IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS 

EASTERN DIVISION 

 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ex rel. ) 

LIZETTE MUNOZ and WESLEY FRENDT, ) 

 ) 

 Plaintiffs/Relators, ) 

 ) 

 v. ) No. 11 C 7899 

 ) 

COMPUTER SYSTEMS INSTITUTE, INC., ) Judge Robert M. Dow 

 ) Magistrate Judge Finnegan 

 Defendant. ) 

AMENDED MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER1

 Plaintiffs-Relators (“Relators”) have brought this qui tam action on behalf of the 

United States of America alleging that their former employer, Defendant Computer 

Systems Institute, Inc. (“CSI”), a for-profit educational institution, violated the False 

Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3729 et seq., by making a number of misrepresentations to the 

Department of Education, its accrediting agencies, and prospective students. Relators 

allege that these misrepresentations enabled CSI to secure student financial aid in the 

form of loans and grants from the federal government. 

 In the course of discovery, Relators asked CSI to produce a variety of information 

about its former students over the four-year period from January 2008 through 

December 2011, including: student ID, date of birth, graduation credential (i.e., high 

school diploma, GED or Ability to Benefit), attendance, course of study, and non-Title IV 

loan tuition paid by a student or on a student’s behalf. Relators claim that this data is 

necessary to enable them to perform statistical analyses that will prove CSI made false 

statements about (1) student job placement rates, (2) student eligibility to take 

 

1

 This opinion supersedes the earlier opinion of this Court entered at docket no. 155. 
2 

certification examinations without a high school diploma or GED, (3) commissions and 

bonuses paid to Admissions Representatives, and (4) the amount of revenue CSI 

derives from non-Title IV program funds. CSI objects that the information is overly 

burdensome to produce because the school must first give each former student notice 

and an opportunity to opt out pursuant to the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act 

(“FERPA”).

2

 Relators respond that notice is not required for former students when, as 

they claim here, the data in question all constitute “directory information” under the 

statute. 

 For the reasons set forth here, the Court finds that FERPA does not require an 

educational institution to notify former students prior to disclosing directory information, 

and CSI’s objection in that regard is overruled. The Court also finds that for purposes of 

this case, directory information includes student ID, date of birth, course of study, and 

time period when a student attended CSI (but not specific dates the student attended 

each class). It also includes whether the student has been awarded a high school 

diploma, GED, or Ability to Benefit (ATB) certificate. Tuition payments made by ESL 

students, however, do not qualify as directory information under the statute.3

 

2

 The Court will address in a separate opinion CSI’s additional objection that the cited 

categories of directory information are irrelevant under Rule 26. 

3

 After the Court issued its June 2, 2015 opinion (Doc. 155), the parties appeared for a 

status hearing during which the Court learned more about the specific information maintained by 

CSI regarding the ATB credential and saw a sample of how this information appears in the CSI 

database. Plaintiffs then moved the Court for reconsideration of its prior ruling that the ATB 

credential did not qualify as directory information. Because the Court is persuaded—now that it 

has seen the database and the specific information maintained about the ATB—that this 

credential qualifies as directory information, the motion to reconsider is granted, and the Court’s 

previous opinion and order (Doc. 155) will be vacated. 
3 

DISCUSSION 

A. Notice and Opt Out Requirements Under FERPA 

 FERPA “was adopted to address systematic . . . violations of students’ privacy by 

unauthorized releases of sensitive information in their educational records.” Daniel S. v. 

Board of Educ. of York Community High Sch., 152 F. Supp. 2d 949, 954 (N.D. Ill. 2001) 

(quoting Jensen v. Reeves, 45 F. Supp. 2d 1265, 1276 (D. Utah 1999)). In that regard, 

schools and educational institutions that receive federal financial assistance are not 

allowed to disclose “personally identifiable information other than directory information . 

. . without parental consent.” Disability Rights Wisconsin, Inc. v. State of Wisconsin 

Dep’t of Public Instruction, 463 F.3d 719, 730 (7th Cir. 2006). Personally identifiable 

information includes, without limitation, “the students’ names, names of their parents or 

other family members, the addresses of the students or their family, any personal 

identifiers such as social security numbers or student numbers, a list of personal 

characteristics that would make the students’ identities easily traceable or any other 

information that would make the students’ identities easily traceable.” Id. (citing 20 

U.S.C. § 1232g; 34 C.F.R. § 99.3). 

