# Patent

## Title
Method to reduce inflammatory response in transplanted tissue

## Abstract

The present invention provides a therapeutic method for treating biological diseases that includes the administration of an effective amount of a suitable antibiotic agent, antifungal agent or antiviral agent in conjunction with an A2A adenosine receptor agonist. If no anti-pathogenic agent is known the A2A agonist can be used alone to reduce inflammation, as may occur during infection with antibiotic resistant bacteria, or certain viruses such as those that cause SARS or Ebola. Optionally, the method includes administration of a type IV PDE inhibitor.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/379,154, filed Mar. 3, 2003; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/827,083, filed Apr. 5, 2001, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,457, on Mar. 11, 2003; which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/333,387, filed Jun. 15, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,297, issued May 15, 2001, which claims priority of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. Nos. 60/118,029, filed Feb. 1, 1999, 60/124,316, filed Mar. 12, 1999, 60/133,374, filed May 10, 1999 and 60/135,573, filed May 24, 1999 all of which are incorporated by reference herein.
This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/263,379, filed Oct. 1, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,214,665, issued May 8, 2007, which claims priority from U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/326,517, filed Oct. 1, 2001, and U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/383,200, filed May 24, 2002, all of which are incorporated by reference herein.


GOVERNMENT FUNDING
The invention described herein was made with government support under Grant Number (R01-HL37942), awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The United States Government has certain rights in the invention.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The inflammatory response serves the purpose of eliminating harmful agents from the body. There is a wide range of pathogenic insults that can initiate an inflammatory response including infection, allergens, autoimmune stimuli, immune response to transplanted tissue, noxious chemicals, and toxins, ischemia/reperfusion, hypoxia, mechanical and thermal trauma. Inflammation normally is a very localized action which serves in expulsion, attenuation by dilution, and isolation of the damaging agent and injured tissue. The body's response becomes an agent of disease when it results in inappropriate injury to host tissues in the process of eliminating the targeted agent, or responding to a traumatic insult.
As examples, inflammation is a component of pathogenesis in several vascular diseases or injuries. Examples include: ischemia/reperfusion injury (N. G. Frangogiannis et al., in Myocardial Ischemia: Mechanisms, Reperfusion, Protection, M. Karmazyn, ed., Birkhuser Verlag (1996) at 236-284; H. S. Sharma et al., Med. of Inflamm., 6, 175 (1987)), atherosclerosis (R. Ross, Nature, 362, 801 (1993)), inflammatory aortic aneurysms (N. Girardi et al., Ann. Thor. Surg., 64, 251 (1997); D. I. Walker et al., Brit. J. Surg., 59, 609 (1972); R. L. Pennell et al., J. Vasc. Surg., 2, 859 (1985)), and restenosis following balloon angioplasty (see, R. Ross cited above). The cells involved with inflammation include leukocytes (i.e., the immune system cells—neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells), the vascular endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and myocytes.
The release of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) by leukocytes is a means by which the immune system combats pathogenic invasions, including infections. TNFα stimulates the expression and activation of adherence factors on leukocytes and endothelial cells, primes neutrophils for an enhanced inflammatory response to secondary stimuli and enhances adherent neutrophil oxidative activity. See, Sharma et al., cited above. In addition, macrophages/dendritic cells act as accessory cells processing antigen for presentation to lymphocytes. The lymphocytes, in turn, become stimulated to act as pro-inflammatory cytotoxic cells.
Generally, cytokines stimulate neutrophils to enhance oxidative (e.g., superoxide and secondary products) and nonoxidative (e.g., myeloperoxidase and other enzymes) inflammatory activity. Inappropriate and over-release of cytokines can produce counterproductive exaggerated pathogenic effects through the release of tissue-damaging oxidative and nonoxidative products (K. G. Tracey et al., J. Exp. Med., 167, 1211 (1988); and D. N. Männel et al., Rev. Infect. Dis., 9 (suppl. 5), S602-S606 (1987)). For example, TNFα can induce neutrophils to adhere to the blood vessel wall and then to migrate through the vessel to the site of injury and release their oxidative and non-oxidative inflammatory products.
Although monocytes collect slowly at inflammatory foci, given favorable conditions, the monocytes develop into long-term resident accessory cells and macrophages. Upon stimulation with an inflammation trigger, monocytes/macrophages also produce and secrete an array of cytokines (including TNFα), complement, lipids, reactive oxygen species, proteases and growth factors that remodel tissue and regulate surrounding tissue functions.
For example, inflammatory cytokines have been shown to be pathogenic in: arthritis (C. A. Dinarello, Semin. Immunol., 4, 133 (1992)); ischemia (A. Seekamp et al., Agents-Actions-Supp., 41, 137 (1993)); septic shock (D. N. Männel et al., Rev. Infect. Dis., 9 (suppl. 5), S602-S606 (1987)); asthma (N. M. Cembrzynska et al., Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 147, 291 (1993)); organ transplant rejection (D. K. Imagawa et al., Transplantation, 51, 57 (1991); multiple sclerosis (H. P. Hartung, Ann. Neurol., 33, 591 (1993)); AIDS (T. Matsuyama et al., AIDS, 5, 1405 (1991)); and in alkali-burned eyes (F. Miyamoto et al., Opthalmic Res., 30, 168 (1997)). In addition, superoxide formation in leukocytes has been implicated in promoting replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (S. Legrand-Poels et al., AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 6, 1389 (1990)).
One disease that can be treated via transplantation is diabetes mellitus. The incidence of diabetes mellitus is predicted to increase significantly in the next decade, and it already affects an estimated 130 million people worldwide. Diabetes affects 16 million Americans and consumes one out of every eight health care dollars. Despite the efficacy of insulin therapy, the devastating secondary complications, including nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease, can shorten life expectancy by as much as one third.
One method for treatment of diabetes is β-cell replacement therapy. This treatment is the best way to achieve ideal blood glucose control and stop the progression of the secondary complications of Diabetes. Islet transplantation is an attractive alternative to either insulin injection or whole organ pancreas transplantation. This method avoids the technical complications of solid-organ pancreas transplantation, related to thrombosis of the blood supply to the whole-organ allograft and the danger of activation of the digestive enzymes associated with the exocrine function. In addition, islet transplantation provides the opportunity to manipulate the islets prior to transplantation in order to decrease immunogenicity of the allograft.
Unfortunately, many recipients need 2 to 3 transplantations to achieve insulin independence even after transplantation of more than 250,000 Ieq. According to statistics, while the number of patients in the USA who are diagnosed with type I diabetes annually is about 30,000, the number of pancreas donated for transplantation is approximately 6000. These donated pancreases are not solely used for islet transplantation.
The majority of islet grafts are lost early after transplantation (within the first 3 days post-transplantation, more than half of islet grafts will die). Growing evidence implicates a nonspecific inflammatory reaction in the host microenvironment at the site of islet implantation and transplantation as one of the main reasons for islet graft early death.
Islets are believed to be highly sensitive to the toxic effects of inflammatory mediators. P-selectin exposed on activated platelets can also stimulate monocytes and macrophages to secrete chemokines that are deleterious to islets. The high concentrations of TNF-a, IL-1b, and NO generated at the site of the allograft may also have direct toxic effects on islets. Moreover, isolated human islets are also believed to express many genes involved in the generation of inflammatory responses after isolation. The expression of IL-1β, IL-8, MIP-2, MCP-1, and MIF have been found to rise after the isolation procedure, and after transplantation this upregulation may induce an intense inflammation and enhance subsequent specific immune response. As a result of this initial strong inflammatory response, subsequent antigen presentation would probably be promoted, leading to accelerated and reinforced cell mediated immunity in a later phase.
The detrimental effects of this instant inflammatory reaction may provide a reasonable explanation for the relatively low success rates in clinical islet transplantation and may explain the need for islets from several donors to obtain normoglycemia in the transplant recipient. Strategies to efficiently inhibit these cascade reactions at the time of transplantation and during the first postoperative days may be of great importance in improving the outcome of clinical islet transplantation.
It is well known that adenosine and some analogs of adenosine that nonselectively activate adenosine receptor subtypes decrease neutrophil production of inflammatory oxidative products (B. N. Cronstein et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 451, 291 (1985); P. A. Roberts et al., Biochem. J., 227, 669 (1985); D. J. Schrier et al., J. Immunol., 137, 3284 (1986); B. N. Cronstein et al., Clinical Immunol. and Immunopath., 42, 76 (1987); M. A. Iannone et al., in Topics and Perspective in Adenosine Research, E. Gerlach et al., eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 286 (1987); S. T. McGarrity et al., J. Leukocyte Biol., 44, 411421 (1988); J. De La Harpe et al., J. Immunol., 143, 596 (1989); S. T. McGarrity et al., J. Immunol., 142, 1986 (1989); and C. P. Nielson et al., Br. J. Pharmacol., 97, 882 (1989)). For example, adenosine has been shown to inhibit superoxide release from neutrophils stimulated by chemoattractants such as the synthetic mimic of bacterial peptides, f-met-leu-phe (fMLP), and the complement component C5a (B. N. Cronstein et al., J. Immunol., 135, 1366 (1985)). Adenosine can decrease the greatly enhanced oxidative burst of PMN (neutrophil) first primed with TNF-α and then stimulated by a second stimulus such as f-met-leu-phe (G. W. Sullivan et al., Clin. Res., 41, 172A (1993)). Additionally, it has been reported that adenosine can decrease the rate of HIV replication in a T-cell line (S. Sipka et al., Acta. Biochim. Biopys. Hung., 23, 75 (1988)). However, there is no evidence that in vivo adenosine has anti-inflammatory activity (G. S. Firestein et al., Clin. Res., 41, 170A (1993); and B. N. Cronstein et al., Clin. Res., 41, 244A (1993)).
It has been suggested that there is more than one subtype of adenosine receptor on neutrophils that can have opposite effects on superoxide release (B. N. Cronstein et al., J. Clin. Invest., 85, 1150 (1990)). The existence of A2A receptor on neutrophils was originally demonstrated by Van Calker et al. (D. Van Calker et al., Eur. J. Pharmacology, 206, 285 (1991)).
There has been progressive development of compounds that are more and more potent and/or selective as agonists of A2A adenosine receptors (AR) based on radioligand binding assays and physiological responses. Initially, compounds with little or no selectivity for A2A receptors were developed, such as adenosine itself or 5′-carboxamides of adenosine, such as 5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) (B. N. Cronstein et al., J. Immunol., 135, 1366 (1985)). Later, it was shown that addition of 2-alkylamino substituents increased potency and selectivity, e.g., CV1808 and CGS21680 (M. F. Jarvis et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 251, 888 (1989)). 2-Alkoxy-substituted adenosine derivatives such as WRC-0090 are even more potent and selective as agonists at the coronary artery A2A receptor (M. Ueeda et al., J. Med. Chem., 34, 1334 (1991)). The 2-alklylhydrazino adenosine derivatives, e.g., SHA 211 (also called WRC-0474) have also been evaluated as agonists at the coronary artery A2A receptor (K. Niiya et al., J. Med. Chem., 35, 4557 (1992)).
There is one report of the combination of relatively nonspecific adenosine analogs, R-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) and 2-chloroadenosine (Cl-Ado) with a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor resulting in a lowering of neutrophil oxidative activity (M. A. Iannone et al., Topics and Perspectives in Adenosine Research, E. Garlach et al., eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 286-298 (1987)). However, R-PIA and Cl-Ado analogs are actually more potent activators of A1 adenosine receptors than of A2A adenosine receptors and, thus, are likely to cause side effects due to activation of A1 receptors on cardiac muscle and other tissues causing effects such as “heart block.”
There remains a need for compounds that are useful for treating an inflammatory response caused by an immune response to transplanted tissue and that can enhance the survival rate of transplanted organs after transplantation.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a therapeutic method for treating an inflammatory response caused by an immune response to transplanted tissue, comprising the administration to a patient in need thereof of an effective amount of an A2A adenosine receptor agonist. In one embodiment, the immune response is a transplant rejection, or graft versus host disease.
The present invention also provides method for transplanting tissues (cells) or organs in a mammal in need thereof wherein the method includes treatment of an inflammatory response, caused by an immune response to transplanted tissue (e.g., bone marrow, cornea, kidney, lung, liver, heart, skin, pancreatic islets) including transplant rejection, and graft versus host disease, with A2A adenosine receptor agonists.
The agonists of A2A adenosine receptors of the invention can inhibit neutrophil, macrophage and T cell activation and thereby reduce inflammation caused immune responses. The effects of adenosine A2A agonists can be enhanced by type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as rolipram.
The invention also provides compounds of the invention for use in medical therapy (e.g., for use as an adjunct in the treatment of an inflammatory response, caused by an immune response to transplanted tissue, e.g., bone marrow, cornea, kidney, lung, liver, heart, skin, pancreatic islets) including transplant rejection, and graft versus host disease, with A2A adenosine receptor agonists, as well as the use of a compound of the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for reducing inflammation caused by the bacteria or virus or the treatment thereof in a mammal, such as a human.
In another aspect, the present invention also provides a method to treat an inflammatory response caused by an immune response to transplanted tissue including administering to a mammal in need of said therapy, an effective anti-inflammatory amount of an agonists of A2A adenosine receptor, optionally with a PDE-UV inhibitor, such as, rolipram.
The invention provides a compound of formula I for use in medical therapy, preferably for use in treating inflammation or protecting mammalian tissue from inflammation such as an inflammatory response, e.g., resulting from allergy, trauma or ischemia/reperfusion injury, as well as the use of a compound of formula I for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory response due to a pathological condition or symptom in a mammal, such as a human, which is associated with inflammation.
Although certain A2A adenosine receptor agonists have been reported to be vasodilators, and thus to be useful to directly treat hypertension, thrombus, atherosclerosis and the like, the tissue-protective anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds of formula of the invention are not suggested by the prior art.
The invention also includes the use of a combination of these compounds with type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitors to preferably cause synergistic decreases in the inflammatory response mediated by leukocytes.
The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of the compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier, and optionally, in combination with a Type IV phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor. Preferably, the composition is presented as a unit dosage form.
Additionally, the invention provides a therapeutic method for preventing or treating a pathological condition or symptom in a mammal, such as a human, wherein the activity of A2A adenosine receptors is implicated and agonism of said receptors is desired, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such therapy, an effective amount of a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. It is believed that activation of A2A adenosine receptors inhibits inflammation by affecting neutrophils, mast cells, monocytes/macrophages, platelets T-cells and/or eosinophils. Inhibition of these inflammatory cells results in tissue protection following tissue insults.
Among the inflammatory responses that can be treated (including treated prophylactically) with a compound of formula I, optionally with a Type IV PDE inhibitor, are inflammation due to:

