[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 16

- 17256 Non

- Argument Calendar

________________________ D.C. Docket No. 8:16

- cv
- 02587

- MSS

- MAP MELVIN BLOUGH,
Plaintiff

- Appellant ,

versus NICK NAZARETIAN, individually and in his official capacity as a Justice within th e Thirteenth Judicial Circuit in and for Hillsborough County, State of Florida, TRACY SHEEHAN, individually and in her official capacity as a Justice within the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit in and for Hillsborough County, State of Florida, LAUREL M. LE E, individually and in her official capacity as a Justice within the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit in and for Hillsborough County, State of Florida, MARY ELIZABETH KUENZEL, individually and in her official capacity as Clerk of the Court in the District Court of Appeal of the State of Florida Second District, JOHN A. TOMASINO, individually and in his official capacity as Clerk of the Court in the Supreme Court of the State of Florida, JAMES S. MOODY, JR., individually and in his official c apacity as a Justice within the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida Tampa Division,

Case: 16-17256 Date Filed: 08/21/2017 Page: 1 of 72 Defendants

- Appellees.

________________________ Appeal from the Un ited States District Court for the Middle District of Florida

________________________ (August 21, 2017) Before ED CARNES , Chief Judge, MARTIN and ANDERSON , Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Melvin Blough, proceeding pro se , sued f ederal District Judge James S. Moody, Jr. ; Florida Circuit Court Judges Tracy Sheehan, Laurel Lee, and N ick Nazaretian; Florida Second District Court of Appeal Clerk of Court Mary
Elizabeth Kuenzel ; and Florida Supreme Court Clerk of Court John Tomasino, asserting claims against them in their individual and official capacities under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Bivens v. Six Unknown Named A gents of Federal Bureau of
Narcotics , 403 U.S. 388, 91 S. Ct. 1999 (1971), for violations of his federal civil rights. The district court dismissed Blough ’s complaint for failure to state a claim against the defendants on which relief could be granted. This is Blough’s appeal.
I. Case: 16-17256 Date Filed: 08/21/2017 Page: 2 of 73 Blough’s claims arise from events surrounding his Florida state court divorce proceedings. 1 While that divorce case was pendin g, Blough filed a lawsuit in federal court requesting that the district court issue a dec laratory judgment ordering two state court judges to enforce , among other federal statute s , the Uniformed Services Former Spouse’s Protection Act, 10 U.S.C. § 1408. J udge Moody presided over that federal case, found that the two state court judges were entitled to judicial immunity, and dismissed Blough’s claims against them. Meanwhile, in the state court divorce proceeding, Blough filed a motion for
the court to take judicial notice of the federal statutes (including the Uniformed Services Former Spouse’s Protection Act) that he contended preempted Florida divorce law, which Judge Sheehan denied without comment. Blough then filed a motion requesting that Judge Sheeha n recuse herself , and she granted that motion.
The divorce case was reassigned to Judge Lee, and Blough filed a motion requesting that Judge Lee reconsider Judge Sheehan’s denial of his request for a hearing on his judicial notice motion. Judge Lee denied his motion for reconsideration, and then later recused herself from the case. After the case was reassigned to Judge Nazaretian, Blough filed an emergency motion for

1 Because this is an appeal from a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) dismissal, “we draw the facts from [Blough’s] complaint, accepting those facts as true and construing them in the light most favorable to [him].” Butler v. Sheriff of Palm Beach C t y . , 685 F.3d 1261, 1263 n.2 (11th Cir. 2012).

Case: 16-17256 Date Filed: 08/21/2017 Page: 3 of 74 reconsideration of Judge Sheehan’s and Judge Lee’s denials of his requests for a
h earing

. Judge Nazaretian denied that motion

. When Judge Nazaretian presided over hearings in the divorce proceeding, he
limited t he discussion to Florida divorce law and would not permit Blough to argue that federal law preempted state divorce law. At the final hearing in the divorce

case , Blough elected to submit written narratives and exhibits in lieu of making a closing argument

. W hen Judge Nazaretian issued the final judgment in the case , the judgment order did not refer to Blough’s written narr atives or exhibits and it
resolved all of the issues under Florida divorce law despite Blough’s contentions
that federal law governed the case.
II. Blough then sued the defendants asserting claims under § 1983 and Bivens
for violations of his Fifth and Fourteen th Amendment due process rights. The district court sua sponte dismissed those claims after finding that it lacked jurisdiction over the claims against Judges Sheehan, Lee, and Nazaretian and that Judge Moody was entitled to judicial immunity. 2

