December 2015

Measuring financial 

well-being

A guide to using the CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale
2 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

Table of contents

Table of contents.........................................................................................................2

1. Introduction...........................................................................................................4

2. Background...........................................................................................................6

2.1 What financial well-being is .....................................................................6

3. The CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale ...............................................................8

3.1 About the scale..........................................................................................8

3.2 The questions that make up the scale ......................................................9

3.3 Using the scale ........................................................................................ 10

4. Producing a score ..............................................................................................12

4.1 Scoring overview..................................................................................... 12

4.2 The scoring process ................................................................................ 12

4.3 Differences in scoring tables .................................................................. 14

4.4 Interpreting the score ............................................................................. 14

4.5 Frequently asked questions.................................................................... 14

4.6 Notes for researchers...............................................................................17

5. Scoring examples...............................................................................................18

Example 1: Under 62, self-administered...................................................... 19

Example 2: Age 62 and older, administered by someone else.....................22
3 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

Appendix A: The CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale questionnaire 

and scoring worksheet.......................................................................................25

Standard version questionnaire ......................................................................26

Standard version scoring worksheet............................................................... 27

Abbreviated version questionnaire .................................................................29

Abbreviated version scoring worksheet..........................................................30
4 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

1. Introduction

Every day thousands of financial professionals, including counselors, educators, coaches, 

planners and others, help consumers navigate financial challenges and opportunities through a 

diverse array of approaches and programs. There is a growing consensus that the ultimate and 

common goal of these efforts is to improve the financial well-being of the people served.1 Yet 

financial well-being has lacked a standardized definition or form of measurement. 

In order to provide practitioners and researchers with a standard, reliable, and broadly available 

way to measure individual financial well-being, the CFPB led a rigorous research effort to 

develop a consumer-driven definition of financial well-being, and then tested a set of questions–

a “scale”–to measure financial well-being. The scale is designed to allow practitioners and 

researchers to accurately and consistently quantify, and therefore observe, something that is not 

directly observable–the extent to which someone’s financial situation and the financial 

capability that they have developed provide them with security and freedom of choice. 

This guide describes the research behind the CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale and provides 

detailed steps for using it, including how to score individuals’ responses and compare their 

scores.

The CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale is:

 A consumer-driven measure based on a definition of financial well-being that draws on 

insights from both consumers and experts.

 

1 For additional background on financial well-being in policy and research see “Financial Well-Being: The Goal of 

Financial Education” available at http://www.consumerfinance.gov/reports/financial-well-being/.
5 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

 A measurement tool developed using state-of-the-art techniques, including cognitive 

interviewing and testing to ensure accurate comprehension of questions. The scale is a 

highly reliable and valid measure of the financial well-being construct based on multiple 

waves of quantitative testing.

 A common metric that allows an “apples-to-apples” comparison of scores across 

consumers. It can also be used to assess a consumer’s current state of financial wellbeing, to track their progress over time, and to understand how other factors, including 

program interventions, affect financial well-being.

 A free and publicly available survey instrument and measurement scale.
6 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

2. Background

2.1 What financial well-being is

Until recent work by the CFPB, financial well-being had not been explicitly defined from the 

consumer perspective. To support practitioners and scholars in the field, the CFPB set out to 

create a standard, comprehensive definition of financial well-being for all adults,

2 one that is 

relevant across a range of different circumstances.

3

The CFPB’s research team4 started by listening to 

people across the United States talk about what 

financial well-being means to them. We found that 

consumers perceived financial well-being as a state 

of being wherein a person can fully meet current and 

ongoing financial obligations, can feel secure in their financial future, and is able to make 

choices that allow them to enjoy life. Combined with a review of research and consultation with 

leading experts, the CFPB found that financial well-being includes the following elements:

 

2 “Adult” refers to those ages 18 and older.

3

 For more information on the CFPB’s definition of financial well-being, how it was created, and what may influence 

it, see “Financial Well-Being: The Goal of Financial Education” available at 

http://www.consumerfinance.gov/reports/financial-well-being/.

4 The research team responsible for conducting the research and analysis to develop this definition of financial wellbeing, as well as to develop the scale to measure financial well-being, included Bureau staff as well as a team of 

research contractors led by the Corporation for Enterprise Development (CFED), including the University of 

Wisconsin-Madison Center for Financial Security, the Urban Institute, ICF International, and Vector Psychometrics.

