* The Honorable Gerald E. Rosen, Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, sitting by designation. RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b) File Name: 13a0196p.06 

### UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

_________________

U NITED S TATES OF A MERICA , Plaintiff-Appellee ,

v.

T RAVIS R. H OGG , Defendant-Appellant. X - - - -> , - - N No. 11-6105

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee at Nashville. No. 3:10-cr-99-1—William J. Haynes, Jr., District Judge. Argued: July 25, 2012 Decided and Filed: July 26, 2013 Before: COLE and COOK, Circuit Judge s; ROSEN, Chief District Judge. *

_________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Michael C. Holley, FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER’S OFFICE, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellant. Brent A. Hannafan, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Michael C. Holley, FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER’S OFFICE, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellant. Brent A. Hannafan, UNITED STATES ATTO RNEY’S OFFICE, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellee.

1No. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 2

_________________
OPINION

_________________ ROSEN, Chief District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION
Defendant/Appellant Travis R. Hogg was charged in a two-count indictment with possession with intent to distribute fifty grams or more of crack cocaine and possession with intent to distribute an unspecified quantity of cocaine. On March 21, 2011, Defendant pled guilty to a lesser included variant of the first of these offenses, possession with intent to distribute five grams or more of crack cocaine, and he was sentenced to a 188-month term of imprisonment on September 13, 2011.
Defendant now appeals the district court’s denial of two motions to withdraw his guilty plea. The first of these motio ns rested upon newly-discovered evidence concerning criminal charges brought against the lead detective in Defendant’s case. In the second motion, Defendant argued that the district court violated Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(H)-(I) by incorrectly advising him of th e statutory penalty range for the lesser included offense to which he pled guilty. Beyond these challenges to the district court’s rulings, Defendant contends for the first time on appeal that the Government offered him an inducement to plead guilty that was not included in his written plea agreement.
While this case was pending on appeal, and after the parties had completed their briefing, the Supreme Court issued its ruling in Dorsey v. United States , __ U.S. __, 132 S. Ct. 2321, 2326 (2012), holding th at defendants who are sent enced after the August 3,
2010 effective date of the Fair Senten cing Act of 2010 (“FSA”), Pub. L. No. 111-220, 124 Stat. 2372, are entitled to the benefit of th e “new, more lenient” statutory penalties
set forth in this enactment for crack cocaine offenses. Dorseyoverrode the law of this
Circuit as it stood at the time Defendant was se ntenced, which held that the courts should apply the statutory penalty provisions in effect at the time a defendant committed his
offense. See United States v. Carradine , 621 F.3d 575, 580 (6th Cir. 2010).No. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 3

Understandably, then, the district court in this case failed to anticipate the ruling in Dorsey, and instead advised Defendant of the pre-FSA statutory penalty range for the lesser included offense to which he pled guilty.
This post-plea development calls to mind two maxims that arguably might guide us in deciding this appeal. First, the Govern ment urges us to apply the principle of “no harm, no foul,” contending that Defendant received precisely the 188-month sentence for which he bargained, and that this sent ence is readily justified, even under the postFSA sentencing regime, by the over fifty gr ams of crack cocaine for which Defendant admitted responsibility in his plea agreement. Next, we are tempted to caution
Defendant to “be careful whatyou wish for,” because in exchange for the 188-month plea deal he now wishes to spurn, he received (i) the opportunity to plead guilty to an offense involving significantly less crack cocai ne than he admitted responsibility for in his plea agreement, (ii) the dismissal of the second count of the indictment, and (iii) apparent freedom from the prospect that the Government might pursue charges arising from a second incident occurring after his initial arrest.
As we discuss below, however, while these maxims carry an undeniable commonsense appeal, our precedents compel us to chart a different course under the unique facts and procedural posture of this case. Indeed, we find ourselves drawn toward yet a third well-known expressi on — namely, that “no good deed goes unpunished” — because despite the district c ourt’s commendable effort to address the potential impact of the FSA at Defendant’s plea hearing, neither the court nor counsel correctly anticipated the effect of this ne w enactment on the statutory penalty range for the offense to which Defendant agreed to plead guilty. In light of this error — or perhaps lack of clairvoyance — and the resu lting Rule 11 violation in the advice given to Defendant at his plea hearing, we find that Defendant should have been permitted to withdraw his guilty plea, and we REVERSE and REMAND to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this ruling.No. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 4

1 As discussed below, Defendant has since produ ced affidavits from these individuals denying that they made the statements attributed to them in Detective Edwards’ search warrant affidavit.

2 The Government has not brought any charges arising from the drugs found during Defendant’s March 10, 2010 arrest. Defendant contends on appeal that the Government promised during plea bargaining to refrain from prosecuting him for his conduct on this occasion, but that this promise was erroneously omitted from the parties’ plea agreement. II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. Defendant’s Arrest
On September 2, 2009, officers of the Wilson County Sheriff’s Department went to a residence at 2404a Phillips Road in Lebanon, Tennessee to execute an arrest warrant for domestic assault against Defendant Tr avis Hogg. After knocking on the front door,
the officers arrested Defendant as he atte mpted to leave the residence through the back
door. Defendant confessed to one of the offi cers, Detective John Edwards, that he had been smoking marijuana when the officers arrived at his home.
Following Defendant’s arrest, Detective Edwards applied for a warrant to search the Phillips Road residence, citing Defendant’s admission to marijuana use and the purported statements of two of Defendant’s acquaintances that Defendant lived at this address and possessed or sold narcotics at this location. 1 Upon obtaining the requested search warrant, Detective Edwards and other officers searched the Phillips Road residence and found just over 55 grams of crack cocaine, approximately 167 grams of powder cocaine, and multiple weapons.

While on bond, Defendant was arrested on March 10, 2010 at his mother’s house pursuant to an unrelated, outstanding arrest warrant, with Detective Edwards again among the officers present on this occasion. Defendant gave his consent to search the premises, and also showed Detective Edward s where he kept marijuana, cocaine, and digital scales at his mother’s home. 2 The day after this arrest, Defendant gave a statement in which he admitted to selling drugs but denied that the cocaine found in the Phillips Road residence back in September of 2009 belonged to him.No. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 5

3 The Government agreed to dismiss the second count of the indictment upon Defendant’s sentencing for this lesser included crack cocaine offense. B. Defendant’s Indictment and Guilty Plea
On April 28, 2010, a federal grand jury returned a two-count indictment charging Defendant with possession with intent to distribute fifty grams or more of crack cocaine and possession with intent to distribute an unspecified amount of cocaine. On March 21, 2011, Defendant entered into a plea agreement under Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(c)(1)(C) that called for him to “enter a voluntary plea of guilty to a lesser included offense of the charge in Count One of the indictment” — namely, possession with intent to distribute five grams or more of crack cocaine. (R. 21, Plea Agreement at ¶ 3, PageID 36.) 3 The plea agreement recited the parties’ agreement and understanding that the statutory penalty range for this lesser included offense was “not . . . less than five years nor more than forty years [of] imprisonment.” ( Id. at ¶ 4.) The partie s further agreed to a recommended advisory sentencing range under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines of 188 to 235 months of imprisonment, and the pl ea agreement called for the district court to impose a sentence of 188 months’ imprisonment. (Id. at ¶¶ 10(c), 11, PageID 42-43.) As the factual basis for his guilty plea, De fendant acknowledged in the agreement (i) that he “did unlawfully, knowingly, and intentionally possess with intent to distribute 50 grams or more of a mixture and substan ce containing a detectable amount of cocaine base, that is, crack cocaine,” (ii) that the controlled substances seized from the Phillips
Road residence in connection with his Se ptember 2, 2009 arrest included approximately 167 grams of powder cocaine and 55.2 grams of cocaine base, and (iii) that, for purposes of determining relevant conduct under the Se ntencing Guidelines, “the total amount of cocaine base for which he is responsible is between at least 50 grams but less than 150 grams.” (Id. at ¶¶ 8(a),(f),(g), PageID 38-40.)
At Defendant’s March 21, 2011 plea hearing, the district court and counsel addressed the possible impact of the FSA on the statutory penalty range for the offense to which Defendant was pleading guilty. In particular, the district court noted the parties’ statement in the plea agreement that Defendant faced a “five-year mandatoryNo. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 6