    
    
        (a) autoimmune stimulation (autoimmune diseases), such as lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, infertility from endometriosis, type I diabetes mellitus including the destruction of pancreatic islets leading to diabetes and the inflammatory consequences of diabetes, including leg ulcers, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis;
        (b) allergic diseases such as asthma, hay fever, rhinitis, poison ivy, vernal conjunctivitis and other eosinophil-mediated conditions;
        (c) skin diseases such as psoriasis, contact dermatitis, eczema, infectious skin ulcers, open wounds, cellulitis;
        (d) infectious diseases including sepsis, septic shock, encephalitis, infectious arthritis, endotoxic shock, gram negative shock, Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, anthrax, plague, tularemia, ebola, shingles, toxic shock, cerebral malaria, bacterial meningitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), lyme disease, HIV infection, (TNFα-enhanced HIV replication, TNFα inhibition of reverse transcriptase inhibitor activity);
        (e) wasting diseases: cachexia secondary to cancer and HIV;
        (f) organ, tissue or cell transplantation (e.g., bone marrow, cornea, kidney, lung, liver, heart, skin, pancreatic islets) including transplant rejection, and graft versus host disease;
        (g) adverse effects from drug therapy, including adverse effects from amphotericin B treatment, adverse effects from immunosuppressive therapy, e.g., interleukin-2 treatment, adverse effects from OKT3 treatment, contrast dyes, antibiotics, adverse effects from GM-CSF treatment, adverse effects of cyclosporine treatment, and adverse effects of aminoglycoside treatment, stomatitis and mucositis due to immunosuppression;
        (h) cardiovascular conditions including circulatory diseases induced or exasperated by an inflammatory response, such as ischemia, atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, restenosis following angioplasty, inflammatory aortic aneurysm, vasculitis, stroke, spinal cord injury, congestive heart failure, hemorrhagic shock, ischemia/reperfusion injury, vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage, vasospasm following cerebrovascular accident, pleuritis, pericarditis, and the cardiovascular complications of diabetes;
        (i) dialysis, including pericarditis, due to peritoneal dialysis;
        (j) gout; and
        (k) chemical or thermal trauma due to burns, acid, alkali and the like.
    
    


Unexpectedly, it was found that administration of one or more compounds of formula (I) was effective after the onset of the inflammatory response, e.g., after the subject was afflicted with the pathology or trauma that initiates the inflammatory response.
Tissue or cells comprising ligand bound receptor sites can be used to measure the selectively of test compounds for specific receptor subtypes, the amount of bioactive compound in blood or other physiological fluids, or can be used as a tool to identify potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases or conditions associated with receptor site activation, by contacting said agents with said ligand-receptor complexes, and measuring the extent of displacement of the ligand and/or binding of the agent, or the cellular response to said agent (e.g., cAMP accumulation).



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 shows blood glucose levels in mg/dL over time in a model for tissue rejection in mice, where the mice have received a transplant of 100 insulin-producing pancreatic islets, in the absence of any compound of the invention.
FIG. 2 shows blood glucose levels in mg/dL over time in a model for tissue rejection in mice, where the mice have received a transplant of 100 insulin-producing pancreatic islets, in the presence of inventive compound ATL146e at a dose of 10 ng/kg/min for 7 days.
FIG. 3 shows blood glucose levels in mg/dL over time in a model for tissue rejection in mice, where the mice have received a transplant of 150 insulin-producing pancreatic islets, in the absence of any compound of the invention.
FIG. 4 shows blood glucose levels in mg/dL over time in a model for tissue rejection in mice, where the mice have received a transplant of 150 insulin-producing pancreatic islets, in the presence of inventive compound ATL146e at a dose of 60 ng/kg/min administered starting 1 day before the transplant then for 7 days.
FIG. 5 shows blood glucose levels in mg/dL over time in a model for tissue rejection in mice, where the mice have received a transplant of 100 insulin-producing pancreatic islets, in the presence of inventive compound ATL146e at a dose of 60 ng/kg/min administered starting 1 day before the transplant then for 7 days.
FIG. 6 shows blood glucose levels in mg/dL over time in a model for tissue rejection in mice, where the mice have received a transplant of 50 insulin-producing pancreatic islets, in the absence of any compound of the invention.
FIG. 7 shows blood glucose levels in mg/dL over time in a model for tissue rejection in mice, where the mice have received a transplant of 50 insulin-producing pancreatic islets, in the presence of inventive compound ATL146e at a dose of 60 ng/kg/min administered starting 1 day before the transplant then for 7 days.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The following definitions are used, unless otherwise described. Halo is fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. Alkyl, alkoxy, aralkyl, alkylaryl, etc. denote both straight and branched alkyl groups; but reference to an individual radical such as “propyl” embraces only the straight chain radical, a branched chain isomer such as “isopropyl” being specifically referred to. Aryl includes a phenyl radical or an ortho-fused bicyclic carbocyclic radical having about nine to ten ring atoms in which at least one ring is aromatic. Heteroaryl encompasses a radical attached via a ring carbon of a monocyclic aromatic ring containing five or six ring atoms consisting of carbon and one to four heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of non-peroxide oxygen, sulfur, and N(X) wherein X is absent or is H, O, (C1-C4)alkyl, phenyl or benzyl, as well as a radical of an ortho-fused bicyclic heterocycle of about eight to ten ring atoms derived therefrom, particularly a benz-derivative or one derived by fusing a propylene, trimethylene, or tetramethylene diradical thereto.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the compounds of formulas (I), (II), (III), and (IV) have more than one chiral center and may be isolated in optically active and racemic forms. Preferably, the riboside moiety of the compounds is derived from D-ribose, i.e., the 3′,4′-hydroxyl groups are alpha to the sugar ring and the 2′ and 5′ groups is beta (3R, 4S, 2R, 5S). When the two groups on the cyclohexyl group are in the 1- and 4-position, they are preferably trans. Some compounds may exhibit polymorphism. It is to be understood that the present invention encompasses any racemic, optically-active, polymorphic, or stereoisomeric form, or mixtures thereof, of a compound of the invention, which possess the useful properties described herein, it being well known in the art how to prepare optically active forms (for example, by resolution of the racemic form by recrystallization techniques, or enzymatic techniques, by synthesis from optically-active starting materials, by chiral synthesis, or by chromatographic separation using a chiral stationary phase) and how to determine adenosine agonist activity using the tests described herein, or using other similar tests which are well known in the art.
Specific and preferred values listed below for radicals, substituents, and ranges, are for illustration only; they do not exclude other defined values or other values within defined ranges for the radicals and substituents.
Specifically, (C1-C8)alkyl can be methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, 3-pentyl, hexyl, heptyl or octyl. As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” encompasses bicycloalkyl (norbornyl, 2.2.2-bicyclooctyl, etc.) and tricycloalkyl (adamantyl, etc.), optionally comprising 1-2 N, O or S. Cycloalkyl also encompasses (cycloalkyl)alkyl. Thus, (C3-C6)cycloalkyl can be cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like. (C1-C8)alkoxy can be methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, pentoxy, 3-pentoxy, or hexyloxy; (C2-C6)alkenyl can be vinyl, allyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, or 5-hexenyl; (C2-C6)alkynyl can be ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, or 5-hexynyl; (C1-C6)alkanoyl can be acetyl, propanoyl or butanoyl; halo(C1-C6)alkyl can be iodomethyl, bromomethyl, chloromethyl, fluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2-chloroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or pentafluoroethyl; hydroxy(C1-C6)alkyl can be hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 1-hydroxypropyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 1-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 1-hydroxypentyl, 5-hydroxypentyl, 1-hydroxyhexyl, or 6-hydroxyhexyl; (C1-C6)alkoxycarbonyl (CO2R2) can be methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, isopropoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, pentoxycarbonyl, or hexyloxycarbonyl; (C1-C6)alkylthio can be methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, butylthio, isobutylthio, pentylthio, or hexylthio, (C2-C6)alkanoyloxy can be acetoxy, propanoyloxy, butanoyloxy, isobutanoyloxy, pentanoyloxy, or hexanoyloxy; aryl can be phenyl, indenyl, or naphthyl; and heteroaryl can be furyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, triazinyl, oxazoyl, isoxazoyl, thiazolyl, isothiazoyl, pyraxolyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, puridyl (or its N-oxide), thienyl, pyrimidinyl (or its N-oxide), indolyl, isoquinolyl (or its N-oxide) or quinolyl (or its N-oxide).
Aryl denotes a phenyl radical or an ortho-fused bicyclic carbocyclic radical having about nine to ten ring atoms in which at least one ring is aromatic. Heteroaryl denotes a radical of a monocyclic aromatic ring containing five or six ring atoms consisting of carbon and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of non-peroxide oxygen, sulfur, and N(Y) wherein Y is absent or is H, O, (C1-C8)alkyl, phenyl or benzyl, as well as a radical of an ortho-fused bicyclic heterocycle of about eight to ten ring atoms derived therefrom, particularly a benz-derivative or one derived by fusing a propylene, trimethylene, or tetramethylene diradical thereto.
The term “heterocycle” generally represents a non aromatic heterocyclic group, having from 3 to about 10 ring atoms, which can be saturated or partially unsaturated, containing at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Specific, “heterocycle” groups include monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic groups containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. A “heterocycle” group also can include one or more oxo groups (═O) attached to a ring atom. Non-limiting examples of heterocycle groups include 1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,4-dithiane, 2H-pyran, 2-pyrazoline, 4H-pyran, chromanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, indolinyl, isochromanyl, isoindolinyl, morpholine, piperazinyl, piperidine, piperidyl, pyrazolidine, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, quinuelidine, thiomorpholine, and the like.
The term “alkylene” refers to a divalent straight or branched hydrocarbon chain (e.g. ethylene —CH2CH2—).
The term “aryl(C1-C8)alkylene” for example includes benzyl, phenethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, naphthylmethyl and the like.
As used herein the term “in conjunction with” refers to co-administration of an anti-rejection agent with the A2A adenosine receptor agonist. The co-administration of an agent and an A2A adenosine receptor agonists includes administration of the agent and agonist either simultaneously, as a mixture, or sequentially. The sequential administration of the A2A adenosine receptor agonists can be prior to administration of the agent, within minutes or up to about 48 hours either before the administration of the agent. The A2A adenosine receptor agonists can also be administered after the agent. Preferably the administration of the A2A adenosine receptor agonists will be within about 24 hours and more preferably within about 12 hours.
In one embodiment, the patient is administered the A2A adenosine receptor agonists prior to transplantation. In another embodiment, the patient is implanted with a pump containing the A2A adenosine receptor agonists prior to transplantation.
The carbon atom content of various hydrocarbon-containing moieties is indicated by a prefix designating the minimum and maximum number of carbon atoms in the moiety, i.e., the prefix Ci-Cj indicates a moiety of the integer “i” to the integer “j” carbon atoms, inclusive. Thus, for example, (C1-C8)alkyl refers to alkyl of one to eight carbon atoms, inclusive.
The compounds of the present invention are generally named according to the IUPAC or CAS nomenclature system. Abbreviations which are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art may be used (e.g., “Ph” for phenyl, “Me” for methyl, “Et” for ethyl, “h” for hour or hours and “rt” for room temperature).
In one embodiment, agonists of A2A adenosine receptors that are useful in the practice of the present invention include compounds having the formula (I):