Understanding financial wellbeing is crucial to helping 

consumers achieve it.
7 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

 Having control over one’s finances in terms of being able to pay bills on time, not 

having unmanageable debt, and being able to make ends meet.

 Having a financial “cushion” against unexpected expenses and emergencies. Having 

savings, health insurance, and good credit, and being able to rely on friends and family 

for financial assistance were factors that increase consumers’ capacity to absorb a 

financial shock.

 Having financial goals—such as paying off one’s student loans within a certain number of 

years or saving a particular amount towards one’s retirement—and being on track to 

meet those financial goals also made people feel like they were in good shape 

financially.

 Being able to make choices that allow one to enjoy life—such as taking a vacation, 

enjoying a meal out now and then, going back to school to pursue an advanced degree, or 

working less to spend more time with family—was also deemed an essential ingredient in 

financial well-being.

Another way to think about this is that financial well-being implies having financial security

and financial freedom of choice, in the present and in the future. 

FIGURE 1: THE FOUR ELEMENTS OF FINANCIAL WELL-BEING
8 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

3. The CFPB Financial 

Well-Being Scale

3.1 About the scale

After developing a consumer-driven definition of financial well-being and its main components, 

our research team next engaged in the complex task of converting that definition into a concrete 

measurement tool that practitioners and researchers can use in their work. With the support of a 

number of experts using state-of-the-art 

methods, we developed a 10-item5 scale and

conducted extensive testing and validation of the 

scale to ensure its quality and reliability.6

Our scale incorporates consumers’ perceptions of 

financial well-being to deliver a single financial 

well-being score that captures the four elements 

of financial well-being. The scale is constructed 

so that it is possible to compare different people’s 

scores directly, or to see how an individual’s 

financial well-being changes over time.

 

5 The standard version of the scale contains 10 questions. We have also developed a 5-item version that covers the 

same issues in a more succinct manner, but trades off some sensitivity in measurement.

6 The statistical analysis used to develop the scale and scoring procedures was conducted by Vector Psychometrics 

using Item Response Theory methods. 

What is a scale? A scale is an 

instrument used to measure something, 

such as an attitude or ability. By 

definition, scales are always made up of 

multiple questions or “items.” A good 

scale provides consistent results every 

time it is used; assuming that what is 

being measured does not change, and 

reliably measures the concept it is 

supposed to be measuring.
9 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

3.2 The questions that make up the scale

The CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale contains 10 questions (Table 1).

7 These questions were 

selected through a state-of-the-art process that involved:

 A series of cognitive interviews to ensure that people understand the questions and 

what they are designed to ask.

 Factor analysis to select the questions that best measured the underlying concept of 

interest.

 Three rounds of psychometric testing with over fifteen thousand respondents in 

order to select the questions that provided the greatest reliability across adults.

8 

TABLE 1: FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

Questions Response Options

How well does this statement describe you or your situation?

1. I could handle a major unexpected expense

2. I am securing my financial future

3. Because of my money situation, I feel like I will never have the 

things I want in life*

4. I can enjoy life because of the way I’m managing my money

5. I am just getting by financially*

6. I am concerned that the money I have or will save won’t last*

 Completely

 Very well

 Somewhat

 Very little

 Not at all

How often does this statement apply to you?

7. Giving a gift for a wedding, birthday or other occasion would put a 

strain on my finances for the month*

8. I have money left over at the end of the month

9. I am behind with my finances*

10. My finances control my life*

 Always

 Often

 Sometimes

 Rarely

 Never

* Denotes questions for which the response options are “reverse coded”

 

7 For an abbreviated 5-item version of the scale, see Appendix A at the end of this user guide.

8 For a more detailed description of how this scale was developed, see the forthcoming full methodology report.
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3.3 Using the scale

The CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale was designed to allow practitioners and researchers to 

accurately and consistently quantify, and therefore observe, something that the respondent 

already has a sense of–the extent to which their financial situation and the financial capability 

that they have developed provide them with security and freedom of choice. The purpose of the 

score is to help practitioners or researchers quantify and compare the score across time or 

across individuals, or to study the relationship between financial well-being and other factors. 

