# Patent

## Title
Delay line periodically operable in a closed loop

## Abstract

A delay line is periodically configured into a delay-locked loop for calibration purposes. That is, the delay line is operated in an open loop mode during a first time period in which a signal, such as an aperiodic signal, is the input signal into the delay line. Periodically, the delay line is configured into a delay-locked loop and the delay line is recalibrated based on a periodic signal supplied to the delay-locked loop.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)
This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of application No. 60/718,014, filed Sep. 16, 2005, which application is incorporated herein by reference.


BACKGROUND
1. Field of the Invention
This application is related to delay lines and delay-locked loops.
2. Description of the Related Art
High speed memory interfaces employ delay lines to position data with respect to clock and/or clocks with respect to data to meet system timing requirements. A delay line typically includes a series of delay cells, where the delay through each cell can be varied. Delay lines can be configured in a delay-locked loop (DLL), which automatically adjusts the voltage/current in the delay cell, so that the total delay of the delay line tracks the frequency of a reference signal supplied to the DLL. When the delay line supplies an output signal having the desired frequency and phase, the DLL is said to be locked.
High accuracy may be required for clock signals in high speed memory interfaces. One design challenge for memory interfaces is that the DLL input signal data rate is aperiodic. However, the DLL delay needs to accurately maintain its delay independent of data rate. That is, the delay of a delay line utilized in a memory interface needs to remain constant even in the absence of an input signal. In some prior art solutions, in order to accomplish this, a DLL is provided for one or more other delay lines. Thus, one delay line is driven continuously by a reference clock and is part of a closed loop feedback system (i.e., it is configured as a DLL). The other delay line is a replica of the first and is operated open loop with the receive data acting as the input signal. The control voltage/current that determines the delay of the delay cells for the DLL is also applied to the delay cells of the associated replica delay line. However, that has the disadvantage of having multiple delay lines, which utilizes additional power and space on an integrated circuit.
SUMMARY
Accordingly, in an embodiment, a delay line is periodically configured into a delay-locked loop (DLL) for calibration purposes. That is, during a first time period, the delay line is operated open loop mode in which a signal, e.g., an aperiodic signal, is supplied as the input signal into the delay line. During a second time period, the delay line is configured to be part of a closed loop feedback system, that is, as a DLL. The DLL locks to a reference clock supplied as the input signal to the DLL during the second time period, thereby calibrating the delay through the delay line. In that way, the delay line can be periodically calibrated for changes that can affect the delay through the delay line such as temperature or voltage variations. Periodically recalibrating the delay line allows a single delay line to be utilized instead of having to provide a second delay line configured as a continuously operating DLL.
In an embodiment, a method is provided for operating a delay line that includes operating the delay line during a first time period in open loop mode; and operating the delay line during a second time period in a closed loop mode in which a periodic signal is supplied as an input signal to the delay line and the delay line is configured as part of a closed loop feedback system. The method may further include supplying an aperiodic signal as the input signal to the delay line during the open loop mode of operation. The method may further include periodically operating the delay line in the closed loop mode. The method may further include operating the delay line as part of a memory interface and supplying a signal received as an input to the memory interface as the input signal to the delay line during the open loop mode of operation. The method may further include operating the delay line in a memory interface and stopping at least a portion of the memory interface from operating during the closed loop mode of operation.
In another embodiment, an apparatus is provided that includes a delay line circuit having a controllable delay. The delay line circuit is configurable to be operable, at separate times, in an open loop mode of operation and a closed loop mode of operation in which the delay line is configured as a delay-locked loop. In an embodiment, the delay line is configurable to operate in the closed loop mode periodically and the periodicity of the operation in the closed loop mode is programmable.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention may be better understood, and its numerous objects, features, and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1A illustrates a high level diagram of an exemplary memory interface in which an embodiment of the invention can be utilized.
FIG. 1B illustrates a receive portion of the memory interface.
FIG. 2A illustrates a block diagram of a DLL according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2B illustrates a flow diagram of the recalibration operation according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates the relationship between the reference clock and the feedback clock in the DLL.
FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary DAC structure.
FIG. 4B illustrates operation of the DAC by showing the relationship between a counter value and operation of the switches shown in FIG. 4A.
FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary delay cell.
FIG. 6A illustrates operation of the delay line architecture that includes a phase interpolator and multiplexer in the delay cells.
FIG. 6B illustrates how the switches in FIG. 6A are used to generate delay in the delay.
FIG. 6C illustrates an embodiment of a delay cell shown in FIG. 6A.
FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary block diagram of a phase interpolator.
FIG. 8 illustrates operation of a phase interpolator.
FIG. 9A illustrates a possible output of the phase interpolator.
FIG. 9B illustrates a possible output of the phase interpolator.
FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a delay cell according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 11 illustrates additional details of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 10.
FIG. 12 illustrates a table showing operation of the embodiment in FIGS. 10 and 11.
FIG. 13 illustrates multiplexers utilized to achieve fast lock modes.
FIG. 14 is a high level block diagram of an embodiment of the control structure to implement the various lock modes.



DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)
A delay-locked loop (DLL) can be used to create an arbitrary phase delay with respect to a reference clock and can compensate for process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations in integrated circuits. In high speed interfaces, e.g., the DDR2 memory interface, a robust delay-locked loop (DLL) having low jitter and offset is important for both receive and transmit timing. In an embodiment, the DDR2-interface requires digitally programmable phase delays of clock-period*N/64 of a reference clock, where N in an integer and could be anywhere from 1 to 64.
Referring to FIG. 1A, an exemplary memory interface circuit is shown in which an embodiment of the invention can be utilized. Outbound data is written into a transmit FIFO 101 using a source synchronous data path 103. In one embodiment the MEMCLK 105 is used as the reference clock for all outbound signals. In some embodiments a portion of the memory interface is located in a separate voltage plane from other portions of the integrated circuit, e.g., in an input/output (I/O) region, and level shifting circuits (not shown) may be required for both clocks and data to translate from one voltage region to another. In the illustrated embodiment, the DLL 107 is used to delay data being supplied to the memory with respect to the strobe DQS also being supplied to the memory. The data in FIG. 1A is supplied from the North Bridge (NB), a traditional portion of PC architecture that provides memory control functions, which may be incorporated into the processor integrated circuit.
FIG. 1B illustrates a receive portion of the memory interface in which the DQS strobes are supplied through DLL 110, which are used to clock the data into the receive FIFO 112.
According to an embodiment of invention, the DLL provides multiple equally spaced phases which are PVT compensated. In some embodiments, depending on the application, the DLL provides either 32 or 48 equally spaced phases. Due to range restrictions, all the 64 phases may not be used in the delay line in some embodiments. In one embodiment, the delay line architecture includes a 16 stage voltage controlled delay line which provides natural clock division into 64 equal parts using a 16:1 multiplexer and a 4 bit phase interpolator, both of which are incorporated into the delay line. Note that the loop around the delay line is digital because the delay line in the DLL passes a signal in open loop. Under those conditions, the control voltage has to be maintained at its lock value for an indefinite period of time.
A block diagram of an exemplary DLL 200 according to an embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 2A. The DLL 200 includes a phase detector 201. The phase detector is used to achieve a 180 degree lock to the reference clock 203. It is clocked by the falling edge of reference clock 203. The operation of the phase detector is shown in FIG. 3, which illustrates the relationship between the reference clock 203 (RefClk) and the feedback clock 205 (FbClk) as the phase detector attempts to lock. In FIG. 3, FbClk1 is an example of the feedback clock 205 (FIG. 2A) delayed less than 180 degrees, while FbClk2 is an example of the feedback clock 205 (FIG. 2A) delayed greater than 180 degrees. The phase detector output is supplied to a counter 211, which acts as a filter, which in turns supplies the counter accumulator 213. When the falling edge of the reference clock is received at phase detector 201, if the feedback clock 205 is high, that indicates that the delay should be increased, and if the feedback clock is low, then the delay should be decreased.
In an embodiment, the phase detector is a series of two flip-flops followed by a monotonic flip-flop having two outputs, followed by a decision logic block. The decision logic block modifies the monotonic outputs, conditioning them with open/closed loop control and false-lock detect signal before sending them to the filter 211. In an embodiment, the phase detector provides two outputs, INC and DEC. When INC goes high, the counter increments. When DEC goes high, the counter decrements. Three states are needed as outputs from the phase detector: (1) increment; (2) decrement; and (3) do nothing. A monotonic flip-flop naturally provides these three states, since the precharged state corresponds to 00 state. 00 is the “do nothing” state. In an embodiment, the counter is a master-slave style counter. In the 00 state, the master latch does not accept any inputs. It passes its value to the slave latch. Since the master latch outputs control the downstream logic, all succeeding logic does not get updated in that state.
In an embodiment, the phase detector is designed so that the DLL locks to 180 degrees, and the delay line starts from its fastest setting. The fastest setting corresponds to all zeros in the DAC counter 213. During the initialization process, after power is determined to be satisfactory, BIOS determines the correct MEMCLK frequency by communicating with the DRAM. The DLL starts the locking process after the chip comes out of reset and a control signal causing the DLL to remain frozen is de-asserted.
In some embodiments, the data needs to be resolved completely before it reaches the monotonic flip-flop. Two flip-flops before the monotonic are sufficient for resolving the data. When the DLL is locked, the feedback clock may consistently violate setup/hold time requirements. However, the DLL is not in lock mode all the time. In an embodiment, when the chip powers up, the DLL is in lock mode for approximately 200 microseconds and then goes open loop. The loop is periodically closed (e.g., about every 1 ms or 5 ms) to allow the DLL to compensate for temperature variations. The time period may be programmable. For example, a programmable location may select between 1 ms and 5 ms. When the loop is open, the conditioning logic block in the phase detector forces the INC and DEC outputs to 0, preventing the counter from changing.
