

of police departments in the U.S.)

• The sample selected for this questionnaire was not proportional

to the total population of police departments. If decisions

are to be made which require estimates of population figures,

the appropriate extrapolation must be performed. (See Appendix

B. )

SUMMARY OF RESULTS

A. Characteristics of Respondents (pp. 17-19)

• In about half or more of the City (1-9) , Township, and City

(10-49) departments the Alarms DQ was filled in by the

Chief of the department.

• In responding States and larger City Department Types, the

respondent tended to be a Captain or Lieutenant.

• In County departments the respondent was most often a Sheriff

or Deputy Sheriff.

xiii
• More than half of the 447 respondents had had more than

15 years of law enforcement experience when they answered

this DQ. Only 3% had fewer than 3 years of law enforcement experience.

B. "Direct-to-Police" Alarm Displays (pp. 19-30)

• More than half of the responding departments in every

Department Type except States had "direct-to-police"

alarm displays.

• Over 90% of the responding Cities (10-49) and Cities (50+)

had such alarm displays. Only 23% of responding States did.

• The majority of responding departments with "direct-topolice" alarm displays had more than one brand of display.

• The vast majority of departments with such displays

reported at least one Financial Institution among their

"direct-to-police" alarm subscribers.

• In responding Townships, Cities (1-9), City (10-49), and

Cities (50+) with "direct-to-police" alarm service; the

largest proportions of subscribers were Small Businesses.

• Responding Counties and Fifty Largest Cities reported that

Financial Institutions made up the majority of their "directto-police" alarm subscribers.

• More than half of the responding Fifty Largest City, State, and City

(50+) departments with such displays said they were now limiting

subscribers to "direct-to-police" alarm displays or would

have to limit subscribers in the future.

• The most frequent reasons given for limiting subscribers

were Limited Space for Panels, Too Many False Alarms, and

Limited Personnel for Monitoring Panels.

• In 5 of the 7 Department Types more than half of the

departments with "direct-to-police" alarm displays reported

at least one problem with those displays -- County = 48% and

City (1-9) = 35%.

• Less than one-fourth of the responding departments that did not

have "direct-to-police" alarm displays said that they would

provide that service within the next 5 years.

xiv
C. Numbers of Alarms and False Alarms (pp. 30-35)

0 Although no definition of "false alarm" was supplied in

the questionnaire, it was assumed that most departments

considered any alarm for which there was no evidence

of unauthorized entry or property damage to be a false

alarm.

• Only those departments with "direct-to-police" alarm displays were asked to supply data about numbers of alarms

and false alarms.

• Responding Fifty Largest City departments reported a median of 500 alarms per department per month when all

alarm receiving systems were combined. The median for

responding States was about one-fifth as large.

• For the other five Department Types, the median numbers

of alarms received per department per month were City (50+) = 64, Township = 26, City (10-49) = 20,

City (1-9) = 5, County = 5.

• Except for Fifty Largest City/ State, and City (1-9) departments,

there was a tendency for the greatest numbers of alarms

to be received via "Direct-to-Police" Alarm Displays

followed by Central Stations and Automatic Dialers.

• Responding Fifty Largest City departments received the

greatest number of alarms via Central Stations followed

by Automatic Dialers and "Direct-to-Police" Alarm

Displays

.

• Responding States, Cities (10-49), Cities (50+), Cities

(1-9), and Fifty Largest reported that, on the average,

about 9 alarms in 10 were false alarms (ones for which

there was no evidence of unauthorized entry or property damage)

.

• Responding Counties and Townships reported that about 3

alarms in 4 were false alarms.

D. Night Vision Equipment (pp. 36-43)

• Night vision equipment was mainly used by only three

of the Department Types: Fifty Largest Cities (49%), States

(30%), and Cities 50+ (14%).

• Of the responding departments with any night vision equipment (n=52) , the most common device was the Hand-Held Night

Scope Not Suitable for Rifle (60%)

.

xv
• The majority of users of night vision equipment reported

no problems with this equipment.

• Majorities of the responding departments in the three

largest Department Types said that they would be likely

to buy at least one item of night vision equipment in the

next 5 years, and more than one-fourth of the responding

Counties and Cities (10-49) made this statement.

• About half of the responding Fifty Largest Cities and

about one-third of the States and Cities (50+) said they

would buy Low-Light Level TV in the next 5 years.

• 42% of the responding States said they would buy Night

Vision Scopes Suitable for Rifle or Hand-Held.

• Most of the departments which said they would be buying

a specified item of night vision equipment did not

already have that particular item of night vision equipment.

Closed Circuit TV (CCTV) and Video Tape Recorder (VTR) (pp. 43-53)

There were large differences among Departments Types in the use of CCTV and VTR.

Department Type:

% Responding

Departments

Having VTR

% Responding

Departments

Having CCTV

89

68

53

22

17

8

4

50 Largest

State

City (50+)

City (10-49)

County

City (1-9)

Township

In general, the responding departments which had CCTV also had

VTR. However, only a very few departments reported having CCTV

but no VTR.

71

45

37

20

12

6

4

• The most commonly reported use for both CCTV and VTR was Training

.

• About one-third of the responding departments with CCTV systems

used it in each of three other ways: Checking on Prisoners,

Watching Civil Disturbances, and "Other" Surveillance Within Pol

Buildings

.

xvi
• About half of the responding departments with VTR were

using that system for Collecting Evidence Other Than

Traffic Violations and/or With Closed Circuit TV.

• The majority of departments with CCTV or VTR reported no problems with the system.

• More than half of the responding States, Fifty Largest

Cities, and Cities (50+) said they would buy either CCTV

or VTR or both within the next 5 years . About one-third

of the Cities (10-49) and one-fourth of the Counties made

that statement.

Cameras (pp. 54-64)

• In every Department Type except Townships and Cities (1-9) , more than 90% of the responding departments had at least one

camera.

• The most commonly reported camera in six of the seven Department Types was a Camera Which Uses Special Film for Rapid

Automatic Processing of Pictures.

• More than 90% of the two largest City Department Types said

they had 4" x 5" Format Cameras.

• Higher percentages of Fifty Largest City departments reported

having each type of camera than any other Department Type.

• The majority of departments in each Department Type reported

No Problems for each type of camera.

xvii
xviii

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1 . 1 Project Background

During the past several years, law enforcement agencies in the United

States have become more aware of the importance of equipment in the performance of their duties. Much of their equipment was originally designed

for other uses and had to be modified for police use. Other items

had to be used as given. No standards existed against which equipment

performance could be measured nor were any standard test methods or procedures available. It has been difficult for agencies to compare the performance of equipment items. Recognizing this problem, in 1970, the Law

Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) of the Department of Justice

began a concentrated program toward the improvement of law enforcement

equipment.

As the first step in its Equipment Systems Improvement Program

(ESIP) , LEAA, in cooperation with the Department of Commerce, established

a Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) at the National Bureau of

Standards (NBS) . The broad goal of LESL is to recommend performance

standards which can be promulgated by LEAA as voluntary guidelines for

the selection of equipment by law enforcement agencies. Additionally,

LESL is developing standard test methods and procedures, so that the

relative performance of similar items may be evaluated by departments

themselves

.

In order to provide equipment user information for the ESIP program,

in 1971 the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

(NILECJ) of LEAA asked the Behavioral Sciences Group of the Technical

1
Analysis Division at NBS to gather information from the users of law

enforcement equipment about their specialized equipment needs and problems. Although face-to-face interviews with a large sample of representatives from law enforcement agencies would have been desirable, time

and manpower constraints led to the development of a nationwide, mail

sample survey having two general objectives: (1) To assist NILECJ in

the establishment of priorities for LESL's standards development

activities; and (2) to obtain detailed information about certain broad

equipment categories so that research to develop standards in these

areas could begin.

This report fulfills part of the second general objective and the

associated survey questionnaire (see Appendix A) will be referred to as

the Alarms, Security, and Surveillance Equipment Detailed Questionnaire

(DQ) . The remainder of the second objective is accomplished in the

reports of the other five DQs: Patrolcars; Communications Equipment and

Supplies; Handguns and Handgun Ammunition; Sirens and Emergency Warning

Lights; and Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons. The first general

objective (above) is accomplished in the report on the Equipment

Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ) * . A complete listing of these seven

reports may be found on the inside front cover of this report.

1.2 Sample Design

Although the objective of ESIP is to serve all types of law

enforcement agencies, this particular study was purposefully limited

to police departments as the largest single group of law enforcement

* LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume I: The Need for Standards -- Priorities for Police Equipment.

2
agencies with identifiable equipment needs. No attempt was made to

survey correctional institutions, courts, forensic laboratories, or

special police agencies such as park police, harbor patrols or university police. The computerized directory of approximately 14,000

police agencies, compiled and maintained by LEAA's Statistics Division,

provided the population from which the sample was drawn. Care was

taken to exclude the double listings that existed for some agencies.

(Details of the selection process are given in Appendix B of the report of the

Equipment Priorities Questionnaire.)

The final list of 12,842 departments was cross-stratified by LEAA

geographic region and department type by the mutual agreement of NBS

and NILECJ. The assignment of states to regions and the seven department types chosen for study are shown in Table 1.2-1.

Table 1.2-1. Stratification Categories

DEPARTMENT TYPES: LEAA GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS:

State Police 1 Conn

.

, Maine, Mass., N.H., R,I

County Police & Sheriffs Ver.

City with 1-9 Officers 2 N.J. , N.Y.

City with 10-49 Officers 3 Del. , Md .

, Penn . , Va .

, W . Va .

,

City with 50 or more Officers* D.C.

The 50 largest U.S. Cities** 4 Ala.

,

Fla., Ga., Ky., Miss., N .C. , Township Departments S.C.

,

Tenn.

5 111. , Ind., Mich., Ohio, Wis., Minn.

6 Ark. , La., N.M., Okla., Tex.

7 Iowa, Kan . , Mo . , Neb

.

8 Colo. , Mont., N.D., S.D., Utah , Wyo.

9 Ariz

.

, Calif., Nev. , Hawaii

10 Alas

.

, Idaho, Ore., Wash.

Excluding the 50 largest U.S. Cities

**By population, U.S. 1970 census

3
The breakdown of the population of police departments by crossstrata is exhibited in Table 1.2-2. As can be seen from the Table,

there were no Townships in Regions 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. Almost 63%

of the departments were city police, 43% having 1-9 full-time officers.

County Departments comprised about 24% of the population. By Region,

the smallest (Region 10) contained only 3.4% of the police departments,

while Region 5, the largest, had 22.5%. The variation in the number of

departments in a cell (Region/Department Type combination) was even

greater than that across the strata, i.e., the number of departments

in each cell ranged from 0 to 1470.

The considerations discussed in the previous paragraph led to the

sampling plan discussed briefly below. All of the State Departments

and the Fifty Largest City Departments were included in the sample and

were asked to complete all six DQs , i.e. they were sent the entire

package of seven questionnaires. For the remaining cells the variation

in cell size presented a problem: If the same fraction of the entire

population was to be selected from the members of each cell, a constant

sampling fraction large enough to allow a sufficient number of sample

units (police departments) in small cells would yield an unmanageably

large total sample? on the other hand, a constant sampling fraction small

enough to make the total sample manageable would yield too few sample

units in small cells. To solve this problem, a fixed sample of 30 police

departments/cell was chosen, wherever possible, resulting in a different

sampling fraction for each cell. A fixed sample size of thirty departments/cell was chosen to facilitate the equitable distribution of the

six DQs. This plan resulted in sending the Alarms DQ to 529 departments.

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The departments were selected randomly within each cell, from

the total cell population, each department (other than the States and

the Fifty Largest Cities) receiving two DQs. Thus, in cells having

30 sample units, the Alarms DQ was mailed to 10 departments; cells

having fewer sample units were allocated proportionally fewer Alarms

DQs. Table 1.2-3 presents the total sample for the Alarms DQ by Region

and Department Type.

Once the sample was selected, each sample unit was assigned a

unique seven-digit identification number coding region, type, and

questionnaire assignment.

1. 3 Questionnaire Administration

From the beginning of the project, it was evident that stringent

control would be required in administering the questionnaires to

ensure a high rate of response. Computer-stored daily status records

were input via a teletypewriter for each sample department. In

general the following procedure was used:

(a) Each department in the sample was mailed a letter, signed

by the director of NILECJ, addressed to the head of the

department. This letter introduced the survey and requested

cooperation

.

(b) About one week later, the questionnaire packages were mailed.

(c) Departments not returning the questionnaires within a month

were identified by the computer and were sent a self return

postcard requesting information as to the status of the

questionnaires. Departments not receiving the questionnaire

package were sent another; those not returning the postcard

were placed on a list for telephone follow-up.

6
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(d) About a month and a half later, departments with which

no contact had been made were called by telephone.

(e) Returned questionnaires were reviewed for completeness and

either coded for keypunching or filed for telephone callback to supply missing data or to resolve ambiguities

.

Considerable effort was expended to ensure a high rate of response, and

this effort was rewarded with an 84% response for the Alarms DQ, and

between 81% and 85% for each of the other questionnaires. In the

course of the survey more than 70% of the sample departments were contacted at least once by telephone. jMore than 1300 phone calls were

made by the survey team.