The score produced will not be meaningful to the respondent in isolation.

The CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale can be used in a variety of ways, including:

 Initial assessment: The scale can be used to assess a person’s financial well-being at 

intake. In addition, reviewing individual questions that make up the scale with a person 

that you serve could also help guide a conversation about their financial situation, both 

strengths and needs, in terms that resonate with and motivate consumers. 

 Tracking individual progress: The scale can be used to track changes in an 

individual’s financial well-being over time. While not providing the same quantifiable 

measure of progress as a financial well-being score, changes in answers to individual 

items may provide additional, more nuanced insights into how individuals are 

experiencing their financial situation over time. Such changes may highlight an 

individual’s progress in taking more control over money management, or building 

stronger protections against financial shocks.

 Assessing program outcomes: The CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale provides a tool 

to measure the extent to which programs are improving the financial well-being of the

individuals that they serve. The scale could be used as part of reports on the effectiveness 

of programs and services, such as financial education and capability programs. It can 

also be used to compare different populations in one program—for example, how a 

particular intervention differentially affects different people—or to compare changes in 

financial well-being across programs. 

 Financial well-being survey research: The scale can be used in survey research to 

analyze the relationship between financial well-being and other factors.
11 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

There are many different approaches to helping consumers navigate the variety of financial 

challenges and opportunities they may face at different points in their lives. And, there are 

many valid ways to measure the outcomes of specific programs and interventions.

The CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale was created to supplement program performance 

measurement tools and data collection procedures that programs already have in place to 

identify, track, and measure an individual’s progress. While our scale development process 

shows that the CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale scores are strongly correlated with a number of 

objective financial indicators such as credit scores and experiences with financial emergencies or 

material hardship, the scale is not a substitute for these indicators, or other direct measures of 

an individual’s intermediate outcomes relevant to a given program’s specific goals like improved 

money management habits or debt reduction, or for existing reporting requirements from 

funders. 

The CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale adds the following to existing measures of program 

performance:

 A holistic outcome metric that reflects success in consumers’ own terms and allows for 

variation in individual preferences and goals.

 A rigorous and simple way to measure important but traditionally hard to quantify 

success factors like feelings of empowerment, confidence and satisfaction.

 A measure that can be used as a common metric across very different types of financial 

capability programs and interventions.
12 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

4. Producing a score

4.1 Scoring overview

The score used for the CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale is based on an Item Response Theory 

(IRT) analysis. IRT is a statistical method that provides a more precise measure than a simple 

summary score. IRT gives us more precise individual estimates because it allows different items 

in a scale, and people’s responses to these items, to contribute differently to the final score.9

IRT analysis underlies the scoring model used in standardized tests such as the SAT. Typically 

IRT methods use a formula embedded in statistical software to estimate values for each answer 

a respondent provides to a scale item. However, the CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale is 

accessible to practitioners and others who may not have access to this specialized software. In 

practical terms, practitioners who do not use IRT software can use a “lookup” table, provided in

the scoring worksheet in Appendix A at the end of this user guide, to score responses to the 

CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale. This will involve the two-step scoring process outlined below.

4.2 The scoring process

Once you have a respondent’s completed questionnaire, determining their Financial Well-Being 

Scale score is a two-step process:

 

9

In other words, if two people both achieved a total response value of 24, but did so by responding differently to 

various items, they might in fact have different levels of financial well-being.
13 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

Step 1 Determine the total response value (or raw total): Using the scoring 

worksheet, enter into the right-hand column the number from 0 to 4 that 

corresponds to each of the person’s responses, and add them up to find the sum 

total. This is the “total response value” you will use in Step 2.

Step 2 Convert the total response value to a CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale 

score: On the second page of the scoring worksheet, locate the total response

value from Step 1 in the first column, then follow the row across to the appropriate

column based on the respondent’s age group and whether or not the respondent 

read the questionnaire to themselves (“self-administered”), or had the questions 

read to them by someone else (“administered by someone else”). This will give you 

the respondent’s CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale score.10

The scoring worksheet is available in Appendix A at the end of this guide. For more detailed 

instructions about the two-step scoring process, including step-by-step examples showing how 

to score different age groups and survey modes, see Section 5: Scoring Examples.