2 It appears that the district court did not give Blough notice of its intent to dismiss his complaint before it entered the dismissal order. While the district court should have first given Blough notice of its intent to dismiss the c omplaint f or failure to state a claim, that failure does not require reversa l. T he legal inadequacies of Blough’s claims against the defendants are apparent from the complaint’s allegations and could not be remedied by amending the complaint

. See Byrne v . Nezhat , 261 F.3d 1075, 1127 n.99 (11th Cir. 2001), abrogated on other grounds by Bridge v. Phoenix Bond & Indem. Co. , 553 U.S. 639, 128 S. Ct. 2131 (2008) (noting that “reversal of a sua sponte dismissal without notice may not be mandated if amendment [o f the

Case: 16-17256 Date Filed: 08/21/2017 Page: 4 of 75 I II.
Under the Rooker

- Feldman doctrine t he district court (and we) lack jurisdiction over Blough’s claims against Judg es Sheehan, Lee, and Nazaretian

. See D.C. Court of Appeals v. Feldman , 460 U.S. 462, 103 S. Ct. 1303 (1983); Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co. , 263 U.S. 413, 44 S. Ct. 149 (1923). “The doctrine is a jurisdictional rule that precludes the lower federal courts from reviewing state court judgments.” Alvarez v. Att ’y Gen. for Fla. , 679 F.3d 1257, 1262 (11th Cir. 2012). It is confined to “cases br ought by state

- court losers complaining of injuries caused by state

- court judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and rejection of those judgments.” Id. T he doctrine “operates as a bar to fede ral court jurisdiction where the issue before the court was inextricably intertwined with the state court judgment” such that “the federal claim would succeed only to the extent that the state court wrongly decided the issues.” Id. at 1262

– 63 (quotation m arks omitted). Blough’s claims against Judges Sheehan, Lee, and Nazaretian rely on the ir alleged failure to recognize that federal law preempted Florida divorce law , which led them to erroneously apply Florida law in his divorce proceedings. Blough asserts in his complaint that as a result of the judges’ application of Florida law, he

complaint] would be futile or if it is patently obvious that the plaintiff could not prevail”) (alteration in original) (quotation marks omitted).

Case: 16-17256 Date Filed: 08/21/2017 Page: 5 of 76 was denied his “Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment right to procedural and substantive due process .” Those claims are brought by Blough (a state court loser) who complain s of injuries caused by the state court divorce judgment, and those claims would succeed “only to the extent that the state court wrongly decided” the preemption issue. Alvarez , 679 F.3d at 1262

– 63. As a result, the district court properly found that und er the Rooker

- Feldman doctrine it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over those claims

. 3
As for Blough’s claims against Judge Moody, “[j]udges are entitled to absolute judicial immunity from damages for those acts taken while they are acting in their judicial capacity unless they acted in the ‘clear absence of all jurisdiction.’” Bolin v. Story , 225 F.3d 1234, 1239 (11th Cir. 2000) (quoting Stu mp v. Sparkman , 435 U.S. 349, 356

– 57, 98 S. Ct. 1099, 1105 (1978)). “This immunity applies even when the judge’s acts are in error, malicious, or were in excess of his or her jurisdiction.” Id. Blough’s claims against Judge Moody arise from Judge Moody’ s finding that Blough’s claims against the two state court judges were barred by judicial immunity. Judge Moody acted in his judicial capacity when he made that finding and dismissed Blough’s claims against those two state court

3 While Blough contends that the Rooker

- Feldman doctrine does not apply to his claims against Judges Sheehan, Lee, and Nazaretian because those judges lacked jurisdiction to enter the orders that he is challenging on appeal, he is wrong. See Fla. Stat. § 26.012; see also Dressler v. Dressler , 967 So. 2d 1009, 1010 (Fla. 4th DCA 2007) (“There can be no dispute that the circuit court has subject matter jurisdiction over cases involving dissolution of marriage.”).

Case: 16-17256 Date Filed: 08/21/2017 Page: 6 of 77 judges, and his actions were not taken in the “clear absence of all jurisdiction.” As a result, the district court properly found that Judge Moody was entitled to judicial immunity. 4
AFFIRMED.

4 Blough also asserted claims against Mary Elizabeth Kuenzel and John Tomasino, which the district court dismissed for failure to state a claim. He concedes on appeal that the distr ict court properly dismissed his claims against Kuenzel and Tomasino.

Case: 16-17256 Date Filed: 08/21/2017 Page: 7 of 7