The distribution of respondents (departments which returned usable

Alarms DQs ) is exhibited in Table 1.3-1. The highest percentages of

response were from the largest Cities and States, (over 90%) , while

Townships had the poorest response rate (62%)

.

1.4 Development and Design of the Aiarms DQ

The survey plan and questionnaire design (of all seven questionnaires)

evolved over a 12-month period. During this time, the survey team

consulted at length with NILECJ equipment experts , LESL program managers

,

and equipment manufacturers. In addition, the officers and administrators of about 45 police departments served as consultants and/or as

respondents for pretests of various versions of the questionnaires.

The Alarms DQ, in its final form, is reproduced in Appendix A.

This DQ asked respondents to provide data about their " direct-topolice" alarm systems, night vision equipment, closed circuit television,

cameras, and other security devices. Departments were asked about the

8
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use of this equipment in their departments and about problems, if any,

with such equipment. The questionnaire was limited to general topics

because: (1) It was not possible, considering the scope of the present

survey, to explore in a detailed manner all of the complex components,

accessories and systems normally found in alarm, surveillance, and security

systems, and (2) it was felt that the general data gathered in the present

effort would provide important direction for research in the development

of standards, the main objective of the survey.

1.5 Characteristics of Subsample Groups

The EPQ of the LEAA Police Equipment Survey* requested data from

each department about population served, physical size of jurisdiction

served, type of jurisdiction, number of full- and part-time officers,

approximate total, equipment, and personnel budgets during 1971, and

activities handled by the department.

Table 1.5-1 presents a partial tabulation, by department type, of

the responses to a check list of 30 typical police activities by the

respondents to the EPQ. (The EPQ respondents included, but were not

limited to, the respondents to the Alarms DQ. See Section 1.2.) The

activities most frequently checked by all departments were: (1) Serve

Traffic and Criminal Warrant* (88%) , (2) Traffic Safety and Traffic

Coatrol (87%) , and (3) Communications for Own Department (87%) . The

activity with the most consistent level across all Department fypes

was that of Emergency Aid and Rescue, Ranging from 60% (Cities with 50+

Officers) to 67% (Counties)

.

* LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972, Volume I, Op. cit.

10
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11
Higher percentages of State and Fifty Largest City departments than

of other Department Types were handling certain of the 30 activities. For

example, all of the Fifty Largest City departments responding and 98% of

the responding State departments said that their departments provided

Police Training for Own Department. These compare to 68% for all

responding departments. All of the responding Fifty Largest Cities said

that they handled Criminal Investigation in their own departments. This

compares to 86% of all responding departments. Although only 13%

of the departments overall had Crime Laboratories, 73% of the Fifty

Largest Cities and 55% of the States had them.

Counties appeared to be the only Department Type with significant

responsibilities for custody and detention for more than 1 week. Seventyeight percent of these departments had Custody/Detention—Up to 1 Year,

as compared with 22% of the total sample.

Tables 1.5-2 and 1.5-3 present summaries of descriptive data by

Department Type and LEAA Region, respectively. As can be seen from the

column for Annual Equipment Budget (Table 1.5-2) , there was a wide range

of expenditures among different Department Types: From a mean of about

10 thousand dollars for responding Cities (1-9) to almost 2.5 million

dollars for the Fifty Largest Cities. Overall, equipment budgets represented somewhat over 10% of the Annual Total Budgets.

The mean Number of Part-time Officers was based on those respondents

having part-time officers in their departments. Of the 45 responding departments

from the Fifty Largest Cities, only six had part-time officers, including

one city which had nearly 6000. Thus, the mean value of 1115 for this

department type is somewhat misleading. It should be noted that the category
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Part-time Officers included officers described as auxiliary, volunteer,

reserve, school-crossing guard, dispatcher, summer, special agent,

traffic supervisor, posse, and cadet. All of these classifications were

counted in the Part-time Officer category since it has different meanings

for different departments.

Variations in these descriptive averages by LEAA region (Table 1.5-3)

were considerably smaller than variations by department type. Regions 1

and 8 had smaller budgets than the others, primarily because each had only

one of the Fifty Largest Cities.

2.0 QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION

2.1 Advice to the Reader

In reading Section 2, certain points should be kept in mind:

(a) THIS REPORT IS NOT AN EVALUATION OF ANY OF THE EQUIPMENT

DESCRIBED OR DISCUSSED WITHIN IT. IT IS A PRESENTATION

OF INFORMATION AND OPINIONS OF A STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLE

OF POLICE DEPARTMENTS GIVEN IN RESPONSE TO A SPECIFIC SET

OF QUESTIONS. IT DOES NOT, IN ANY WAY, REFLECT OBJECTIVE

TESTING OF ANY EQUIPMENT BY THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS

.

(b) The report reflects only what police departments were willing

and able to say in response to a specific set of questions.

In most cases, no attempt was made to verify the accuracy of

the information given or the level of sophistication of the

respondent.

14
(c) Each discussion begins with the presentation of the question

that appeared in the questionnaire, and in most cases the

choices supplied, if any, set off in a box. However, the

reader is cautioned to become familiar with the questionnaire

sent to sample departments (See Appendix A) and to evaluate

the data in terms of the exact questions asked.

(d) The text tables that appear in Section 2 are almost never

the complete tables that were tabulated for that question.

Data categories for text tables may have been collapsed from

the full table, or certain categories of interest may have

been singled out for fuller discussion. Appendix B contains

the complete tables from which the text tables were extracted.

Text tables have been numbered after the question number (e.g.,

the text tables for question 6A. would be numbered 6A-1, 6A-2,

etc.) The tables in Appendix B are also numbered after the

question number, in the same manner. In some cases, tables

that appear in Appendix B will not have been discussed at all

in the text.

(e) Data in the text of this report are usually presented by

nearest whole percent of the group under consideration. In

Appendix B, the data are usually presented by number of

respondents and percent. Because of statistical limitations

imposed by the sample sizes used in this study, the reader

is aautioned to be wary of assigning importance to percentage differences of less than 5% when percentages are based

on the total respondents, and to percentage differences of

less than 10% when percentages are based on one of the

15
subsample groups, (e.g., a particular Department Type

or Region) . No statistical tests of significance are

reported

.

Data were always tabulated by each of the choices supplied,

if any, in the questionnaire. Any "other" choices written

in by the respondents were also tabulated and/or recorded

verbatim. In most cases, the numbers of respondents giving

a specific "other" response do not reflect the numbers of

respondents which would have marked that choice if it had

been one of those provided. Therefore, in most cases, this

report lists or gives examples of "other" responses , but does

not present numbers or percentages of departments giving that

response. For those questions for which choices were not

provided in the questionnaire, coding categories were

developed after approximately one-fourth of the questionnaires

had been returned.

The subsample groups (Department Types and Regions) are

capitalized when they are discussed in the text. In

addition, the four Department Types which are composed of

city departments are at times discussed as a group. In

those cases, the word "city" is also capitalized. The

following convention has been adopted in the report to designate the four City Department Types

:

City with 1-9 Officers - City (1-9)

City with 10-49 Officers = City (10-49)

City with 50 or More Officers = City (50+)

The1 Fifty Largest Cities = Fifty Largest or 50 Largest

16
(In addition, answer categories, when quoted

in text discussions, are capitalized.)

When the subsample groups are discussed (e.g., "Counties

said..." or "Cities (1-9) said...") the reference is to the

responding departments from one of the sample strata. It is

particularly important to note that when the text or tables

refer to "All Departments" or "All Responding Department* ,

the reference is to all responding departments from the

sample described in Section 1.2. This sample was not

proportional to the total population of police departments,

and although it is possible to do so, the data in this

report have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to the total population. (See Appendix B, page B-l.)

2 . 2 Discussion

2.2.1 Characteristics of Respondents

TITLE OF RESPONDENT

All of the questionnaires in the LEAA Police Equipment Survey were

mailed to the chief (or highest official) of the department with a request

that the questionnaires be directed to the person or persons within the

department who were best qualified to answer the questions.

In general, the questionnaire on Alarm Displays, Security Equipment,

and Surveillance Equipment was filled in by officers with high rank. In

73% of the responding City (1-9) departments the questionnaire was completed

by the Chief of the department; in Township departments, 60% were filled

17
in by the Chief; and in City (10-49) departments 47% of these questionnaires

were filled in by the Chief. As might be expected, as the size of the City

department increased, the percentages of Qhiefs completing this questionnaire

decreased.

Table i. Percentages of City and Township Departments in Which the Alarms

DQ was Filled in by Officer With Specified Rank /Title.

TITLE/RANK: DEPARTMENT TYPE:

% City %City %City %50 %Town

1-9 10-49 50+ Largest ship

Chief 73 47 28 2 60

Captain 2 15 26 18 12

Lieutenant 1 7 17 20 0

Sergeant 5 16 9 20 8

In County and State departments too, relatively high ranking officers

filled in the Alarms Questionnaire. In 53% of the responding State departments this questionnaire was completed by either a Captain or a Lieutenant.

In 70% of the Counties the form was answered by the Sheriff or Deputy Sheriff.

NUMBER OF YEARS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT EXPERIENCE OF RESPONDENT

In general, the respondents to the DQ on Alarm Displays, Security Equipment, and Surveillance Equipment had been in law enforcement work for several

years when they filled in the questionnaire. Fifty-two percent of the 447

responding departments said they had more than 15 years of experience in

law enforcement. Eighty-five percent of all respondents had 6 or more years

of experience. Only 3% of the 447 respondents said they had fewer than 3

years of such experience. (In the questionnaire, space was provided for the

person who filled in the questionnaire and for two persons who may have

18
helped fill in the questionnaire. Only the information from the primary

respondent was included in this tabulation.)

Although a majority of the respondents in every Department Type reported

having more than 10 years of experience in law enforcement, State departments

and the two groups of largest City departments generally had the highest

percentages of respondents with lengthy police service.

Table ii. Cumulative Percentages of Departments in Each Department

Type Whose Respondents Had Specified Number of Years of

Law Enforcement Experience.

NUMBER OF YEARS OF DEPARTMENT TYPE:

LAW ENFORCEMENT EXPERIENCE: % % % City % City % City % 50 %TownState Co. 1-9 10-49 50+ Largest ship

CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGES^

More than 10 years 93 54 60 73 83 80 72

More than 20 years 52 19 22 28 37 35 24

More than 25 years 22 10 12 15 17 8 8

2.2.2 "Direct-to-Police" Alarm Displays*

1. Does your department now have ONE OR MORE displays for "directto-police" burglar or robbery alarms from banks, savings and

loans, or other businesses?

Yes (If "Yes" continue with Questions 2 through 9)

No (If "No" skip to Question 9)

About two-thirds of the 447 responding departments had "direct-to-police"

alarm displays for directly receiving burglar or robbery alarms from the

community. There were, however, large differences among the seven Department Types. While more than half of the departments in six of the Department

Types reported having this type of equipment, only 23% of the State departments

reported having "direct-to-police" alarm displays. Medium sized cities

A variety of terms are used by police departments to describe these units.

Besides "displays", some possibilities are annunciators, modules, and "boxes".

From the answers on the questionnaire and during the follow-up telephone calls,

it appeared that the term "display" was generally interpreted correctly.

19
had the highest percentages of departments with this capability: 96%

of Cities (10-49) and 93% of Cities (50+)

.

Table 1. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Which

Had "Direct-to-Police" Alarm Displays.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: % Depts.

Having

Displays

City (10-49) [ n=89 ] City (50+) [ n=81 ] 50 Largest [ n=45 1 Township [ n=25 ] City (1-9) tn=83]

County [ n=77 ] State [ n=47 ]

96

93

64

64

52

51

23

As will be discussed further below, many of the responding departments

said they were also able to receive alarms by means other than display units.

A few respondents commented that they had display units for the protection

of their own facilities. Some departments which did not have "direct-to

police" displays supplied data about other alarm systems in answer to

Question 1. These data were deleted from Question 1 tabulations and were

included in the tabulations for Question 3 and 4.

Although departments were asked to provide information about manufacturers of the "direct-to-police" alarm displays in their departments, it

was determined from follow-up telephone calls that departments sometimes

provided names of distributors, installers or service companies instead of

2. Which Manufacturers made the "direct-to-police" alarm displays

that you have in your department?

Manufac turers

20
manufacturers. In addition, some respondents added names of businesses

associated with alarm receiving equipment other than displays:

automatic dialers, devices with microphones to monitor activity after

an alert at a local business, and fire alarm devices. Such extraneous

references were excluded when known, but it cannot be estimated how many

were counted as "manufacturers" when qualifying information was unavailable.

Manufacturer data were tallied in two ways: according to (a) the

number of different manufacturers cited by each department and (b) the

numbers of departments which had displays by each manufacturer.

Of the 298 departments with displays, 77% had fewer than four different

brands of displays in the department. Two-fifths of respondents cited

only one manufacturer. Cities (50+) , one of the largest users of "directto-police" alarm displays, had the highest proportion of departments reporting

4 or 5 different brands of displays within the same department (28%)

.