wherein
Z is CR3R4R5 or NR4R5; each R1 is independently hydrogen, halo, —ORa, —SRa, (C1-C8)alkyl, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (C3-C8)cycloalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycle(C1-C8)alkylene-, aryl, aryl(C1-C8)alkylene-, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C1-C8)alkylene-, —CO2Ra, RaC(═O)O—, RaC(═O)—, —OCO2Ra, RbRcNC(═O)O—, RaOC(═O)N(Rb)—, RbRcN—, RbRcNC(═O)—, RaC(═O)N(Rb)—, RbRcNC(═O)N(Rb)—, RbRcNC(═S)N(Rb)—, —OPO3Ra, RaOC(═S)—, RaC(═S)—, —SSRa, RaS(═O)—, RaS(═O)2—, or —N═NRb;
each R2 is independently hydrogen, halo, (C1-C8)alkyl, (C3-C8)cycloalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycle(C1-C8)alkylene-, aryl, aryl(C1-C8)alkylene-, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl(C1-C8)alkylene-; or
R1 and R2 and the atom to which they are attached is C═O, C═S or C═NRd,
R4 and R5 together with the atoms to which they are attached form a saturated or partially unsaturated, mono-, bicyclic- or aromatic ring having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 ring atoms optionally comprising 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms selected from non-peroxide oxy (—O—), thio (—S—), sulfinyl (—SO—), sulfonyl (—S(O)2—) or amine (—NRb—) in the ring;
wherein any ring comprising R4 and R5 is substituted with from 1 to 14 R6 groups; wherein each R6 is independently halo, —ORa, —SRa, (C1-C8)alkyl, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (C1-C8)cycloalkyl, (C6-C12)bicycloalkyl, heterocycle or heterocycle (C1-C8)alkylene-, aryl, aryl (C1-C8)alkylene-, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C1-C8)alkylene-, —CO2Ra, RaC(═O)O—, RaC(═O)—, —OCO2Ra, RbRcNC(═O)O—, RaOC(═O)N(Rb)—, RbRcN—, RbRcNC(═O)—, RaC(═O)N(Rb)—, RbRcNC(═O)N(Rb)—, RbRcNC(═S)N(Rb)—, —OPO3Ra, RaOC(═S)—, RaC(═S)—, —SSRa, RaS(═O)—, —NNRb, or two R6 groups and the atom to which they are attached is C═O, C═S or; two R groups together with the atom or atoms to which they are attached can form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
R3 is hydrogen, halo, —ORa, —SRa, (C1-C8)alkyl, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (C3-C8)cycloalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycle(C1-C8)alkylene-, aryl, aryl(C1-C8)alkylene-, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C1-C8)alkylene-, —CO2Ra, RaC(═O)O—, RaC(═O)—, —OCO2Ra, RbRcNC(═O)O—, RaOC(═O)N(Rb)—, RbRcN—, RbRcNC(═O)—, RaC(═O)N(Rb)—, RbRcNC(═O)N(Rb)—, RbRcNC(═S)N(Rb)—, —OPO3Ra, RaOC(═S)—, RaC(═S)—, —SSRa, RaS(═O)—, RaS(═O)2—, —NNRb; or if the ring formed from CR4R5 is aryl or heteroaryl or partially unsaturated then R3 can be absent;
each R7 is independently hydrogen, (C1-C8)alkyl, (C3-C8)cycloalkyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C8)alkylene, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C1-C8)alkylene-;
X is —CH2ORa, —CO2Ra, —OC(O)Ra, —CH2OC(O)Ra, —C(O)NRbRb, —CH2SRa, —C(S)ORa, —OC(S)Ra, —CH2OC(S)Ra or —C(S)NRbRc or —CH2N(Rb)(Rc);
wherein any of the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or heteroaryl, groups of R1, R2, R3, R6 and R7 is optionally substituted on carbon with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, or 4) substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, —ORa, —SRa, (C1-C8)alkyl, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (C3-C8)cycloalkyl, (C6-C12)bicycloalkyl, heterocycle or heterocycle(C1-C8)alkylene-, aryl, aryloxy, aryl(C1-C8)alkylene-, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C1-C8)alkylene-, —CO2Ra, RaC(═O)O—, RaC(═O)—, —OCO2Ra, RbRcNC(═O)O—, RaOC(═O)N(Rb)—, RbRcN—, RbRcNC(═O)—, RaC(═O)N(Rb)—, RbRcNC(═O)N(Rb)—, RbRcNC(═S)N(Rb)—, —OPO3Ra, RaOC(═S)—, RaC(═S)—, —SSRa, RaS(═O)p—, RbRcNS(O)p—, and —N═NRb;
wherein any (C1-C8)alkyl, (C3-C8)cycloalkyl, (C6-C12)bicycloalkyl, (C1-C8)alkoxy, (C1-C8)alkanoyl, (C1-C8)alkylene, or heterocycle, is optionally partially unsaturated;
each Ra, Rb and Rc is independently hydrogen, (C1-C8)alkyl, or (C1-C8)alkyl substituted with 1-3 (C1-C8)alkoxy, (C3-C8)cycloalkyl, (C1-C8)alkylthio, amino acid, aryl, aryl(C1-C8)alkylene, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl(C1-C8)alkylene; or Rb and Rc, together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form a pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, or thiomorpholino ring; and Rd is hydrogen or (C1-C6)alkyl; m is 0 to about 8 and p is 0 to 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In another embodiment, the invention includes the use of compounds of formula (I) provided that when CR4R5 is a carbocyclic ring then at least one of R1, R2, or R3 is a group other than hydrogen or at least one R6 group is a group other than —CH2OH, —CO2Ra, RaC(═O)—, RaC(═O)OCH2— or RbRcNC(═O)—; and provided that m is at least I when Z is NR4R5.
Specific and preferred values listed below for radicals, substituents, and ranges, are for illustration only; they do not exclude other defined values or other values within defined ranges for the radicals and substituents.
A specific immune response is an inflammatory response from a transplant rejection.
A specific transplant rejection is from an organ, tissue or cell transplantation.
Specific cells are bone marrow, skin, or pancreatic islets.
More specific cells are pancreatic islets.
Specific organs include a cornea, kidney, lung, liver, or heart.
A specific value for R1 is hydrogen, —OH, —CH2OH, —OMe, —OAc, —NH2, —NHMe, —NMe2 or —NHAc.
Another specific value for R1 is hydrogen, —OH, —OMe, —OAc, —NH2, —NHMe, —NMe2 or —NHAc.
Another specific value for R1 is hydrogen, —OH, —OMe, or —NH2.
Another specific value for R1 is hydrogen, —OH, or —NH2.
A more specific value for R1 is hydrogen or —OH.
A specific value for R1, R2 and the carbon atom to which they are attached is carbonyl (C═O).
A specific value for R2 is hydrogen or (C1-C8)alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl or benzyl.
Another specific value for R2 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or propyl.
Another specific value for R2 is hydrogen or methyl.
A more specific value for R2 is hydrogen.
A specific value for R3 is hydrogen, OH, OMe, OAc, NH2, NHMe, NMe2 or NHAc.
Another specific value for R3 is hydrogen, OH, OMe, or NH2.
Another specific value for R3 is hydrogen, OH, or NH2.
A more specific value for R3 is hydrogen or OH.
A specific value for the ring comprising R4, R5 and the atom to which they are connected is cyclopentane, cyclohexane, piperidine, dihydro-pyridine, tetrahydro-pyridine, pyridine, piperazine, decaline, tetrahydro-pyrazine, dihydro-pyrazine, pyrazine, dihydro-pyrimidine, tetrahydro-pyrimidine, hexahydro-pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, dihydro-imidazole, imidazolidine, pyrazole, dihydro-pyrazole, and pyrazolidine.
A more specific value for the ring comprising R4 and R5 and the atom to which they are connected is, cyclohexane, piperidine or piperazine.
A specific value for R6 is (C1-C8)alkyl, or substituted (C1-C8)alkyl, —ORa, —CO2Ra, RaC(═O)—, RaC(═O)O—, RbRcN—, RbRcNC(═O)—, or aryl.
Another specific value for R6 is (C1-C8)alkyl, —ORa, —CO2Ra, RaC(═O)—, RaC(═O)O—, RbRcN—, RbRcNC(═O)—, or aryl.
Another specific value for R6 is methyl, ethyl, butyl, OH, ORa, —CO2Ra, RaC(═O)—, OC(═O)CH2CH3, —CONRbRc, —NRbRc or phenyl.
Another specific value for R6 is OH, OMe, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, —CO2Ra, —C(═O)NRbRc, —OAc, —NH2, —NHMe, —NMe2, —NHEt or —N(Et)2.
Another specific value for R6 is —(CH2)1-2ORa, —(CH2)1-2C(═O)ORa, —(CH2)1-2OC(═O)Ra, —(CH2)1-2C(═O)Ra, —(CH2)1-2OCO2Ra, —(CH2)1-2NHRa, —(CH2)1-2NRbRc, —(CH2)1-2OC(═O)NHRa, or —(CH2)1-2OC(═O)NRbRc.
Another specific value for R6 is —CH2OH, —CH2OAc, —CH2OCH3, —CH2C(═O)OCH3, —CH2C(═O)CH3, —CH2C(═O)CH3, —CH2OCO2CH3, —CH2NH(CH3), or —(CH2)1-2N(CH3)2.
Another specific value for R6 is methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, phenyl, —CO2Ra, —CONRbRc, or RaC(═O)—.
Another specific value for R6 is —CH2OH, —CH2OAc, —C(═O)OCH3, —C(—O)CH3, OCO2CH3—OCO2CH3, —CH2NH(CH3), or —(CH2)1-2N(CH3)2.
A more specific value for R6 is methyl, ethyl, —CO2Ra—CONRbRc, or RaC(═O)—.
A specific number of R6 groups substituted on the R4R5 ring is from 1 to about 4.
Specific values for Ra and Rb are independently hydrogen, (C1-C4)alkyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C8)alkylene.
More specific values for Ra and Rb are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, phenyl or benzyl.
A more specific value for Ra is (C1-C8)alkyl.
Another specific value for Ra is methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl.
A more specific value for Ra is methyl, ethyl, i-propyl, i-butyl or tert-butyl.
Another specific value for Rb and Rc is a ring.
A specific value for R7 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C8)alkylene.
Another specific value for R7 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, phenyl or benzyl.
A more specific value for R7 is H, or methyl.
A specific value for —N(R7)2 is amino, methylamino, dimethylamino, ethylamino, pentylamino, diphenylethylamino, pyridylmethylamino, diethylamino or benzylamino.
A specific value for —N(R7)2 is amino, methylamino, dimethylamino, ethylamino, diethylamino diphenylethylamino, pentylamino or benzylamino.
A specific value for N(R7)2 is amino, or methylamino.
A specific value for X is —CH2ORa, —CO2Ra, —OC(O)Ra, —CH2OC(O)Ra, —C(O)NRbRc.
Another specific value for X is —CH2ORa or —C(O)NRbRc.
A more specific value for X is —CH2OH or —C(O)NHCH2CH3.
A specific value for m is 0, 1, or 2.
A more specific value for m is 0, or 1.
Specific examples of rings comprising R4, R5 and the atom to which they are connected include:




