Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed October 31, 2019.

In The

Fourteenth Court of Appeals

NO. 14-18-00668-CV

RALPH WINSTON MERRILL III, Appellant

V.

TRAVIS COUNTY, SELF-INSURED CARRIER, Appellee

On Appeal from the 353rd District Court

Travis County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. D-1-GN-17-006402

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

This appeal from the dismissal of a suit on jurisdictional grounds arises from 

a dispute over eligibility to receive death benefits under the Texas Workers’ 

Compensation Act (“the Act”).

1 After the death of Travis County flight nurse Kristin 

McLain in a fall from a helicopter during a medivac rescue, appellant Ralph Winston 

1

See TEX. LAB. CODE ANN. §§ 401.001–419.007; see also id. § 504.002 (identifying the 

Act’s provisions that apply to a self-insured political subdivision such as Travis County).
2

Merrill III claimed a right to death benefits as McLain’s common-law husband. As 

the self-insured carrier, the County denied there was a valid marriage and maintained 

that only McLain’s parents were eligible for death benefits. Merrill prevailed at the 

administrative level, and while the County appealed the ruling to the 419th District 

Court in Travis County, Merrill filed his own suit for judicial review in the 353rd 

District Court.

2 The County challenged the latter court’s jurisdiction on the ground, 

among others, that Merrill lacks standing, because as the prevailing party, he is not 

aggrieved by the administrative decision. The trial court presumably agreed, as do 

we. Thus, we affirm the judgment.

I. GOVERNING LAW

To provide context for the factual background of the case, we begin with the 

governing law. To place the dispute and its history in context, the identity of 

McLain’s beneficiary likely will significantly affect the length of time that the 

County must pay death benefits, and thus, the total amount it must pay. McLain died 

while performing her job as a first responder, and if Merrill is her surviving spouse, 

then he is entitled to death benefits for the remainder of his life.3If, as the County

2 The Third Court of Appeals has jurisdiction over appeals from the Travis County district 

courts, but Merrill’s appeal of the 353rd District Court’s judgment was transferred to the 

Fourteenth Court of Appeals by order of the Supreme Court of Texas. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3. 

The case filed in the 419th District Court is not before us.

3 Under the version of the Workers’ Compensation Act in effect when McLain died in April 

2015, an eligible spouse was entitled to death benefits for life, but if the surviving spouse 

remarried, death benefits would cease 104 weeks after marriage. See Act of May 29, 2005, 79th 

Leg., R.S., ch. 265, § 3.129, 2005 TEX. GEN. LAWS 469, 528. The law was amended a few months 

after McLain’s death to exempt the surviving spouse of a first responder from the remarriage 

limitation, but the change applied only if the compensable injury occurred after September 1, 2015. 

See Act of May 28, 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., ch. 1018, §§ 1–3, 2015 TEX. GEN. LAWS 3572, 3572. In 

2017, the law was further amended to eliminate the remarriage limitation regardless of the date of 

the first responder’s death, but the limitation was removed only if the surviving spouse remarried 

on or after September 1, 2017. See Act of May 23, 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., ch. 468, § 1, 2017 TEX.

GEN. LAWS 1260, 1260 (amended 2019) (deceased first responder’s eligible spouse to be paid 

death benefits for life). Thus, if Merrill remarried before that date, the County would be required 
3

contends, McLain and Merrill were not validly married, then McLain’s parents are 

her beneficiaries, and the County is required to pay them death benefits for no more 

than 104 weeks.

To resolve disputes about a person’s eligibility for death benefits, a case 

passes through three administrative stages in the Workers’ Compensation 

Division4—a benefit-review conference, a contested-case hearing, and an appeal to 

a Division appeals panel—before the case is subject to judicial review.

First, the parties attend a benefit-review conference to discuss the claim’s 

facts, review available information, delineate disputed issues, and if possible, resolve 

those disputed issues by agreement. See TEX. LAB. CODE ANN. § 410.021. After the 

conference, the benefit-review officer prepares a written report detailing each issue 

that was raised but not resolved, “including any issue raised for the first time at the 

conclusion of [a second] benefit review conference,” if one was held. See id. 

§ 410.026(a)(4). The benefit-review officer also identifies each issue that was 

resolved and states each party’s position on every unresolved issue. See id. 

§ 410.031. The Division then schedules a contested-case hearing on those 

unresolved issues. See id. § 410.025.