It is important to note that a questionnaire can only be scored using the scoring worksheet if the 

respondent provided an answer to all questions in the scale. Any responses such as “don’t know” 

or skipped questions make the use of the look-up table inaccurate.

11

 

10 Information on why the scoring is different for different age groups and modes is provided in the “Frequently 

Asked Questions” section of this user guide.

11 Questionnaires with missing and “don’t know” responses can still be scored using specialized IRT software.

Looking for a shorter scale?

The standard 10-item version of the CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale provides a higher level of 

precision and reliability of estimates, and is therefore better able to detect changes in a person’s 

financial well-being over time. Most practitioners will want to use this standard version of the scale. 

However, if the standard scale is not an option due to space or time, you may use the abbreviated 5-

item version of the CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale questionnaire. The scores from the 

abbreviated scale can be compared directly to the scores from the standard version. Regardless of

respondent’s age or mode, using the appropriate column in step 2 of the scoring worksheet for the 

scale you are using (either standard or abbreviated) produces a comparable CFPB Financial WellBeing Scale score. 
14 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

4.3 Differences in scoring tables

The scale is constructed so that the same questions and response options can be used with all 

respondents. The only difference is which column you will use in Step 2 of the scoring 

worksheet to locate the actual CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale score:

 Age group: The scoring conversion tables are divided into two age groups: adults age 18 

to 61, and adults age 62 and older. 

 Mode: The scoring tables for the two age groups are further divided on whether the 

scale was self-administered or administered by someone else.

4.4 Interpreting the score

4.4.1 What the score means

A CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale score is a standardized number between 0 and 100 that 

represents the respondent’s underlying level of financial well-being. The number does not have 

meaning on its own, and most people’s scores will fall somewhere in the middle—extremely low 

or extremely high scores will be uncommon.

4.5 Frequently asked questions

Why is the scoring different for different age groups?

We wanted to create a financial well-being scale that could be used by both working age and 

older adults, including those in retirement. Based on our research and testing, we determined 

that consumers did answer the CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale questions slightly differently 

depending on their age group (i.e. “working age adults” under 62 and “older consumers” 62+). 
15 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

Note that in practice the underlying differences by age are reflected by a gradual shift from 

working and accumulating savings to exiting the workforce and decumulating savings.12

However, the scale uses age 62 as the point that separates these populations. Step 2 of the 

scoring worksheet takes these age-related differences into account, and converts the raw total to 

a “normalized” financial well-being score that is then directly comparable across age groups.

Why is the scoring different for different modes?

Survey researchers know that sometimes respondents answer survey questions a little 

differently depending on how a questionnaire is administered—for instance, whether it is selfadministered or administered by someone else. Based on our research and testing, we 

determined that consumers did answer the questions on the CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale 

slightly differently depending on whether they were administered the questions via phone, or 

they self-administered the scale using a computer. Step 2 of the scoring worksheet takes these 

mode-related differences into account, and converts the raw total to a “normalized” financial 

well-being score that is then directly comparable across the modes. 

Can I score a questionnaire if the person doesn’t respond to all the items?

No. For the scoring methods outlined in this user guide, it is necessary for respondents to 

provide an answer to every item in the questionnaire. It is not possible to accurately score 

individuals who do not respond to all the items with the two-step process, as skipping items 

reduces the overall number of items being measured. (For instance, an individual who answered 

all of the questions and has a total response value of 30 out of 40 likely does not have the same 

financial well-being as an individual who skipped two of the items and therefore has a total 

response value of 30 out of 32.) However, researchers who are able to use IRT software for 

scoring instead of the assessment scoring worksheet can estimate scores that account for 

missing responses.

 

12 For more information on differences in perspectives on financial well-being between working age and older 

consumers see “Financial Well-Being: The Goal of Financial Education” available at 

http://www.consumerfinance.gov/reports/financial-well-being/.
16 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

Can I make changes to the questionnaire?