The output of the phase detector 201 is supplied to a filter 211. The filter essentially maintains a running count of INC/DEC signals from phase detector 201 using a 5-bit up down counter. Every fast signal decrements the count by one and every slow signal increments the count by one. An overflow beyond 32 or underflow beyond 0 resets the counter back to 16. That ensures that the accumulator does not jitter back and forth, which it would do if the overflow and the underflow toggled the filter between the same two numbers. Thus, the filter 211 functions as a 16-cycle filter before the accumulator 213. The accumulator 213 gets updated once for each filter overflow or underflow.
The filter provides two functions. First it filters out input reference clock jitter, power supply noise and other random events. Secondly, the filter gives enough time so that any change made to the DAC setting actually affects the delay through the delay line before the next change is made. The size of the filter depends upon the particular application and provides stability for the DLL.
In one embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 2A, the accumulator 213 is a saturating 9-bit accumulator. The upper 4 bits control the main DAC, whereas the lower 5-bits control the sub DAC. In an embodiment, the accumulator is 9-bits to ensure that the delay line is sufficiently accurate. Other accumulator sizes are of course possible depending on the particular application. However, this is a binary counter and the various bits update at different times. Therefore, the bits are first converted to a binary-reflected gray code in gray encoder 215, then stored. Then they are decoded using a one-hot decoder 217. Even then, the possibilities of code going between intermediate states exist since that is the nature of a one-hot decoder. However, if everything is matched, any such glitch should be small in duration and not significantly affect the DAC.
The effect of the decoder output changing before settling to a final value may be limited because the switches are CMOS switches. Therefore the two gate inputs switch in opposite directions. One injects charge and the other takes it away. There is still net charge injected or taken away since the overlap capacitance on NMOS and PMOS is not the same.
The digital to analog converter 219 converts the accumulator digital count into a control voltage, which directly controls the delay line 221 through the bias voltages VBN and VBP. In an embodiment, VBN is supplied by a bias generator and startup circuit 229. In an embodiment, the DAC is implemented as a hierarchical R ladder, having a 16 resistor (4 bits) first stage and a 31 resistor (5 bits) second stage.
FIG. 4A illustrates the DAC architecture. FIG. 4A is a simplified diagram showing only 4 resistors as the first stage and 3 resistors as the second stage to facilitate understanding. Operation of the DAC in FIG. 4A is illustrated in conjunction with the table shown in FIG. 4B. For purposes of this example, assume a four bit counter is supplying the counter values. The upper two bits select the resistor in the main DAC 401 and the lower two bits select the resistor in the sub-DAC 403.
Referring to FIGS. 4A and 4B, when the counter code is 0001, the switch code is 1b. That causes the two switches labeled 1 to close and the one switch labeled b to close. When the counter code is 0010, the switch code is 1c. That causes the two switches labeled 1 to close and the one switch labeled c to close. The table illustrated in FIG. 4B details the switch settings for the 16 possible codes.
The outputs of the DAC 219 are used to control the delay through the delay cell. FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of a differential delay cell, which provides good delay range and duty cycle performance, at the cost of higher dc power.
In an embodiment, all devices are body-tied (source tied to body region under the channel) to alleviate the effects of hysteresis. The width of the devices should be chosen to balance hysteresis and appropriate phase-blending on one hand, and to minimize mismatch and meet required delay range on the other hand. In one embodiment, the channel length is 2.5 L, where L is a technology dependent unit. Even though higher length would reduce mismatch between the various delay cells, it also means higher power. Since there may be multiple functional DLLs in a particular embodiment, power may be a primary concern. In such embodiments, the channel width and length should be chosen to satisfy the DLL range requirements and to utilize the minimum power possible.
An embodiment may require that the DLL provide 32 different phases of the reference clock MEMCLK. That is, the granularity should be MEMCLK/64, since the DLL locks to 180 degrees of MEMCLK. The DLL may provide 32 equally spaced phases, nominally separated by 40 ps for an application such as DDR-800. But that does not take into account any non-linearities and mismatches, which may increase the requirement for the number of phases, to, e.g., 48 phases.
In an embodiment in which the DLL is used in a DDR interface, there may be tens of DLLs in the interface. Therefore it is desirable to keep the power consumption of the DLL low. A voltage controlled delay line (VCDL) may require a voltage regulator if voltage supplies are too noisy and create too much jitter.
In the illustrated embodiment, the signal supplied to the delay line switches depending on whether the delay line is operating in an open loop mode or a closed loop mode. In the closed loop mode a periodic signal (typically a reference clock signal) is supplied to the DLL and the delay through the DLL adjusted to lock the DLL to that reference clock signal. In the open loop mode an aperiodic signal can be supplied to the delay line instead of the reference clock. Referring to FIG. 2A, a multiplexer 223 selects between the reference clock and a data signal (i.e., an aperiodic signal) 225 according to whether the delay line 221 is operating in open loop or closed loop mode. As described further herein, the multiplexer 223 may be incorporated into the first stage of the delay line. In some implementations the reference clock is supplied in both open and closed loop modes. Thus, in such an implementation the reference clock is used to lock the DLL during the closed loop mode and the reference clock is delayed by the delay line while in the open loop mode.