4 Detective Edwards subsequently pled guilty to a federal charge of obstructing an official proceeding, and was sentenced to a 220-month term of imprisonment by the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee. minimum sentence” and a “maximum possible penalty [of] 40 years,” but the court further advised Defendant that depending “in large part about whether the Fair Sentencing Act passed in 2010 applies to your case,” it was “possible that the statutory maximum penalty is life imprisonment and that there is a ten-year mandatory minimum sentence.” (R. 33, Plea Hearing Tr. at 15-16, PageID 129-30; see also id. at 20-21, PageID 134-35.) Counsel for both the Governme nt and Defendant stated their views that the 5-to-40-year statutory sentencing range stated in the plea agreement was accurate, but they agreed that it was prudent “out of [an] abundance of caution” to inform Defendant that he might instead be facing a statutory penalty range of ten years to life imprisonment. (Id. at 9-12, PageID 123-26.) At the conclusion of the plea hearing, the district court accepted both Defendant’s guilty plea and the plea agreement.
C. Defendant’s First Motion to Withdraw His Guilty Plea
Just a few days after the court accepted Defendant’s guilty plea, Detective Edwards was arrested and charged by state authorities with property theft, and he was later charged in a federal criminal complaint with attempting to sell confidential investigative information to the targets of a federal drug investigation. 4 In light of these developments, Defendant filed an April 8, 2011 motion to withdraw his guilty plea, arguing that the “newly emerging evidence” of Detective Edwards’ legal troubles would improve his prospects at trial by “undermin[ing] the credibility of the key witness against him.” (R. 23, Defendant’s 4/8/2011 Motion to Withdraw Plea at 1, PageID 49.)
Defendant also submitted affidavits from two of the individuals cited in Detective
Edwards’ affidavit for the warrant to search the Phillips Road residence, denying that they had made the inculpatory statements attributed to them by Detective Edwards.
Following a June 20, 2011 hearing, the distri ct court denied Defendant’s motion. Specifically, in a July 12, 2011 memorandum and order, the district court observed that Defendant had not asserted his innocence as a ground for withdrawing his guilty plea,No. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 7

but instead had maintained that “because Ed wards’s credibility has been tarnished by the charges against him, the Government lack s a strong enough case to convict Defendant.” (R. 40, 7/12/2011 Mem. Op. at 8, PageID 368.) Yet, in light of the facts admitted by Defendant in his plea agreement — including, most notably, his admission that “he did unlawfully, knowingly, and intentionally possess [] with intent to distribute 50 grams or
more of crack cocaine” — the court found thatDefendant’s guilt of the charge to which he pled had been established beyond a reas onable doubt, regardless of any developments that might have called Detective Ed wards’ credibility into question. (Id. ) As additional grounds for denying Defendant’s motion, the district court pointed to (i) the “months of negotiations” that led to Defendant’s plea agreement, (ii) the benefits gained by Defendant through this agreement, (iii) Defendant’s extensive familiarity with the criminal justice system, and (iv) Defendant’s knowledge prior to his plea that his acquaintances disputed the statements attri buted to them in Detective Edwards’ search warrant affidavit. ( Id. at 9-11, PageID 369-71.)
D. Defendant’s Second Motion to Withdraw His Guilty Plea
On August 22, 2011, Defendant filed a second motion to withdraw his guilty plea, contending that the district court ha d violated Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(H)-(I) by misinforming him as to the applicable statut ory penalty range for the offense to which he had pled guilty. As noted in this motion, while the district court and counsel had considered at the March 21, 2011 plea hearing whether this penalty range might be affected by the FSA, “no one present considered the best-possible-case scenario” — namely, that the FSA would govern Defendant’s sentence, resulting in a statutory penalty range of zero to twenty y ears for a drug offense involving at least five grams but less than 28 grams of crack co caine. (R. 47, Defendant’s 8/22/2011 Second Motion to Withdraw Plea at 4, PageID 399.) Defendant further observed that with this lower statutory maximum of twenty years, his offense level under the applicable career offender provision of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1, would be decreased from 34 to 32, resulting in an a dvisory Sentencing Guideline range of 151 to
188 months rather than the 188-to-235-month range set forth in his plea agreement. ( SeeNo. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 8

id. ) If these effects of the FSAhad been accurately disclosed to him, Defendant asserted that he would not have accepted the Government’s offer of a 188-month sentence — an offer which, as Defendant noted, was at th e top of the post-FSA Sentencing Guideline range and “only about four years short of the [post-FSA] statutory maximum of 240
months” — and he contended that the failure to make these disclosures violated Rule 11 and warranted the withdrawal of his guilty plea. (Id. at 4-5, 8-10, PageID 399-400, 403- 05.)
In a September 8, 2011 memorandum and order, the district court denied Defendant’s motion. In so ruling, the district court pointed to the decision in Carradine , 621 F.3d at 580, in which this Court held that the FSA lacked any statement of congressional intent that would overcome the usual presumption that a criminal defendant should be subject to the “pen alties in place at the time the crime was committed.” Although Carradine did not squarely address the applicability of the FSA
to a defendant who committed his crime beforethe statute’s enactment but is sentenced after its effective date, the di strict court noted that a number of district courts in this
Circuit had read Carradine as foreclosing the availability of the FSA’s more lenient penalties in this situation, and it concluded, consistent with this authority, that Defendant had been accurately advised as to the applicable statutory penalty range in his plea agreement and at the plea hearing. ( See R. 52, 9/8/2011 Mem. Op. at 12-14, PageID 520-22.) Alternatively, even if the FSA we re to govern Defendant’s sentencing, the
district court found that Defendant still w ould be subject to the same 5-to-40-year statutory penalty range disclosed in his pl ea agreement and at the plea hearing, in light of his admission in his plea agreement to a quantity of crack cocaine (55.2 grams) that exceeded the 28-gram threshold that continue d to trigger a 5-to-40-year penalty range in the wake of the FSA’s enactment. ( See id. at 14-16, PageID 522-24.) Accordingly,
the district court found no violation of Rule 11 in Defendant’s plea agreement or at his plea hearing, and thus concluded that there were no grounds for allowing Defendant to withdraw his plea.No. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 9

5 A different standard would govern our review of th e district court’s denial of Defendant’s first motion to withdraw his guilty plea, as that motion di d not rest on any Rule 11 violation, nor did Defendant challenge the voluntariness of his plea in that motion. We need not consider the merits of the district court’s resolution of this motion, however, in light of our determination that Defendant should have been permitted to withdraw his guilty plea on the grounds identified in his second motion. Following this ruling, the district court conducted a September 9, 2011 sentencing hearing. In the course of this hearing, Defendant reasserted his contention that the correct statutory penalty range for the offense to which he pled guilty was zero to twenty years of imprisonm ent, but the district court overruled this objection for the reasons given in its ruling on Defendant’s second motion to withdraw his guilty plea. ( See R. 60, Sentencing Hearing Tr. at 7-8, Pa geID 595-96.) Upon resolving this and other matters raised by the parties, the district court sentenced Defendant to the 188- month term of imprisonment called for in his Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreement. This appeal followed, with Defendant challenging the district court’s denial of his two motions to withdraw his guilty plea, and also arguing that his plea agreement erroneously omitted a promise of leniency madeby the Government in the course of the parties’ plea negotiations.