In the second stage, the parties attend the contested-case hearing before an 

administrative law judge (“the ALJ”).

5 The ALJ generally may consider only those 

to pay death benefits for 104 weeks after his remarriage. Because Merrill asserts that he is entitled 

to lifetime benefits, we assume, without deciding, that he did not remarry before September 1, 

2017.

4 The Division is a part of the Texas Department of Insurance. See TEX. LAB. CODE ANN.

§ 402.001.

5 When Merrill’s contested-case hearing was held, the person presiding over such 

proceedings was called a “hearing officer,” but the law has since been amended to refer to such a 

person as an “administrative law judge.” For simplicity, we cite the current version of a statute or 

regulation if only this terminology has changed.
4

issues that were raised, but not resolved, at the benefit-review conference. See id. 

§ 410.051. The ALJ may consider an issue that was not raised at the benefit-review 

conference only if the parties consent or “good cause existed for not raising the issue 

at the conference.” Id. § 410.151(b); see also 28 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 142.7(d), (e). 

Unless one of these exceptions applies, “the ‘issues’ that the review officer identifies 

remain the same through hearing, appeal, and judicial review.” State Office of Risk 

Mgmt. v. Martinez, 539 S.W.3d 266, 274 (Tex. 2017). The ALJ’s decision regarding 

benefits is final in the absence of a party’s timely request for appeal. TEX.LAB.CODE 

ANN. § 410.169.

The third stage begins with a party’s request for appeal to a Division appeals 

panel, to which the opposing party must file a response. See id. § 410.202. The

request and response “must clearly and concisely rebut or support the decision of the 

ALJ on each issue on which review is sought.” Id. To decide the issues for which 

the appeal was requested, the appeals panel reviews the request, the response, and 

the record developed at the contested-case hearing. Id. § 410.203. When affirming 

an ALJ’s decision, the panel does not issue its own written decision except in cases 

(a) of first impression, (b) involving a recent change in the law, or (c) involving 

errors at the contested-case hearing requiring correction but that do not affect the 

hearing’s outcome. Id. § 410.204(a-1). If the appeals panel does not issue its own

decision, then the ALJ’s decision is the appeals panel’s decision. Id. § 410.204(c).

The panel’s decision is final absent a timely a timely suit for judicial review. Id. 

§ 410.205(a).

Judicial review is available only as to certain matters and parties. Review “is 

limited to issues decided by the appeals panel and on which judicial review is 

sought.” Id. § 410.302(b); see also id. § 410.301(a). Only a party who has exhausted 
5

administrative remedies under the Act and “is aggrieved by a final decision of the 

appeals panel” may seek judicial review. Id. § 410.251.

II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Both Merrill and McLain’s parents initially claimed to be the proper 

beneficiaries of McLain’s death benefits, but McLain’s parents later withdrew their 

claim. In its capacity as carrier, the County disputed that Merrill was McLain’s 

beneficiary because it denied he was her common-law husband. The parties reached 

no agreement on the issue at the benefit-review conference, and the benefit-review 

officer reported a single unresolved issue—“Identity of Legal Beneficiaries”—to be 

decided at a contested-case hearing.

Before the contested-case hearing, Merrill filed a “Response to BRC Report 

and Request to Add Issues,” in which he asserted that “[four] issues were omitted 

from the BRC report and should be added.” See 28 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 142.7(e) 

(“A party may request the administrative law judge to include in the statement of 

disputes one or more disputes not identified as unresolved in the benefit review 

officer’s report. The administrative law judge will allow such amendment only on a 

determination of good cause.”). Merrill identified these matters as follows:

1. Does Travis County have standing to dispute [Merrill’s]

entitlement to death benefits?

2. Has Travis County waived its right (if any) to dispute [Merrill’s]

entitlement to death benefits?

3. Does 409.011(b)(4)6 or any law or rule allow Travis County to 

dispute [Merrill’s] entitlement to death benefits?

6 Texas Labor Code section 409.011 requires the Division to send certain information to 

an employer on receiving notice of an injury or death. See id. § 409.011.
6

4. Is Travis County barred by the doctrines of collateral estoppel 

and/or res judicata from disputing [Merrill’s] entitlement to 

death benefits?

The ALJ responded, “This request to add issues is denied for lack of good cause.”

See id.

