SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

Appellate Division, Fourth Judicial Department

725 

CA 14-02184 

PRESENT: CENTRA, J.P., LINDLEY, VALENTINO, AND DEJOSEPH, JJ. 

 

SIMPSON & SIMPSON, PLLC, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT, 

V MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

LIPPES MATHIAS WEXLER FRIEDMAN LLP, GERALD S. 

LIPPES, WILLIAM E. MATHIAS, II, AND SCOTT E. 

FRIEDMAN, DEFENDANTS-RESPONDENTS.

 

LAW OFFICES OF LARRY KERMAN, TONAWANDA (LARRY KERMAN OF COUNSEL), FOR

PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT. 

CONNORS & VILARDO, LLP, BUFFALO (TERRENCE M. CONNORS OF COUNSEL), FOR

DEFENDANTS-RESPONDENTS. 

 

Appeal from an order of the Supreme Court, Erie County (John A.

Michalek, J.), entered June 24, 2014. The order granted defendants’

motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint. 

It is hereby ORDERED that the order so appealed from is

unanimously reversed on the law without costs, the motion is denied,

and the first and second causes of action are reinstated. 

Memorandum: Defendants, a law firm and its three managing

partners, formerly employed a lead bookkeeper and business manager

(hereafter, employee) from May 2000 until February 2008, when the

employee resigned. Thereafter, the employee began to work in a

similar position for plaintiff. Approximately one year following her

resignation from defendant law firm, defendants discovered that the

employee had embezzled over $270,000 from defendant law firm’s bank

accounts. After that discovery, one of the defendant managing

partners contacted the employee at plaintiff, and she admitted the

theft and executed a promissory note requiring payment in the full

amount of the embezzled funds. The employee thereafter embezzled

money from plaintiff in order to pay defendants’ promissory note. 

When plaintiff discovered that defendants were the recipients of funds

embezzled from plaintiff, plaintiff demanded defendants return the

funds, but defendants refused to return the full amount demanded. 

Plaintiff commenced this action asserting causes of action for

conversion, unjust enrichment and intentional infliction of emotional

distress, seeking judgment “of not less than $210,000.” Prior to the

motion at issue in this appeal, defendants moved separately to dismiss

the complaint and for summary judgment dismissing the complaint. 

Supreme Court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss in part and

dismissed the third cause of action, for intentional infliction of
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emotional distress, and denied the summary judgment motion. Following

depositions, the court granted defendants’ successive motion for

summary judgment dismissing the remaining causes of action. Plaintiff

appeals from the order granting the successive motion, and we reverse.

Contrary to plaintiff’s contention, the court properly

entertained defendants’ successive motion for summary judgment. 

Although “multiple summary judgment motions should be discouraged in

the absence of newly discovered evidence or sufficient cause[,]” we

conclude that there was “sufficient cause” for defendants’ present

motion made after depositions were conducted (Welch Foods v Wilson,

277 AD2d 882, 883; see Taillie v Rochester Gas & Elec. Corp., 68 AD3d

1808, 1809-1810).

We agree with plaintiff that the court erred in granting

defendants’ motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint. 

With respect to the cause of action for conversion, we agree with

plaintiff that the court erred in determining that the commingling of

the embezzled funds in the employee’s joint checking account precluded

a cause of action for conversion. “Money, if specifically

identifiable, may be the subject of a conversion action” (Peters

Griffin Woodward, Inc. v WCSC, Inc., 88 AD2d 883, 884). Upon our

review of the record, we conclude that here the embezzled funds are

sufficiently identifiable and traceable to sustain a cause of action

for conversion (see Lenczycki v Shearson Lehman Hutton, 238 AD2d 248,

248, lv dismissed in part and denied in part 91 NY2d 918; Republic of

Haiti v Duvalier, 211 AD2d 379, 384-385; Manufacturers Hanover Trust

Co. v Chemical Bank, 160 AD2d 113, 124-125, lv denied 77 NY2d 803; cf.

Heckl v Walsh [appeal No. 2], 122 AD3d 1252, 1254).

We further conclude that there are issues of fact precluding

summary judgment on the conversion cause of action. “Conversion is an

unauthorized assumption and exercise of the right of ownership over

[personal property] belonging to another to the exclusion of the

owner’s rights” (Peters Griffin Woodward, Inc., 88 AD2d at 883; see 2A

NY PJI 3:10-3:11, at 111-132 [2015]). Defendants disavow any

knowledge, however, of the illicit nature of the funds that the

employee used to repay them and thus, they claim that they had no

knowledge that the funds they received from the employee belonged to

plaintiff. We nevertheless conclude that, given the unique facts of

this case, there are issues of fact with respect to defendants’

knowledge of the employee’s embezzlement from plaintiff, despite

defendants’ disavowal. We conclude that the circumstances known to

defendants were so “obviously suspicious that no honest person (not

just a reasonably prudent person) could turn a blind eye thereto,”

thus requiring defendants to investigate (MCC Proceeds v Advest, Inc.,

293 AD2d 331, 334-335, lv denied 98 NY2d 613; see Leve v Itoh & Co.

(Am.), 136 AD2d 477, 478, lv denied 71 NY2d 806; cf. Lenczycki, 238

AD2d at 248; see generally Hartford Ins. Co. v General Acc. Group Ins.

Co., 177 AD2d 1046, 1046-1047). 

We further conclude that there are triable issues of fact

whether, even if defendants lacked knowledge that the funds they

received were stolen by the employee, defendants converted plaintiff’s
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CA 14-02184 

funds when they refused to return them upon plaintiff’s demand. 

“Where the original possession is lawful, a conversion does not occur

until the defendant refuses to return the property after demand” by

the property’s rightful owner (Johnson v Gumer, 94 AD2d 955, 955). On

the record before us, we conclude that there are triable issues of

fact whether defendants improperly refused to return the funds once

plaintiff informed defendants that the funds had been stolen by the

employee and demanded their return. Defendants asserted a claim of

right defense by claiming that defendant law firm is a “holder in due

course,” i.e., that it accepted the personal checks from the employee

“ ‘for value . . . in good faith . . . without notice . . . of any

defense against or claim to [them] on the part of any other person’ ”

(Depew Dev. v AT & A Trucking Corp., 210 AD2d 974, 975; see UCC 3-

302). We conclude that there are triable issues of fact whether

defendant law firm parted with value in exchange for the checks and

whether defendant law firm accepted the checks in good faith.

Finally, we also agree with plaintiffs that the court erred in

dismissing the cause of action for unjust enrichment on the basis that

it dismissed the cause of action for conversion. Unjust enrichment 

“ ‘is an obligation [that] the law creates, in the absence of any

agreement, when and because the acts of the parties or others have

placed in the possession of one [party] money . . . under such

circumstances that in equity and good conscience [the party] ought not

to retain it’ ” (Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co., 160 AD2d at 117,

quoting Miller v Schloss, 218 NY 400, 407). “Unjust enrichment . . .

does not require the performance of any wrongful act by the one[s]

enriched . . . [, and even i]nnocent parties may frequently be

unjustly enriched” (Simonds v Simonds, 45 NY2d 233, 242). Although

the equitable cause of action for unjust enrichment is closely related

to the cause of action for conversion based on wrongful detention of

property after demand for its return by the rightful owner (see Pokoik

v Gittens, 171 AD2d 470, 471), it is nevertheless a separate cause of

action from the cause of action for conversion (see e.g. Citipostal,

Inc. v Unistar Leasing, 283 AD2d 916, 918-919).

Entered: July 10, 2015 Frances E. Cafarell

Clerk of the Court