III. ANALYSIS
A. The Standards Governing This Appeal
In his second motion to withdraw his guilty plea, Defendant argued that his plea was not knowing, voluntary, and intelligent in light of the district court’s purported failure to comply with the dictates of Ru le 11(b)(1)(H)-(I) during the course of the plea hearing. Assuming that Defendant is able to establish this claimed violation — a point challenged by the Government — we review such a violation of Rule 11 for harmless

error. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(h); see also United States v. Martin , 668 F.3d 787, 791 (6th Cir. 2012). Under the plain language of the Rule itself, a “variance from the requirements of this rule is harmless error if it does not affect substantial rights.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(h). The Government bears the burden of establishing the harmlessness
of a Rule 11 violation. See United States v. Vonn , 535 U.S. 55, 62-63, 122 S. Ct. 1043, 1048 (2002). 5No. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 10

6 As noted earlier, defense counsel was somewhat equivocal on this point, opining that Defendant was subject to a mandatory statutory minimum of “at least five years based on his plea,” but agreeing with the district court’s suggestion that Defendant should beadvised in the alternative that the statutory penalty range for the offense to which he pled guilty might be ten years to life imprisonment. (Id. at 9-11, PageID 123-25.) As we have recognized, how ever, a defendant surrenders the comparative benefit of harmless error review, and instead must satisfy the more demanding plain error standard, if he fails to timely object to a claimed Rule 11 violation. See Martin , 668 F.3d at 791. In that event, “the tables are turned on demonstrating the substantiality of any effect on a defendant’s rights: the defendant who sat silent at trial has the burden to show that his ‘substantial rights’ were affected.” Vonn , 535 U.S. at 62-63, 122 S. Ct. at 1048. More specifically, if a defendant “seek s reversal of his conviction after a guilty plea, on the ground that the district court committed plain error under Rule 11, [he] must show a reasonable probability that, but for the error, he would not have entered the plea.” United States v. Dominguez Benitez , 542 U.S. 74, 83, 124 S. Ct. 2333, 2340 (2004). The defendant then has the “further burden,” under plain error review, to “persuade the court that the error seriously affected the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Vonn , 535 U.S. at 63, 122 S. Ct. at 1048 (internal quotation marks, alteration, and citations omitted).
At oral argument, the Government suggest ed that Defendant must meet the more stringent plain error standard because his c ounsel not only failed to object to any claimed
Rule 11 error in the course of the plea hearing, but to the contrary agreed with the district court’s determination that the offense to which Defendant was pleading guilty was subject to a 5-to-40-year statutory penalty range. ( See R. 33, Plea Hearing Tr. at 9, PageID 123.) 6 Yet, the Government failed to argue in its brief on appeal that the plain error standard should apply, but instead asse rted that Rule 11’s harmless error provision governs our review of the district court’s denial of Defendant’s second motion to withdraw his guilty plea. ( See Appellee’s Br. at 47 (citing Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(h).) Arguably, then, the Government has forfeite d the opportunity for plain error review of
Defendant’s claim of a Rule 11 violation at his plea hearing. See United States v. Rodriguez , 664 F.3d 1032, 1035 (6th Cir. 2011) (reviewing de novo a challenge to aNo. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 11

Sentencing Guideline determination “because th e Government has not asked us to apply the plain-error standard in light of [the defendant’s] failure to object below”); United
States v. Williams , 641 F.3d 758, 763 (6th Cir. 2011) (“[W]e will not apply the plainerror standard unless requested to do so by one of the parties.”). See generally Hunter
v. United States , 160 F.3d 1109, 1113 (6th Cir. 1998) (conf irming that “as with any other argument, the government can forfeit a waiver argument by failing to raise it in a timely fashion”).
At any rate, the Government’s acknowle dgment of the harmless error standard in its appellate brief is understandable, because Defendant preserved his entitlement to this more favorable standard of review by expressly claiming a Rule 11 violation in the course of the district court proceedings. Although, as noted, he and his counsel did not identify this purported Rule 11 error at the first available opportunity, the plea hearing, Defendant’s second motion to withdraw his gu ilty plea rested squarely on the contention that the district court violated Rule 11(b )(1)(H)-(I) by “misinform[ing] [him] as to the statutory penalty range for the offense to which he pled guilty.” (R. 47, Defendant’s
8/22/2011 Second Motion to Withdraw Plea at 1, PageID 396.) The district court, in turn, explicitly addressed Defendant’s claim of a Rule 11 violation in its opinion denying this motion. ( See R. 52, 9/8/2011 Mem. Op. at 10-11, 14-15, PageID 518-19, 522-23.)

This was sufficient to secure harmless e rror review of this claim. Under the express language of Fed. R. Crim . P. 52(b), plain error review is required if an issue was “not brought to the court’s attention.” Here, however, Defendant unequivocally advanced his Rule 11 challenge in the lower court proceedings and gave the district court an opportunity to rule on this matter. Likewise, our precedents do not demand strict contemporaneity in complaining of purported defects in plea proceedings, but instead hold that plain error review is avoided so l ong as a defendant raises a claim of Rule 11
error in the course of the district c ourt proceedings and prior to sentencing. See, e.g.,
United States v. Lalonde , 509 F.3d 750, 759 (6th Cir. 2007) (“We review violations of Rule 11 for plain error if the defendant di d not object before the district court.”); United
States v. Murdock , 398 F.3d 491, 496 (6th Cir. 2005) (c onstruing the Supreme Court’sNo. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 12

7 We note that a number of other circuits also would apply harmless error review under the circumstances presented here, where a defendant did not raise any objections at his plea hearing but then moved prior to sentencing to withdraw his guilty pl ea on the basis of a purported Rule 11 violation. See, e.g., United States v. Ortiz-Garcia , 665 F.3d 279, 285 (1st Cir. 2011); United States v. Gray , 581 F.3d 749, 752-53 (8th Cir. 2009); United States v. Hairston , 522 F.3d 336, 341 (4th Cir. 2008); United States v. Harrington , 354 F.3d 178, 183 (2d Cir. 2004); United States v. Powell , 354 F.3d 362, 367 (5th Cir. 2003); United States v. Fernandez , 205 F.3d 1020, 1027-28 (7th Cir. 2000). Vonn decision as “instruct[ing] us to review vi olations of Rule 11 for plain error if the defendant did not object befo re the district court”); United States v. Syal , 963 F.2d 900, 903, 905-07 (6th Cir. 1992) (reviewing a Rule 11 violation for harmless error, where the
defendant raised his Rule 11 claim in a mo tion to withdraw his guilty plea brought prior to sentencing); United States v. Payton , No. 08-1628, 380 F. App’x 509, 512 (6th Cir. June 9, 2010) (reviewing a cl aim of an unknowing and invol untary plea for plain error “[b]ecause [the defendant] did not object at his Rule 11 plea hearing or otherwise seek to withdraw his plea before the district court”); cf. Martin , 668 F.3d at 791 & n.1 (noting
that the defendant’s statements at his sent encing, “[l]iberally construed,” could “qualify as a timely objection” that triggered harmless error review of a claimed Rule 11 violation). See generally United States v. Gibbs , 182 F.3d 408, 431 (6th Cir. 1999) (holding that the harmless error standard applies so long as the defendant “brought the
issue . . . to the attenti on of the district court”). 7Accordingly, having cleared away the procedural underbrush and determined that the harmless error standard of Rule 11(h) governs our review, we now proceed to the even more challenging and nuanced substantive issues raised by this appeal.
B. Defendant Must Be Permitted to Withdraw His Guilty Plea Due to the Incorrect Statement of the Statutory Penalty Range Made to Him in His Plea Agreement and at the Plea Hearing, Where This Misstatement Affected Defendant’s Substantial Rights by Ch anging the Calculus Under Which He Weighed and Accepted the Government’s Plea Offer.
1. In the Wake of the Suprem e Court’s Decision in Dorsey, the District Court Violated Rule 11 by Misinfor ming Defendant of the Statutory Penalty Range for the Offense to Which He Pled Guilty.

Under Rule 11(b)(1), before a distri ct court may accept a guilty plea, it must “inform the defendant of, and determine that the defendant understands,” a number ofNo. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 13

rights and other pertinent considerations, including “any maximum possible penalty, including imprisonment, fine, and term of supervised release,” and “any mandatory minimum penalty.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(H)-(I). In his second motion to withdraw his guilty plea, Defenda nt contended that the districtcourt violated these Rule 11 provisions by misinforming him of the statutory penalty range he faced for the offense to which he pled guilty. Although the pe nalty range set forth in Defendant’s plea agreement and identified by the district c ourt at Defendant’s plea hearing was correct under the then-current law of this Circuit, we agree that this penalty range must now be viewed as mistaken in light of the Supreme Court’s supervening decision in Dorsey , __ U.S. __, 132 S. Ct. 2321, with the result that Rule11 was violated in the course of taking Defendant’s guilty plea.