Table 2-1. Of the 298 Departments Having "Direct-to-Police " Alarm

Displays, Percentages Having Specified Number of Different

Brands of Displays Within Department.

NUMBER OF 'DIFFERENT MANUFACTURERS: % Depts . Having

Displays

(n = 298)

1 40

2 or 3 37

4 or 5 15

6 or more 4 unknown 2 no answer 2

Pom manufaeturers of display units were named by substantially more

respondents than other companies. Manufacturers A and C were most often

cited by departments. Forty-seven percent of the departments with "directto-police" displays had at least one display made by Manufacturer A and 41%

had at least one made by Manufacturer C. Manufacturers E and B were each

21
mentioned by more than one-fourth of departments.

Displays by other manufacturers were less often cited. Display

panels made by Manufacturer D were used by 11% of departments and other

brands of displays were each used by 3% or fewer of the responding departments with displays.

Table 2-2. Of the 298 Departments Having "Direct-to-Police" Alarm Displays,

Percentages* Reporting at Least One Display By Specified

Manufacturer

MANUFACTURER: % Depts . Having

"Direct-to-Police" Display*

(n = 298)

A 47

C 41

E 29

B 26

D 11

Miscellaneous** 44

* Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed,

** Each manufacturer in this category was cited by 3% or fewer of the

responding departments with displays.

5. About how many DIRECT-TO-POLICE tie-ins does each kind of

SUBSCRIBER have on your department's alarm displays?

NUMBER TYPE OF SUBSCRIBER

Financial Institutions (banks, savings and loans, etc.)

Jewelry Stores

Small Businesses (OTHER than jewelry stores)

Large Businesses (OTHER than jewelry stores)

________ Schools

Residences

_______ Other (specify)

Departments were asked to specify the subscribers to their "direct-topolice" alarm displays. In a few cases departments specified that they

had included numbers of residences subscribing to automatic dialers. These
data were deleted, since this question specifically requested data about

"direct- to-police" displays. It is possible that some departments may

have included data for other types of receiving systems in their tallies

without indicating it on the questionnaire. It should also be noted that

the numbers of subscribers may sometimes be based on estimates rather than

actual records.

Of the 298 departments with "direct-to-police " alarm displays, almost

all (91?.) had Financial institutions among their subscribers. Within

all Department Types, except Townships and State departments, at least 90

of the departments with "direct-to-police" alarm displays had Financial

institutions as subscribers. Other kinds of businesses (Small Businesses,

Large Businesses and Jewelry Stores) were also common subscribers to

direct-to-police alarm displays. Less than one-third (30%) of departments

with displays reported having Residences among their subscribers and only

18% reported Schools as subscribers, but Townships were much more likely

to have Residences (69%) and Schools (44%) as subscribers.

More than one-third of the responding departments wrote in "Other"

types of subscribers not listed in the questionnaire. These included:

Government Offices and buildings

Clubs, fraternal organizations

Churches, museums, historical buildings

Military-associated offices and buildings

Businesses unclassified by the department according

to size (large or small)

Public utilities, telephone company

Professional offices and centers

Hospitals, nursing homes

Alarm companies

Police department facilities

23
Table 5-1. Of the Departments in Each Department Type* Having "Directto-Police" Alarm Displays, Percentages** Having at Least

One Subscriber of the Specified Kind.

KIND OF

SUBSCRIBER:

Financial

Institutions

Small Businesses***

Large Businesses***

Jewelry Stores

Residences

Schools

Other

No Answer/

Unknown

* Excluding State departments in which only 11 respondents answered.

** Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed.

*** Other than Jewelry Stores

Although the vast Majority of the responding departments with

"direct-to-police" displays had at least one Financial Institution as a

subscriber, Financial Institutions did not always comprise the bulk of

subscribers reported by those departments with displays. in Townships

and the three smaller City Department Types, the largest proportions of

subscribers were Small Businesses. In addition, Cities (1-9), cities

(50+), and Townships reported about the same percentages of Large Business

subscribers as Financial Institutions. (See Table 5-2, next page.)

DEPARTMENT TYPE

% City % City % City % % 50 %

1-9 10-49 50+ County Largest Township

(n=43) (n=85) (n=75) (n=39) (n=29) (n=16)

93 93 92 92 90 81

53 75 83 31 17 94

35 61 80 21 28 50

35 58 76 5 10 12

14 31 44 21 10 69

14 21 23 3 7 44

16 35 39 18 59 44

2 2 7 0 3 0

24
Table 5-2. Of Total Numbers of Subscribers to "Direct-to-Police"

Alarm Displays Reported in Each Department Type, Percentages

of Specified Type.

KIND OF SUBSCRIBER: % 50 % % % City % City % City %

Largest County State 1-9 10-49 50+ Township

(n=2284) (n=219) (n=219) (n=447 ) (n=1602) (n=4902) (n=432)

Financial In. 68 51

Small Business** 13 14

Large Business** 8 5 Residences * 19

Jewelry 1 1 Schools 3 3 Other 7 6

47 23 22 21 16

21 38 41 34 43

19 21 14 19 12

1 4 10 16 18

5 7 5 5

*

5 3 3 3 6

2 5 5 2 4

* Less than 1%

** Other than Jewelry Stores

Means and medians for each Department Type for each type of subscriber

are presented in Appendix B.

6. Does your department now LIMIT, or may have to limit in the

future , the NUMBER of subscribers you can accept for "directto-police" tie-ins?

Yes

No (IF "NO" SKIP TO QUESTION 8)

7. (IF' "YES" TO QUESTION 6) we must limit the number of subscribers

for "direct-to-police" tie-ins for the following reason (s):

(MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

Limited Space for Panels

Limited Personnel for Monitoring Panels

Too Many False Alarms

Each Alarm System May Need Its Own Kind of Display

Inadequate Servicing by Alarm Companies

Possible Competition with Central Stations

Other (Specify)

The seven Department Types fell into two groups in their answers to

this question. Of the departments in each Department Type with "directto-police" alarm displays, much higher percentages of the three Largest

Department Types (Fifty Largest Cities, States, and Cities [50+]) said they

were limiting or would have to limit the numbers of subscribers to their

systems. Less than one-third of the departments with displays in the other

25
four Department Types said they were limiting or would have to limit

tie-ins

.

Table 6. Of the Departments in Each Department Type with "Direct-to-Police"

Alarm Displays, Percentages Which Said They Were Limiting or Might Have to Limit Subscribers To "Direct-to-Police" Tie-ins?

DEPARTMENT TYPE

50 Largest [ n=29 ] State [ n=ll ] City 604) [ n=75 ]

% Depts. Having

"Direct-to-Police" Displays

79%

64

56

City CLO-49) [ n=85 ] City CL-9) [ n=43 ] Township [ n=16 ] County [ n=39 ]

31

21

19

18

It is useful at this point to present data from both Question 1 and

Question 6 to show the overall pattern among the seven Department Types in

their operation of "direct-to-police" alarm systems. Although a high percentage of the responding State departments with displays said that they

were or would have to limit numbers of subscribers (Table 6) , that percentage was based on just 11 State departments with displays. Table 6/1,

on the next page, shows that almost three-quarters of the responding States

did not have "direct-to-police" alarm displays. In contrast, higher percentages of the responding Fifty Largest City and City (50+) departments

did have "direct-to-police" alarm displays, but about half of the responding

departments in those two Department Types said they were limiting or would

have to limit numbers of subscribers.

26
Table 6/1. Percentages of Responding Departments in Each Department Type

(a) Which Had "Direct-to-Police " Alarm Displays AND Did/Will

Limit Numbers of Subscribers, (b) Which Had Such Displays AND

Did Not/Will Not Limit Subscribers, and (c) Which Did Not Have

Displays

.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: % With % With

Displays AND Displays AND %

Did/Will Limit Did/Not/Will Not Without

Subscribers Limit Subscribers Displays

City (50+) [n=81] 52 41 8

50 Largest [n=45] 51 13 33

City (10-49) [n=89] 29 65 4

State [n=47] 15 8 74

Township [n=25] 12 52 35

City (1-9) [n=83J 11 40 47

County [n=77] 9 40 48

Of the 117 responding departments which saw some need for limiting the

numbers of subscribers, (26% of all responding departments and 39% of all

responding departments with "direct-to-police" alarm displays) , the most

frequent reason given for limiting tie-ins was Limited Space for Display

Panels (81%) . Two other reasons were mentioned by about half of those that

did/will limit subscribers: Too Many False Alarms (50%) and Limited Personnel

for Monitoring Panels (46%)

.

Table 7. Of the 117 Departments Which Said They Did/Will Limit Subscribers

to "Direct-to-Police" Alarm Displays, Percentages* Citing Specified

Reason for Limitation.

REASON FOR LIMITING % Depts . Which

SUBSCRIBERS: Did/Will Limit

Subscribers

(n=117)

Limited space for panels 81

Too many false alarms 50

Limited personnel for monitoring panels 46

Each alarm system may need its own kind of display 29

Inadequate servicing by alarm companies 19

Possible competition with central stations 16

"Other" reasons 17

Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed.

27
Some of the "Other" reasons given for limiting subscribers were:

department had limited phone lines, certain specifications (such as city

ordinances) would have to be met by subscribers, and departments felt repair

people disrupted their operations.

8. What problems have you had, if any, *ith the DISPLAYS THEMSELVES?

(MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

We Have No Problems with Our Displays

Displays Are Too Large

Too Many Different Types of Alarm Signals (lights, buzzers,

bells, etc.)

No Way to Tell When an Alarm System is On or Off

Department Cannot Test Alarm System Automatically

Frequent Component Failures (lights on displays, for

example)

Other (Specify)

Relatively high percentages of the responding departments with displays

checked at least one problem associated with these displays. In all but two

Department Types more than half of the departments with displays cited at

least one problem: County (48%) and City (1-9) [35%]

.

Table 8-1. Of the Departments in Each Department Type With "Direct-to-'-Police

Alarm Displays, Percentages Citing At Least One Problem With

Those Displays.

ii

DEPARTMENT TYPE: % Depts . With

Displays Citing

Problem

City (50+) [ n-75 ] State [ n=ll ] City 0.0-49) [ n=85 ] Township [ n=16 ] 50 Largest [ n=29 ] County [ n=39 ] City Q>9) t n=43 ]

82%

73

71

63

55

48

35

28
About half of the 189 departments that cited problems with

"direct-to-police" alarm displays themselves marked Too Many Different

Types of Alarm Signals (53%) and about half marked Department Cannot Test Alarm

System Automatically (49%) . More than one-third of the departments citing

problems said the displays had Frequent Component Failures (38%).

Table 8-2. Of the 189 Departments Citing Problems with "Directto-Police" Alarm Displays, Percentages Citing Specified Problem.

Problem: %Depts . Citing

Problems

(n=189)

Too Many Different Alarm Signals 53

Dept. Cannot Test System Automatically 49

Frequent Component Failures 38

Displays Too Large 30

No Way to Tell If On or Off 14

"Other" 29

9. Will your department be likely to provide a service of "direct-topolice" tie-ins within the next 5 years?

Yes

No

Although this question was intended for all responding departments, it

appears that some of the respondents that already had "direct-to-police" alarm

displays interpreted the question as asking whether they would increase subscribers. In addition, it is possible that some of the respondents who did

not have alarm displays in their departments may not have had only alarm

displays in mind when they answered this question. Nevertheless, data for

responding departments which did not have alarm displays will be presented here.

29
Less than one-quarter of the responding departments which did not

have "direct-to-police" alarm displays at the time of the survey said

that they would be providing such tie-ins within 5 years. Very few of

the States without alarm displays (9%) said they would be providing

that service, but more than a third of the Cities (1-9) that did not have

displays said that they would have them within 5 years.

Table 9/1. Of the Departments Which Did Not Have "Direct-to-Police" Alarm

Displays, Percentages Which Will Provide Such Tie-ins Within

the Next 5 Years .

PROVIDE IN NEXT DEPARTMENT TYPE*:

5 YEARS?

:

% % % City % 50 % All

State County 1-9 Largest Depts

.

(n=35) (n=37) (n=39) (n*15) (n=145)

Yes 9 16 38 20 23

No 88 73 51 80 70

No Answer/Don' t Know 3 11 10 0 7

* Data are not presented for City (10- 49) , City (50+) , and Townships

fewer than 10 of the responding departments in those Department Types

did not have "direct-to-police" alarm displays.

2.2.3 Numbers of Alarms and False Alarms

Before discussing reported numbers of alarms and false alarms, it is

necessary to define carefully the meaning of the term false alarm because

it is often defined differently by police departments and equipment

manufacturers. Police departments usually define any alarm for which

there is no evidence (upon investigation) of unauthorized entry or

property damage as a false alarm. Companies which manufacture , maintain,

and/or service alarm systems and researchers in the field usually make

more precise distinctions between "actual" alarms (those associated with

30
unauthorized entry or property damage) and several other categories of

alarms, e.g., those caused by telephone line disturbances, electrical

storms, equipment malfunctions and human error. Because no definition

of the term false alarm was supplied in this questionnaire, it is probable

that the data supplied by the respondents (police departments) utilized

the former definition, i.e., a false alarm is any alarm for which no

evidence of unauthorized entry or property damage is found. It is

important to note, however, that from the police department point of view,

any alarm requires a response and represents a commitment of departmental

resources. It is unrealistic to expect many of the responding departments

to have maintained detailed breakdowns of the causes of false alarms: such

data has little relevancy to police department operations and is difficult,

if not impossible for them to acquire.