Directory information is “a type of personally identifiable information not usually 

considered harmful [or an invasion of privacy] if disclosed.” Id.; 34 C.F.R. § 99.3. It 

includes, but is not limited to, the student’s name; address; telephone number; email 

address; photograph; date and place of birth; major field of study; grade level; 

enrollment status (e.g., undergraduate or graduate, full-time or part-time); dates of 

attendance (e.g., academic years, semesters or quarters when enrolled); degrees, 

honors, and awards received; and the most recent educational agency or institution 
4 

attended. 34 C.F.R. § 99.3. An educational institution is allowed to disclose “directory 

information” if: 

it has given public notice to parents of students in attendance and eligible 

students in attendance at the institution of: 

(1) the types of personally identifiable information the agency has 

designated as directory information; 

(2) the right to refuse to let the institution disclose any or all of those types 

of information about the student; and 

(3) the period of time to notify the institution in writing that he or she does 

not want any or all of those types of information about the student 

designated as directory information. 

34 C.F.R. § 99.37(a). The rule is different for former students. Specifically, an 

educational institution 

may disclose directory information about former students without 

complying with the notice and opt out conditions in paragraph (a) of this 

section. However, the agency or institution must continue to honor any 

valid request to opt out of the disclosure of directory information made 

while a student was in attendance unless the student rescinds the opt out 

request. 

34 C.F.R. § 99.37(b). 

“Under FERPA, each educational institution can choose whether to make the 

various categories of directory information public or not.” Electronic Privacy Info. Ctr. v. 

United States Dep’t of Educ., 48 F. Supp. 3d 1, 20 (D.D.C. 2014). Prior to May 2011, 

CSI did not designate any student identifier as directory information, choosing to forego 

the ability to disclose such information. As a result, CSI did not provide students in 

attendance at the time either with notice that such information may be disclosed or with 

an opportunity to opt out. Between May and December 2011, CSI changed its policy 

and decided that instead of designating nothing as directory information, it would 
5 

designate the following student identifiers: student name; address; telephone number; 

email address; enrollment status; program of study; photograph; degrees and awards 

received; and dates of attendance (the “2011 categories”). (Doc. 149, at 10). Students 

attending CSI from May through December 2011 received notice of these categories 

and a chance to opt out as required by section 99.37(a). 

 Relators are seeking information relating to former students who attended CSI 

before January 2012. CSI has agreed that pursuant to section 99.37(b), it may produce 

the 2011 categories of directory information for any student who did not opt out between 

May and December 2011. The question is whether CSI may also produce other 

categories of directory information for those same students, or produce any directory 

information for students in attendance before May 2011 who never had a chance to opt 

out since nothing had been designated as directory information at the time. 

 CSI reads the statute to require that an educational institution never disclose any 

directory information of current or former students unless the institution has at some 

point (1) designated which student identifiers fall within that definition, and (2) given 

students notice and an opportunity to opt out. With respect to the designation element, 

CSI notes that directory information “comprises different categories of information 

depending on the categories of information that an institution chooses to publicly identify 

as ‘directory.’” (Doc. 149, at 10). The University of Illinois-Champaign, for example, 

designates date of birth as directory information. Academic Policies and Regulations, § 

3-602(c) (http://studentcode.illinois.edu/article3_part6_3-602.html, last visited May 20, 

2015). The University of Michigan does not. University of Michigan Student Rights and 

Student Records (http://ro.umich.edu/ferpa/, last visited May 20, 2015). In CSI’s view, 
6 

since it affirmatively designated only certain categories of directory information from 

May through December 2011, absent consent, it cannot disclose any other categories of 

information for students who received the notice and did not opt out. (Doc. 149, at 10). 

 The Court agrees that when it comes to current students, nothing may be 

disclosed as directory information unless an educational institution has given the proper 

notice, which includes designating the specific student identifiers that will be subject to 

release. See Electronic Privacy Info. Ctr., 48 F. Supp. 3d at 20 (“[I]t is within 

Georgetown University’s discretion to decide whether it will publicize student ID 

numbers by requiring that they be placed on a student badge.”). For this reason, 

students in attendance at CSI from May through December 2011 had to be notified 

about which categories of information CSI intended to disclose as directory information 

while they remained students. For example, had CSI failed to notify current students 

that it treated email addresses as directory information, then it would not have been 

allowed to disclose the email addresses of those students while they remained in 

attendance at CSI. 