After the contested-case hearing, the ALJ found that Merrill was McLain’s

common-law spouse and concluded that he is eligible to receive death benefits.

Merrill asked the appeals panel to review the ALJ’s refusal to add Merrill’s requested 

issues to the contested-case hearing, but only if the County appealed the ALJ’s 

decision.

As Merrill anticipated, the County did appeal, and although the appeals panel 

ordered the ALJ’s decision modified to correct an error in Merrill’s name,

7

the panel

did not issue its own written decision. The ALJ’s corrected decision therefore 

became the appeals panel’s decision.

The County then exercised its statutory right to seek judicial review, and its 

petition was assigned to the 419th District Court in Travis County. Merrill filed his 

own petition for judicial review, which was assigned to the 353rd District Court.

In Merrill’s suit, the County filed a plea to the jurisdiction on the ground, 

among others, that Merrill lacks standing because he is not “aggrieved” by the 

appeals panel’s decision in his favor. The trial court granted the plea and dismissed 

Merrill’s suit. Although Merrill presents four issues on appeal to this Court, we 

7 As Merrill pointed out to the appeals panel, the ALJ had omitted the generational suffix 

from Merrill’s name. See TEX. LAB. CODE ANN. § 410.206 (“The division may revise a decision 

in a contested case hearing on a finding of clerical error.”).
7

address only the dispositive question of whether he is “aggrieved” by the Division’s 

appeals panel’s decision, as that term is used in the Act.

8

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Because it implicates a trial court’s subject-matter jurisdiction, standing is a 

question of law, which we review de novo. See In re H.S., 550 S.W.3d 151, 155 

(Tex. 2018). Standing to seek judicial review of a workers’-compensation appealspanel’s decision is conferred by statute,9

and we construe statutes under the same de 

novo standard of review. See Silguero v. CSL Plasma, Inc., 579 S.W.3d 53, 59 (Tex. 

2019). We construe a statute to implement the legislature’s intent as expressed in the 

statute’s plain language, and we presume that the legislature intended each word to 

be given effect. See id. We consider a statute’s words in context and construe them 

according to the rules of grammar and common usage. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. 

§ 311.011. 

We similarly review de novo the grant of a plea to the jurisdiction. See Verno 

Constr., Inc. v. Nelson, 460 S.W.3d 145, 149 (Tex. 2015) (per curiam). Where, as 

here, the plea challenges a party’s pleadings, we construe the pleadings liberally and 

consider the pleader’s intent. See Meyers v. JDC/Firethorne, Ltd., 548 S.W.3d 477, 

486 (Tex. 2018).

IV. ANALYSIS

The Act’s provision concerning standing for judicial review states, “A party 

that has exhausted its administrative remedies under this subtitle and that is 

aggrieved by a final decision of the appeals panel may seek judicial review under 

8 For the parties’ reference, this is the third of Merrill’s four issues, and we do not address 

his first, second, and fourth issues. 

9

See TEX. LAB. CODE ANN. § 410.251. 
8

this subchapter10 and Subchapter G11 if applicable.” TEX.LAB.CODE ANN. § 410.251

(emphasis added). In a legal sense, “aggrieved” means “having legal rights that are 

adversely affected; having been harmed by an infringement of legal rights.” 

Aggrieved, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (11th ed. 2019).12 A party is “aggrieved” by 

the appeals panel’s decision only if the loss from that decision is “actual and 

immediate.” Just Energy Tex. I Corp. v. Tex. Workforce Comm’n, 472 S.W.3d 437, 

441 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2015, no pet.); City of San Antonio v. Diehl, 387 S.W.3d 

777, 782 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2012, pet. denied); Covenant Health Sys. v. Dean 

Foods Co., No. 07-09-0348-CV, 2011 WL 3717056, at *4 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 

Aug. 24, 2011, pet. denied) (mem. op.); In re Tex. Mut. Ins. Co., 331 S.W.3d 70, 77 

(Tex. App.—Eastland 2010 [mand. denied]); Ins. Co. of the State of Pa. v. Orosco, 

170 S.W.3d 129, 133 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2005, no pet.). “[A] possible future 

injury or loss as a consequence of the panel decision is not sufficient to show an 

aggrievement.” Orosco, 170 S.W.3d at 133; see also DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. 

Inman, 252 S.W.3d 299, 304–05 (Tex. 2008) (“For standing, a plaintiff must be 

personally aggrieved; his alleged injury must be concrete and particularized, actual

or imminent, not hypothetical.”).