3. About how many ALARMS (both real and false) are USUALLY

received by your department in a MONTH?

4. For this average number of alarms per MONTH, about how

many of them are FALSE ALARMS?

ALARMS THAT COME FROM ;

Displays in department

Printing Receiving System (gives printed

message to indicate alarm)

Central Stations who pass alarm on to

police by phone

Automatic Dialer which gives taped emer- gency message

Other (Specify)

Total

Only those departments with "direct-to-police" alarm displays

("Yes" to Question 1) were asked to answer these questions. The alarms

31
received by departments with alarm displays were of particular interest

to the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory. Alarms received via other

types of alarm systems were included mainly for comparison with alarms

received via alarm displays. A few of the departments which did not

have "direct- to-police" alarm displays did answer these questions, and

their answers were included in the tabulations. The percentages of

departments in each Department Type answering Questions 3 and 4

roughly paralleled1 the percentages of departments with "direct-to-police"

alarm displays : Less than one-fourth of the responding State departments

reported alarms received by any means, and more than 95% of the responding

Cities (10-49) and Cities (50+) reported receiving some alarms.

Table 3-1. Percentages of Responding Departments in Each Department Type Answering

Questions 3 and 4, (Reporting Numbers of Alarms Received per Month)

.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: % Responding

Departments

City (50+) 96

City (10-49) 96

50 Largest 73

Township 72

County 57

City (1-9) 55

State 23

Using the numbers of alarms supplied by the responding departments,

mean and median numbers of alarms received per Department Type per

month were calculated. These two statistical measures of central tendency showed

that in some cases, (the responding States and Fifty Largest Cities in

particular) , the data were heavily influenced by a few departments with

32
extremely large numbers of alarms. Although Appendix B presents both

means and medians, the discussion and text tables will deal only with

medians* — the measure of choice when the data are skewed.

The median number of alarms per month reported by the responding

Fifty Largest Cities was about five times greater than the median for

responding State departments. Among the City Department Types, the

median numbers of alarms per month appeared to be related to the size

of the Department Type.

Table 3-2. Of the Departments Reporting Numbers of Alarms Per Month,

Median Number of Alarms (of All Kinds) Per Month by

Department Type.

DEPARTMENT Number of Departments Median Number of

TYPE : Supplying Data Alarms Per Month

50 Largest 28 520

State 8 120

City (50+) 73 64

Township 18 26

City (10-49) 84 20

City (1-9) 45 5 County 43 5

When the data were broken down by means of receiving alarms for

each Department Type, it appeared that with the exception of the Fifty

Largest Cities, States, and Cities (1-9) there was a tendency for the greatest

number of alarms to be received via "Direct-to-Police" Alarm Displays, the next

greatest number were received via Central Stations, and the next greatest

* If the number of alarms received by each responding department is set

down in order from smallest to largest, the median is the number

exactly in the middle of that distribution. That is, half of the

responding departments reported receiving fewer than the median (number

of alarms), and half reported receiving more than the median (number

of alarms ) .

33
number were received via Automatic Dialers. The median numbers of

alarms for responding Fifty Largest City Departments showed highest

numbers of alarms received via Central Stations, followed by those

received via Automatic Dialers and Direct-to-Police Alarm Displays.

(Printing Receiving System data are not reported separately because only

eight departments reported receiving any alarms via that system.) "Other"

alarms are not reported separately. The "Other" alarms were almost

always described as "at-the-scene" audible alarms which sound at the

subscriber's site and result in a telephone call to the police department, or a response by a patrolman nearby.

Table 3-3. Of the Departments Reporting Numbers of Alarms Per Month,

Median Numbers of Alarms Received Via Specified Means

of Receiving.* _«___=__

DEPARTMENT

TYPE:

MEDIAN NUMBERS OF ALARMS PER MONTH VIA:

Alarm Central Automatic

Displays Stations Dia^r50 Largest 68 238 150

City (50+) 38 25 17

State 35 5 10

City (10-49) 15 10 3 Township 17 5 3 City (1-9) 5 9 4

County 4 2 2

* Medians calculcated using only those departments which reported alarms

received via each alarm receiving system separately. The medians presented in Table 3-2 included data from those departments which gave only

total numbers of alarms received each month

.

The numbers of alarms and false alarms reported by the responding

departments showed that about nine alarms in ten were false alarms

34
(ones for which there was no evidence of unauthorized entry or property damage)

.

That is, overall, 92% of all the alarms reported by the responding departments

were labeled by them as false alarms. (See discussion in Section 2.2.3,

page 30). Counties and Townships, which received relatively smaller numbers

of alarms per department, reported lower percentages of false alarms;

75% and 73%, respectively.

Responding County departments reported a lower percentage of false

alarms received via Alarm Displays in the Department than did the other

Department Types. Responding Townships reported a much lower percentage

of false alarms received via Central Stations.

Table 3/4. Of the Departments Reporting Numbers of Alarms and False

Alarms, Percentages of Total Alarms (Q.3) that Were Reported

to be False Alarms (Q.4) for Specified Alarm Receiving System

by Department Type .

ALARM RECEIVING

SYSTEM

:

% FALSE ALARMS BY DEPARTMENT TYPE:

Displays in

Depts

Central

Stations

"Other"

Systems

Automatic

Dialer

All Systems"

71

91

100

80

75

50

County Largest

89

93

94

98

94

City

1-9

91

92

83

88

91

Township

91

54

96

87

73

City

50+

93

81

75

82

88

City

10-49

94

80

97

81

93

State

97

80

**

93

97

* "All Systems" percentages include the numbers supplied by departments which

gave only total alarms and false alarms but did not specify alarm receiving

system.

* No "other" alarms were reported.

35
2.2.4 Night Vision Equipment

10. Do you use night vision equipment in your department?

Yes

No (IF "NO", SKIP TO QUESTION 14.)

11. (IF "YES" TO QUESTION 10) Mark X by each of the following kinds of night vision equipment that you use in

your department.

Night Vision Scopes SUITABLE FOR RIFLES (can also

be hand-held when needed)

Hand-held Passive Image Intensifier (Nightscope)

NOT SUITABLE FOR RIFLE MOUNTING

Hand-held Infrared Device which is NOT SUITABLE FOR

RIFLE MOUNTING

Low-light Level (Closed Circuit) TV (operates under

night-time conditions WITHOUT artificial light)

Other (Specify)

Only 52 of the 447 responding departments (12%) reported that they

were using any night vision equipment at the time of the survey. All but 5 of

these departments belonged to one of the three largest Department Types:

Fifty Largest Cities, Cities (50+), or States. About half of the Fifty

Largest Cities (49%) and about one-third of the States (30%) reported at

least one item of night vision equipment in their departments. None of

the Cities (1-9) or Townships reported having this equipment.

Table 10. Numbers and Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type

Reporting Any Night Vision Equipment.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: Number Depts. % Depts.

Having Any Having Any

50 Largest 22 49

State 14 30

City (50+) 11 14

County 4 5 City (10-49) 1 1 City (1-9) 0 0

Township 0 0

36
Among the departments that had any night vision equipment, the most

common item was the Hand-Held Night Scope-Not for Rifle (60% of those with

any night vision equipment) . The other types of night vision equipment

listed in the questionnaire (Hand-Held Scope Suitable for Rifle, Hand-Held

Infrared Device, and Low-Light Level TV) were each cited by slightly more

than one-fourth of the departments with any night vision equipment. There

did not appear to be any major differences among the three Department Types

which were the primary users of night vision equipment except that Cities

(50+) were slightly less likely to have Hand-Held Night Scope (Not for Rifle)

than were States and Fifty Largest Cities.

Table 11. Of the Departments With Any Night Vision Equipment ("Yes" to

Q. 10) , Percentages* Having Each Type of Night Vision Equipment)

NIGHT VISION DEVICE:

% AH Depts.

With Any

Night Vision

Device

(n = 52)

DEPARTMENT TYPE:**

%50

Largest

With Any

Night Vision

Device

(n = 22)

% State

With Any

Night Vision

Device

(n = 14)

% City

(50+) with

Any Night

Vision Device

(n = 11)

Hand-Held Night Scope (Not

for Rifle)

Hand Held Infrared Device

Night Vision Scope Suitable

for Rifle

Low-Light Level TV

Other

60

29

27

27

4

68

27

32

27

0

64

29

21

29

14

45

27

36

27

0

* Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed.

** Only States, 50 Largest Cities, and Cities (50+) are reported since fewer

than 5 responding departments in each other Department Type reported any

night vision equipment.

37
12,

13

Does your department have any problems with ANY of these night

vision devices?

Yes

No (IF "NO" SKIP TO QUESTION 14)

(IF "YES" TO QUESTION 12) MARK X for EACH PROBLEM you have had

for EACH KIND OF EQUIPMENT:

KIND OF EQUIPMENT

PROBLEM

Night Vision

Scope Suitable

for Rifle and

Hand Use

Poor image quality

(resolution)

Difficult to choose the

appropriate lens

Regular camera lenses

cannot be used with

night vision devices

Device is too delicate

for normal use

Hand-held

Nightscope

Not Suitable

For Rifle

Hand-he Id

Infrared

Device Not

Suitable For

Rifle

Poor reliability

(failures with tubes,

power supplies, etc.)

Other Problem (specify)

Low-Light

Level TV

Most of the 52 responding departments with night vision equipment (69%)

reported "No Problems" with any of this equipment. Within the three largest

Department Types, a slightly smaller percentage of the States with this

equipment (21%) reported problems than did Cities (50+) and the Fifty Largest

Cities. These percentages are based on relatively small numbers of departments,

however.
Table 12. Of those Departments With Any Night Vision Equipment, Percentages

Reporting At Least One Problem With This Equipment.

DEPARTMENT TYPE:* % Depts . With At

Least One Problem

City (50+) [n=ll] 36

50 Largest [n=22] 32

State [n=14] 21

All Departments [n=52] 29

*Only States, 50 Largest Cities, and Cities (50+) are reported since fewer

than 5 responding departments in each other Department Type reported any

night vision equipment.

Using only those responding departments which had each type of night

vision equipment, it appears that approximately equal percentages of the

users of each device said "No Problems". Since the percentages were based

on such small numbers of respondents, the differences shown in Table 13/11.

are not likely to be significant.

Table 13/11. Of those Departments Having Each Type of Night Vision

Equipment, Percentages Reporting "No Problem".

NIGHT VISION DEVICE: Number Responding Number of Depts. % Depts.

Depts. With That With Equip. Saying Saying

Night Vision Device "Ho Problems" "No Problems

Hand-Held Infrared Device 15 12 80

Low-Light Level TV 14 11 79

Night Vision Scope Suitable

for Rifle 14 10 71

Hand-Held Night Scope (Not

for Rifle) 31 20 65

Because only a few of the users of each night vision device mentioned

problems, and because only a few departments mentioned each problem; examples

of the problems mentioned are listed below by night vision device, without

numbers or percentages of departments. For such a small numerical base, any

detailed discussion would be unjustified.
Table 13. Examples of Problems Mentioned for Each Night Vision

Device

.

NIGHT VISION DEVICE: PROBLEMS MENTIONED:

Hand-Held Infrared Device Poor image quality

Heavy, bulky device

Difficult to get good camera results

Poor identification

Greater amplification needed

Not suitable for populated areas

Low-Light Level TV Poor image quality

Lens problems

Too delicate

Heavy, bulky (housing and camera)

Poor identification

Too costly

Lack of adequate service facilities

Night Vision Scope Suitable Poor image quality

for Rifle Lens problems

Limit on distance at which equipment is usable

Unavailability of adapters for front lenses

and cameras

Not suitable for use when light source is a)

from oncoming vehicles' headlights

and reflected on the lens; and b) from

the interior of a building under surveillance

from outdoors

Hand-Held Night Scope Poor image quality

(Not for Rifle) Lens problems

Heavy, bulky device

Difficulty in using; problem in getting good

camera results

Limitations : Distance for use/Amplification

Poor identification

Unavailability of adapters for front lenses

and cameras

40
14. What night vision devices, if any, will your department BE

LIKELY TO BUY in the next 5 years? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT

APPLIES)

We will probably NOT BUY any night vision devices in that

time

.

Night Vision Scope SUITABLE AS RIFLE AND HAND SCOPE

Hand-held Passive Image Intensifier (Nightscope) NOT

suitable for rifle mounting

Hand-held Infrared Device NOT suitable for rifle mounting

Low-Light Level (Closed Circuit) TV (operates under

nighttime conditions WITHOUT artificial light)

Other (Specify)

Although only 39% of the 447 responding departments said they would

buy at least one item of night vision equipment in the next 5 years

(data collected in Summer, 1972) , the majorities of responding departments

in the three largest Department Types (Fifty Largest Cities, Cities (50+),

and States) said they would be buying night vision equipment. Only small

percentages of responding Townships and Cities (1-9) said they would be

buying such equipment in the near future.