 With respect to former students, however, educational institutions are expressly 

allowed to disclose “directory information” without complying with the notice and opt out 

requirements. 34 C.F.R. § 99.37(b). The regulations do not state that once an 

educational institution selects particular student identifiers as directory information, no 

other categories can qualify as directory information for its former students. Thus, CSI’s 

decision to designate certain categories as directory information in May 2011 has no 

bearing on whether identifiers that clearly fall within the statutory definition of directory 
7 

information but have not been designated as such nonetheless may be disclosed for 

former students. 

 CSI insists that even if it is not limited to disclosing only those student identifiers 

it designated in May 2011, it still must give all former students an opportunity to opt out 

before any new categories of directory information are disclosed. This argument 

focuses on the second sentence of section 99.37(b), which states that educational 

institutions “must continue to honor any valid request to opt out of the disclosure of 

directory information made while a student was in attendance unless the student 

rescinds the opt out request.” CSI says that “for the regulation to make sense, there 

must have been public notice when the former students were attending the institution. 

Otherwise, the opportunity to object under FERPA would be meaningless.” (Doc. 149, 

at 12). The Court disagrees. 

 The regulations plainly state that educational institutions are allowed to disclose 

directory information of former students “without complying with the notice and opt out 

conditions.” 34 C.F.R. § 99.37(b). See also 73 F.R. 15574-01 (Mar. 24, 2008) (an 

educational institution “does not have to notify former students about its policy on 

directory information disclosures and their right to opt out.”). Though an educational 

institution must continue to honor opt outs made when students were in attendance 

there, the regulations do not mandate that students who were never given an 

opportunity to opt out (e.g., because the school did not designate any identifiers for 

disclosure at the time of attendance) receive a chance to opt out as former students. In 

fact, the regulations do not even require that educational institutions notify former 

students that they have changed the categories included as directory information. 
8 

Thus, a now-former student who had an opportunity while enrolled to opt out but chose 

not to when directory information included only name, email address and major field of 

study, has no right to notice if, after graduation, the school decides to expand the 

definition to include other identifiers the student might find objectionable, such as 

address, photograph and date of birth. In such circumstances, where a now-outdated 

version of a prior notice suffices for purposes of section 99.37(b), it makes no sense to 

require an educational institution to notify former students about which identifiers may 

constitute directory information merely because the prior “definition” included none and 

the new definition includes every possible identifier listed in the statute. 

 The cases CSI relies on deal with current as opposed to former students and 

therefore are not instructive on this issue. See Electronic Privacy Info. Ctr., 48 F. Supp. 

3d at 20 (addressing university decision to require that student ID numbers be placed 

on student badges); Zomba Recording LLC v. Does 1-15, No. 08 C 31-HRW, 2008 WL 

10722357 (E.D. Ky. June 2, 2008) (requiring notice to current students before releasing 

their directory information pursuant to subpoena where “the record does not reflect 

whether [the university] provides the type of annual notice contemplated by FERPA.”).

 The only possible exception is Alberts v. Wheeling Jesuit Univ., No. 5:09-CV109, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 40816 (N.D.W.V. Mar. 29, 2010), where a former professor 

sought a list of names of students who attended faculty meetings in 2006-2007 (for use 

in a discrimination lawsuit). Id. at *11. The university argued that the names constituted 

“education records” that could not be disclosed under FERPA; the plaintiff responded 

merely that the names were relevant to his case. Id. The court held that the student 

names were not education records but did “qualify as directory information, which is 
9 

subject to notice and time for objection” prior to disclosure. Id. at *12. Based on the 

dates involved (a February 2010 motion seeking names from 2006-2007), it is likely that 

the information related to former students. The court, however, did not indicate that 

these were former students, nor did it cite to or discuss section 99.37(a) or (b). For this 

reason, to the extent Alberts required that notice be given to former students, this Court 

does not find the holding persuasive. 

B. Specific Student Identifiers

 CSI argues that even if notice is not required prior to disclosing directory 

information associated with former students, it still must obtain student consent to 

disclose data that cannot be classified as directory information. CSI identifies six such 

categories: (1) student ID; (2) date of birth; (3) graduation credential; (4) non-Title IV 

tuition information; (5) dates of attendance; and (6) course of study. 