10 “[T]his subchapter” is subchapter F, titled “Judicial Review–General Provisions.” See 

id. §§ 410.251–.258.

11 See id. §§ 410.301–.308. Subchapter G is titled, “Judicial Review of Issues Regarding 

Compensability or Income or Death Benefits.”

12 In a non-legal sense, aggrieved is used to describe a person’s emotional state of being 

“angry or sad on grounds of perceived unfair treatment.” Aggrieved, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY

(11th ed. 2019). See also NEW OXFORD AMERICAN DICTIONARY 31 (Angus Stevenson & Christine 

Lindberg eds., 3d ed. 2010) (defining aggrieved as “feeling resentment at having been unfairly 

treated”); THE COMPACT EDITION OF THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY 46 (Oxford University 

Press 1971) (defining aggrieved to include “[o]ppressed or hurt in spirit; distressed, troubled, 

annoyed, vexed”). It is self-evident that the legislature used aggrieved in the legal sense.
9

In his petition, Merrill explained the ways he was, and was not, aggrieved by 

the appeals panel’s decision as follows:

The only issue decided at the workers’ compensation administrative 

level concluded that Mr. Merrill was the common[-]law spouse of 

Kristin McLain, thus awarding him spousal benefits under the Texas 

Labor Code. Mr. Merrill does not appeal that factual determination.13

Rather, the basis for this petition for judicial review concerns 

only the following:

[The Division], despite Mr. Merrill’s multiple requests, refused 

to add dispositive legal issues to be decided at the administrative level.

Specifically, [the Division] refused to decide whether

1. Travis County has standing to dispute [Merrill’s] 

entitlement to death benefits?

2. Travis County waived its right (if any) to dispute 

[Merrill’s] entitlement to death benefits?

3. Labor Code §409.011(b)(4) or any law or rule allow[s] 

Travis County to dispute [Merrill’s] entitlement to death 

benefits?

4. Travis County is barred by the doctrines of collateral 

estoppel and/or res judicata from disputing [Merrill’s] 

entitlement to death benefits?

The record conclusively establishes that Merrill is not aggrieved by the 

appeals panel’s ruling, because as he concedes in his petition, the appeals panel ruled 

in his favor on the only issue it decided. The appeals panel’s decision did not 

adversely affect or infringe Merrill’s legal rights, because he received all the relief 

he requested, that is, the appeals panel determined that Merrill was McLain’s 

common-law spouse and that he is the rightful beneficiary of the benefits due from 

her death. See City of Galveston v. Flagship Hotel, Ltd., 319 S.W.3d 948, 952 (Tex. 

App.—Austin 2010, pet. denied) (plaintiff was not aggrieved by an administrative 

13 Emphasis in original.
10

order granting the relief the plaintiff requested). A party is not aggrieved simply 

because the agency grants the requested relief on a different ground. Cf. 

C.O.N.T.R.O.L. v. Sentry Envtl., L.P., 916 S.W.2d 677, 679 (Tex. App.—Austin 

1996, writ denied) (party that successfully sought the Natural Resource 

Conservation Commission’s denial of a landfill permit was not “aggrieved” simply 

because the agency denied the permit on a ground different than the one urged).

Merrill nevertheless argues on appeal that he is aggrieved by the appeals 

panel’s decision because the decision “affects” him, and the Texas Supreme Court 

has indicated that “aggrieved” and “affected” are synonymous. See Hooks v. Tex. 

Dep’t of Water Res., 611 S.W.2d 417, 419 (Tex. 1981). But, not every sense of the 

word “affected” is synonymous with aggrieved. For example, a person can be 

favorably affected by a legal ruling, just as Merrill was favorably affected by the 

determination that he is McLain’s beneficiary, but it is impossible for a person to be 

favorably aggrieved. Rather, “aggrieved” is synonymous with “adversely 

affected,”14 and the Texas Supreme Court used “affected” in that sense in Hooks.

In that casethe Hookses unsuccessfully challenged the Texas Department of 

Water Resources’ grant of a waste-discharge permit allowing a sewage-treatment 

plant to discharge an average of 750,000 gallons of wastewater per day into a creek 

flowing through the Hookses’ property.

15 The trial court dismissed the Hookses’ 

judicial-review action for lack of standing, and the Texas Supreme Court reversed.