Table 14-1. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Which

Said They Would Buy Any Night Vision Equipment in the Next

5 Years.*

DEPARTMENT TYPE: % Depts. That Will

Buy Night Vision Equip.

In the Next 5 Years

50 Largest [n=45]

State [n=47]

City (50+) [n=81]

City (10-49) [n=89]

County [n=77]

City (1-9) [n=83]

Township [n=25]

73

64

56

37

25

16

12

All Departments 39

*Data collected in the Summer of 1972.

41
In the three largest Department Types, smaller percentages of the

responding departments said they would be buying Hand-Held Infrared Devices

than the other three night vision items. Almost half of the responding

Fifty Largest City departments said they would buy Low-Light Level TV in

the next 5 years, and 42% of the State departments said they would buy

Night Vision Scopes Suitable for Rifles in that time period. Between

about 10% and about 15% of the responding Cities (10-49) said they would

buy each of the night vision devices, and between about 5% and about 10%

of the departments in the other three Department Types were planning

to buy each item.

Table 14-2. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Which

Said They Would Buy Specified Item of Night Vision Equipment In the Next 5 Years .

DEPARTMENT

TYPE:

Fifty Largest

City (50+)

State

City (10-49)

County

City (1-9)

Township

All Departments

Low-Light

Level TV

49

34

36

11

9

5

4

20

% THAT WILL BUY:

Night Scope for

Rifle or Hand-Held

22

26

42

16

9

12

8

19

Hand Held

Night Scope

(Not for Rifle)

36

21

23

12

8

58

15

Hand-Held

Infrared Device

11

12

6

15

2

5

8

*Data collected in the Summer of 1972

Most of the responding departments which said they would be buying

a specified item of night vision equipment did not already have that particular item of night vision equipment. Most of the items specified for purchase

in the near future were to provide night vision capability where none existed

or to add a different kind of night vision capability, rather than to buy

more of an item that a department already had.

42
The only instance in which this was not the case was in State departments

buying Hand-Held Night Scopes Not Suitable for Rifles —approximately half

of the State departments which said they would buy Hand-Held Night Scopes

(Not for Rifles) already had that item of night vision equipment in their

departments. (See Table 14/11. on next page).

2.2.5 Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) and Video Tape Recorder (VTR)

Discussions with police departments during survey administration and

comments written on returned questionnaires indicated that the use of

Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) and Video Tape Recorders (VTR) was often

related. Although there were cases in which CCTV was used alone or VTR

was used alone, in many cases CCTV and VTR were employed as parts of a

single system. For this reason, these two items of equipment will be

discussed together.

15. Does your department use closed circuit TV which REQUIRES

DAYLIGHT OR ARTIFICIAL ILLUMINATION?

Yes

No (IF "NO" SKIP TO QUESTION 18.)

18. Does your department have a video tape recorder?

Yes

No (IF "NO" SKIP TO QUESTION 21)

There were large differences among the seven Department Types in their

use of CCTV and VTR. Almost all (89%) of the responding Fifty Largest City

departments had VTR, more than two-thirds of the States had VTR, and more

than half (53%) of responding Cities (50+) had VTR. Fewer than 10% of the

Cities (1-9) and Townships, however, reported having VTR. The same relative

trend was reported for CCTV use among the Department Types , but in nearly every

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Department Type higher percentages of departments used VTR than had

CCTV.

Table 15/18-1. Percentages of Responding Departments in Each Departtnent Type Which Had CCTV and

DEPARTMENT TYPE:

50 Largest

State

City (50+)

City (10-49)

County

City (1-9)

Township

% Depts.

With VTR

89

68

53

22

17

8

4

% Depts

.

With CCTV

71

45

37

20

12

6

4

A cross tabulation was performed to attempt to show the relationship

between the use of CCTV and VTR. In the smaller Department Types, the

majorities of departments had neither CCTV nor VTR. Seventy-one percent of the

responding Fifty Largest Cities, however, and 40% of States had both CCTV

and VTR. It also appears from this cross tabulation that larger departments

which had CCTV were also likely to have VTR capability; only a very few

departments reported having CCTV and no VTR. Relatively high percentages

of departments in the larger Department Types did report having VTR

capability without having CCTV.

Table 15/18-2. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type With

Specified Combination of CCTV and VTR.

DEPARTMENT TYPE:

Township

City (1-9)

County

City (10-49)

City (50+)

State

50 Largest

All Departments

% Neither

CCTV Nor VTR

92

90

78

72

44

28

11

62

% Both

CCTV and VTR

0

56

15

35

40

71

23

VTR Only

4

4

9

7 19

28

18

12

%

CCTV ONLY

4

1

56

2

4

0

45
Although it is not possible to conclude from these data that departments

which had both Closed Circuit TV and Video Tape Recorders used these two

systems together, there are indications in Question 19 that many did.

Comments from departments revealed that a reference to having VTR capability

might mean any one of three types of VTR systems: (1) a video tape recorder

which could only be used in conjunction with a CCTV, (2) a video tape recorder

system (generally portable) which included a camera, and (3) a video tape

recorder which could be used for both, or either, of these applications,.

16. (IF "YES" TO QUESTION 15) In which of the following ways do

you use closed circuit TV in your department? (MARK X BY

EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

Checking on prisoners

Police line-ups

Surveillance within Department's buildings (other

than prisoners and line-ups)

Watching activity during civil disturbances

Surveillance of "high crime" districts

Training

Other (Specify)

19. (IF "YES" TO QUESTION 18) How does your department use the

video tape recorder? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

With closed circuit TV

Police line-ups

Recording traffic violations

Collecting evidence at scene of crime (OTHER than

traffic violations)

Training

Other (Specify)

Since the choices supplied for these two questions were necessarily

different (because of the different characteristics of CCTV and VTR) , it was

possible to compare the responses of the users for only two categories

:

Training and Police Line-ups. By far the most common use of both of these

systems was for Training. Sixty-eight percent of the 116 responding departments

46
with closed circuit televisions used them for Training and 86% of the 156

departments with video tape recorders used them for training. About onefifth of the users of each of these systems said they used them for Police

Line-ups, not one of the most frequent uses of either system.

The 116 responding departments with closed circuit television were

using this system in three primary ways other than Training: 37% of these

departments used CCTV for Checking on Prisoners, 37% used it for Surveillance

Within the Department Buildings (Other than Prisoners/Line-ups) , and 37%

used it for Watching Civil Disturbances. There were only a few Department

Type differences in use of CCTV: A much smaller percentage of the States

with CCTV used it for Checking Prisoners (5%) than the other Department

Types. The Fifty Largest Cities with CCTV were more likely to use it for

Watching Civil Disturbances (56%) than were Cities (50+) or Cities (10-49)

.

Cities (10-49) with CCTV were less likely than the larger Department

Types to use CCTV for "Other" Surveillance in Police Buildings.

Table 16/15. Of the Departments in Specified Department Type* With

Closed Circuit Television, Percentages** Using It for

Specified Purpose.

CCTV USE: DEPARTMENT TYPE*:

% 50 % City % City

% All Depts. * % State Largest 50+ 10-49

Wxth CCTV 1 With CCTV With CCTV With CCTV With CCTV

(n=116) 1 (n=21) (n=32) (n=30) (n=18)

Training 68

i

1 « 75 63 56

Checking on prisoners 37 44 40 39

"Other" Surveillance

in Police Buildings 37

1 48 37 40 22

Watching Civil Disturbances 37

1 43 56 27 17

Police Line-ups 18

1 " 19 17 17

Surveillance of high

crime districts 9

1 " 12 3 11

Other 32

1 M 25 37 33

* Counties, Cities (1- 9) , and Townships are not presented since fewer than 10

of the responding departments in these Departments Types had CCTV.

** Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed.

47
About one-third of the responding departments with CCTV listed some

use for this system "Other" than the categories listed in the questionnaire:

• Use with drunken drivers

• Booking/Interrogation

• Other surveillance (such as surveillance of narcotics and vice

operations

)

• Traffic/parades

• Miscellaneous other uses such as for court-related tapingj community

services, administrative matters, external ground security and CCTV

network reception.

The majority (86%) of the 156 responding departments with video tape

recorders were using them for Training. In addition, almost half of the

departments with VTR were using them for Collecting Evidence Other Than

Traffic Violations (49%) and With Closed Circuit TV (47%) . About onefourth of the VTR users were Recording Traffic Violations with that device.

Cities (10-49) with VTR were the only Department Type in which the

highest percentage of departments with VTR used it for a purpose other

than Training -- 80% of the City (10-49) VTR users said they used it for

Collecting Evidence Other than Traffic Violations while only 65% used it for

Training. A smaller percentage of County VTR users than any other Department

Type used VTR for recording Traffic Violations.

48
Table 19/18. Of the Departments in Specified Department Type* With Video

Tape Recorder , Percentages** Using It for Specified Purpose,

VTR USE: DEPARTMENT TYPE:

% 50 % City % % City

% All Depts. Largest % State 50+ County 10-49

With VTR With VTR With VTR With VTR With VTR With VTR

(n=156) (n=40) (n=32) (n=43) (n=13) (n=20)

Training 86 95 94 91 69 65

Collecting Evidence

Other Than Traffic 49 40 37 49 54 80

With CCTV 47 45 53 51 31 45

Traffic Violations 27 20 28 30 8 35

Police Line-ups 19 20 9 26 15 25

Other 43 50 37 40 46 45

* Cities (1-9) and Townships are not presented since fewer than 10 of the

responding departments in those Department Types had VTR.

** Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed.

It is of interest that 101 of the 156 responding departments with VTR

(65%) also had CCTV (Table 15/18) , but only 74 of those departments (47%)

said VTR was used With CCTV.

Forty-three percent of the responding departments with VTR systems

listed at least one "Other" use for the system. In some cases these were

the same "Other" activities that were listed by closed circuit television

users

:

• Use in regard to drunken drivers

• Other surveillance

• Civil disturbance

• Bookings/Interrogation/Evidence

• Administrative tasks/Community service/Public

Relations

• Traffic-related uses

49
17. Tell us about any PROBLEMS that your department has with this

CLOSED CIRCUIT TV SYSTEM.

20. What PROBLEMS, if any , has your department had with the video

tape recorder?

About the same percentage of VTR users reported at least one problem

with that system as did users of CCTV. And within the Department Types,

about the same percentages of the responding departments which had each system

reported problems. However, State and Fifty Largest City departments with

VTR and those with CCTV were slightly more likely to cite problems with

those two systems than were the smaller Department Types.

Table 17/15 and 20/18-1. Of the Departments in Specified Department Type*

Having CCTV or Having VTR, Percentages Citing at

Least One Problem ** With The System.

DEPARTMENT TYPE:*

CITING , % 50 % City % City % County

PROBLEM % All Depts.'% State Largest 10-49 50+ With

WITH : With System I With System With System With System With System System

CCTV

VTR

37

36

47

44

44

47

33

30

31

35

* 15

* Townships, Cities (1-9), and Counties are not presented for CCTV since fewer

than 10 of the responding departments in those Department Types had CCTV.

Townships and Cities (1-9) are not presented for VTR, because there were

fewer than 10 VTR users.

** Answers such as "Few problems" or "normal wear and tear" were counted

as "No Problems".

The respondents' narrative answers were used to develop codes for this

question. A wide variety of problems was mentioned for these systems, but

no single problem was cited by as many as 10% of the users of either system.

50
Table 17/15 and 20/18-2. Of the 116 Departments Having CCTV and the 156

Departments Having VTR, the Percentages* Citing

Specified Problem With Those Systems.

PROBLEM: % Depts . % Depts

.

With CCTV With VTR

(n=116) (n=156)

IMAGE QUALITY (unclear, poor resolution, streaks) 6 . . . . 5 BATTERIES/POWER SUPPLIES " 2 . . . . 4

HEADS (need for replacement) **.... 3 ILLUMINATION REQUIREMENT (adverse effects of low light

condition 5 . . . . 2 VIEWING RANGE/NEED REMOTE CONTROL SCAN/NEED MORE EQUIP.

(problems with auto, pan and tilt) 5 ** CAMERA BREAKDOWN / DURABILITY 2 . . . . 2

PORTABILITY (need current conversion, damage in transit) .... 4 . . . . 5 INTERCHANGEABILITY OF COMPONENTS/SYSTEMS 2 . . . . 5 MAINTENANCE - COST/TIME/PARTS (delays in getting parts,

repairs) 7 . . . . 4

BREAKDOWN/fcELIABILITY (unspecified) 6 . . . . 8

TRAINING OF PERSONNEL 3 . . . . 4

LACK OF STANDARDS FOR PURCHASING 1 . . . . 1

OTHER 11 ... . 9

NO PROBLEM/FEW PROBLEMS/NORMAL WEAR & TEAR/NEW EQUIPMENT .... 35 .... 44

UNKNOWN: SERVICED BY VENDOR .. **.... 1

NO ANSWER ~ 0 28 .... 20

* Percentages, except "No Problem", "No Answer", "Few Problems", "New Equipment",

"Unknown", and "Normal Wear and Tear", may represent double counting since

multiple answers were allowed.