 1. Student IDs

 FERPA provides that a student ID number may be considered directory 

information “if the identifier cannot be used to gain access to education records except 

when used in conjunction with one or more factors that authenticate the user’s identity, 

such as a personal identification number (PIN), password or other factor known or 

possessed only by the authorized user.” 34 C.F.R. § 99.3. At a hearing on May 28, 

2015, this Court determined from information provided by the parties that student ID 

numbers cannot be used to access education records without a password or PIN, 

meaning they constitute directory information. For the reasons discussed earlier, the 

fact that CSI chose not to designate student IDs as directory information until 2013, 
10 

(Doc. 149, at 13), does not mean that former students must receive notice before CSI 

discloses their student IDs in this case. 

 2. Date of Birth

A student’s date of birth is expressly listed as an example of directory 

information. 34 C.F.R. § 99.3. CSI’s only basis for refusing to disclose date of birth is 

the fact that it has never designated date of birth as directory information. (Doc. 149, at 

13). Once again, the Court does not find that argument persuasive. CSI also cites 

Richardson v. Board of Educ. of Huber Heights City Schools, No. 3:12-CV-00342, 2014 

WL 8619228 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 11, 2014), for the proposition that “courts require that 

institutions redact date of birth before disclosing documents.” (Doc. 149, at 14). In 

Richardson, the court ordered the production of student disciplinary files in connection 

with a lawsuit seeking redress for a hazing incident, finding the documents relevant to 

the issues in the case. Id. at *1-2. The court also found, however, that personal 

identifiers, such as student ID numbers, dates of birth, addresses, and photographs had 

to be redacted prior to production. Id. at *3. Given that the Richardson court was 

addressing identifiers linked with disciplinary records, the case is not instructive as to 

whether date of birth, standing apart from any sensitive data, may constitute “directory 

information.”

 On the record presented, CSI may disclose the dates of birth of former students 

without giving them notice and an opportunity to opt out. 

 3. Graduation Credential

 Relators want to know whether, at the time of enrollment, each particular student 

had a high school diploma or GED, or took and passed an Ability to Benefit (“ATB”) test 
11 

administered by CSI (i.e., their “graduation credential”). CSI first objects, without 

supporting citation, that since it “maintains this information in students’ educational 

records,” it is not “directory information” subject to disclosure. (Doc. 149, at 14). In the 

absence of any authority suggesting that information that otherwise qualifies as 

“directory information” loses that status if an educational institution decides to place the 

information in educational records, CSI’s argument in that regard is rejected. 

 CSI also contends that graduation credentials are not directory information in any 

event. It is true that the non-exhaustive list of directory information does not expressly 

include graduation credential, but Relators say the information is of the same type as 

“degrees, honors, and awards received; and the most recent educational agency or 

institution attended,” all of which are expressly identified as directory information. (Doc. 

146, at 12). The Court agrees that the phrase “degrees, honors and awards received” 

fairly encompasses whether a student received a high school diploma (by graduating 

high school) or a GED certificate (by passing the high school equivalency test).4

 The 

phrase is not, as CSI suggests, limited to degrees, honors and awards the student 

received from CSI. 

 The ATB credential is a closer question but also qualifies as directory information 

under the circumstances presented here. The ATB certificate is similar to a GED 

certificate in that it is a recognized credential that a person without a high school 

 

4 According to the GED Testing Service website, “GED is a trademarked acronym used 

for the General Educational Development Tests, a battery of examinations administered by 

states and jurisdictions to measure the skills and knowledge similar to a high school course of 

study. GED® graduates earn a GED® credential. The type of credential issued, diploma or 

certificate, varies by state.” The test was first developed at the request of the military in 1942 to 

help returning World War II veterans finish their high school studies and reenter civilian life.” 

(http://www.gedtestingservice.com/testers/faqs-test-taker#GED_stand_for, last visited June 29, 

2015). 
12 

diploma may attain by successfully completing an academic examination demonstrating 

readiness for higher education. 20 C.F.R. § 1091(d)(1). The ATB credential came into 

existence in 1976 with the passage of the Education Amendments of 1976 that (among 

other things) expanded eligibility for federal financial assistance to persons without high 

school degrees if they had the “ability to benefit” from postsecondary training. See

Education Amendments of 1976, Pub. L. No. 94-482, 90 Stat. 2081 (1976). The 

requirements for recognized ATB examinations are determined by Department of 

Education regulations. See, e.g., 34 C.F.R. § 668.141 et seq. (setting forth “provisions 

under which a student who has neither a high school diploma nor its recognized 

equivalent may become eligible to receive title IV, HEA program funds.”); 64 F.R. 

24246-01 (May 1999) (setting forth a “List of Approved ‘Ability-to-Benefit’ Tests and 

Passing Scores.”). 