Referring again to FIG. 1B, the aperiodic signal may be, e.g., the DQS signals received from the memory interface. As shown in FIG. 1A, the DLL 107 may be configured to supply the MEMCLK supplied on node 105 in an open loop mode. The aperiodic signal 225 can last for a relatively long time (several microseconds). When the aperiodic signal is going through the delay line, the DLL is in open loop. While in open loop mode, the delay through the delay line DLL is not being adjusted to reflect changes in temperature. That is acceptable because the DLL has already compensated for process, the delay line runs off a regulated supply, and the temperature time constants are too large (in the millisecond range) for the temperature to change significantly in a few microseconds. However, since the signal passing through the delay line could be an aperiodic signal, to reduce hysteresis, all devices in the delay line should be body-tied according to one embodiment of the delay line.
Note that when DLL 110 (FIG. 1B) is being calibrated (operated in the closed loop mode), the receive interface needs to be shut down since the data cannot be properly clocked into the receive FIFO. Thus, during calibration the receive portion of the memory interface is turned off. In addition, the transmit portion of the interface is turned off including data signals, clock signals, and control address/command signals. Remember that there are typically multiple delay lines in the memory interface on both the transmit and receive side requiring periodic recalibration.
Thus, in order to compensate for temperature variations, the delay line is periodically placed in closed loop mode to recalibrate the delay line for temperature variations. The frequency with which the delay line enters the closed loop mode may be fixed or programmable. Thus, for example, the delay line may be recalibrated every few milliseconds, or seconds, or more or less frequently as needed for a particular system.
In an embodiment, a counter can be configured to count for 1 ms or 5 ms according to a programmable register bit. The counter and/or the programmable register bit may be located in the North Bridge portion of the integrated circuit. Referring to FIG. 2A, a programmable register 241 is shown coupled to control a count value of a counter 243. The counter 243 is coupled to memory control logic 245. When the counter 243 indicates it is time to close the loop to recalibrate the delay line(s), the control logic 245 schedules the recalibration by placing it in the queue of memory tasks to complete. Typically the memory tasks are transfers between the memory interface and the memory. When all transfers in front of the recalibration task are complete, all traffic in the interface is stopped and the DLLs throughout the interface recalibrate. The memory control logic 245 controls the open/closed loop control signals supplied to, e.g., multiplexer 223 to close and open the loop. Following the calibration, the loop is reopened, the counter is restarted and the memory transfers are re-enabled. In an embodiment, the calibration takes approximately 40 ns.
FIG. 2B illustrates a flow diagram of the recalibration operation. In step 271 the programmable register 241 is written to select the appropriate recalibration delay. While one embodiment may provide for a programmable delay of between 1 ms and 5 ms, other delays are of course possible and the range of programmability of the delay is based on system needs. In some embodiments, only two delay options may be provided. In other embodiments the delay may in fact be fixed in which case step 271 is omitted. In step 273, the counter is enabled and the delay lines are configured for open loop operation. Note that other actions may be necessary to initialize the memory interface. Once the counter has counted the specified period between recalibrations in 275, the memory controller queues up the recalibration task in 277. When all the tasks ahead of the recalibration task have completed in 279, the memory controller configures the memory interface for recalibration by stopping the interface and configuring all the delay lines into closed loops in 281. After configuration for recalibration, the recalibration takes place in 283. After recalibration is complete, the memory interface is once again set for open loop operation, transfers are enabled, and the counter is enabled in 273.
In order to provide the ability to select phases a multiplexer and phase interpolator (PI) can be placed after the delay line to select the appropriate phase or phases and interpolate between them. However, if the multiplexer and PI are after the delay line, the multiplexer and interpolator create an uncalibrated delay that varies with PVT. That may be undesirable in certain DLL applications.
Referring again to FIG. 1A, in the transmit data path, the DLL is used to delay the clock signal that sends the data out. In an embodiment of the DDR interface, the data is received at the interface for transmission a logical half-cycle early. The delay in transmitting (or launching) the data ensures that the DQS is centered in the data eye. In the RX data path (FIG. 1B), the incoming strobe DQS is delayed so that its edge falls in the center of the data eye. In the Address path (not shown), the DLL is used to delay the clock signal that sends the control signals out. In the RcvEn path (not shown), the DLL is used to delay the Receiver Enable that comes from the NB.
The uncalibrated delay created by the multiplexer+PI, if placed after the delay line, can be significant (on the order of 100 s of ps), and can play havoc with any timing budget. Either the uncalibrated delay needs to be matched in corresponding other paths or it needs to be calibrated out. If this delay is not matched in other corresponding paths, it creates a minimum delay that the signal passing through that path experiences. If it is calibrated out, apart from the uncertainties inherent in the calibration scheme, a dead zone corresponding to that delay gets created in the multiplexer settings. The other option is to match the delay in the corresponding other paths, but that could negatively affect the timing budget as well as create unwanted noise and jitter.