** Problem/Statement not mentioned for this system.

"Other" problems (mentioned by one or two departments each) cited for CCTV

were :

• Breakdown of monitors

• Breakdown of non-metal controls

• Images "burn" into the camera or monitor tube

• Tape-related problems

(e.g., no uniform tape formats between agencies,

tape distortions due to heat and storage)

• Heat generated by camera

• Equipment is target due to fixed location

51
0 Vidicon tubes (problem unspecified)

• Lights on camera are blinding

• Manpower requirements for equipment

• High cost of electronic splicing equipment

• Overall general poor quality

"Other" problems cited for VTR were:

• Tape-related problems (e.g., tapes not long enough; manpower

requirements for developing training tapes; quality control

for EIAJ Type 1 standard brings production problems)

.

• Present system incomplete

• Reel does not turn

• Fading out

• Stretched drive belt

• Narrow lens capability

• Vehicle mounting brackets

• Breakdown of non-metal controls

• Constant change of equipment makes present set-up outdated

21. Will your department be LIKELY TO BUY (a) a closed circuit TV

system requiring daylight or artificial light, and/or (b) a video tape recorder IN THE NEXT 5 YEARS?

(a) Closed circuit TV system

Yes

No

(b) Video tape recorder

Yes

No

More than half of the responding Fifty Largest Cities (67%) , States (58%)

,

and Cities (50+) [54%] said they would buy a closed circuit television system

within the next 5 years*; and more than one-quarter of the Cities (10-49)

* Data collected in the Summer of 1972.
[33%] and Counties (25%) said they would buy CCTV in the near future; but

only small percentages of the Cities (1-9) [13%] and Townships (12%) said

they would soon buy CCTV. Approximately the same percentages of departments

in each of these Department Types said they would buy a video tape recorder

in the next 5 years.

Most of the Fifty Largest Cities which said they would buy either CCTV

or VTR in the near future already had CCTV or VTR in their departments.

Slightly larger percentages of the States which said they would buy these

systems already had CCTV or VTR. About half of the Cities (50+) which were

going to buy these systems already had CCTV or VTR in their departments.

But in the smaller Department Types, higher percentages of the departments

which said they would buy CCTV or VTR did not already have those systems.

About three-quarters or more of the responding Townships and Cities (1-9),

and Counties neither had nor would be buying CCTV or VTR.

Table 21. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Which Will

Buy CCTV or VTR in the Next 5 Years .

DEPARTMENT % WILL BUY: % HAVE NOW/ 1 % DON * T HAVE I TYPE: WILL BUY: WILL BUY

CCTV VTR CCTV VTR CCTV VTR

50 Largest 67 74 51 67 16 7 State 58 68 32 49 26 19

City (50+) 54 54 21 27 33 27

City (10-49) 33 32 11 7 ! 21 25

County 25 27 5 10 19 17

City (1-9) 13 14 2 1 1 11 13

Township 12 20 0 4 12 16

All Departments 37 39 16 20

1 21 19

* Data collected in the summer of 1972.

53
2.2.6 Cameras

22. What kinds of CAMERAS, if any, are now used by your department?

(MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

NONE (IF YOU CHECKED "NONE", SKIP TO QUESTION 24)

KINDS OF CAMERAS

Movie Camera

Still Cameras

35 mm Single-lens Reflex

35 mm Range-finder

4" x 5" Format

Roll Film Camera with automatic flashbulb advancer and

exposure control

Camera which uses special film for rapid automatic

processing of pictures

Other (Specify)

Ninety percent of the responding departments had at least one of the

cameras listed in Question 22.* All of the responding State and Fifty

Largest City departments and 99% of the City (50+) departments had at

least one camera. Only in Townships (84%) and Cities (1-9) [69%] did

fewer than ninety percent of the departments have at least one of the

cameras listed.

Table 22-1. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Which

Had at Least One Camera.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: % Having

At Least

One Camera

50 Largest 100

State 100

City (50+) 99

City (10-49) 93

County 91

Township 84

City (1-9) 69

All Departments 90

All questions about cameras deal only with presence or absence of cameras

in departments, not with numbers of cameras represented.

54
Of the departments which had at least one camera, the most common was

a Camera Which Uses Special Film for Rapid Automatic Processing of Pictures.

More than two-thirds of the departments with cameras in every Department

Type (100% of Fifty Largest Cities), had at least one camera of this kind.

The second most frequently represented camera was a 4" x 5" Format

Camera. More than 90% of the two largest City Department Types had a

camera of this kind.

In every case, higher percentages of the Fifty Largest City departments had each kind of camera than any other Department Type. Every

camera listed was represented in at least half of these largest City

departments. In Cities (1-9), in contrast, only three of the cameras

listed were represented in more than 10% of the responding departments

with cameras.

Table 22-2. Of the Departments in Each Department Type With At Least One

Camera, Percentages Having Specified Kind of Camera.

CAMERA TYPE: DEPARTMENT TYPE:

% All 1% 50 % City % City % % % % City

Depts . Largest 50+ 10-49 County Township State 1-9

(n=403)' (n=45) (n=80) (n=83) (n=70) (n=21) (n=47) (n=57)

I Camera with Special

film for rapid

auto, processing 81 100 86 83 80 76 70 68

4" x 5" format 62 98 94 57 39 48 66 26

Roll film (Auto.

flash advancer/ j Auto, exposure) 48 76 45 43 43 33 66 37

35 mm single-lens

reflex 47 98 71 33 24 24 72 7 Movie camera 35 91 54 13 14 5 70 5 35 mm range-finder 21 51 29 14 11 10 34 4

Other 20 1 51 30 8 11 0 28 7

55
Twenty percent of the departments with cameras (mainly in Fifty

Largest City, City (50+) , and State Department Types) reported having

some camera "Other" than those listed in the questionnaire. Since several

of these "Other" cameras were mentioned by as many as 15 departments,

it is quite likely that more departments would have checked them if they

had been listed as categories in Question 22. These "Other" types of

cameras were

• Fingerprint camera

• "Professional" camera*

• 2-1/4 or 120 roll film camera (unspecified)**

• Twin-lens reflex camera

• Mug camera

• Subminiature camera

• Copy camera

• Time elapsed surveillance camera

• Binocular cameras

* Term is taken from Your Guide to Photography: A Practical Handbook ; by

Helen Finn Bruce. (New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1965). It refers to

types of cameras larger than 35mm. In this report, only large cameras

(larger than 35mm) coded according to size rather than function appear in

this category. (e.g., 2-1/4" x 2-1/4" single lens reflex, 2-1/4" x 3-1/4"

cameras, 2-1/4" x 2-3/4" cameras, view cameras)

* About 15 respondents specified this type of camera, so it was made a separate category. These answers could refer to either a single-lens or twin-lens reflex camera, but it is probable that most respondents were referring to a twin-lens reflex camera.

56
23. What problems, if any, has your department noticed with the cameras you marked in Question 22?

2 3. A. Problems with movie cameras

23.B. Problems with 35 mm Single-lens Reflex Camera

23. C. Problems with 35 mm Range-Finder Camera

23. D. Problems with 4° x 5" Format Camera

23. E. Problems with Roll Film Camera with automatic flashbulb

advance and exposure control

23. F. Problems with camera which uses special film for rapid

automatic processing of pictures

23. G. Problems with OTHER CAMERA (Specify camera type)

Type :

Problem:

Most of the users of each of these camera types either left the question

blank, said "No Problems" mentioned "Normal Wear and Tear", or said the

camera was new and had no problems yet. Between about one-fourth and about

one-third of the users of each of these types of cameras listed a specific

problem.

Table 23. Of the Departments Which Had Each Specified Camera, Percentages

Which Said "No Problems", Gave No Answer, or Cited at Least One

Problem With that Type of Camera.

TYPE OF

CAMERA:

% Specified

Problem

Roll film camera with

auto, flash advancer

& exposure cont. (n=195)

Camera with special film

for rapid auto, processing

(n«327)

4" x 5" Format (n=249)

35 mm range-finder (n=86)

35 mm single-lens reflex

(n=188)

Movie (n=142)

ANY PROBLEMS?:

% No

% "No Problems"* Answer

32 46 22

31 47 22

28 48 24

24 53 23

24 55 21

23 60 17

* Answers such as "Few Problems" or "Normal Wear and Tear" were counted

as "No Problems".

57
2.2.6.1 Problems with Movie Cameras

About three-quarters of the 142 responding departments with movie

cameras either said they had "No Problems" or "Normal Wear and Tear", or

gave No Answer about problems with movie cameras. None of the specific

problem categories was mentioned by more than 8% of the departments which

had movie cameras. (Codes were developed from narrative responses.)

Table 23A. Of the 142 Departments Having Movie Cameras, Percentages*

Citing Each Problem. _«________________=______^

PROBLEM WITH MOVIE CAMERA % Departments Having

Movie Cameras

(n=142)

Training of Personnel in use 8

Film purchasing and processing

(e.g., cost of film and/or processing/delay

in processing) 5 Lenses/Lens Mounts

(e.g., limited lens capability; automatic

zoom lens better to have than turret lens) 4

Limited application/Replacement needed 4

Power supply 3 Breakdown/Reliability (area unspecified) 2 Maintenance : Cost/Time/Parts

(e.g., no local repair service) 1

Other 4

No Problems/Normal Wear & Tear 60

No answer 17

* Percentages, except "No Problems", "No Answer", "Normal Wear and Tear", may

represent double counting since multiple answers were allowed.

"Other" problems with movie cameras included:

• Weight (heaviness) of the camera

• Lack of sound for film

• Windup motor should be replaced with an automatic one

• Difficulty threading film with 16 mm camera (especially when speed

is necessary)

58
• Occasional disengagement of film magazine from sprockets when

filming (which means that camera must be opened to reset

the magazine)

• Synchronization of shutter and speeds

• Through-the-lens viewing is better than through viewfinder

2.2.6.2 Problems with Still Cameras

Just as for movie cameras, the majority of users of each type of still

camera did not cite a problem with those cameras. The departments' narrative

answers were used to develop "problem" categories. An attempt was made to

develop categories which could be used for all five types of still cameras

so that comparisons could be made. It was found, however, that a common

set of categories could be developed for only four of the five camera types —

the problem statements for Camera With Special Film for Rapid Automatic

Processing of Pictures were qualitatively different from the others.

As with movie cameras, none of the problem categories was very frequently

mentioned. For the two 35mm cameras, the most

frequently mentioned (8-9% of those with each camera) problem was Training

of Personnel. Two problem categories having to do with the Flash Unit

were most frequently (6% and 8%) mentioned by departments having Roll Film

Camera with Automatic Flashbulb Advancer and Exposure Control. About 10%

of those using the 4" x 5" Format Camera discussed its Size and Weight.

59
Table 23 B/G/D/E. Of the Departments Having Each Type of Still Camera,

Percentages* Mentioning Each Problem.

PROBLEM:

% Depts

.

% Depts. % Depts

.

% Depts. Having

Having Having Having Roll Film Camera: Aute.

35 mm Single- 35 mm Range

4" x 5" Flashbulb Advancer,

Lens reflex f inder Format Exposure Control

(n=188) (n=86) (n=249) (n=195)

Film purchasing

and processing 2 0 3 3

Lense's/Lens mounts 2 0 1 3 Mirror 2 0 0 0

Range finder/Closeups 0 5 3 1

Light meter 2 1 0 1

Shutter 1 3 3 3

Film Advancer 3 2 0 3 Power of flash unit/

Illumination requirement 1 0 0 6

Flash unit synchronization/Reliability

of unit, bulbs 3 3 2 8

Batteries/Power supply 0 0 0 2 Size and weight 0 0 10 0

Maintenance: Cost/

Time/Parts/Cleaning 1 0 1 1

Breakdown/ Reliability

(area unspecified) 0 2 2 3

Enlargement of pictures/Negative size,

grain 4 1 0 4

Training personnel/

Complex equip. /Need

frequent Use 9 9 8 4

Limited application/

Replacement needed 0 2 2 4

Other 1 0 4 2

No Problems/Normal Wear

Tear/New Equip. /Few

Problems

&55 53 48 46

No Answer 21 23 24 22

* Percentages , except for "No Answer ", "No Problems", "Few Problems ", "Normal

Wear and Tear" and "New Equipment" , may represent double counting since

multiple answers were allowed.