where q is from 0 to 14 and Rd is hydrogen, provided that when q is zero then Rd is not hydrogen.

More specific examples of rings comprising R4, R5 and the atom to which they are connected include:




Specific values for the ring comprising R4, R5 and the atom to which they are connected are 2-methyl cyclohexane, 2,2-dimethylcyclohexane, 2-phenylcyclohexane, 2-ethylcyclohexane, 2,2-diethylcyclohexane, 2-tert-butyl cyclohexane, 3-methyl cyclohexane, 3,3-dimethylcyclohexane, 4-methyl cyclohexane, 4-ethylcyclohexane, 4-phenyl cyclohexane, 4-tert-butyl cyclohexane, 4-carboxymethyl cyclohexane, 4-carboxyethyl cyclohexane, 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl cyclohexane, 2,4-dimethyl cyclopentane. 4-cyclohexanecarboxyic acid, 4-cyclohexanecarboxyic acid esters, or 4-methyloxyalkanoyl-cyclohexane.
More specific values for the ring comprising R4, R5 and the atom to which they are connected are 4-piperidine, 4-piperidene-1-carboxylic acid, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid propyl ester, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, 1-piperidine, 1-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 1-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, 1-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid propyl ester, 1-piperidine-4-caboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, 1-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 3-piperidine, 3-piperidene-1-carboxylic acid, 3-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 3-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, 1,4-piperazine, 4-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid, 4-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 4-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, 4-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid propyl ester, 4-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butylester, 1,3-piperazine, 3-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid, 3-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 3-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, 3-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid propyl ester, 3-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butylester, 1-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 1-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, 1-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid propyl ester or 1-piperidine-3-caboxylic acid tert-butyl ester.
Another group of specific values for the ring comprising R4 and R5 are 2-methyl cyclohexane, 2,2-dimethylcyclohexane, 2-phenyl cyclohexane, 2-ethylcyclohexane, 2,2-diethylcyclohexane, 2-tert-butyl cyclohexane, 3-methyl cyclohexane, 3,3-dimethylcyclohexane, 4-methyl cyclohexane, 4-ethylcyclohexane, 4-phenyl cyclohexane, 4-tert-butyl cyclohexane, 4-carboxymethyl cyclohexane, 4-carboxyethyl cyclohexane, 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl cyclohexane, 2,4-dimethyl cyclopentane, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester 4-piperidine, 4-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butylester, 1-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 1-piperidine-4-caboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, tert-butylester, 1-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester, or 1-piperidine-4-caboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, 3-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 3-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, 3-piperidine, 3-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 3-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butylester, 1-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 1-piperidine-3-caboxylic acid tert-butyl ester.
Specific compounds of formula (I) are those wherein each R7 is H, X is ethylaminocarbonyl and
R1 is hydroxy, R2 is hydrogen, and Z is 4-carboxycyclohexyl, wherein Ra is hydrogen, 4; Z is 4-methoxycarbonylcyclohexylmethyl, Ra is methyl, 5; R1 and R2 together are oxo, Z is a 4-carbonylcyclohexyl group, wherein Ra is methyl, methoxy, ethyl, ethoxy, propyl, isopropoxy, -isobutyl, tert-butyl, amine, methylamine or dimethylamine, 6.




Another group of specific compounds of formula (I) are those wherein each R7 is H, X is ethylaminocarbonyl, R1 is hydroxy, R2 is hydrogen, and Z is a substituted 4-(methyleneoxycarbonyl)cyclohexyl group, wherein Ra is methyl, ethyl, propyl, tert-butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, methylamine or dimethylamine, 7; or R1 and R2 together are oxo, and Z is a substituted-(methyleneoxycarbonyl)cyclohexyl group, wherein Ra is methyl, ethyl, propyl, tert-butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, methylamine or dimethylamine, 8.




Another group of specific compounds of formula (I) are those wherein each R7 is H, X is ethylaminocarbonyl, and R1 and R2 are each hydrogen, and Z is a 1-piperidyl-4-carboxylic acid or ester group, wherein Ra is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, or t-butyl, 9; R1 and R2 together are oxo, and Z is a 1-piperidyl-4-carboxylic acid or ester group, wherein Ra is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, or t-butyl, 10; R1 and R2 are each hydrogen and Z is a 4-(methyleneoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl group wherein Ra is methyl, ethyl, propyl or t-butyl, amine, methylamine, dimethylamine, 11; or R1 and R2 together are oxo, and Z is a 4-(methyleneoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl wherein Ra is methyl, ethyl, propyl or t-butyl, amine, methylamine, dimethylamine, 12; R1 and R2 are each hydrogen and Z is a 4-(methyleneoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl-oxy wherein Ra is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl isopropyl, isobutyl, or t-butyl, 13 or R1 and R2 together are oxo, Z is a 4-(methyleneoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl-oxy wherein Ra is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, or t-butyl, 14.




Another group of specific compounds of formula (I) are those wherein each R7 is H, X is ethylaminocarbonyl, R1 and R2 are each hydrogen, and Z is a 4-piperidyl-1-carboxylic acid or ester group, wherein Ra is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, or t-butyl, 15, R1 is hydroxy, R2 is hydrogen, and Z is a 4-piperidyl-1-carboxylic acid or ester group, wherein Ra is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, or t-butyl, 16; or R1 and R2 together are oxo, and Z is a 4-piperidyl-1-carboxylic acid or ester group, wherein Ra is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, or t-butyl, 17.




Another group of specific compounds of formula (I) are those wherein each R7 is H, X is ethylaminocarbonyl, R1 and R2 are each hydrogen, Z is a 4-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid or ester group wherein Ra is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, or t-butyl, 18; or R1 and R2 together are oxo, Z is a 4-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid or ester group wherein Ra is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, or t-butyl, 19.