Count One of the two-count indictme nt in this case charged Defendant with possession with intent to distribute 50 gr ams or more of crack cocaine. Under the express terms of his plea agreement, Defendant “agree[d] to ente r a voluntary plea of guilty to a lesser included offense of the charge in Count One of the indictment” — namely, “the crime of possessing with intent to distribute 5 grams or more of cocaine base.” (R. 21, Plea Agreemen t at ¶ 3, PageID 36.) Under the applicable statutory provision at the time Defendant committed this offense in September of 2009, the drug offense to which Defendant agreed to plead guilty, involving five or more but less than fifty grams of crack cocaine, trigge red a statutory sentencing range of five to forty years of imprisonment, see 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)( iii) (2009), and Defendant’s plea agreement recited this sentencing range, ( see R. 21, Plea Agreement at ¶ 4, PageID 36). Upon the enactment of the FSA in2010, however, the penalty provisions of § 841(b)(1) have been amended with respect to crack cocaine offenses, with the statute now providing that a drug offense must involveat least 28 grams of crack cocaine in order to subject a defendant to the five-t o-forty-year sentencing range set forth at § 841(b)(1)(B).
As the district court and the parties co rrectly recognized at Defendant’s March 21, 2011 plea hearing, the enactment of the FSA had a potential impact on the districtNo. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 14

8 Interestingly, in its discussion of the potential im pact of the FSA, the district court appeared to anticipate the Supreme Court’s decision in Dorsey, opining that “the intent of Congress was for the Fair Sentencing Act to be applied to all sentences th at were imposed after the act was passed.” (Id. at 9, PageID 123.) As noted earlier, however, this view ran counter to the law of this Circuit at the time, which held that the FSA lacked any expression of congressional intent that would overcome the usual rule that a defendant should be subject to the penalties inplace at the time he committed his offense. See Carradine , 621 F.3d at 580. court’s obligation under Rule 11(b)(1)(H)-(I) to inform Defendant of the statutory penalty range for the offense to which he was pleading guilty. ( See R. 33, Plea Hearing Tr. at 4-5, 8-9, PageID 118-19, 122-23.) In particular, the district court observed that the FSA had the effect of “lower[ing] the sentence” for certain crack cocaine offenses, and it decided that the “safest course of action,” in light of the uncertain state of the law in the wake of the FSA’s enactment, was to advise Defendant of the two alternative statutory penalty ranges he facedif “the new act applies” orif it “does not apply.” (Id. at 9-12, PageID 123-26.) 8 In carrying out this chosen course of action, however, the
district court elected to advise Defendant th at he potentially faced either (i) the five-toforty-year statutory penalty range identified in his plea agreement, or (ii) an increased statutory penalty range of ten years to life imprisonment. ( See id. at 11-12, 15-16, PageID 125-26, 129-30.)
Regrettably, judges do not have a crystal ball, and this advice turned out to be
inaccurate. While the district court was forcedto speculate as to the potential impact of the FSA, we have the benefit of hindsight — namely, the Dorseydecision, which was not available to the district court — that enables us to ascertain the correct statutory penalty range for the offense to which Defendant pled guilty. In Dorsey , __ U.S. at __, 132 S. Ct. at 2326, the Supreme Court held that the FSA’s “more lenient penalty provisions apply to offenders who committed a crack cocaine crime before August 3, 2010, but were not sentenced until after August 3.” Because Defendant was not sentenced until September of 2011, well after th e effective date of the FSA, the district court should have applied the § 841(b)(1) pe nalty provisions as amended by the FSA in computing Defendant’s statutory penalty range and advising him of this range at the plea hearing. More specifically, for the drug offense to which Defendant agreed to plead guilty, involving “five grams or more of co caine base,” (R. 21, Plea Agreement at ¶ 3,No. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 15

9 As noted earlier, the parties had already completed their appellate briefing before Dorseywas issued, and neither side sought leave to file supplemental briefs addressing the impact of this Supreme Court decision. Thus, the parties’ respective positions on this point must be gleaned largely from their contentions at oral argument. PageID 36), Defendant should have been advi sed that he was subject to the statutory penalty range for drug offenses involving less than 28 grams of cocaine base — i.e., zero to twenty years of imprisonment, see 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C) (2011). Because he was
instead informed that he faced a five-to- forty-year statutory sentencing range, and perhaps even a higher range of ten years to life imprisonment, we conclude that this advice violated Rule 11(b)(1)(H)-(I) as an in accurate statement of the statutory penalty range for the offense to which Defendant pled guilty.
In resisting this conclusion at oral argument, 9 the Government first suggested that Defendant remains ineligible for the zero-to-twenty-year statutory penalty range established under the FSA for drug offenses involving less than 28 grams of crack cocaine, in light of his admissions in his plea agreement (i) that he “unlawfully, knowingly, and intentionally possess[ed] with intent to distribute 50 grams or more of a mixture and substance containing a detectableamount of cocaine base,” and (ii) that, “for the purpose of determining the applicable advisory sentencing range under the United States Sentencing Guidelines, . . . the total amount of cocaine base for which he is responsible is between at least 50 gr ams but less than 150 grams.” (R. 21, Plea Agreement at ¶¶ 8(a),(g), PageID 38, 40.) As we noted at the outset, this argument amounts to a claim of “no harm, no foul” — in the Government’s view, Defendant cannot complain about a five-to-forty-year statutory penalty range when the drug quantity to which he has admitted would trigge r this elevated range even in the wake of Dorsey

. Although this argument has some superficial appeal, we find that it unduly discounts the important role of Rule 11 in en suring that a defendant is fully informed of the consequences of his guilty plea. Defendant’s admissions to particular quantities of crack cocaine appear in an entirely separate portion of the plea agreement from the paragraph that describes the five-grams-or-m ore offense to which Defendant agreed toNo. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 16

10 Incidentally, and as the district court obs erved in its opinion denying Defendant’s second motion to withdraw his plea, ( see R. 52, 9/8/2011 Mem. Op. at 15-16, PageID 523-24), Defendant’s admission to a drug quantity of 50 grams or more of crack cocaine also served to avoid any possible concern under Apprendi v. New Jersey , 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348 (2000), that Defendant’s sentence might exceed the maximum statutory penalty to which De fendant was subject in light of the facts to which he admitted upon entering his guilty plea. Regardless of the pre- or post-FSA state of the law, Defendant’s 188-month term of imprisonment falls below the lowe st possible statutory maximum (twenty years) that could possibly apply in light of the facts admitted by Defendant in his plea agreement and at the plea hearing. Thus, the district court correctly recognized that “this ac tion does not involve any Apprendi issues.” (R. 52, 9/8/2011 Mem. Op. at 16, PageID 524.) While this absence of an Apprendiviolation is irrelevant to our inquiry whether there was a Rule 11 violation at Defendant’s plea hearing, we consider below the extent to which the principles of Apprendimight inform the question whether this Rule 11 error was harmless. plead guilty, and they serve wholly distinct purposes. Specifically, it is evident from the plea agreement itself that Defendant’s admi ssions to quantities of between fifty and 150 grams of crack cocaine were intended to establish a factual basis for his guilty plea, and to demonstrate to the district court how the parties determined Defendant’s relevant conduct under the Sentencing Guidelines and arrived at a recommended advisory sentencing range of 188 to 235 months of imprisonment. Although these recitations served their intended purposes, 10 the Government has failed to identify a basis in the lawfor us to give double duty to these admissions, allowing us to read the five-grams-ormore charge to which Defendant agreed to plead guilty, coupled with these other terms of the plea agreement, as effectively de monstrating Defendant’s knowing and voluntary decision to plead guilty to a 28-grams-or-more offense under the post-FSA version of § 841(b)(1)(B).
Certainly, nothing in the plea agreement itself evidences the parties’ understanding that the district court was free to look to the factual basis for Defendant’s guilty plea and his admissions as to relevant conduct in order to determine how to advise Defendant under Rule 11(b)(1)(H)-(I) as to the statutory penalty range he faced for the offense to which he was pleading guilty. To the contrary, under the law as the parties uniformly understood it at the time — i.e., with the FSA not app licable in determining Defendant’s statutory sentencing range — the parties expressed their shared belief and agreement that Defendant faced a five-t o-forty-year statutory penalty range, ( see R. 21, Plea Agreement at ¶ 4, PageID 36), despite Defendant’s admission elsewhere in the plea agreement to a fifty-grams–or-more crack co caine offense that would have triggered anNo. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 17