Thus, in an embodiment, the multiplexer and phase interpolator form an integral part of the delay line itself to avoid the above-mentioned problems. FIG. 6A is a high level diagram illustrating operation of an embodiment of the delay line with integrated multiplexing and phase interpolation. FIG. 6A shows 6 delay cells 601-606. Each delay cell includes three switches a, b, and c. To simplify the diagram and the explanation of the operation of the multiplexing and phase interpolation, some of the switches are shown without connection. FIG. 6A illustrates how the multiplexer and phase interpolator is integrated into the delay cell. There is a multiplexer on the output, delay cell 604, which can select the input signal 611, thus bypassing the rest of the delay line completely. There is also a multiplexer on the input delay cell 601 that corresponds to the multiplexer 223 shown in FIG. 2A. Appropriate selection of the switches 601b and 601c select between the reference clock and the aperiodic signal on input2. Note that an embodiment includes a multiplexer (not shown in FIG. 6A) after the last delay cell that can be used by the data signal to bypass the delay line completely.
FIG. 6B illustrates the operation of the delay cell. Assume the delay cell delay is Δ. The minimum delay through the delay line is 1 delay cell or Δ. When switch 604(a) in delay cell 604 is closed (i.e., the path is selected), the input on node 611 is supplied to the output 615. The total delay is 1*Δ (the delay of delay cell 604). When switches 604(a) and 604(b) are closed, delay stage 604 interpolates between the input signal and the output of stage 601, generating a total delay of 1.5*Δ. When only switch 606(b) is closed, a total delay of 2*Δ is generated. When switches 604(b), 604(c), and 605(a) are closed, the total delay is 2.5*Δ. FIG. 6B illustrates the switch setting appropriate to achieve delays between 1*Δ and 4*Δ. FIG. 6C illustrates an embodiment of a delay cell shown in FIG. 6A.
In order to accomplish the phase interpolation assumed in FIGS. 6A and 6B, a circuit is required to blend two (or more) signals to create a third signal that is between the two. An exemplary simple, single-stage phase-blender circuit 700 is shown in the FIG. 7. This circuit receives two phase-adjacent input signals, ΦA and ΦB, which are separated in phase by one inverter delay. The phase blender directly passes these two signals with a simple delay to produce output signals φA and φB in inverters 701 and 703. The phase blender circuit uses a pair of phase-blending inverters 705 to interpolate between these two input signals to produce a third output signal, φAB, having a phase between that of φA and φB. That effectively doubles the available phase resolution. However, it is not sufficient to use equal-sized inverters for the phase-blending.
FIG. 8 illustrates a simple model useful for understanding operation of the phase-blending circuits and that relative sizes of the two phase-blending inverters determine where the phase of φAB lies between that of φA and φB. The model approximates the two inverters with two simple switched current sources 801 and 803 sharing a common resistance capacitance (RC) load.
For input signals separated in phase by one inverter delay, in order to ensure that the phase of φAB lies directly in between that of φA and φB, the phase-blending inverters should be sized appropriately. In an embodiment, the phase-blending inverters are sized in a ratio w=60/(60+40)=0.6, such that the leading phase is coupled to an inverter that is bigger than the one that receives the lagging phase and the blended phase lies halfway between φA and φB, where w=WA/(WA+WB)=where WA is the width of the transistors forming inverter A and WB is the width of the transistors forming the inverter B. FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate the effect of the relative sizing of the phase-blending inverters. The phase of output signal is closer to that of φB than to that of φA when the phase-blending inverter size ratio is w=0.5 as shown in FIG. 9A. FIG. 9B shows φAB is half way between φA and φB when phase-blending inverters are sized in a ratio w=60/(60+40)=0.6, and the leading phase is coupled to the inverter that is bigger than the inverter that receives the lagging phase. Reversing the phase of these two input signals would result in φAB being displaced because the effective sizing ratio would then be w=0.4. Note also that all paths through the circuit should provide the same loading and delay to ensure that the phase relationship between ΦA and ΦB is maintained by ΦA and ΦB.
The phase-blender idea can be extended to multiple cascaded stages for further phase resolution improvement, with each additional stage improving the resolution by a factor of two. Although it is theoretically possible to increase phase resolution indefinitely by adding more and more phase-blender stages, there is a practical limit. The number of inverters in each signal path increases by two with each additional phase-blending stage, making the circuit increasingly susceptible to voltage supply noise-induced jitter due to the additional delay in the signal path. Therefore, it is prudent to increase the number of blending stages to improve phase resolution only until the output phase step size from the phase blender is approximately equivalent to the anticipated voltage supply noise-induced jitter. There are several design limitations that should be considered when designing a cascaded phase blender. First, the importance of proper (asymmetrical) sizing of the phase-blending inverters grows with the number of cascaded blending stages because edge misplacement has a compounding effect as the signals travel through the multiple stages. Additionally, close attention should be paid to ensuring equal loading for equal delay through all paths, requiring the use of dummy devices on otherwise unbalanced paths. Finally, like a single-stage phase blender, a cascaded phase blender also requires the phase of ΦA to lead that of ΦB to ensure even output phase spacing.