Specific A2A adenosine receptor agonists suitable for use with the present invention include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,297 and in U.S. Patent Application No. 2003/0186926 A1.
Examples of compounds useful in practicing the invention are illustrated in tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 below:







TABLE 1













 











Compound
R
R1
R2
R6





ATL2037
NECA
H
H
CH2OH


MP9056
NECA
OH
H
CH2OH


ATL146a
NECA
H
H
CO2H


MP9057
NECA
OH
H
CO2H


ATL146e
NECA
H
H
CO2Me


MP9058
NECA
OH
H
CO2Me


JR2145
CH2OH
H
H
CO2Me


MP9059
CH2OH
OH
H
CO2Me


ATL193
NECA
H
H
CH2OAc


MP9060
NECA
OH
H
CH2Oac


JR2147
CH2OH
H
H
CH2Oac


MP9061
CH2OH
OH
H
CH2Oac


JR3023
NECA
H
H
CH2N(CH3)2


MP9062
NECA
OH
H
CH2N(CH3)2


JR3021
NECA
H
H
COOCH2CH2NHBoc


MP9063
NECA
OH
H
COOCH2CH2NHBoc


JR3033
NECA
H
H
COOCH2CH2NH2


MP9064
NECA
OH
H
COOCH2CH2NH2


JR3037
NECA
H
H
CONHCH2CH3


MP9065
NECA
OH
H
CONHCH2CH3


JR3055
NECA
H
H
CONH2


MP9072
NECA
OH
H
CONH2


JR3065
NECA
H
H
CONHMe


MP9066
NECA
OH
H
CONHMe


JR3067B
NECA
H
H
Me, cis CO2Me


MP9067
NECA
OH
H
Me, cis CO2Me


JR3067A
NECA
H
H
Me, trans CO2Me


MP9068
NECA
OH
H
Me, trans CO2Me


JR3087
NECA
H
H
CH2CH3


MP9069
NECA
OH
H
CH2CH3


JR3159A
NECA
OH
H
H


JR3159B
NECA
OH
H
H


JR3119
NECA
H
H
COCH3


MP9070
NECA
OH
H
COCH3


JR3121
NECA
H
H
CHCH3(OH)


MP9071
NECA
OH
H
CHCH3(OH)


JR3139
NECA
OH
C6H11
H





NECA = CH3CH2N(H)C(O)—













TABLE 2













 












Compound
R1
R2
R6







JR3261
H
H
H



JR3259
H
H
CO2tBu



JR3269
H
H
CO2Et



JR4011
H
H
CO2iBu



JR4009
H
H
CO2iPr



JR4007
H
H
CO2Me



JR4051
H
H
COC(CH3)3



JR4047
H
H
COCH2(CH3)3



MP9047
H
H
COCH3



MP9048
H
H
C(O)N(CH3)2



MP9049
H
H
C(O)N(CH3)Et



MP9050
H
H
C(O)N(CH3)iPr



MP9051
H
H
C(O)N(CH3)iBu



MP9052
H
H
C(O)NH(CH3)



MP9053
H
H
C(O)NH(Et)



MP9054
H
H
C(O)NH(iPr)



MP9055
H
H
C(O)NH(iBu)



TX3261
OH
H
H



TX3259
OH
H
CO2tBu



TX3269
OH
H
CO2Et



TX4011
OH
H
CO2iBu



TX4009
OH
H
CO2iPr



TX4007
OH
H
COMe



TX4051
OH
H
COC(CH3)3



TX4047
OH
H
COCH2(CH3)3



TX9047
OH
H
COCH3



TX9048
OH
H
C(O)N(CH3)2



TX9049
OH
H
C(O)N(CH3)Et



TX9050
OH
H
C(O)N(CH3)iPr



TX9051
OH
H
C(O)N(CH3)iBu



TX9052
OH
H
C(O)NH(CH3)



TX9053
OH
H
C(O)NH(Et)



TX9054
OH
H
C(O)NH(iPr)



TX9055
OH
H
C(O)NH(iBu)

















TABLE 3













 












Compound
n
R3
R6







JR3135
1
OH
H



JR3089
2
OH
H



JR3205
2
NH2
H



JR3177A
2
OH
2-CH3



JR3177B
2
OH
2-CH3



JR3181A
2
OH
2-CH3



JR3181B
2
OH
2-CH3



JR3227
2
OH
2-C(CH3)3



JR9876
2
OH
2-C6H5



JR3179
2
OH
3-CH3



JR3221
2
OH(R)
3-CH3(R)



ATL203
2
OH(S)
3-CH3(R)



MP9041
2
OH(R)
3-CH3(S)



MP9042
2
OH(S)
3-CH3(S)



JR3201B
2
OH
2-(CH3)2



MP9043
2
OH(R)
3-CH2CH3(R)



MP9044
2
OH(S)
3-CH2CH3(R)



MP9045
2
OH(R)
3-CH2CH3(S)



MP9046
2
OH(S)
3-CH2CH3(S)



JR3163
2
OH
3-(CH3)2, 5-(CH3)2



JR9875
2
OH
4-CH3



JR3149
2
OH
4-C2H5



JR3203
2
OH
4-C(CH3)3



JR3161
2
OH
4-C6H5

















TABLE 4













 












Compound
R1
R2
R6







JR3213
H
H
CO2Et



JR3281
H
H
CO2tBu



JR3289
H
H
H



JR4025
H
H
cyclohexyl



JR4053
H
H
COMe



JR4049
H
H
CO2iBu



JR3283
H
H
2-Pyrimidinyl



MP9029
H
H
COMe



MP9030
H
H
COC(CH3)3



MP9031
H
H
COCH2(CH3)3



MP9032
H
H
COCH3



MP9033
H
H
C(O)N(CH3)2



MP9034
H
H
C(O)N(CH3)Et



MP9035
H
H
C(O)N(CH3)iPr



MP9036
H
H
C(O)N(CH3)iBu



MP9037
H
H
C(O)NH(CH3)



MP9038
H
H
C(O)NH(Et)



MP9039
H
H
C(O)NH(iPr)



MP9040
H
H
C(O)NH(iBu)

















TABLE 5













 











Compound
R
R1
R2
R6





MP9021
NECA
H
H
CH2OH


MP9022
NECA
H
H
CO2H


JR3251
NECA
H
H
CO2Me


JR3279
NECA
H
H
CO2Et


MP9027
CH2OH
H
H
CO2Me


MP9028
NECA
H
H
CO2MeCH2OAc


MP9015
CH2OH
H
H
CH2OAc


MP9016
NECA
H
H
CH2N(CH3)2


MP9017
NECA
H
H
COOCH2CH2NHBoc


MP9018
NECA
H
H
COOCH2CH2NH2


MP9019
NECA
H
H
CONHCH2CH3


MP9020
NECA
H
H
CONH2


MP9023
NECA
H
H
CONHMe


MP9024
NECA
H
H
CH2CH3


MP9025
NECA
H
H
COCH3


MP9026
NECA
H
H
CHCH3(OH).





NECA = CH3CH2N(H)C(O)—













TABLE 6













 











Compound
R
R1
R2
R6





MP9001
NECA
H
H
CH2OH


MP9002
NECA
H
H
CO2H


JR3253
NECA
H
H
CO2Me


MP9003
CH2OH
H
H
CO2Me


MP9004
NECA
H
H
CH2OAc


MP9005
CH2OH
H
H
CH2OAc


MP9006
NECA
H
H
CH2N(CH3)2


MP9007
NECA
H
H
COOCH2CH2NHBoc


MP9008
NECA
H
H
COOCH2CH2NH2


MP9009
NECA
H
H
CONHCH2CH3


MP9010
NECA
H
H
CONH2


MP9011
NECA
H
H
CONHMe


MP9012
NECA
H
H
CH2CH3


MP9013
NECA
H
H
COCH3


MP9014
NECA
H
H
CHCH3(OH)





NECA = CH3CH2N(H)C(O)—













TABLE 7













 











Compound
R
Y
Y′
R6





RJ1111
NECA
CH
CH
CO2Me


RJ1112
NECA
CH
N
CO2Me


RJ1113
NECA
N
CH
CO2Me


RJ1114
NECA
N
N
CO2Me


RJ1115
NECA
CH
CH
CH2OH


RJ1116
NECA
CH
N
CH2OH


RJ1117
NECA
N
CH
CH2OH


RJ1118
NECA
N
N
CH2OH


RJ1119
NECA
CH
CH
CO2H


RJ1120
NECA
CH
N
CO2H


RJ1121
NECA
N
CH
CO2H


RJ1122
NECA
N
N
CO2H


RJ1123
NECA
CH
CH
CH2OAc


RJ1124
NECA
CH
N
CH2OAc


RJ1125
NECA
N
CH
CH2OAc


RJ1126
NECA
N
N
CH2OAc


RJ1127
NECA
CH
CH
CONH2


RJ1128
NECA
CH
N
CONH2


RJ1129
NECA
N
CH
CONH2


RJ1130
NECA
N
N
CONH2


RJ1131
NECA
CH
CH
CONHMe


RJ1132
NECA
CH
N
CONHMe


RJ1133
NECA
N
CH
CONHMe


RJ1134
NECA
N
N
CONHMe


RJ1135
NECA
CH
CH
CO2tBu


RJ1136
NECA
CH
N
CO2tBu


RJ1137
NECA
N
CH
CO2tBu


RJ1138
NECA
N
N
CO2tBu


RJ1139
NECA
CH
CH
CO2Et


RJ1140
NECA
CH
N
CO2Et


RJ1141
NECA
N
CH
CO2Et


RJ1142
NECA
N
N
CO2Et


RJ1143
NECA
CH
CH
CO2iBu


RJ1144
NECA
CH
N
CO2iBu


RJ1145
NECA
N
CH
CO2iBu


RJ1146
NECA
N
N
CO2iBu


RJ1147
NECA
CH
CH
CO2iPr


RJ1148
NECA
CH
N
CO2iPr


RJ1149
NECA
N
CH
CO2iPr


RJ1150
NECA
N
N
CO2iPr


RJ1151
NECA
CH
CH
COMe


RJ1152
NECA
CH
N
COMe


RJ1153
NECA
N
CH
COMe


RJ1154
NECA
N
N
COMe


RJ1155
NECA
CH
CH
COC(CH3)3


RJ1156
NECA
CH
N
COC(CH3)3


RJ1157
NECA
N
CH
COC(CH3)3


RJ1158
NECA
N
N
COCCH3)3


RJ1159
NECA
CH
CH
COCH2CH3)3


RJ1160
NECA
CH
N
COCH2CH3)3


RJ1161
NECA
N
CH
COCH2(CH3)3


RJ1162
NECA
N
N
COCH2(CH3)3


RJ1163
NECA
CH
CH
C(O)N(CH3)2


RJ1164
NECA
CH
N
C(O)N(CH3)2


RJ1165
NECA
N
CH
C(O)N(CH3)2


RJ1166
NECA
N
N
C(O)N(CH3)2


RJ1167
NECA
CH
CH
C(O)N(CH3)Et


RJ1168
NECA
CH
N
C(O)N(CH3)Et


RJ1169
NECA
N
CH
C(O)N(CH3)Et


RJ1170
NECA
N
N
C(O)N(CH3)Et


RJ1171
NECA
CH
CH
C(O)N(CH3)iPr


RJ1172
NECA
CH
N
C(O)N(CH3)iPr


RJ1173
NECA
N
CH
C(O)N(CH3)iPr


RJ1174
NECA
N
N
C(O)N(CH3)iPr


RJ1175
NECA
CH
CH
C(O)N(CH3)iBu


RJ1176
NECA
CH
N
C(O)N(CH3)iBu


RJ1177
NECA
N
CH
C(O)N(CH3)iBu


RJ1178
NECA
N
N
C(O)N(CH3)iBu


RJ1179
NECA
CH
CH
C(O)NH(Et)


RJ1180
NECA
CH
N
C(O)NH(Et)


RJ1181
NECA
N
CH
C(O)NH(Et)


RJ1182
NECA
N
N
C(O)NH(Et)


RJ1183
NECA
CH
CH
C(O)NH(iPr)


RJ1184
NECA
CH
N
C(O)NH(iPr)


RJ1185
NECA
N
CH
C(O)NH(iPr)


RJ1186
NECA
N
N
C(O)NH(iPr)