60
A few "Other" problems were mentioned for these still cameras (none

was given for the 35 mm Range-Finder )

;

35 mm Single-lens Reflex

• Camera cannot be used manually (all automatically operated)

9 Hard to keep operational with some plastic parts

4" x 5" Format

• No attachments for fingerprinting, mug shots

• Expensive

• Too slow

• Poor flash unit

• Minor wiring problems • Adverse effects of storage in case (causes tracks to malfunction,

damage to shutter cable) • Screws become loose due to transporting in vehicles

• Roll Film Camera: Auto. Flashbulb Advancer

and Exposure Control

• Problems with flash unit (difficulty unspecified)

• Cases not dust-proof enough

• Summer heat causes film damage

As with the other cameras discussed so far, the Camera Which Uses

Special Film for Rapid Automatic Processing of Pictures caused problems for

few of the responding departments. Only 31% of the departments having this

kind of camera mentioned a specific problem. The most frequently mentioned

problems had to do with the quality of pictures produced, environmental

effects on film storage or processing, and problems with reproducing pictures.

None of these was mentioned by as many as 10% of the departments which had

this kind of camera, however.

61
Table 2 3F. Of the 327 Departments Having a Camera With Special Film for

Rapid Automatic Processing of Pictures , Percentages Mentioning

Each Problem.

PROBLEM: % Depts , With

This Camera

(n=327)

Quality of reproduction: Detail/Contrast/Consistency 7

Film: Cost/Quality 6

Lack of negatives/Enlargement, Copy problems 6

Environmental effects on film storage, processing 5 Flash unit: Power/Reliability 3

Rollers 2

Maintenance: Cost/Time/Parts/Cleaning 2 Expense (reason unspecified) 2 Training of personnel 2 Limited application 2

Breakdown/Reliability (area unspecified) 1 Shutter 1

Other 3

No Problems/Normal Wear & Tear /New Equipment 47

Ho Answer 22

"Other" problems mentioned included:

• Application of protective coating to black-and-white film

• Problem with film (unspecified)

• Poor quality

• Disposal at crime scene of debris from developed film

® No close ups

• Too slow

• Settings get moved

• People take more photos than necessary because of immediate

finished product

62
2.2.6.3 Future Purchase of Cameras

24. Which of the following types of cameras, if any, will your

department BE LIKELY TO BUY within the next 5 years?

NONE • We will probably not buy any cameras in the next 5 years

.

Movie camera

Still Cameras

35 mm Single-lens reflex

35 mm Range-finder

4" x 5" Format

Roll Film Camera with automatic flashbulb advancer and exposure control

Camera which uses special film for rapid automatic processing

of pictures

Other (Specify)

About half or more of the responding departments in every Department

Type said they would be likely to buy at least one camera in the next 5

years. State (87%) and Fifty Largest City (80%) departments most often

said they would buy cameras: Counties (49%) said so least often.

Table 24-1. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Which

Said They Would Buy a Camera in the Next 5 Years

.

DEPARTMENT TYPE: % Dept. Which

Will Buy Cameras

State [ n=47 ] 87

50 Largest [ n=45 ] 80

City (50+) [ n=81 ] 69

City (10-49) [ n=89 ] 64

Township [ n=25 ] 56

City (1-9 )[ n=83 ] 54

County [ n=77 ] 49

All Departments 64

For four of the six types of cameras listed, one Department Type,

the Fifty Largest Cities, consistently showed the highest or second-highest

63
percentage of potential buyers: 35 mm Single-Lens Reflex, Camera With

Special Film for Rapid Automatic Processing, Movie Camera, Roll Film

Camera With Automatic Flash Advancer and Exposure Control, and the 4"

x 5" Format. There are two additional points of interest regarding the

Camera Which Uses Special Film for Rapid Automatic Processing. First, more

of the Cities (1-9) than any other Department Type said they would buy this

type of camera. Secondly, it was given greater emphasis (in terms of

purchasing) by Cities (1-9) than any other kind of camera within any other

Department Type. There were no great differences among the Department

Types in the percentages of departments which will buy 35 mm Range-Finder

Cameras

.

Table 24-2

TYPE OF

CAMERA:

Of the Departments in Each Department Type that Will Be

Buying Cameras, Percentages* Which Will Be Buying Specified

Type of Cameras.

% 50 % % City % City % % % City

Largest State 50+ 10-49 Township County 1-9

(n=36) (n=41) (n=56) (n=57) (n=14) (n=38) (n=45)

35 mm single-lens

reflex 75 56 52 33 29 26 16

Camera with special

film for rapid

auto, process. 53 41 32 33 21 39 60

Movie 39 34 36 28 50 13 11

Roll film camera with auto, flash

advancer and exposure control 42 44 20 16 21 29 24

4" x 5" format 44 29 21 30 21 18 11

35 mm range-finder 14 17 12 12 7 11 9

Other 39 22 21 9 7 13 2

* Percentages add to more than 100% since multiple answers were allowed.

"Other" types of cameras mentioned were the same as those "Other"

cameras already represented in departments. (See Question 22.)

64
2.2.7 Standards for Other Security Devices

25. Mark X by each item below that needs PERFORMANCE STANDARDS.

(Mark X by "NONE" if standards are not needed for any of the

items .

)

None

General purpose locks (padlocks, door locks)

Special purpose locks for detention centers

Penetration-resistant glass (For example: bullet-proof

glass, laminated glass, etc.

Security screens and grills

Departments in the two Largest City Department Types, Fifty Largest and

Cities (50+) , were most likely to say at least one of the devices listed

in Question 25 needed performance standards. Sixty-nine percent of the

responding departments in these City Department Types selected at least one

security device for performance standards, whereas only 42% of the Cities

(1-9) and 51% of the States did.

Table 25-1. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Saying At

Least One of the Other Security Devices Listed in Q. 25

Needed Performance Standards

.

DEPARTMENT TYPE:

50 Largest

City (50+)

City (10-49)

County

Township

State

City (1-9)

% Depts. Marking % Depts

At Least One Item "None"

69 20

69 25

66 33

62 38

60 40

51 45

42 54

% Depts.

No Answer

11

6

1

0

0

4

4

In every Department Type, slightly higher percentages of departments

said either Penetration Resistant Glass or Security Screens and Grills

(or both) needed performance standards than selected General Purpose Locks

65
or Special Purpose Locks for Detention Centers . More than half of the

Fifty Largest Cities (56%) and Cities (50+) [51%] and nearly half of the

Cities (10-49) [47%] said that performance standards were needed for

Penetration Resistant Glass. More than 40% of the departments in every

Department Type except States and Cities (1-9) said that there should be

performance standards for Security Screens and Grills.

The percentage differences among these four security items were not

great. In every Department Type, except States and Townships, each of these

security devices was said to need performance standards by about onequarter to one-half of the responding departments.

Table 25. Percentages of Departments in Each Department Type Which Said

Performance Standards Were Needed for Specified Security Device,

DEPARTMENT

TYPE:

% Depts. % Depts. % Depts. % Depts. % Depts

Penetration Security General Special "None"

Resistant Screens Purpose Purpose or No

Glass & Grill Locks Locks Answer

50 Largest 56 44 44 40 31

City (50+) 51 47 44 35 31

City (10-49) 47 48 30 30 34

Township 44 52 36 8 40

State 43 21 21 15 49

County 35 44 31 31 38

City (1-9) 19 31 24 23 58

66
2.2.8 Other Comments

26. Please tell us anything else you would like to say about the

equipment in this questionnaire:

26. A. "Direct-to-Police" Alarm Displays

26. B. Night vision equipment

26. C. Closed Circuit TV System which needs Daylight or Artificial Illumination

26. D. Cameras

26. E. Other Security Devices

26. F. Other

2.2.8.1 Comments About "Direct-to-Police" Alarm Displays

The comments supplied concerning "direct-to-police" alarm displays were

often general reactions (both positive and negative) to the use of such

systems in police departments. Other comments were elaborations on departmental policies concerning subscribers, and some were comments suggesting

design changes or standardization to improve the usefulness of such systems.

Some examples are presented below. Each department's comments were recorded

verbatim and are available, without identifying data, for research purposes.

"Would be restricted for financial institutions or government facilities,

but the banks normally do not trigger alarms until the suspect has left

premises which is very ineffective."

"Very good—should be on all stores."

"Far too many false alarms from malfunctions. Manpower expended for

nothing.

"Most alarms (false) set off by human error and not mechanical failure."

"Displays should be miniaturized alarms self sustaining (battery) during

power failure, U. L. approved, and standard universal displays."

"Interferes with normal duties of dispatcher. Too much time consumed

attempting to locate alarm company operators and owners to reset alarms

after hours."

67
"Key shut-off should be designed so that door cannot be unlocked

without turning alarm off. Would reduce false alarms."

"We have found this to be a good security device."

2.2.8.2 Comments About Night Vision Equipment

The focus of comments about night vision equipment was centered on

the expense of such devices. Other comments were concerned with the advantages

and disadvantages of such equipment. Some examples are given below.

"Would be of definite use—cost prohibitive."

"It is too expensive. Most of it is too bulky to work well in

police functions."

"Very beneficial piece of equipment during times of public disturbance —

night surveillance purposes."

"Cost is prohibitive."

"Should be able to identify and read license plates at 100 yards with

picture taking capability."

"I think this would cut burglaries down 80%."

"Not enough of this equipment available at a price smaller departments

can afford to purchase."

"Need portable power supply for recording with low light level TV cameras as portable units."

"Need this equipment at times but unable to get funds to provide it."

2.2.8.3 Comments About Closed Circuit TV System Which Needs Daylight or Artificial Illumination

Many of the comments about Closed Circuit TV mentioned needed improvements

in this equipment, but several departments also discussed their own individual

need for CCTV. Some examples are presented below.

"We have had considerable problems with portable video units,

continually breaking down."

"A must for detention cells."

68
"An essential part of all modern progressive police functions.

Should be engineered into smaller units for easier use."

"Keeps prisoners awake at night, bulbs burn out."

"The quality of clarity should be improved."

"Very expensive."

"Resolution on these devices should be improved."

"Improvement of lighting usually necessary."

"Need cassette system standards and increased automation on cameras

for ! idiot-proofing ' .

"Expensive, high maintenance, not too reliable."

2.2.8.4 Comments About Cameras

The comments about cameras which were supplied for this question

generally resembled the camera comments which were supplied in Section 2,2.6

of this report. Most of these comments had to do with difficulties in

operating cameras or with suggestions to improve the performance of cameras

for police work. Examples are presented below.

"Development of technically sound, non-breakable and easily used

automatic camera.

"Problem is not so great with the cameras themselves, but rather

the proper use. Coordination of flash attachment and damage thereto

is a maintenance problem."

"We need a camera of durable construction—simple to operate —flash

range minimum 25 ft. —with view finder that would permit operator

to maintain stance to afford maximum vision of area and personal

safety.

"Most of the problems with cameras can be traced to improper use by operator."

"Some type program should be formed to give 'every' small department

training in use of all types of cameras. For instance, a mobile training

van that would be in every city once a year to update training."

"A definite need for a reliable, easy to operate camera which has a built-in flash; three lens settings; close up, medium distance, distance

Setting; and about three speed settings."

69
2.2.8.5 Comments About Other Security Devices

Comments about other security devices were few and varied. Several were

about the high cost of all security equipment, and several called for

standardization of specific devices or equipment. Examples are presented

below.

"Glass in police vehicles should be resistant to thrown objects at

the very least."

"Standards should be set by law on all security devices used on public

housing such as locks, screens, glass, outside lighting and doors."

"High cost prohibits small departments from obtaining."

"Definite need for rigid standards concerning laminated glass."

"Vehicle screens very important in dual purpose vehicles, but some too expensive, cumbersome, and interfere with visibility and air

circulation.

70
APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE

NBS-884

May 1972

OMB 41-F72030

Approval Expires June 30, 1973

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

DETAILED QUESTIONNAIRE : ALARM DISPLAYS,

SECURITY EQUIPMENT, AND

SURVEILLANCE EQUIPMENT

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY

Sponsored By:

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U. S. Department of Justice

Directed and Conducted By:

Behavioral Sciences GrouD

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

Phone: 301-921-3558

A.1
INTRODUCTION

:

Police departments often monitor the displays on which alarms

from local businesses are received. Several different manufacturers make

alarm systems, and their alarm displays operate differently. Security and

surveillance equipment are also needed by the police themselves to help

carry out their work. In order to make it easier for law enforcement

groups to offer services, and to select and buy equipment to meet their

own needs, the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory will write PERFORMANCE

standards for such equipment.

PURPOSE OF THIS QUESTIONNAIRE: This "detailed" questionnaire gives you , the

user, a chance to tell us about the alarm displays, security, and surveillance

devices you are now using, the problems you find in using such equipment, and

the items or services you will probably deal with in the future. Your answers will be used to determine what kinds of testing need to be done,

and what sorts of problems must be solved. We must find out what YOUR needs

are.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

:

1. Fill in the questionnaire completely. Even if you do not have all the

information you need "at your fingertips", please make your best effort

to supply every answer AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE.

2. Answer all questions for YOUR OWN DEPARTMENT. Do not attempt to

supply information that might exist in some other department.

3. The results of this questionnaire will be compiled by computer. It is

very important that you follow directions and answer every question

legibly and in the boxes and spaces provided.

4. No individual department will be identified in the report of this

survey; the results will be published in tabulated form.