If you make changes to the wording of question items or responses, you will not be able to 

accurately estimate a respondent’s CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale score. For the scoring 

methods outlined in this user guide, it is necessary for respondents to answer to every item in 

the questionnaire using the exact item wording as presented. If the standard version of the 

questionnaire is too long, or if you wish to leave out individual items, the abbreviated 5-item 

version of the Financial Well-Being Scale is an alternative option, but again it should be used 

exactly as worded in this guide.

What is a good (or bad) score?

A higher score indicates a higher level of measured financial well-being, but there is not a 

specific cut-off for a “good” or “bad” financial well-being score. Unlike credit scores, for 

example, which are often discussed as a series of ranges (such as 600-650, 650-700, and so on), 

the CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale scores have not been around long enough for research to 

have established meaningful ranges for different “levels” of scores. However, as you use the scale 

with the individuals that you serve in your programs, you may be able to establish benchmarks, 

as well as analyze their financial well-being scores in relation to other data you may have on

their financial situation. 

It is also important to note that small changes in scores due to answering a few questions 

slightly differently may result in movements up or down the scale that do not necessarily 

indicate a meaningful change in underlying financial well-being. Each estimated value on the 

CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale is measured with some error, so small changes in a person’s 

score should be interpreted carefully.

Do I need permission to use this scale?

No. This scale and scoring procedure is free and publicly available. 
17 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

4.6 Notes for researchers

Abbreviated scale

The research team created both a standard (10-item) and abbreviated (5-item) version of the

scale. The 5-item scale can easily be added to longer surveys and it still provides reliable and 

adequate coverage of the four elements of financial well-being. The correlation between the 

scores for the 10 -item and 5-item versions is high. However, unless time and effort constraints 

are a significant concern, we believe the standard version will be preferable in most cases due to 

its higher reliability, precision, and resulting sensitivity to change over time.

IRT model parameters

The CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale scores provided in the scoring worksheet were generated 

using the software system flexMIRT®. The technical documentation needed to score the scale 

using IRT software, including necessary item and group parameters, are detailed in a 

forthcoming technical report on the development of the scale.
18 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

5. Scoring examples

This section contains easy-to-follow examples of how to complete the scoring process.

Notes on the scoring process:

 Once you have the respondent’s completed questionnaire, the first step of the scoring 

process is to find a respondent’s total response value (or raw total).

 The second step of the scoring process, converting the total response value to the CFPB 

Financial Well-Being Scale score, varies slightly depending on the age group and data 

collection mode of the respondent.

Two examples show how to complete the scoring process for various combinations of factors:

Example 1. Under age 62, self- administered

Example 2. Age 62 and older, administered by someone else
19 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

Example 1: Under 62, self-administered

Step 1

Determine the respondent’s total response value: With the completed questionnaire in 

hand, record the numerical value of each response and sum up the total value of his or her

responses across all the items in the scale. In the example below, this gives you a total 

response value of 12, which we’ll use in the next step. 
20 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE
21 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

Step 2

Convert the total response value to a CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale score: Find 

the total response value (12) in the left-hand column. Follow the row containing that score 

across to the first mode column (“self-administered”), then to the appropriate age column (“18-

61”) to find this respondent’s Financial Well-Being Score (40).
22 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

Example 2: Age 62 and older, administered 

by someone else

Step 1

Determine the respondent’s total response value: With the completed questionnaire in 

hand, record the numerical value of each response and sum up the total value of his or her 

responses across all the items in the scale. In the example below, this gives you a total 

response value of 36, which we’ll use in the next step. 
23 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE
24 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

Step 2

Convert the total response value to a Financial Well-Being Scale score: Find the total

response value (36) in the left-hand column. Follow the row containing that score across to the 

second mode column (“administered by someone else”), then to the appropriate age column 

(“62+”) to find this respondent’s Financial Well-Being Score (72).
25 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

Appendix A: The CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale 

questionnaire and scoring worksheet

This appendix contains both the standard version and the abbreviated version of the CFPB 

Financial Well-Being Scale questionnaire and scoring worksheet, which are also available at 

consumerfinance.gov/financial-well-being.
26 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

Standard version questionnaire
27 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

Standard version scoring worksheet
28 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE
29 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

Abbreviated version questionnaire
30 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE

Abbreviated version scoring worksheet
31 MEASURING FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: A GUIDE TO USING THE CFPB FINANCIAL WELL-BEING SCALE