In order to achieve the phase-blending and multiplexing operation described in FIGS. 6A and 6B, an embodiment of the invention modifies the delay cell illustrated in FIG. 5 by providing multiple paths between the tail current node 501 and the PMOS transistors 503 and 505 as shown in FIG. 10. In particular, the path between the PMOS loads 503 (or 505) and the tail current node 501 is subdivided into three separate paths 650 (or 650X), 651 (or 651X), and 652 (or 652X). Each of the three separate paths are further subdivided into 4 parts. Each path on one side of the differential circuit between the PMOS loads 503 and the tail current node 501 receives a separate voltage VIN1, VIN2, or VIN3. Each path on the other side of the differential circuit receives the corresponding complementary voltages VIN1X, VIN2X, or VIN3X. The voltages VIN1, VIN2, and VIN3 have phases separated by one or two delay stages and correspond to the different phases being received by the stages shown in FIG. 6A. In addition, each path receives its own set of select signals to provide interpolation capability between the paths. FIG. 11 shows additional details of path 652. Each of the four subdivided paths includes a switch controlled by one of the select signals Sel 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d and a transistor controlled by VIN1. Note that the transistors have to be sized appropriately to achieve the desired interpolation.
FIG. 12 illustrates operation of the interpolation for the circuit shown in FIGS. 10 and 11. Assume two of the subdivided paths are 1a, 1b, 1c and 1d and 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d. An exemplary truth table is provided in FIG. 12. Assume the voltage supplied at 652 VIN1 corresponds to phase1 and the voltage supplied at VIN2 corresponds to phase2. Let the delay between phase2 and phase1 be x or phase2−phase1=x. In the table in FIG. 12, a 1 in a column indicates that that path is turned on. Thus, when all the switches 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d are turned on, and none of the switches 2a-2d are turned on, the total delay is phase 1+Δ, where Δ is the delay of the delay cell as described before. When switches 1a-1c and 2d are turned on, the delay is phase 1+Δ+x/4. The table illustrates the remaining allowed switch settings for interpolation between paths 651 and 652. Note that there are restrictions on which paths can be activated at any one time. FIG. 12 illustrates allowed paths in one embodiment of the invention. The allowed paths are based on the sizing of the circuits in the paths and the expected phase difference between the paths so that the desired interpolation is achieved. In the illustrated embodiment in FIG. 10, interpolation is allowed between path 650 and 651, and 651 and 652.
The DLL may have to support a wide delay range under a wide range of process variations. In an embodiment, the maximum/minimum delay ratio of the delay line for the fast process is about 5 but the max/min delay ratio of the line for the slow process is greater than 20. The frequency of the reference clock (MEMCLK) may change during various chip functional modes. Furthermore the delay line could be providing a large delay, and then the DLL may be asked to lock to a much smaller delay. That could result in the DLL falsely locking to 540 degrees instead of 180 degrees.
For certain frequency jumps, the control logic, which may be located in the North Bridge, resets the counters used to achieving lock (see FIG. 2A) and then uses a fast lock sequence so that the DLL can lock from the fastest setting in, e.g., 2 microseconds. For other frequency jumps, certain applications may require a lock time specification of 2 microseconds but that requirement may not be satisfied if the DLL relocked from the fastest setting, so a different fast lock sequence may be utilized. Certain fast lock sequences have a possibility of false lock. To avoid this, false lock detection and prevention logic 231 (see FIG. 2A) may be utilized.
As described previously herein, the DLL attempts to lock to 180 degrees with respect to the reference clock. A positive edge of the reference clock is used in the delay line. The output of the delay line goes into the data input of the phase detector. The negative edge of the reference clock is used by the phase detector. When the delay line is locked, if the negative edge clocks the intermediate phases, they should all be high. The first phase and the ultimate phase can toggle between high/low due to not meeting setup/hold constraints. For margin reasons, the second and the penultimate phases are also ignored. Therefore the false lock detection logic looks at intermediate phases to determine whether the delay line is falsely locked.
Note that some embodiments of the delay line may provide for a programmable length of the delay line. For example, control bits may be used to select a delay line with 8, 12, or 16 delay stages providing respectively, 32, 48 or 64 possible output phases. Therefore, the intermediate bits to check may vary. For an 8-cell delay line, in addition to phase 8, which is used for the 180 degree lock, phases 3, 4, 5, 6 are also examined to determine a false lock condition. For a 12-cell delay line, in addition to phase 12, which is used for the 180 degree lock, phases 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 are also examined to determine a false lock condition. For a 16-cell delay line, in addition to phase 16, which is used for the 180 degree lock, phases 3-14 are also examined to determine a false lock condition. When the delay line is close to lock, the intermediate phases will all be 1 when clocked. If the total delay is greater than 360 degrees, then some of these intermediate phases will be zero. When the false lock circuit detects that any of these intermediate phases are zero, it asserts a false lock signal indicating that a false lock condition may exist.
The phase detector provides two outputs: INC and DEC. Since false-locking happens when the delay line is going too slow, the delay line needs to be made to go faster. Therefore, when the false lock signal asserts, irrespective of whether the phase detector says INC or DEC, the counter keeps decrementing. Decrementing the counter makes the delay line go faster (assuming the filter is decremented sufficiently to affect the accumulator). The counter keeps decrementing until the false lock signal deasserts, which happens when all the intermediate phases are high when clocked.