11 In our view, such an understanding of the district court’s obligations under Rule 11(b)(1)(H)-(I) would be problematic and unworkable. Presumably, if a district court were permitted to leaf through the entirety of a plea agreement in order to find provisions that might potentially have a bearing upon the defendant’s statutory penalty exposure, this authority would quickly transform into a duty, lest the district court misstate the defendant’s statutory penalty range by failing to appreciate the impact of the defendant’s admissions as to the factual basis for his plea or his re levant conduct. Should a district court, for example, factor in relevant conduct or factual basis recitations that could potentially expose the defendant to additional charges, even though the plea agreement does not call for the defendant to plead guilty to these charges or perhaps even mention these additional offenses? We do not read Rule 11(b)(1)(H)-(I) as requiring such detective work, which would threaten to place the district court in the untenable position of a surrogate prosecutor who must determine the potential sentencing exposure arising from any criminal conduct to which a defendant might admit anywhere in his plea agreement. Again, this potential sentencing exposure might be relevant (as discussed be low) to a harmless error inquiry, but we are hesitant to construe Rule 11(b)(1)(H)-(I) as demanding that the district court look beyond the specific offense to which a defendant has agreed to plead guilty in discharging its obligation to advise the defendant of his statutory penalty range. elevated statutory penalty range of ten years to life imprisonment under the pre-FSA sentencing regime. Consistent with this vi ew reflected in the plea agreement, counsel for the Government expressly confirmed at the plea hearing that Defendant’s statutory penalty range should be “set by the charge to which he is pleading guilty,” and not by
the relevant conduct to which he admitted el sewhere in the plea agreement. (R. 33, Plea Hearing Tr. at 6, PageID 120.) Nowhere in th e course of this appeal has the Government identified any authority for its attempt to now retreat from this position, and to instead contend that a district court is permitted to stray beyond the four co rners of the specific
offense to which a defendant has agreed to plead guilty indetermining how to advise him of the statutory penalty range he faces for this offense. 11

Alternatively, the Government suggested at oral argument that the FSA has merely introduced a potential ambiguity into drug offenses charged by reference to the crack cocaine quantities that triggered escal ating tiers of punishment under the pre-FSA version of § 841(b)(1) — e.g., five or fifty grams of crack cocaine, as opposed to the 28 or 280 grams of crack cocaine that now are necessary under the FSA to invoke these same escalating penalty ranges — and that the totality of Defendant’s plea agreement serves to resolve any such potential ambiguity here. In particular, the Government observes that the plea agreement’s statemen t of the offense to which Defendant pled guilty — “possessing with intent to distribute 5 grams or more of cocaine base,” (R. 21, Plea Agreement at ¶ 3, PageID 36) — fails to distinguish betw een or exclude the possibilities (i) that this drug offense involve d at least five but less than 28 grams ofNo. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 18

12 Presumably, the upper-bound quantity for this latte r hypothetical offense would be fifty grams of crack cocaine, as a quantity of fifty grams or moreof crack cocaine would have triggered the next tier of escalating penalty ranges under the pre-FSA version of § 841(b)(1). See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii) (2009). In fact, Defendant’s plea agreement seemingly confirms this view, as it distinguishes between the fifty-grams-or-more offense charged in Count One of the indictment and the five-grams-or-more “lesser included offense” to which Defendant pled guilty.

13 The Government further suggests in its brief on appeal that the parties essentially agreed during their plea negotiations that Defendant “would be in no different position by pleading to an offense involving 5 or more grams than if he was charged with and pleaded to possessing 28 or more grams.” (Appellee’s Br. at 48.) This claimed “agreement,” ho wever, rests on a pair of e-mail messages sent by Assistant U.S. Attorney Brent Hannafan to defense c ounsel, Michael Holley. In the first, Mr. Hannafan floats the notion that the Government could file an information charging Defendant with possession with intent to distribute 28 grams or more of crack cocaine, and that the plea agreement could be modified to reflect Defendant’s plea of guilty to this 28-grams-or-more offense. ( See R. 55-1, 3/15/2011 E-mail, PageID 605.) In the second, however, Mr. Hannafan abandons this proposal of filing an information charging a 28-grams-or-more crack cocaine offense, in light of his understanding (and the Department of Justice’s then-current position) that the FSA’s revi sed penalty scheme would not apply to Defendant’s sentencing. ( See R. 55-1, 3/15/2011 E-mail, PageID 606.) Plainly, this one-sided “discussion,” in which the Government first proposed but then promptlyabandoned a plan to address the potential ambiguity introduced by Defendant’s plea to a five-grams-ormore crack cocaine offense, cannot be said to evid ence any “agreement” by Defendant or his counsel that the five-grams-or-more offense to which he pled guilty was one and the same as a 28-gram-or-more offense under the FSA’s revised penalty scheme for cr ack cocaine offenses. Indeed, defense counsel made precisely this point at Defendant’s sentencing, opini ng that the two e-mails sent by Mr. Hannafan reflected a “unilateral[]” offer by the Government that it later deemed “not necessary,” with the Government ultimately remaining content that Defendant would “just . . . plead to the five grams” referenced in the plea agreement. (R. 60, Sentencing Hearing Tr. at 5, PageID 593.) crack cocaine, or (ii) that this drug o ffense involved 28 grams or more of crack
cocaine. 12 Yet, as discussed above, in identif ying the factual basis for his guilty plea, Defendant admitted that he “unlawfully, knowingly, and intentionally possess[ed] with intent to distribute 50 grams or more of a mixture and substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine base,” and that, for purposes of computing his advisory Sentencing Guideline range, the “total amount of cocaine base for which he [wa]s responsible [wa]s between at least 50 grams but less than150 grams.” (R. 21, Plea Agreement at ¶¶ 8(a),(g), PageID 38, 40.) It follows, in th e Government’s view, that the five-gramsor-more offense to which Defendant pled guilty is more accurately characterized as a 28- grams-or-more offense under the post-FSA vers ion of § 841(b)(1), with the result that the district court accurately advised Defendant of the five-to-forty-year statutory penalty range for this offense. 13

This argument, clever though it may be, runs afoul of the evident intent of the parties as expressed in Defendant’s plea agreement. Although Defendant acknowledged, in establishing the factual basis for his pl ea, that he had engaged in a drug offenseNo. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 19

14 The Government seemingly acknowledges this point in its brief on appeal, stating that despite the parties’ agreement during their plea negotiations that “defendant possessed over 50 grams of crack as charged in Count One of the indictment, the United States agreed he could plead to the charge of possessing 5 or more grams of crack.” (Appellee’s Br . at 47-48.) This promise would be illusory if, as the Government now contends, Defendant’s admission in his plea agreement to possession of over 50 grams of crack cocaine were deemed to relieve th e Government of the consequences of its agreement to accept a plea of guilty to a lower-quantity offense than Defendant’s admission would otherwise have established. To be sure, the parties could have negotiated over the contingency that the FSA might apply at Defendant’s sentencing, and could have agreed that the drug quantity for the offense to which Defendant pled guilty would trigger the same five-to-forty-y ear statutory penalty range regardless of whether involving fifty grams or more of crack co caine, he and the Government nonetheless agreed that he would plead guilty to the “lesser included offense” of possessing with intent to distribute five grams or more of crack cocaine. (R. 21, Plea Agreement at ¶ 3, Page ID 36 (emphasis added).) Under the Government’s proposed reading of the plea agreement, however, this “lesser included offense” would be deemed to involve 28 grams or more of crack cocaine, resulting in a post-FSA statutory penalty range of five to forty years of imprisonment under th e amended § 841(b)(1)(B). Yet, the offense charged in Count One of the indictment, invol ving fifty grams or more of crack cocaine, is also subject to this same post-FSA 28-gr ams-or-more statutory penalty range of five to forty years of imprisonment; in order to step to the next penalty tier of ten years to life imprisonment under the FSA, the offense would have had to involve at least 280 grams of crack cocaine, see 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii) (2011) , but the highest crack cocaine quantity referenced anywhere in Defendant’s plea agreement is 150 grams, ( see R. 21, Plea Agreement at ¶ 8(g), PageID 40).
As we have recognized, plea agreements must be interpreted in accordance with ordinary contract principles, with the intent of the parties ascertained primarily through the chosen wording of their agreement, and with any ambiguities construed against the
Government. See United States v. Moncivais , 492 F.3d 652, 662 (6th Cir. 2007); Smith v. Stegall , 385 F.3d 993, 999 (6th Cir. 2004). In order to give meaning and effect to the parties’ statement in the plea agreement that Defendant would be permitted to plead guilty to a “lesser included offense,” the char ge to which Defendant pled guilty must be viewed as a less severe variant of the fifty-grams-or-more offense charged in the indictment, with a correspondingly reduced statutory penalty range. 14 The only way toNo. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 20

Defendant was entitled to the benefit of this new enactment. In fact, and as noted above, the Government evidently proposed such a solution at one point in the parties’ plea negotiations. The plea agreement ultimately arrived at by the parties includes no such provision, however, and we are not at liberty to construe its silence on this point in favor of the Government. achieve this intended result, as expressed by the parties through their agreement that Defendant would plead guilty to “a lesser incl uded offense of the charge in Count One of the indictment,” (R. 21, Plea Agreement at ¶ 3, PageID 36), is to construe the offense to which Defendant pled guilty as involving between five and 28 grams of crack cocaine — an offense which, in the wake of the FSA, is subject to a statutory penalty range of zero to twenty years of imprisonment. Because Defendant was not advised of this penalty range at his plea hearing, we conclude that Rule 11 was violated.