The Texas Administrative Procedure and Texas Register Act authorized an 

“aggrieved” party to seek judicial review,16 and because this provision was 

14 Aggrieved, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (11th ed. 2019).

15 See Hooks, 611 S.W.2d at 418.

16 Id. at 419 (quoting former TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 6252-13a, § 19(a), recodified 

as TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 2001.171, Act of May 4, 1993, 73d Leg., R.S., ch. 268, § 46(1), sec. 

2001.171, 1993 TEX. GEN. LAWS 283, 749).
11

cumulative of the Texas Water Code’s provision authorizing a person “affected” by 

the Department’s decision to seek review,

17 the court held that “[t]he terms 

‘aggrieved’ and ‘affected’ are synonymous.”

18 The facts of the case show that the 

court used the word “affected” in referring to the non-prevailing parties who were 

adversely affected by the challenged decision, not to a prevailing party who 

benefited from it. See also Just Energy Tex. I Corp., 472 S.W.3d at 437 (explaining 

that under Hooks, an appellant must show it is adversely affected by the challenged 

order).

Merrill also asserts that he “has standing to seek judicial review of his 

‘threshold issues that would preclude the County’s ongoing litigation.”

19 Because 

Merrill has standing to pursue judicial review of the appeals panel’s decision only if 

he was aggrieved by it, he seems to suggest that he is aggrieved because the County, 

as the party actually aggrieved by the appeals panel’s decision, exercised its statutory 

right to seek judicial review. Merrill does not dispute that an aggrieved party has the 

statutory right to seek judicial review; indeed, he claims that right for himself. But 

because that right exists, the appeals panel had no ability to render a decision 

precluding the aggrieved party from exercising that right. 

17 Id. (alteration in original) (emphasis added) (quoting Act of May 17, 1977, 65th Leg., 

R.S., ch. 870, § 1, sec. 5.351, 1977 TEX. GEN. LAWS 2207, 2214 (amended 1985 & 2017)).

18 Id. (citing City of San Antonio v. Tex. Water Comm’n, 407 S.W.2d 752, 765 (Tex. 1966)).

19 Emphasis added. Merrill cites an unpublished federal case as recognizing that actual or 

immediate injury or loss can be shown by “involvement in ongoing litigation that would lead to 

the parties’ immediate injury.” But the case he cites did not so hold. See New Hampshire Ins. Co. 

v. Dominguez, 739 Fed. Appx. 253, 254, 2018 WL 4697072, at *1 (5th Cir. Sept. 28, 2018) (per 

curiam). The court did not suggest that “involvement” in a civil suit would confer standing 

pursuant to Texas Labor Code section 410.251. The issue was not presented, because the carrier 

did not establish that it was “involved” in the civil suit to which it was not a party. The court did 

hold, however, that “a party is not ‘aggrieved,’ and thereby authorized to appeal a [Division] 

decision, simply because it has not received all the relief that it initially sought.” Id. As applied to 

Merrill’s attempt to obtain judicial review of the appeals panel’s “refus[al] to decide” the four 

additional questions he asked, we agree.
12

In a related argument, Merrill states that although he has been receiving the 

death benefits owed to him, he is aggrieved because “since at least the date of the 

benefits review conference in January 2017, Merrill has had to incur the expense and 

be involved in defending against the County’s continuing attempts to take those 

death benefits away.” But if Merrill has had to incur legal fees in this dispute since 

the benefit-review conference, then his attorney’s fees were not caused by the 

appeals panel’s decision in his favor. Moreover, Texas follows “the American Rule,” 

under which each party pays its own attorneys’ fees unless a fee award is expressly 

authorized by a contract or statute. See Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 

S.W.3d 299, 310–11 (Tex. 2006); Travelers Indem. Co. of Conn. v. Mayfield, 923 

S.W.2d 590, 593 (Tex. 1996). Merrill does not contend that such a contract or statute 

applies to this case nor does he dispute that the American Rule applies. Under these 

circumstances, his responsibility for his own attorney’s fees is not a legally 

cognizable injury.

V. CONCLUSION

Because Merrill’s petition conclusively established that he was not aggrieved 

by the appeals panel’s decision, the trial court did not err in granting the County’s 

plea to the jurisdiction. We accordingly affirm the trial court’s judgment.

/s/ Tracy Christopher

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Christopher, Spain, and Poissant.