RJ1187
NECA
CH
CH
C(O)NH(iBu)


RJ1188
NECA
CH
N
C(O)NH(iBu)


RJ1189
NECA
N
CH
C(O)NH(iBu)


RJ1190
NECA
N
N
C(O)NH(iBu)


RJ1191
NECA
CH
CH
CH2OCOCH3


RJ1192
NECA
N
CH
CH2OCOCH3


RJ1193
NECA
CH
CH
CH2OCOEt


RJ1194
NECA
N
CH
CH2OCOEt


RJ1195
NECA
CH
CH
CH2OCOiPr


RJ1196
NECA
N
CH
CH2OCOiPr


RJ1197
NECA
CH
CH
CH2OCOiBu


RJ1198
NECA
N
CH
CH2OCOiBu





NECA =0 CH3CH2N(H)C(O)—






In another embodiment, agonists of A2A adenosine receptors that are useful in the practice of the present invention include compounds having the formula (II):




wherein Z is CR3R4R5; each R1, R2 and R3 is hydrogen; R4 and R5 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a cycloalkyl ring having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 ring atoms; and
wherein the ring comprising R4 and R5 is substituted with —(CH2)0-6—Y; where Y is —CH2ORa, —CO2Ra, —OC(O)Ra, —CH2OC(O)Ra, —C(O)NRbRc, —CH2SRa, —C(S)ORa, —OC(S)Ra, —CH2OC(S)Ra or C(S)NRbRc or —CH2N(Rb)(Rc);
each R7 is independently hydrogen, (C1-C8)alkyl, (C3-C8)cycloalkyl, aryl or aryl(C1-C8)alkylene;
X is —CH2ORa, —CO2Ra, —OC(O)Ra, —CH2OC(O)Ra, —C(O)NRbRc, —CH2SRa, —C(S)ORa, —OC(S)Ra, —CH2OC(S)Ra or C(S)NRbRc or —CH2N(Rb)(Rc);
each Ra, Rb and Rc is independently hydrogen, (C1-C8)alkyl, or (C1-C8)alkyl substituted with 1-3 (C1-C8)alkoxy, (C3-C8)cycloalkyl, (C1-C8)alkylthio, amino acid, aryl, aryl(C1-C8)alkylene, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl(C1-C8)alkylene; or Rb and Rc, together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form a pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, or thiomorpholino ring; and m is 0 to about 6; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
A specific value for —N(R7)2 is amino, monomethylamino or cyclopropylamino.
A specific value for Z is carboxy- or —(C1-C4)alkoxycarbonyl-cyclohexyl(C1-C4)alkyl.
A specific value for Ra is H or (C1-C4)alkyl, i.e., methyl or ethyl.
A specific value for Rb is H, methyl or phenyl.
A specific value for Rc is H, methyl or phenyl.
A specific value for —(CR1R2)m— is —CH2— or —CH2—CH2—.
A specific value for X is CO2Ra, (C2-C5)alkanoylmethyl or amido.
A specific value for Y is CO2Ra, (C2-C5)alkanoylmethyl or amido.
A specific value for m is 1.
Specific compounds useful for practicing the invention are compounds JR3259, JR3269, JR4011, JR4009, and JR4007.
Specific A2A adenosine receptor agonists suitable for use with the present invention having formula (II) include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,297. Specific compounds of formula (II) are those wherein each R7 is H, X is ethylaminocarbonyl and Z is 4-carboxycyclohexylmethyl (DWH-146a), Z is 4-methoxycarbonylcyclohexylmethyl (DWH-146e), Z is 4-isopropylcarbonyl-cyclohexylmethyl (AB-1), Z is 4-acetoxymethyl-cyclohexylmethyl (JMR-193) or Z is 4-pyrrolidine-1-carbonylcyclohexylmethyl (AB-3). These compounds are depicted below.




The specific A2A adenosine receptor agonists suitable for use with the present invention having formula (II) include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,297. These compounds, having formula (II), can be prepared according to the methods described therein.
Another specific group of agonists of A2A adenosine receptors that are useful in the practice of the present invention include compounds having the general formula (III):




wherein Z2 is a group selected from the group consisting of —OR12, —NR13R14, a —C≡C-Z3, and —NH—N═R17;
each Y2 is individually H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, phenyl or phenyl C1-C3 alkyl;
R12 is

    
    
        a) C1-4-alkyl;
        b) C1-4-alkyl substituted with one or more C1-4-alkoxy groups, halogens (fluorine, chlorine or bromine), hydroxy groups, amino groups, mono(C1-4-alkyl)amino groups, di(C1-4-alkyl)amino groups or C6-10-aryl groups wherein the aryl groups may be substituted with one or more halogens (fluorine, chlorine or bromine), C1-4-alkyl groups, hydroxy groups, amino groups, mono(C1-4-alkyl)amino groups or di(C1-4-alkyl)amino groups); or
        c) C6-10-aryl; or (d) C6-10-aryl substituted with one or more halogens (fluorine, chlorine or bromine), hydroxy groups, amino groups, mono(C1-4-alkyl)amino groups, di(C1-4-alkyl)amino groups or C1-4-alkyl groups;
    
    


one of R13 and R14 has the same meaning as R12 and the other is hydrogen; and
R17 is a group having the formula (i)




wherein each of R15 and R16 independently may be hydrogen, (C3-C7)cycloalkyl or any of the meanings of R12, provided that R15 and R16 are not both hydrogen;
X2 is CH2OH, CH3, CO2R20 or C(═O)NR21R22 wherein R20 has the same meaning as R13 and wherein R21 and R22 have the same meanings as R15 and R16 or R21 and R22 are both H;
Z3 has one of the following meanings:

    
    
        a) C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted with one to three halogen atoms, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C2-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C2-C6 alkoxyalkyl, C1-C6 alkylthio, thio, CHO, cyanomethyl, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, carboxy, C2-C6 acyl, amino C1-C3 monoalkylamino, C2-C6 dialkylamino, methylenedioxy or aminocarbonyl;
        b) a group of formula —(CH2)q-Het wherein q is 0 or an integer from 1 to 3 and Het is 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic aromatic or non-aromatic ring, optionally benzocondensed, containing 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from non-peroxide oxygen, nitrogen or sulphur, linked through a carbon atom or through a nitrogen atom;
        c) C3-C7 cycloalkyl optionally containing unsaturation or C2-C4 alkenyl;
        d)
    
    






    
    
        wherein
        
            R23 is hydrogen, methyl or phenyl;
            R24 is hydrogen, C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl, C5-C6 cycloalkyl or C3-C7 cycloalkenyl, phenyl-C1-C2-alkyl or R23 and
            R24, taken together, form a 5 or 6-membered carbocyclic ring or
            R25 is hydrogen and R23 and R24, taken together, form an oxo group or a corresponding acetalic derivative;
            R25 is OH, NH2 dialkylamino, halogen, cyano; and n is 0 or 1 to 4; or
        
        
        e) C1-C16 alkyl, optionally comprising 1-2 double bonds, O, S or NY2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
    
    


Specific C6-10-aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl.
Preferably, in the compound of formula (I), Z2 is a group of the formula (iii)

—O—(CH2)n—Ar  (iii)

wherein n is an integer from 1-4, preferably 2, and Ar is a phenyl group, tolyl group, naphthyl group, xylyl group or mesityl group. Most preferably Ar is a para-tolyl group and n=2.
Preferably, in the compound of formula (II), Z2 is a group of the formula (iv)

—NH—N═CHCy  (iv)

wherein Cy is a C3-7-cycloalkyl group, preferably cyclohexyl or a C1-4 alkyl group, preferably isopropyl.
Preferably, in the compound of formula (III), Z2 is a group of the formula (vii)

—C≡C-Z3  (v)

wherein Z3 is C3-C16 alkyl, hydroxy C2-C6 alkyl or (phenyl) (hydroxymethyl).
Specific examples of such compounds of formula (I) include WRC-0470, WRC-0474 [SHA 211], WRC-0090 and WRC-0018, shown below:




wherein the H on CH2OH can optionally be replaced by ethylaminocarbonyl. Of these specific examples, WRC-0474[SHA 211] and WRC-0470 are particularly preferred.

Such compounds may be synthesized as described in: Olsson et al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,140,015 and 5,278,150); Cristalli (U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,975); Miyasaka et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,956,345); Hutchinson, A. J. et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 251, 47 (1989); Olsson, R. A. et al., J. Med. Chem., 29, 1683 (1986); Bridges, A. J. et al., J. Med. Chem., 31, 1282 (1988); Hutchinson, A. J. et al., J. Med. Chem., 33, 1919 (1990); Ukeeda, M. et al., J. Med. Chem., 34, 1334 (1991); Francis, J. E. et al., J. Med. Chem., 34, 2570 (1991); Yoneyama, F. et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol., 213, 199-204 (1992); Peet, N. P. et al., J. Med. Chem., 35, 3263 (1992); and Cristalli, G. et al., J. Med. Chem., 35, 2363 (1992); all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Another embodiment includes compounds having formula (III) where Z2 is a group having formula (vi):




wherein R34 and R35 are independently H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, phenyl, phenyl C1-C3 alkyl or R34 and R35 taken together with the nitrogen atom are a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1-2 heteroatoms selected from non-peroxide oxygen, nitrogen (N(R13)) or sulphur atoms. Preferably one of R34 and R35 is hydrogen and the other is ethyl, methyl or propyl. More preferably one of R34 and R35 is hydrogen and the other is ethyl or methyl.