2. The District Court’s Rule 11 Violation Was Not Harmless.
Having concluded that the district court failed (albeit understandably) to anticipate the Supreme Court’s ruling in Dorseyand accurately advise Defendant of the post-FSA statutory penalty range for the offe nse to which he pled guilty, we next must
consider whether this Rule 11 violation was harmless — that is, whether this error did “not affect [Defendant’s] substantial rights.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(h). We have explained that “a plea that is not voluntary is undoubtedly an impairment of a defendant’s substantial rights,” and that “[f]or a plea to be voluntary, the defendant must understand the direct consequences of a plea, which includes the maximum and minimum sentences that may be imposed.” Martin , 668 F.3d at 792. Nonetheless, flaws in a district court’s advice to a defendant regarding his sentencing exposure do not necessarily render the defendant’s guilty plea involuntary and affect his substantial rights, so long as “the defendant reasonably could be said to ha ve understood the consequences of his plea regardless of any omission or misinformation provided by the district court.” Martin,
668 F.3d at 793.
Our prior case law provides considerable guidance in resolving the harmless error inquiry presented here. Most notably, in Pitts v. United States , 763 F.2d 197, 199 (6th Cir. 1985), the district court mistaken ly informed the defendant while taking his guilty plea that he faced a maximum possibl e sentence of 25 years of imprisonment andNo. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 21

a $25,000 fine, when in fact his maximum sentencing exposure was fifteen years’ imprisonment and a $20,000 fine. We remanded for an evidentiary hearing to “determine whether [the defendant] woul d not have pleaded guilty but for the misstatement,” emphasizing that the district court had made “affirmative misstatements of the maximum possible sentence,” and observi ng that “[n]umerous cases have held that misunderstandings of this nature invalidate a guilty plea.” Pitts , 763 F.2d at 201 (collecting cases). In so ruling, we rejectedthe Government’s appeal to the defendant’s plea agreement as mitigating the harm from the misinformation he was given:
Although the government argues that th e presence of the plea agreement in this case renders [the district court’s] misadvice insignificant, the effect of the plea agre ement may have been to exacerbate the problem. When considering a plea agreement, a defendant might well weigh the terms of the agreement against th e maximum sentence he could receive if he went to trial. When the maximum possible exposure is overstated, the defendant might well be influenced to accept a plea agreement he would otherwise reject.

763 F.2d at 201 (footnote omitted).
Similarly, in United States v. Stubbs , 279 F.3d 402, 405 (6th Cir. 2002), abrogated on other grounds by Harris v. United States , 536 U.S. 545, 122 S. Ct. 2406 (2002), the defendant pled guilty to a viol ation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(o), and his plea agreement provided that he was subject to a mandatory term of sixty months’ imprisonment to be served consecutive to the sentence imposed for his other offenses. We held that this mandatory consecutive sixty-month sentence resulted from a mistaken application of a different statutory pr ovision, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), and that “[i]f Defendant had been properly sentenced under § 924(o), he would not have been subject to a mandatory minimum sentence and there w ould not have been a requirement that the sentence be served consecutive to any other sentence[] imposed.” Stubbs, 279 F.3d at 410. We then concluded, in accordance with Pitts and other decisions, that this mistake served to invalidate the defendant’s guilty plea:

The record reveals that neither Defendant, his counsel nor the district court was aware that Defendant was not subject to a mandatory consecutive minimum 60-month sentence under § 924(o). There is noNo. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 22

15 Under comparable circumstances, other circuits ha ve held that a district court’s misstatement of the statutory penalty range faced by a defendant could not be deemed harmless error under Rule 11, but instead provided grounds for permitting the defendant to withdraw his guilty plea. See, e.g., Hairston , 522 F.3d at 341 (finding that the misinformation provided to the defendant at his plea hearing “completely changed the sentencing calculus,” where the defendant had been advised “when he pleaded guilty that his best-case scenario was a thirty-year prison term,” but he then “learned at sentencing that his best-case scenario in fact was a forty-five-year prison term”); Harrington , 354 F.3d at 185-86 (noting that the district court had “informed the defendant that a mandatory minimum sentence applied when one did not,” and explaining that “[b]ecause a mandatory minimum senten ce represents such a strong inducement to plea[d], where a defendant has been informed . . . that heis facing such a sentence, that information is presumptively significant in the defendant’s decision-making”); United States v. Santo , 225 F.3d 92, 100 (1st Cir. 2000) (finding that the defendant was entitled to withdraw his guilty plea after being misinformed of a five-year statutory minimum sentence rather thanthe ten-year minimum that actually applied, where the defendant “reasonably could have expected from th e information given, including in particular the inaccurate five-year minimum, that he might receive a significantly lighter punishment than the fourteenyear sentence he eventually received”); Fernandez , 205 F.3d at 1030 (finding that a Rule 11 violation was not harmless where the defendant never was “alerted to the mandatory minimum sentences applicable in his case,” and thus his “decision to plead guilty could not have been fully informed [by] the penalties he faced”); United States v. Guerra , 94 F.3d 989, 995 (5th Cir. 1996) (observing that because of the district court’s Rule 11 violation, the defendant “did not know that going to trial would only put him at risk of half the possible sentence he was informed he would face, ” and concluding that this misinformation left the defendant “unaware of the true nature of the options he faced” as he elected to plead guilty). record evidence which demonstrates that Defendant was aware of the true nature of the crime charged and the proper statutory consequences of his guilty plea. Furthermore, it is reasonably probable that but for the misinformation as to Defendant’s proper statutory sentence, Defendant would not have pleaded guilty. Here, Defendant was ready to proceed to trial when his counsel suggested that he plead guilty. Moreover, Defendant had moved to withdraw his guilty plea based in part on the ground that his counsel had not properly informed him of the nature of the charge against him, albeit for a different reason. It is therefore reasonably probable that had Defendant known that he was not subject to a mandatory consecutive 60-month se ntence, but rather was subject to a sentence of up to twenty years that could be served concurrent to any other sentence[] received, Defendantwould not have pleaded guilty.

279 F.3d at 412 (citation omitted). 15

In contrast, we have determined on other occasions that a district court’s misstatement of a defendant’s sentencing exposure was harmless because the defendant had notice through other sources of the correct statutory penalty range. In Martin, 668 F.3d at 790, 793, for example, the district court initially stated at the defendant’s plea hearing that each of the two offenses to which he was pleading guilty carried a five-year statutory minimum sentence, but the court then proceeded to direct the defendant’s attention to a passage in his plea agreement that “unequivocally stated correctly” that heNo. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 23

faced an overall mandatory minimum senten ce of 32 years’ imprisonment. We found that despite this “minimally conflicting information” provided by the district court regarding the defendant’s minimum sentence, the defendant’s statements at the plea and sentencing hearings “amply demonstrate[d] that [the defendant] adequately understood the direct consequences of his plea at the time of his plea hearing.” Martin, 688 F.3d at
793-94.