In some embodiments it is desirable to operate the DDR2 interface at various transfer rates, e.g., 400, 533, 667 and 800 MT/s. Under certain circumstances a faster lock mode is desirable. The need for a faster lock mode can depend on the transfer rate and the change in reference clock speed when changing from one power mode to another power mode. In certain circumstances it may be acceptable to set the counter controlling the DAC at the fastest setting, all zeros in one embodiment, and adjust the counter to be slower until lock is achieved by incrementing or decrementing the least significant bit of the counter. However, under certain circumstances, for example, when going from a low power state to a high power state, the time available for the DLL to lock may be significantly less than at other times, e.g., at power up. Thus, one or more faster lock modes may be desirable.
Operation of fast lock modes is accomplished by causing the counter controlling the DAC to count with a larger increment (more coarsely) by updating an intermediate bit instead of the least significant bit (LSB). For example, assume the counter bits used to control the DAC are A [8:0]. In a normal lock mode the least significant bit (LSB) A[0] gets updated by the filter and the counter counts 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. Thus, the increment for the counter is 1. In one fast lock mode A[5] gets updated instead of the LSB and the counter counts in increments of 32, i.e., 0, 32, 64, 96, etc., until the counter is within 32 settings of where it needs to be to achieve lock. Once the DLL “locks” at the coarse value, the DLL proceeds to lock at a finer increment, by updating one of the bits less significant than A[5]. In some embodiments, the counter can go directly to the LSB as the increment. In other embodiments, the counter is configured to count with additional intermediate bit(s) until eventually the LSB is used as the increment. In another fast lock mode A[2] gets updated (increment of 4) until the counter is within four of its locked condition. Then A[0] is updated until lock is achieved. In one embodiment, accuracy requires that the counter value be within 1 setting of its ideal position. The number of clock cycles that the DLL spends in the various fast lock modes depends on the initial frequency that it had locked to (the current counter setting) and the final frequency that it needs to which it needs to lock.
Note that as previously stated the DLL operates in open loop mode and periodically is placed in closed loop mode to recalibrate the DLL for temperature variations. In such circumstances, a normal lock approach may be used since the starting frequency at which the DLL is currently set and the ending frequency are going to be very close. The time it takes to lock in those circumstances is going to be relatively short and incrementing or decrementing by the LSB is appropriate.
In one embodiment, the time to relock is required to be under 2 microseconds. Under one of those frequency transitions, the data rate of the memory interface is going from 320 megatransfers (MT)/s to 600 MT/s, with a final cycle time of 3.34 ns. Note that the data rate is twice the frequency of the MEMCLK. In an embodiment, the reference clock supplied to the DLL is twice MEMCLK, which the DLL divides to generate MEMCLK, which is used to lock the loop. With a 16 cycle filter (5 bit filter 211 in FIG. 2A), only 2000/3.34/16=37 corrections can be done to the DAC in 2 microseconds.
The main DAC has 16 steps but under these particular low-high transitions, it needs to go only 13 steps. Therefore 15 corrections can be allocated for correction with the increment set so the counter counts by 32. At the end of the coarse lock mode, the counter is offset from the correct setting by a maximum of 32 steps. Then, the DLL enters a finer grained mode in which the increment is set at 4. With this increment, 10 corrections are allocated. At the end of this lock mode with the increment at 4, the counter is offset from the correct setting by a maximum of 4 steps. Then the DLL enters normal single-correct mode where 12 corrections are allocated. Thus, lock can be achieved in 37 corrections.
Remember that in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2A, the accumulator is a 9-bit counter. The increment/decrement pulses to this accumulator come from the digital filter. In one fast lock mode, the pulses from the filter do not update the LSB but update the 6th (A[5]) bit for an increment value of 32, the 3rd bit (A[2]) for an increment value of 4 and the LSB for regular mode. There are multiplexers (as shown in FIG. 13) before the 6th bit and the 3rd bit which select whether to directly take the increment/decrement pulses from the filter or to take the overflow pulses from the previous bit. Bit A[0] receives the output of the filter in regular lock mode and a zero while one of the other bits is being updated in a fast lock mode.
An embodiment may provide for logic that detects overflow/underflow conditions. That can be used to prevent the DAC counter from switching from a fastest setting to a slowest setting and vice versa by rolling over. For an increment value of 32, bits 5-8 must saturate. For an increment value of 4, bits 2-8 must saturate. In regular mode, bits 0-8 must saturate. Therefore the saturation detection logic should be appropriately segmented to detect overflow/underflow for each of these saturation conditions.
The idea behind fast lock mode is to over-correct for a period of time to get close to the final locked state quicker and once the coarse lock is achieved, and therefore the final lock is close, revert back to single step correct mode for fine adjustments. In an embodiment, control logic in the NorthBridge controls the lock sequence with 2 control bits. The first sequence shown in the table below includes three different states for the DLL. When the control bits are “11”, the DLL spends 240 cycles in a coarse lock mode (where the increment in the accumulator is 32). With 240 cycles available, that allows the counter to start from 0 (its fastest setting). A simple state machine that counts the number of cycles can be used to determine when to change the control bits. After 240 cycles the control bits go to 01, a state providing an increment of four. After 160 cycles in that state, the control bits go to 00 allowing the counter to increment or decrement using the LSB until lock is achieved.