5. Additional instructions for filling in your answers appear after some questions. Follow the directions given .

6. Please PRINT all answers or comments CLEARLY

.

7. When this questionnaire has been completely filled in; place it,

with the other questionnaires sent to your department, in the stamped,

addressed envelope supplied. Return all of them to:

Technology Building, A-110

Narional Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

8. If you have any questions, write to the above address or call collect:

E. Bunten or P. Klaus

Phone: 301-921-3558

9. Remember that it is only by getting YOUR answers to these questions

that it will be possible to begin solving the problems that police

have with alarm displays, security, and surveillance equipment.

A- 2
PART I: "DIRECT-TO-POLICE" ALARM DISPLAYS

(10) ***

Does your department now have ONE OR MORE displays

for "direct- to-police" burglar or robbery alarms from

banks, savings and loans, or other businesses?

Yes No

IF "YES" CONTINUE WITH

QUESTIONS 2 THROUGH 9.

IF "NO" SKIP TO

QUESTION 9.

Which MANUFACTURERS made the "direct-to-police" alarm

displays that you have in your department?

MANUFACTURERS

(11-12)

3. About how many ALARMS (both real and false) are USUALLY

received by your department in a MONTH?

NUMBER OF ALARMS

(REAL AND FALSE)

EVERY MONTH ALL ALARMS THAT COME FROM:

(13-16)

(17-20)

(21-24)

(25-28)

(29-32)

(33-30)

Displays in department

McCulloh Receiving System (gives

printed message to indicate alarm)

Central Stations who pass alarm on

to police by phone

Automatic Dialer which gives taped

emergency message

Other (Specify)

Total

Numbers in parentheses are for computer use only.

A3
4. For this average number of alarms per MONTH, about how

many of them are FALSE ALARMS?

FALSE ALARMS

EVERY MONTH FALSE ALARMS THAT COME FROM:

(37-40) Displays in department

(41-44) McCulloh Receiving System (gives printed

message to indicate alarm)

(45-48) Central Stations who pass alarm on to

police by phone

(49-52) Automatic Dialer which gives taped emergency

message

(53-56) Other (Specify)

(57-60) Total

5. About how many DIRECT-TO-POLICE tie-ins does each

kind of SUBSCRIBER have on your department's alarm displays?

NUMBER TYPE OF SUBSCRIBER

(61-65) Financial Institutions (banks, savings

and loans, etc.)

(66-70) Jewelry Stores

(71-75) Small Businesses (OTHER than jewelry stores)

(76-80) Large Businesses (OTHER than jewelry stores)

(10-14) Schools

(15-19) Residences

(20-24) Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

6. Does your department now LIMIT, or may have to limit

in the future, the NUMBER of subscribers you can accept for "direct-to-police" tie-ins?

(25) Yes No

IF "NO" SKIP TO

QUESTION 8

a- a
7. (IF "YES" TO QUESTION 6) We must limit the number of subscribers for

"direct-to-police" tie-ins for the following reason (s)

:

(MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(26-32) Limited Space for Panels

Limited Personnel for Monitoring Panels

Too Many False Alarms

Each Alarm System May Need Its Own Kind of Display

Inadequate Servicing by Alarm Companies

Possible Competition with Central Stations

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

8. What problems have you had, if any, with the DISPLAYS THEMSELVES?

(MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

"

(33-39) We Have No Problems with Our Displays

Displays Are Too Large

Too Many Different Types of Alarm Signals (lights, buzzers, bells,

etc.

)

No Way to Tell When an Alarm System is On or Off

Department Cannot Test Alarm System Automatically

Frequent Component Failures (lights on displays, for example)

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

A-5
9. Will your department be likely to provide a service of "direct-to-police"

tie-ins within the next 5 years?

(40) Yes No

PART II. A. NIGHT VISION EQUIPMENT

10. Do you use night vision equipment in your department?

(41) Yes No

IF "NO" , SKIP TO

QUESTION 14

11. (IF "YES" TO QUESTION 10) Mark X by each of the following kinds of

night vision equipment that you use in your department.

(42-46) Night Vision Scopes SUITABLE FOR RIFLES (can also be hand-held

when needed)

Hand-held Passive Image Intensifier (Nightscope) NOT SUITABLE

FOR RIFLE MOUNTING

Hand-held Infrared Device which is NOT SUITABLE FOR RIFLE MOUNTING

Low-Light Level (Closed Circuit) TV (operates under night-time

conditions WITHOUT artificial light)

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

12. Does your department have any problems with ANY of these night vision

devices?

(47) Yes No

IF "NO" SKIP

TO QUESTION 14

A-6
13. (IF "YES" TO QUESTION 12) Mark X for EACH PROBLEM you have had for

EACH KIND OF EQUIPMENT:

PROBLEM KIND OF EQUIPMENT

Night Vision

Scope Suitable

for Rifle and

Hand Use

Hand-held

Nightscope

Not Suitable

For Rifle

Hand-held

Infrared

Device Not

Suitable For

Rifle

Low-Light

Level TV

Poor image quality

(resolution)

(48) f 4Q} (51)

Difficult to choose the

appropriate lens

(52) (53) (54) (55)

Regular camera lenses

cannot be used with

night vision devices

(56) (57) (58) (59)

Device is too delicate

for normal use

(60) (61) (62) (63)

Poor reliability

(failures with tubes,

power supplies, etc.)

(64) (65) (66) (67)

Other Problem

(Specify)

(68) (69) (70) (71)

Other Problem

(Specify)

-

A-7
14. What night vision devices, if any, will your department BE

LIKELY TO BUY in the next 5 years? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT

APPLIES)

(72-77) We will probably NOT BUY any night vision devices in that

time.

Night Vision Scope SUITABLE AS RIFLE AND HAND SCOPE

Hand-Held Passive Image Intensifier (Nightscope) NOT

suitable for rifle mounting

Hand-held Infrared Device NOT suitable for rifle mounting

Low-Light Level (Closed Circuit) TV (operates under nighttime conditions WITHOUT artificial light)

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

PART II. B. CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV)

15. Does your department use closed circuit TV which REQUIRES DAYLIGHT

OR ARTIFICIAL ILLUMINATION?

(78) Yes

16. (IF "YES" TO QUESTION 15) In which of the following ways do you

use closed circuit TV in your department? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM

THAT APPLIES)

Checking on prisoners

Police line-ups

Surveillance within Department's buildings (other than

prisoners and line-ups)

Watching activity during civil disturbances

Surveillance of "high crime" districts

Training

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

A-8

No

IF "NO" SKIP

TO QUESTION 18
17. Tell us about any PROBLEMS that your department has with this

CLOSED CIRCUIT TV SYSTEM.

(17)

(18)

18. Does your department have a video tape recorder?

Yes No

IF "NO" SKIP

TO QUESTION 21.

(19-24)

19. (IF "YES" TO QUESTION 18) How does your department use the video

tape recorder?

(MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

With closed circuit TV

Police line-ups

Recording traffic violations

Collecting evidence at scene of crime (OTHER than traffic

violations)

Training

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

A-9
(25)

20. What PROBLEMS, if any, has your department had with the video

tape recorder?

(26)

(27)

21. Will your department be LIKELY TO BUY (a) a closed circuit TV

system requiring daylight or artificial light, and/or (b) a video tape recorder IN THE NEXT 5 YEARS?

(a) Closed circuit TV system

Yes No

(b) Video tape recorder

Yes No

A- 10
PART III. CAMERAS

22. What kinds of CAMERAS, if any, are now used by your

department? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

NONE (IF YOU CHECKED "NONE", SKIP TO QUESTION 24)

KINDS OF CAMERAS

Movie Camera

Still Cameras

35 mm Single-lens Reflex

35 mm Range-finder

4" x 5" Format (For example: Speed Graphic)

Roll Film Camera with automatic flashbulb

advancer and exposure control (For example:

Instamatic)

Camera which uses special film for rapid

automatic processing of pictures (For example:

Polaroid)

Other (Specify)

23. What problems, if any, has your department noticed with

the cameras you marked in Question 22?

23. A. Problems with movie cameras:

A- 11
(37) 23. B. Problems with 35 mm Single-lens Reflex Camera

(38) 23. C. Problems with 35 mm Range-Finder Camera

(39) 23. D. Problems with 4" x 5" Format Camera (like Speed Graphic)

(40) 23. E. Problems with Roll Film Camera with automatic flashbulb

advancer and exposure control (like Instamatic) ________

(41) 23. F. Problems with camera which uses special film for rapid

automatic processing of pictures (like Polaroid)

A- 12
(42) 23. G. Problems with OTHER CAMERA (Specify camera type)

Type:

Problem:

24. Which of the following types of cameras, if any, will your

department BE LIKELY TO BUY within the next 5 years?

(43-50) NONE. We will probably not buy any cameras in the next

5 years.

Movie camera

Still Cameras

35 mm Single-lens Reflex

35 mm Range-finder

4" x 5" Format (For example: Speed Graphic)

Roll Film Camera with automatic flashbulb advancer and

exposure control (For example: Instamatic)

Camera which uses special film for rapid automatic

processing of pictures (For example: Polaroid)

Other (Specify)

PART IV: OTHER SECURITY DEVICES

25. Mark X by each item below that needs PERFORMANCE STANDARDS. (Mark

X by "NONE" if standards are not needed for any of the items.)

(51-55) None

General purpose locks (padlocks, door locks)

Special purpose locks for detention centers

Penetration-resistant glass (For example: bullet-proof glass,

laminated glass, etc.)

Security screens and grills

A- 13
PART V: COMMENTS

26. Please tell us anything else you would like to say about the

equipment in this questionnaire:

26. A. "Direct-to-Police" Alarm Displays:

26. B. Night Vision Equipment:

26. C. Closed Circuit TV System which needs Daylight or Artificial

Illumination

:

26. D. Cameras:

26. E. Other Security Devices:

26. F. Other:

A-
IDENTIFYING INFORMATION: (All identifying information will be kept

confidential)

Name of Department:

Address:

Name of person who answered this questionnaire:

Name

Title: Rank

:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

Others who helped: 1.

Name

Title: Rank

:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

2.

Name

Title: Rank:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

A- 15
NOTES

A- 16
APPENDIX B

DATA TABLES

B. 1 Advice to the Reader

(a) The data presented in the following tables resulted from the

responses of a stratified random sample (see Section 1.2) of

police departments in response to a specific set of questions

(see Appendix A) . These data do not, in any way, reflect

objective testing of any of the equipment by the National

Bureau of Standards. The reader is cautioned to become

familiar with the questionnaire and to evaluate the data in

terms of the exact questions asked.

(b) Tables have been numbered after the question number (e.g., the

tables for Question 6A. would be numbered 6A-1, 6A-2, etc.).

The data are usually presented by number of respondents and

nearest whole percentage. Because of the statistical limitations imposed by the sample sizes used in this study, the

reader is cautioned to be wary of assigning importance to

percentage differences of less than 5% when percentages are based on all respondents, and to percentage differences of

less than 10% when percentages are based on one of the subsample groups, (e.g., a particular Department Type or Region).

No statistical tests of significance are reported.

(c) These tables are based on the responding departments from the

specific sample selected for this questionnaire. This sample

was not proportional to the total population of police departments, and although it is possible to do so, the data in these

tables have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to

the total population.

(d) In order to extrapolate to the total population from the

respondent data presented in this report, use the following

procedure: For each Department Type, multiply the percentage of

respondents of a particular Department Type giving the answer of

interest (See B.2 Data Tables, Appendix B) by the total number of

departments of that Department Type in the population (See Table

1.2-2, Section 1.2); add those seven subtotals; and divide the

total by the total number of police departments in the population (Table 1.2-2). The quotient of this division will be an estimate of the percentage of all U.S. police departments

that would choose the answer of interest.

B.2 Data Tables

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NBS-114A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO.

NBSIR 73-213

2. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUM NTLE

LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972

Volume IV: Alarms, Security Equipment, and Surveillance

Equipment

5. Publication Date July 1974

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTIIOR(S)

J. L. Eldreth, E. D. Bunten, P. A. Klaus

8. Performing Organ. Report No. NBSIR 73-213

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 4314517

11. Contract Grant No. LEAA-J-IAA-009-2

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

national institute oi iiaw r.niorcemenc ana urimmai Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

Department of Justice

Washington, D. C. 20530

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Final: 7/71-10/73

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

1 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or /ess (actual summary ot most significant information. K document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

The report outlines the methodology of and summarizes a portion of the

. data from the LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972. One of a series of seven reports resulting from this nationwide mail survey of a stratified

random sample of police departments, the present report summarizes the

answers of 447 police departments concerning their use of alarm systems,

cameras, security equipment, and surveillance equipment; purchasing

practices, typical patterns of use, and needs for standards for such

equipment. The data are presented by all responding departments and by seven department types.

'7. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons) Alarm sys tems; cameras; police; police equipment;

security equipment; surveillance equipment;

18. AVAILABILITY Unlimited,

I

' For Official D istribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

J Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20102, SD Cat. No. CM

JOC Order V torn National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22M1

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

150

22. Price

USCOMM.OC 29042-P7/
• ' Si

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