Likewise, in United States v. Ospina , 18 F.3d 1332, 1334 (6th Cir. 1994), the district court correctly advised the defe ndant of a five-year mandatory term of imprisonment, but then misleadingly “used discretionary rather than mandatory language in discussing whether the sentence would run consecutively” to a state prison sentencing the defendant was then serving. We concl uded that any resulting Rule 11 violation was harmless, where the “defendant knew before pleading guilty that he could be sentenced to a five-year term of imprisonment to be served upon completion of his state term of imprisonment,” he “raised no objection” to a provision in his presentence report disclosing a “statutory mandate of a 5 years consecutive sentence,” and his counsel acknowledged at sentencing that the defendant was aware “that he pled guilty to a fiveyear mandatory consecutive sentence.” Ospina , 18 F.3d at 1334; see also Williams v.
United States , No. 00-1687, 47 F. App’x 363, 365-66, 368-69 (6th Cir. Sept. 25, 2002) (holding that the district court had not committed plain error by erroneously stating at a plea hearing that the defendant faced a 60-month mandatory minimum sentence, where the defendant’s presentence report accurately disclosed the correct 84-month minimum sentence and the defendant neither objected to this portion of the presentence report nor moved to withdraw his plea). See generally Syal , 963 F.2d at 906 (explaining that “[s]ubstantial rights may not be affected wh en a defendant makes no claim that he did not know of the [potential penalty informati on omitted from the district court’s Rule 11 disclosures] and therefore cannot claim that th e lack of information affected his decision whether to enter a plea of guilty”); Pitts, 763 F.2d at 200 (noting that a plea may be voluntary and intelligent despite the omission of required information because “[a] defendant may learn of the information not re layed to him by the trial court from other sources”); Gray, 581 F.3d at 754 (“Most cases in wh ich Rule 11 violations were foundNo. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 24

to be harmless involve situations where the defendant was aware, or could have been made aware, of the omitted information through other means, e.g., a plea agreement containing the information the court omitted during the plea hearing.”).

In another series of decisions in which we have declined to provide a remedy for
a district court’s misstatement of a defendant’s sentencing exposure, we have pointed to the absence of any indication that the defendant would have declined the Government’s plea offer if accurately informed of the correct statutory penalty range. In one recent case featuring facts similar to those presented here, the defendant arguedthat his plea was unknowing because the district court incorrectly advised him of the preFSA five-to-forty-year statutory penalty rangefor his crack cocaine offense, rather than citing the correct zero-to-twenty-year range that applied in the wake of the Supreme
Court’s Dorseydecision. See United States v. Tyus , No. 12-5614, 2013 WL 2097164, at *1 (6th Cir. May 15, 2013). We held that the defendant’s challenge was subject to plain error review in light of his “fail[ure] to object below” and found that the defendant could not meet this standard, explaining that he had not “suggest[ed] that the sentencing ranges used by the government and the district court led him to accept a plea he otherwise would have rejected,” nor had he “claim[ed] to have pleaded guilty with the expectation of a lower sentencing range, only to be ambushed at sentencing with a greater sentence.” Tyus, 2013 WL 2097164, at *2.
Similarly, in United States v. Mitchell , No. 08-3126, 398 F. App’x 159, 161 (6th Cir. Oct. 7, 2010), the district court e rroneously advised the defendant that two of the counts to which he pled guilty carried st atutory sentencing ranges of twenty years to life imprisonment, when in fact only one of these offenses was subject to a statutory minimum penalty of twenty years, while th e other triggered only a ten-year mandatory minimum sentence. We acknowledged that “whe re, as here, a district court overstates the maximum potential sentence to which a defendant may be subject, the misinformation may deprive the defenda nt of an understanding of the actual consequences he faces and the true nature of the options available to him, thereby making his plea unintelligent.” Mitchell, 398 F. App’x at 162 (citing Stubbs and Pitts ).No. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 25

16 It is important to emphasize that in the above-cited cases of Tyus , Mitchell , and Kennedy, we reviewed claimed Rule 11 violations for plain error, rather than applying the harmless error standard that governs here. Nonetheless, whether under harmless or plain error review, we must inquire whether the error at issue affected the defendant’s substantial rights, with the “important difference” that under the plain error standard, “[i]t is the defendant rather th an the Government who bears the burden of persuasion” as to this and the remaining elements of the standard. United States v. Olano , 507 U.S. 725, 734-35, 113 S. Ct. 1770, 1777-78 (1993); see also Vonn , 535 U.S. at 62-63, 122 S. Ct. at 1048. Thus, we believe it appropriate to look to our decisions in Tyus , Mitchell , and Kennedyfor guidance as to whether a Rule 11 error may be said to have affected a defendant’s subs tantial rights, so long as we are mindful not to impose a burden on Defendant here to establish su ch an effect on his substantial rights. We noted, however, that the defendant had “neither indicated that he was confused by the district court’s misstatements nor ha[d] he attempted to withdraw his plea.” 398 F. App’x at 162-63. Accordingly, because the de fendant had not “requested the only relief for which he would be eligible,” we rejected his challenge to the validity of his guilty plea. 398 F. App’x at 163; see also United States v. Kennedy, No. 10-5358, 493 F. App’x 615, 616 (6th Cir. July 20, 2012) (finding that an error in advising the defendant of the maximum sentence he faced did not affect his substantial rights, where the defendant “fail[ed] to maintain that he woul d not have pled guilty in the first place or even that he would not plead guilty today if we remanded the case to the district court”); United States v. Ferguson, No. 96-6029, 1997 WL 764471, at *5-6 (6th Cir. Dec. 3, 1997) (finding that the district court violat ed Rule 11 by failing to inform the defendant of the maximum penalty for the four drug offenses to which he pled guilty, but concluding that this error was harmless because the defendant “never claimed that he would have refused the plea bargain had he been informed of the maximum possible penalty,” nor did he “contend on appeal that this information would have altered his decision to plead guilty”). 16

Returning to the present case, we find that the outcome is governed by our prior
decisions in Pitts and Stubbs , and that this case features none of the factors cited in our other above-cited rulings as evidencing the ab sence of an impairment of the defendant’s substantial rights. In this case, as in Pitts and Stubbs , the district court materially overstated the defendant’s sentencing exposure. In particular, Defendant was advised that he faced a five-to-forty-year statutory penalty range, but his range for the offense of conviction actually was zero to twenty years in the wake of the FSA and Dorsey ’s interpretation of this 2010 enactment. Moreover, this misstatement of the statutoryNo. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 26

penalty range had a ripple (and equally material) effect on the Sentencing Guideline calculations set forth in Defendant’s plea ag reement and used to determine his agreedupon sentence. Because the parties agreed that Defendant was subject to sentencing under the career offender guideline, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1, the forty-year statutory maximum sentence disclosed in the plea agreement triggered a base offense level of 34 under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b)(2), and this, in turn, led the parties to calculate a recommended advisory Sentencing Guideline range of 188 to 235 months of imprisonment. ( See R.21, Plea Agreement at ¶¶ 10(a)(ii),(c), PageID 41-43.) The parties then agreed to a 188- month sentence at the bottom of this advisory range. (Id. at ¶ 11, PageID 43.) If the parties and the district court had anticipated the Dorseydecision and correctly understood that Defendant faced a twenty-year rather than forty-year statutory maximum sentence, Defendant’s base offense level under the career offender guideline would have been 32 rather than 34, see U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b)(3), resulting in a reduced advisory Sentencing Guideline range of 151 to 188 months of imprisonment. ( See R.47, Defendant’s 8/22/2011 Second Motion to Withdraw Plea at 4, PageID 399.)

It seems evident to us that this is a significant change in the sentencing calculus under which Defendant weighed the Government’s plea offer. Under the information disclosed to Defendant in the plea agreemen t and at the plea hearing, he was to receive
a 188-month sentence that was less than half of the forty-year statutory maximum
sentence he faced for the offense to which hepled guilty, and that placed him at the very
bottom of the 188-to-235-month advisory Sentencing Guideline range determined by the parties. What is more, by securing the G overnment’s agreement to allow him to plead guilty to a lesser-included offense, Defe ndant believed he had avoided the pre-FSA statutory penalty range of 10 years to life imprisonment he would have faced for the 50- grams-or-more crack cocaine offense charged in the indictment, as well as the resulting base offense level of 37 under the career offender guideline, see U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b)(1).