The 2-(pyrazol-1-yl)adenosine compounds of the invention, wherein Z2 is a group having formula (vi), can be prepared by reacting a 2-chloro- or 2-iodo adenosine derivative with an 1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamides compound having formula (vii):




where R34 and R35 are as described above, wherein selective protection/deprotection of the amido group is used as needed. A specific pyrazole derivative useful in practicing this invention is a compound having the formula:





The 1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamides can be prepared starting with 1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid, available from Aldrich Chemical Co. In the first step, the acid is converted to an ester, e.g., a methyl or ethyl ester. The ester converted to the amide via aminolysis, e.g., with methylamine to form the methyl amide. The pyrazole-4-carboxamide will react with the 2-halopurines in the presence of a strong base to provide the 2-(pyrazol-1-yl)adenosine compounds having formula (III).
Another specific group of agonists of A2A adenosine receptors that are useful in the practice of the present invention include compounds having the general formula (IV):




wherein Z4 is —NR28R29;

R28 is hydrogen or (C1-C4)alkyl; and R29 is

    
    
        a) (C1-C4)alkyl;
        b) (C1-C4)alkyl substituted with one or more (C1-C4)alkoxy, halogen, hydroxy, amino, mono((C1-C4)alkyl)amino, di((C1-C4)alkyl)amino or (C6-C10)aryl wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one or more halogen, hydroxy, amino, (C1-C4)alkyl, R30OOC—((C1-C4)alkyl)-, R3′ R32NC(═O)—((C1-C4)alkyl)-, mono((C1-C4)alkyl)amino or di((C1-C4)alkyl)amino;
        c) (C6-C10)aryl; or
        d) (C6-C10)aryl substituted with one or more halogen, hydroxy, amino, mono((C1-C4)alkyl)amino, di((C1-C4)alkyl)amino or (C1-C4)alkyl;
    
    


wherein each Y4 is individually H, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C3-C7)cycloalkyl, phenyl or phenyl(C1-C3)alkyl; and X4 is —C(═O)NR31R32, —COOR30, or —CH2OR30;
wherein each of R31 and R32 are independently; hydrogen; C3-7-cycloalkyl; (C1-C4)alkyl; (C1-C4)alkyl substituted with one or more (C1-C4)alkoxy, halogen, hydroxy, —COOR33, amino, mono((C1-C4)alkyl)amino, di((C1-C4)alkyl)amino or (C6-C10)aryl wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one or more halogen, (C1-C4)alkyl, hydroxy, amino, mono((C1-C4)alkyl)amino or di((C1-C4)alkyl)amino; (C6-C10)aryl; or (C6-C10)aryl substituted with one or more halogen, hydroxy, amino, mono((C1-C4)alkyl)amino, di((C1-C4)alkyl)amino or (C1-C4)alkyl;
R26 and R27 independently represent hydrogen, lower alkanoyl, lower alkoxy-lower alkanoyl, aroyl, carbamoyl or mono- or di-lower alkylcarbamoyl; and R30 and R33 are independently hydrogen, (C1-C4)alkyl, (C6-C10)aryl or (C6-C10)aryl((C1-C4)alkyl); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In one embodiment of formula (IV), at least one of R28 and R29 is (C1-C4)alkyl substituted with one or more (C1-C4)alkoxy, halogen, hydroxy, amino, mono((C1-C4)alkyl)amino, di((C1-C4)alkyl)amino or (C6-C10)aryl wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one or more halogen, hydroxy, amino, (C1-C4)alkyl, R30OOC—(C1-C4)alkyl, mono((C1-C4)alkyl)amino or di((C1-C4)alkyl)amino.
In another embodiment, at least one of R31 and R32 is C1-4alkyl substituted with one or more (C1-C4)alkoxy, halogen, hydroxy, amino, mono((C1-C4)alkyl)amino, di((C1-C4)alkyl)amino or C6-10-aryl wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one or more halogen, hydroxy, amino, (C1-C4)alkyl, R30OOC—(C1-C4)alkylene-, mono((C1-C4)alkyl)amino or di((C1-C4)alkyl)amino.
In another embodiment, at least one of R28 and R29 is C6-10-aryl substituted with one or more halogen, hydroxy, amino, mono((C1-C4)alkyl)amino, di((C1-C4)alkyl)amino or (C1-C4)alkyl.
In another embodiment, at least one of R31 and R32 is C6-10-aryl substituted with one or more halogen, hydroxy, amino, mono((C1-C4)alkyl)amino, di((C1-C4)alkyl)amino or (C1-C4)alkyl.
In a specific combination, R31 is hydrogen and R32 is (C1-C4)alkyl, cyclopropyl or hydroxy-(C2-C4)alkyl. A specific R28 group is (C1-C4)alkyl substituted with (C6-C10)aryl, that is in turn substituted with R30O(O)C—(C1-C4)alkylene-.
A specific compound having formula (IV) is:




wherein R30 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl. More preferred is a compound wherein the R30 group is methyl or ethyl. The most preferred R30 group is methyl.

Two compounds that are particularly useful in practicing the present invention have the formula:




wherein R30 is hydrogen (acid, CGS21680) and where R30 is methyl (ester, JR2171).

The compounds of the invention having formula (IV) may be synthesized as described in: U.S. Pat. No. 4,968,697 or J. Med. Chem., 33, 1919-1924, (1990).
Specifically, the invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to prepare a medicament for treating systemic intoxification in a mammal (e.g. a human),.
Specifically, the invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to prepare a medicament for treating inflammation caused by bacterial, fungal or viral infections and the inflammation caused by the treatment of these infections, e.g., by the death of the bacterial or viral cells in a mammal (e.g. a human).
The present method also includes the administration of a Type IV phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor in combination with compounds having formulae (I), (I), (III), and (IV). The combination of the compounds of the invention with type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor provides synergistic decreases in the inflammatory response of immune cells. Examples of Type IV phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,193,926, and WO 92-079778, and Molnar-Kimber, K. L. et al., J. Immunol., 150, 295A (1993), all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Suitable Type IV phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors include racemic and optically active 4-(polyalkoxyphenyl)-2-pyrrolidones of general formula (VI):




(disclosed and described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,193,926) wherein R18 and R19 are independently the same or different and are hydrocarbon radicals having up to 18 carbon atoms with at least one being other than methyl, a heterocyclic ring, or alkyl of 1-5 carbon atoms which is substituted by one or more of halogen atoms, hydroxy, carboxy, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl or an amino group or amino.

Examples of hydrocarbon R18 and R19 groups are saturated and unsaturated, straight-chain and branched alkyl of 1-18, preferably 1-5, carbon atoms, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl, preferably 3-7 carbon atoms, and aryl and aralkyl, preferably of 6-10 carbon atoms, especially monocyclic.
Rolipram is an example of a suitable Type IV phosphodiesterase or PDE inhibitor included within the above formula. Rolipram has the following formula:




In cases where compounds are sufficiently basic or acidic to form stable nontoxic acid or base salts, administration of the compounds as salts may be appropriate. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are organic acid addition salts formed with acids which form a physiological acceptable anion, for example, tosylate, methanesulfonate, acetate, citrate, malonate, tartarate, succinate, benzoate, ascorbate, α-ketoglutarate, and α-glycerophosphate. Suitable inorganic salts may also be formed, including hydrochloride, sulfate, nitrate, bicarbonate, and carbonate salts.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be obtained using standard procedures well known in the art, for example by reacting a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine with a suitable acid affording a physiologically acceptable anion. Alkali metal (for example, sodium, potassium or lithium) or alkaline earth metal (for example calcium) salts of carboxylic acids can also be made.
Compounds of the present invention can conveniently be administered in a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound in combination with a suitable excipient. Such pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared by methods and contain excipients which are well known in the art. A generally recognized compendium of such methods and ingredients is Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences by E. W. Martin (Mark Publ. Co., 15th Ed., 1975). The compounds and compositions of the present invention can be administered parenterally (for example, by intravenous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection), topically, orally, or rectally.
For oral therapeutic administration, the active compound may be combined with one or more excipients and used in the form of ingestible tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, and the like. Such compositions and preparations should contain at least 0.1% of active compound. The percentage of the compositions and preparations may, of course, be varied and may conveniently be between about 2 to about 60% of the weight of a given unit dosage form. The amount of active compound in such therapeutically useful compositions is such that an effective dosage level will be obtained.
The tablets, troches, pills, capsules, and the like may also contain the following: binders such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid and the like; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; and a sweetening agent such as sucrose, fructose, lactose or aspartame or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry flavoring may be added. When the unit dosage form is a capsule, it may contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier, such as a vegetable oil or a polyethylene glycol. Various other materials may be present as coatings or to otherwise modify the physical form of the solid unit dosage form. For instance, tablets, pills, or capsules may be coated with gelatin, wax, shellac or sugar and the like. A syrup or elixir may contain the active compound, sucrose or fructose as a sweetening agent, methyl and propylparabens as preservatives, a dye and flavoring such as cherry or orange flavor. Of course, any material used in preparing any unit dosage form should be pharmaceutically acceptable and substantially non-toxic in the amounts employed. In addition, the active compound may be incorporated into sustained-release preparations and devices.
The compounds or compositions can also be administered intravenously or intraperitoneally by infusion or injection. Solutions of the active compound or its salts can be prepared in water, optionally mixed with a nontoxic surfactant. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, triacetin, and mixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
Pharmaceutical dosage forms suitable for injection or infusion can include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions or sterile powders comprising the active ingredient which are adapted for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable or infusible solutions or dispersions, optionally encapsulated in liposomes. In all cases, the ultimate dosage form should be sterile, fluid and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The liquid carrier or vehicle can be a solvent or liquid dispersion medium comprising, for example, water, ethanol, a polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and the like), vegetable oils, nontoxic glyceryl esters, and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the formation of liposomes, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions or by the use of surfactants. The prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, buffers or sodium chloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filter sterilization. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and the freeze drying techniques, which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient present in the previously sterile-filtered solutions.
For topical administration, the present compounds may be applied in pure form, i.e., when they are liquids. However, it will generally be desirable to administer them to the skin as compositions or formulations, in combination with a dermatologically acceptable carrier, which may be a solid or a liquid.
Useful solid carriers include finely divided solids such as talc, clay, microcrystalline cellulose, silica, alumina and the like. Useful liquid carriers include water, alcohols or glycols or water-alcohol/glycol blends, in which the present compounds can be dissolved or dispersed at effective levels, optionally with the aid of non-toxic surfactants. Adjuvants such as fragrances and additional antimicrobial agents can be added to optimize the properties for a given use. The resultant liquid compositions can be applied from absorbent pads, used to impregnate bandages and other dressings, or sprayed onto the affected area using pump-type or aerosol sprayers. Thickeners such as synthetic polymers, fatty acids, fatty acid salts and esters, fatty alcohols, modified celluloses or modified mineral materials can also be employed with liquid carriers to form spreadable pastes, gels, ointments, soaps, and the like, for application directly to the skin of the user.
Useful dosages of the compounds of formula I can be determined by comparing their in vitro activity, and in vivo activity in animal models. Methods for the extrapolation of effective dosages in mice, and other animals, to humans are known to the art; for example, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,938,949.
The compound is conveniently administered in unit dosage form; for example, containing about 0.05 mg to about 500 mg, conveniently about 0.1 mg to about 250 mg, most conveniently, about 1 mg to about 150 mg of active ingredient per unit dosage form. The desired dose may conveniently be presented in a single dose or as divided doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example, as two, three, four or more sub-doses per day. The sub-dose itself may be further divided, e.g., into a number of discrete loosely spaced administrations.
The compositions can conveniently be administered orally, sublingually, transdermally, or parenterally at dose levels of about 0.01 to about 150 μg/kg, preferably about 0.1 to about 50 μg/kg, and more preferably about 0.1 to about 10 μg/kg of mammal body weight.
The surgical techniques for transplanting organs are known to the person skilled in the art of organ transplantation.
For parenteral administration the compounds are presented in aqueous solution in a concentration of from about 0.1 to about 10%, more preferably about 0.1 to about 7%. The solution may contain other ingredients, such as emulsifiers, antioxidants or buffers.
The preparation of compounds useful in practicing the present invention are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/236,379, filed Oct. 1, 2002, and can generally be prepared as illustrated in Schemes 1A and 1B below. Starting materials can be prepared by procedures described in these schemes, procedures described in the General methods below or by procedures that would be well known to one of ordinary skill in organic chemistry. The variables used in Schemes 1A and Scheme 1B are as defined herein or as in the claims.
The preparation of alkynyl cycloalkanols is illustrated in Scheme 1A. A solution of an appropriate cycloalkanone (where j is from 0-5) is prepared in a solvent such as THF. A solution of a suitable ethynylmagnesium halide compound in a solvent is added to the cycloalkanone. After addition, the solution is allowed to stir at about 20 C for about 20 hours. The reaction is monitored via TLC until the starting material is consumed. The reaction is quenched with water, filtered over a plug of sand and silica, washed with a solvent, such as EtOAc, and evaporated to provide the product. Typically, two products are formed, the isomers formed by the axial/equatorial addition of the alkyne (where m is as defined above, and the sum of m1 and m2 is from 0 to about 7) to the ketone. The compounds are purified via flash chromatography using EtOAc/Hexanes to provide the product.