FAST LOCK
Number of MEMCLK cycles










CONTROL BITS[1:0]
Sequence 1
Sequence 2





11
240 cycles
 80 cycles


01
160 cycles
160 cycles


00
remaining time
remaining time up to 2 us



up to 2 us









In a second sequence (Sequence 2) shown in the table, only 80 cycles are allocated when the control bits are 11 while the number of cycles are the same when the control bits are 00 and 01. The shortened sequence of sequence 2 may be utilized when the difference between the current counter value and the value to which the counter has to lock is relatively small. However, the shortened sequence may allow false locks to occur. False locks can be detected be evaluating the intermediate phases as described above.
Referring to FIG. 14, a high level block diagram illustrates an embodiment of the control structure that can be utilized to implement the various lock modes. The state machine 1401 receives an indication 1403 as to which lock mode to implement, e.g., sequence 1, sequence 2, or regular lock mode. Of course other fast lock modes may be implemented besides the specific examples described herein. The state machine 1401 may be implemented simply to count as described above to achieve the sequences specified by the various lock modes (e.g., sequences 1 and 2). The state machine 1401 provides appropriate control signals 1405 for the multiplexers shown in FIG. 13 to achieve, e.g., the sequences shown in the table above.
In an embodiment, the memory reference clock is generated from the North Bridge clock by appropriate division. The North Bridge could run the memory interface much slower than the possible peak data rate of the memory interface, depending on the speed of the NB reference clock, and the limitation of a minimum divisor ratio of 5. For example, in some low-power states, the NB clock runs at 0.8 GHz, which implies that the memory reference clock runs at 160 MHz or the data rate is 320 MT/s. This is true even if the peak data rate possible is 667 MT/s. For example, in an embodiment, for a peak data rate of 667 MT/s, transitions in the North Bridge clock from 0.8-1.6 GHz and 0.8-1.8 GHz cause big enough frequency transitions in the memory reference clock to require sequence 1. Similarly, for a peak data rate of 800 MT/s, transitions in the North Bridge clock from 0.8-1.6 GHz and 0.8-1.8 GHz cause big enough frequency transitions in the memory reference clock to require sequence 1.
Other, smaller changes in the reference clock can use sequence 2. Thus knowledge of the change in the frequency of the reference clock and the data rate on the memory can be used to select an appropriate locking scenario. The clock that is being transitioned is an internal clock in the North Bridge or processor that supplies the reference clock utilized in the memory interface.
Thus, various embodiments have been described for making and using delay-locked loops. The description of the invention set forth herein is illustrative, and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims. Other variations and modifications of the embodiments disclosed herein may be made based on the description set forth herein, without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.

## Claims

1. An apparatus comprising:
a delay line circuit having a controllable delay;
a counter and a programmable storage location, the programmable storage location specifying a time period between successive recalibrations of the delay line, the counter configured to count the time period; and
wherein the delay line is configurable to be operable in an open loop mode of operation and a closed loop mode of operation in which the delay line is configured as a delay-locked loop.

2. The apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein the delay line is disposed in a memory controller circuit having a memory interface.

3. The apparatus as recited in claim 2 wherein the delay line is configurable to operate in the closed loop mode periodically.

4. The apparatus as recited in claim 3 wherein the periodicity of the operation in the closed loop mode is programmable.

5. The apparatus as recited in claim 3 wherein at least a receive portion of the memory controller circuit is coupled to be shut down during the operation in the closed loop mode.

6. The apparatus as recited in claim 3 wherein a transmit portion of the memory controller is configured to not transmit data during the operation in the closed loop mode.

7. The apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein the delay line is coupled to receive an aperiodic signal in the open loop mode of operation and a periodic signal in the closed loop mode of operation as the input signal to the delay line whose delay is controlled by the delay line.

8. The apparatus as recited in claim 7 wherein the delay line is disposed in a memory controller circuit having a memory interface and wherein the delay line receives a strobe signal received from the memory interface as the aperiodic signal.

9. The apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein the delay line receives a clock signal as the input signal to the delay line whose delay is controlled by the delay line during the open loop mode of operation.

10. The apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein the delay-locked loop further comprises a phase detector coupled to compare an output of the delay line and a reference signal and supply a phase difference value indicative thereof for adjusting the controllable delay through the delay line.

11. The apparatus as recited in claim 1 further comprising control logic operable to schedule recalibration of the delay line by placing a recalibration task in a queue of memory tasks to complete.