Yet, in the wake of the FSA, this deallooks considerably less advantageous to Defendant. The 188-month sentence imposed by the district court is not far below the twenty-year statutory maximum for the offense to which Defendant pled guilty,No. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 27

17 We acknowledge that the advisory Sentencing Guideline range presumably would have been higher than the 151-to-188-month range identified in Defendant’s second motion to withdraw his guilty plea, as Defendant would not have received credit fo r acceptance of responsibility. Defendant also would have lost a separate benefit conferred under the plea agreement — i.e., dismissal of the second count of the indictment — although it is not clear how much a conviction on this add itional charge would have contributed to Defendant’s overall sentencing exposure. particularly when compared to the “discount” of well over half of th e forty-year statutory maximum disclosed by the district court and in the plea agreement. Moreover,
Defendant’s 188-month sentence sits at the upper bound of the post-FSA advisory Sentencing Guideline range of 151 to 188 months, rather than at the lower bound of the 188-to-235-month range set forth in the pl ea agreement. Against this backdrop, Defendant seemingly did not have a great d eal to lose by rejec ting the Government’s plea offer and going to trial on the fifty-gr am-or-more crack cocaine offense charged in Count One of the indictment; under the FSA, th e statutory penalty range for this offense is zero to twenty years of imprisonment, and Defendant’s advisory Sentencing Guideline range for this offense presumably would have been somewhat below this twenty-year maximum, 17 so that his resulting sentence upon convi ction at trial presumably would not have greatly exceeded (if at all) the 188-m onth sentence called for in the plea agreement.

As Pitts and Stubbs make clear, this sort of material overstatement of a defendant’s sentencing exposure, as provided to Defendant in his plea agreement and reiterated by the district court at the plea hearing, gives rise to a reasonable probability that a “defendant might well be influenced to accept a plea agreement he would otherwise reject.” Pitts, 763 F.2d at 201; see also Stubbs, 279 F.3d at 412. Indeed, Defendant expressly asserted in his motion to withdraw his guilty plea that “had he been aware of” the correct statutory penalty range of zero to twenty years, “he would not have entered his guilty plea,” (R. 47, 8/22/2011 S econd Motion to Withdraw Plea at 4-5, PageID 399-400), and he has steadfastly main tained this position at sentencing, (R. 60, Sentencing Hearing Tr. at 7, PageID 595), and here on appeal. Nothing in the record casts doubt on this evidence of a reasonable pr obability that, but for the district court’s Rule 11 error, Defendant would not have entered his guilty plea, and this suffices to establish an effect upon Defendant’s substantial rights that overcomes a claim ofNo. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 28

18 Certainly, the Government did not attempt to make a showing of harmless error in its brief on appeal, but instead took the position that the district court committed no Rule 11 error whatsoever, harmless or otherwise. Even after the Supreme Court issued its decision in Dorsey, the Government made no effort to file a supplemental brief in which it advanced a claim of harmless error. Since, as observed earlier, the Government bears the burden of demons trating the harmlessness of a Rule 11 error that a defendant has properly preserved, see Vonn , 535 U.S. at 62-63, 122 S. Ct. at 1048, the Government seemingly cannot hope to carry this burden here. harmless error. See Dominguez Benitez , 542 U.S. at 83, 124 S. Ct. at 2340; Martin , 668 F.3d at 792-93. 18

Moreover, this case lacks any of the consid erations that have led us to conclude that a Rule 11 violation did not affect a defendant’s substantial rights. In contrast to some of our above-cited decisions, see, e.g., Martin , 668 F.3d at 793; Ospina , 18 F.3d at 1334-35, Defendant remained uninformed by any source that the district court had erred in advising him of a five-to-forty-year statutory penalty range, and that the correct penalty range was zero to twenty years of imprisonment. In denying Defendant’s second motion to withdraw his guilty pl ea, the district court adhered to its view, as backed by the then-current law of this Circuit, that Defendant faced a five-t o-forty-year statutory sentencing range, and Defendant’s presenten ce report reiterated this five-to-forty-year penalty range. Likewise, in contrast to the circumstances presented in such cases as Mitchell, 398 F. App’x at 162-63, and Tyus, 2013 WL 2097164, at *2, the district court’s
Rule 11 violation here cannotbe discounted as having had no effect upon Defendant’s substantial rights by virtue of any failure on his part to attempt to withdraw his guilty plea or to insist that the correct statutory penalty range, if provided, would have led him decline the Government’s plea offer. To the contrary, and as explained, Defendant sought prior to sentencing to withdraw hi s guilty plea upon determining that he might well have been misadvised as to the correct post-FSA statutory penalty range he faced, and he has consistently asserted that this correct information, if provided, would have led him to forgo a guilty plea.
This leaves only the Government’s broader contention, as advanced at oral argument, that the harmlessness of the district court’s Rule 11 error may be demonstrated through Defendant’s admissions in his plea agreement to drug quantities that, even in the wake of the FSA, would suffice to trigger the five-to-forty-yearNo. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 29

statutory penalty range that was disclosed to Defendant in his plea agreement and at the plea hearing. As discussed earlier, however, we fail to see how the Government’s claims about offenses it could have proven or re levant conduct to which a defendant has admitted for purposes of Sentencing Guideline calculations have any bearing on the pertinent district court obligations unde r Rule 11(b)(1)(H)-(I) — namely, to accurately inform a defendant of the statutory penalty range for the crime to which he is pleading guilty. For much the same reason, we view these Government appeals to other offenses and relevant conduct as immaterial to our determination of the harmlessness of any deviations from these Rule 11 obligations . The requirements of Rule 11(b)(1)(H)-(I), after all, are not designed to inform a defe ndant generally of the penalties he would face for any conduct to which he has admitted, nor to advise him of the pertinent penalties for the offenses charged in the indictment in the absence of a plea agreement. Rather, these Rule 11 requirements are intended to ensu re that the defendant is informed of the penalty range he faces in light of the terms governing his specific agreement to plead guilty. The task of the district court, in other words, is not to alert the defendant to the universe of considerations that might be relevant to his plea negotiations with the Government, but to advise him more specifica lly of the factors bearing on his acceptance or rejection of the particular deal actually offered by the Government and reflected in the parties’ plea agreement, so that he may make an informed decision whether to accept this arrangement and plead guilty in accordance withits terms. We find that the statements made to Defendant at the plea hearing failed to disclose all of this information, and that this error cannot be deemed harmless under the record and circumstances presented here.
In the end, we view the Government’s argument as boiling down to the claim that, despite the confusion engendered by th e enactment of the FSA and the failure of the parties and the district court to anticip ate that this statute would govern Defendant’s sentencing, Defendant nonetheless got a good dealthat he was wise to accept. His 188- month sentence was exactly as promised in th e plea agreement, this sentence avoids any possible Apprendiconcerns as within the zero-to-twenty-year boundaries that govern in the wake of the FSA, and his admissions inhis plea agreement evidence a quantity of crack cocaine in excess of 28 grams that would continue, under the post-FSA sentencingNo. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 30

regime, to trigger the five-to-forty-year st atutory penalty range disclosed in the plea agreement. And, indeed, all of these consid erations might well justify the Government’s confidence that its plea offer to Defendant was a good one, and that Defendant might well face a greater sentence if he insists upon withdrawing his guilty plea and proceeding to trial. As we observed at the outset, De fendant perhaps would be well advised to heed the maxim to “be careful what you wish for.”
Yet, while we acknowledge the pragmaticforce of the Government’s position, our precedents demand a different approach for determining whether a Rule 11 error is harmless. As the Supreme Court has emphasized, the harmlessness inquiry must be performed from the defendant’s perspective, and must focus on the question whether the requirements of the Rule, if satisfied, had a reasonable probability of leading the defendant to forgo a guilty plea and proceed to trial:
When the record made for a guilty plea and sentencing reveals evidence, as this one does, showing both a controlled sale of drugs to an informant and a confession, one can fairly ask a defendant seeking to withdraw his plea what he might ever have thought he could gain by going to trial. The point of the question is not to second-guess a defendant’s actual decision; if it is reasonably probable he would have gone to trial absent the [Rule 11] error, it is no matter th at the choice may have been foolish. The point, rather, is to enquire wh ether the omitted warning would have made the difference required by the st andard of reasonable probability .

. . . Dominguez Benitez , 542 U.S. at 85, 124 S. Ct. at 2341. In this case, Defendant has steadfastly maintained that he would have gone to trial if he had been correctly advised of the post-FSA statutory penalty range govern ing the offense to which he pled guilty, and the materiality of the district court’s overstatement of this range, when considered against the backdrop of the plea offer extende d by the Government and set forth in the plea agreement, satisfies us of the reasonable probability that the district court’s Rule 11 violation could be expected to have had th is impact on Defendant’s plea deliberations. Accordingly, we hold that Defendant should have been permitted to withdraw his guilty plea, and we remand to the district court so that he may be allowed to do so.No. 11-6105 United States v. Hogg Page 31

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, we REVE RSE the decision of the district court denying Defendant’s second motion to withdr aw his guilty plea, and we REMAND for further proceedings in accordance with this ruling.