In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention a composition comprising an agonist of A2AAR is administered to a patient to treat septic shock and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. As used herein the term “treating” includes prophylaxis of the specific disorder or condition, or alleviation of the symptoms associated with a specific disorder or condition and/or preventing or eliminating said symptoms. In one embodiment a method for treating septic shock or systemic inflammatory response syndrome is provided wherein an agonist of A2AARs is administered to a patient to reduce inflammation and improve survival in a patient suffering from septic shock or systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In one embodiment the A2AAR agonist is selected from the group consisting of ATL146e, AB-1, AB-3 and JR-3213.
The preparation of 2-alkynyladenosines is illustrated in Scheme 1B. A flame-dried round bottom under nitrogen is charged with 5-(6-Amino-2-iodo-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid ethylamide (NECA 2-Iodoadenosine) and a solvent such as DMF. The appropriate alkyne, wherein R is a —(CR1R2)m Z group, is dissolved in acetonitrile followed by TEA, 5 mole % Pd(PPh3)4, and CuI. All solvents are thoroughly degassed.
The solution is allowed to stir for about 24 hours at room temperature, and monitored until complete by HPLC. If the reaction is not complete after this time, additional catalyst, CuI, and TEA are added. After the reaction is complete, the solvents are removed under high-vacuum and the residue taken up in a small amount of DMF. This product is isolated using preparative silica TLC. The product is purified by RP-HPLC.




The following abbreviations have been used herein:

    2-Aas 2-alkynyladenosines;
    125I-ABA N6-(4-amino-3-125iodo-benzyl)adenosine
    APCI Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
    ATL146e 4-{3-[6-Amino-9-(5-ethylcarbamoyl-3,4-dihydroxy-tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-9H-purin-2-yl]-prop-2-ynyl}cyclo-hexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester;
    CCPA 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine;
    CGS21680 2-[4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino]-5′-N-ethyl-carboxamidoadenosine;
    Cl-IB-MECA N6-3-iodo-2-chlorobenzyladenosine-5′-N-methyl-uronamide;
    CPA N6-cyclopentyladenosine
    DMF dimethylformamide
    DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
    DMSO-d6 deuterated dimethylsulfoxide
    EtOAc ethyl acetate
    eq equivalent
    GPCR G protein coupled receptor; hA2AAR, Recombinant human A2A adenosine receptor;
    IADO 2-Iodoadenosine
    125I-APE, 2-[2-(4-amino-3-[125I]iodophenyl)ethylamino]adenosine;
    NECA 5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine;
    IB-MECA N6-3-iodobenzyladenosine-5′-N-methyluronamide;
    2-Iodoadenosine 5-(6-amino-2-iodo-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetra-hydro-furan-2carboxylic acid ethylamide
    HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
    HRMS high-resolution mass spectrometry
    125I-ZM241385, 125I-4-(2-[7-amino-2-[2-furyl][1,2,4]triazolo[2,3-α]-[1,3,5]triazin-5-yl-amino]ethyl)phenol;
    INECA 2-iodo-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine
    LC/MS liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
    m.p. melting point
    MHz megahertz
    MRS 1220, N-(9-chloro-2-furan-2-yl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]-quinazolin-5-yl)-2-phenylacetamide;
    MS mass spectrometry
    NECA N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine
    NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
    RP-HPLC reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography
    TBAF tetrabutylammonium fluoride
    TBS tert-butyldimethylsilyl
    TBDMSCl tert-butyldimethylsilylchloride
    TEA triethylamine
    TFA trifluoroacetic acid
    THF tetrahydrofuan
    TLC thin layer chromatography
    p-TSOH para-toluenesulfonic acid
    XAC 8-(4-((2-a-minoethyl)aminocarbonyl-methyloxy)-phenyl)-1-3-dipropylxanthine.


EXAMPLES
Effects of A2AAR agonists in in vivo studies
The effects of A2AAR agonist, ATL146e were studied in a mouse islet transplant model. No mice in the control group were cured with 100 islets transplanted per mouse transplantation within 17 days after transplantation (See FIG. 1). In contrast, in ATL 146e treated group, (where ATL 146e was used at 10 ng/kg/min beginning with transplantation and lasting for 7 days, all mice were cured of diabetes within 17 days (See FIG. 2).
When the dose of A2AAR agonist, ATL 146e, was raised to 60 ng/kg/min and administered beginning 1 day before transplantation, diabetes was cured immediately with 150 islets transplanted per mouse (See FIG. 4). In contrast, without the A2AAR agonist compound, it took almost 2 weeks to achieve normoglycemia (See FIG. 3).
When the A2AAR agonist, ATL 146e (60 ng/kg/min), was administered 1 day before transplantation, diabetes was cured immediately with 100 islets per mouse (See FIG. 5). Compared to the previous data, where cure can not be achieved at this dose of islet tissue without ATL 146e (FIG. 1) or took two weeks to achieve at the lower dose (FIG. 2).
For mice receiving only 50 islets, use of A2AAR agonist, ATL 146e at a dose of 60 ng/kg/min, administered 1 day before transplantation also resulted in half of mice achieving normoglycemia by 14-17 days after transplantation (See FIG. 7). In contrast, in the absence of ATL 146e, diabetes can not be cured by 50 islets transplanted per mouse (FIG. 6).
In another experiment, a 50 islet transplant group was used, and the A2AAR agonist, ATL 146e, was administered for 3 days prior to transplantation. This resulted in a cure within 7 days in 3 of 4 animals, i.e., the animals achieved normoglycemia.
All cited publications, patents, and patent documents are incorporated by reference herein, as though individually incorporated by reference. The invention has been described with reference to various specific and preferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understood that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. A therapeutic method for treating inflammation caused by an immune response to transplanted tissue, comprising the administration to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of an A2A adenosine receptor agonist, wherein the A2A adenosine receptor agonist is a compound of formula (I):



wherein
Z is CR3R4R5;
each R1 is hydrogen;
each R2 is hydrogen;
R3 is hydrogen;
R4 and R5 together with the atom to which they are attached form a saturated mono- or bicyclic cycloalkyl ring having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 ring atoms wherein the cycloalkyl optionally comprises 1-2 N, O, or S;
wherein any ring comprising R4 and R5 is substituted with from 1 to 3 R6 groups; wherein each R6 is independently (C1-C6)alkyl, CH2OH, —CO2Ra,RaC(═O)O—, or RbRcNC(═O)—;
wherein any of the alkyl groups of R6 is optionally substituted on carbon with a substituent selected from the group consisting of CH2OH, —CO2Ra,RaC(═O)O—, and RbRcNC(═O)—;
each R7 is independently hydrogen, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C3-C7)cycloalkyl, phenyl or phenyl(C1-C3)alkylene;
X is —CH2OH, —CO2Ra, —OC(O)Ra, —CH2OC(O)Ra, or—C(O)NRbRc;
each Ra, Rb and Rc is independently hydrogen, (C1-C6)alkyl, or (C1-C6)alkyl substituted with 1-3 (C1-C6)alkoxy, (C3-C6)cycloalkyl, (C1-C6)alkylthio, aryl or aryl (C1-C6)alkylene; and
m is 0 to 6;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the immune response is a transplant rejection, or graft versus host disease.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the immune response is a transplant rejection.

4. The method of claims 1 or 2, wherein the transplantation comprises an organ, tissue or cell transplantation.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the cells are bone marrow, skin, or pancreatic islets.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the cells are pancreatic islets.

7. The method of claim 4, wherein the organ is a cornea, kidney, lung, liver, or heart.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the ring comprising R4, R5 and the atom to which they are connected is cyclopentane, cyclohexane, piperidine, piperazine, decaline, hexahydro-pyrimidine, imidazolidine, or pyrazolidine.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the ring comprising R4, R5 and the atom to which they are connected is cyclopentane, cyclohexane, piperidine, piperazine, hexahydro-pyrimidine, imidazolidine, or pyrazolidine.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the ring comprising R4 and R5 and the atom to which they are connected is cyclohexane, piperidine or piperazine.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein R6 is —CO2Ra, RaC(═O)O—, or RbRcNC(═O) —.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein R6 is methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, —CO2Ra or CONRbRc.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein R6 is —CH2OH, —CH2OAc, -or CH2C(═O)OCH3.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein Ra and Rb are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, phenyl or benzyl.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein Ra is (C1-C6)alkyl.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein Ra is methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein Ra is, methyl, ethyl, i-propyl, i-butyl or tert-butyl.

18. The method of claim 1, wherein R7 is hydrogen, or alkyl.

19. The method of claim 1, wherein R7 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein R7 is H, or methyl.

21. The method of claim 1, wherein N(R7)2 is amino, methylamino, dimethylamino; ethylamino; pentylamino, diethylamino or benzylamino.

22. The method of claim 1, wherein N(R7)2 is amino, or methylamino.

23. The method of claim 1, wherein X is —CH2OH or —C(O)NRbRc.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein X is —C(O)NHCH2CH3.

25. The method of claim 1, wherein m is 1 or 2.

26. The method of claim 1, wherein the rings comprising R4, R5 and the atom to which they are connected are selected from the group consisting of:



where m is from 1 to 3.

27. The method of claim 1, wherein the rings comprising R4, R5 and the atom to which they are connected are selected from the group consisting of:

28. The method of claim 1, wherein the ring comprising R4 and R5 is 2-methylcyclohexane, 2,2-dimethylcyclohexane, 2-ethylcyclohexane, 2,2-diethylcyclohexane, 2-tert-butylcyclohexane, 3-methylcyclohexane, 3,3-dimethylcyclohexane, 4-methylcyclohexane, 4-ethylcyclohexane, 4-tert-butylcyclohexane, 4-carboxymethyl cyclohexane, 4-carboxyethyl cyclohexane, 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl cyclohexane, 2,4-dimethyl cyclopentane, 4-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, or 4-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid esters.

29. The method of claim 1, wherein the ring comprising R4and R5 is 4-piperidine, 4-piperidene-1-carboxylic acid, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid propyl ester, 4-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, 3-piperidine, 3-piperidene-1-carboxylic acid, 3-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester, or 3-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester.

30. The method of claim 1, wherein the A2A adenosine receptor agonist is:

31. The method of claim 1, wherein the A2A adenosine receptor agonist is

32. The method of claim 31, wherein the A2A adenosine receptor agonist is the compound:

33. The method of claim 1, wherein the A2A adenosine receptor C agonist is administered by operation of a pump.