During the June 25th status hearing, this Court learned that CSI’s database 

contains a field denoting each student’s graduation credential. In this field the following 

initials appear: “HS” (if the student has a high school diploma), “GED” (if the student has 

a GED certificate), and “ATB” (if the student has an ATB certificate). In other words, 

this field discloses only the graduation credential. It does not identify whether any 

student failed the ATB test or the scores from that test. Under these circumstances, the 

Court is persuaded that the ATB credential is properly treated as directory information. 

Moreover, in the event the Court were to require CSI to redact “ATB” from the field 

wherever it appears, it would be readily apparent that the students with a blank in the 

field (rather than “HS” or “GED”) had received an ATB certificate. This Court finds that 
13 

the graduation credential—be it “HS”, “GED” or “ATB”—may be disclosed by CSI 

without prior notice to former students. 

 4. Non-Title IV Tuition Information

 Relators also seek tuition payment information for students in the ESL program. 

The regulations do not include tuition payments as a type of directory information, but 

Relators claim that ESL tuition qualifies because it “is not of a confidential or sensitive 

nature and CSI does not treat it as such.” (Doc. 146, at 12). By way of example, 

Relators note that CSI “has a ‘net price calculator’ on its website where students can 

estimate tuition and fees and posts the fees for its ESL programs on its website.” (Id.) 

(citing CSI Tuition & Fees webpage, www.csinow.edu/esl/tuition-fees, last visited May 

21, 2015). According to the webpage, tuition ranges from $3,600 to $6,000 per year, 

depending on the specific ESL program, plus quarterly book fees of between $90 and 

$150. 

In the Court’s view, the fact that tuition rates for ESL programs are publicly 

available is insufficient to justify treating individual student tuition payments as directory 

information. Tuition payments are not the type of information that generally appears in 

a student directory, and disclosing individual financial data would be a clear invasion of 

privacy. CSI may not disclose ESL tuition payment information without first obtaining 

consent. 

 5. Dates of Attendance 

 As with date of birth, dates of attendance is expressly included as directory 

information and defined as follows: “the period of time during which a student attends or 

attended an educational agency or institution. Examples of dates of attendance include 
14 

an academic year, a spring semester, or a first quarter.” 34 C.F.R. § 99.3. CSI may 

produce this attendance information without notice to former students. CSI’s argument 

that it cannot do so since it never designated dates of attendance as directory 

information is rejected for the reasons already stated. (Doc. 149, at 15). 

 Relators seek more than this, however, insisting that CSI also produce specific 

dates that each student was in class. As Relators explain, “CSI determines whether a 

student has started a program based on their attendance in the first five days, . . . and 

considers a student to have dropped out if not attending classes for more than 14 

calendar days.” (Doc. 150, at 8 n.4) (citing CSI “Job Description: Admissions 

Representative,” Doc. 150, Ex. E, at 73). The problem with Relators’ request is that

pursuant to the FERPA regulations, the term dates of attendance “does not include 

specific daily records of a student’s attendance at an educational agency or institution.” 

34 C.F.R. § 99.3. For this reason, CSI must obtain student consent before it produces 

daily attendance records. 

 6. Course of Study

Relators asked CSI to produce “courses” for each former student, prompting CSI 

to object that directory information does not include data about the individual courses a 

student took while at CSI. Relators have now clarified that they “do not seek data on 

the individual courses that former students took” but instead want to know the students’

“course of study,” meaning the type of program each student pursued at CSI (e.g., the 

Healthcare Program, the Network Career Program, etc.). (Doc. 146, at 11). With this 

limitation, the Court agrees that course of study falls within the definition of directory 

information. See 34 C.F.R. § 99.3 (defining directory information to include “major field 
15 

of study.”). (See also Doc. 149, at 13 n.4) (confirming that CSI itself designated 

“program of study” as directory information from May through December 2011). CSI’s 

assertion that it may only produce the program/course of study information for students 

who attended CSI between May and December 2011 is without merit, as already 

explained. 

CONCLUSION

 For the reasons stated above, CSI’s objection that it cannot produce directory 

information relating to former students without first providing notice and an opportunity 

to opt out under FERPA is overruled. CSI’s objections that certain of the requested 

student identifiers do not constitute directory information are sustained in part and 

overruled in part. The Court’s previous opinion and order (Doc. 155) is hereby vacated. 

 ENTER: 

Dated: June 30, 2015 _____________________________ 

 SHEILA FINNEGAN 

 United States Magistrate Judge